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font-variant: small-caps;} - -span.lock {white-space: nowrap;} - -.small {font-size: 92%; - line-height: 97%;} /* for characteristics and habitat */ -.smaller {font-size: 83%; - line-height: 97%;} /* for intro citations */ -.muchsmaller {font-size: 75%;} /* for all small caps inside span markup */ -.larger {font-size: 110%;} -.muchlarger {font-size: 150%;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold; - text-align: center; - page-break-before: avoid;} - -/* Images */ - -.figcenter { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - margin-bottom: 3em; - margin-top: 2em; - text-align: center; /* this aligns the illo, not text */ -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; /* this centers illo in epubs */ -} - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; /* centers illo in epubs */ -} - -/* signature blocks */ -.sigright { - margin-right: 2em; - text-align: right; -} -.l4 {padding-left: 4em;} - -/* Transcriber notes */ -.tnote {border: dashed .1em; - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} - - </style> - </head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of North American Birds, by -Spencer Fullerton Baird and Thomas Mayo Brewer and Robert Ridgway - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A History of North American Birds - Land Birds - Volume 1 - -Author: Spencer Fullerton Baird - Thomas Mayo Brewer - Robert Ridgway - -Release Date: July 24, 2017 [EBook #55191] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by Biodiversity Heritage Library.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="chapter tnote"> -<h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4> - -<p>This text includes characters that require Unicode (UTF-8) file - encoding:</p> - -<p><span class="highlight">œ Œ</span> (oe ligature)<br /> - <span class="highlight">ā ē ī ū è é ĕ ŏ ö ü</span> (letters with macron, accent, breve or umlaut)<br /> - <span class="highlight">α β γ</span> (Greek alpha, beta, and gamma)<br /> - <span class="highlight"><abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> ′ ″</span> (degrees, minutes, seconds)<br /> - <span class="highlight"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></span> (male and female symbols)</p> - -<p>If any of these characters do not display properly—in particular, - if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter—or if - apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your - text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode - (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font.</p> - -<p>Additional notes are at the end of the book.</p> -</div><!--end transcriber's note--> - -<!--missing half title page--> -<h1 class="p4 break">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.</h1> -<hr class="medium" /> -<p class="p2 center muchlarger ls">LAND BIRDS.</p> -<p class="p2 center"><abbr title="Volume One">VOL. I.</abbr></p> - -<!--001.png--> -<div class="p4 chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/i_001.jpg" - width="500" height="339" - alt="Cat bird" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">CAT BIRD.<br /> - (Galeoscoptes carolinensis.)<br /> - Adult.</p> - </div><!--end caption--> -</div><!--end figure--> -</div><!--end section--> - -<!--002.png--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start interior title page--> -<p class="p4 center">A</p> -<p class="p2 center larger ls">HISTORY</p> -<p class="p2 center muchsmaller">OF</p> -<p class="p2 center muchlarger">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS</p> -<p class="p2 center muchsmaller">BY</p> -<h2 class="p2 no-break"><span class="sc">S. F. BAIRD, T. M. BREWER, and R. RIDGWAY</span></h2> -<p class="p2 center larger ls">LAND BIRDS</p> -<p class="p2 center"><i class="decoration">ILLUSTRATED BY 64 PLATES AND 593 WOODCUTS</i></p> -<p class="p2 center">VOLUME <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px"> - <img src="images/i_002.jpg" - width="133" height="105" - alt="Bird nest with eggs" - /> -</div><!--end logo--> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="ls">BOSTON</span><br /> -<span class="ls">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY</span><br /> -1905</p> -</div><!--end interior title page--> - -<!--003.png--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--copyright page--> -<p class="p4 center smaller">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874,<br /><br /> -<span class="ls">BY LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span><br /><br /> -in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</p> - -<p class="p4 center smaller"><span class="black">Printers</span><br /> -<span class="sc">S. J. Parkhill & <abbr title="Company">Co.</abbr>, Boston, U. S. A.</span></p> -</div><!--end copyright page--> - -<p><!--004.png--><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg v]</span></p> - -<h2 class="p4">PREFACE.</h2> - -<p class="p2">The present work is designed to meet the want, which has long been -felt, of a descriptive account of the Birds of North America, with -notices of their geographical distribution, habits, methods of -nesting, character of eggs, their popular nomenclature, and other -points connected with their life history.</p> - -<p>For many years past the only systematic treatises bearing upon this -subject have been “The American Ornithology” of Alexander Wilson, -finished by that author in 1814, and brought down to the date of 1827 -by George Ord; the “Ornithological Biography” of Audubon, bearing date -of 1838, with a second edition, “Birds of America,” embracing a little -more of detail, and completed in 1844; and “A Manual of the -Ornithology of the United States and Canada,” by Nuttall, of which a -first edition was published in 1832 and a second in 1840. Since then -no work relating to American Ornithology, of a biographical nature, -has been presented to the public, with the exception of some of -limited extent, such as those of Giraud, on the “Birds of Long -Island,” in 1844; De Kay’s “Birds of New York,” 1844; Samuels’s -“Ornithology and Oölogy of New England,” 1868, and a few others; -together with quite a number of minor papers on the birds of -particular localities, of greater or less moment, chiefly published in -periodicals and the Proceedings of Societies. The reports of many of -the government exploring parties also contain valuable data, -especially those of Dr. Newberry, Dr. Heermann, Dr. J. G. Cooper, Dr. -Suckley, Dr. Kennerly, and others.</p> - -<p>More recently (in 1870) Professor Whitney, Chief of the Geological -Survey of California, has published a very important volume on the -ornithology of the entire west coast of North America, written by Dr. -J. G. Cooper, and containing much original detail in reference to the -habits of the western species. This is by far the most valuable -contribution to the biography of American birds that has appeared -since the time of Audubon, and, with its typographical beauty and -numerous and excellent illustrations, all on wood and many of them -colored, constitutes one of the most noteworthy publications in -American Zoölogy.</p> - -<p>Up to the time of the appearance of the work of Audubon, nearly all -that was known of the great region of the United States west of the -Missouri River was the result of the journey of Lewis and Clark up the -Missouri and -<!--005.png--><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg vi]</span> -across to the Pacific Coast, and that of John K. Townsend -and Mr. Nuttall, both of whom made some collections and brought back -notices of the country, which, however, they were unable to explore to -any great extent. The entire region of Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, -Arizona, Nevada, and California was unvisited, as also a great portion -of territory north of the United States boundary, including British -Columbia and Alaska.</p> - -<p>A work by Sir John Richardson, forming a volume in his series of -“Fauna Boreali-Americana,” in reference to the ornithology of the -region covered by the Hudson Bay Company’s operations, was published -in 1831, and has been much used by Mr. Audubon, but embraces little or -nothing of the great breeding-grounds of the water birds in the -neighborhood of the Great Slave and Bear Lakes, the Upper Yukon, and -the shores of the Arctic coast.</p> - -<p>It will thus be seen that a third of a century has elapsed since any -attempt has been made to present a systematic history of the birds of -North America.</p> - -<p>The object of the present work is to give, in as concise a form as -possible, an account of what is known of the birds, not only of the -United States, but of the whole region of North America north of the -boundary-line of Mexico, including Greenland, on the one side, and -Alaska with its islands on the other. The published materials for such -a history are so copious that it is a matter of surprise that they -have not been sooner utilized, consisting, as they do, of numerous -scattered biographies and reports of many government expeditions and -private explorations. But the most productive source has been the -great amount of manuscript contained in the archives of the -Smithsonian Institution in the form of correspondence, elaborate -reports, and the fieldnotes of collectors and travellers, the use of -which, for the present work, has been liberally allowed by Professor -Henry. By far the most important of these consist of notes made by the -late Robert Kennicott in British America, and received from him and -other gentlemen in the Hudson Bay Territory, who were brought into -intimate relationship with the Smithsonian Institution through Mr. -Kennicott’s efforts. Among them may be mentioned more especially Mr. -R. MacFarlane, Mr. B. R. Ross, Mr. James Lockhart, Mr. Lawrence Clark, -Mr. Strachan Jones, and others, whose names will appear in the course -of the work. The especial value of the communications received from -these gentlemen lies in the fact that they resided for a long time in -a region to which a large proportion of the rapacious and water birds -of North America resort during the summer for incubation, and which -until recently has been sealed to explorers.</p> - -<p>Equally serviceable has been the information received from the region -of the Yukon River and Alaska generally, including the Aleutian -Islands, as supplied by Messrs. Robert Kennicott, William H. Dall, -Henry M. Bannister, Henry W. Elliott, and others.</p> - -<p>It should be understood that the remarks as to the absence of general -works on American Ornithology, since the time of Audubon, apply only -to the life -<!--006.png--><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg vii]</span> -history of the species, as, in 1858, one of the authors -of the present work published a systematic account of the birds of -North America, constituting <abbr title="volume nine">Vol. IX.</abbr> of the series of Pacific Railroad -Reports; while from the pen of Dr. Elliott Coues, a well-known and -eminent ornithologist, appeared in 1872 a comprehensive volume, -entitled “A Key to North American Birds,” containing descriptions of -the species and higher groups.</p> - -<p>The technical, or descriptive, matter of the present work has been -prepared by Messrs. Baird and Ridgway, that relating to the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Raptores</i> entirely by Mr. Ridgway; and all the accounts of the -habits of the species are from the pen of Dr. Brewer. In addition to -the matter supplied by these gentlemen, Professor Theodore N. Gill has -furnished that portion of the Introduction defining the class of birds -as compared with the other vertebrates; while to Dr. Coues is to be -given the entire credit for the pages embracing the tables of the -Orders and Families, as well as for the Glossary beginning on page 535 -of <abbr title="volume three">Vol. III</abbr>.</p> - -<p>Nearly all the drawings of the full-length figures of birds contained -in the work were made directly on the wood, by Mr. Edwin L. Sheppard, -of Philadelphia, from original sketches taken from nature; while the -heads were executed for the most part by Mr. Henry W. Elliott and Mr. -Ridgway. Both series have been engraved by Mr. Hobart H. Nichols of -Washington. The generic outlines were drawn by Anton L. Schönborn, and -engraved by the peculiar process of Jewett, Chandler, & <abbr title="Company">Co.</abbr>, of -Buffalo. All of these, it is believed, speak for themselves, and -require no other commendation.</p> - -<p>A considerable portion of the illustrations were prepared, by the -persons mentioned above, for the Reports of the Geological Survey of -California, and published in the volume on Ornithology. To Professor -Whitney, Chief of the Survey, acknowledgments are due for the -privilege of including many of them in the present History of North -American Birds, and also for the Explanation of Terms, page 526 of -<abbr title="volume three">Vol. III</abbr>.</p> - -<p>A few cuts, drawn by Wolf and engraved by Whymper, first published in -“British Birds in their Haunts,” and credited in their proper places, -were kindly furnished by the London Society for the Diffusion of -Christian Knowledge; and some others prepared for an unpublished -volume by Dr. Blasius, on the Birds of Germany, were obtained from -Messrs. Vieweg and Son, of Braunschweig.</p> - -<p>The volume on the Water Birds is in an advanced state of preparation, -and will be published with the least possible delay.</p> - -<p class="sigright">SPENCER F. BAIRD.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Smithsonian Institution, Washington</span>,<br /> -<span class="l4">January 8, 1874.</span></p> - -<p><!--007.png--><!--blank page viii--> -<!--008.png--><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg ix]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start contents--> -<table summary="table of contents"> -<tr><th scope="colgroup" colspan="2" class="ls">CONTENTS.</th></tr> - -<tr><td class="right smaller" colspan="2"><span class="sc">Page</span></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="left"><span class="sc">Preface</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_v">v</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left"><span class="sc">Introduction</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</span>. The Thrushes</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Miminæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclidæ</span>. The Dippers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ</span>. The Saxicolas</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviidæ</span>. The Sylvias</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptilinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæadæ</span>. The Ground-Tits</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</span>. The Titmice</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiadæ</span>. The Creepers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ</span>. The Wrens</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ</span>. The Wagtails</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</span>. The Warblers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterianæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaginæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</span>. The Swallows</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</span>. The Vireos</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelidæ</span>. The Chatterers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_395">395</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonatinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_404">404</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laniidæ</span>. The Shrikes</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_412">412</a> - <!--009.png--><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg x]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</span>. The Guits</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_425">425</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</span>. The Tanagers</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Family <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</span>. The Finches</td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_446">446</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_446">446</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_524">524</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Subfamily <span class="sc" lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</span></td> - <td class="righttoc"><a href="#Page_528">528</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left"><br /><span class="sc"><a href="#indextoplates">Index to the Plates.</a></span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="left"><br /><span class="sc">Plates 1-26.</span></td></tr> -</table> -</div><!--end contents--> - -<p><!--010.png--><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xi]</span></p> - -<h2 class="p4">INTRODUCTION.</h2> - -<p>The class of Birds (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aves</i>), as represented in the present age of the -world, is composed of very many species, closely related among -themselves and distinguished by numerous characters common to all. For -the purposes of the present work it is hardly necessary to attempt the -definition of what constitutes a bird, the veriest tyro being able to -decide as to the fact in regard to any North American animal. -Nevertheless, for the sake of greater completeness, we may say that, -compared with other classes,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_1" id="fnanchor_1"></a><a href="#footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span> Birds are abranchiate vertebrates, -with a brain filling the cranial cavity, the cerebral portion of which -is moderately well developed, the corpora striata connected by a small -anterior commissure (no corpus callosum developed), prosencephalic -hemispheres large, the optic lobes lateral, the cerebellum -transversely multifissured; the lungs and heart not separated by a -diaphragm from the abdominal viscera; aortic arch single (the right -only being developed); blood, with nucleated red corpuscles, -undergoing a complete circulation, being received and transmitted by -the right half of the quadrilocular heart to the lungs for aeration -(and thus warmed), and afterwards returned by the other half through -the system (there being no communication between the arterial and -venous portions); skull with a single median convex condyle, chiefly -on the basi-occipital (with the sutures for the most part early -obliterated); the lower jaw with its rami ossifying from several -points, connected with the skull by the intervention of a quadrate -bone (homologous with the malleus); pelvis with ilia prolonged in -front of the acetabulum, ischia and pubes nearly parallel with each -other, and the ischia usually separated: anterior and posterior -members much differentiated; the former modified for flight, with the -humerus nearly parallel with the axis of the body and concealed in the -muscles, the radius and ulna distinct, with two persistent carpal -bones, and two to four digits; the legs with the bones peculiarly -combined, (1) the proximal tarsal bones coalescing with the adjoining -tibia, and (2) the distal tarsal coalescing with three (second, third, -and fourth) metatarsals (the first metatarsal being free), and forming -the so-called tarsometatarsus; dermal appendages developed as -feathers: oviparous, the eggs being fertilized within the body, -excluded with an oval, calcareous shell, and -<!--011.png--><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xii]</span> -hatched at a temperature -of about 104<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> F. (generally by the incubation upon them of the -mother).<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_2" id="fnanchor_2"></a><a href="#footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p>Such are some of the features common to all the existing species of -birds.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_3" id="fnanchor_3"></a><a href="#footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span> Many others might be enumerated, but only those are given -which contrast with the characteristics of the mammals on the one hand -and those of the reptiles on the other. The inferior vertebrates are -distinguished by so many salient characters and are so widely -separated from the higher that they need not be compared with the -present class.</p> - -<p>Although birds are of course readily recognizable by the observer, and -are definable at once, existing under present conditions, as -warm-blooded vertebrates, with the anterior members primitively -adapted for flight,—they are sometimes abortive,—and covered with -feathers, such characteristics do not suffice to enable us to -appreciate the relations of the class. The characteristics have been -given more fully in order to permit a comparison between the members -of the class and those of the mammals and reptiles. The class is -without exception the most homogeneous in the animal kingdom; and -among the living forms less differences are observable than between -the representatives of many natural orders among other classes. But -still the differences between them and the other existing forms are -sufficient, perhaps, to authorize the distinction of the group as a -class, and such rank has always been allowed excepting by one recent -naturalist.</p> - -<p>But if we further compare the characters of the class, it becomes -evident that those shared in common with the reptiles are much more -numerous than those shared with the mammals. In this respect the views -of naturalists have changed within recent years. Formerly the two -characteristics shared with the mammals—the quadrilocular heart and -warm blood—were deemed evidences of the close affinity of the two -groups, and they were consequently combined as a section of the -vertebrates, under the name of Warm-blooded Vertebrates. But recently -the tendency has been, and very justly, to consider the birds and -reptiles as members of a common group, separated on the one hand from -the mammals and on the other from the batrachians; and to this -combination of birds and reptiles has been given the name -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sauropsida</i>.</p> - -<p><!--012.png--><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xiii]</span> -As already indicated, the range of variation within this class is -extremely limited; and if our views respecting the taxonomic value of -the subdivisions are influenced by this condition of things, we are -obliged to deny to the groups of living birds the right which has -generally been conceded of ranking as orders.</p> - -<p>The greatest distinctions existing among the living members of the -class are exhibited on the one hand by the Ostriches and Kiwis and the -related forms, and on the other by all the remaining birds.</p> - -<p>These contrasted groups have been regarded by Professor Huxley as of -ordinal value; but the differences are so slight, in comparison with -those which have received ordinal distinction in other classes, that -the expediency of giving them that value is extremely doubtful; and -they can be combined into one order, which may appropriately bear the -name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eurhipidura</i>.</p> - -<p>An objection has been urged to this depreciation of the value of the -subdivisions of the class, on the ground that the peculiar adaptation -for flight, which is the prominent characteristic of birds, is -incapable of being combined with a wider range of form. This is, at -most, an explanation of the cause of the slight range of variation, -and should not therefore affect the exposition of the <em>fact</em> (thereby -admitted) in a classification based on morphological characteristics. -But it must also be borne in mind that flight is by no means -incompatible with extreme modifications, not only of the organs of -flight, but of other parts, as is well exemplified in the case of bats -and the extinct pterodactyls.</p> - -<p>Nor is the class of birds as now limited confined to the single order -of which only we have living representatives. In fossil forms we have, -if the differences assumed be confirmed, types of two distinct orders, -one being represented by the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archæopteryx</i> and another by the -genera <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ichthyornis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apatornis</i> of Marsh. The first has been -named <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saururæ</i> by Hæckel; the second <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ichthyornithides</i> by Marsh.</p> - -<p>Compelled thus to question the existence of any groups of ordinal -value among recent birds, we proceed now to examine the grounds upon -which natural subdivisions should be based. The prominent features in -the classification of the class until recently have been the divisions -into groups distinguished by their adaptation for different modes of -life; that is, whether aerial or for progression on land, for wading -or for swimming; or, again, into Land and Water Birds. Such groups -have a certain value as simply artificial combinations, but we must -not be considered as thereby committing ourselves to such a system as -a natural one.</p> - -<p>The time has scarcely arrived to justify any system of classification -hitherto proposed, and we can only have a sure foundation after an -exhaustive study of the osteology, as well as the neurology and -splanchnology, of the various members. Enough, however, has already -been done to convince us that the subdivision of the class into Land -and Water Birds does not express -<!--013.png--><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xiv]</span> -the true relations of the members -embraced under those heads. Enough has also been adduced to enable us -to group many forms into families and somewhat more comprehensive -groups, definable by osteological and other characters. Such are the -Charadrimorphæ, Cecomorphæ, Alectoromorphæ, Pteroclomorphæ, -Peristeromorphæ, Coracomorphæ, Cypselomorphæ, Celeomorphæ, Aëtomorphæ, -and several others. But it is very doubtful whether the true clew to -the affinities of the groups thus determined has been found in the -relations of the vomer and contiguous bones. The families, too, have -been probably, in a number of cases, especially for the passerine -birds, too much circumscribed. The progress of systematic ornithology, -however, has been so rapid within the last few years, that we may be -allowed to hope that in a second edition of this work the means may be -furnished for a strictly scientific classification and sequence of the -families. (T. N. G.)</p> - -<p>A primary division of recent birds may be made by separation of the -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">a</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ratitæ</i>, or struthious birds and their allies,—in which the -sternum has no keel, is developed from lateral paired centres of -ossification, and in which there are numerous other structural -peculiarities of high taxonomic import,—from the (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">b</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carinatæ</i>, -including all remaining birds of the present geologic epoch. Other -primary divisions, such as that into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Altrices</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Præcoces</i> -of Bonaparte, or the corresponding yet somewhat modified and improved -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilopaedes</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilopaedes</i> of Sundevall, are open to the serious -objections that they ignore the profound distinctions between -struthious and other birds, require too numerous exceptions, cannot be -primarily determined by examination of adult specimens, and are based -upon physiological considerations not necessarily co-ordinate with -actual physical structure.</p> - -<p>In the following scheme, without attempting to indicate positive -taxonomic rank, and without committing myself finally, I present a -number of higher groups into which Carinate birds may be divided, -capable of approximately exact definition, and apparently of -approximately equivalent taxonomic value. Points of the arrangement -are freely drawn from the writings of various authors, as will be -perceived by those competent to judge without special references. I am -particularly indebted, however, to the late admirable and highly -important work of Professor Sundevall,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_4" id="fnanchor_4"></a><a href="#footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></span> from which very many -characters are directly borrowed. The arrangement, in effect, is a -modification of that adopted by me in the “Key to North American -Birds,” upon considerations similar to those herewith implied. The -main points of difference are non-recognition of three leading groups -of aerial, terrestrial, and natatorial birds,—groups without -morphological basis, resting simply upon teleological modification; a -general depreciation of the taxonomic value of the several groups, -conformably with the considerations presented in the preceding pages -of this work; abolishing of the group <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Grallatores</i>; and recognition -of a primary group <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphenisci</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_5" id="fnanchor_5"></a><a href="#footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="indent1"><!--014.png--><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xv]</span> -<b class="birdname">A. PASSERES.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_6" id="fnanchor_6"></a><a href="#footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></span> Hallux invariably present, completely incumbent, -separately movable by specialization of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flexor hallucis longus</i>, -with enlarged base and its claw larger than that of the middle digit. -Neither second nor fourth toe versatile; joints of toes always 2, 3, -4, 5, from first to fourth. Wing-coverts comparatively short and few; -with the exception of the least coverts upon the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plica alaris</i>, -arranged in only two series, the greater of which does not reach -beyond the middle of the secondary remiges.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_7" id="fnanchor_7"></a><a href="#footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></span> Rectrices twelve (with -rare anomalous exceptions). Musical apparatus present in greater or -less development and complexity. Palate ægithognathous. Sternum of one -particular mould, single-notched. Carotid single (sinistra). Nature -highly altricial and psilopædic.</p> - -<p class="indent2">a. <b class="birdname">Oscines.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_8" id="fnanchor_8"></a><a href="#footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></span> Sides of the tarsus covered in most or all of -their extent with two undivided horny plates meeting behind in a -sharp ridge (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i>; one of the plates -imperfectly divided in a few other forms). Musical apparatus highly -developed, consisting of several distinct pairs of syringeal -muscles. Primaries nine only, or ten with the first frequently -spurious, rarely over two thirds the length of the longest, never -equalling the longest.</p> - -<p class="indent2">b. <b class="birdname">Clamatores.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_9" id="fnanchor_9"></a><a href="#footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></span> Sides of the tarsus covered with divided -plates or scales variously arranged, its hinder edge blunt. Musical -apparatus weak and imperfect, of few or incompletely distinguished -syringeal muscles (as far as known). Primaries ten with rare -exceptions, the first usually equalling or exceeding the rest.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">B. PICARIÆ.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_10" id="fnanchor_10"></a><a href="#footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></span> Hallux inconsiderable, weak or wanting, not always -incumbent, not separately movable by distinction of a special muscle, -its claw not longer than that of the middle toe unless of exceptional -shape (e. g. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centropus</i>). Second or fourth toe frequently versatile; -third and fourth frequently with decreased number of joints. -Wing-coverts for the most part larger and in more numerous series than -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passeres</i>, the greater series reaching beyond the middle of the -secondary quills (except in many <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pici</i> and some others). Rectrices -commonly ten (eight to twelve). Primaries always ten, the first only -exceptionally short (as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pici</i>). Musical apparatus wanting, or -consisting of a muscular mass, or of not more than three pairs of -syringeal muscles. Palate desmognathous or ægithognathous. Sternum of -non-passerine character, its posterior border entire or doubly notched -or fenestrate. Carotid single or double. Nature completely altricial, -but young sometimes hatched with down<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_11" id="fnanchor_11"></a><a href="#footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></span> (e. g. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--015.png--><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xvi]</span> -<b class="birdname">a. Cypseli.</b> Palate ægithognathous. Wings lengthened in their -terminal portions, abbreviated basally, with the first primary not -reduced. Tail of ten rectrices. Bill fissirostral or tenuirostral. -Feet never zygodactyle nor syndactyle, small, weak, scarcely fitted -for locomotion; hallux often elevated or lateral or reversed; front -toes usually webbed at base, or with abnormal ratio of phalanges in -length and number, or both. Sternum deep-keeled, usually entire or -else doubly notched or perforate. Syringeal muscles not more than -one pair.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">b. Cuculi.</b> Palate desmognathous. Wings not peculiar in brevity -of proximal or length of distal portions, and with first primary not -reduced. Tail of eight to twelve rectrices. Bill of indeterminate -form, never cered; tongue not extensile. Feet variously modified by -versatility or reversion of either first, second, or fourth toes, or -by cohesion for a great distance of third and fourth, or by absence -or rudimentary condition of first or second; often highly -scansorial, rarely ambulatorial. Syringeal muscles two pairs at most.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">c. Pici.</b> Palate “exhibiting a simplification and degradation of -the ægithognathous structure” (Huxley); wings bearing out this -passerine affinity in the common reduction of the first primary and -the restriction of the greater coverts. Tail of ten perfect -rectrices and usually a supplementary pair. Rostrum hard, straight, -narrow, subequal to head, with commonly extensile and vermiform but -not furcate tongue. Feet highly scansorial. Fourth toe permanently -reversed; basal phalanges of toes abbreviated. Sternum doubly -notched. Salivary glands highly developed. Hyoidean apparatus -peculiar.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">C. PSITTACI.</b> Bill enormously thick, short, high, much arched from the -base, the upper mandible strongly hooked at the end, cered at base, -and freely movable by complete articulation with the forehead, the -under mandible with short, broad, truncate symphysis. Feet permanently -zygodactyle by reversion of the fourth toe, which articulates by a -double facet. Tarsi reticulate. Syrinx peculiarly constructed of three -pairs of intrinsic muscles. Tongue short, thick, fleshy. Sternum -entire or fenestrate. Clavicles weak, defective, or wanting. Orbit -more or less completed by approach or union of postorbital process and -lachrymal. Altricial; psilopædic.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">D. RAPTORES.</b> Bill usually powerful, adapted for tearing flesh, strongly -decurved and hooked at the end, furnished with a cere in which the -nostrils open. Feet strongly flexible, with large, sharp, much curved -claws gradually narrowed from base to tip, convex on the sides, that -of the second toe larger than that of the fourth toe, and the hinder -not smaller than the second one. Feet never permanently zygodactyle, -though fourth toe often versatile; anterior toes commonly with one -basal web; hallux considerable and completely incumbent (except -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartidæ</i>). Legs feathered to the suffrago or beyond. Rectrices -twelve (with rare exceptions); primaries sinuate or emarginate (with -rare exceptions). Sternum singly or doubly notched or fenestrate. -Palate desmognathous. Carotids double. Syrinx wanting or developed -with only one pair of muscles. Altricial; the young being weak and -helpless, yet ptilopædic, being downy at birth.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">E. COLUMBÆ.</b> Bill straight, compressed, horny at the vaulted tip, which -is separated by a constriction from the soft membranous basal portion. -Nostrils -<!--016.png--><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xvii]</span> -beneath a soft, tumid valve. Tomia of the mandibles mutually -apposed. Frontal feathers sweeping in strongly convex outline across -base of upper mandible. Legs feathered to the tarsus or beyond. Hallux -incumbent (with few exceptions), and front toes rarely webbed at base. -Tarsus with small scutella in front, or oftener reticulate, the -envelope rather membranous than corneous. Head very small. Plumage -without after-shafts. One pair of syringeal muscles. Sternum doubly -notched, or notched and fenestrate on each side. Carotids double. -Palate schizognathous. Monogamous, and highly altricial and psilopædic.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">F. GALLINÆ.</b> Bill generally short, stout, convex, with an obtuse -vaulted tip, corneous except in the nasal fossa, and without -constriction in its continuity. Nostrils scaled or feathered. Tomia of -upper mandible overlapping. Frontal feathers forming re-entrant -outline at the base of upper mandible. Legs usually feathered to the -tarsus or beyond. Hallux elevated, with few exceptions (e. g. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracidæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megapodidæ</i>), smaller than the anterior toes, -occasionally wanting (as in the Hemipods). Tarsus, when not feathered, -generally broadly scutellate. Front toes commonly webbed at base. -Claws blunt, little curved. Wings strong, short, and concavo-convex. -Rectrices commonly more than twelve. Head small. Plumage usually -after-shafted. Carotids double (except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turnicidæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megapodidæ</i>). -No intrinsic syringeal muscles. Sternum very deeply, generally doubly, -notched. Palate schizognathous. Chiefly polygamous. Præcocial and -ptilopædic.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">G. LIMICOLÆ.</b> Tibiæ bare of feathers for a variable (sometimes very -slight) distance above the suffrago. Legs commonly lengthened, -sometimes excessively so, and neck usually produced in corresponding -ratio. Tarsi scutellate or reticulate. Toes never coherent at base; -cleft, or united for a short distance by one or two small movable -basal webs (palmate only in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Recurvirostra</i>, lobate only in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phalaropodidæ</i>). Hallux always reduced, obviously elevated and free, -or wanting; giving a foot of cursorial character. Wings, with few -exceptions, lengthened, pointed, and flat; the inner primaries and -outer secondaries very short, forming a strong re-entrance on the -posterior border of the wing. Tail shorter than the wing, of simple -form, and of few feathers, except in certain Snipes. Head globose, -sloping rapidly down to the contracted base of the bill, completely -feathered (except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Philomachus</i> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>). Gape of bill short and -constricted; tip usually obtuse; bill weak and flexible. Rostrum -commonly lengthened, and more or less terete and slender; membranous -wholly or in great part, without hard cutting edges. Nostrils narrow, -placed low down, entirely surrounded with soft skin; nasal fossæ -extensive. Palate schizognathous. Sternum usually doubly, sometimes -singly, notched. Carotids double. Pterylosis of a particular pattern. -Nature præcocial and ptilopædic. Comprising the “Plover-Snipe” group; -species of medium and small size, with never extremely compressed or -depressed body; more or less aquatic, living on plains and in open -places, usually near water, nesting on the ground, where the young run -freely at birth.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">H. HERODIONES.</b> Tibiæ naked below. Legs and neck much lengthened in -corresponding ratio. Toes long, slender, never coherent at base, where -cleft, or with movable basal webbing. Hallux (as compared with that of -the preceding and following group) lengthened, free, and either -perfectly incumbent or but little elevated, with a large claw, giving -a foot of insessorial character. Wings commonly obtuse, but broad and -ample, without marked re-entrance on posterior border, the -intermediate remiges not -<!--017.png--><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xviii]</span> -being much abbreviated. Tail short and -few-feathered. Head narrow, conico-elongated, gradually contracting to -the large, stout base of the bill; the loral and orbital region, or -the whole head, naked. Gape of the bill deeply fissured; tip usually -acute; tomia hard and cutting. Bill conico-elongate, always longer -than the head, stout and firm. Nostrils small, placed high up, with -entirely bony and horny, or only slightly membranous, surroundings. -Pterylosis nearly peculiar in the presence, almost throughout the -group, of powder-down tracts, rarely found elsewhere; pterylæ very -narrow. Palate desmognathous. Carotids double. Altricial. Comprising -the Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc. (not Cranes). Species usually of -large stature, with compressed body and very long S-bent neck; -perching and nesting usually in trees, bushes, or other high places -near water; young hatching weak, scarcely feathered, and reared in the -nest.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">I. ALECTORIDES.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_12" id="fnanchor_12"></a><a href="#footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></span> Tibiæ naked below. Neck, legs, and feet much as -in the last group, but hallux reduced and obviously elevated, with -small claw, the resulting foot cursorial (natatorial and lobate in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fulica</i>). Wings and tail commonly as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Herodiones</i>. Head less -narrowed and conic than in the last, fully feathered or with extensive -baldness (not with definite nakedness of loral and orbital regions). -Bill of various shape, usually lengthened and obtuse, never -extensively membranous. Rictus moderate. Nostrils lower than in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Herodiones</i>. Pterylosis not peculiar. Palate schizognathous. Carotids -double. Nature præcocial and ptilopædic. Comprising the Cranes and -Rails and their allies; the former agreeing with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Herodiones</i> -superficially in stature, etc., but highly diverse in the -schizognathous palate, præcocial nature, etc.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">J. LAMELLIROSTRES.</b> Feet palmate; tibiæ feathered (except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnicopterus</i>). -Legs near centre of equilibrium of the body, its axis horizontal in -walking; not lengthened except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnicopterus</i>. Knee-joint rarely -exserted beyond general skin of the body. Wings moderate, reaching -when folded to, but not beyond, the usually short and rounded -(exceptionally long and cuneate) tail. Feet tetradactyle (except -sometimes in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnicopterus</i>); hallux reduced, elevated and free, -often independently lobate. Bill lamellate, i. e., furnished along -each commissural edge with a regular series of mutually adapted laminæ -or tooth-like processes, with which correspond certain laciniate -processes of the fleshy tongue, which ends in a horny tip. Bill large, -thick, high at base, depressed towards the end, membranous to the -broad obtuse tip, which is occupied by a horny “nail” of various -shape. Nostrils patent, never tubular; nasal fossæ slight. No gular -pouch. Plumage dense, to resist water. Eyes very small. Head high, -compressed, with lengthened, sloping frontal region. Palate -desmognathous. Reproduction præcocial; young ptilopædic. Eggs -numerous. Carotids double. Sternum single-notched. Comprising -Flamingoes and all the Anserine birds.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">K. STEGANOPODES.</b> Feet totipalmate; hallux lengthened, nearly incumbent, -semilateral, completely united with the second toe by a full web. -Tibiæ feathered; position of legs with reference to axis of body -variable, but generally far posterior; knee-joint not free. Wings and -tail variable. Bill of very variable shape, never lamellate, wholly -corneous; its tomia often serrate; external nares very small or -finally abortive. A prominent naked gular pouch. Tarsi reticulate. -Sternum entire or nearly so; furculum -<!--018.png--><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xix]</span> -confluent with its keel. -Carotids double. Palate highly desmognathous. Reproduction altricial; -young psilopædic or ptilopædic. Eggs three or fewer.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">L. LONGIPENNES.</b> (To most of the characters of the group here given -the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Halodroma</i> is a signal exception, though unquestionably -belonging here.) Feet palmate. Tibiæ feathered. Legs at or near centre -of equilibrium, affording horizontal position of axis of body in -walking. Knee scarcely buried in common integument; tibia sometimes -with a long apophysis. Hallux elevated, free, functionless; very -small, rudimentary, or wanting. Rostrum of variable shape, usually -compressed and straight to the hooked end, sometimes entirely straight -and acute, commonly lengthened, always corneous, without serration or -true lamellæ. Nostrils of various forms, tubular or simply fissured, -never abortive. No gular pouch. Wings very long and pointed, -surpassing the base and often the end of the large, well-formed, -few-feathered tail. Carotids double. Palate schizognathous. -Reproduction altricial; young ptilopædic. Eggs three or fewer. Habit -highly volucral.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">M. PYGOPODES.</b> Feet palmate or lobate. Tibiæ feathered, often with a -long apophysis, always buried in common integument nearly to the -heel-joint, necessitating a more or less erect posture of the body on -land, where progression is difficult. Hallux small, elevated or -wanting; feet lobate or palmate. Bill of indeterminate shape, wholly -corneous, never lamellate or serrate, nor with gular pouch. Nostrils -not abortive. Wings very short, reaching scarcely or not to the base, -never to the tip, of the short, sometimes rudimentary, tail. Palate -schizognathous. Carotid usually double, sometimes single (in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podiceps</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mergulus</i>). Nature altricial or præcocial; young -ptilopædic. Highly natatorial.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">N. SPHENISCI.</b> With general characters of the last group, but -distinguished by unique ptilosis and wing-structure, etc. Plumage -without apteria, of singularly modified scale-like feathers on most -parts; no developed remiges. Wings unfit for flight, insusceptible of -perfect flexion or extension, very short, with peculiarly flattened -bones and stable articulations. Skeleton non-pneumatic. Many bones, -terete in ordinary birds, here flattened. Metatarsal bone flattened -transversely, doubly fenestrate. Hallux elevated, lateral, minute, -free. No free pollex. Two anconal sesamoids; patella from double -centres; tibia without apophysis; a free tarsal ossicle. Sternum with -long lateral apophyses. Pelvic connections unstable. Carotids double. -Comprising only the Penguins. Confined to the Southern Hemisphere.</p> - -<p>Having thus presented and defined an arrangement of the higher groups -into which recent Carinate birds are susceptible of division, I next -proceed to the consideration of the North American Families of birds -which the authors of the present work have provisionally adopted as -suitable to the end they had in view. Professor Baird urges the -caution that the scheme is intended merely for the convenient -determination of the North American species, aware that in many -instances diagnoses or antitheses of entire pertinence in such -application would fail or be negatived by consideration of the exotic -forms. The arrangement of the families here adopted is essentially -that presented in 1858 in Professor Baird’s “Birds of -<!--019.png--><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xx]</span> -North America,” -modified somewhat in accordance with more recent views of Professor -Sundevall and others. But before proceeding to the analysis of the -families, I will introduce an artificial clew to the preceding higher -groups as adopted, so far as they are represented by North American -species.</p> - -<p class="p2 center">ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FOREGOING HIGHER GROUPS,</p> - -<p class="center"><i class="decoration">By means of which any North American bird may be readily referred to -that group to which it is held to belong.</i></p> - -<ul class="smaller"> -<li><abbr title="One">I.</abbr> - Toes 3; 2 in front, 1 behind - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pici</i>) <span class="sc">Picariæ.</span></span> -</li><!--end I.--> - -<li><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> Toes 3; all in front. - <ul> - <li> Toes cleft or semipalmate - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Limicolæ.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Toes palmate. - <ul> - <li>Nostrils tubular - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Longipennes.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Nostrils not tubular - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Pygopodes.</span></span> - </li></ul><!--end nostrils--> - </li></ul><!--end toes--> -</li><!--end II.--> - -<li><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> Toes 4; 2 in front, 2 behind. - <ul> - <li> Bill cered and hooked - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Psittaci.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Bill neither cered nor hooked. - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculi</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pici</i>) <span class="sc">Picariæ.</span></span> - </li></ul><!--end Bills--> -</li><!--end III.--> - -<li><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr> Toes 4; 3 in front, 1 behind. - <ul> - <li>1. Toes syndactyle - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculi</i>) <span class="sc">Picariæ.</span></span> - </li> - - <li>2. Toes totipalmate (all four full-webbed) - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Steganopodes.</span></span> - </li> - - <li>3. Toes palmate. - <ul> - <li>Bill curved up - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Limicolæ.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Bill not curved up; - <ul> - <li>lamellate - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Lamellirostres.</span></span> - </li> - <li>not lamellate; - <ul> - <li>hallux lobate - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Pygopodes.</span></span> - </li> - <li> hallux not lobate - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Longipennes.</span></span> - </li></ul><!--end hallux--> - </li></ul><!--end lamellate--> - </li></ul><!--end Bills--> - </li><!--end 3--> - - <li>4. Toes lobate. - <ul> - <li>Tail rudimentary - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Pygopodes.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Tail perfect. - <ul> - <li>A horny frontal shield - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Alectorides.</span></span> - </li> - <li>No horny frontal shield - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Limicolæ.</span></span> - </li></ul><!--end frontal shield--> - </li></ul><!--end tail--> - </li><!--end 4--> - - <li>5. Toes semipalmate;<br /> joined by evident movable basal web (<b class="subset">A</b>). - </li> - - <li>6. Toes cleft to the base,<br /> or there immovably coherent (<b class="subset">B</b>). - </li> </ul><!--end Toes--> -</li><!--end IV.--> - -<li><!--start Alphas--> -<b class="subset">A.</b> Hind toe elevated above the level of the rest. - <ul> - <li>Tibiæ naked below. - <ul> - <li>Nostrils perforate - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Alectorides.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Nostrils imperforate. - <ul> - <li>Tarsi reticulate. - <ul> - <li>Head bald - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Herodiones.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Head feathered - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Limicolæ.</span></span> - </li> - </ul><!--end head--> - </li><!--end Tarsi--> - <li>Tarsi scutellate in front - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Limicolæ.</span></span> - </li></ul><!--end Tarsi--> - </li></ul><!--end Nostrils--> - </li><!--end Tibia naked--> - <li>Tibiæ feathered below. - <ul> - <li>Nostrils perforate - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Raptores.</span></span> - </li><!--end Nostris perforate--> - <li>Nostrils imperforate. - <ul> - <li>Gape reaching below eye. - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseli</i>) <span class="sc">Picariæ.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Gape not reaching below eye - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Gallinæ.</span></span> - </li> - </ul><!--end Gape--> - </li> - </ul><!--end Nostrils--> - </li> - </ul><!--end Tibia feathered--> -</li><!--end subset A--> - -<li><b class="subset">AA. </b>Hind toe inserted on the level of the rest. - <ul> - <li>Tibiæ naked below - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Herodiones.</span></span> - </li><!--end Tibia naked--> - <li>Tibiæ feathered below. - <ul> - <li>Bill cered and hooked - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Raptores.</span></span> - </li><!--end Bill cered--> - - <li>Bill not cered. - <ul> - <li>Nasal membrane soft and tumid - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Columbæ.</span></span> - </li> - <li>Nasal scale hard and flat - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Gallinæ.</span></span> - </li></ul><!--end Nasal--> - </li></ul><!--end Bills--> - </li></ul><!--end Tibias--> -</li><!--end subset AA--> - -<li><b class="subset">B.</b> Hind toe elevated above the level of the rest. - <ul> - <li>Gape reaching below eye - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseli</i>) <span class="sc">Picariæ.</span></span> - </li><!--end Gape--> - - <li>Gape not below eye. - <ul> - <li>First primary emarginate<br /> or about equal to <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Limicolæ.</span></span> - </li><!--end Primary--> - - <li>First primary not emarginate<br /> and much shorter than <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Alectorides.</span></span> - </li></ul><!--end Primary--> - </li></ul><!--end Gape--> -</li><!--end subset B--> - -<li><b class="subset">BB.</b> Hind toe inserted on the level of the rest. - <ul> - <li>Nostrils opening beneath soft swollen membrane - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Columbæ.</span></span> - </li><!--end Nostrils open--> - <li>Nostrils otherwise. - <ul> - <li>Bill cered and hooked - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Raptores.</span></span> - </li><!--end Bill cered--> - <li>Bill otherwise. - <ul> - <li>Secondaries only six - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseli</i>) <span class="sc">Picariæ.</span></span> - </li><!--end Secondaries six--> - <li>Secondaries more than six (<i class="subset">a</i>) - <span class="ralign"><span class="sc">Passeres.</span></span> - </li> - </ul><!--end Secondaries--> - </li></ul><!--end Bills--> - </li></ul><!--end Nostrils--> -</li><!--end BB.--> - -<li>(<i class="subset">a</i>) Primaries 10; the 1st<br />  more than <abbr title="two-thirds fraction"><sup>2</sup>⁄<sub>3</sub></abbr> as long as the longest. - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Clamatores</i>) <span class="sc">Passeres.</span></span> -</li> -<li> Primaries 10; the 1st<br />  not <abbr title="two-thirds fraction"><sup>2</sup>⁄<sub>3</sub></abbr> as long as the longest. - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i>) <span class="sc">Passeres.</span></span> -</li> -<li> Primaries 9. - <span class="ralign">(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i>) <span class="sc">Passeres.</span></span> -</li> -</ul><!--end list--> - -<p><!--020.png--><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxi]</span> -Recurring now to consideration of the North American <em>Families</em> of the -foregoing higher groups, I take up the latter in the natural order in -which they have been presented, giving under head of each such group -an analysis of the North American families by which it is represented, -reiterating the caution that the characters are drawn up only with -reference to the North American genera, and are, consequently, not -necessarily or always applicable upon wider considerations. These -analyses are made as nearly natural as the state of the case permits, -but I seize upon any obvious external characters which may be -afforded, without regard to their morphological significance or -taxonomic value.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of the Families of</span> <b class="birdname">PASSERES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">A. Oscines.</b> Musical apparatus highly developed. Back of -tarsus undivided, or formed of a few scutella distinct from -those lapping over the front. First primary wanting, -spurious, or at most not over two thirds the length of the -longest.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Each side of tarsus covered with a plate undivided in - most or all of its length, and meeting its fellow in a - sharp ridge behind.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Primaries only nine.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">c.</i> Bill triangular, depressed, about as wide at base - as long; the gape twice as long as the culmen, - reaching to about opposite the eyes; tomia straight or - gently curved. No obvious rictal bristles. Tarsi not - longer than the lateral toe and claw. Wings long and - pointed, the first primary equal to or longer than the - second. Central tail-feathers not half as long as the - wing<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">cc.</i> Bill variously conico-elongate or slender, or, - if depressed, with long rictal bristles; gape not - nearly twice as long as culmen; tomia straight or - gently curved. Nostrils not obviously nearer culmen - than tomia. Tarsus longer than lateral toe and claw.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Bill very slender, acute; culmen rather concave at - base. Longest secondary acuminate, nearly or quite - equal to the primaries in the closed wing. Hind claw - little curved, about twice as long as the middle - claw. Hind toe and claw longer than middle toe and - claw<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4">Bill variously conico-elongate and acute; culmen not - concave at base. Longest secondary not acuminate, - falling far short of primaries in the closed wing. - Hind claw well curved, not nearly twice as long as - middle claw; hind toe and claw not longer than - middle toe and claw. Gape ample; tongue slightly - bifid or brushy, if at all<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4">Bill lengthened, very acute, even decurved. Wings - and feet as in the last. Gape constricted; tongue - generally deeply bifid or brushy<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">ccc.</i> Bill more or less truly conic, usually short, - thick; commissure usually more or less evidently - abruptly angulated near the base, or with lobe or - tooth further forward. Nostrils obviously nearer - culmen than tomia. Tarsus longer than lateral toe and - claw.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_13" id="fnanchor_13"></a><a href="#footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4"><!--021.png--><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxii]</span> -Bill stout, tumid, convex in nearly all its outlines; - tomia not angulated, but with one or more lobes or - nicks in advance of the base. Nostrils placed very - high. Other characters much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>. - Colors chiefly red and yellow. One genus of<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Bill truly conic, much shorter than head, usually with - the angulation evident; no lobe along middle of tomia, - but usually a notch at end. Nostrils placed very high. - Rictal bristles usually obvious<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4">Bill conic, but lengthened, little if any shorter than - head; the angulation of the tomia evident; no notch at - end. Nostrils high. No rictal bristles<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">bb.</i> Primaries ten.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Otherwise with characters much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i><span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">d.</i> Nostrils concealed with antrorse bristly feathers (except in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</i>).<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_14" id="fnanchor_14"></a><a href="#footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[ -</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">Base of bill sheathed with antrorse bristly feathers, having -lateral branches to their very ends; its tip mostly notched. -Basal joint of middle toe united only half-way to the lateral. -Sides of tarsus occupied by a lateral groove, mostly filled in -with small plates. First primary more than half as long as -second. Large,—over seven inches<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4">Base of bill with two tufts of bristly feathers, ending in simple -filaments without lateral branches, its tip mostly unnotched. -Basal joint of middle toe united nearly all its length -with the lateral. Sides of tarsus ungrooved. First primary -less than half as long as second. Small,—under seven inches<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_15" id="fnanchor_15"></a><a href="#footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">dd.</i> Nostrils exposed.</p> - -<p class="indent4"><i class="subset">e.</i> Tail scansorial, with rigid acute feathers. Whole bill -slender, compressed, acute, decurved, unnotched, unbristled. -Outer toe much longer than inner<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4"><i class="subset">ee.</i> Tail not scansorial, graduated. First primary not less -(generally more) than half as long as the second, and inner -toe united to the middle by at least one half (usually more) -of the length of its basal joint.</p> - -<p class="indent5">Tarsus with few obscure scutella. Rictal bristles present. -Bill stout, but not toothed nor hooked. Wing excessively -rounded (fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest), much -shorter than the long graduated tail. Size small. Plumage -brown, unbanded<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæadæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent5">Tarsus distinctly scutellate. Nostrils wholly exposed, -<!--022.png--><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxiii]</span> -scaled. No rictal bristles, but loral feathers with bristly -points. Bill slender, not notched nor hooked. Wings -and tail moderately rounded; neither very much shorter -than the other. Size small. Color brown, etc., the wings -and tail barred or undulated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent5">Tarsus distinctly scutellate. Nostrils overhung (not concealed) -with bristly feathers. Rictal bristles present, -strong. Bill powerful, compressed, strongly notched, -toothed, and hooked. Wings and tail moderate. Large. -Colors black, white, and gray<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laniidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent4"><i class="subset">eee.</i> Tail not scansorial. First primary less than half as long -as the second,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_16" id="fnanchor_16"></a><a href="#footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></span> or about half as long, in which case the inner -toe is cleft nearly to its base (<i class="subset">f</i> and <i class="subset">ff</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent5"><i class="subset">f.</i> Basal joint of middle toe united some distance with -the inner, and for half or more of its length with the -outer toe.</p> - -<p class="indent6">Basal joint of middle toe shorter than that of inner -toe, and wholly adherent to both inner and outer toes. -Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. Gonys more -than half the length of the lower jaw. Bill stout, high, -compressed; notched and abruptly hooked at tip<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent6">Basal joint of middle toe not shorter than that of -inner toe; united to the outer for about two thirds, to -the inner for about one half, its length. Tarsus not -longer than the middle toe and claw. Gonys less -than half the length of the under jaw. Bill triangular, -much depressed at base, moderately notched, and -hooked at tip<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_17" id="fnanchor_17"></a><a href="#footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></span> -… <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent6">Basal joint of middle toe shorter than that of the -inner toe, united to the outer for about two thirds, to -the inner for about one half, its length. Tarsus longer -than middle toe and claw. Gonys more than half the -length of the under jaw. Bill very weak and slender, -little decurved or notched at tip. Very small,—under -six inches long. (Tarsi booted in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus</i>, -distinctly scutellate in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila</i>.)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent5"><i class="subset">ff.</i> Basal joint of middle toe quite free from the inner, -and not united with the outer more than half-way.</p> - -<p class="indent6">Nostrils linear, low. No bristles or bristly points -whatever about the mouth. Wings short, rounded, -concavo-convex. Tail very short, nearly concealed -by its coverts. Tarsi booted<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent6">Nostrils oval. Bristles or bristly points about the -mouth. Wings very long and pointed, reaching, -when folded, beyond the middle of the short, square, -or emarginate tail, and one and a half times or more -<!--023.png--><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxiv]</span> -the length of the latter; tip formed by second, third, -and fourth quills; outer secondary reaching only -about two thirds way to end of longest primary; -spurious quill very short. Tarsi booted<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent6">Nostrils oval. Bristles or bristly points about the -mouth. Wings moderate, not reaching, when folded, -beyond the middle of the tail, and not over one and -a third times as long as the latter; tip formed by third -to sixth quill; outer secondary reaching in closed -wing three fourths or more the length of the longest -primary. Spurious quill longer, sometimes one half -the second. Tarsi scutellate in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Miminæ</i>, booted in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</i><span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">aa.</i> Outside of tarsus covered with two series of scutella,—one lapping entirely -around in front, the other entirely around behind, and meeting at a -groove on the inside; hind edge blunt. First primary spurious or apparently -wanting. Hind claw much lengthened, scarcely curved. Nostrils with -antrorse bristly feathers. Bill conico-elongate<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">B. Clamatores.</b> Outside of tarsus covered with a series of plates variously -arranged, lapping entirely around in front and behind, to meet at a groove on -the inner side.</p> - -<p class="indent0">First primary lengthened, often longest, at least over two thirds as long as the -longest. Bill broad at the base, much depressed, tapering to a fine point, which -is abruptly decurved; culmen rounded or flattened; gonys flattened; commissure -straight, or nearly so, to the tip. Nostrils small, circular, basal; overhung, but -not concealed by bristles. Mouth capacious, with broad and deeply fissured -rictus, beset with numerous long strong bristles. Feet small, weak. Tail of -twelve feathers<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of the Families of</span> <b class="birdname">PICARIÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Secondaries only six.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Bill tenuirostral, longer than head, nearly cylindrical. Gape constricted. -Tongue filiform, extensile, bi-tubular. Wings long in terminal portion, abbreviated -proximally, acute. Plumage compact, of metallic sheen. Size -smallest of all birds. (Humming-Birds.)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Secondaries more than six.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Feet syndactyle by connation of outer and middle toes.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Outer toe much longer than the inner, united for half its length with -the middle, forming a broad sole. Tibiæ naked below. Bill longer -than head, straight, acute, with hard cutting edges and ample rictus. -Tongue rudimentary, fixed. Wings pointed, much longer than the short -square tail. Tail-feathers twelve. Plumage compact, oily. (Kingfishers.)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedinidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Feet zygodactyle<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_18" id="fnanchor_18"></a><a href="#footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></span> by reversion of outer or fourth toe.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Not scansorial; tail of eight or ten long soft feathers. Bill with decurved -tip, not fitted for hammering; rictus ample. Tongue not extensile -nor vermiform nor barbed. Salivary glands and hyoidean apparatus -not peculiar. No nasal tufts of feathers. Arboreal and terrestrial. -(Cuckoos.)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--024.png--><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxv]</span> -Highly scansorial; tail of twelve rigid acuminate feathers, whereof the -outer pair are short and spurious, concealed between bases of next two -pairs. Bill stout, straight, with the tip truncate or acute, not decurved,—an -efficient chisel for hammering and boring wood. Tongue vermiform, -extensile,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_19" id="fnanchor_19"></a><a href="#footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></span> and barbed. Salivary glands large; hyoidean apparatus -peculiar. Nasal tufts usually present. Arboreal. (Woodpeckers.)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Feet neither syndactyle nor zygodactyle.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Feet semipalmate, of normal ratio of phalanges. Anterior toes connected -at base by movable webbing. Hind toe very small, elevated, -semilateral. Middle toe produced, its large claw pectinate. Bill fissirostral, -with very small, triangular, depressed horny part and immense -rictus, reaching below the eyes, furnished with bristles. Rather large. -Plumage soft and lax, much variegated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Feet scarcely or not semipalmate, of frequently abnormal ratio of phalanges -(middle or outer toe, or both, with fewer joints than usual among -birds). Hallux very small, elevated, frequently lateral or versatile. -Middle toe not produced nor its claw pectinate. Bill much as in the -last, but rictus unbristled. Small. Plumage compact, of few simple -subdued colors<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Family of</span> <b class="birdname">PSITTACI</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">To characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittaci</i> add: Cere feathered, concealing the nostrils. Feet -granular, rugose. Wings pointed. Tail cuneate. Plumage coarse and dry. -Head feathered. Colors green, with yellow and blue<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_20" id="fnanchor_20"></a><a href="#footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">RAPTORES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Feet highly raptorial, with large, strong, sharp, curved, -contractile claws, adapted for grasping. Hallux perfectly -incumbent, lengthened (more than half as long as the fourth -toe), with large claw. Front toes with slight basal webbing -between outer or middle ones, or none; outer toe often -reversible. Nostrils imperforate. Bill short, stout, not -notably contracted in its continuity, with strongly hooked -tip; tomia often once-twice toothed or lobed. Head feathered -wholly or in greatest part. Lower larynx developed with one -pair of muscles. Plumage with or without after-shafts. Cœca -present, as a rule, if not always.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Physiognomy peculiar by reason of great lateral expansion - and lengthwise shortening of the cranium, causing the eyes - to be directed forward. Eyes surrounded by a disc of - radiating bristly feathers, in front closely appressed to - and hiding the base of the bill, elsewhere bounded by a - rim of differently formed feathers. Tomia never toothed or - lobed. Nostrils usually at the edge of the cere. Outer toe - completely versatile, shorter than the inner toe. Basal - phalanx of middle toe not longer than the second, and much - shorter than the next. Legs commonly feathered or bristly - to or on the toes. Plumage peculiarly soft and lax, - without after-shafts; flight perfectly noiseless. Cranial - walls widely separated by intervention of spongy diploë. - Sternum commonly doubly notched. Chiefly nocturnal<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strigidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Physiognomy not peculiar in any lateral expansion of the - cranium; the eyes lateral in direction. No complete facial - disc; base of bill not hidden by -<!--025.png--><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxvi]</span> - appressed bristles. - Nostrils wholly in the cere. Outer toe rarely versatile, - except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pandion</i>, etc.; not shorter than the inner. Basal - phalanx of middle toe longer than the second. Legs - commonly naked and scutellate or reticulate in some - portion of their length; toes always bare and scaly. - Plumage compact, usually with after-shafts; flight - audible. Cranial walls with little diploë. Sternum - commonly single-notched or fenestrate, sometimes entire. - Diurnal<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Feet scarcely raptorial, with lengthened, little curved or -contractile, weak, short claws. Hallux elevated, shortened, -not more than half as long as the fourth toe, with small -claw. Front toes all webbed at base; middle toe lengthened; -outer not reversible. Basal phalanx of middle toe longer -than either of the succeeding. Nostrils perforate. Bill -lengthened and comparatively weak, little hooked, contracted -in its continuity; tomia not toothed or lobed. Head naked of -feathers in greatest part; sparsely bristly. No lower larnyx -developed. No cœca. After-shafts absent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Family of</span> <b class="birdname">COLUMBÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">With characters essentially as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbæ</i> (exclusive -of those peculiar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diduncudidæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dididæ</i>). -Plumage without after-shafts; the feathers with thickened, -spongy rhachis loosely inserted in the skin. Head small, -completely feathered, excepting sometimes a circumorbital -space. Tarsi naked or only feathered a little way above. -Tail of twelve feathers, or lengthened, cuneate, and of -fourteen. (Hallux not perfectly incumbent in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnænas</i>.)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbidæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">GALLINÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Hind toe lengthened, insistent. Tail-feathers twelve. Sides -of head and throat with naked spaces. Color greenish<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Hind toe shortened, elevated. Tail-feathers usually fourteen -or more. No green.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Large. Tarsi, toes, and nasal fossæ naked. Head bare of - feathers, sparsely bristly, with wattles and caruncles. A - pectoral tuft of bristly feathers. Tarsi usually spurred - in the male. Plumage iridescent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagrididæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Medium. Tarsi wholly or in great part, sometimes also the - toes, and always the nasal fossæ, feathered. Head - completely feathered, excepting a definite papillate strip - over the eye. Tail-feathers sixteen or more. Sides of neck - usually with lengthened feathers, or a naked distensible - area, or both. No spurs. Plumage without iridescence<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetraonidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Small. Tarsi, toes, and nasal fossæ naked. Head completely - feathered. No peculiar feathers or tympanum on sides of - neck. No spurs. Plumage not iridescent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perdicidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">LIMICOLÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Toes not lobate. Tarsi not notably compressed.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Legs extremely long; the tarsus equalling or exceeding the - tail, and feet either four-toed and palmate - (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Recurvirostra</i>), or three-toed and semipalmate - (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Himantopus</i>); with the bill much longer than the head, - very slender, acute, and curved upward<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Recurvirostridæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Legs moderate, stout. Tarsus shorter than tail. Bill hard, - more or less contracted at base, with short nasal fossa, - gonydeal angle, and ascending -<!--026.png--><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxvii]</span> - gonys, the tip either - compressed and truncate or depressed and acute. Feet - three-toed and with basal webbing (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hæmatopus</i>), or - four-toed and cleft (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strepsilas</i>)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hæmatopodidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Legs moderate. Tarsus shorter than tail, reticulate. Hind - toe wanting (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Squatarola</i>, where very small, and - in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphriza</i>). Bill short, straight,—not exceeding the - head (generally shorter),—shaped like a pigeon’s, with - short, broad, soft nasal fossæ separated by a constriction - from the enlarged, obtuse, horny terminal part. Head - large, globose, contracting suddenly to the bill. Neck - short<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Charadriidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Legs moderate. Tarsus shorter than tail, scutellate. Hind - toe present. Bill long,—equalling, or oftener exceeding, - frequently several times longer than, the head; softish - and membranous to the very tip, without constriction in - its continuity; straight or variously curved<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolopacidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Toes lobate. Tarsi notably compressed.</p> - -<p class="indent1">General characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolopacidæ</i>. Body depressed; the - under plumage thickened, duck-like. Habits natatorial<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phalaropodidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">HERODIONES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Hallux lengthened, perfectly incumbent, with large claw. -Tarsi scutellate. Middle claw pectinate. Bill perfectly -straight, tapering, acute. Loral region definitely naked, -continuous with covering of the bill. Head narrow, elongate, -tapering<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ardeidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Hallux somewhat reduced, less perfectly incumbent. Tarsi -commonly reticulate. Middle claw not pectinate. Lores, gular -space and usually more of the head, naked. Bill variously -curved or with expanded tip. (Genera <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tantalus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ibis</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mycteria</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platalea</i>.)<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tantalidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">ALECTORIDES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Of great stature, with extremely long neck and legs. Part or -all of the head bare. Toes much shorter than the tarsi; with -basal webbing, but without lobation; hallux very short, -highly elevated. Bill equalling or exceeding the head, -compressed, perfectly straight, contracted about the middle, -with enlarged acute terminal portion; nasal fossæ wide and -deep, with large perforate nostrils<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gruidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Size moderate and small; neck and legs comparatively short. Head completely -feathered, excepting, in the Coots and Gallinules, a broad horny frontal -plate. Toes equalling or exceeding the tarsi, simple or lobate. Bill not constricted -in the middle, rather shorter than the head, straight and quite stout; or -much longer, regularly slender and decurved, with long nasal fossæ. Nostrils -incompletely or not perforate<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rallidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">LAMELLIROSTRES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Of great stature, with extraordinarily lengthened neck and -legs. Bill of unique shape, bent abruptly down from the -middle. Tibiæ naked below. Hind toe minute or absent. Wings -rounded. Red the chief color<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnicopteridæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Of moderate size; the neck short, or, when lengthened, not -accompanied by co-ordinately lengthened legs, these being -always shorter than the wing. Bill straight. Tibiæ feathered -below. Hind toe present; well developed and functional, -though short<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anatidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><!--027.png--><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxviii]</span> -<span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">STEGANOPODES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Bill rather longer than head, cleft to eyes, very stout at base, -tapering to the decurved, but not hooked, tip. Nostrils abortive. -Gular sac moderate, naked. Wings rather long, pointed. Tail long, -stiff, cuneate, twelve to fourteen feathered. Feet nearly beneath -centre of equilibrium. General configuration goose-like<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sulidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Bill several times longer than head, slender but strong, -depressed, perfectly straight, with small distinct hooked nail at -end. Nostrils very small. Gular sac enormous. Mandibular rami -meeting only at tip. Wings extremely long, with upward of forty -remiges. Tail short, rounded, of twenty or more feathers. Legs -beneath centre of equilibrium, extremely short and stout<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pelicanidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Bill about as long as head, stout, straight, scarcely tapering, -strongly hooked. Nostrils abortive. Gular sac moderate, but -evident; mostly naked. Wings short. Tail large, fan-shaped, -scansorial, of twelve to fourteen broad stiff feathers, exposed -to the base. Legs inserted far behind centre of equilibrium<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Graculidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Bill rather longer than head, slender, perfectly straight, -tapering to an acute tip. Gular sac small. Nostrils minute. Wings -and tail, and general configuration, as in the last<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plotidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Bill much longer than head, straight, stout, strongly hooked. -Nostrils very small. Gular sac well developed. Wings exceedingly -long, strong, and pointed. Tail exceedingly long, deeply forked. -Feet extraordinarily short; tarsi partly feathered<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachypetidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Bill about as long as head, straight, stout, tapering to an acute -tip. Nostrils small. Gular sac rudimentary, feathered. Wings -moderate, pointed. Tail short, but with two central feathers -extraordinarily prolonged and filamentous. Feet small, beneath -centre of equilibrium<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phæthontidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">LONGIPENNES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Nostrils not tubular, lateral, perforate. Bill with continuous -covering, or only broken by a sort of cere, hooked or straight to -the end. Hallux small and elevated, but always present<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laridæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Nostrils tubular, disjoined and lateral, or oftenest superior and -united in one double-barrelled tube. Covering of bill in several -pieces; bill always hooked. Hallux minute, rudimentary, or absent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Procellariidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><span class="sc">Analysis of Families of</span> <b class="birdname">PYGOPODES</b>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Feet four-toed, palmate. Hallux lobate, connected at base with -base of inner toe. Tail perfect. Head closely and completely -feathered. Nostrils with a depending lobe or flap. Bill straight, -compressed, acute<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colymbidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Feet four-toed, lobate. Hallux lobate, free. Tail rudimentary. -Head with a naked loral strip and bristly or variously lengthened -feathers. Nostrils simple. Bill straight or decurved at end, -compressed, acute<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podicipidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Feet three-toed, palmate. Hallux absent. Tail perfect. Head -closely feathered or variously crested. Nostrils simple. Bill of -indeterminate shape<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcidæ.</i></p> - -<p class="break"><!--028.png--><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p> - -<p class="p4 center muchlarger ls">NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.</p> - -<hr class="medium" /> - -<div><!--start family Turdidæ--> -<h2 class="p2"><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">TURDIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Thrushes.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i>, with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclidæ</i>, form a group -closely related, by common characters, and appreciably different from -the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i> with slender bills and specially insectivorous -habits, having, like them, ten primaries (the first much shorter than -the second, but nearly always appreciable), and the nostrils -uncovered. The great family of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, with similar characters -of the bill, never present more than nine primaries. The most striking -of these common characters is seen in the deeply cleft toes, of which -the outer is united by the basal joint alone to the middle toe, while -the inner is separated almost to the very base of its first joint.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_21" id="fnanchor_21"></a><a href="#footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></span> -The frontal feathers extend, with rare exceptions, to the very -nostrils. The bill is elongated and subulate, moderately slender, and -usually notched at tip; the culmen moderately curved from the base, -and the mouth well provided with bristles, except in a few cases. -Usually the scutellæ covering the front and sides of the tarsus are -fused into one continuous plate, or else scarcely appreciable, except -on the inner edge only; in the Mocking Thrushes they are, however, -distinctly marked. The lateral toes are nearly equal, the outer rather -the longer. With these as some of the principal characteristics, they -may be distinguished from each other as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="blockquote"><span class="sc">Note.</span>—In the present work the length of the tail is measured from the -coccyx, inside of the skin, and not, as usually the case, from the -base of the quills at their insertion. The wings are measured from the -carpal joint, with dividers.</p> - -<p class="blockquote"><!--029.png--><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span> -<b class="subset">A.</b> Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, or -interspersed with bristles; rictus with longer or shorter bristles.</p> - -<p class="blockquote1"><b class="birdname">Saxicolidæ.</b> Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the - middle of the short square or emarginated tail, and one and a half - times or more the length of the latter. The spurious primary very - short, the second quill longer than the fourth. In the closed wing - the outer secondary reaches only about two thirds the length of - longest primary.</p> - -<p class="blockquote1"><b class="birdname">Turdidæ.</b> Wings moderate, more rounded, not reaching beyond middle of - the often rounded tail, and not more than one and a third the - latter, usually more nearly equal. Spurious primary sometimes half - the length of second quill; the second quill shorter than the - fourth. In the closed wing the outer secondary reaches three fourths - or more the length of longest primary.</p> - -<p class="blockquote"><b class="subset">B.</b> Nostrils linear, in lower edge of nasal membrane. Loral and frontal -feathers soft and downy, and no bristles or bristly points whatever -about the mouth.</p> - -<p class="blockquote1"><b class="birdname">Cinclidæ.</b> Body very short and broad. Wings short, rounded, and - concave.</p> - -<p>The American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviidæ</i> are in some respects very closely related to -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ</i>, but may be distinguished by their much smaller size, -more slender and depressed bill, more strongly bristled rictus, etc.; -on which account they are more strictly “fly-catchers,” taking their -prey in great part on the wing.</p> - -<p>Of the three families, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i> contain a great variety of forms, -and exhibit widely different characters, rendering it exceedingly -difficult to arrange them in any systematic or regular sequence, or to -accurately define their boundaries. In the <cite>Birds of North America</cite>, -the Mocking Thrushes were placed among the Wrens, on account of the -distinct tarsal scutellæ, and other characters. We are now, however, -inclined to believe, with Dr. Sclater, that their place is with the -recognized <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i>; and, among other reasons, on the ground of their -more deeply cleft toes, and greater extension forward of frontal -feathers. The following synopsis of the North American forms will -serve the purpose of determining the genera, even if these are not -arranged or combined in a strictly natural manner.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">A. Turdinæ.</b>—Tarsus covered anteriorly with a continuous -plate without scales.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly even. - Bill considerably shorter than the head.</p> - -<p class="indent2">First quill usually not one fourth the second. Wings pointed. - Tarsus hardly the length of head, but yet longer than middle - toe; outstretched toes falling short of tip of tail<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">B. Miminæ.</b>—Tarsi scutellate anteriorly; scales seven.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly even. - Tarsus as long as the head.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill decidedly shorter than the head, scarcely notched; wings - pointed; first quill less than half the second, third and - fourth longest. Claws not peculiar. Bristles prominent. - Tarsus considerably longer than middle toe and claw<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--030.png--><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span> - Wings decidedly shorter than the tail, which is considerably - graduated; first quill half or more than half the second.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill notched at tip, shorter than head; straight.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Scutellæ very distinct; gonys straight, or even declining - at tip<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Scutellæ more or less obsolete; gonys convex, ascending at - tip<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill not notched at tip, lengthened; sometimes much decurved<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus.</i></p> - -<p class="blockquote"><span class="sc">Note.</span>—In the Review of American Birds, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr>, May, 1866, 409, I have -advanced the suggestion that the N. American genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes</i>, -usually placed under the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelidæ</i>, really belongs under -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i> in a group <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestinæ</i>. The relationships are certainly -very close, as is shown by the characters given below.</p> - -<p class="blockquote"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span>—Tarsi without regular transverse scutellæ, except -at lower end. Wings acute, pointed, as long as or longer than tail, -which is but slightly graduated. First primary rarely half second, -which exceeds the secondaries. Base of quills buffy yellow, as are -inner edges. Tail spotted or varied at the end. Young birds with many -light spots. Very melodious singers.</p> - -<p class="blockquote"><b class="birdname">Myiadestinæ.</b> Bill short, much depressed; mouth deeply cleft; width at -base about equal to the distance from nostril to tip, or greater; -commissure more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill, and -nearly two and a half times length of gonys. Legs weak; tarsi rather -longer than middle toe and claw. Tail feathers tapering slightly from -base to near tip, giving a slightly cuneate appearance to the tail.</p> - -<p class="blockquote"><b class="birdname">Turdinæ.</b> Bill stouter, more lengthened; narrow at base and more -compressed; width at base less than distance from nostril to tip; -commissure not more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill, -and about twice length of gonys. Tarsi stouter, longer than middle toe -and claw. Tail feathers widening slightly from base to near tip, -giving a parallel-sided or slightly fan-shaped appearance to the tail.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Miminæ</i> differ, as already mentioned, in the scutellate tarsi: -more rounded wings, etc.—S. F. B.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">TURDINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p>There are several American genera of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</i> not found north of -Mexico as yet, although it is not impossible that one of these -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharus</i>) may hereafter be detected within the limits of the United -States. The species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharus</i> resemble the North American -wood-thrushes (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</i>); but the spurious or first primary quill -is longer (from one half to one third the second quill), the wings are -rounded, not pointed, the tarsus is longer than the head, and the -outstretched toes extend beyond the tail. The species to be looked for -are <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. melpomene</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_22" id="fnanchor_22"></a><a href="#footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></span></p> - -<p>The North American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</i>, while retained under the -single genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i>, yet constitute several distinct groups, which -we may call subgenera.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">TURDUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr>, <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10, 1758, 168. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus -viscivorus</i> of Europe.)—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill conical, subulate, shorter than the head; the tip -gently decurved and notched (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperocichla</i>); the rictus -with moderate bristles; the wings rather -<!--031.png--><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span> -long and pointed, with -small first primary (less than one fourth the second); wings -considerably longer than the tail, which is firm, nearly even, with -broad feathers. Tarsi variable, seldom as long as the skull, the -scutellæ fused into a continuous plate, only in rare individual -instances showing indications of the lines of separation.</p> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i> is very cosmopolitan, occurring nearly throughout -the globe, excepting in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Australia</i>, and embraces species of highest -perfection as singers. In the large number of species known there are -many variations in external form, but the transition from one to the -other is so gradual as to render it very difficult to separate them -into different genera. The sections of the group we adopt are the -following:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="center small"><i class="subset">Sexes similar.</i></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Hylocichla.</b> Smallest species. Bill short, broad at base; much depressed. -Tarsi long and slender, longer than middle toe and claw, by the -additional length of the claw; outstretched legs reaching nearly to -tip of tail. Body slender. Color: above olivaceous or reddish, beneath -whitish; breast spotted; throat without spots.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Turdus.</b> Bill stouter and higher. Tarsi stout and short, scarcely longer -than middle toe and claw. Body stout, generally whitish beneath and -spotted. (Second quill longer than fifth?)</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Planesticus.</b> Similar to preceding. (Second quill shorter than fifth?) -Beneath mostly uni-colored; unstreaked except the throat, which is -whitish with dark streaks.</p> - -<p class="center small"><i class="subset">Sexes dissimilar.</i></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Merula.</b> Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i>. Male usually more or less black, -especially on the head; females brownish, often with streaked throats. -Bill distinctly notched.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Hesperocichla.</b> Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i>. Male reddish beneath, with a black -collar. Bill without notch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">HYLOCICHLA</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span> (s. g.), <abbr title="Review of -American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 12. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_031.jpg" - width="250" height="224" - alt="Turdus mustelinus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus.</i><br /><b class="specimen-number">1570</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The essential characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</i> have already been given. The -subgenus includes the small North American species, with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus -mustelinus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr>, at the head as type, which are closely connected on -the one side with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharus</i>, by their lengthened tarsi, and with -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i> by the shape of the wing. The bills are shorter, more -depressed, and broader at base than in typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i>, so much so -that the species have frequently been described under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa</i>.</p> - -<p>It is not at all improbable that naturalists may ultimately conclude -to consider the group as of generic rank.</p> - -<p>In this group there appears to be five well-marked forms or “species.” -They are, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>, -<abbr title="Stephens">Steph.</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, -<!--032.png--><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span> -<abbr title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliciæ</i>, Baird. The first-named is -totally unlike the rest, which are more closely related in appearance.</p> - -<p>In studying carefully a very large series of specimens of all the -species, the following facts become evident:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p>1. In autumn and winter the “olive” color of the plumage assumes a -browner cast than at other seasons; this variation, however, is the -same in all the species (and varieties), so that in autumn and winter -the several species differ from each other as much as they do in -spring and summer.</p> - - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_032.jpg" - width="250" height="284" - alt="Turdus ustulatus." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ustulatus.</i><br /></p> -</div> - -<p>Of these five species, two only (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>) inhabit -the whole breadth of the continent; and they, in the three Faunal -Provinces over which they extend, are modified into “races” or -“varieties” characteristic of each region. The first of these species, -as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i>, extends westward to the Rocky -Mountains, and migrates in winter into the South; specimens are very -much browner in the winter than in spring; but in the Rocky Mountain -region is a larger, grayer race, the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>. This, in its -migrations, extends along the central mountain region through Mexico -to Guatemala; specimens from the northern and southern extremes of -this range are identical in all the specific characters; but the -southern specimens, being in the fall and winter dress, are browner in -color than northern ones (spring birds); an autumnal example from -Cantonment Burgwyn, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>, is as brown as any Central American -specimen. Along the Pacific Province, from Kodiak to Western Mexico, -and occasionally straggling eastward toward the Rocky Mountain system, -there is the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i>, a race <em>smaller</em> than the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i>, and with much the same colors as <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>, though -the rufous of the tail is deeper than in either of the other forms. In -this race, as in the others, there is no difference in size between -specimens from north and south extremes of its distribution, because -the breeding-place is in the North, all Southern specimens being -winter sojourners from their Northern birthplace.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i> is found in abundance westward to the western limit -of the Rocky Mountain system; in the latter region specimens at all -seasons have the olive of a clearer, more greenish shade than in any -Eastern examples; this clearer tint is analogous with that of the -Rocky Mountain form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>). In precisely the same -region inhabited by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i> the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i> also -has a representative form,—the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</i>. This resembles in -pattern the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, but the olive above is decidedly more -rufescent,—much as in Rocky Mountain specimens of -<!--033.png--><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>; the -spots on jugulum and breast are also narrower, as well as hardly -darker in color than the back; and the tail is longer than in Rocky -Mountain <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, in which latter it is longer than in Eastern -examples. The remaining species—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>, and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliciæ</i>—extend no farther west than the Rocky Mountains; the first -and last only toward their eastern base, while the second breeds -abundantly as far as the eastern limit of the Great Basin.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>, from the Rocky Mountains, is considerably darker in -color above, while the specks on the throat and jugular are sparser or more -obsolete than in Eastern birds.</p> - -<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. mustelinus</i>, the only two Western specimens in the collection -(Mount Carroll, <abbr title="Illinois">Ills.</abbr>, and Fort Pierre) have the rump of a clearer grayish -than specimens from the Atlantic Coast; in all other respects, however, -they appear to be identical. Some Mexican specimens, being in winter -plumage, have the breast more buffy than Northern (spring or summer) -examples, and the rufous of the head, etc. is somewhat brighter.</p> - -<p>In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliciæ</i>, no difference is observed between Eastern and Western birds; -the reason is, probably, that the breeding-ground of all is in one province, -though their migrations may extend over two. There is, however, a marked -difference between the spring and autumn plumage; the clear grayish of -the former being replaced, in the latter, by a snuffy brown, or sepia tint,—this -especially noticeable on wings and tail.</p> - -<!--034.png Color plate 1--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_1.jpg" - width="500" height="790" - alt="Color plate 1" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="one">I</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-1" name="pl_1-1"></a><img src="images/pl_1-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 1, Turdus mustelinus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus,</span> - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1570.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-2" name="pl_1-2"></a><img src="images/pl_1-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 2, Turdus ustulatus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ustulatus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Nuttall">Nutt.</abbr> Oregon, 2040.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-3" name="pl_1-3"></a><img src="images/pl_1-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 3, Turdus aliciæ" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</span>, - <i class="name">Baird.</i> Illinois, 10084.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-4" name="pl_1-4"></a><img src="images/pl_1-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 4, Turdus swainsoni" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus <a id="chg1" name="chg1"></a>swainsoni</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 981.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-5" name="pl_1-5"></a><img src="images/pl_1-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 5, Turdus fuscescens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus fuscescens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Stephens">Steph.</abbr>, D. C., 28231.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-6" name="pl_1-6"></a><img src="images/pl_1-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 6, Turdus pallasii" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus pallasii</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Cab.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 2146.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-7" name="pl_1-7"></a><img src="images/pl_1-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 7, Turdus nanus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nanus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Adubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cala.</abbr>, 17997.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_1-8" name="pl_1-8"></a><img src="images/pl_1-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 1 detail 8, Turdus auduboni" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus auduboni</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 10886.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--035.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p>The following synopsis is intended to show the characters of the different -species and varieties.</p> - -<p class="centerindent">1. <i class="subset">Spots beneath rounded, covering breast and sides.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Rufous brown above, becoming much brighter toward the bill, and more -olivaceous on the tail. Beneath white; whole breast with rounded spots. Nest -on tree; eggs pale blue.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">T. mustelinus.</b> Beneath nearly pure white, with rounded blackish -spots over the whole breast, sides, and upper part of abdomen; -wing, 4.25; tail, 3.05; culmen, .80; tarsus, 1.26. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -United States, south to Guatemala and Honduras. Cuba and -Bermuda of West Indies.</p> - -<p class="centerindent">2. <i class="subset">Spots beneath triangular, on breast only.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Entirely uniform in color above,—olivaceous, varying to reddish or -greenish with the species. Beneath whitish, with a wash of brownish across -the breast and along sides. Spots triangular, and confined to the breast. Nest -on trees or bushes; eggs blue spotted with brownish; except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>, -which nests on the ground, and lays plain blue eggs.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a. No conspicuous light orbital ring.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">T. fuscescens.</b> Yellowish-rufous or olive-fulvous above; a strong -wash of pale fulvous across the throat and jugulum, where are very -indistinct cuneate spots of same shade as the back. Wing, 4.10; tail, -3.00; culmen, .70; tarsus, 1.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North -America. North to Nova Scotia and Fort Garry. West to Great Salt -Lake. South (in winter) to Panama and Brazil. Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <!--036.png--><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span> -<b class="birdname" lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ.</b> Grayish clove-brown above; breast almost white, with -broad, blackish spots; whole side of head uniform grayish. Wing, -4.20; tail, 3.20; culmen, .77; tarsus, 1.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -North America from shore of Arctic Ocean, Fort Yukon, and Kodiak -to Costa Rica. West to Missouri River. Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b. A conspicuous orbital ring of buff.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">T. swainsoni.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Greenish-olive above, breast and sides of head strongly tinged with -buff. Spots on breast broad, distinct, nearly black. Length, -7.00; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.90; culmen, .65; tarsus, 1.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern and Middle Provinces of North America. North to -Slave Lake, south to Ecuador, west to East Humboldt Mountains<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Brownish-olive above, somewhat more rufescent on wing; breast -and head strongly washed with dilute rufous. Spots on breast -narrow, scarcely darker than back. Wing, 3.85; tail, 3.00; culmen, -.70; tarsus, 1.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of United States. -Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">C.</b> Above olivaceous, becoming abruptly more reddish on upper tail-coverts -and tail. Spots as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, but larger and less transverse,—more sharply -defined. An orbital ring of pale buff. Nest on ground; eggs blue, probably -unspotted.</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname">T. pallasi.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Olivaceous of upper parts like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</i>. -Reddish of upper tail-coverts -invading lower part of rump; no marked difference in -tint between the tail and its upper coverts. Flanks and tibiæ -yellowish olive-brown; a faint tinge of buff across the breast. -Eggs plain. Wing, 3.80; tail, 3.00; culmen, .70; tarsus, 1.20. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States (only?)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Olivaceous of upper parts like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>. Reddish of tail not invading -the rump, and the tail decidedly more castaneous than the -upper coverts. Beneath almost pure white; scarcely any buff -tinge on breast; flanks and tibiæ grayish or plumbeous olive. -Size smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>; bill depressed. Wing, 3.50; tail, -2.60; culmen, .60; tarsus, 1.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of North -America, from Kodiak to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. East to East Humboldt -Mountains<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Olivaceous above, like preceding; the upper tail-coverts scarcely -different from the back. Tail yellowish-rufous. Beneath like -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</i>. Size larger than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>. Wing, 4.20; tail, 3.35; culmen, -.80; tarsus, 1.30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky Mountains. From Fort -Bridger, south (in winter) to Southern Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus mustelinus</b>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE WOOD THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ -One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 817.—<span class="sc">Audubon</span>, <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. -I</abbr>, 1832, 372, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 73.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 24, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 144.—<abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span -class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> La Sagra’s Cuba <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> 1840, 49.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 212.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 13.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 294, and 1859, 325.—<span -class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist">Nat.</abbr> in Bermuda, 26.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, -<!--037.png--><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span> -Repertorio, 1865, 228.—<span class="sc">Maynard.</span>—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 146. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Turdus melodus</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. -Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 35, <abbr title="plate two">pl. ii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus densus</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Comptes Rendus, <abbr title="twenty-eight">XXVIII</abbr>, 1853, 2.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Notes Delattre, 1854, 26 (Tabasco).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Additional figures: <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de -l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 62">II, pl. lxii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, <abbr title="plate two">pl. ii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above clear cinnamon-brown, on the top of the head becoming more -rufous, on the rump and tail olivaceous. The under parts are clear white, sometimes -tinged with buff on the breast or anteriorly, and thickly marked beneath, except on the -chin and throat and about the vent and tail-coverts, with sub-triangular, sharply defined -spots of blackish. The sides of the head are dark brown, streaked with white, and there -is also a maxillary series of streaks on each side of the throat, the central portion of which -sometimes has indications of small spots. Length, 8.10 inches; wing, 4.25; tail, 3.05; -tarsus, 1.26. Young bird similar to adult, but with rusty yellow triangular spots in the -ends of the wing coverts.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -U. S. east of Missouri plains, south to Guatemala. Bermuda (not rare). Cuba, -<span class="sc">La Sagra</span>; <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>. Honduras, <span class="sc">Moore</span>. Cordova, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Orizaba (winter), <abbr title="Sumichrast"><span class="sc">Sumichr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Wood Thrush, without being anywhere a very abundant -species, is common throughout nearly every portion of the United States -between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic. It breeds in every -portion of the same extended area, at least as far as Georgia on the south -and Massachusetts on the north. Beyond the last-named State, it rarely, -if ever, breeds on the coast. In the interior it has a higher range, nesting -around Hamilton, <abbr title="Canada West">C. W.</abbr> So far as I am aware it is unknown, or very rare, -in the States of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.</p> - -<p>It makes its appearance early in April in the Middle States, but in New -England not until four or five weeks later, appearing about the 10th of May. -Their migrations in fall are more irregular, being apparently determined by -the abundance of their food. At times they depart as early as the first -of September, but sometimes not until the last of October. It winters -in Central America, where it is quite abundant at that season.</p> - -<p>The favorite localities of the Wood Thrush are the borders of dense -thickets, or low damp hollows shaded by large trees. Yet its habits are -by no means so retiring, or its nature so timid, as these places of resort -would lead us to infer. A small grove in Roxbury, now a part of Boston, -in close proximity to a dwelling-house, was for many years the favorite -resort of these birds, where several pairs nested and reared their young, -rarely even leaving their nests, which were mostly in low bushes, wholly -unmindful of the curious children who were their frequent visitors. The -same fearless familiarity was observed at Mount Auburn, then first used -as a public cemetery. But in the latter instance the nest was always -placed high up on a branch of some spreading tree, often in conspicuous -places, but out of reach. Mr. J. A. Allen refers to several similar instances -where the Wood Thrush did not show itself to be such a recluse as many -describe it. In one case a pair built their nest within the limits of a -thickly peopled village, where there were but few trees, and a scanty -undergrowth. In another a Wood Thrush lived for several successive -summers among the elms and maples of Court Square in the city of -<!--038.png--><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 9]</span> -Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, undisturbed by the passers by or the walkers beneath, -or the noise and rattle of the vehicles on the contiguous streets.</p> - -<p>The song of this thrush is one of its most remarkable and pleasing -characteristics. No lover of sweet sounds can have failed to notice it, -and, having once known its source, no one can fail to recognize it when -heard again. The melody is one of great sweetness and power, and consists -of several parts, the last note of which resembles the tinkling of a small bell, -and seems to leave the conclusion suspended. Each part of its song seems -sweeter and richer than the preceding.</p> - -<p>The nest is usually built on the horizontal branch of a small forest-tree, -six or eight feet from the ground, and, less frequently, in the fork of a bush. -The diameter is about 5 inches, and the depth 3¾, with a cavity averaging -3 inches across by 2¼ in depth. They are firm, compact structures, chiefly -composed of decayed deciduous leaves, closely impacted together, and apparently -thus combined when in a moistened condition, and afterward -dried into a firmness and strength like that of parchment. These are -intermingled with, and strengthened by, a few dry twigs, and the whole -is lined with fine roots and a few fine dry grasses. Occasionally, instead -of the solid frame of impacted leaves, we find one of solidified mud.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Wood Thrush, usually four in number, sometimes five, -are of a uniform deep-blue tint, with but a slight admixture of yellow, -which imparts a greenish tinge. Their average measurements are 1.00 by -.75 inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus fuscescens</b>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TAWNY THRUSH; WILSON’S THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr -title="American">Amer.</abbr> Ornithology, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1812, 98, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43 (not of <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus fuscescens</i>, <span class="sc">Stephens</span>, Shaw’s <abbr -title="General Zoölogy">Gen. Zoöl.</abbr> Birds, <abbr title="Ten, one">X, <span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 1817, 182. <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1855, 470 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 214.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Review of -American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 17.—<span class="sc">Gundi.</span> Repertorio, 1865, 228 (Cuba, not rare). <span -class="sc">Pelzeln</span>, <abbr title="Ornithologie Brasiliens">Orn. Bras.</abbr> <abbr title="Two"><span -class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1868, 92. (San Vicente, Brazil, December.)—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -150.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 326.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue of American">Catal. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1861, 2, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus silens</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique 2">Encyclop. Méth. II</abbr>, 1823, -647 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. mustelinus</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Turdus wilsonii</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations … Wilson's Ornithology"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs. -Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 73. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus minor</i>, <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span -class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> La Sagra’s Cuba, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> 1840, 47, <abbr title="plate -5">pl. v</abbr> (Cuba).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above, and on sides of head and neck, nearly uniform light reddish-brown, -with a faint tendency to orange on the crown and tail. Beneath, white; the fore part -of the breast and throat (paler on the chin) tinged with pale brownish-yellow, in decided -contrast to the white of the belly. The sides of the throat and the fore part of the breast, -as colored, are marked with small triangular spots of light brownish, nearly like the back, -but not well defined. There are a few obsolete blotches on the sides of the breast (in the -white) of pale olivaceous; the sides of the body tinged with the same. Tibiæ white. -The lower mandible is brownish only at the tip. The lores are ash-colored, the orbital -region grayish. Length, 7.50; wing, 4.25; tail, 3.20; tarsus; 1.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America, Halifax to Fort Bridger, and north to Fort Garry. -Cuba, Panama, and Brazil (winter). Orizaba (winter), <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>.</p> - -<p><!--039.png--><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is one of the common birds of New England, and is -probably abundant in certain localities throughout all the country east of the -Rocky Mountains, as far to the north as the 50th parallel, and possibly -as far as the wooded country extends. Mr. Maynard did not meet with -it in Northern New Hampshire. Mr. Wm. G. Winton obtained its nest -and eggs at Halifax, <abbr title="Nova Scotia">N. S.</abbr>; Mr. Boardman found them also on the Gulf -of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence, and at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen’s, <abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>; Mr. Couper at Quebec; Mr. -Krieghoff at Three Rivers, Canada; Donald Gunn at Selkirk and Red -River; and Mr. Kumlien and Dr. Hoy in Wisconsin. Mr. McIlwraith -also gives it as common at Hamilton, West Canada. It breeds as far south -as Pennsylvania, and as far to the west as Utah, and occurs, in the breeding -season, throughout Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Canada.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this thrush very abundant among the thickets in the -valleys of the Provo, Weber, and Bear rivers, in Utah, and very characteristic -of those portions of the country.</p> - -<p>It arrives in Massachusetts early in May, usually with the first blossoms -of the pear, ranging from the 5th to the 20th. It is strictly of woodland -habits, found almost entirely among clumps of trees, and obtaining its food -from among their branches, or on the ground among the fallen leaves. It -moves south from the 10th to the 25th of September, rarely remaining till -the first week in October.</p> - -<p>It is timid, distrustful, and retiring; delighting in shady ravines, the edges -of thick close woods, and occasionally the more retired parts of gardens; -where, if unmolested, it will frequent the same locality year after year.</p> - -<p>The song of this thrush is quaint, but not unmusical; variable in its -character, changing from a prolonged and monotonous whistle to quick -and almost shrill notes at the close. Their melody is not unfrequently -prolonged until quite late in the evening, and, in consequence, in some -portions of Massachusetts these birds are distinguished with the name of -Nightingale,—a distinction due rather to the season than to the high quality -of their song. Yet Mr. Ridgway regards it, as heard by himself in Utah, -as superior in some respects to that of all others of the genus, though far -surpassed in mellow richness of voice and depth of metallic tone by that of -the Wood Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. mustelinus</i>). To his ear there was a solemn harmony -and a beautiful expression which combined to make the song of this surpass -that of all the other American Wood Thrushes. The beauty of their notes -appeared in his ears “really inspiring; their song consisting of an inexpressibly -delicate metallic utterance of the syllables <i class="birdcall">ta-weel´ ah, ta-weel´ ah, -twil´ ah, twil´ ah</i>, accompanied by a fine trill which renders it truly seductive.” -The last two notes are said to be uttered in a soft and subdued -undertone, producing thereby, in effect, an echo of the others.</p> - -<p>The nest is always placed near the ground, generally raised from it by -a thick bed of dry leaves or sticks; sometimes among bushes, but never in -the fork of a bush or tree, or if so, in very rare and exceptional cases. -<!--040.png--><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 11]</span> -When incubation has commenced, the female is reluctant to leave her nest. -If driven off she utters no complaint, but remains close at hand and returns -at the first opportunity.</p> - -<p>They construct their nest early in May, and the young are hatched in the -latter part of that month, or the first of June. They raise two broods in the -season. The nest, even more loosely put together than that of the Ground -Swamp Robin (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>), is often with difficulty kept complete. It is -about 3 inches in height, 4½ in diameter, with a cavity 1½ inches deep and -3 in width, and composed of dry bark, dead leaves, stems, and woody fibres, -intermingled with grasses, caricas, sedges, etc., and lined with soft skeleton -leaves. A nest from Wisconsin was composed entirely of a coarse species of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sparganeum</i>; the dead stalks and leaves of which were interwoven with a -very striking effect.</p> - -<p>The eggs, usually four, sometimes five in number, are of a uniform green -color, with a slight tinge of blue, and average .94 by .66 of an inch in -diameter.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus aliciæ</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH; ALICE’S THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 217, plate 81, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Review <abbr title="American Birds">Am. Birds</abbr>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1864, 21.—<span -class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. Ac. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr title="August">Aug.</abbr> -1861, 217 (Labrador).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> Birds of -Washington.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, Repertorio, 1865, 229 (Cuba).—<abbr title="Lawrence"><span -class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> <abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr>, 91 (Costa -Rica).—<span class="sc">Dall</span> and <span class="sc">Bannister</span>, Birds Alaska.—<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, -Report.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above nearly pure dark olive-green; sides of the head ash-gray; the chin, -throat, and under parts white; purest behind. Sides of throat and across the breast with -arrow-shaped spots of dark plumbeous-brown. Sides of body and axillaries dull grayish-olivaceous. -Tibiæ plumbeous; legs brown. Length, nearly 8 inches; wing, 4.20; tail, -3.20; tarsus, 1.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to shores of Arctic Ocean, and along northern coast from -Labrador to Kodiak, breeding in immense numbers between the mouths of Mackenzie and -Coppermine. West to Fort Yukon and Missouri River States. Winters south to Costa -Rica. Chiriqui, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>; Cuba, <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>.</p> - -<p>As originally described, this species differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i> in larger -size, longer bill, feet, and wings especially, straighter and narrower bill. -The back is of a greener olive. The breast and sides of the head are -entirely destitute of the buff tinge, or at best this is very faintly indicated -on the upper part of the breast. The most characteristic features are seen -on the side of the head. Here there is no indication whatever of the light -line from nostril to eye, and scarcely any of a light ring round the eye,—the -whole region being grayish-olive, relieved slightly by whitish shaft-streaks -on the ear-coverts. The sides of body, axillars, and tibiæ are -olivaceous-gray, without any of the fulvous tinge seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>. -The bill measures .40 from tip to nostril, sometimes more; tarsi, 1.21; -<!--041.png--><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 12]</span> -wing, 4.20; tail, 3.10,—total, about 7.50. Some specimens slightly exceed -these dimensions; few, if any, fall short of them.</p> - -<p>In autumn the upper surface is somewhat different from that in spring, -being less grayish, and with a tinge of rich sepia or snuff-brown, this -becoming gradually more appreciable on the tail.</p> - -<p>A specimen from Costa Rica is undistinguishable from typical examples -from the Eastern United States.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, first described in the ninth volume of the Pacific -Railroad Surveys, bears so strong a resemblance to the Olive-backed Thrush -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>), that its value as a species has often been disputed. It was -first met with in Illinois. Since then numerous specimens have been obtained -from the District of Columbia, from Labrador, and the lower -Mackenzie River. In the latter regions it was found breeding abundantly. -It was also found in large numbers on the Anderson River, but was rare -on the Yukon, as well as at Great Slave Lake, occurring there only as a -bird of passage to or from more northern breeding-grounds.</p> - -<p>In regard to its general habits but little is known. Dr. Coues, who -found it in Labrador, breeding abundantly, speaks of meeting with a family -of these birds in a deep and thickly wooded ravine. The young were just -about to fly. The parents evinced the greatest anxiety for the safety of -their brood, endeavoring to lead him from their vicinity by fluttering from -bush to bush, constantly uttering a melancholy <i class="birdcall">pheugh</i>, in low whistling -tone. He mentions that all he saw uttered precisely the same note, and -were very timid, darting into the most impenetrable thickets.</p> - -<p>This thrush is a regular visitant to Massachusetts, both in its spring and -in its fall migration. It arrives from about the first to the middle of May, -and apparently remains about a week. It passes south about the first of -October. Occasionally it appears and is present in Massachusetts at the -same time with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus swainsoni</i>. From this species I hold it to be -unquestionably distinct, and in this opinion I am confirmed by the observations -of two very careful and reliable ornithologists, Mr. William Brewster -of Cambridge, one of our most promising young naturalists, and Mr. George -O. Welch of Lynn, whose experience and observations in the field are -unsurpassed. They inform me that there are observable between these -two forms certain well-marked and constant differences, that never fail -to indicate their distinctness with even greater precision than the constant -though less marked differences in their plumage.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</i> comes a few days the earlier, and is often in full song -when the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i> is silent. The song of the former is not only -totally different from that of the latter, but also from that of all our -other Wood Thrushes. It most resembles the song of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>, but -differs in being its exact inverse, for whereas the latter begins with its -lowest notes and proceeds on an ascending scale, the former begins with -its highest, and concludes with its lowest note. The song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>, -<!--042.png--><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 13]</span> -on the other hand, exhibits much less variation in the scale, all the -notes being of nearly the same altitude.</p> - -<p>I am also informed that while the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i> is far from being a timid -species, but may be easily approached, and while it seems almost invariably -to prefer the edges of the pine woods, and is rarely observed in open grounds -or among the bare deciduous trees, the habits of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i> are the exact -reverse in these respects. It is not to be found in similar situations, but -almost always frequents copses of hard wood, searching for its food among -their fallen leaves. It is extremely timid and difficult to approach. As -it stands or as it moves upon the ground, it has a peculiar erectness of -bearing which at once indicates its true specific character so unmistakably -that any one once familiar with its appearance can never mistake it for -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i> nor for any other bird.</p> - -<p>The nests measure about 4 inches in diameter and 2¾ in height. The -cavity is 2 inches deep, and its diameter 2½ inches. They are unusually -compact for the nest of a thrush, and are composed chiefly of an elaborate -interweaving of fine sedges, leaves, stems of the more delicate <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Equisetaceæ</i>, -dry grasses, strips of fine bark, and decayed leaves, the whole intermingled -with the paniculated inflorescence of grasses. There is little or no lining -other than these materials. These nests were all found, with but few -exceptions, on the branches of low trees, from two to seven feet from -the ground. In a few exceptional cases the nests were built on the -ground.</p> - -<p>Occasionally nests of this species are found constructed with the base -and sides of solid mud, as with the common Robin (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius</i>). -In these, as also in some other cases, their nests are usually found on or -near the ground. So far as I am aware neither its occasional position -on the ground, nor its mud frames, are peculiarities ever noticeable in -nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>.</p> - -<p>The eggs were usually four in number. Their color is either a deep -green tint, or green slightly tinged with blue; and they are marked with -spots of russet and yellowish-brown, varying both in size and frequency. -Their mean length is .92 of an inch, and their mean breadth .64. The -maximum length is .94 and the minimum .88 of an inch. There is -apparently a constant variation from the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>; those -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliciæ</i> having a more distinctly blue ground color. The nests are -also quite different in their appearance and style of structure. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypnum</i> -mosses, so marked a feature in the nests of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>, as also in those of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ustulatus</i>, are wholly wanting in those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i>.</p> - -<p>This bird and the robin are the only species of our thrushes that cross -the Arctic Circle to any distance, or reach the shore of the Arctic Ocean. -It occurs from Labrador, all round the American coast, to the Aleutian -Islands, everywhere bearing its specific character as indicated above. It is -extremely abundant on and near the Arctic coast, between the mouth of -<!--043.png--><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 14]</span> -the Mackenzie River and the Coppermine, more than 200 specimens -(mostly with their eggs) having been sent thence to the Smithsonian -Institution by Mr. MacFarlane. In all this number there was not a -single bird that had any approach to the characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>, as -just given. From the Slave Lake region, on the other hand, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i> -was received in nearly the same abundance, and unmixed during the -breeding season with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus swainsoni</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH; SWAINSON’S THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus swainsoni</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> -Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188.—<span class="sc">? Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala).—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 451 (Ecuador); 1859, 326.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 2, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -11.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 216; <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr>, 1864, 19.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324 -(Cuba).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Repertorium">Repert.</abbr> 1865, 229.—<span -class="sc">Pelzeln</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Ornithologie Brasiliens">Orn. Brazil.</abbr> <span -class="muchsmaller">II.</span> 1868, 92 (Marambitanas, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> and March).—<abbr -title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <abbr title="New York Lyceum, Nine">N. Y. Lyc. IX</abbr>, 91 (Costa -Rica).—<span class="sc">Ridgway.</span>—<span class="sc">Maynard.</span>—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -152.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 6.—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus minor</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. -Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 809 (in part). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus olivaceus</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds <abbr -title="Long">L.</abbr> Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">(?) Turdus minimus</i>, <span class="sc">Lafresnaye</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. -Zoöl.</abbr> 1848, 5.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1854, -111.—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society, Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1860, 226 -(Bogota).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1863. (Birds Panama, -<abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 384.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts uniform olivaceous, with a decided shade of green. The fore -part of breast, the throat and chin, pale brownish-yellow; rest of lower parts white; -the sides washed with brownish-olive. Sides of the throat and fore part of the breast -with sub-rounded spots of well-defined brown, darker than the back; the rest of the -breast (except medially) with rather less distinct spots that are more olivaceous. Tibiæ -yellowish-brown. Broad ring round the eye, loral region, and a general tinge on the -side of the head, clear reddish buff. Length, 7.00; wing, 4.15; tail, 3.10; tarsus, 1.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America; westward to Humboldt Mountain and Upper Columbia; -perhaps occasionally straggling as far as California; north to Slave Lake and Fort Yukon; -south to Ecuador and Brazil. Cuba, <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>; Costa Rica, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p>Specimens examined from the northern regions (Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie -River, and Yukon) to Guatemala; from Atlantic States to East -Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and from intervening localities. The extremes -of variation are the <em>brownish</em>-olive of eastern and the clear <em>dark</em> -greenish-olive of remote western specimens. There is no observable difference -between a Guatemalan skin and one from Fort Bridger, Utah.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Olive-backed Thrush, or “Swamp Robin,” has very nearly -the same habitat during the breeding season as that of the kindred species -with which it was so long confounded. Although Wilson seems to have -found the nest and eggs among the high lands of Northern Georgia, it is yet -a somewhat more northern species. It does not breed so far south as -Massachusetts, or if so, the cases must be exceptional and very rare, nor -even in Western Maine, where the “Ground Swamp Robin” (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>) is -quite abundant. It only becomes common in the neighborhood of Calais. -<!--044.png--><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 15]</span> -It is, however, most widely distributed over nearly the entire continent, -breeding from latitude 44<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> to high Arctic regions. It winters in Guatemala -and southward as far as Ecuador and Brazil.</p> - -<p>In its habits this thrush is noticeably different from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>, being -much more arboreal, frequenting thick woods; rarely seen, except during its -migrations, in open ground, and seeking its food more among the branches -of the trees.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species very abundant among the Wahsatch -Mountains, where it was one of the most characteristic summer birds of -that region. It was breeding plentifully in the cañons, where its song -could be heard almost continually. It inhabited an intermediate position -between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. auduboni</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>, delighting most in the shrubbery -along the streams of the cañons and passes, leaving to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. auduboni</i> the -secluded ravines of the pine regions higher up, and to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i> the -willow thickets of the river valleys. He did not meet with it farther west -than the East Humboldt Mountains. The song, in his opinion, resembles -that of the Wood Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. mustelinus</i>) in modulations; but the notes -want the power, while they possess a finer and more silvery tone.</p> - -<p>The song of this species has a certain resemblance to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>, -being yet quite distinct, and the differences readily recognized by a familiar -ear. It is more prolonged; the notes are more equal and rise with more -regularity and more gradually, are richer, and each note is more complete in -itself. Its song of lamentation when robbed of its young is full of indescribable -pathos and beauty, haunting one who has once heard it long after.</p> - -<p>When driven from the nest, the female always flies to a short distance -and conceals herself; making no complaints, and offering no resistance.</p> - -<p>These birds, in a single instance, have been known to reach Eastern -Massachusetts early in April, in an unusually early season, but they -generally pass north a few weeks later. They make no prolonged stay, -and are with us rarely more than three or four days. Their return in -the fall appears to be, at times, by a more inland route. They are then -not so numerous near the coast, but occasionally are abundant.</p> - -<p>Their nests in Nova Scotia, wherever observed, were among the thick -woods, on horizontal branches of a forest-tree, usually about five feet from -the ground. Those observed in the Arctic regions by Mr. Kennicott were -frequently not more than two feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>The nests average about four inches in diameter and two in height, the -cavity being three inches wide by about one and a half deep. They are -more elaborately and neatly constructed than those of any other of our -thrushes, except perhaps of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ustulatus</i>. conspicuous among the materials -are the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypnum</i> mosses, which by their dark fibrous masses give a very -distinctive character to these nests, and distinguish them from all except -those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ustulatus</i>, which they resemble. Besides these materials are -found fine sedges, leaves, stems of equisetaceous plants, red glossy vegetable -<!--045.png--><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 16]</span> -fibres, the flowering steins of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladonia</i> mosses, lichens, fine strips of -bark, etc.</p> - -<p>The eggs, which are four or five in number, exhibit noticeable variations -in size, shape, and shades of coloring, bearing some resemblance to those -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ustulatus</i> and to the eggs asserted to be those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. nanus</i>, but are -sufficiently distinct, and are still more so from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aliciæ</i>. They -range in length from .83 to .94, with a mean of .88, their mean breadth -is .66, the maximum .69, and the minimum .63. Their ground color is -usually bluish-green, sometimes light blue with hardly a tinge of green, -and the spots are of a yellowish-brown, or russet-brown, or a mixture of -both colors, more or less confluent, with marked variations in this respect.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus swainsoni</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">ustulatus</b>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ustulatus</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. -I</abbr>, 1840, 400 (Columbia River).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 215, -<abbr title="plate 81, figure">pl. lxxxi, fig.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 18.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific -Railroad Report Twelve two">P. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1860, 171.—<span -class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. S. Philad.</abbr> 1869, -127.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy">Tr. Chic. Acad.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>, but with pattern of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>; the buff -orbital ring as conspicuous as in latter. The olive above is more <em>brown</em> than in this, and -less yellowish than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>, becoming decidedly more rufescent on wings and less -observably so on tail. Pectoral aspect different from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>, the spots narrower and -cuneate, sharply defined, and arranged in longitudinal series; in color they are a little -<em>darker</em> than the crown. Length, 7.50; wing, 3.75; tail, 3.00; tarsus, 1.12.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Province of United States. Tres Marias <abbr title="Island"> Isl.</abbr>, Guatemala (winter), -<abbr title="Museum Smithsonian Institution">Mus. S. I.</abbr></p> - -<p>This well-marked race is to be compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, not with -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>, as has generally been done; the latter, except in shade of -colors, it scarcely resembles at all; still greater evidence that such is its -affinity is that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ustulatus</i> builds its nest on a tree, and lays a spotted -egg, like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i> nests on or near the ground, perhaps -never in a tree, and lays a plain blue egg. The song of the present bird is -also scarcely distinguishable from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>. Upon the whole, we -see no reason why this should not be considered as a Pacific Province form -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus swainsoni</i>; at least it becomes necessary to do so, after -referring to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i> as geographical races, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. auduboni</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. nanus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as we are aware, this thrush has a very limited distribution, -being mainly restricted to the Pacific coast region from California to -Alaska in the breeding season, though migrating southward in winter to -Guatemala. Dr. Kennerly found it in great abundance breeding at Chiloweyuck -Depot, July 3, 1859. Dr. Cooper also found it one of the most -abundant of the summer residents in Washington Territory, arriving there -<!--046.png--><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 17]</span> -in May and remaining until the beginning of September. Three specimens -of this thrush were obtained at Sitka, by Mr. Bischoff. Mr. Ridgway met -with only a single specimen east of the Sierra Nevada, though on that range -he found it an abundant summer bird.</p> - -<p>In its general appearance it has a marked resemblance to Wilson’s Thrush -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>), but its habits and notes, as well as its nest and eggs, clearly -point its nearer affinity to Swainson’s Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>), its song being -scarcely different from that of the latter species. Like this species, it frequents -the thickets or brushwood along the mountain streams, and, except -just after its arrival, it is not at all shy. In crossing the Sierra Nevada in -July, 1867, Mr. Ridgway first met with this species. He describes it as an -exquisite songster. At one of the camps, at an altitude of about 5,000 feet, -they were found unusually plentiful. He speaks of their song as consisting -of “ethereal warblings,—outbursts of wild melody.” “Although its carols -were heard everywhere in the depth of the ravine, scarcely one of the little -musicians could be seen.” “The song of this thrush,” he adds, “though -possessing all the wild, solemn melody of that of the Wood Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. -mustelinus</i>) is weaker, but of a much finer or more silvery tone, and more -methodical delivery. It is much like that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>, but in the -qualities mentioned is even superior.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found its nests with eggs about the middle of June. These -were most usually built on a small horizontal branch, and were very strongly -constructed of twigs, grasses, roots, and leaves, usually covered on the outside -entirely with the bright green <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypnum</i> mosses peculiar to that region, which -in the damp climate near the coast continue to grow in that position, and -form large masses. The number of eggs is usually five.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that these thrushes sing most in the early morning and -in the evening, when numbers may be heard answering one another on all -sides. They do not affect the darkest thickets so much as the Hermit -Thrush, but are often seen feeding in the gardens in the open sunshine.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley, who found them quite abundant in the neighborhood of Fort -Steilacoom, on the edge of the forest, and in swampy land, describes the song -as a low, soft, sad, and lively whistle, confined to one note, and repeated at -regular intervals. Mr. Nuttall, the first to describe this form, speaks of -it as shy and retiring, and as in the habit of gathering insects from the -ground. His ear, so quick to appreciate the characteristics of the songs of -birds, which showed a close resemblance between the notes of this bird and -that of Wilson’s Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>), enabled him to detect very distinct -and easily recognizable differences. It is much more interrupted and is not -so prolonged. The warble of this bird he describes as resembling <i class="birdcall">wit-wit -t´villia</i>, and <i class="birdcall">wit-wit, t´villia-t´villia</i>. His call when surprised was <i class="birdcall">wit-wit</i>.</p> - -<p>All the nests of this species that have fallen under my observation are -large, compact, strongly constructed, and neat. They measure about 5 -inches in their external diameter, with a depth externally of 3; the cavity -<!--047.png--><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 18]</span> -is comparatively shallow, being rarely 2 inches in depth. The external -portions are constructed almost entirely of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypnum</i> mosses, matted together -and sparingly interwoven with dry leaves and fine fibrous roots, -and are lined with finer materials of the same kind. These nests most -nearly resemble in their material and in their position those of Swainson’s -Thrush.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hepburn found these birds very abundant about Victoria. It does -not usually breed there before the last of May, though in one exceptional -instance he found a nest with young birds on the 24th of that month.</p> - -<p>The eggs vary in size and shape, ranging from .77 to .94 in length, and -from .65 to .69 in breadth. They also vary in their ground color and in the -tints of the spots and markings. The ground color is light green or light -blue, and the markings are variously yellowish-brown and lilac, or dark -brown and slate.</p> - -<p>Mr. Grayson found this thrush very abundant in the month of January, -in the thickest of the woods, in the islands of the Three Marias, on the -Pacific coast of Mexico. They were very timid and shy, more so than any -bird that he saw on those islands. It frequently uttered a low plaintive -whistle, and seemed solitary in its habits.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus pallasi</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUFOUS-TAILED THRUSH; HERMIT THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus pallasii</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Wiegmann’s <span lang="de" -xml:lang="de">Archiv</span>, 1847 (<span class="muchsmaller">I</span>), 205.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 212.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Review of -American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 14.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1859, 325 ??.—<abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1861, 2, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 7.—<span class="sc">Ridgway.</span>—<span class="sc">Maynard.</span>—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 148. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus solitarius</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Five">Amer. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 95 (not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 212. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus minor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte -Observations"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Obs.</abbr> Wilson, 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 72. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Turdus guttatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844, 187 (not <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Muscicapa guttata</i> of <span class="sc">Pallas</span>).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Additional figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America -Three, plate 146">Am. III, pl. cxlvi.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography One, plate 58">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lviii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail slightly emarginate. Above light olive-brown, with a scarcely perceptible -shade of reddish, passing, however, into decided rufous on the rump, upper tail-coverts, -and tail, and to a less degree on the outer surface of the wings. Beneath white, -with a scarcely appreciable shade of pale buff across the fore part of the breast, and -sometimes on the throat; the sides of the throat and the fore part of the breast with -rather sharply defined subtriangular spots of dark olive-brown; the sides of the breast -with paler and less distinct spots of the same. Sides of the body under the wings of a -paler shade than the back. A whitish ring round the eye; ear-coverts very obscurely -streaked with paler. Length, 7.50 inches; wing, 3.84; tail, 3.25; tarsus, 1.16; <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2,092.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America. Mexico? Not found in Cuba, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fide</i> <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>.</p> - -<p>In spring the olive above is very much that of eastern specimens of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>; in winter specimens it is much browner, and almost as much -so as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>. Young birds have the feathers of the head, back, and -wing coverts streaked centrally with drop-shaped spots of rusty yellowish.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Until quite recently the “Ground Swamp Robin,” or Hermit -<!--048.png--><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 19]</span> -Thrush, has not been distinguished from the closely allied species <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>, -and all accounts of writers have blended both in singular confusion. -My colleague, Professor Baird, in the summer of 1844, was the first to suggest -the distinctness of the two species. By the common people of Maine -and the British Provinces this difference has long been generally recognized, -this species being known as the “Ground Swamp Robin,” and the other as -the “Swamp Robin.”</p> - -<p>The present species is found throughout Eastern North America to the -Mississippi, and breeds from Massachusetts to high arctic regions. It is -only occasionally found breeding so far south as Massachusetts; through -which State it passes in its spring migrations, sometimes as early as the 10th -of April; usually reaching Calais, Maine, by the 15th of the same month.</p> - -<p>It is a very abundant bird throughout Maine, where it begins to breed -during the last week of May, and where it also probably has two broods -in a season.</p> - -<p>The greater number appear to pass the winter in the Southern States; it -being common in Florida, and even occasionally seen during that season as -far north as latitude 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> in Southern Illinois, according to Mr. Ridgway.</p> - -<p>It rarely, if ever, sings during its migrations; appears in small straggling -companies, frequents both thickets and open fields, and is unsuspicious and -easily approached.</p> - -<p>The song of this species is very fine, having many of the characteristics -of that of the Wood Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. mustelinus</i>). It is as sweet, has the same -tinkling sounds, as of a bell, but is neither so powerful nor so prolonged, -and rises more rapidly in its intonations. It begins with low, sweet notes, -and ends abruptly with its highest, sharp ringing notes.</p> - -<p>Taken from the nest they are easily tamed, and are quite lively and -playful; but their want of cleanliness renders them very undesirable pets. -When their nest is visited they make no complaints, but retire to a distance. -Not so, however, when their natural enemy, the hawk, appears; these they -at once assail and seek to drive away, uttering loud and clear chirps, and -peculiar twittering sounds.</p> - -<p>The nest of this thrush is always built on the ground, most generally -either under low bushes or in the open ground, rarely, if ever, among -thick trees, and for the most part in low swampy places. Both nest and -eggs closely resemble those of Wilson’s Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>). In Parsboro, -Nova Scotia, I found one of the nests built in the very midst of the -village, close to a dwelling, though on a spot so marshy as to be almost -unapproachable. The nests are 3 inches in height and 5 in diameter, with -a cavity 3¼ inches wide by 1¾ deep. They are composed of decayed deciduous -leaves, remnants of dried plants, sedges and grasses, intermingled with -twigs, and lined with finer grasses, sedges, and strips of bark.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of a uniform bluish-green color, and range in length from .88 -to .94, with an average of .63 of an inch. -<!--049.png--><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus pallasi</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">nanus</b>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">DWARF HERMIT THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nanus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 201, <abbr title="plate 201">pl. cci.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. A.</abbr> 1858, 213; <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. -B.</abbr> 1864, 15.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1859.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861.—<span -class="sc">Dall & Bannister.</span>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, <abbr -title="page">p.</abbr> 4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus pallasi</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">nanus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> Kings <abbr title="Expedition Five">Exped. -V</abbr>, 1872. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Turdus aonalaschkæ</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ -One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 808. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">?? Muscicapa guttata</i>, <span class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr -title="Zoögraphica Rosso-Asiatica Two">Zoög. Rosso-Asiat. II</abbr>, 1811, 465.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above with the clear dark olive of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, but this even purer and -more plumbeous. Upper tail-coverts (but not lower part of rump) becoming more rufous, -the tail abruptly darker, richer, and more <em>purplish</em>-rufous, approaching to chestnut. The -clear olive of the neck passes into brownish-<em>plumbeous</em> along sides; pectoral spots more -sparse and less pure black than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>. The white beneath is of an almost snowy -purity, appreciably different from the cottony-white of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>. Wing, 3.30; tail, 3.00; -bill, .36; tarsus, 1.07.</p> - -<p class="small">A very tangible and constant character possessed by this bird is the more slender and -depressed bill, as compared with that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>. Specimens vary only in intensity of -colors; these variations very limited, and corresponding with those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>. In all -cases, however, their precise pattern and peculiar distribution is retained.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western Province of North America, eastward from Kodiak to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. -Arizona, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This small race of the Hermit Thrush was first noticed by Dr. -Pickering, and described by Mr. Audubon from an imperfect skin. It -has since been obtained abundantly on the Pacific slope, and Mr. Ridgway -procured a specimen as far east as the East Humboldt Mountains, which -he considers its eastern limit.</p> - -<p>In its habits it is said to be, like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>, almost exclusively terrestrial. -Dr. Heermann mentions finding it abundant in California, and breeding -among the stunted oaks covering the sand-hills of San Francisco. Dr. -Coues found it in Arizona, but speaks of it as rare and migratory, occurring -chiefly in spring and autumn, and as a shy and retiring species. Dr. Cooper, -in his Report on the Birds of California, describes it as shy and timid, preferring -dark and shady thickets, feeding chiefly on the ground, running -rapidly, and searching for insects among the leaves.</p> - -<p>Near San Diego they began to sing about the 25th of April. The song, -consisting of a few low ringing notes, resembles that of Wilson’s Thrush -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>), and also that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ustulatus</i>, but is not so loud. Their note -of alarm is a loud and ringing chirp, repeated and answered by others at a -long distance.</p> - -<p>At Santa Cruz, on the first of June, Dr. Cooper met with several of their -nests, which, though probably erroneously, he supposed to belong to the -Dwarf Hermit Thrush. They were all built in thickets under the shade -of cottonwood-trees. Each nest was about five feet from the ground, and -all contained eggs, from two to four in number, in differing stages of incubation. -The nests were built of dry leaves, roots, fibres, grasses, and bark, -<!--050.png--><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span> -without any mud, and were lined with decayed leaves. Their height and external -diameter measured 4 inches. The diameter of the cavity was 2½ inches -and the depth 2¼. The eggs measured .90 by .70 of an inch. They are of a -pale bluish-green, speckled with cinnamon-brown, chiefly at the larger end.</p> - -<p>The nest, supposed to be of this species, supplied by Dr. Cooper, is large -for the bird; constructed of a base loosely made up of mosses, lichens, and -coarse fibres of plants. It is a strong and compact structure of matted -leaves, put together when in a moist and decaying condition; with these -there are interwoven roots, twigs, and strong fibres, surrounding the nest -with a stout band and strengthening the rim. In fact, it corresponds so well—as -do the eggs also—with those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ustulatus</i>, that it is extremely probable -that they really belong to that species. The only observable difference -is the absence of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypnum</i> mosses characteristic of northern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</i>.</p> - -<p>Dall and Bannister mention in their list of Alaska birds that the species -is not common there. It was also taken at Sitka and Kodiak by Bischoff.</p> - -<p>The fact that this thrush builds its nest above the ground, and lays -spotted eggs, if verified, would at once warrant our giving it independent -rank as a species, instead of considering it as a local race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus pallasi</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">auduboni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROCKY MOUNTAIN HERMIT THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus auduboni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 16.—<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. -A. N. S.</abbr> 1869, 129.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustration figure">Illust. (fig.)</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Merula silens</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, -1827, 369 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus silens</i> of <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique 2">Encycl. Méth. II</abbr>, 1823, 647, based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. -mustelinus</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> = <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. fuscescens</i>).—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Fauna <abbr title="Boreali-Americana, Two">Bor.-Amer. II</abbr>, 1831, 186.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Amer.</abbr> 1858, 213, and 922.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 325 (La Parada), and 1859, 325 (Oaxaca).—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue of American">Catal. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1861, 2, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 9.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Colors much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nanus</i>, but the upper tail-coverts scarcely different -from the back. Tail yellowish-rufous. Length of wing, 4.18; tail, 3.60; bill from nostril, -.45; tarsus, 1.26.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains, from Fort Bridger south into Mexico. Orizaba (Alpine regions), -<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>.</p> - -<p>This is a very distinct race of thrushes, although it may be questioned -whether it be truly a species. It is, however, sufficiently distinct from the -eastern and western Hermit Thrushes to warrant our giving it a place of -some kind in the systems.</p> - -<p>The young plumage differs from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i> as do the adults of the -two, and in about the same way. The olive is very much purer, with a -greenish instead of a brownish cast, and the tail is very much lighter, -inclining to dull ochraceous instead of rufous; this yellowish instead of -rufous cast is apparent on the wings also. The yellowish “drops” on head, -back, etc., are very much narrower than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i>, while the greater coverts, -instead of being distinctly tipped with yellowish, merely just perceptibly -fade in color at tips.</p> - -<p><!--051.png--><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 22]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> At present we have but little knowledge of the habits of this form -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pallasi</i>, and no information whatever regarding its nesting or eggs.</p> - -<p>In its distribution it is confined to the central range of mountains from -Fort Bridger to Southern Mexico. This species, there known as “Solitario,” -is common in the Alpine region of Vera Cruz (as well as in all the elevated -regions of Central Mexico), frequenting the pine woods in the district of -Orizaba. Mr. Sumichrast obtained it at all seasons of the year at Moyoapam, -in that vicinity; a locality the height of which approximates 2,500 metres. -It is also found at a height of 1,200 metres, near the city of Orizaba.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway calls this bird the “Rocky Mountain Hermit Thrush.” -He states that he found it common in the Wahsatch Mountains, but that, -on account of its retiring habits, it was seldom seen. It there lives -chiefly in the deep ravines in the pine region, exhibiting an attachment to -these solitudes rather than to the thickets along the watercourses lower -down; the latter it leaves to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. swainsoni</i>. Owing to the reserved -manners of this bird, as well as to the great difficulty of reaching its abode, -there were few opportunities presented for learning much concerning its -habits, nor did he hear its song. In its flight the pale ochraceous band across -the bases of its quills was a very conspicuous feature in the appearance of -its species, leading Mr. Ridgway to mistake it at first for the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes -townsendii</i>,—also an inhabitant of the same localities,—so much did it -look like that bird, which it further resembled in its noiseless, gliding flight.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">TURDUS</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_051.jpg" - width="250" height="230" - alt="Turdus iliacus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus iliacus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1718</b></p> -</div> - -<p>Of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i>, in its most restricted sense, we have no purely American -representatives, although it -belongs to the fauna of the -New World in consequence -of one species occurring -in Greenland, that meeting-ground -of the birds -of America and Europe; -which, however, we include -in the present work, as -related much more closely -to the former.</p> - -<p>This Greenland species, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus iliacus</i>, is closely -related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. viscivorus</i>, the -type of the genus, and -comes much closer to the -American Robins (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Planesticus</i>) than to the Wood Thrushes (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</i>).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--052.png--><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 23]</span> -<b class="birdname">Turdus iliacus</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">REDWING THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus iliacus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 168, and of European authors.—<span -class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. -B.</abbr> 1864, 23 (Greenland).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -This species is smaller than our Robin (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. migratorius</i>), but of a similar -grayish-olive above, including the head. The under parts are white; the feathers of the -lower throat and breast streaked with brown. The sides, axillars, and inner wing-covert -are reddish-cinnamon. A conspicuous white streak over the eye and extending as far -back as the nape. Bill black, yellow at base of lower jaw. Legs pale-colored. Second -quill longer than fifth. Length, about 8.25; wing, 4.64; tail, 3.45; bill, from gape, 1.07; -from nostril, .44; tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.15. Specimen described: 18,718, -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, a British specimen received from the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Greenland, in the New World.</p> - -<p>The occurrence of this well-known European species in Greenland brings -it within the limits of the American Fauna. Two Greenland specimens are -recorded by Dr. Reinhardt: one of them shot at Frederickshaab, October 20, -1845.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Redwing can probably only claim a place in the fauna of -North America as an occasional visitant. Of the two specimens observed -in Greenland, one was shot late in October. It is not known to breed there.</p> - -<p>This species, during its breeding season, is found only in the more northern -portions of Europe; only occasionally, and very rarely, breeding so far south -as England. It makes its appearance in that kingdom on its southern migrations, -coming in large flocks from Northern and Northeastern Europe, and -arriving usually before the end of October. During their stay in England -they frequent parks and pleasure-grounds that are ornamented with clumps -of trees. During mild and open weather they seek their subsistence in -pasture lands and moist meadows, feeding principally on worms and snails. -In severe winters, when the ground is closed by frost or covered by snow, -the Redwings are among the first birds to suffer, and often perish in large -numbers.</p> - -<p>During the winter they extend their migrations to the more southern portions -of Europe, to Sicily, Malta, and even to Smyrna. In early spring they -return to the more central portions of the continent, and leave in May for -their more northern places of resort.</p> - -<p>They nest in trees in the moist woods of Norway and Sweden. Their -nests resemble those of the common Fieldfare, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pilaris</i>. The outside is -composed of sticks, weeds, and coarse grass, gathered wet, and matted with a -small quantity of moist clay. They are lined with a thick bed of fine grass.</p> - -<p>The Redwing is said to possess a delightful note, and is called the Nightingale -of Norway. Linnæus, speaking of this bird, claims that its high -and varied notes rival even those of that far-famed vocalist.</p> - -<p>During the summer the Redwing advances to the extreme north, visiting -<!--053.png--><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 24]</span> -the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Northern Russia. The general character -of its food, its inability to feed exclusively on berries, and the fact that -it perishes from starvation in severe winters, would seem to prove that its -occurrence in Greenland so late as October must have been purely accidental. -It is not probable that its presence in North America will be found -to be a common event.</p> - -<p>The eggs measure 1.06 inches in length by .81 in breadth. The ground -color is a light green with a bluish tinge thickly covered with russet or -reddish-brown spots, confluent at the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">PLANESTICUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Planesticus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -Comptes Rendus, 1854. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus jamaicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_053.jpg" - width="250" height="184" - alt="Turdus migratorius" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">853</b></p> -</div> - -<p>This section of the Thrushes is well represented in America, especially in -its middle and southern portions, and its members have a close resemblance -to the typical European -species in the full form, -stout legs, etc., as already -stated. The spots on the -throat, and their absence -elsewhere on the under -part of the body, are sufficient -to distinguish them.</p> - -<p>Of the two North American -species one is the -well-known Robin, the -other a closely related -form from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; -which indeed is probably -only a local race or variety, although nothing exactly like it has yet been -found away from Lower California. The following diagnosis may serve to -distinguish the two birds:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Throat white with dark streaks. Rest of under parts, -including lining of wing, reddish or ochraceous; the anal region whitish; lower -eyelid white. Nest on trees. Eggs plain blue.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Above slaty-olive, approaching to black on the head. Beneath rufous-chestnut. -Spot in lore and on upper eyelid of white. Tail, 4.25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Whole of North America; Mexico, south to Oaxaca and Cordova; Cuba -(very rare) and Tobago, of West Indies<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Above dull grayish-ash, not darker on the head. Beneath pale yellowish-buff; -tinged with ashy across breast; a continuous white stripe from the -lores over and a quarter of an inch behind the eye. More white on belly -and flanks than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. migratorius</i>. Bill stouter; tail only 3.75, while the -wing is the same. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower California<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--054.png--><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 25]</span> -<b class="birdname">Turdus migratorius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">migratorius</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROBIN; AMERICAN REDBREAST.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Systema Naturæ">S. N.</abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1766, 292.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 294; 1859, 331; 1864, 172.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue of American">Catal. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1861, 4.—<span -class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1860, 396 (Coban).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 218; <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 28.—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. R. XII, <span -class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 172.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 475. (Texas, winter).—<span -class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 64 (Arizona).—<span -class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr -title="California">Cal.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 154.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique -Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 60, 61">II, pl. lx, lxi.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, <abbr title="plate two">pl. ii.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Doughty</span>, <abbr title="Cabinet of Natural History One">Cab. N. H. I</abbr>, 1830, <abbr title="plate 12">pl. -xii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, <abbr title="plate 142">pl. -cxlii</abbr>; <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 131">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cxxxi.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail slightly rounded. Above olive-gray; top and sides of the head black. -Chin and throat white, streaked with black. Eyelids, and a spot above the eye anteriorly, -white. Under parts and inside of the wings, chestnut-brown. The under tail-coverts and -anal region, with tibiæ, white, showing the plumbeous inner portions of the feathers. -Wings dark brown, the feathers all edged more or less with pale ash. Tail still darker, -the extreme feathers tipped with white. Bill yellow, dusky along the ridge and at the -tip. Length, 9.75; wing, 5.43; tail, 4.75; tarsus, 1.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -The whole of North America; Mexico, Oaxaca, and Cordova; Guatemala; Cuba, -very rare, <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>; Tobago, <span class="sc">Kirk</span>; Bermuda, <span class="sc">Jones</span>; Orizaba (Alpine regions, breeding -abundantly), <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>.</p> - -<p>Young birds have transverse blackish bars on the back, and blackish -spots beneath. The shafts of the lesser coverts are streaked with brownish-yellow; -the back feathers with white.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_054.jpg" - width="250" height="223" - alt="Turdus migratorius" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>There are some variations, both -of color and proportions, between -eastern and western specimens of -the Robin. In the latter there is -a tendency to a longer tail, though -the difference is not marked; and, -as a rule, they slightly exceed eastern -specimens in size. The broad -white tip to the lateral tail-feather—so -conspicuous a mark of eastern -birds—is scarcely to be found -at all in any western ones; and in -the latter the black of the head -is very sharply defined against the -lighter, clearer ash of the back, there hardly ever being a tendency in it -to continue backward in the form of central spots to the feathers, as is -almost constantly seen in eastern examples; of western specimens, the -rufous, too, is appreciably lighter than in eastern. As regards the streaks -on the throat, the black or the white may either largely predominate in -specimens from one locality.</p> - -<p><!--055.png--><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 26]</span> -In autumn and winter each rufous feather beneath is bordered by a more -or less conspicuous crescent of white; in addition to this, most of the lighter -individuals (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>?), at this season, have an ashy suffusion over the breast and -flanks; and this, we have observed, is more general and more noticeable in -western than in eastern specimens. In fall and winter the color of the bill, -too, changes, becoming at this season either partially or wholly dusky, instead -of almost entirely yellow, as seen in spring and summer examples.</p> - -<p>Mexican specimens, found breeding in the Alpine regions as far south -as Orizaba and Mirador, most resemble the western series; one, however -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 38,120 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Orizaba), but in the autumnal plumage, and therefore -very possibly a migrant from the North, is hardly distinguishable from -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 32,206, Georgia; it is about identical in proportions, and the rufous is -of a castaneous shade, like the deepest colored eastern examples; the white -tip to the outer tail-feather is as broad and conspicuous as is ever seen in -the latter.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Scarcely any American bird has a wider range of geographical -distribution, or is more numerous wherever found, than this thrush. From -Greenland on the extreme northeast to the plateau of Mexico, and from -the Atlantic to the Pacific, the Robin is everywhere a very abundant species. -Single specimens have been obtained as far south as Coban, Guatemala. Its -distribution in the breeding season is hardly less restricted, occurring alike -on the shores of the Arctic Seas and on the high lands of Vera Cruz. -In the winter months it is most abundant in the Southern States, while -in the Middle and even the Northern States, in favorable localities, it -may be found throughout the year; its migrations being influenced more -by the question of food than of climate. In the valleys among the White -Mountains, where snow covers the ground from October to June, and where -the cold reaches the freezing-point of mercury, flocks of the Robin remain -during the entire winter, attracted by the abundance of berries.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific Coast the Robin is only a winter visitant in California; a -very few remaining to breed, and those only among the hills. They reach -Vancouver Island early in March, and are very abundant.</p> - -<p>In New England, where the Robins are held in great esteem, and where -they exist under very favorable circumstances, their numbers have very -largely increased, especially in the villages. They cause not a little annoyance -to fruit cultivators by their depredations upon the productions of the -garden, especially cherries and strawberries. They are a voracious bird, and -no doubt destroy a large quantity of small fruit, but there is abundant evidence -that this is more than compensated by their destruction of the most -injurious insects, upon which they wage an incessant war. The investigations -of Mr. J. W. P. Jenks and Professor Treadwell establish conclusively -their great services in this direction.</p> - -<p>The experiments of the latter gentleman show that the nestlings of the -Robin require a vast amount of animal food, forty per cent more than their -own weight being consumed by the young bird within twenty-four hours, -and, what is more, demonstrated to be necessary to its existence.</p> - -<!--056.png--><!--Plate 2--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_2.jpg" - width="500" height="309" - alt="Color plate 2" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_2-1" name="pl_2-1"></a><img src="images/pl_2-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 2 detail 1, Turdus confinis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus confinis</span>, - <i class="name">Baird.</i>, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 23789.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_2-2" name="pl_2-2"></a><img src="images/pl_2-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 2 detail 2, Turdus nævius" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nævius</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cala.</abbr>, 21363.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_2-3" name="pl_2-3"></a><img src="images/pl_2-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 2 detail 3, Turdus migratorius" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr>, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 1851.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_2-4" name="pl_2-4"></a><img src="images/pl_2-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 2 detail 4, Turdus iliacus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus iliacus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr>, Europe.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><!--057.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--058.png--><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 27]</span> -In Massachusetts a few Robins remain throughout the year, but the greater -proportion leave early in November, returning late in February or early in -March.</p> - -<p>The song of the Robin is deservedly popular. While many of our birds -possess far superior powers of melody, and exhibit a much greater variety in -their song, there are none that exceed it in its duration or extent. It is the -first bird in spring to open and one of the last to close the great concert of -Nature. Their song is earnest, simple, and thrilling, and is said by Audubon -to resemble that of the European Blackbird, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus merula</i>.</p> - -<p>The Robin, when taken young, may be readily tamed, and soon becomes -contented and accustomed to confinement. They are devoted to their young, -watchful, attentive, and provident. They begin to construct their nest in -early spring before the trees put forth their leaves, and often in very exposed -positions. The size of the nest, in fact, makes concealment impossible. -These nests are sometimes placed in quite remarkable positions, such as -the beams of a ship partly finished, and where the carpenters were every -day at work, and similar situations indicating a great familiarity. Their -favorite place is the horizontal branch of an apple-tree, about ten feet from -the ground.</p> - -<p>The nest of the Robin is a large and coarsely constructed combination of -rude materials. It is composed of a base of straw, leaves, mosses, stems, -and dry grasses, upon which a cup-shaped fabric of clay or mud is built. -The whole is lined with finer dry grasses and vegetable fibres. They -average 5 inches in height and the same in diameter. Their cavity is -2¾ inches deep, with a diameter of 2½ inches.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Robin, which are usually five and sometimes six in number, -are of a uniform bright greenish-blue color, liable to fade when exposed -to light, but when fresh exhibiting a very distinct and bright tint. They -vary in size from 1.25 to 1.12 inches in length, and in breadth from .88 to -.75 of an inch. Their mean measurement is 1.18 by .81.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Turdus migratorius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">confinis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAPE <abbr title="Saint">ST.</abbr> LUCAS ROBIN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus confinis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 29.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, Birds America.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds -<abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 9.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23,789. Entire upper parts and sides of head and neck uniform grayish-ash, -with perhaps a faint tinge of olivaceous, less than in eastern specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. migratorius</i>. -The central portions of the feathers of the top of head are rather darker than the -edges, though almost inappreciably so, and not imparting a general dusky appearance. -The chin and throat are white, streaked with ashy-brown. The jugulum and breast are -<!--059.png--><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 28]</span> -pale yellowish-buff; the axillars, inner wing-coverts, and sides of the breast similarly, but -rather more decidedly colored. The belly and edges of the crissal feathers are white, the -hinder parts of the flanks ashy. There is a distinct whitish stripe from the lores over -and a quarter of an inch behind the eye; the lower eyelid is also white. The tail-feathers -are worn, but there is an indication of a narrow white tip. The feathers of the jugulum, -especially of the sides, are tipped with ashy like the back, as in immature specimens -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. migratorius</i>. The greater wing-coverts are tipped with dull white. The bill is yellowish; -the upper mandible and the tip of lower tinged with dusky. The feet are pale -brown.</p> - -<p class="small">The length cannot be given accurately, as the skin is much drawn up. The wing, however, -measures 5.10 inches, its tip reaching 1.40 beyond the longest secondary; tail, 4.10; -tarsus, 1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.07; exposed portion of culmen, .92; from tip to open -portion of nostrils, .60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Todos Santos, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>The specimen with a general resemblance to an immature <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. migratorius</i> -(especially the western variety) in the white superciliary streak and general -markings, is much lighter beneath than in any of the many skins of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. migratorius</i> -examined; there being none of the dark chestnut or cinnamon -shade, but rather a light buff; the belly and flanks are much more purely -white. The superciliary stripe extends farther behind the eye; indeed, in -most specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</i> the white is nearly confined to the eyelids. -The bill and wings are rather longer than usual in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</i>; the middle -toe, on the other hand, appears shorter. Nothing is on record in regard to -the habits of this bird.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">HESPEROCICHLA</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperocichla</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds, One">Rev. Am. Birds, I</abbr>, 1864, 12. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nævius</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span -class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_059.jpg" - width="250" height="210" - alt="Turdus nævius" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nævius.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">9814</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The single species of this subgenus differs in form from the Robins (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Planesticus</i>), -in the more awl-shaped -bill, the curved commissure, -and the absence of -a notch at the end; the longer, -slenderer, and straighter -claws; and in the dissimilarity -in color of the sexes. -In the latter respects it -agrees with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Merula</i> of Europe -and Middle America; -in which, however, the bill -is distinctly notched, and -less attenuated. The tail is -shorter and broader than in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Planesticus</i>, more as in true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--060.png--><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 29]</span> -<b class="birdname">Turdus nævius</b>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON ROBIN; VARIED THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nævius</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 817.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 4; 1859, 331.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -219; <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 32.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr -title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. R. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 172.—<span -class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 65. (Quotes occurrence on -Colorado River, above Fort Mohave, as exceptional.)—<span class="sc">Maynard</span> (Massachusetts!).—<span -class="sc">Turnbull</span> (<abbr title="New">N.</abbr> Jersey!).—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 10. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus -meruloides</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. -II</abbr>, 1831, 187, <abbr title="plate 38">pl. xxxviii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other figures: <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique -Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, <abbr title="plate 66">pl. lxvi.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, <abbr -title="plates 369 and 433">pl. ccclxix, and ccccxxxiii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="of America Three, plate 143">Am. III, pl. cxliii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail nearly even; the lateral feather shorter. Above, rather dark bluish -slate; under parts generally, a patch on the upper eyelids continuous with a stripe behind -it along the side of the head and neck, the lower eyelids, two bands across the wing -coverts and the edges of the quills, in part, rufous orange-brown; middle of belly white. -Sides of the head and neck, continuous with a broad pectoral transverse band, black. -Most of tail feathers with a terminal patch of brownish white. Bill black. Feet yellow. -Female more olivaceous above; the white of the abdomen more extended; the brown -beneath paler; the pectoral band obsolete. Length, 9.75 inches; wing, 5.00; tail, 3.90; -tarsus, 1.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young</i> (45,897, Sitka, <abbr title="August">Aug.</abbr> 1866; F. Bischoff). Exactly resembling the adult female, -<em>having no spots</em> other than seen in the adult plumage; but the pectoral collar is composed -only of badly defined blackish transverse crescents, and the upper parts anterior to the -rump are of an umber brown tint. The markings about the head and on the wings are -precisely as in the adult.</p> - -<p class="small">This species does not appear to be liable to any noticeable variation.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -West coast of North America, from Behring Straits to California; straggling to -Great Bear Lake. Accidental on Long Island (<abbr title="Cabinet">Cab.</abbr> G. N. Lawrence), New Jersey (<abbr title="Cabinet">Cab.</abbr> -Dr. Samuel Cabot), and Ipswich, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> (<abbr title="Cabinet">Cab.</abbr> Boston Society Natural History); Iowa -(<span class="sc">Allen</span>).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_060.jpg" - width="250" height="237" - alt="Turdus nævius" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus nævius</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The accidental occurrence of a few specimens of this well-marked -bird in the Eastern States -is its only claim to a place in that -fauna, it being strictly a western -species, belonging to the Pacific -Coast. It was first discovered by -the naturalists of Captain Cook’s -expedition, who met with it as far -to the north as Nootka Sound. It -is only very recently that we have -become possessed of reliable information -in regard to its breeding -and its nest and eggs. Sir John -Richardson was informed that it -nested in bushes in a manner similar -to that of the common robin.</p> - -<p>Nuttall and Townsend found it abundant among the western slopes of the -<!--061.png--><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span> -Rocky Mountains, near the Columbia River, in October. In the winter it -became still more numerous, passing the season in that region as well as in -more southern localities, associating with the robin. From this bird it may -be readily distinguished by the difference of its notes, which are louder, -sharper, and delivered with greater rapidity. In the spring, before leaving -for their breeding-places, they are described as having a very sweet warble.</p> - -<p>On the Columbia River they were not resident, arriving there in October, -continuing throughout the winter, and leaving early in May. During their -stay they moved through the forest in small flocks, frequenting low trees, -and for the most part keeping perfect silence. They were timorous and difficult -of approach.</p> - -<p>Its habits are said to resemble those of the robin, but in some of them -the descriptions given appear to correspond more with those of the Fieldfares -and Redwings of Europe. Like those species it is a summer resident of -high northern latitudes, affects secluded forests and thickets bordering upon -streams, and is found only in unfrequented localities.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper was of the opinion that a few of these thrushes remained in -Washington Territory throughout the summer, as he frequently met with -them in the dark spruce forests of that region as late as June and July. -He describes the song as consisting of five or six notes in a minor key, and -in a scale regularly descending. It was heard continually throughout the -summer, among the tops of the trees, but only in the densest forests. Dr. -Suckley states that after a fall of snow they would be found along the sandy -beaches near the salt water, where they were both abundant and tame. We -are indebted to Mr. W. H. Dall for our first authentic knowledge of its -nest and eggs. The former measures 6 inches in diameter with a depth of -2½ inches. It has but a very slight depression, apparently not more than -half an inch in depth. The original shape of the nest had, however, been -somewhat flattened in transportation. The materials of which it was composed -were fine dry mosses and lichens impacted together, intermingled with -fragments of dry stems of grasses.</p> - -<p>A nest of this thrush obtained by Dr. Minor, in Alaska, is a much more -finished structure. Its base and periphery are composed of an elaborate -basket-work of slender twigs. Within these is an inner nest consisting of -an interweaving of fine dry grasses and long gray lichens.</p> - -<p>The eggs in size, shape, ground color, and markings are not distinguishable -from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus musicus</i> of Europe. They measure 1.13 inches in -length by .80 in breadth, are of a light blue with a greenish shading, almost -exactly similar to the ground color of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. migratorius</i>. They are very -distinctly marked and spotted with a dark umber-brown approaching almost -to blackness.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall informs us that the nest found by him was built in a willow -bush, about two feet from the ground, and on the top of a large mass of -rubbish lodged there by some previous inundation. Other nests of the -<!--062.png--><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 31]</span> -same species were met with in several places between Fort Yukon and -Nulato, always on or near a river-bank and in low and secluded localities.</p> - -<p>They arrive at Nulato about May 15, and prefer the vicinity of water, -frequenting the banks of small streams in retired places. Mr. Dall states -that he has seen the male bird on a prostrate log near the nest, singing with -all his might, suddenly cease and run up and down the log for a few minutes, -strutting in a singular manner, then stopping and singing again; and keeping -up this curious performance. Specimens were received from Sitka, Kodiak, -Cook’s Inlet and Admiralty Islands.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">MIMINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p>Birds of this section have a somewhat thrush-like appearance, but (except -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes</i>) with longer, much more graduated, and broader tail; short -concave wings, about equal to or shorter than the tail, usually lengthened, -sometimes decurved bill without notch, and strongly marked scutellæ on the -anterior face of the tarsus. The loral feathers are soft, and not ending in -bristly points. The colors are dull shades of brown, gray, or plumbeous. -Most of the species, in addition to a melodious native song, possess the -power of imitating the notes of other birds; sometimes, as in the American -Mocking Bird, to an eminent degree. All are peculiar to the New World, -and the species are much less vagrant than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</i>,—those -of the United States scarcely going beyond its northern boundary; others, -again, restricted to small islands in the West Indies or in the Pacific Ocean.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">OREOSCOPTES</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 346. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus -montanus</i>, <abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 42.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_062.jpg" - width="250" height="214" - alt="Oreoscoptes montanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</i>.<br /> - <b class="specimen-number">8129</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill shorter than the head, without distinct notch. Bristles prominent, their -tips reaching beyond the nostrils. Wings pointed, equal to, or a little longer than the -tail. First quill not half the second, about -two fifths the longest; third, fourth, and -fifth quills equal and longest; second between -sixth and seventh. Tail but slightly -graduated; the feathers narrow. Tarsus -longer than middle toe and claw by an additional -claw; scutellæ distinct anteriorly.</p> - -<p>Of this genus only one species is -at present known. This belongs to -the Middle and Western provinces -of the United States and extends -from the Pacific coast eastward to -Fort Laramie and the Black Hills -(in winter to San Antonio, Texas); south to Fort Yuma and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--063.png--><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 32]</span> -<b class="birdname">Oreoscoptes montanus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SAGE THRASHER; MOUNTAIN MOCKER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus montanus</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy -Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven, two">Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1837, -192.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Amer. II</abbr>, 1841, 194, <abbr -title="plate 139">pl. cxxxix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus montanus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 437, <abbr title="plate 379, -figure 1">pl. ccclxix, fig. 1.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus montanus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 276. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Amer.</abbr> 1858, 347; <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. -Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 42.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, -340.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 8, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 30.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 12.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -First quill rather shorter than the sixth. Tail slightly graduated. Above -brownish-ash; each feather obsoletely darker in the centre. Beneath dull white, thickly -marked with triangular spots, except on the under tail-coverts and around the anus, which -regions are tinged with yellowish-brown. Wing-coverts and quills edged with dull white. -Tail feathers brown; the outer edged, and all (except, perhaps, the middle) tipped with -white. Length, 8 inches; wing, 4.85; tail, 4.00; tarsus, 1.21.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Similar, but spots beneath less sharply defined, and the upper parts quite -conspicuously streaked with dusky.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains of United States, west to Pacific, south to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_063.jpg" - width="250" height="251" - alt="Oreoscoptes montanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p>The careful observations of Mr. Robert Ridgway have led him to the conviction -that the name bestowed upon this species of “Mountain Mocking-Bird” -is doubly a misnomer. It is not at all imitative in its notes, and it is -almost exclusively a resident of the artemisia -plains. It seems to be chiefly -confined to the great central plateau of -North America, from Mexico almost to -Washington Territory. Specimens have -been procured from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, the -Lower Colorado, Mexico, and Texas, on -the south, and Nuttall met with it nearly -as far north as Walla-Walla. It probably -occupies the whole extent of the -Great Basin.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly, who met with it while -crossing the arid <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">mesas</i> west of the Rio -Grande, says that while singing it was -usually perched upon some bush or low tree. It was frequently seen -seeking its food upon the ground, and when approached, instead of flying -away, it ran very rapidly, and disappeared among the low bushes.</p> - -<p>During the winter months it was observed near San Antonio, Texas, by -Mr. Dresser; and was also found by him to be common about Eagle Pass. -He noticed the same peculiarity of their running instead of their flying -away when disturbed. They preferred the flat, bush-covered plains. A few -remained to breed, as he obtained the eggs there, although he did not himself -meet with one of the birds in summer.</p> - -<p>It is generally represented as keeping chiefly on the ground, and obtaining -<!--064.png--><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span> -its food in this position. General Couch speaks of it as Sparrow-like in its -habits.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall describes its song as cheering, and the notes of which it is -composed as decidedly resembling those of the Brown Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus -rufus</i>). He claims for it some of the imitative powers of the -Mocking-Bird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</i>), but in this he is not supported by the -observations of others. He met with its nest in a wormwood (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Artemisia</i>) -bush on the border of a ravine; it contained four eggs of emerald green, -spotted with dark olive, the spots being large, roundish, and more numerous -at the larger end. The nest was composed of small twigs and rough stalks, -and lined with strips of bark and bison-wool. The female flew off to a short -distance, and looked at her unwelcome visitors without uttering any complaint.</p> - -<p>The nests of this bird, so far as I have seen them, are all flat, shallow -structures, with very slight depression, and loosely and rudely constructed -of an intermingling of strips of bark with rootlets and the finer stems of herbaceous -plants. Their eggs, usually four in number, do not vary essentially -in size, shape, or marking. They measure 1 inch in length, and from .73 to -.75 in breadth. Their ground color is a bright greenish-blue, marked with -deep olive-brown spots, intermingled with blotches of a light lilac. There -are slight variations in the proportion of green in the shade of the ground -color, and also in the number and size of the spots, but these variations are -unimportant.</p> - -<p>The following are Mr. Ridgway’s observations upon the habits of this -species. They are full, valuable, and very carefully made:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</i> is a bird peculiar to the artemisia wastes of the -Great Basin, being a characteristic species of the region between the Sierra -Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. It is exclusively an inhabitant of the -“sage brush,” and is partial to the lower portions of the country, though -it is not unfrequent on the open slope of the mountains. A more unappropriate -term than “Mountain Mocking-Bird” could hardly have been chosen -for this species, as its predilection for the valleys, and the fact that its song -is <em>entirely</em> its own, will show. In my opinion, the term “Sage Thrasher” -would be more appropriate.</p> - -<p>In the neighborhood of Carson City, Nevada, these birds arrived about the -24th of March, and immediately upon their arrival began singing. At this -time, with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella neglecta</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</i>, they made sweet music -in the afternoon and early morning, in the open wastes of “sage brush,” -around the city. The birds when singing were generally seen sitting upon -the summit of a “sage” bush, faintly warbling, in the course of the song -turning the head from side to side in a watchful manner. Upon being -approached, they would dart downward, seemingly diving into the bush upon -which they had perched, but upon a close search the bird could not be -found, until it was heard again singing a hundred yards or more in the -<!--065.png--><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span> -direction from which I had approached. This peculiar, circuitous, concealed -flight is a very characteristic trait of this bird, and one sure to excite attention.</p> - -<p>As the season advanced, or about the 10th of April, when the pairing -season was at hand, the songs of the males became greatly improved, increasing -in sweetness and vivacity, and full of rapturous emotion; their manners, -also, became changed, for they had lost all their wariness. In paying their -attentions to their mates, the males would fly from bush to bush, with a -peculiar, tremulous fluttering of the wings, which, when the bird alighted, -were raised above the back apparently touching each other; all the while -vibrating with the emotion and ecstasy that agitated the singer.</p> - -<p>The song of this bird, though very deficient in power,—in this respect -equalling no other species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Miminæ</i> with which I am acquainted,—is -nevertheless superior to most of them in sweetness, vivacity, and variety. -It has a wonderful resemblance to the beautiful subtle warbling of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus calendula</i>, having in fact very much the same style, with much of -the tone, and about the power of the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubra</i>.</p> - -<p>When the birds are engaged in incubation, the males become very silent, -and one not familiar with their habits earlier in the season would think they -never had a voice; in fact, they make no protestations even when the nest is -disturbed, for, while blowing the eggs, I have had the parent birds running -around me, in the manner of a robin, now and then halting, stretching forward -their heads, and eying me in the most anxious manner, but remaining -perfectly silent. When the young are hatched the parents become more -solicitous, signifying their concern by a low, subdued <i class="birdcall">chuck</i>. At all times -when the nest is approached, the bird generally leaves it slyly before one -approaches very near it.</p> - -<p>The nest is very bulky, composed externally of rough sticks, principally -the thorny twigs of the various “sage bush” plants. Nearer the centre the -principal material is fine strips of inner bark of these plants; and the lining -consists of finer strips of bark, mingled with fine roots, and bits of rabbit -fur. The situation of the nest varies but little, being generally placed -near the middle of a bush, that is, about eighteen inches from the ground. -It is generally supported against the main trunk, upon a horizontal branch. -Several were found upon the ground beneath the bush, one, in fact, embedded -in the soil, like that of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>; or as sometimes the case with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus -rufus</i>, others, again, were found in brush-heaps. In all cases, -the nest was very artfully concealed, the situation being so well selected.</p> - -<p>This bird is almost equally common in all parts of its habitat, within the -limits indicated. In June, we found it abundant on the large islands in the -Great Salt Lake, where many nests were found.</p> - -<p>In autumn, it feeds, in company with many other birds, upon berries, -“service berries” being its especial favorite.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--066.png--><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 35]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">HARPORHYNCHUS</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 528. (Type <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">T. vetula</i>, <abbr title="Wagler"><span class="sc">Wagl.</span></abbr>, not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma</i>, -<abbr title="Rafinesque"><span class="sc">Raf.</span></abbr> 1816.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harpes</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of -Natural Sciences Philadelphia Two">Pr. A. N. S. Phila. II.</abbr> 1845, 264. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harpes redivivus</i>, -<abbr title="Gambel"><span class="sc">Gamb.</span></abbr>, not of <span class="sc">Goldfuss</span>, 1839.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Archiv für Naturgeschichte">Archiv f. Naturg.</abbr> 1848, <span class="muchsmaller">I.</span> 98. (Type <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Harpes redivivus</i>, <abbr title="Gambel"><span class="sc">Gamb.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Methriopterus</i>, <abbr title="Reichenbach"><span class="sc">Reich.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Avium Systema Naturæ">Av. Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1850, <abbr title="plate four">pl. iv.</abbr> (Type said by Gray to be <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_066a.jpg" - width="250" height="192" - alt="Harporhynchus rufus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus rufus</i>.<br /><b class="specimen-number">2261</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill from forehead as long as, or much longer than the head; becoming -more and more decurved in both jaws as lengthened. No indication of a notch. Rictus -with the bristles extending beyond -the nostrils. Tarsus long and stout, -appreciably exceeding the middle -toe and claw, strongly scutellate -anteriorly. Wings considerably -shorter than tail, much rounded; -the first quill more than half the -second; fourth or fifth longest. -Tail large, much graduated; the -feathers firm.</p> - -<p>The species of this genus -are all of large size, in fact, -embracing the largest of the -American slender-billed oscine -birds. All the species differ in structure, varying especially in the -length of the bill, as above stated.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_066b.jpg" - width="250" height="316" - alt="Harporhynchus rufus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus rufus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>It is useless to attempt a division of this genus, for there is such a gradual -chain of characters between the two extremes of form (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>), -that they even seem almost one species, -when the numerous intermediate forms, -shading so insensibly into each other, are -considered. However, as this view would -be rather extreme, in view of the really -great difference of form between the species -mentioned, we may consider the following -as good species, several of them with one -or more varieties: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>, with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</i> as varieties, the former -scarcely appreciably different, the latter -ranking as a permanent race; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</i>, the latter with one well-marked -variety, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</i>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</i>, with -most probably <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</i> as a well-marked -variety, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>.</p> - -<p>The seasonal differences in the plumage often make it difficult to determine -these several forms; but if the following facts are borne in mind, the -<!--067.png--><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 36]</span> -trouble will be greatly lessened. In every species there is a more or less -decided ochraceous tinge to the crissal region (sometimes extending forward -over the flanks); except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</i>, in which the lower tail-coverts and anal -region are deep chestnut. In autumn and winter this ochraceous tint becomes -very much deeper, as well as more prevalent, than in spring and -summer; the whole plumage becomes softer, the colors more pronounced, -and the markings more distinct, than when faded and worn in summer.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname">Synopsis of Species of Harporhynchus.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Spots beneath sharply defined and conspicuous,—much darker in color than -the upper parts.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname">H. rufus.</b> The markings lineo-cuneate; wing bands sharply defined.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above rufous; markings below dark brown; outer tail-feathers diluted -at tip; wing, 4.00; tail, 5.20; bill from nostril, .79, nearly straight; -tarsus, 1.30; middle toe, .90 (1,377 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing, 4.40; tail, 5.70; bill, .79; tarsus, 1.35; middle toe, .90 (5,652 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> -Republican River). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Plains between Missouri River to Rocky -Mountains<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above umber brown; markings beneath black; tail-feathers not paler -at tip; wing, 3.90; tail, 4.90; bill, .85, slightly curved; tarsus, 1.40; -middle toe, .94 (4,016 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Brownsville, <abbr title="Texas">Tex.</abbr>) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico, -north to Rio Grande of Texas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname">H. ocellatus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_23" id="fnanchor_23"></a><a href="#footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></span> The markings circular; wing bands conspicuous.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above grayish-brown; markings beneath black; tail-feathers broadly -tipped with white; wing, 4.10; tail, 5.60; bill, from rictus, 1.50, moderately -curved; tarsus, 1.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Oaxaca, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr></p> - -<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname">H. cinereus.</b> The markings deltoid; wing bands narrow, but sharply -defined.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above brownish-cinereous; markings beneath blackish-brown; tail-feathers -broadly tipped with white; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.60; bill, .88, -much curved; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe, .85 (12,960 “<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>”—<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>? Cape -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower California.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Spots beneath obsolete, not darker than the plumage above; roundish in -form.</p> - -<p class="indent1">4. <b class="birdname">H. curvirostris.</b></p> - -<p class="indent2">Above cinereous; wing bands distinct; spots below distinct, upon a -white ground; femoral region and crissum very pale ochraceous; tail-feathers -broadly and sharply tipped with pure white; wing, 4.30; tail, 4.50; -bill, 1.00, stout, moderately curved; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, 1.12 (7,200 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> -Ringgold Barracks, Texas). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> from Rio Grande valley in Texas to -Cordova, Orizaba, Oaxaca, Colima, and Mazatlan<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing bands obsolete, and tail spots very narrow and obsolete; spots -below just discernible upon a grayish ground; femoral region and -crissum dilute ochraceous-brown; wing, 4.30; tail, 5.20; bill, 1.00, -slender, moderately curved; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe, 1.00 (8,128 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> -“New Mexico”—probably Eastern Arizona). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arizona (Camp -Grant)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><!--070.png--><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span> -<b class="subset">C.</b> Entirely unspotted beneath.</p> - -<p class="indent1">5. <b class="birdname">H. redivivus.</b> Anal region and lower tail-coverts light ochraceous.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above soft brownish-cinereous, tail considerably darker; wing bands -almost obsolete, and tail-feathers merely diluted at tips. Beneath paler -than above,—almost white on throat and abdomen; anal region and -lower tail-coverts yellowish-ochraceous. A distinct “bridle” formed -by the hair-like tips of the feathers, bordering the throat; maxillary -stripe white with transverse bars of dusky; wing, 3.90; tail, 5.25; bill, -1.05, slender, moderately curved; tarsus, 1.25; middle toe, .86 (40,718 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> -20 miles from Colorado River, near Fort Mojave). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arizona (Gila -River, Fort Yuma, and Fort Mojave)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above ashy drab, tail darker and more brownish; wing bands inconspicuous, -and tail-feathers hardly diluted at tips. Beneath, the ochraceous -covers the abdomen, and the throat inclines to the same. No -“bridle.” Cheeks and ear-coverts blackish, with conspicuous shaft-streaks -of white; wing, 4.30; tail, 5.60; bill, 1.40, stout, very much -bowed,—the arch regular; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe, 1.00 (3,932 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, -California). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coast region of California<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">6. <b class="birdname">H. crissalis.</b> Anal region and lower tail-coverts deep chestnut.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above, brownish-ashy with a slight purplish cast, tail not darker; -no trace of wing bands; tail-feathers diluted, and tinged with rusty at -tips. Beneath, of a uniform, paler tint than the upper plumage, not -lighter medially; throat white, with a conspicuous “bridle”; from this -up to the eye whitish, with transversely angular bars of dusky; wing, -4.00; tail, 6.50; bill, 1.25, very slender, bowed from the middle; tarsus, -1.30; middle toe, .90 (11,533 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Fort Yuma). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Region of -Gila River to Rocky Mountains; north to Southern Utah (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George, -breeding; Dr. Palmer).</p> - -<!--068.png--><!--Plate 3--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_3.jpg" - width="500" height="298" - alt="Color plate 3" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="three">III</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_3-1" name="pl_3-1"></a><img src="images/pl_3-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 3 detail 1 Harporhynchus rufus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus rufus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 2261.</p> - </div> - -</div><!--end figure--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_3-2" name="pl_3-2"></a><img src="images/pl_3-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 3 detail 2, Harporhynchus longirostris" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus longirostris</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr> Texas, 4016.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_3-3" name="pl_3-3"></a><img src="images/pl_3-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 3 detail 3, Harporhynchus curvirostris" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus curvirostris</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr> Texas, 7200.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_3-4" name="pl_3-4"></a><img src="images/pl_3-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 3 detail 4, Mimus polyglottus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</span>, - <i class="name">Boie</i>. <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 12445.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_3-5" name="pl_3-5"></a><img src="images/pl_3-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 3 detail 5, Galeoscoptes carolinensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes carolinensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 38425.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_3-6" name="pl_3-6"></a><img src="images/pl_3-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 3 detail 6, Oreoscoptes montanus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. Nevada, 53424.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><!--069.png--><!--blank page--></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus rufus</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus rufus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 169, based on <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, -<abbr title="tableau">tab.</abbr> 19.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, -293.—<span class="sc">Gätke</span>, Naumannia, 1858, 424 (Heligoland, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1837). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus -rufus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, -82.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 353.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 44.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 340.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 8, <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> 48.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 163. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus rufus</i>, <abbr title="Prinz von Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 180.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique -Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 59">II, pl. lix.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr -title="American Ornithology Two, plate 14">Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography plate 116">Orn. Biog. pl. cxvi.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Exposed portion of the bill shorter than the head. Outline of lower mandible -straight. Above light cinnamon-red; beneath pale rufous-white with longitudinal -streaks of dark brown, excepting on the chin, throat, middle of the belly, and under tail-coverts. -These spots anteriorly are reddish-brown in their terminal portion. The inner -surface of the wing and the inner edges of the primaries are cinnamon; the concealed -portion of the quills otherwise is dark brown. The median and greater wing-coverts -become blackish-brown towards the end, followed by white, producing two conspicuous -bands. The tail-feathers are all rufous, the external ones obscurely tipped with whitish; the -shafts of the same color with the vanes. Length, 11.15; wing, 4.15; tail, 5.20; tarsus, 1.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to Missouri River, and perhaps to high central plains -United States, east of Rocky Mountains, north to Lake Winnipeg.</p> - -<p><!--071.png--><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 38]</span> -As stated in “Birds of North America” some specimens (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</i>) -from beyond the Missouri River are larger than eastern birds, with longer -tails, more rufous beneath; the breast spots darker. But, in passing from -east to west, the change is so insensible that it is impossible to divide the -series.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Thrush is a common species throughout a widely extended -area, from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic, and from the Red River -country, in British America, to the Rio Grande. And nearly throughout -this entire territory it also resides and breeds, from Texas to the 54th parallel -of latitude.</p> - -<p>It reaches New England early in May and leaves it in the latter part of -September or the first week of October, its stay varying with the season -and the supply of its food. It is somewhat irregularly distributed, common -in some portions of this section, and rare or even unknown in others. It -is not found near the sea-coast beyond Massachusetts. It passes the winter -in the Southern States, even as far to the north as Virginia, and is in full -song in the neighborhood of Savannah as early as the first of March.</p> - -<p>The song of this Thrush is one of great beauty, and is much admired by -all who appreciate woodland melody of the sweetest and liveliest type. It -is loud, clear, emphatic, full of variety and charm. Its notes are never imitative -and cannot be mistaken by any one who is familiar with them, for -those of any other bird, unless it may be some one of its western congeners. -It is a very steady performer, singing for hours at a time. Its notes are -given in a loud tone, and its song may often be heard to quite a distance.</p> - -<p>In obtaining its food the Brown Thrush is at times almost rasorial in its -habits. In the early spring it scratches among the leaves of the forest for -worms, coleopterous grubs, and other forms of insect food. By some it -is charged with scratching up the hills of early corn, but this is not a well-founded -accusation. Berries of various kinds also form a large part of its -food, and among these the small fruit of our gardens must be included.</p> - -<p>This Thrush is a very affectionate and devoted bird, especially to its young. -It is also prompt in going to the assistance of others of its species when in -trouble. Whenever intruders approach their nests, especially if their young -are far advanced, they manifest the deepest anxiety, sometimes even making -a vigorous defence. The writer has a very distinct recollection of having -encountered, together with a younger brother, an ignominious defeat, when -making his first attempt to inspect the nest of one of these birds.</p> - -<p>The Brown Thrush is jealous of the intrusion of other birds of its own -species to a too close proximity to its nesting-place, and will assert its -love of seclusion by stout battles. In Louisiana the construction of the -nest is commenced quite early in March; in Pennsylvania, not until May; -and in the New England States in the latter part of that month. The nest -is usually not more than two or three feet from the ground. It is built in a -low bush, on a cluster of briers or among vines. I have known it to be -<!--072.png--><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span> -placed in the interior of a heap of brushwood loosely thrown together. I -have never met with the nest built upon the ground, but in Springfield, and -in other dry and sandy localities, this is by no means an uncommon occurrence. -These nests are frequently placed in close proximity to houses, and -sometimes in the very midst of villages.</p> - -<p>The nest of the Thrasher is large, and roughly but strongly built. The -base is usually made of coarse twigs, sticks, and ends of branches, firmly -interwoven. Within this is constructed an inner nest, composed of dried -leaves, strips of bark, and strong black fibrous roots. These are lined -with finer roots, horse-hair, an occasional feather, etc.</p> - -<p>The eggs are usually four, sometimes five, and rarely six, in number. They -vary both in the tints of the ground color, in those of their markings, and -slightly in their shape. Their length varies from .99 to 1.12 inches, with a -mean of 1.05. Their breadth ranges from .76 to .87 of an inch; mean -breadth, .81. The ground color is sometimes white, marked with fine reddish-brown -dots, confluent at the larger end, or forming a broad ring around the -crown. In others the markings have a yellowish-brown tint. Sometimes the -ground color is a light green.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus rufus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">longirostris</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>,</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TEXAS THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus longirostris</i>, <abbr title="Lafresnaye"><span -class="sc">Lafr.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">R. Z.</abbr> 1838, 55.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Magazin de Zoölogie">Mag. de Zool.</abbr> 1839, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> <abbr title="plate one">pl. i.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma -longirostre</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Wiegmann's -Archiv">Wiegm. Arch.</abbr> 1847, <abbr title="one"><span class="muchsmaller">I.</span></abbr> 207. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus -longirostris</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 294 (Cordova). <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus longirostris</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 81.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 352, -<abbr title="plate 52">pl. lii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -44.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 339; <span -class="sc">Ib.</span> 1864, 172 (City of <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>); <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 8, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 47.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i>, the rufous of back much darker. Wings much rounded; -second quill shorter than the secondaries. Exposed portion of the bill as long as the head; -the lower edge decidedly decurved or concave. Above rather dark brownish-rufous; -beneath pale rufous-white; streaked on the sides of the neck and body, and across the -breast, with very dark brownish-black, nearly uniform throughout, much darker than in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i>. Two rather narrow white bands on the wings. The concealed portion of the -quills dark brown. Length, 10.50; wing, 4.00; tail, 5.00; tarsus, 1.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Mexico; north to Rio Grande, Texas. Cordova, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Orizaba (temperate -region), <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the Rio Grande to Mirador and Orizaba are quite identical, -with, of course, differences among individuals. This “species” is not, in -our opinion, separable from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i> specifically; but is a race, representing -the latter in the region given above, where the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</i> itself is never -found. The relations of these two forms are exactly paralleled in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus -ludovicianus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. berlandieri</i>, the latter being nothing more than -the darker Southern representation of the former.</p> - -<p>The Texas Thrasher appears to belong only to the Avifauna of the Southwest. -<!--073.png--><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span> -It first appears as a bird of the valley of the Rio Grande, and extends -from thence southward through Eastern Mexico to Cordova and Orizaba. In -Arizona it is replaced by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. palmeri</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. lecontei</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. crissalis</i>, in California -by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. redivivus</i>, and at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. cinereus</i>, while in the -United States east of the Rocky Mountains it is represented by its nearer -ally <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The eggs of this species are hardly distinguishable from those -of the common Brown Thrasher (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i>), of the Atlantic States. The -color of their ground is a greenish-white, which is thickly, and usually completely, -covered with fine markings of a yellowish-brown. They have an -average length of 1.13 inches, by .79 in breadth. So far as I have had an -opportunity of observing, they do not vary from these measurements more -than two per cent in length or one per cent in breadth. Their nests are -usually a mere platform of small sticks or coarse stems, with little or no -depression or rim, and are placed in low bushes, usually above the upper -branches.</p> - -<p>In regard to the distinctive habits of this species I have no information.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus cinereus</b>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAPE ST. LUCAS THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus cinereus</i>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1859, 298.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>, 303; Review, 46.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 8, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One, plate one">Illust., <span -class="muchsmaller">I.</span> pl. i.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, -19.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill as long as the head; all the lateral outlines gently decurved from the -base. Bristles not very conspicuous, but reaching to the nostrils. Wings considerably -shorter than the tail, much rounded. First primary broad, nearly half the length of the -second; the third to the seventh quills nearly equal, their tips forming the outline of a -gentle curve; the second quill shorter than the ninth. Tail considerably graduated, the -lateral feathers more than an inch the shorter. Legs stout; tarsi longer than middle toe, -distinctly scutellate, with seven scales.</p> - -<p class="small">Above ashy brown, with perhaps a tinge of rusty on the rump; beneath fulvous-white, -more fulvous on the flanks, inside of wing, and crissum. Beneath, except chin, throat, -and from middle of abdomen to crissum, with well-defined V-shaped spots of dark brown -at the ends of the feathers, largest across the breast. Loral region hoary. Wings with -two narrow whitish bands across the tips of greater and middle coverts; the quills edged -externally with paler. Outer three tail-feathers with a rather obsolete white patch in the -end of inner web, and across the tips of the outer.</p> - -<p class="small">Spring specimens are of rather purer white beneath, with the spots more distinct than -as described.</p> - -<p class="small">Length of 12,960 (skin), 10.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.65; first primary, 1.60; second, -2.50; bill from gape, 1.40, from above, 1.15, from nostril, .90; tarsus, 1.26; middle toe -and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower California.</p> - -<p>This species is curiously similar in coloration to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</i>, from -which its much larger size, much longer and decurved bill, and the graduated -<!--074.png--><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 41]</span> -tail, of course readily distinguish it. It agrees in some respects with -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. longirostris</i>, but is smaller, the bill longer and more curved; -the upper parts are ashy olivaceous-brown instead of rufous, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as is at present known in regard to this species it appears -to be confined exclusively to the peninsula of Lower California. It has, at -least, been met with nowhere else. Mr. Xantus found it quite numerous -in the vicinity of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, in a region which, as he describes it, was -singularly unpropitious. This was a sandy shore, extending about a quarter -of a mile inland, whence a cactus desert stretched about six miles up to a -high range of mountains. Throughout this tract the ground is covered with -a saline efflorescence. There is no fresh water within twenty-eight miles.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus speaks of the habits of this bird as being similar to those of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</i>. It was a very abundant species at this cape, where -he found it breeding among the cactus plants in large numbers. He mentions -that as early as the date of his arrival at the place, April 4, he found -them already with full-fledged young, and states that they continued to -breed until the middle of July.</p> - -<p>He was of the impression that the eggs of this species more nearly resemble -those of the common Mocking-Bird than any others of this genus. -The aggravatingly brief notes that accompanied his collections show that the -general position of the nest of this species was on low trees, shrubs, and -most usually, cactus plants, and in no instance at a greater elevation from -the ground than four feet. Their nests were flat structures, having only a -very slight depression in or near their centre. They were about 5 inches -in diameter, and were very little more than a mere platform.</p> - -<p>The eggs vary somewhat in their ground color, but exhibit only slight -variations in size or shape. Their greatest length is 1.13 inches, and their -average 1.12 inches. Their mean breadth is .77 inch, and their maximum -.79 inch. The ground color is a greenish-white, profusely marked with -spots of mingled purple and brown. In others the ground color is a bluish-green. -In some specimens the spots are of a yellowish-brown, and in some -the markings are much lighter.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus curvirostris</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GRAY CURVE-BILL THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus curvirostris</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr -title="Philosophical Magazine">Philos. Mag.</abbr> 1827, 369 (Eastern Mexico).—<span class="sc">M’Call</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> May, 1848, 63. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus curvirostris</i>, -<span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, 1844-49. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma curvirostris</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 277.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 212. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus curvirostris</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum One">Mus. Hein. I.</abbr> 1850, 81.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 351, <abbr title="plate 51">pl. li.</abbr>; <abbr title="Ibid Review"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span> Rev.</abbr> 45.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Ten">P. R. -R. Rep. X</abbr>, Parke’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> 1859, 11.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 339; <abbr title="Ibid Catalogue"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Catal.</abbr> 1861, 7, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 46.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 483. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pomatorhinus -turdinus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Temminck Planches Coloriées"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> Pl. Col.</abbr> 441. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Toxostoma vetula</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 528.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--075.png--><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 42]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Exposed portion of the bill about as long as the head; considerably -decurved. Above uniform grayish-brown, or light ash; beneath dull white; the anal -region and under tail-coverts tinged with brownish-yellow. The under parts generally, -except the chin, throat, middle of the belly, and under coverts, with rounded sub-triangular, -quite well-defined spots, much like the back. These are quite confluent on the breast. -Two narrow bands on the wing-coverts, and the edges of primaries and alulæ, are white. -The tail-feathers, except the middle, are conspicuously tipped with white. Length of -female, 10 inches; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.55; tarsus, 1.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Adjacent regions of United States and Mexico, southward. Cordova, Orizaba, -Mirador; Mazatlan, Colima, Oaxaca.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the Rio Grande across to Mazatlan represent one species; -but those from the latter locality are somewhat darker in colors, though this -may be owing, in part, to the fact that they are winter birds. Considerable -differences in proportions may often be noticed between individuals, but -nothing strikingly characteristic of any particular region.</p> - -<p>The specimens of the Mazatlan series (37,326 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, 51,523, and 51,525 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>) -have tails considerably longer than any of those from the Rio Grande, the -excess amounting in the longest to nearly an inch; but one from the same -locality has it <em>shorter</em> than any of the Texas specimens.</p> - -<p>In its perfect plumage, this species has both rows of coverts distinctly -tipped with white; but in the faded condition of midsummer, the bands -thus produced are hardly discernible, and the spots below become very -obsolete.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting species appears to be common in Western Texas, -the valley of the Rio Grande, and Western Mexico. It was met with in -these regions on the several railroad surveys, and is described by Dr. Heermann -as possessing musical powers surpassed by few other birds. When -alarmed it immediately hides itself in a thick covert of underbrush, whence -it is almost impossible to dislodge it. Its food consists of fruit and berries -when in their season, of insects and their larvæ, and of worms. These it -collects both among the trees and from the ground, on the latter of which it -spends much of its time. Mr. J. H. Clark states that the nest of this bird -is very similar to that of the Mocking-Bird, but is finer and much more compact. -He adds that it is oftener found among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Opuntia</i> than elsewhere. -It is a quiet bird, rather shy, and keeps closely within the clumps of the -chaparral. For a bird of its size it makes an unusual noise in flying. At -Ringgold Barracks Mr. Clark’s tent was pitched under a como-tree in which -there was a nest of these birds. They were at first shy and seemed quite -disposed to abandon their nest, but, however, soon became accustomed to -their new neighbor, and went on with their parental duties. The position -of their nest had been very judiciously selected, for it was during the season -of the black fruit of the como, which is somewhat in the shape and size of -a thimble, with a pleasant milky pulp. These constituted their principal -food. The eggs in this nest were five in number. Lieutenant Couch met -with it from Brownsville to Durango, where it had already paired as early as -<!--076.png--><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span> -February. He describes it as exceedingly tame and gentle in its habits, and -with a song remarkably melodious and attractive. Perched on the topmost -bough of a flowering mimosa, in the presence of his consort, the male will -pour forth a volume of most enchanting music. Their nest is generally very -nearly flat, measuring nearly six inches in circumference, and scarcely more -than an inch in its greatest thickness. It has hardly any distinct cavity, -and hollows but very slightly from the rim to the centre, its greatest depression -having barely the depth of half an inch. The nests are composed of -long coarse fibrous roots, rudely, but somewhat compactly interwoven. The -inner framework is constructed of the same materials intermixed with the -finer stems of grasses.</p> - -<p>Mr. H. E. Dresser states that in the vicinity of Matamoras these birds are -fond of frequenting small villages, and that he frequently found their nests -within the gardens and court-yards of the houses, and near the road.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Thrush vary considerably in size, ranging from 1.20 to -1.03 inches in length, and from .84 to .77 of an inch in breadth. Their -mean length is 1.12 inches, and their average breadth .80. They have -a light green ground-color, generally, though not thickly, covered with fine -brown spots.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus curvirostris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">palmeri</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PALMER’S THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus curvirostris</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">palmeri</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, Report King’s Expedition, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1872.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, moderately curved; fifth quill longest; fourth and sixth just -perceptibly shorter, and equal; second equal to ninth; first 1.55 shorter than longest. -General plumage uniform grayish-umber, paler below, becoming almost dirty whitish on -the throat and abdomen; lower part of the breast and abdomen with a very few just -discernible irregular specks of a darker tint; lower tail-coverts dilute isabella-brown, more -ochraceous at their margins; anal region and lower part of abdomen light ochraceous. -No bands on wings, and tail-feathers only diluted at the tips. Maxillary stripe whitish -with transverse bars of dusky. “Iris orange.”</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 8,128, “New Mexico” = Arizona, Dr. Heermann): wing, 4.30; tail, 5.00; -bill (from nostril), 1.00; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe (without claw), 1.00. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>(49,723, Camp -Grant, Tucson, Arizona, March 12, 1867; Dr. E. Palmer; with eggs): wing, 4.15; tail, -4.85; bill, .95; tarsus, 1.25; middle toe, .90.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Arizona (Tucson).</p> - -<p>This very curious race seems to unite the characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</i>; in fact, it is so exactly intermediate between the two, that we are -almost in doubt as to which it is most nearly related. Having the stout form -and larger size, as well as the spots on the abdomen, of the former, it has also -the uniform colors and general appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</i>. Were it not that the -nest and eggs, with the parent accompanying, had been received from Dr. -Palmer, we might be tempted to consider it a hybrid between these two -<!--077.png--><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 44]</span> -species, its habitat being exactly between them, too. We have great pleasure -in dedicating this curious form to Dr. Edward Palmer, who has added very -much to our knowledge of the Natural History of the interesting region -where the present bird is found.</p> - -<p class="blockquote small"><i class="subset">Description of nest and eggs.</i>—(13,311, Camp Grant, Arizona; Dr. E. Palmer). Nest -very bulky,—9 inches in height by 6 in width. Very elaborately constructed. The true -nest, of symmetrical form, and composed of thin grass-stalks and flax-like fibres, is -enclosed in an outer case of thorny sticks, thinly but strongly put together. This inner -nest has a deep cavity measuring 4 inches in diameter by 3 in depth.</p> - -<p class="blockquote small">Eggs (two in number) measure 1.16 by .85; in shape exactly like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. curvirostris</i>; -pale blue (deeper than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</i>), rather thinly sprinkled with minute, but -distinct dots of pale sepia-brown. Markings more distinct than those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</i>. R. R.</p> - -<p>The nest was situated in a cactus-bush, four and a half feet above the -ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. Palmer remembers nothing special concerning its habits, except that -the bird was very shy, and kept much on the ground, where it was seen -running beneath the bushes.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus redivivus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">lecontei</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LECONTE’S THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma lecontei</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Five, September">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, Sept.</abbr> 1851, 109 (Fort Yuma). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus lecontei</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Comptes Rendus 28">C. R. XXVIII</abbr>, 1854, 57.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Notes Delattre, -39.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 350, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 1; -<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Review, 47.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> -1, 17.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill much curved. Second quill about equal to the tenth; exposed portion -of the first more than half the longest; outer tail-feather an inch shortest. General color -above light grayish-ash, beneath much paler; the chin and throat above almost white; -the sides behind brownish-yellow or pale rusty-yellow ash, of which color is the crissum -and anal region. Tail-feathers rather dark brown on the under surface, lighter above; -the outer edges and tips of exterior ones obscurely paler. Quills nearly like the back.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Gila River; Fort Yuma; Fort Mojave.</p> - -<p>Since the description of the type, a second specimen (40,718 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort -Mojave, 20 miles from Colorado River, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 30, 1865) has been obtained -by Dr. Coues. This skin differs slightly from the type in size, being -somewhat larger, measuring, wing 3.90, tail 5.30, bill (from nostril) 1.05; -while the other measures, wing 3.70, tail 4.70, bill .98. This difference in -size very probably represents that between the sexes, the type most likely -being a female, though the sex is not stated. Owing to the different seasons -in which the two specimens were obtained, they differ somewhat in plumage -also. Dr. Coues’s specimen is somewhat the darker, and the plumage -has a softer, more blended aspect, and a more ashy tinge of color; the -ochraceous of the crissal region is also slightly deeper. No other differences -are appreciable.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Leconte’s Thrasher is a new and comparatively little known -<!--078.png--><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 45]</span> -species. A single specimen was obtained by Dr. Leconte near Fort Yuma, -and described by Mr. Lawrence in 1851, and remained unique for many -years. In 1861 Dr. Cooper presented a paper to the California Academy -of Sciences, in which this bird is given among a list of those new to that -State. He then mentions that he found it common about the Mojave River, -and that he procured two specimens.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues, in his valuable paper on the birds of Arizona, speaks of obtaining, -in 1865, a specimen of this rare species on a dry plain covered thickly -with mesquite and cactus, near Fort Mojave. This bird was very shy and -restless, fluttered hurriedly from one cactus to another, until he at last shot -it where it seemed to fancy itself hidden among the thick fronds of a large -yucca. Its large stout feet admirably adapt it for its partially terrestrial -life, and it apparently spends much of its life upon the ground, where it -runs rapidly and easily. Its flight he describes as swift but desultory, and -accompanied by a constant flirting of the tail. He considers this species as -inhabiting the whole valley of the Colorado and Gila, and thinks that it -does not leave the vicinity of these streams for the mountains.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found a nest of this species, but without eggs, built in a yucca, -and similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. redivivus</i>. In his Report on the Birds of California, -Dr. Cooper speaks of finding this bird common on the deserts, along -the route between the Colorado Valley, wherever there was a thicket of low -bushes surrounded by sand-hills. Its notes, habits, and general appearance -were like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. redivivus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus redivivus</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harpes rediviva</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Two, August">Pr. A. N. S. II, Aug.</abbr> 1845, 264. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma rediviva</i>, <span -class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences second series, One">J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. I</abbr>, 1847, -42.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1855, 260, <abbr title="plate 43">pl. -xlii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus redivivus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Archiv für Naturgeschichte">Archiv Naturg.</abbr> 1848, 98.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 349; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 48.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 339.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, -15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wing much rounded; the second quill shorter than the secondaries. Tail -much graduated. Bill much decurved, longer than the head. Above brownish-olive, -without any shade of green; beneath pale cinnamon, lightest on the throat, deepening -gradually into a brownish-rufous on the under tail-coverts. The fore part of the breast -and sides of the body brown-olive, lighter than the back. An obscure ashy superciliary -stripe, and another lighter beneath the eye. Ear-coverts and an indistinct maxillary stripe -dark brown; the shafts of the former whitish. Ends and tips of tail-feathers obsoletely -paler. Length, 11.50 inches; wing, 4.20; tail, 5.75; tarsus, 1.55.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast region of California.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The California Thrasher appears to have a somewhat restricted -distribution, being confined to the coast region of California, where, however, -it is quite abundant. It was first met with by Dr. Gambel, near Monterey. -The specimens were obtained on the ground where they were searching for -<!--079.png--><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 46]</span> -coleopterous insects. Dr. Heermann afterwards found this bird abundant -in the southern part of California. It was difficult of approach, diving into -the thick bushes, running some distance on the ground, and becoming afterwards -unapproachable. He speaks of its song as a flood of melody equalled -only by the song of the Mocking-Bird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</i>). Colonel McCall -also describes its song as of exquisite sweetness, “placing it almost beyond -rivalry among the countless songsters that enliven the woods of America.” -He also states that it is as retiring and simple in its manners as it is brilliant -in song.</p> - -<p>In the character of its flight it is said to strongly resemble the Brown -Thrasher (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i>) of the Eastern States. Their harsh, scolding notes, -when their nest is approached, their motions and attitudes, are all very -similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i> under like circumstances. Colonel McCall -ranks the song of this species as far superior to that of any other Thrush. -Without possessing the powerful voice or imitative faculties of the Mocking-Bird, -its notes are described as having a liquid mellowness of tone, with -a clearness of expression and volubility of utterance that cannot be surpassed.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird found by Dr. Heermann was composed of coarse twigs, -and lined with slender roots, and not very carefully constructed. Mr. Hepburn -writes that a nest found by him was in a thick bush about five feet -from the ground. It was a very untidy affair, a mere platform of sticks, -almost as carelessly put together as that of a pigeon, in which, though not -in the centre, was a shallow depression about 4 inches in diameter, lined -with fine roots and grass. It contained two eggs with a blue ground thickly -covered with soot-colored spots confluent at the larger end, and in coloring -not unlike those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ustulatus</i>. The eggs measured 1.19 inches -by .81 of an inch. Dr. Cooper gives their measurement as 1.10 of an inch -by .85. Two eggs belonging to the Smithsonian Institution (2,040, <i class="subset">a</i> and <i class="subset">b</i>) -measure, one 1.19 by .81, the other 1.14 by .93. The former has a bluish-green -ground sparsely spotted with olive-brown markings; the other has a -ground of a light yellowish-green, with numerous spots of a russet brown.</p> - -<p>The general character of their nest is, as described, a coarse, rudely constructed -platform of sticks and coarse grass and mosses, with but a very -slight depression. Occasionally, however, nests of this bird are more carefully -and elaborately made. One (13,072) obtained near Monterey, by Dr. -Canfield, has a diameter of 6 inches, a height of 3, with an oblong-oval -cavity 2 inches in depth. Its outside was an interweaving of leaves, stems, -and mosses, and its lining fine long fibrous roots.</p> - -<p>These birds are chiefly found frequenting the dense chaparral that lines -the hillsides of California valleys, forming thickets, composed of an almost -impenetrable growth of thorny shrubs, and affording an inviting shelter. -In such places they reside throughout the year, feeding upon insects, for -the procuring of which their long curved bills are admirably adapted, as -<!--080.png--><!--Plate 4--> -<!--081.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--082.png--><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 47]</span> -also upon the berries which generally abound in these places. Their nests -usually contain three eggs. Dr. Cooper states that their loud and varied -song is frequently intermingled with imitations of other birds, though the -general impression appears to be that they are not imitative, and do not -deserve to be called, as they often are, a mocking-bird.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_4.jpg" - width="500" height="304" - alt="Color plate 4" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_4-1" name="pl_4-1"></a><img src="images/pl_4-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 4 detail 1, Harporhynchus crissalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus crissalis</span>, - <i class="name">Henry</i>. <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 11533.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_4-2" name="pl_4-2"></a><img src="images/pl_4-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 4 detail 2, Harporhynchus cinereus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus cinereus</span>, - <i class="name">Xantus</i>. <abbr title="Cape Saint Lucas">C. St. L.</abbr>, 26343.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_4-3" name="pl_4-3"></a><img src="images/pl_4-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 4 detail 3, Harporhynchus lecontei" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus lecontei</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 40718.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_4-4" name="pl_4-4"></a><img src="images/pl_4-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 4 detail 4, Harporhynchus redivivus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus redivivus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3732.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Harporhynchus crissalis</b>, <span class="sc">Henry</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-VENTED THRASHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus crissalis</i>, <span class="sc">Henry</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> May, 1858.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 350, <abbr title="82">pl. lxxxii</abbr>; Review, 47.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr -title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 18.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second quill about as long as the secondaries. Bill much curved; longer -than the head. Above olive-brown, with a faint shade of gray; beneath nearly uniform -brownish-gray, much paler than the back, passing insensibly into white on the chin; but -the under tail-coverts dark brownish-rufous, and abruptly defined. There is a black -maxillary stripe cutting off a white one above it. There do not appear to be any other -stripes about the head. There are no bands on the wings, and the tips and outer edges -of the tail-feathers are very inconspicuously lighter than the remaining portion. Length, -11 inches; wing, 4.00; tail, 5.80; tarsus, 1.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Region of the Gila River, to Rocky Mountains; Southern Utah (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George, -Dr. Palmer).</p> - -<p>A second specimen (11,533) of this rare species is larger than the type, -but otherwise agrees with it. Its dimensions are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="blockquote small"> -Length before skinning, 12.50; of skin, 12.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 6.50; its graduation, -1.45; first quill, 1.50; second, .41; bill from forehead (chord of curve), 1.65, from gape, -1.75, from nostril, 1.30; curve of culmen, 1.62; height of bill at nostril, .22; tarsus, -1.30; middle toe and claw, 1.12.</p> - -<p>The bill of this species, though not quite so long as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</i>, when -most developed, is almost as much curved, and much more slender,—the -depth at nostrils being but .22 instead of .26. The size of this specimen is -equal to the largest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</i> (3,932); the tail absolutely longer. The -feet are, however, considerably smaller, the claws especially so; the tarsus -measures but 1.30, instead of 1.52; the middle claw .29, instead of .36. -With these differences in form, however, it would be impossible to separate -the two generically.</p> - -<p>A third specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 60,958 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George, Utah, June 9, 1870), with nest -and eggs, has recently been obtained by Dr. Palmer. This specimen, being -a female, is considerably smaller than the type, measuring only: wing, 3.90; -tail, 6.00; bill, from nostril, 1.15. The plumage is in the burnt summer -condition, and has a peculiar reddish cast.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of this rare Thrush little is known. So far as observed, its -habits appear to be nearly identical with those of the Californian species -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. redivivus</i>). It is found associated in the same localities with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. lecontei</i>, -which also it appears to very closely resemble in all respects, so far as observed. -<!--083.png--><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 48]</span> -The first specimen was obtained by Dr. T. C. Henry, near Mimbres, -and described by him in May, 1858, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia -Academy of Sciences. A second specimen was obtained by H. B. Möllhausen, -at Fort Yuma, in 1863. Dr. Coues did not observe it at Fort -Whipple, but thinks its range identical with that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. lecontei</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this species quite common at Fort Mojave, but so very -shy that he only succeeded in shooting one, after much watching for it. -Their song, general habits, and nest he speaks of as being in every way -similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. redivivus</i>.</p> - -<p>The eggs remained unknown until Dr. E. Palmer had the good fortune to -find them at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George, Southern Utah, June 8, 1870. The nest was an -oblong flat structure, containing only a very slight depression. It was very -rudely constructed externally of coarse sticks quite loosely put together; -the inner nest is made of finer materials of the same. The base of this -nest was 12 inches long, and 7 in breadth; the inner nest is circular, with a -diameter of 4½ inches.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of an oblong-oval shape, one end being a little less obtuse -than the other. In length they vary from 1.15 to 1.12 inches, and in breadth -from .84 to .82 of an inch. They are of a uniform blue color, similar to the -eggs of the common Robin (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus migratorius</i>), only a little paler or of a -lighter tint. In the total absence of markings they differ remarkably from -those of all other species of the genus.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">MIMUS</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 1826, 972. (Type <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Turdus polyglottus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three"><abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr></abbr>, 1827, 167. (Same type.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_083.jpg" - width="250" height="175" - alt="Mimus polyglottus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</i>.<br /> - <b class="specimen-number">8159</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill not much more than half the length of the head; gently decurved -from the base, notched at tip; -commissure curved. Gonys -straight, or slightly concave. -Rictal bristles quite well developed. -Wings rather shorter -than the tail. First primary -about equal to, or rather more -than, half the second; third, -fourth, and fifth quills nearly -equal, sixth scarcely shorter. -Tail considerably graduated; -the feathers stiff, rather narrow, -especially the outer webs, -lateral feathers about three -quarters of an inch the shorter -in the type. Tarsi longer -than middle toe and claw by rather less than an additional claw; tarsi conspicuously and -strongly scutellate; broad plates seven.</p> - -<p><!--084.png--><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 49]</span> -Of this genus there are many species in America, although but one occurs -within the limits of the United States.</p> - -<p>The single North American species <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. polyglottus</i> is ashy brown above, -white beneath; wings and tail black, the former much varied with white.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Mimus polyglottus</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MOCKING-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus polyglottus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 169; 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> -1766, 293.—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1826, 972.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 212.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1859, 340.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 8, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 51.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 344.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 48.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 167.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr -title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 21.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, Repertorio, 1865, 230 (Cuba).—<span -class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 230.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural -Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1866, 65 (Arizona).—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Orpheus leucopterus</i>, <span -class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Beechey, 1839.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, -<abbr title="plate 10">pl. x</abbr>, fig. 1.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, <abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Two">Amer. II</abbr>, 1841, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 137.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third and fourth quills longest; second about equal to eighth; the first -half or more than half the second. Tail considerably graduated. Above ashy brown, the -feathers very obsoletely darker centrally, and towards the light plumbeous downy basal -portion (scarcely appreciable, except when the feathers are lifted). The under parts are -white, with a faint brownish tinge, except on the chin, and with a shade of ash across -the breast. There is a pale superciliary stripe, but the lores are dusky. The wings and -tail are dark brown, nearly black, except the lesser wing-coverts, which are like the back; -the middle and greater tipped with white, forming two bands; the basal portion of the -primaries white; most extended on the inner primaries. The outer tail-feather is white, -sometimes a little mottled; the second is mostly white, except on the outer web and -towards the base; the third with a white spot on the end; the rest, except the middle, -very slightly or not at all tipped with white. The bill and legs are black. Length, 9.50; -wing, 4.50; tail, 5.00.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_084.jpg" - width="250" height="276" - alt="Mimus polyglottus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Similar, but distinctly spotted with -dusky on the breast, and obsoletely on the back.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America, from about 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> (rare -in Massachusetts, Samuels), south to Mexico. -Said to occur in Cuba.</p> - -<p>The Mocking-Birds are closely allied, -requiring careful comparison to distinguish -them. A near ally is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. orpheus</i>, -of Jamaica, but in this the outer feather -is white, and the <abbr title="second, third">2d, 3d</abbr>, and 4th tail-feathers -are marked like the 1st, <abbr title="second">2d</abbr>, and -<abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyglottus</i>, respectively.</p> - -<p>We have examined one hundred and -fourteen specimens, of the present species, -the series embracing large numbers from -Florida, the Rio Grande, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and Mazatlan, and numerous -specimens from intermediate localities. The slight degree of variation -<!--085.png--><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 50]</span> -manifested in this immense series is really surprising; we can discover -no difference of color that does not depend on age, sex, season, or the -individual (though the variations of the latter kind are exceedingly rare, -and when noticed, very slight). Although the average of Western specimens -have slightly longer tails than Eastern, a Florida example (No. -54,850, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Enterprise, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> 19), has a tail as long as that of the longest-tailed -Western one (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 8,165, Fort Yuma, Gila River, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr>). Specimens -from Colima, Mirador, Orizaba, and Mazatlan are quite identical with -Northern ones.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Mocking-Bird is distributed on the Atlantic coast, from -Massachusetts to Florida, and is also found to the Pacific. On the latter -coast it exhibits certain variations in forms, but hardly enough to separate it -as a distinct species. It is by no means a common bird in New England, -but instances of its breeding as far north as Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, are of constant -occurrence, and a single individual was seen by Mr. Boardman near -Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr> It is met with every year, more or less frequently, on Long -Island, and is more common, but by no means abundant, in New Jersey. It -is found abundantly in every Southern State, and throughout Mexico. It -has also been taken near Grinnell, Iowa.</p> - -<p>A warm climate, a low country, and the vicinity of the sea appear to be -most congenial to their nature. Wilson found them less numerous west of -the Alleghany than on the eastern side, in the same parallels. Throughout -the winter he met with them in the Southern States, feeding on the berries of -the red cedar, myrtle, holly, etc., with which the swampy thickets abounded. -They feed also upon winged insects, which they are very expert in catching. -In Louisiana they remain throughout the entire year, approaching farmhouses -and plantations in the winter, and living about the gardens and outhouses. -They may be frequently seen perched upon the roofs of houses and -on the chimney-tops, and are always full of life and animation. When the -weather is mild the old males may be heard singing with as much spirit as -in the spring or summer. They are much more familiar than in the more -northern States. In Georgia they do not begin to sing until February.</p> - -<p>The vocal powers of the Mocking-Bird exceed, both in their imitative -notes and in their natural song, those of any other species. Their voice is -full, strong, and musical, and capable of an almost endless variation in modulation. -The wild scream of the Eagle and the soft notes of the Bluebird -are repeated with exactness and with apparently equal facility, while both in -force and sweetness the Mocking-Bird will often improve upon the original.</p> - -<p>The song of the Mocking-Bird is not altogether imitative. His natural -notes are bold, rich, and full, and are varied almost without limitation. -They are frequently interspersed with imitations, and both are uttered with -a rapidity and emphasis that can hardly be equalled.</p> - -<p>The Mocking-Bird readily becomes accustomed to confinement, and loses -little of the power, energy, or variety of its song, but often much of its sweetness -<!--086.png--><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 51]</span> -in a domesticated state. The mingling of unmusical sounds, like the -crowing of cocks, the cackling of hens, or the creaking of a wheelbarrow, -while they add to the variety, necessarily detracts from the beauty of his -song.</p> - -<p>The food of the Mocking-Bird is chiefly insects, their larvæ, worms, -spiders, etc., and in the winter of berries, in great variety. They are said -to be very fond of the grape, and to be very destructive to this fruit. Mr. -G. C. Taylor (Ibis, 1862, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 130) mentions an instance that came to his -knowledge, of a person living near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Augustine, Florida, who shot no less -than eleven hundred Mocking-Birds in a single season, and buried them at -the roots of his grape-vines.</p> - -<p>Several successful attempts have been made to induce the Mocking-Bird -to rear their young in a state of confinement, and it has been shown to be, -by proper management, perfectly practicable.</p> - -<p>In Texas and Florida the Mocking-Bird nests early in March, young birds -appearing early in April. In Georgia and the Carolinas they are two weeks -later. In Pennsylvania they nest about the 10th of May, and in New York -and New England not until the second week of June. They select various -situations for the nest; solitary thorn-bushes, an almost impenetrable thicket -of brambles, an orange-tree, or a holly-bush appear to be favorite localities. -They often build near the farm-houses, and the nest is rarely more than seven -feet from the ground. The base of the nest is usually a rudely constructed -platform of coarse sticks, often armed with formidable thorns surrounding -the nest with a barricade. The height is usually 5 inches, with a diameter of -8. The cavity is 3 inches deep and 5 wide. Within the external barricade -is an inner nest constructed of soft fine roots.</p> - -<p>The eggs, from four to six in number, vary in length from .94 to 1.06 -inches, with a mean length of .99. Their breadth varies from .81 to .69 of -an inch, mean breadth .75. They also exhibit great variations in the combinations -of markings and tints. The ground color is usually light greenish-blue, -varying in the depth of its shade from a very light tint to a distinct -blue, with a slight greenish tinge. The markings consist of yellowish-brown -and purple, chocolate-brown, russet, and a very dark brown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">GALEOSCOPTES</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum -One">Mus. Hein. I</abbr>, 1850, 82. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill shorter than the head, rather broad at base. Rictal bristles moderately -developed, reaching to the nostrils. Wings a little shorter than the tail, rounded; secondaries -well developed; fourth and fifth quills longest; third and sixth little shorter; first -and ninth about equal, and about the length of secondaries; first quill more than half the -second, about half the third. Tail graduated; lateral feather about .70 shorter than the -middle. Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw by about an additional half-claw; scutellate -anteriorly, more or less distinctly in different specimens; scutellæ about seven.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--087.png--><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 52]</span> -The conspicuous naked membranous border round the eye of some Thrushes, with the -bare space behind it, not appreciable.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_087a.jpg" - width="250" height="187" - alt="Galeoscoptes carolinensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes carolinensis.</i> - <br /><b class="specimen-number">2596</b></p> -</div> - -<p>There is little difference in form -between the single species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</i>, beyond -the less degree of definition of the -tarsal plates; and but for the difference -in coloration (uniform plumbeous -instead of gray above and -white beneath), we would hardly be -inclined to distinguish the two generically.</p> - -<p>The single species known is lead-colored, with black cap, and chestnut-red -under tail-coverts.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Galeoscoptes carolinensis</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CATBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 328. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus -carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1823, 38.—<span class="sc">D’Orbigny</span>, La Sagra’s Cuba, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> 1840, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr -title="Naturalist in">Nat.</abbr> Bermuda, 1859, 27 (breeds). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus carolinensis</i>, <span -class="sc">Gray</span>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1859, 346.—<span -class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1867, 69 (Inagua).—<span -class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr> (Woolwich), <abbr -title="Four"><span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1864, 117 (east of Cascade <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum -One">Mus. Hein. I</abbr>, 1850, 82 (type of genus).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" -xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Jour. Orn.</abbr> 1855, 470 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr -title="Repertorium">Repert.</abbr> 1865, 230 (Cuba, very common).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> Birds, 1861, 6, <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> 39.—<span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span> -<abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr> 1867, 278 (Mosquito Coast).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -1864, 54.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 172.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> -1, 23.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds of America Two, -plate">B. A. II, pl.</abbr> 140.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography -Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 67">II, pl. lxvii.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two, plate 14">Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> -3.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third quill longest; first shorter than sixth. Prevailing color dark plumbeous, -more ashy beneath. Crown and nape dark sooty-brown. Wings dark brown, edged -with plumbeous. Tail greenish-black; the lateral feathers obscurely tipped with plumbeous. -The under tail-coverts dark brownish-chestnut. Female smaller. Length, 8.85; -wing, 3.65; tail, 4.00; tarsus, 1.05.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_087b.jpg" - width="250" height="210" - alt="Galeoscoptes carolinensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes carolinensis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States, north to Lake Winnipeg, -west to head of Columbia, and Cascade Mountains -(Lord); south to Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>; Cuba; -Bahamas; Bermuda (breeds). Accidental in -Heligoland Island, Europe. Oaxaca, Cordova, -and Guatemala, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>; Mosquito Coast, <span class="sc">Scl. -& Salv.</span>; Orizaba (winter), <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>; Yucatan, -<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p>Western specimens have not appreciably -longer tails than Eastern. Central -American examples, as a rule, have the -plumbeous of a more bluish cast than is usually seen in North American -skins.</p> - -<p><!--088.png--><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 53]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Catbird has a very extended geographical range. It is -abundant throughout the Atlantic States, from Florida to Maine; in the -central portion of the continent it is found as far north as Lake Winnepeg.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific coast it has been met with at Panama, and also on the -Columbia River. It is occasional in Cuba and the Bahamas, and in the Bermudas -is a permanent resident. It is also found during the winter months -abundant in Central America, It breeds in all the Southern States with -possibly the exception of Florida. In Maine, according to Professor Verrill, -it is as common as in Massachusetts, arriving in the former place about the -20th of May, about a week later than in the vicinity of Boston, and beginning -to deposit its eggs early in June. Near Calais it is a less common -visitant.</p> - -<p>The Northern migrations of the Catbird commence early in February, -when they make their appearance in Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. -In April they reach Virginia and Pennsylvania, and New England from the -1st to the 10th of May. Their first appearance is usually coincident with -the blossoming of the pear-trees. It is not generally a popular or welcome -visitant, a prejudice more or less wide spread existing in regard to it. Yet -few birds more deserve kindness at our hands, or will better repay it. From -its first appearance among us, almost to the time of departure in early -fall, the air is vocal with the quaint but attractive melody, rendered all the -more interesting from the natural song being often blended with notes imperfectly -mimicked from the songs of other birds. The song, whether -natural or imitative, is always varied, attractive, and beautiful.</p> - -<p>The Catbird, when once established as a welcome guest, soon makes -itself perfectly at home. He is to be seen at all times, and is almost ever in -motion. They become quite tame, and the male bird will frequently apparently -delight to sing in the immediate presence of man. Occasionally they -will build their nest in close proximity to a house, and appear unmindful of -the presence of the members of the family.</p> - -<p>The Catbird’s power of mimicry, though limited and imperfectly exercised, -is frequently very amusing. The more difficult notes it rarely attempts -to copy, and signally fails whenever it does so. The whistle of the Quail, -the cluck of a hen calling her brood, the answer of the young chicks, the -note of the Pewit Flycatcher, and the refrain of Towhee, the Catbird will -imitate with so much exactness as not to be distinguished from the original.</p> - -<p>The Catbirds are devoted parents, sitting upon their eggs with great -closeness, feeding the young with assiduity, and accompanying them with -parental interest when they leave the nest, even long after they are able -to provide for themselves. Intruders from whom danger is apprehended -they will boldly attack, attempting to drive away snakes, cats, dogs, and -sometimes even man. If these fail they resort to piteous cries and other -manifestations of their great distress.</p> - -<p>Towards each other they are affectionate and devoted, mutually assisting -<!--089.png--><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 54]</span> -in the construction of the nest; and as incubation progresses the female, who -rarely leaves the nest, is supplied with food, and entertained from his exhaustless -vocabulary of song, by her mate. When annoyed by an intruder -the cry of the Catbird is loud, harsh, and unpleasant, and is supposed to -resemble the outcry of a cat, and to this it owes its name. This note it -reiterates at the approach of any object of its dislike or fear.</p> - -<p>The food of the Catbird is almost exclusively the larvæ of the larger -insects. For these it searches both among the branches and the fallen -leaves, as well as the furrows of newly ploughed fields and cultivated gardens. -The benefit it thus confers upon the farmer and the horticulturist -is very great, and can hardly be overestimated.</p> - -<p>The Catbird can with proper painstaking be raised from the nest, and -when this is successfully accomplished they become perfectly domesticated, -and are very amusing pets.</p> - -<p>They construct their nests on clusters of vines or low bushes, on the -edges of small thickets, and in retired places, though almost always near -cultivated ground. The usual materials of their nests are dry leaves for the -base, slender strips of long dry bark, small twigs, herbaceous plants, fine -roots, and finer stems. They are lined with fine dry grasses, and sedges. -Their nests average 4 inches in height by 5 in diameter. The diameter and -depth of the cavity are 3½ inches. The eggs are of a uniform deep bluish-green, -and measure .97 in length and .69 of an inch in breadth.</p> -</div><!--end family Turdidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Cinclidæ--> -<p><!--090.png--><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 55]</span></p> -<h2 class="p4"><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">CINCLIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Dippers.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2">On <a href="#Page_2">page 2</a> will be found the characteristics of this family, which need not -be here repeated. There is only a single genus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus</i>, with four American -species, and several from Europe and Asia.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CINCLUS</b>, <span class="sc">Bechstein</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydrobata</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816 (Ag.).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds of North America">B. N. A.</abbr> 229.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus</i>, <span class="sc">Bechstein</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Gemeinnützige Naturgeschichte">Gemein. Naturg.</abbr> 1802. (Not of Moehring, 1752. Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus -cinclus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)—<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1867, 109. (Monograph.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_090a.jpg" - width="250" height="181" - alt="Cinclus mexicanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus mexicanus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">8117</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill without any bristles at the base; slender, subulate; the mandible -bent slightly upward; the culmen slightly concave to near the tip, which is much curved -and notched; the commissural edges of the -bill finely nicked towards end. Feet large -and strong, the toes projecting considerably -beyond the tail; the claws large. Lateral -toes equal. Tail very short and even; not -two thirds the wings, which are concave -and somewhat falcate. The first primary -is more than one fourth the longest. Eggs -white.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_090b.jpg" - width="250" height="211" - alt="Cinclus mexicanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus mexicanus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The slightly upward bend of the -bill, somewhat as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus</i>, renders -the culmen concave, and the commissure slightly convex. The maxilla at -base is nearly as high as the mandible; -the whole bill is much compressed -and attenuated. The lateral -claws barely reach the base of -the middle one, which is broad; -the inner face extended into a -horny lamina, with one or two -notches or pectinations somewhat -as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</i>. The stiffened -sub-falcate wings are quite remarkable. -The tail is so short that -the upper coverts extend nearly to -its tip.</p> - -<p>The species are all dull-colored birds, usually brown, sometimes varied -with white on the head, back, or throat. They inhabit mountainous subalpine -regions abounding in rapid streams, and always attract attention -by their habit of feeding under water, searching among the gravel and -stones for their insect prey.</p> - -<p><!--091.png--><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 56]</span> -The only other species at all allied to the single North American one -are the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ardesiacus</i> of Central America, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pallasi</i> of Eastern Asia. -They may be easily distinguished by the following characters:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Plumage beneath scarcely lighter than that above; head and neck brownish, -darkest above. Wing, 4.00; tail, 2.15; bill, .50; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, .85. -Legs (in life), pinkish white (8,496 Fort Mass. <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>). <span class="sc">Hab.</span> Mountains of -Middle Province from Sitka, south to Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Plumage beneath much lighter than that above,—very light along the median -line; head not brownish, the contrast in shade between upper and lower surfaces -very marked. Wing, 3.50; tail, 2.05; bill, .45; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe, -.90. Legs yellow. (42,788 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Costa Rica). -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Guatemala and Costa Rica<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardesiacus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_24" id="fnanchor_24"></a><a href="#footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Plumage uniform dusky-brown, middle of belly blackish; <i class="subset">back and rump squamated -with black</i>; wings and tail blackish-brown. Total length, 8.00; wing, -4.00; tail, 2.50; tarsus, 1.25; bill (to rictus), 1.10 (Salvin). <span class="sc">Hab.</span> Lake Baikal -to Kamtschatka; Amoorland; S. E. Siberia; Japan (Salvin)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_25" id="fnanchor_25"></a><a href="#footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Cinclus mexicanus</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">AMERICAN DIPPER; WATER OUZEL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus pallasi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Two">Zoöl. Jour. II</abbr>, 1827, 52 (not the Asiatic species). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus -mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, -368.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 10.—<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, -1860, 190; 1867, 120 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Review, 60.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 25. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Hydrobata mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -229.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes, Twelve, two">Rep. P. R. R, XII, -<span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 175 (nest). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus americanus</i>, <abbr -title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 273. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus unicolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">C. mortoni</i>, <abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -townsendi</i>, “<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>” <abbr title="Townsend"><span -class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, -<abbr title="plate 16">pl. xvi</abbr>, fig. 1.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography, plate 370">Orn. Biog. pl. ccclxx</abbr>, 435.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Two, plate 137">Amer. II, pl. cxxxvii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Sp. Ch.</span> Above dark plumbeous, beneath paler; head and neck all round a shade of -clove or perhaps a light sooty-brown; less conspicuous beneath. A concealed spot of -white above the anterior corner of the eye and indications of the same sometimes on the -lower eyelid. Immature specimens usually with the feathers beneath edged with grayish-white; -the greater and middle wing-coverts and lesser quills tipped with the same. The -colors more uniform. Length, 7.50; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.55.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Similar to the adult, but much mixed with whitish medially beneath; this in -form of longitudinal suffusions.</p> - -<p class="small">Autumnal and winter specimens have numerous transverse crescents of whitish on -lower parts and wings,—these very especially conspicuous posteriorly; the secondaries -are also conspicuously terminated with a white crescent. Bill brown, paler toward base -of lower mandible. In spring and summer the bill entirely black, and the whitish -markings almost entirely disappear; the young bird has a greater amount of white beneath -than the adult in winter dress, and this white is disposed in longitudinal, not transverse, -suffusions. The color of the legs appears to be the same at all seasons.</p> - -<!--092.png--><!--Plate 5--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_5.jpg" - width="500" height="838" - alt="Color plate 5" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-1" name="pl_5-1"></a><img src="images/pl_5-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 1, Cinclus mexicanus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus mexicanus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Sw.</abbr> <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>, 8496.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-2" name="pl_5-2"></a><img src="images/pl_5-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 2, Sialia mexicana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia mexicana</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Sw.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 10623.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-3" name="pl_5-3"></a><img src="images/pl_5-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 3, Sialia sialis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia sialis</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. D. C., 28245.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-4" name="pl_5-4"></a><img src="images/pl_5-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 4, Sialia arctica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Sw.</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 18319.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-5" name="pl_5-5"></a><img src="images/pl_5-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 5, Phyllopneuste borealis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste borealis</span>, Alaska, 45909.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-6" name="pl_5-6"></a><img src="images/pl_5-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 6, Saxicola œnanthe" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthe</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Bechstein">Bechst.</abbr> France, 18959.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-7" name="pl_5-7"></a><img src="images/pl_5-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 7, Regulus cuvieri" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus cuvieri</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> (From <abbr title="Audubon's">Aud.'s</abbr> plate.)</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-8" name="pl_5-8"></a><img src="images/pl_5-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 8, Regulus satrapa" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus satrapa</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Lichtenstein">Licht.</abbr> D. C., 1160.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_5-9" name="pl_5-9"></a><img src="images/pl_5-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 5 detail 9, Regulus calendula" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus calendula</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Lichtenstein">Licht.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, 736.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div><!--093.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--094.png--><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 57]</span> -</div> -<p class="small">Specimens, of any age, from the coast of Oregon and the Cascade Mountains, have the -head more deeply brownish than those from other regions.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Found through the mountainous region of the central and western part of North -America, from Fort Halkett south into Mexico and Guatemala. Orizaba (Alpine region) -<span class="sc">Sumich.</span> None received from the coast region of California. Abundant on the N. W. -coast, Laramie Peak and Deer Creek, Neb.</p> - -<p>This species has a wide range along the mountainous region of North and -Middle America. Mexican specimens are darker.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting bird inhabits exclusively the mountainous portions -of North America west of the Mississippi from Alaska south to Guatemala. -It does not appear to have been obtained on the coast of California, -nor in the valley of the Mississippi. In the British Possessions specimens -have been procured on Fraser’s River, at Fort Halkett, and at Colville. At -the latter place Mr. J. K. Lord states that a few remain and pass the winter. -They are found among the mountain streams of Vera Cruz, and probably -throughout Mexico, and no doubt may be met with in all the highlands -between these extreme points. Dr. Newberry met with it in the rapid -streams of the Cascade Mountains. He describes it as flitting along in the -bed of the stream, from time to time plunging into the water and disappearing, -to appear again at a distant point, up or down the stream, skipping -about from stone to stone, constantly in motion, jerking its tail and moving -its body somewhat in the manner of a wren.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper observed this species both on the Columbia and its tributaries, -and also among the mountain streams of the Coast Range west of Santa -Clara. At the latter place he found a pair mated as early as March 16th. -At sunset he heard the male singing very melodiously, as it sat on one -of its favorite rocks in the middle of the foaming rapids, making its delightful -melody heard for quite a long distance above the sound of the roaring -waters.</p> - -<p>“This bird,” adds Dr. Cooper, “combines the form of a sandpiper, the song -of a canary, and the aquatic habits of a duck. Its food consists almost -entirely of aquatic insects, and these it pursues under water, walking and -flying with perfect ease beneath a depth of several feet of water.” He also -states that they do not swim on the surface, but dive, and sometimes fly -across streams beneath the surface; that their flight is rapid and direct, like -that of a sandpiper; also that they jerk their tails in a similar manner, and -generally alight on a rock or log.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper on the 5th of July found a nest of this bird at a saw-mill on -the Chehalis River, built under the shelving roots of an enormous arbor-vitæ -that had floated over, and rested in a slanting position against the dam. The -floor was of small twigs, the sides and roof arched over it like an oven, and -formed of moss, projecting so as to protect and shelter the opening, which -was large enough to admit the hand. Within this nest was a brood of half-fledged -young. The parents were familiar and fearless, and had become -<!--095.png--><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 58]</span> -accustomed to the society of the millers. They had previously raised another -brood that season.</p> - -<p>The same observant naturalist, some time afterwards, in May, found the -nest of another pair, a few miles north of Santa Clara. This was built near -the foot of a mill-dam, resting on a slight ledge under an overhanging rock, -from which water was continually dropping. It was, in shape, like an oven, -with a small doorway, and it was built externally of green moss, which, being -still living, prevented the easy discovery of the nest. It was lined with soft -grass, and contained young.</p> - -<p>These birds are found singly or in pairs, and never more than two together. -They are never found near still water, and frequent only wild mountain-streams, -cascades, eddies, and swift currents.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Dall’s observations in Alaska, the species is essentially -solitary. He obtained several specimens in January, February, and March, -always near some open, unfrozen spots in the Nulato River. It was only -found in the most retired spots, and almost invariably alone. When disturbed, -it would dive into the water, even in midwinter.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway describes the Dipper as remarkably quick, as well as odd, in -its movements,—whether walking in the shallow bed of the stream, or -standing on a stone along the edge, continually tilting up and down, now -chattering as it flies rapidly along the stream, again alighting into the water, -in which it wades with the greatest facility. Its flight is remarkably swift -and well sustained, and in manner is very unusual, the bird propelling itself -by a rapid buzzing of the wings, following in its flight every undulation in -the course of the stream into which it drops suddenly. Its song is described -as remarkably sweet and lively, in modulation resembling somewhat that of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus rufus</i>, but less powerful, though sweeter in effect.</p> - -<p>Dr. E. Baldamus, of Halle, who possesses specimens of the eggs of this -species, describes them as pure white in color, oval in shape, and hardly -distinguishable from those of the European <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. aquaticus</i>.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird obtained by Mr. J. Stevenson, of Hayden’s Expedition, -in Berthoud’s Pass, Colorado, is a hemisphere of very uniform contour built -on a rock, on the edge of a stream. Externally it was composed of green -moss, in a living state; within is a strong, compactly built apartment, -arched over, and supported by twigs, with a cup-like depression at the bottom, -hemispherical and composed of roots and twigs firmly bound together. -The structure is 7 inches in height externally, and has a diameter of 10½ -inches at the base. Within, the cavity has a depth of 6 inches; the -entrance, which is on one side, is 3½ in breadth by 2½ in height. The eggs -were three in number, uniform, dull white, and unspotted. They measure -1.04 inches by .70. They have an elongated oval shape, and are much -pointed at one end.</p> -</div><!--end family Cinclidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family Saxicolidæ--> -<!--096.png--><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 59]</span> -<h2 class="p4"><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">SAXICOLIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Saxicolas.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2">The general characters of this family have already been given on <a href="#Page_2"><abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 2</a>, -as distinguished from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i>. The relationships are very close, however, -and but little violence would be done by making it a subfamily of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i> or even a group of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</i>, as was done in the “Birds of North -America.”</p> - -<p>While the group is very well represented in the Old World, America has -but one peculiar genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia</i>, and another <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola</i>, represented by a single -species, a straggler, perhaps, from Greenland on the one side and Siberia on the -other. The diagnostic characters of these are as follows, including <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</i> -to show the relationships of the three genera:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="hanging"><b class="birdname">Turdus.</b> Tarsi long, exceeding the middle toe; wings reaching to the middle of the tail, -which is about four fifths the length of the wings. Bill stout; its upper outline convex -toward the base. Second quill shorter than fifth.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b class="birdname">Saxicola.</b> Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe, which reaches nearly to the -tip of the tail. Tail short, even; two thirds as long as the lengthened wings, which -reach beyond the middle of the tail. Second quill longer than fifth. Bill attenuated; -its upper outline concave towards the base.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b class="birdname">Sialia.</b> Tarsi short; about equal to the middle toe. Wings reaching beyond the middle -of the tail. Bill thickened.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">SAXICOLA</b>, <span class="sc">Bechstein</span>.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Bechstein</span>, Gemeinnützige <abbr title="Naturgeschichte">Naturg.</abbr></span> 1802. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. œnanthe</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_096.jpg" - width="250" height="176" - alt="Saxicola œnanthe" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthe</i>, <abbr title="Bechstein">Bechst.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">18075</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Commissure slightly curved to the well-notched tip. Culmen concave for -the basal half, then gently decurving. Gonys straight. Bill slender, attenuated; more -than half the length of head. Tail short, -broad, even. Legs considerably longer -than the head; when outstretched reaching -nearly to the tip of tail. Third quill -longest; second but little shorter. Claws -long, slightly curved; hind toe rather -elongated.</p> - -<p>As already stated, America possesses -but a single member of this group -of birds, so well represented in the Old -World. The color is bluish-gray, with -wings, a stripe through the eye, and the middle of exposed tail-feathers -black.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--097.png--><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 60]</span> -<b class="birdname">Saxicola œnanthe</b>, <abbr title="Bechstein"><span class="sc">Bechst.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE WHEAT-EAR.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla œnanthe</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1758, 186. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthe</i>, <abbr -title="Bechstein"><span class="sc">Bechst.</span></abbr> “<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Gemeinnützige Naturgeschichte">Gemein. -Naturg.</abbr> 1802,” and of European authors.—<span class="sc">Holböll</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Ornithologischer … Grönlands">Orn. Grœn.</abbr> (Paulsen ed.), 1846, 23 (Greenland).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 220 (Europe); Review, 61.—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist -in">Nat.</abbr> Bermuda, 1859, 28 (Bermuda).—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural -Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, 218 (Labrador).—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland).—<span -class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthoides</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, -<abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Blossom, 1839, 19 (<abbr title="North West">N. W.</abbr> America).—<span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1854, 208, <abbr title="plate 34">pl. xxxiv</abbr> (Nova -Scotia).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(Description from European specimen.) Male in spring, forehead, line over -the eye, and under parts generally white; the latter tinged with pale yellowish-brown, -especially on the breast and throat. A stripe from the bill through, below, and behind -the eye, with the wings, upper tail-coverts, bill and feet, black. Tail white, with an -abrupt band of black (about .60 of an inch long) at the end, this color extending further -up on the middle feather. Rest of upper parts ash-gray; quills and greater coverts -slightly edged with whitish. Length, 6.00; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.50; tarsus, 1.05.</p> - -<p class="small">Autumnal males are tinged with rusty; the black markings brown. The female in -spring is reddish-gray; lores and cheeks brown; the black markings generally brownish, -and not well defined. Eggs pale light blue. Nest on ground.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -An Old World species (Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia), abundant in Greenland, -found probably as an autumnal migrant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, -etc. Occurs also on Norton Sound, near Behring’s Straits. Very occasional in the Eastern -States: Long Island.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_097.jpg" - width="250" height="239" - alt="Saxicola œnanthe" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthe.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>This bird appears to be abundant in Norton Sound, from which region Mr. -Dall has recently brought specimens in full spring plumage. These are decidedly -smaller than birds -from Labrador and Greenland, -but not distinguishable, -and seem to agree precisely -with skins from Central Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The well-known -Wheat-ear is entitled to a -place in our fauna, not only -as an accidental visitor, but -also as an occasional resident. -Dr. H. R. Storer, of -Boston, found them breeding -in Labrador in the summer -of 1848, and procured specimens -of the young birds -which were fully identified -by Dr. Samuel Cabot as belonging to this species. In the following year -Andrew Downs, of Halifax, gave me the specimen described and figured -<!--098.png--><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 61]</span> -by Mr. Cassin. This was secured late in the summer near Cape Harrison, -Labrador, where it had evidently just reared its brood. In 1860 Mr. Elliott -Coues obtained another specimen on the 25th of August, at Henley Harbor. -It was in company with two others, and was in immature plumage. Its -occurrence in considerable numbers on the coast of Labrador is further confirmed -by a writer (“W. C.”) in “The Field,” for June 10, 1871, who states -that when in that region during the months of May and June he saw a -number of “White Ears,” the greater proportion of them being males. He -inferred from this that they breed in that country, the apparent scarcity -of females being due to their occupation in nesting. Mr. Lawrence has one -in his cabinet from Long Island, and the Smithsonian Institution one from -Quebec. Specimens have also been obtained in the Bermudas.</p> - -<p>Holböll, in his paper on the fauna of Greenland, is of the opinion that the -individuals of this species that occur there come from Europe, make their -journey across the Atlantic without touching at Iceland, and arrive in -South Greenland as early in the season as it does at the former place, the first -of May. It reaches Godhaven a month later, at times when all is snowbound -and the warmth has not yet released the insects on which it feeds. -It is found as far north as the <abbr title="seventy-third">73d</abbr> parallel, and even beyond. In September -it puts on its winter dress and departs.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall states that several large flocks of this species were seen at Nulato, -May 23 and 24, 1868, and a number of specimens obtained. They were -said to be abundant on the dry stony hill-tops, but were rare along the -river.</p> - -<p>The Wheat-ear is one of the most common birds of Europe, and is found, -at different seasons, throughout that continent as well as in a large portion -of Western Asia. It breeds throughout the British Islands as well as in the -whole of Northern Europe and Asia.</p> - -<p>Its food is principally worms and insects, the latter of which it takes upon -the wing, in the manner of a fly-catcher. The male bird is said to sing -prettily, but not loudly, warbling even when on the wing, and hovering -over its nest or over its partner. In confinement its song is continued by -night as well as by day.</p> - -<p>The Wheat-ear begins to make its nest in April, usually concealing it in -some deep recess beneath a huge stone, and often far beyond the reach of -the arm. Sometimes it is placed in old walls, and is usually large and -rudely constructed, made of dried bents, scraps of shreds, feathers, and -rubbish collected about the huts, generally containing four pale blue eggs, -uniform in color, and without spots, which measure .81 of an inch in length -by .69 in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--099.png--><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 62]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">SIALIA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1827, 173. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla sialis</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_099.jpg" - width="250" height="192" - alt="Sialia sialis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia sialis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1289</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill short, stout, broader than high at the base, then compressed; slightly -notched at tip. Rictus with short bristles. -Tarsi not longer than the middle toe. Claws -considerably curved. Wings much longer than -the tail; the first primary spurious, not one -fourth the longest. Tail moderate; slightly -forked. Eggs plain blue. Nest in holes.</p> - -<p>The species of this genus are all well -marked, and adult males are easily -distinguishable. In all, blue forms a -prominent feature. Three well-marked -species are known, with a fourth less -distinct. The females are duller in -color than the males. The young are spotted and streaked with white.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="Synopsis">Synopsis of Species.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Rich blue above, duller in the female. Beneath reddish -or blue in the male, reddish or light drab in the female. Young with wings and -tails only blue, the head and anterior parts of body with numerous whitish spots.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> <i class="subset">Breast reddish, or chestnut.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">S. sialis.</b> No chestnut on the back; throat reddish; abdomen and -crissum white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Blue of a rich dark purplish shade. Tail about 2.75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province United States, Cuba, and Bermudas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Blue of a greenish shade. Tail about 3.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> East Mexico -and Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_26" id="fnanchor_26"></a><a href="#footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">S. mexicana.</b> Chestnut, in greater or less amount, on the back; -throat blue; abdomen and crissum blue. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West and South Middle -Province United States, south to Jalapa, Cordova, and Colima.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> <i class="subset">Breast blue</i> (<i class="subset">light drab in</i> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">S. arctica.</b> Entirely rich greenish-blue; abdomen white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Middle Province United States; Fort Franklin, British America.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Sialia sialis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">EASTERN BLUEBIBD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla sialis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Systema Naturæ">S. N.</abbr> 1758, 187 (based on <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr -title="One, Plate 47">I, pl. xlvii</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia sialis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 222; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 62.—<span class="sc">Boardman</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1862, 124 (Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>; very rare).—<span -class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 465 (Texas, winter).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, <abbr title="Birds of New -England">B. N. Eng.</abbr>, 175. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia wilsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr -title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 173.—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -Jour.</abbr> 1858, 120.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324; Repertorio, -1865, 230.—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <!--100.png--><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 63]</span> -<abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 1859, 28, 66 (resident in Bermuda). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -sialis</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis sialis</i>, <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythraca wilsoni</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique -Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 101, 102, 103">II, pl. ci, cii, ciii.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="One, plate 3">I, pl. iii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 113">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cxiii.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds of America Two, plate 134">B. A. II, pl. cxxxiv.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Doughty</span>, <abbr title="Cabinet One, plate 12">Cab. I, pl. xii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Entire upper parts, including wings and tail, continuous and uniform azure-blue; -the cheeks of a duller tint of the same. Beneath reddish-brown; the abdomen, anal -region, and under tail-coverts white. Bill and feet black. Shafts of the quills and tail-feathers -black. Female with the blue lighter, and tinged with brown on the head and -back. Length, 6.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.90.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Males of the year dull brown on head and back; and lesser coverts streaked, -except on head, with white. Throat and fore part of breast streaked with white. Tertials -edged with brown. Rest of coloration somewhat like adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States; west to Fort Laramie, Milk River; north to Lake Winnipeg; -resident in Bermuda; Cuba (rare), <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>.</p> - -<p>A specimen from Guatemala (50,411 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Van Patten) referrible to the -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</i> is undistinguishable in color from North American examples; -the wings and tail are longer, however, measuring respectively 4.20 and -3.00.</p> - - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_100.jpg" - width="250" height="193" - alt="Sialia sialis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia sialis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Bluebird is abundant throughout the eastern portion of -North America, breeding in nearly -every part, from Georgia and Louisiana -to the Arctic regions, with only -this exception, that near the seaboard -its migrations do not extend -so far to the north as in the interior. -It is very rarely to be met with beyond -the Penobscot, although Professor -Verrill mentions it as very -common in the western part of Maine. -It is found throughout the year in the -Bermudas, and occasionally in Cuba. -The Selkirk Settlement is the most northern locality to which it has been -traced. It is not known to occur farther west than the highlands west of -the Mississippi.</p> - -<p>Through all the Eastern States the Bluebird is one of the most familiar -and welcome of the earliest visitors of spring, usually making its appearance -as early as the first of March. In mild seasons they come in the latter -part of February, long before there is any apparent relaxation of the severity -of winter. In 1857, in consequence of the unusual mildness of the season, -Bluebirds appeared in large numbers as early as the 15th of February, -and remained apparently without suffering any inconvenience, although the -weather subsequently became quite severe. In 1869 their first appearance -was observed as early as the 28th of January, the earliest period of which -I can find any record.</p> - -<p>In the Middle States, with every mild winter’s day, the Bluebirds come -<!--101.png--><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 64]</span> -out from their retreats, and again disappear on the return of severer weather. -Later in the season, or early in March, they return and make a permanent -stay.</p> - -<p>When well treated, as the Bluebirds almost universally are, they return -year after year to the same box, coming always in pairs. The marked attentions -of the male bird are very striking, and have been noticed by all our -writers. He is very jealous of a rival, driving off every intruder of his own -species who ventures upon the domain he calls his own. Occasionally the -pair suffer great annoyance from vexatious interferences with their domestic -arrangements by the house wren, who unceremoniously enters their homestead, -despoils it of its carefully selected materials, and departs. At other -times the wren will take possession of the premises and barricade the entrance, -making the return of its rightful owners impossible.</p> - -<p>The song of the Bluebirds is a low warble, soft and agreeable, repeated -with great constancy and earnestness, and prolonged until quite late in the -season. Just before their departure, late in October, the sprightliness of -their song nearly ceases, and only a few plaintive notes are heard instead.</p> - -<p>The food of the Bluebird consists principally of the smaller coleopterous -insects, also of the larvæ of the smaller lepidoptera. In the early spring -they are very busy turning over the dry leaves, examining the trunks and -branches of trees, or ransacking posts and fences for the hiding-places of -their prey. In the fall their food partakes more of a vegetable character.</p> - -<p>The Bluebird selects as a suitable place for its nest a hollow in the decayed -trunk of a tree, or boxes prepared for its use. Their early arrival -enables them to select their own site. The nest is loosely constructed of -soft materials, such as fine grasses, sedges, leaves, hair, feathers, etc. These -are rarely so well woven together as to bear removal. The eggs are usually -five and sometimes six in number. There are usually three broods in a -season. Before the first brood are able to provide for themselves, the female -repairs her nest and commences incubation for a second family. The young -birds are, however, by no means left to shift for themselves. The male bird -now shows himself as devoted a parent as in the earlier spring he had proved -himself an attentive mate. He watches over the brood even after the second -family appears and claims his attention. We often find him dividing his -cares in the latter part of the season with two broods, and at the same -time supplying his mate with food, and occasionally taking her place on -the nest.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Bluebird are of a uniform pale blue, measuring about .81 -of an inch in length by .62 in breadth.</p> - -<p>In Guatemala is found a local race differing in its lighter under colors and -in the greenish tinting of its blue (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. azurea</i>). The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sialis</i> is also found in -the more open districts of the elevated regions where it is numerous. It is -there known as “<i lang="es" xml:lang="es">El azulejo</i>.”</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><!--102.png--><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 65]</span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Sialia mexicana</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA BLUEBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia mexicana</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 202.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 293 (Cordova): 1857, 126 (California); 1859, 362 (Xalapa).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 11, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 66.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 223; Review, 63.—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Twelve, two">P. R. R. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, -173.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 28. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia -occidentalis</i>, <abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia cæruleocollis</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds of America Two, plate -135">B. A. II, pl. cxxxv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography -Five, plate 393">Orn. Biog. V, pl. cccxciii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy of Beechey's -Voyage">Zoöl. Beechey’s, Voy.</abbr> 1839, <abbr title="plate three">pl. iii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender. Head and neck all round, and upper parts generally bright -azure blue. Interscapular regions, sides and fore part of the breast, and sides of the -belly, dark reddish-brown. Rest of under parts (with tail-coverts) pale bluish, tinged with -gray about the anal region. Female duller above; the back brownish; the blue of the -throat replaced by ashy-brown, with a shade of blue. Length, 6.50; wing, 4.25; tail, 2.90.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Tail and wing as in adult; head, neck, back, and breast, dull brown; each -feather, except on the crown, streaked centrally with white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to Pacific. Not noticed on -the Missouri plains, Central British America, or at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Found at Xalapa and -Cordova, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>. Popocatapetl (Alpine region), <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>.</p> - -<p>As in the others, the colors of this species are much duller in fall and -winter. <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,319, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (Carson City, Nevada, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> 21) differs from others in -the following respects: there is hardly any chestnut on the back, there being -only just a tinge along each side of the interscapular region; that on the -breast is interrupted in the middle, and thrown into a patch on each side of -the breast, thus connecting the blue of the throat and abdomen; the blue -of the throat is unusually deep.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Bluebird belongs to western North America, its proper -domain being between the Rocky Mountains and Pacific, from Mexico to -Washington Territory. Mr. Nuttall first met with this species among the -small rocky prairies of the Columbia. He speaks of its habits as exactly -similar to those of the common Bluebird. The male is equally tuneful -throughout the breeding-season, and his song is also very similar. Like the -common species he is very devoted to his mate, alternately feeding and -caressing her and entertaining her with his song. This is a little more -varied, tender, and sweet than that of the Eastern species, and differs in its -expressions.</p> - -<p>Nuttall describes this as an exceedingly shy bird, so much so that he -found it very difficult to obtain a sight of it. This he attributes to the -great abundance of birds of prey. Afterwards, in the vicinity of the village -of Santa Barbara, Mr. Nuttall again saw them in considerable numbers, -when they were tame and familiar.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that these Bluebirds seem to prefer the knot-holes of -the oaks to the boxes provided for them. He does not confirm Mr. Nuttall’s -description of its song, which he regards as neither so loud nor so sweet as -<!--103.png--><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 66]</span> -that of the Eastern species. He describes it as a curious performance, sounding -as if two birds were singing at once and in different keys.</p> - -<p>Many of this species remain in Washington Territory during the winter, -where Dr. Cooper met with them in December. They associated in flocks, -frequented roadsides and fences, and fed upon insects and berries.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel found this species throughout the Rocky Mountains, and always -in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</i>, being by far the more abundant species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly mentions finding this species very abundant during his -march up the Rio Grande. Through the months of November, December, -and January they were always to be seen in large flocks near small streams.</p> - -<p>The Western Bluebird constructs a nest usually of very loose materials, -consisting chiefly of fine dry grasses. These are not woven into an elaborate -nest, but are simply used to line the hollows in which the eggs are deposited. -Near San Francisco Mr. Hepburn found a pair making use of the nest of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo lunifrons</i>. On another occasion the Bluebirds had not only taken -possession of the nest of this swallow, but actually covered up two fresh eggs -with a lining of dry grasses, and laid her own above them.</p> - -<p>The eggs, usually four in number, are of uniform pale blue of a slightly -deeper shade than that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sialis</i>. They measure .87 of an inch in -length by .69 in breadth.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper’s subsequent observations of this species in California enabled -him to add to his account of it in his report on the birds of that State. He -found it abundant in all the wooded districts, except high in the mountains, -and thinks they reside through the summer even in the hot valley of the Rio -Grande, where he found them preparing a nest in February. On the coast -they are numerous as far north as the 49th parallel. He found a nest under -the porch of a dwelling-house at Santa Barbara, showing that, like our Eastern -species, they only need a little encouragement to become half domesticated. -They raise two broods in a season, the first being hatched early in April.</p> - -<p>At Santa Cruz he found them even more confiding than the Eastern species, -building their nests even in the noisiest streets. One brood came every day -during the grape season, at about noon, to pick up grape-skins thrown out -by his door, and was delightfully tame, sitting fearlessly within a few feet of -the open window.</p> - -<p>In regard to their song Mr. Ridgway states that he did not hear, even -during the pairing season, any note approaching in sweetness, or indeed -similar to, the joyous spring warble which justly renders our Eastern Bluebird -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sialis</i>) so universal a favorite.</p> - -<p>The two Western species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia</i>, though associating during the winter -in the region along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, are seldom seen -together during the breeding-season; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. arctica</i> returning to the higher -portions of the thinly wooded desert mountains, while the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. mexicana</i> remains -in the lower districts, either among the cottonwoods of the river -valleys or among the pines around the foot-hills of the Sierra.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--104.png--><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 67]</span> -<b class="birdname">Sialia arctica</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROCKY MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythraca (Sialia) arctica</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 209, <abbr title="plate 39">pl. -xxxix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual Two">Man. II</abbr>, -1832, 573.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 224; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 64.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 11, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 67.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 478. (Texas, winter, very abundant.)—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 29. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia macroptera</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Stansbury’s <abbr title="Report">Rept.</abbr> 1852, 314 (larger race with longer wings).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Greenish azure-blue above and below, brightest above; the belly and under -tail-coverts white; the latter tinged with blue at the ends. Female showing blue only on -the rump, wings, and tail; a white ring round the eye; the lores and sometimes a narrow -front whitish; elsewhere replaced by brown. Length, 6.25; wing, 4.36; tail, 3.00. -(1875.)</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Male birds are streaked with white, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sialis</i>, on the characteristic ground -of the adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Central table-lands of North America, east to mouth of Yellowstone. One -individual collected at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Not common on the Pacific -slope; the only specimens received coming from Simiahmoo, Fort Crook, and San Diego. -Not recorded as found in Mexico. W. Arizona, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p>As already stated, the blue of this species is greener, more smalt-like -than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</i>. The females are distinguished from those of the other -species by the greener blue, entire absence of rufous, and longer wings.</p> - -<p>In autumn and winter the blue of the male is much soiled by amber-brown -edges to the feathers, this most conspicuous on the breast, where -the blue is sometimes almost concealed; the plumage of the female, too, at -this season is different from that of spring, the anterior lower parts being -soft isabella-color, much less grayish than in spring.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Bluebird belongs chiefly to the Central fauna, and occupies -a place in the Eastern only by its appearance on its borders. It was first -procured by Sir John Richardson, at Fort Franklin, in July, 1825. It is -abundant throughout the central table-lands of North America, between -the Pacific and the mouth of the Yellowstone, from Great Bear Lake to -the lower portions of California. In the latter State it is not common.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall met with this species in the early part of June, northwest of -Laramie Fork. The female uttered a low complaint when her nest was -approached. This was constructed in a hole in a clay cliff. Another was -found in the trunk of a decayed cedar. In one of these the young were -already hatched. The nest was composed of dried grasses, but in very insignificant -quantity. Mr. Nuttall found them much more shy than the common -species, and describes them as feeding in very nearly the same manner. -He afterwards found a nest of the same species in a cliff of the Sandy -River, a branch of the Colorado. Both parents were feeding their brood. -The female was very uneasy at his approach, chirping, and at intervals -uttering a plaintive cry. He states that the male bird has a more plaintive -<!--105.png--><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 68]</span> -and monotonous song than that of the common Bluebird, and that it has the -same warbling tone and manner. He afterwards observed the same species -in the winter, at Fort Vancouver, associating with the Western Bluebird.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse found the Arctic Bluebird quite common in the vicinity -of Santa Fé, in New Mexico, where they breed about the houses in boxes put -up for them by the inhabitants for the purpose.</p> - -<p>Mr. Townsend found this species in the vicinity of the Platte River, near -the Black Hills, and also on the banks of the Columbia. They confined -themselves to the fences in the neighborhood of settlements, occasionally -lighting upon the ground and scratching for minute insects. He describes -their song as a delightful warble. Its notes resemble those of the common -Bluebird, but are so different as to be easily recognized; they are equally -sweet and clear, but have much less power.</p> - -<p>Neither Dr. Gambel nor Dr. Heermann found this species in California -excepting during the winter, and were of the opinion that none remain there -to breed.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly observed them at different points among the Rocky Mountains, -where they frequented the vicinity of his camp early in the morning, -at some times in pairs and at others in flocks of four or five.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord states that he found this Bluebird very abundant between -the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains, where they arrive in June and leave -in September. After nesting they assembled in large flocks, and fed on the -open plains.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of a very light blue, paler than those of the other species. -They measure .89 of an inch in length by .66 in breadth.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway states that he found the Rocky Mountain Bluebird nesting -in Virginia City in June. Its nests were built about the old buildings, -and occasionally in the unused excavations about the mines. At Austin he -also found it common in July, in similar localities. On the East Humboldt -Mountains it was very numerous, especially on the more elevated portions, -where it nested among the rocks and, though more rarely, in the deserted -excavations of woodpeckers in the stunted piñon and cedar trees. He -describes it as generally very shy and difficult to obtain, seldom permitting -a very near approach. In its habits it is much less arboreal than either <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. -mexicana</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sialis</i>, always preferring the open mountain portions in the -higher ranges of the Great Basin.</p> - -<p>In regard to its notes Mr. Ridgway says: “The common note of this -species would, from its character, be at once recognized as that of a Bluebird. -Its autumnal note, however, lacks entirely the peculiar plaintiveness -so characteristic of that of our Eastern species, and is much more feeble, -consisting of a simple weak <i class="birdcall">chirp</i>. Like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. mexicana</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. arctica</i> -was also never heard to give utterance to anything resembling the lovely -spring warbling of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. sialis</i>.”</p> -</div><!--end family Saxicolidæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--106.png--><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 69]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">SYLVIIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Sylvias.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Bill much shorter than head, slender, broad, and depressed at the base, distinctly -notched and decurved at the tip. Culmen sharp-ridged at base. Frontal feathers reaching -to the nostrils, which are oval, with membrane above, and overhung—not concealed—by -a few bristles or by a feather. Rictal bristles extending beyond nostrils. Tarsi booted -or scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe attached its whole length externally, half-way -internally. Primaries ten; spurious primary about half the second, which is shorter than -the seventh. Lateral toes equal.</p> - -<p>The birds of this family are readily distinguished from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i> by the -slender bill, notched and decurved at tip; much bristled gape, sharp-ridged -culmen, exposed oval nostrils, less adherent toes, etc. They are much smaller -than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ</i>, with much more slender, depressed bill, -longer rictal bristles, etc. The short outer primary, with the primaries ten -in number, distinguish them from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>.</p> - -<p>The following synopsis will serve to characterize the American forms of -their respective subfamilies. The species are all among the most diminutive -in size with the exception of the Humming-Birds:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Wings longer than the nearly even and emarginate tail. Scutellæ of tarsus -scarcely or not at all appreciable. General color olivaceous above. No white on -tail.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Nostrils naked. Scutellæ distinct on inner face of tarsus only. Head -plain<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviinæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Nostrils overhung by bristly feathers. Scutellæ of tarsus not appreciable. -Head with a colored central crest<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulinæ.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Wings about equal to the graduated tail. Tarsal scutellæ distinct. Above -bluish; tail with white spots or patches.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Nostrils uncovered. Head plain; either bluish or black above<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptilinæ.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">SYLVIINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Size and form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolinæ</i>, but with a spurious first primary about one third -the second quill. Wings considerably longer than the nearly even or emarginate tail. -Feathers of frontal region with bristly points; but not covering the nostrils. Tarsi -scutellate anteriorly, but indistinct externally. (Characters drawn with reference to the -American form.)</p> - -<p>The introduction of this subfamily into the present work is required to -accommodate a species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste</i> collected on the Yukon by the Russian -Telegraph Expedition, the first known instance of the existence in North -America of a group of birds characteristic of the northern parts of the Old -World. Among the smallest of the class, they are eminently sociable, and -feed entirely on insects, which they capture mostly on the wing, like flycatchers. -<!--107.png--><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 70]</span> -The nest is placed on the ground, and is of an oval or spherical -form with a round opening on one side. The sexes are similar, and the -young differ very little from the parents.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PHYLLOPNEUSTE</b>, <span class="sc">Meyer & Wolf</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste</i>, <span class="sc">Meyer & Wolf</span>, Taschenbuch, -1822.—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><span class="sc">Degland</span> et <span class="sc">Gerbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie -Européenne">Ornith. Europ.</abbr></span> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1867, 543.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_107a.jpg" - width="250" height="137" - alt="Phyllopneuste borealis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste borealis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">45909</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill shorter than the head; straight, slender, and depressed, notched -at tip. Nostrils open. Tarsi lengthened; -exceeding the middle toe; scutellate anteriorly, -but with the plates indistinct, -claws short, much curved. Wings pointed, -longer than tail, and reaching at -least to its middle; spurious quill extending -farther than the upper covert. -Tail emarginate. Olivaceous above; -yellowish or whitish beneath.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_107b.jpg" - width="250" height="198" - alt="Phyllopneuste borealis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste borealis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>For the purpose of distinguishing this genus from any other North -American, it is enough to say that, of the -general appearance of the warblers, it has -a short spurious first primary, as in the -Thrushes, and some <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</i>. The single -species found as yet within our limits resembles -at first sight an immature <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -æstiva</i>, but is easily distinguished by the -wing formula, the yellowish stripe over the -eye, and the brown tail-feathers.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Phyllopneuste borealis</b>, <abbr title="Blasius"><span class="sc">Blas.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ALASKA WILLOW WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste borealis</i>, <abbr title="Blasius"><span -class="sc">Blas.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1862, 69. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste</i>, <abbr title="Kennicott"><span -class="sc">Kenn.</span></abbr>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Transcriptions Chicago Academy of Sciences One, two">Trans. -Chicago Acad. Sci. I, ii</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 313, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. xxx</abbr>, fig. 2, 1869.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(Description of specimen <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 45,909.) Plumage in August: above olive-green, -with a slight shade of brown on top of head, rather lighter behind; beneath white, -tinged with greenish-yellow; more olive on the throat and breast; and more yellow -behind, inside the wing and on thighs; axillars purer yellow. A well-marked greenish-yellow -line from nostrils over the eye to the nape (extending behind the eye nearly as -far as from eye to tip of bill), beneath this an olivaceous streak through the eye, running -into the mixed olive and yellowish of the cheeks. Quills and tail-feathers brown, edged -with olivaceous; the outer edges of primaries more yellowish than those of secondaries; -the greater coverts tipped externally with greenish-yellow, so as to form a distinct band -<!--108.png--><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 71]</span> -across the wing. Bill rather dark brown; paler beneath. Legs dark olive; toes not sensibly -different. Nest probably on ground, and domed. Eggs white, spotted with pink.</p> - -<p class="small">Spurious quill in length about one fourth the second, which about equals the sixth, or -very slightly exceeds it; third and fourth longest; fifth a little shorter.</p> - -<p class="small">Dimensions (fresh specimen before being skinned): total length, 4.75; expanse of -wings, 6.00; wing from carpal joint, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small">Dimensions (prepared specimen): total length, 4.60; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.00. Exposed -portion of first primary, 0.42; of second, 1.56; of longest (measured from exposed base -of first primary), 1.85. Bill: length from above, 0.38; from nostril, 0.29; along gape, -1.55. Legs: tarsus, 0.66; middle toe and claw, 0.55; claw alone, 0.16; hind toe and -claw, 0.36; claw alone, 0.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northeast Asia (China, East Siberia); adjacent to Behring’s Straits and Alaska.</p> - -<p>This species, in general appearance, apparently comes nearer to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. trochilus</i> -than to any other of its congeners. It is, however, more olivaceous-green -above, and more yellow beneath, and has a distinct band across the wing. -The superciliary light stripe is more distinct and longer; the bill and legs -are darker, and the toes not sensibly different in color from the tarsus. The -proportion of the quills is much the same, except that the interval between -the tips of the fifth and sixth quills is greater, and the second is almost inappreciably -longer than the latter, not reaching nearly midway between the -two. The first or spurious quill is rather shorter.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this species was obtained August 16, 1866, on <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Michael’s Island, in Norton Sound, Alaska, by Mr. Charles Pease. Mr. -Bannister met with no other specimen in that locality, and from this it is -inferred that this is not an abundant species there. It was described as a -new species under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. kennicottii</i> (Baird), but has been ascertained -by Mr. Tristram, to whom it was sent for examination, (Ibis, 1871, -p. 231,) to be identical with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. borcalis</i> of Blasius.</p> - -<p>Dr. Blasius also states (Naumannia, 1858, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 303) that a specimen of this -species has been obtained on the island of Heligoland, showing it to be also -an accidental visitant to Western Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Mr. R. Swinhoe, who describes this among the birds of Formosa -as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. sylvicultrix</i>, states it to be a summer visitant to Southern China, passing -in large numbers through Amoy in its autumnal migrations southeastward, -probably to the Philippine Islands, touching at Southwestern Formosa and -Twaiwanfoo, where he found them abundant. This was for a few days in -October, but he neither saw any before nor afterwards, nor did he meet with -any at Tamsuy (Ibis, 1863, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 307). The same writer (Ibis, 1860, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 53) -speaks of this bird as very abundant in Amoy during the months of April -and May, but passing farther north to breed.</p> - -<p>We have no information in reference to its habits, and nothing farther in -regard to its distribution. As it bears a very close resemblance to the Willow -Wren of Europe, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. trochilus</i>, it is quite probable that its general habits, -nest, and eggs will be found to correspond very closely with those of that -bird.</p> - -<p><!--109.png--><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 72]</span> -The European warblers of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste</i> are all insect-eating -birds, capturing their prey while on the wing, and also feeding on their -larvæ. They frequent the woodlands during their breeding-season, but at -all other times are much more familiar, keeping about dwellings and sheepfolds.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. trochilus</i> is a resident throughout the entire year in Southern -Europe and in Central Asia. That species builds at the foot of a bush on -the ground, and constructs a domed nest with the entrance on one side. -Their eggs are five in number, have a pinkish-white ground, and are spotted -with well-defined blotches of reddish-brown, measuring 0.65 by 0.50 inch, -and are of a rounded oval shape.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">REGULINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Wings longer than the emarginated tail. Tarsi booted, or without scutellar -divisions.</p> - -<p>This subfamily embraces but a single well-defined North American -genus.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">REGULUS</b>, <abbr title="Cuvier"><span class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><abbr title="Cuvier"><span -class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr> “Leçons <abbr title="d'anatomie comparée">d’Anat. Comp.</abbr></span> 1799, 1800.” (Type <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Motacilla regulus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguloides</i>, <span class="sc">Blyth.</span> 1847. (Type “<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">R. proregulus</i>, <abbr title="Pallas"><span class="sc">Pall.</span></abbr>” <span class="sc">Gray</span>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllobasileus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum One">Mus. Hein. I</abbr>, 1850, 33. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla calendula</i>, <abbr -title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corthylio</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Cabanis Journal für Ornithologie 1"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. Orn. I</abbr>, 1853, 83. (Same type.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_109.jpg" - width="250" height="181" - alt="Regulus satrapa" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus satrapa.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">28784.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, much shorter than the head, depressed at base, but becoming -rapidly compressed; moderately notched at tip. -Culmen straight to near the tip, then gently -curved. Commissure straight; gonys convex. -Rictus well provided with bristles; nostril covered -by a single bristly feather directed forwards -(not distinct in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</i>). Tarsi elongated, exceeding -considerably the middle toe, and without -scutellæ. Lateral toes about equal; hind toe with -the claw, longer than the middle one by about -half the claw. Claws all much curved. First -primary about one third as long as the longest; -second equal to fifth or sixth. Tail shorter than the wings, moderately forked, the feathers -acuminate. Colors olive-green above, whitish beneath. Size very small.</p> - -<p>We are unable to appreciate any such difference between the common -North American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguli</i> as to warrant Cabanis in establishing a separate -genus for the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</i>. The bristly feather over the nostril is perhaps less -compact and close, but it exists in a rudimentary condition.</p> - -<p><!--110.png--><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 73]</span> -The following synopsis will serve as diagnoses of the species:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indenthang">Head with entire cap in adult plain olivaceous, with a concealed patch of crimson. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America; south to Guatemala; -Greenland<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula.</i></p> - -<p class="indenthang">Head with forehead and line over the eye white, bordered inside by black, and -within this again is yellow, embracing an orange patch in the centre of the -crown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa.</i></p> - -<p class="indenthang">Head with forehead and line through the eye black, bordered inside by whitish, -and within this again by black, embracing an orange-red patch in the centre of -the crown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Banks of Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania<span class="lock"> … </span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cuvieri.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Regulus satrapa</b>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus satrapa</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 410.—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span> (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Lord</span> (Vancouver <abbr title="Island"> Isl.</abbr>).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1859, 227; Review, 65.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 212 (Orizaba).—<span class="sc">Bædeker</span>, <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal Four">Cab. Jour. IV</abbr>, 33, <abbr title="plate one">pl. i</abbr>, fig. 8 (eggs, from Labrador).—<abbr -title="Prinz von Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, -111.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. R. XII, -<span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 174 (winters in <abbr title="Western">W.</abbr> Territory).—<span -class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title ="Royal Artillery Institute Woolwich">R. Art. Inst. Wool.</abbr> 1864, 114 (nest?).—<span -class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 476 (Texas, winter).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 179.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 32. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia regulus</i>, <abbr -title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus cristatus</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">R. tricolor</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span -class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Two, plate 132"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. II, pl. -cxxxii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 183">Orn. -Biog. II, pl. clxxxiii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amerique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 106">II, pl. cvi.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above olive-green, brightest on the outer edges of the wing; tail-feathers -tinged with brownish-gray towards the head. Forehead, a line over the eye and a space -beneath it, white. Exterior of the crown before and laterally black, embracing a central -patch of orange-red, encircled by gamboge-yellow. A dusky space around the eye. -Wing-coverts with two yellowish-white bands, the posterior covering a similar band on -the quills, succeeded by a broad dusky one. Under parts dull whitish. Length under -4 inches; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.80. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the orange-red central patch. Young -birds without the colored crown.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America generally. On the west coast, not recorded south of Fort Crook. -Orizaba, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>; W. Arizona, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_110.jpg" - width="250" height="205" - alt="Regulus satrapa" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus satrapa.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Specimens of this bird from the far West -are much brighter and more olivaceous above; -the markings of the face are also somewhat -different in showing less dusky about the eye. -These may form a variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus cristatus</i> of Europe, a close ally -of our bird, is distinguished by having shorter -wings and longer bill; the flame-color of the -head is more extended, the black border is -almost wanting anteriorly. The back and rump, too, are more yellow.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Golden-crested Kinglet, or Wren, as it is often called, occurs -over nearly the whole of the North American continent. It is abundant -from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and throughout the British Provinces, where -<!--111.png--><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 74]</span> -it chiefly occurs in its breeding-season. In Massachusetts it is a winter -resident from October until May. In Maine it is met with in spring and -fall, chiefly as a migratory visitor; a few also remain, and probably breed, in -the dense <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thuja</i> swamps of that State. They are most abundant in April, -and again in October. In the vicinity of Calais the Golden-crest is a common -summer resident, and, without doubt, breeds there.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse mentions finding this species in abundance in New Mexico -and Texas, associated with Nuthatches and Titmice. Dr. Cooper found it -abundant in Washington Territory, particularly in the winter, and ascertained -positively that they breed there, by seeing them feeding their young near -Puget Sound, in the month of August. According to Mr. Ridgway it is -much less numerous in the Great Basin than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">R. calendula</i>.</p> - -<p>The food of this lively and attractive little bird during the summer months -is almost exclusively the smaller winged insects, which it industriously pursues -amid the highest tree-tops of the forest. At other seasons its habits -are more those of the titmice, necessity leading it to ransack the crevices of -the bark on the trunks and larger limbs of the forest-trees. It is an expert -fly-catcher, taking insects readily upon the wing.</p> - -<p>But little is known with certainty regarding its breeding-habits, and its -nest and eggs have not yet been described. The presumption, however, is -that it builds a pensile nest, not unlike the European congener, and lays -small eggs finely sprinkled with buff-colored dots on a white ground, and in -size nearly corresponding with those of our common Humming-Bird. We -must infer that it raises two broods in a season, from the fact that it spends -so long a period, from April to October, in its summer abode, and still more -because while Mr. Nuttall found them feeding their full-fledged young in -May, on the Columbia, Dr. Cooper, in the same locality, and Mr. Audubon, -in Labrador, observed them doing the same thing in the month of August.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of Mr. J. K. Lord, this species is very common -on Vancouver’s Island and along the entire boundary line separating -Washington Territory from British Columbia, where he met with them at an -altitude of six thousand feet. He states that they build a pensile nest suspended -from the extreme end of a pine branch, and that they lay from five -to seven eggs. These he does not describe.</p> - -<p>Most writers speak of this Kinglet as having no song, its only note -being a single chirp. But in this they are certainly greatly in error. Without -having so loud or so powerful a note as the Ruby-crown (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">R. calendula</i>), -for its song will admit of no comparison with the wonderful vocal powers -of that species, it yet has a quite distinctive and prolonged succession -of pleasing notes, which I have heard it pour forth in the midst of the -most inclement weather in February almost uninterruptedly, and for quite -an interval.</p> - -<p>Bischoff obtained a large number of this species at Kodiak, and also at -Sitka, where it seemed to replace the Ruby-crown.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--112.png--><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 75]</span> -<b class="birdname">Regulus cuvieri</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CUVIER’S KINGLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus cuvieri</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 288, <abbr title="plate 55">pl. lv</abbr>, etc.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1859, 228; <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. -Birds</abbr>, 66.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Size and general appearance probably that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">R. satrapa</i>. A black band on -the forehead passing back, through and behind the eye, separated by a grayish band from -another black band on the crown, which embraces in the centre of the crown an orange -patch. Length, 4.25 inches; extent of wings, 6.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -“Banks of Schuylkill River, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr> June, 1812.” <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p>This species continues to be unknown, except from the description of Mr. -Audubon, as quoted above. It appears to differ mainly from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">R. satrapa</i> in -having two black bands (not one) on the crown anteriorly, separated by a -whitish one; the extreme forehead being black instead of white, as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</i>. The specimen was killed in June, 1812, on the banks of the -Schuylkill River, in Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Regulus calendula</b>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla calendula</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 337. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus calendula</i>, <abbr -title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1823, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 408.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 226; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 66.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1857, 202.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1858, 300 (mountains of Oaxaca).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1859, 362 (Xalapa).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1864, 172 (City of <abbr -title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 178.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 33.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Twelve, two">P. R. R. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 174.—<span -class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland).—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 475 (Texas, winter). <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corthylio calendula</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Ornithology One"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. Orn. -I</abbr>, 1853, 83 (type of genus). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus rubineus</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr -title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 49, <abbr title="plate 104, 105">pl. civ, cv.</abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other figures: <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology -One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, <abbr title="plate five">pl. v</abbr>, fig. 3.—<span class="sc">Doughty</span>, <abbr -title="Cabinet Two, plate six">Cab. II, pl. vi.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 195">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cxcv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid Birds of America Two, plate -133"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds Am. II, pl. cxxxiii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above dark greenish-olive, passing into bright olive-green on the rump and -outer edges of the wings and tail. The under parts are grayish-white tinged with pale -olive-yellow, especially behind. A ring round the eye, two bands on the wing-coverts, -and the exterior of the inner tertials white. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Crown with a large concealed patch -of scarlet feathers, which are white at the base. Female and young without the red on -the crown. Length, 4.50; wing, 2.33; tail, 1.85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Greenland; whole of North America, and south to Guatemala. Oaxaca (high -region, November), <span class="sc">Sclater</span>. Xalapa and Guatemala, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p>This species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus</i> appears to lack the small feather which, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</i>, -overlies and conceals the nostrils, which was probably the reason with Cabanis -and Blyth for placing it in a different genus. There is no other very apparent -difference of form, however, although this furnishes a good character for distinguishing -between young specimens of the two species.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Much yet remains to be learned as to the general habits, the -<!--113.png--><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 76]</span> -nesting, and distribution during the breeding-season of the Ruby-crowned -Kinglet. It is found, at varying periods, in all parts of North America, -from Mexico to the shores of the Arctic seas, and from the Atlantic to the -Pacific; and, although its breeding-places are not known, its occurrence in -the more northern latitudes, from Maine to the extreme portions of the continent, -during the season of reproduction, indicate pretty certainly its extended -distribution throughout all the forests from the 44th parallel northward. -None of our American ornithologists are known to have met with either its -eggs or its nest, but we may reasonably infer that its nest is pensile, like -that of its European kindred, and from being suspended from the higher -branches, from its peculiar structure and position has thus far escaped -observation.</p> - -<p>In the New England States they are most abundant in the months of -October and April. A few probably remain in the thick evergreen woods -throughout the winter, and in the northern parts of Maine they are occasionally -found in the summer, and, without doubt, breed there. In the damp -swampy woods of the islands in the Bay of Fundy, the writer heard their -remarkable song resounding in all directions throughout the month of June.</p> - -<p>The song of this bird is by far the most remarkable of its specific peculiarities. -Its notes are clear, resonant, and high, and constitute a prolonged -series, varying from the lowest tones to the highest, terminating with the -latter. It may be heard at quite a distance, and in some respects bears -more resemblance to the song of the English Skylark than to that of the -Canary, to which Mr. Audubon compares it.</p> - -<p>Their food appears to be chiefly the smaller insects, in pursuit of which -they are very active, and at times appear to be so absorbed in their avocation -as to be unmindful of the near presence of the sportsman or collector, and -unwarned by the sound of the deadly gun. They are also said by Wilson -to feed upon the stamens of the blossoms of the maple, the apple, peach, and -other trees. Like the other species, they are expert insect-takers, catching -them readily on the wing. They are chiefly to be met with in the spring -among the tree-tops, where the insects they prefer abound among the -expanding buds. In the fall of the year, on their return, they are more -commonly met with among lower branches, and among bushes near the -ground.</p> - -<p>Although presumed to be chiefly resident, during the summer months, -of high northern regions, Wilson met with specimens in Pennsylvania -during the breeding-season; and it is quite probable that they may occur, -here and there, among the high valleys in the midst of mountain ranges, -in different parts of the country.</p> - -<p>In the winter it is most abundant in the Gulf States, and especially in -that of Louisiana. Dr. Woodhouse found it quite abundant throughout -Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian Territory. Dr. Cooper found it in -Washington Territory, but did not there meet with it in summer. Dr. -<!--114.png--><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 77]</span> -Suckley, however, regarded it as a transient visitor, rather than a winter resident -of that region, and far more abundant from about the 8th of April to -the 20th of May, when it seemed to be migrating, than at any other time.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly found these birds in abundance near Espia, Mexico, and -afterwards, during January, among the Aztec Mountains, and again, in -February, along the Bill Williams Fork. He describes them as lively, -active, and busy in the pursuit of their insect food. They seem to be -equally abundant at this season in California, Arizona, and Colorado.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found them common in June and July among the coniferous -woods high upon the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, and has no doubt that -they breed there.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall found this species abundant at Nulato, Alaska, in the spring -of 1868, preferring the thickets and alder-bushes away from the river-bank. -They appeared very courageous. A pair that seemed about to commence -building a nest in a small clump of bushes tore to pieces one half finished, -belonging to a pair of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus ferrugineus</i>, and, on the blackbirds’ -return, attacked the female and drove her away. This was early in June, -and Mr. Dall was compelled to leave without being able to witness the -sequel of the contest.</p> - -<p>A straggling specimen of this bird was taken in 1860 at Nenortatik, in -Greenland, and sent in the flesh to Copenhagen.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">POLIOPTILINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p>The characters of this subfamily will be found on <a href="#Page_69">page 69</a>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">POLIOPTILA</b>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Sclat.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical -Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1855, 11. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla cærulea</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_114.jpg" - width="250" height="195" - alt="Polioptila cærulea" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila cærulea.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">10213</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Bill slender, attenuated, but depressed at the base; nearly as long as the head, -distinctly notched at the tip, and provided with -moderate rictal bristles. Nostrils rather elongated, -not concealed, but anterior to the frontal feathers. -Tarsi longer than the middle toe, distinctly scutellate; -the toes small; the hinder one scarcely longer than -the lateral; its claw scarcely longer than the middle. -Outer lateral toe longer than the inner. First primary -about one third the longest; second equal to -the seventh. Tail a little longer than the wings, -moderately graduated; the feathers rounded. Nest -felted and covered with moss or lichens. Eggs greenish-white, -spotted with purplish-brown.</p> - -<p>The species all lead-color above; white beneath, and to a greater or less -<!--115.png--><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 78]</span> -extent on the exterior of the tail, the rest of which is black. Very diminutive -in size (but little over four inches long).</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname">Synopsis of Species.</b></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Top of head plumbeous.</i></p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Two outer tail-feathers entirely white. A narrow frontal line, extending back -over the eye, black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> North America<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cærulea.</i></p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Outer tail-feather, with the whole of the outer web (only), white. No black on -the forehead, but a stripe over the eye above one of whitish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arizona<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. plumbea.</i></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Top of head black.</i></p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Edge only of outer web of outer tail-feather white. Entire top of head from the -bill black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rio Grande and Gila<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanura.</i></p> - -<p>Species occur over the whole of America. One, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lembeyi</i>, is peculiar to -Cuba, and a close ally of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cærulea</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Polioptila cærulea</b>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Sclat.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER; EASTERN GNATCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 337 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla parva cærulea</i>, -<abbr title="Edwards"><span class="sc">Edw.</span></abbr> tab. 302). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Culicivora cærulea</i>, <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1855, 471 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr -title="Repertorium">Repert.</abbr> 1865, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila cærulea</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 11.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 380.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -74.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 231.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> -1, 35. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla cana</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 973. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Culicivora mexicana</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 316 (not of <span -class="sc">Cassin</span>), female. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363, 373.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Oiseaux Two, plate 88">Ois. II, pl. lxxxviii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two, plate 18">Am. Orn. II, pl. xviii</abbr>, fig. 3.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 84">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lxxxiv</abbr>; <span class="sc">Ib.</span> Birds <abbr title="America One, plate 70">Am. I, pl. lxx.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above grayish-blue, gradually becoming bright blue on the crown. A -narrow frontal band of black extending backwards over the eye. Under parts and lores -bluish-white tinged with lead-color on the sides. First and second tail-feathers white -except at the extreme base, which is black, the color extending obliquely forward on -the inner web; third and fourth black, with white tip, very slight on the latter; fifth and -sixth entirely black. Upper tail-coverts blackish-plumbeous. Quills edged externally -with pale bluish-gray, which is much broader and nearly white on the tertials. Female -without any black on the head. Length, 4.30; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.25. (Skin.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle region of United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guatemala; -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Cuba, <span class="sc">Gundlach</span> and <span class="sc">Bryant</span>. Bahamas, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Blue-gray Flycatcher is a common species from the Atlantic -to the Pacific coast, although not met with in the New England States. It -is less abundant on the coast than at a distance from it, and has a more -northern range in the interior, being met with in Northern Ohio, Michigan, -and the British Provinces. Specimens occur in the Smithsonian Institution -collection from New York to Mexico and Guatemala, and from Washington -Territory to California.</p> - -<p>They appear in Pennsylvania early in May, and remain there until the -last of September. They are observed in Florida and Georgia early in -<!--116.png--><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 79]</span> -March, but are not known to winter in that latitude. All the specimens -in the Smithsonian collection were obtained between April and October, -except one from Southern California, which was taken in December.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_116.jpg" - width="250" height="262" - alt="Polioptila cærulea" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila cærulea.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Near Washington, Dr. Coues states the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher to be a -summer resident, arriving during the first week of April, and remaining -until the latter part of September, during which -time they are very abundant. They are said -to breed in high open woods, and, on their first -arrival, to frequent tall trees on the sides of -streams and in orchards.</p> - -<p>In California and Arizona this species occurs, -but is, to some extent, replaced by a smaller -species, peculiarly western, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanura</i>. There -they seem to keep more about low bushes, hunting -minute insects in small companies or in -pairs, and their habits are hardly distinguishable -from those of Warblers in most respects.</p> - -<p>The food of this species is chiefly small winged insects and their larvæ. -It is an expert insect-catcher, taking its prey on the wing with great -celerity. All its movements are very rapid, the bird seeming to be constantly -in motion as if ever in quest of insects, moving from one part of -the tree to the other, but generally preferring the upper branches.</p> - -<p>Nuttall and Audubon, copying Wilson, speak of the nest of this Gnatcatcher -as a very frail receptacle for its eggs, and as hardly strong enough to -bear the weight of the parent bird. This, however, all my observations -attest to be not the fact. The nest is, on the contrary, very elaborately and -carefully constructed; large for the size of the bird, remarkably deep, and -with thick, warm walls composed of soft and downy materials, but abundantly -strong for its builder, who is one of our smallest birds both in size -and in weight. Like the nests of the Wood Pewee and the Humming-Bird, -they are models of architectural beauty and ingenious design. With walls -made of a soft felted material, they are deep and purse-like. They are not -pensile, but are woven to small upright twigs, usually near the tree-top, and -sway with each breeze, but the depth of the cavity and its small diameter -prevent the eggs from rolling out. Externally the nest is covered with a -beautiful periphery of gray lichens, assimilating it to the bark of the deciduous -trees in which it is constructed.</p> - -<p>Occasionally these nests have been found at the height of ten feet from -the ground, but they are more frequently built at a much greater elevation, -even to the height of fifty feet or more. They are made in the shape -of a truncated cone, three inches in diameter at the base and but two at the -top, and three and a half inches in height. The diameter of the opening -is an inch and a half. In Northern Georgia they nest about the middle -of May, and are so abundant that the late Dr. Gerhardt would often find -<!--117.png--><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 80]</span> -not less than five in a single day, and very rarely were any of them less -than sixty feet from the ground. Dr. Gerhardt, who was an accurate and -careful observer, speaks of these as the best built nests he had met with in -this country, both in regard to strength and its ingeniously contrived aperture, -so narrowed at the top that it is impossible for the eggs to roll out even -in the severest wind. They have two broods in the season in the Southern -States, one in April and again in July.</p> - -<p>This Flycatcher lays usually five eggs. These are of a short oval form, -somewhat pointed at one end and rounded at the other, and measure .56 -of an inch in length by .44 in breadth. Their ground-color is a greenish-white, -marked and dotted with small blotches and spots of varying and -blending shades of reddish-brown, lilac, and slate.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Polioptila plumbea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEAD-COLORED GNATCATCHER; ARIZONA GNATCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila plumbea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Seven">Pr. A. N. Sc. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 118.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 382, <abbr title="plate 33">pl. xxxiii</abbr>, fig. -1; Review, 74.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 37.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above bluish-gray; the forehead uniform with the crown. Eyelids white. -A pale grayish-white line over the eye, above which is another of black, much concealed -by the feathers, and which does not reach to the bill. Lower parts dull white, tinged with -bluish on the sides and with brownish behind. Tail-feathers black; the first and second -edged and tipped with white, involving the entire outer web of the first, and most of -that of the second; the third with only a very faint edging of the same. Female duller, -without the black superciliary line. Length, 4.40; wing, 1.80; tail, 2.30 (7,189).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Arizona.</p> - -<p>This species differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cærulea</i>, in having the ash above less bluish, -especially on the forehead; the black superciliary streak is only a horizontal -bar, not reaching the bill, whereas in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</i> it not only reaches the bill, -but also extends across the forehead; the light superciliary stripe is more -distinct. The tail is entirely different, the lateral feathers being almost -entirely black, instead of the reverse.</p> - -<p>From immature specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanura</i> it may be distinguished by -larger size and purer white lower parts, and greater amount of white on -outer webs of lateral tail-feathers.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> But little is known in regard to the distribution or history of -this species. It appears to be peculiar to Arizona and Mexico. There is no -good reason to suppose that it differs materially in any of its habits from -the other species of this genus. Dr. Cooper, who observed this species at -Fort Mojave, states that it is a winter resident of that region in small -numbers; and, so far as he observed, is undistinguishable either in habit or -general appearance from either of the other species which at that season -are also found there. Its cry of alarm resembles that of the common wren.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--118.png--><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 81]</span> -<b class="birdname">Polioptila melanura</b>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-CAPPED GNATCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Culicivora atricapilla</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New -York Lyceum Five, September">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, Sept.</abbr> 1851, 124 (not of <span class="sc">Swainson</span>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Culicivora mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1854, 164, -<abbr title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr> (not of <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Polioptila melanura</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Six, December">Ann. N. Y. -Lyc. VI, Dec.</abbr> 1856, 168.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 382; Review, -68.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report volume Ten">P. R. R. R. vol. X</abbr> -(Williamson), 1859, 39.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 37.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above plumbeous-blue. Whole crown, to bill and eyes, with tail, lustrous -blue-black. Beneath pale bluish-gray, almost white on chin and anal region; the flanks -and crissum tinged with brown. Edge of eyelids, and margin and tip of outer web of -first and second lateral tail-feathers, white. Female and young without the black of the -crown. Length, 4.15; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -San Diego to Fort Yuma and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Arizona, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this species from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas differ from those of San -Diego described in the <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes">P. R. R.</abbr> Report (7,191) in having the whole of the -outer web of the outer tail-feather white, and in a rather larger white tip. -The colors beneath are a little less ashy, though not of a pure white. The -ash of the back is rather lighter and purer. The lores are rather lighter. -The first primary is a little larger and broader.</p> - -<p>It is possible that the restriction of the white of the outer web of the -exterior tail-feather to the outer half only is an unusual circumstance, as -both Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence, in their descriptions, speak of the entire -outer web being white,—the second feather being of the former character. -Under these circumstances there will be little specific difference between -the tails of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanura</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</i>. The female birds will then be -separated by the light superciliary line and much shorter tarsi of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -plumbea</i>,—the latter measuring .63 instead of nearly .70 of an inch.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first noticed as belonging to the North -American fauna by Captain McCown, who obtained it near Ringgold Barracks -in 1850. It has since been noticed at Fort Yuma and at San Diego, -and obtained in greater abundance at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. It is also found in -Mexico. Dr. Cooper says that it is common all winter both at San Diego -and at Fort Mohave. It has been traced as far north as latitude 30<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> in the -Sierra Nevada. Its song he describes as a harsh ditty of five parts, something -like a wren’s song, with notes like those of a swallow, and also closely -resembling the song of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli</i>. Their scolding note is a faint mew, like -that of a cat.</p> - -<p>The habits of this species appear to be not unlike those of the peculiar -family to which it belongs. All its members are among our smallest birds, -are almost exclusively inhabitants of woods, and resemble the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguli</i> in -their restless activity in pursuit of the smallest insects on which they feed. -This bird is described as particularly active, quick in its movements, searching -<!--119.png--><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 82]</span> -with great activity for its food, and preferring low trees and bushes. -At times it will dart about in the air in pursuit of small insects.</p> - -<p>Mr. John Xantus found these birds to be quite abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, -and obtained several of their nests. They were generally built among the -interlacing tendrils of a wild vine (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antigonon leptopus</i>), and so closely interwoven -with the smaller branches as to be inseparable. The nests, like those -of all this family, are structures of great beauty and delicacy. They have a -height and an external diameter of about 2¼ inches. The cavity is 1½ inches -wide at the rim, and fully two inches deep. This great proportionate depth -of the nest seems to be characteristic of this genus. The external portion of -this nest is composed of a composite blending of various vegetable materials, -fine hempen fibres of plants, strips of delicate bark from smaller shrubs, -silken fragments of cocoons and downy cotton-like substance, all very -closely impacted and felted together, somewhat after the manner of the -Humming-Bird. The whole is very softly and warmly lined with a beautifully -interwoven and silky fabric composed of the soft down of various -plants.</p> - -<p>The walls of the nest, though of the softest materials, are so thick and -so firmly impacted as to make it a structure remarkably firm and secure -against accidents.</p> - -<p>The eggs, four in number, measure .55 of an inch in length by .45 in -breadth. They are of an oblong-oval shape, their ground-color is a pale -greenish-white sprinkled over the entire surface with fine dottings of purple, -reddish-brown, and black.</p> - -</div><!--end family Sylviidæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--120.png--><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 83]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">CHAMÆADÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Ground-Tits.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Bill compressed, short, rather conical, not notched nor decurved. Culmen -sharp-ridged. Nostrils linear, with an incumbent scale. Rictal bristles reaching beyond -nostrils, which are scantily overhung by bristly feathers. Loral feathers bristly and -directed forwards. Tarsi booted, or covered with a continuous plate anteriorly, with -faint indications of scutellæ on the inner side. Basal joint of middle toe attached for -about half its length on either side. Primaries ten; sixth quill longest. Plumage very lax.</p> - - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_120a.jpg" - width="250" height="137" - alt="Chamæa fasciata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">5924</b></p> -</div> - -<p>We have found it impossible to assign the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa</i> to any recognized -family of American birds, and have accordingly been obliged to give it -independent rank in this respect, -although it may properly -belong to some Old -World group with which we -are not acquainted. In its -general appearance it approaches -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i> in loose -plumage, bristly lores, want -of notch to bill, etc.; but -differs in the very much -bristled rictus, sharp-ridged -culmen, linear nostrils, booted tarsi, less amount of adhesion of the toes, etc. -It approaches the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviidæ</i> in the -sharp-ridged culmen and bristly gape, -but is otherwise very different. The -excessively rounded wing is a peculiar -feature, the sixth primary being -the longest.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_120b.jpg" - width="250" height="259" - alt="Title or description" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The family may, perhaps, be best -placed between the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviidæ</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i>.</p> - -<p>This family has but one representative -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata</i>), and this confined -to the coast region of California. -The characters of the genus are those -of the family.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CHAMÆA</b>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of -Natural Sciences Philadelphia Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. III</abbr>, 1847, 154. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus -fasciatus</i>.)</p> - -<p>But one species of this genus has as yet been described.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--121.png--><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 84]</span> -<b class="birdname">Chamæa fasciata</b>, <abbr title="Gambel"><span class="sc">Gamb.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GROUND-TIT; WREN-TIT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus fasciatus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences August">Pr. A. N. Sc. Aug.</abbr> 1845, 265 (California). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata</i>, <span -class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. N. Sc. III</abbr>, 1847, 154.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> <abbr -title="second series, One">2d series, I</abbr>, 1847, 34, <abbr title="plate 8">pl. viii</abbr>, fig. 3.—<span -class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Wiegmann’s <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv</span>, 1848, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 102.—<span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1853, 39, <abbr title="plate seven">pl. -vii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 370.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Review, 76.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 39.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings scarcely two thirds the length of the tail; both very much graduated. -Upper and outer parts generally (including the whole tail) olivaceous-brown, -tinged with gray on the head; beneath pale brownish-cinnamon, with obsolete streaks -of dusky on the throat and breast. Sides and under tail-coverts tinged with olive-brown. -Lores and a spot above the eye obscurely whitish. Tail-feathers with obsolete transverse -bars. Total length, 6.20; wing, 2.30; tail, 3.50, graduation, 1.20; exposed portion of -first primary, .85, of second, 1.30, of longest, sixth (measured from exposed base of first -primary), 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .52, from nostril, .30; along gape, .60; -tarsus, 1.05; middle toe and claw, .78; claw alone, .23; hind toe and claw, .55; claw -alone, .30. Eggs light blue, unspotted; nest on low bushes.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast region of California.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This very interesting species, which seems to combine within -itself the principal characteristics of the Wren and the Titmouse, was first -described by the late Dr. Gambel of Philadelphia. So far as is now known, -it is confined to the coast country of California, from Fort Tejon to the shore -and from San Diego to the Sacramento. Dr. Gambel’s attention was first -directed to it by the continued sound of a loud, crepitant, grating scold which -he was constantly hearing in fields of dead mustard-stalks and other similar -places. He at last discovered it to be this species, which from its peculiar -habits he called a Wren-tit. It kept close to the ground, was difficult to be -seen, and eluded pursuit by diving into the thickest bunches of weeds, uttering, -when approached, its peculiar grating wren-like notes. When quietly -watched it could be seen to search for insects, climbing twigs and dry stalks -sideways, jerking its long tail, or holding it erect in the manner of a wren, -which, in this position, it very much resembles. He describes it as at times -uttering a slow, monotonous singing note like a chick-a-dee, represented by -<i class="birdcall">pee-pee-pee-peep</i>. At other times its song is a varied succession of whistling. -In spring it was heard, in pairs, calling and answering, in a less solemn -strain, and in a manner not unlike a sparrow, with a brief <i class="birdcall">pit-pit-pit</i>, ending -with a prolonged trill. If disturbed, they at once resumed their usual scolding -cries.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bell found this species chiefly frequenting damp places, and speaks -of it as of pert habit, and not easily frightened. Its white iris, when observed -in its native retreats, makes it easily recognized. This feature is as -conspicuous in this bird as it is in the White-eyed Vireo. Its skin is remarkably -strong, the muscles of the thighs powerful and well developed, -and its whole muscular system exhibits an unusual strength and firmness.</p> - -<p><!--122.png--><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 85]</span> -Dr. Cooper’s observations in regard to this bird are a little different in -some respects. He found it common everywhere west of the Sierra Nevada -on dry plains and hillsides, among the shrubby undergrowth, but not in the -forests. Instead of preferring damp places, he found it living where there is -no water, except occasional fogs, for six or eight months at a time. Their -movements can be observed by patient watching and keeping perfectly -quiet, when they seem attracted by curiosity to such a degree as to approach -one within a few feet, and fearlessly hop round him as if fascinated.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found their nests near San Diego built about three feet from -the ground in low shrubs. They were composed of straw and twigs mixed -with feathers and firmly interwoven. The cavity, about two inches wide -and an inch and three fourths deep, is lined with grass and hair. The eggs, -three or four in number, are of a pale greenish-blue, and measure .70 by .52 -of an inch.</p> - -</div><!--end family Chamæadæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--123.png--><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 86]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">PARIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Titmice.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Bill generally short, conical, not notched nor decurved at tip. Culmen broad -and rounded, not sharp-ridged at base. Nostrils rounded, basal, and concealed by dense -bristles or bristly feathers. Loral feathers rough and bristly, directed forwards. Tarsi -distinctly scutellate; basal joints of anterior toes abbreviated, that of middle toe united -about equally for three fourths its length to the lateral: in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parinæ</i> forming a kind of palm -for grasping; outer lateral toe decidedly longer than the inner. Primaries ten, the first -much shorter than the second. Tail-feathers with soft tips. Nest in holes of trees; eggs -white, spotted with reddish.</p> - -<p>With Cabanis we include the Nuthatches in the same family with the -Titmice, and have prepared the above diagnosis to embrace both groups. -They agree in having a conical bill, not notched nor decurved, with much -rounded culmen, and nearly straight commissure, and rounded nostrils covered -with dense bristles. These characters will readily distinguish them, in -connection with the ten primaries, and tarsi with scutellæ on the anterior -half only (as compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i>), from any other American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i>.</p> - -<p>The two subfamilies may be thus distinguished:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="hanging"><b class="birdname">Parinæ.</b> Body compressed. Bill shorter than the head. Wings rounded, equal to or -shorter than the rounded tail. Second quill as short as the tenth. Tarsus longer than -the middle toe and claw, which are about equal to the hinder; soles of toes widened -into a palm. Plumage rather soft and lax.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><b class="birdname">Sittinæ.</b> Body depressed. Bill about equal to or longer than the head. Wings much -pointed, much longer than the nearly even tail. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe -and claw, which are about equal to the hinder. Plumage more compact.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">PARINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p>The characters of the subfamily will be found sufficiently detailed above. -The genera are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="center small"><i class="subset">Bill with curved outlines.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Head with a long pointed crest. Wings and tail rounded.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Body full and large. Tail about equal to wings<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Head with feathers full, but not crested. Wings and tail rounded.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Body full. Tail about equal to wings; rounded<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Body slender. Tail much longer than wings; much graduated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus.</i></p> - -<p class="center small"><i class="subset">Bill with outlines nearly straight.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Head with compact feathers. Wings pointed.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Body slender. Tail rather shorter than the wings; nearly even<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus.</i></p> - -<!--124.png--><!--Color plate 6--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_6.jpg" - width="500" height="783" - alt="Color plate 6" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-1" name="pl_6-1"></a><img src="images/pl_6-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 1, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes bicolor</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, 29679.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-2" name="pl_6-2"></a><img src="images/pl_6-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 2, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes atricristatus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cassin">Cass.</abbr> <abbr title="Texas">Tex.</abbr>, 12107.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-3" name="pl_6-3"></a><img src="images/pl_6-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 4, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes inornatus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cassin">Cass.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 37051.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-4" name="pl_6-4"></a><img src="images/pl_6-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 4, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes wollweberi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 40742.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-5" name="pl_6-5"></a><img src="images/pl_6-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 5, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila cærulea</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Sclater">Scl.</abbr> <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, 10213.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-6" name="pl_6-6"></a><img src="images/pl_6-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 6, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila plumbea</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 11541.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-7" name="pl_6-7"></a><img src="images/pl_6-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 7, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila melanura</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Lawrence">Lawr.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 7191.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_6-8" name="pl_6-8"></a><img src="images/pl_6-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 6 detail 8, " - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gambel">Gamb.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5924.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--125.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">LOPHOFHANES</b>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Entwickelungsgeschichte der europäischen Thierwelt">Entw. Gesch. Europ. Thierwelt</abbr>, 1829. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Parus cristatus</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bæolophus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 91. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><!--126.png--><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 87]</span> -<abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Crown with a conspicuous crest. Bill conical; both upper and lower -outlines convex. Wings graduated; first quill very short. Tail moderately long and -rounded. Nests in hollow trees; eggs white with fine red dottings.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_126.jpg" - width="250" height="188" - alt="Lophophanes bicolor" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes bicolor.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">823</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p>Of this genus there are several North American species, all agreeing in -general characters. One of these, -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. wollweberi</i>, is given by Cabanis -as typical, while he separates -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. bicolor</i> generically -under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bæolophus</i>, -as having a rather different form -of crest, stouter bill and feet, and -longer wings. All of our species, -however, vary in these characters, -each one showing a different -combination, so that we prefer to -consider all as belonging to the -same genus with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cristatus</i>.</p> - -<p>The species, all of which have the under parts uniform whitish, may be -arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">L. bicolor.</b> Above plumbeous; forehead black; crown much like the back. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province United States.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">L. atricristatus.</b> Above plumbeous; forehead whitish; crown black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> East -Mexico, north to Rio Grande.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">L. inornatus.</b> Above olivaceous; forehead and crown like the back. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South of -Middle and Western Provinces of United States.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">L. wollweberi.</b> Sides of head banded black and white; crown ash; throat black. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> <abbr title="South">S.</abbr> Rocky Mountains of United States; Mexico to Oaxaca.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Lophophanes bicolor</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TUFTED TITMOUSE; BLACK-FRONTED TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition One">ed. I</abbr>, 1766, 340 (based on <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Parus cristatus</i>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="One, plate 57">I, pl. lvii</abbr>).—<abbr -title="Prinz Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 118. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List Birds Europe, -1842.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 384; Review, 78.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 14, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 87. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Bæolophus bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum One">Mus. -Hein. I</abbr>, 1850, 91 (type of genus). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes missouriensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 384 (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> from Missouri River).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One, plate 8">Am. Orn. I, pl. -viii</abbr>, fig. 5.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate -301">Orn. Biog. I, pl. ccci</abbr>; <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate -125">Am. II, pl. cxxv.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above ashy; a black frontal band. Beneath dull whitish; sides brownish-chestnut, -of more or less intensity. Length, 6.25 inches; wing, 3.17.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States, from Missouri Valley eastward.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_127.jpg" - width="250" height="186" - alt="Lophophanes inornatus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes inornatus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Feathers of the crown elongated into a flattened crest, which extends back -as far as the occiput. Bill conical; lower edge of upper mandible nearly -straight at the base. Fourth and fifth quills equal; third a little shorter -<!--127.png--><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 88]</span> -than seventh; second rather shorter than the secondaries. Tail nearly even, -the outer about .20 of an inch shorter than the longest. Upper parts -ash-color, with a tinge of olivaceous. Forehead dark sooty-brown. The -feathers of the upper part of the head -and crest obscurely streaked with lighter -brown. Under parts of head and body, -sides of head, including auriculars, and a -narrow space above the eye, dirty yellowish-white, -tinged with brown; purest on -the side of head, the white very distinct -in the loral region, and including the tuft -of bristly feathers over the nostrils, excepting -the tips of those in contact with -the bill, which are blackish. The sides of the body and the under tail-coverts -are tinged with yellowish-brown. The quills and tail-feathers are -edged with the color of the back, without any whitish. Bill black. Feet -lead-color.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the West are larger, the colors all more strongly -marked.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Tufted Titmouse is a common and well-known species in -the Southern States, from the seaboard to the Rocky Mountains. Its northern -limits are in Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Kansas. Farther north than -this its occurrence appears to be only occasional and accidental. The statement -of Mr. Audubon that they are found in the Northern States, even to -Nova Scotia, was evidently a mistake. They do not occur in Massachusetts, -nor, so far as I am aware, have they been met with in any part of New -England.</p> - -<p>They are abundant in Northern Georgia, where, according to the observations -of Dr. Gerhardt, they are among the first birds to breed, having -fledglings fully grown as early as the first of May. Dr. Woodhouse found -them very common in the Indian Territory, but none of the other exploring -parties met with it farther west, where it is replaced by its kindred -species.</p> - -<p>It is perhaps the most abundant bird in Southern Illinois, where it is resident, -being excessively numerous in winter, and in that season often a positive -nuisance from their impertinent vehement scolding as they appear to -follow the hunter in troops through the woods. In winter it is a constant -inhabitant of the door-yards and shrubbery, particularly fruit-trees in the -towns, where it is associated with the Carolina Chickadee (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus carolinensis</i>) -and other winter birds, but exceeding them all in familiarity and -boldness. (Ridgway.)</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, who never met with this bird north of Pennsylvania, found -it very common in the winter and spring in the Southern States, where it -displayed all the habits and uttered the usual notes of the family. In the -<!--128.png--><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 89]</span> -dreariest solitudes of the Southern States these birds were his constant and -amusing companions. Their sprightly movements and their varied musical -talents made it even more peculiarly interesting at a time when all the other -tenants of the forest were silent. The notes of this bird, which, when expressed -by this writer on paper, seem only quaint and eccentric articulations, -were characterized by him as lively, cheering, and varied, delivered with a -delicacy, energy, pathos, and variety of expression to which it was far beyond -the power of description to do justice.</p> - -<p>These notes, at times, even partook of the high-echoing and clear tones -of the Oriole. The usual song of this Titmouse is presented by Mr. Nuttall -by the following characteristics: “<i class="birdcall">Whip-tom-killy-killy-dāy-dāy-dā-it-tshica-dēē-dee</i>,” -varied with “<i class="birdcall">Kāī-tee-did-did-did</i>,” etc., etc. Later in the season, -under the milder influences of spring, these Titmice pursued the insects from -branch to branch, calling restlessly and with loud and echoing voices, <i class="birdcall">peto-peto-peto</i>, -with frequent quaint variations too numerous to be repeated. -Their song even consisted of successions of playful, pathetic, or querulous -calls, never exhibiting any trills after the manner of the Warblers, yet the -compass and tones of their voice, their capricious variety, and their general -effect are described as quite as pleasing as the more exquisite notes of our -summer songsters.</p> - -<p>When wounded this Titmouse resists with great spirit any attempt to take -him alive, but soon becomes tame and familiar in confinement, subsisting on -seeds, broken nuts, etc. Impatient of restraint, it incessantly attempts to -work its way out of its cage.</p> - -<p>The general habits of these birds correspond closely with those of the large -family to which they belong. They move usually in small flocks of from -five to ten through the branches of trees and bushes in quest of insects, -examine the cracks and crevices of the bark, hang on the under side of small -branches, move sideways around the trunks of trees, probe the openings in -acorns, pine-cones, nuts, etc., for its food, and retain apparently the family -group until the spring, when they separate into pairs.</p> - -<p>One of these birds kept in confinement by Dr. Bachman of Charleston -was in the habit of hiding its food in the corner of its cage, in a small -crevice, and of creeping at night into a small box, where it lay doubled up -like a ball till the first light of the morning, when it resumed its restless -habits.</p> - -<p>The Tufted Titmouse passes its nights and days, when the weather is inclement, -in the hollows of decayed trees or the deserted holes of the woodpeckers. -In such places it also builds its nests. It has been known to excavate -a hole for itself even in hard sound wood. Its nest is simply a rude -lining of the selected cavity, composed of various soft and warm materials. -In this are deposited from six to eight eggs. But a single brood is raised in -a season. The young birds, as soon as they are fledged, hunt in company -with their parents, and remain associated with them until the following -<!--129.png--><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 90]</span> -spring. The eggs of this bird have a length of .75 of an inch and a breadth -of .56. They are of a rounded oval in shape, and are thickly sprinkled -with fine rust-colored dots, intermingled with a few larger markings of lilac, -on a white ground.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Lophophanes atricristatus</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-TUFTED TITMOUSE; TEXAS TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricristatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. V</abbr>, 1850, 103, <abbr title="plate two">pl. ii</abbr> (Texas). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes atricristatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Ill.</abbr> Birds -Texas, etc. <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1853, 13, <abbr title="plate three">pl. iii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 385; Review, 78.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> -1, 43.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Crest very long and pointed (1.25 inches). Above ash-colored. A broad -band on the forehead dirty white, rest of head above, with crest, black, tinged with ash -on the sides. Color of the back shading insensibly into the dull ashy-white of the under -parts. Sides of body pale brownish-chestnut. Female with the crest duller black. Iris -dark brown. Length, about 5.25 inches; wing, 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of Rio Grande, south, into Mexico. San Antonio. Texas. Vera Cruz, -<span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p>This species is not rare in Texas, where it has been noticed as far east as -San Antonio.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as known, the Black-crested Titmouse is restricted in its -distribution to the valley of the Rio Grande, including portions of Mexico -and Western Texas. It was first met with in the latter State by John W. -Audubon, and described by Mr. Cassin in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia -Academy.</p> - -<p>In its general appearance and in all its habits it is mentioned as having -so close a resemblance to the common Tufted Titmouse as to be hardly distinguishable -from that bird. Dr. Woodhouse met with this species near San -Antonio, Texas, in March, 1851. While his party was encamped on the Rio -Salado he observed these birds busily engaged in capturing insects among -the trees on the banks of the stream. Like all the members of this family, -it was incessantly in motion and very noisy. Later in the season, on the -8th of May, the same party, when encamped on the Quihi, again found this -species very abundant among the oaks. The young males, then fully grown, -closely resembled the adult females, both wanting the black crest that distinguishes -the mature male. He afterward noticed this species occurring at -intervals along his route as far as the head waters of the Rio San Francisco -in New Mexico. He observed it almost exclusively among the trees that -bordered streams of water. The females and the young males invariably had -crests of the same cinereous color as their general plumage, but in the latter -slightly tinged with brown. They occurred in small parties, were very lively -and sociable in their habits, and in their general appearance and even in -their notes so very closely resembled the Eastern species as, at a short distance, -to be hardly distinguishable from it.</p> - -<p><!--130.png--><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 91]</span> -Dr. Heermann, in his report on the birds of Lieutenant Parke’s survey, -mentions having first observed this species near Fort Clarke, in Texas, where -it was very abundant. He describes it as sprightly and active in its movements, -searching with great assiduity for insects in the crevices of the bark -and among the branches of trees. While thus engaged it keeps up a chattering -note, varied with an occasional low and plaintive whistle. Its habits -appeared to him to resemble most those of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</i>. -Dr. Heermann states that it builds its nest in the hollow of trees, and that -it lays from twelve to sixteen eggs. He does not, however, say that he -ever met with its eggs, nor does he give any description of them. The nest, -he states, is composed of fine dry grasses, feathers, wool, mosses, etc.</p> - -<p>General Couch’s description of this species and its habits is very similar. -He observed it in the province of New Leon, in Mexico, where he found it -very abundant along the San Juan into the Sierra Madre. He describes it -as a very lively bird, with a very perfect whistle of a single note.</p> - -<p>Mr. Henry A. Dresser sought very diligently for its nest and eggs near -San Antonio and Houston, in Texas, where he found the bird very common, -and where he was sure many pairs remained to breed, but its nest was very -hard to find, and the birds very wary. He succeeded in finding one nest, -in a hollow tree, near the head springs of the San Antonio River, but it -contained young. The nest he does not describe, nor does he mention the -number of young it contained.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Lophophanes inornatus</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GRAY-TUFTED TITMOUSE; CALIFORNIA TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus inornatus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia August">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. Aug.</abbr> 1845, 265 (Upper California).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> new <abbr title="series One">ser. I</abbr>, -1847, 35, <abbr title="plate seven">pl. vii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes inornatus</i>, <span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Ill.</abbr> 1853, 19.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 386; Review, 78.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> -1861, 14, <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> 88.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One, plate -three">Illust. I, pl. iii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 42.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Crest elongated. Color above olivaceous-ashy, beneath whitish. Sides of -body and under tail-coverts very faintly tinged with brownish, scarcely appreciable. -Sides of head scarcely different from the crown. Forehead obscurely whitish. Length, -5 inches; wing, 2.55.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific; Western Nevada -(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). W. Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>).</p> - -<p>The bill and feet of this species are lead-color. The third, fourth, and -fifth quills are longest; the third and eighth about equal; the second is -shorter than the shortest primaries. The lateral tail-feathers are a little -shorter than the others.</p> - -<p>A specimen from Fort Thorn has the crest longer than in other specimens -before me, measuring 1.35 inches from base of bill to its tip. This may be a -characteristic of the male, the sexes being otherwise alike.</p> - -<p><!--131.png--><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 92]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Gray Titmouse belongs essentially to the Pacific coast, -coming eastward only as far as the banks of the Rio Grande in Texas. It -was first discovered and described by Dr. Gambel, in his Birds of California. -It has since been met with not only throughout California, but also in all -the southern portions of the Rocky Mountains, in New Mexico, and from -Mimbres to the Rio Grande.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse met with this species in the San Francisco Mountains, -near the Little Colorado River, New Mexico. He found it very abundant, -feeding among the tall pines in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta pygmæa</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. aculeata</i>, -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus montanus</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel first noticed this species near Monterey on the 20th of November. -It was flitting actively about among the evergreen oaks of that -vicinity in company with large flocks of several kindred species. They -were all in restless activity, searching every branch for insects. As well -as he could distinguish its notes among those of the busy throng in the -midst of which he observed it, they appeared to resemble very closely those -of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. atricapillus</i>. Upon his following it up, it would utter a -loud scolding outcry, erect its high and pointed crest, and appear as angry -as possible at the intrusion. He found it very common, frequenting tall -bushes in small flocks, searching branches of low trees, uttering weak and -slender cries, resembling the syllables <i class="birdcall">tsēē dāy-dāy</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found it one of the most common of the birds of California, -where it is resident throughout the year. He describes their notes as -possessing an almost endless variety, so much so that he was repeatedly -prompted to follow it as a new species. He met with a nest of this bird in -a deserted woodpecker’s hole, which contained young.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper has met with this species in February near San Diego, but -not on the Colorado. They seem to prefer the evergreen-oak groves toward -the middle of the State, but are not found in the higher Sierra Nevada. -They are residents throughout the year in the evergreen oaks near San -Francisco. He adds that they are seen in small parties, scattered about -the trees, and calling to each other with a variety of sweet and loud notes, -some of which are said to equal those of our best singers. It also has -certain powers of imitation like the Eastern crested species and the same -cry of <i class="birdcall">pēto-pēto</i>.</p> - -<p>It feeds on acorns as well as insects, and often goes to the ground in search -of them. It cracks the acorns with its bill, and hammers at bark and decayed -wood with the industry of a woodpecker.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this species among the pines of the eastern slope -of the Sierra Nevada, but nowhere in abundance. Among the cedars it was -almost the only bird seen. He describes its manners as greatly resembling -those of the other species. Its notes, though differing from those of the -Eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. bicolor</i>, being weaker and less distinct, retain its vehement and -characteristic manner of utterance.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--132.png--><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 93]</span> -<b class="birdname">Lophophanes wollweberi</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WOLLWEBER’S TITMOUSE; STRIPED-HEADED TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes wollweberi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Comptes Rendus 31">C. R. XXXI</abbr>, <abbr -title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1850, 478.—<span class="sc">Westermann</span>, <span lang="nl" xml:lang="nl"><abbr -title="Bijdragen tot de">Bijdr.</abbr> Dierkunde</span>, <abbr title="three">III</abbr>, 1851, 15, plate.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 386, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>, fig. 1; -Review, 79.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 299 (Oaxaca, high -lands).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 14, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 89.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 43. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Parus annexus</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five, October">Pr. -A. N. Sc. V, Oct.</abbr> 1850, 103, <abbr title="plate one">pl. i.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes galeatus</i>, <span -class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 90.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Central portion of crest ash, encircled by black, commencing as a frontal -band, and passing over the eye. Chin, throat, and a line from behind the eye and curving -round the auriculars to the throat (bordered behind by white), as also some occipital -feathers, black. A white line from above the eye margining the crest, with the cheeks -below the eye and under parts generally white. A black half-collar on the nape. Upper -parts of body ashy. Length, about 4.50; wing, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern Rocky Mountains of United States, and along table-lands through -Mexico, to Oaxaca (high regions, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>). Orizaba (Alpine regions, <abbr title="Sumichrast"><span class="sc">Sum.</span></abbr>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Wollweber’s Titmouse, so far as its distribution is known, is -a bird of Western Texas, the high table-lands of Mexico, and of the whole -of New Mexico. It was described by Bonaparte and by Cassin nearly simultaneously, -in 1850. It bears a very close resemblance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes -cristatus</i> of Europe.</p> - -<p>Although comparatively nothing is known in reference to the specific habits -of this species, they may be very readily inferred from those of the other -members of this genus, whose characteristics are all so well marked and so -uniform. Dr. Kennerly is the only one of our naturalists who has mentioned -meeting the species in its living form. In his Report upon the Birds -of Lieutenant Whipple’s Survey he states that he found it in the thick bushes -along the Pueblo Creek. Wherever noticed it was constantly in motion, -hopping from twig to twig in search of its food. He also found it among -the pines of the Aztec Mountains. No mention is made of its nest or eggs, -and its nidification remains to be ascertained.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PARUS</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1735. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. major</i>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Head not crested. Body and head full. Tail moderately long, and slightly -rounded. Bill conical, not very stout; the upper and under outlines very gently and -slightly convex. Tarsus but little longer than middle toe. Head and neck generally black -or brown, with sides white. Nest in holes. Eggs white, sprinkled with red.</p> - -<p>In the group, as defined above, are embraced several genera of modern -systematists. The true black-capped American Titmice belong to the section -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile</i> of Kaup, and exhibit but three well-marked forms; one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. montanus</i>, -with a white stripe over the eye; one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, without it, with black -<!--133.png--><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 94]</span> -head; and one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</i>, also without it, and with brown head. The -species may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="center small">1. <i class="subset">Head and neck, above and beneath, black; their sides white.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> A broad white stripe above the eye, meeting across forehead.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">P. montanus.</b> Edges of wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail scarcely -paler than general tint above. Beneath ashy-whitish, medially. Wing, -2.85; tail, 2.50; bill (along culmen), .50; tarsus, .69; middle toe, .43; -wing-formula, 4 = 5, 3 = 6, 7, 2; graduation of tail, .18. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mountain -regions of Middle and Western United States.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> No white stripe above the eye.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail as long as, or longer than, wing. conspicuous white edgings to -wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">P. atricapillus.</b></p> - -<p class="indent2">Dorsal region yellowish-cinereous, wings and tail purer ash; sides light -ochraceous. White edgings of tail-feathers <em>not</em> margining their ends. -Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.60; bill, .40; tarsus, .62; middle toe, .36; wing-formula, -4, 5, 6, 3, 7, 8, 2 = 9; graduation of tail, .30. (12,851 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>: -Brooklyn, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, north of -about 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr><span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Dorsal region and sides with scarcely a perceptible yellowish tinge; -white edgings of tail-feathers passing around their ends. Beneath -whitish. Wing, 2.75; tail, 2.80; culmen, .35; tarsus, .65; middle toe, -.40; wing-formula, 5, 4 = 6, 3 = 7, 8, 2 = 9; graduation of tail, -.50. (3704 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>? Salt Lake City, Utah.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Region of Missouri River -and Rocky Mountains<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Colors as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, but much darker. Beneath more ochraceous. -Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.50; culmen, .40; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .40; wing-formula, -4th, 5th, and 6th equal, 3 = 7, 2 = 10; graduation of tail, .25. -(6762 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>? Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province -of North America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail shorter than wing; no conspicuous white edgings to wings and tail.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">P. meridionalis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_27" id="fnanchor_27"></a><a href="#footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></span> Beneath ashy (nearly dark as upper surface), -whitish medially. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.20; culmen, .40; tarsus, .63; -middle toe, .40; wing-formula, 4, 5, 6, 3 = 7, 2 = 10; graduation of -tail, .10. (10,203, Mexico.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">P. carolinensis.</b> Beneath pale soiled ochraceous-whitish, scarcely -lighter medially. Wing, 2.55; tail, 2.30; culmen, .35; tarsus, .53; -middle toe, .38; wing-formula, 5, 4, 6, 7, 3, 8, 2 = 9; graduation -of tail, .10. (706 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Washington, D. C.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of -United States, south of about 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="center small">2. <i class="subset">Head and neck, above and beneath, brown, the throat darkest; their sides white.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">C.</b> Back, scapulars, rump, and sides rusty-chestnut.</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname">P. rufescens.</b> Side of neck pure white. Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.00; -tarsus, .61; middle toe, .40. Tail scarcely graduated. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific -coast of North America.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">D.</b> Back, etc., grayish or ochraceous brown.</p> - -<p class="indent2">6. <b class="birdname">P. hudsonicus.</b> Side of neck grayish. Back, etc., smoky-gray. -<!--134.png--><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 95]</span> -Sides dark rusty-brown. Wing, 2.45; tail, 2.45; tarsus, .62; middle -toe, .35; graduation of tail, .30. (17,101, Halifax, <abbr title="Nova Scotia">N. S.</abbr>) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arctic -America; south to northern boundary of the United States (except to -westward).</p> - -<p class="indent2">7. <b class="birdname">P. sibiricus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_28" id="fnanchor_28"></a><a href="#footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></span> Side of neck white. Back, etc., rusty ochraceous-gray. -Sides rusty ochraceous. Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.80; tarsus, .66; -middle toe, .36; graduation of tail, .30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parus montanus</b>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE: WHITE-BROWED CHICKADEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus montanus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. S. Phila.</abbr> April, 1843, 259; <abbr title="Journal Academy Natural Sciences -second">Journ. A. N. Sc. 2d</abbr> Series, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847, 35, <abbr title="plate 8, figure">pl. viii, f.</abbr> -1.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds of North America">B. N. A.</abbr> 1858, 394; Review <abbr title="American -Birds One">Am. B. I</abbr>, 1864, 82.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 46.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head and neck above, with under part of head and throat, glossy black; -forehead, stripe above the eye and band below it, involving the auriculars, white. These -stripes embracing between them a black band through the eye and confluent with the black -of the head. Above ashy; beneath similar, but paler; the upper part of breast and middle -line of belly white. Length about 5 inches; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mountain region of Middle and Western United States.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_134.jpg" - width="250" height="200" - alt="Parus atricapillus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">12851</b></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Mountain Chickadee was first met with by Dr. Gambel in -journeying westward from Santa Fé, in New Mexico, and from thence was -found in all the ranges of the Rocky -Mountains nearly to California. Its -notes and habits are said to closely -resemble those of the common Chickadee, -but weaker and more varied. It -keeps more in low bushes, where it -moves from branch to branch with -untiring activity, searching each minutely -for small insects. It also frequently -descends to the ground to -pick up small seeds. While thus occupied -it will occasionally stop, look -round, and, uttering a slender <i class="birdcall">te-de-de</i>, and then its usual note, <i class="birdcall">to-de-de-dait</i>, -will fly to another bush.</p> - -<p>On the Rio Colorado they kept chiefly among the cotton-wood trees that -grew along its banks, and its familiar notes were almost the only sounds -heard. They were observed in large and busy flocks along the smaller -streams in company with the Least Tit and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguli</i>. Dr. Gambel did -not find them, however, so abundant on the California sides of the ridge, -where other species took their place.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this Titmouse abundant among the mountains surrounding -<!--135.png--><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 96]</span> -the Volcano in the southern mines, and subsequently met with -them on the summit of the Tejon Pass. He thinks their notes and habits -very similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>. Dr. Suckley obtained a single -specimen at Fort Dalles, but regarded it as extremely rare in that locality. -Dr. Woodhouse found it quite abundant -in the San Francisco Mountains of New -Mexico, where it was feeding among the -tall pines in company with kindred -species.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_135.jpg" - width="250" height="212" - alt="Parus montanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus montanus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this species in -great abundance among the pines on -the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada -Mountains, as well as in all the extensive -cedar-groves on the mountains to -the eastward. Around Carson City this -species was found throughout the winter. -In its manners and notes, particularly the latter, it was hardly distinguishable -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. carolinensis</i>. The notes are described as louder and more -distinct, though their calls in spring are rather less clearly articulated.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parus atricapillus</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">EASTERN CHICKADEE; BLACK-CAPPED TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 341 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus canadensis</i>, -<span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 553, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="tableau 29">tab. xxix</abbr>, fig. 1).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 390; Review, 80.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 13, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 80.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 182. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile atricapilla</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 230. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus palustris</i>, <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 79.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figured by <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, etc.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second quill as long as the secondaries. Tail very slightly rounded; lateral -feathers about .10 shorter than middle. Back brownish-ashy. Top of head and throat -black, sides of head between them white. Beneath whitish; brownish-white on the sides. -Sides of outer tail-feathers, some of primaries, and secondaries conspicuously margined -with white. Length, 5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America, north of 39th parallel.</p> - -<p>In this species the first quill is spurious; the fourth quill is longest; the -fifth and sixth successively a little shorter; the third is about equal to, or a -little shorter than, the eighth; the second is a very little longer than the -secondaries. The tail is a little rounded, the innermost feather longest, the -rest successively a little shorter. The greatest difference in length of tail-feathers -amounts to .30 of an inch.</p> - -<!--136.png--><!--Plate 7--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_7.jpg" - width="500" height="822" - alt="Color plate 7" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-1" name="pl_7-1"></a><img src="images/pl_7-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 1, Parus atricapillus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="New">N.</abbr> York, 12851.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-2" name="pl_7-2"></a><img src="images/pl_7-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 2, Parus variation septentrionalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</span> <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, - <i class="name">Harris</i>. Mission Valley.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-3" name="pl_7-3"></a><img src="images/pl_7-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 3, Parus variation occidentalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</span> <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. Washington Territory.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-4" name="pl_7-4"></a><img src="images/pl_7-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 4, Parus carolinensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus carolinensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 706.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-5" name="pl_7-5"></a><img src="images/pl_7-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 5, Parus montanus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus montanus</span>, - <i class="name">Gambel</i>. Nevada, 53456.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-6" name="pl_7-6"></a><img src="images/pl_7-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 6, Parus rufescens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus rufescens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Townsend">Towns.</abbr> Pacific coast, 45946.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-7" name="pl_7-7"></a><img src="images/pl_7-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 7, Parus hudsonicus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus hudsonicus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Forster">Forst.</abbr> <abbr title="Nova">N.</abbr> Scotia.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-8" name="pl_7-8"></a><img src="images/pl_7-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 8, Psaltriparus melanotis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus melanotis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> Mexico.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-9" name="pl_7-9"></a><img src="images/pl_7-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 9, Psaltriparus minimus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus minimus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Townsend">Towns.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 22417.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-10" name="pl_7-10"></a><img src="images/pl_7-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 10, Psaltriparus variation plumbeus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus</span> <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. Arizona.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_7-11" name="pl_7-11"></a><img src="images/pl_7-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 7 detail 11, Auriparus flaviceps" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus flaviceps</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Sundevall">Sund.</abbr>  42210.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p>The entire crown, from the bill to the upper part of the back, coming -down on the sides to the lower level of the eye, is pure black, although the -edge alone of the lower eyelid is of this color. A second black patch begins -<!--137.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--138.png--><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 97]</span> -at the lower mandible and occupies the entire under surface of the head and -throat, but not extending as far back within a quarter of an inch as that on -the upper part of the neck. The space between these two patches, on the -sides of the head and neck, is white, this color extending along the black of -the back of the neck as far as its truncated extremity, but not bordering it -behind. The middle of the breast and belly, as far as the vent, is dull -white, that immediately behind the black of the throat a little clearer. The -sides of the breast and body under the wings, with the under tail-coverts, -are pale, dull brownish-white. The back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are -of a dirty bluish-ash, washed with yellowish-brown, especially on the rump. -The wings are brown; the outer edges of the third to the seventh primaries -narrowly edged with whitish; the innermost secondaries more broadly and -conspicuously edged with the same; larger coverts edged with dirty whitish. -Outer webs of tail-feathers edged with white, purest and occupying half the -web in the external one, narrowing and less clear to the central feathers, the -basal portions, especially, assuming more the color of the back.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Chickadee or Black-capped Titmouse is so well -known throughout the greater portion of the United States as to be generally -accepted, by common consent, as the typical representative of its -numerous family. Until recently it has been supposed to be universally -distributed over the continent, and while this is now questioned, it is not -quite clear where its limits occur. In Eastern Maine the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus hudsonicus</i> -and this species meet. In the District of Columbia it crosses the northern -limits of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. carolinensis</i>, and in the northern Mississippi Valley it mingles -with the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</i>. It remains to be ascertained how far the -species exceeds these bounds.</p> - -<p>A few individuals of this species were observed by Mr. Dall, December -12, at Nulato, where, however, it was not common. They were also obtained -by Bischoff at Sitka and Kodiak.</p> - -<p>As in very many essential respects the whole family of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i> are alike -in their characteristics of habits, their manner of collecting food, their restless, -uneasy movements, the similarity of their cries, their residence in hollow -trees or branches, and their nesting in similar places, with the exception -only of a few species that construct their own pouch-like nests, we have -taken the best known as the common point of comparison. Except in the -variations in plumage, the points of difference are never great or very -noticeable.</p> - -<p>In New England the Black-Cap is one of our most common and familiar -birds. In the vicinity of Calais, Mr. Boardman speaks of it as resident and -abundant. The writer did not meet with it in Nova Scotia, nor even in the -islands of the Bay of Fundy, where the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</i> is a common bird.</p> - -<p>It is a resident species, nesting early in May, and having full-fledged nestlings -early in June. While it seems to prefer the edges of woods as best -affording the means of food and shelter, it by no means confines itself to -<!--139.png--><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 98]</span> -these localities, not only appearing familiarly around the dwellings in the -winter season, but also occasionally breeding in open and exposed places. -A hollow post of a fence in the midst of open cultivated fields, a decayed -stump near the side of a public highway, a hollow log in a frequented farmyard, -and even the side of an inhabited dwelling, are localities these birds -have been known to select in which to rear their young. In the winter -they not unfrequently extend their visits, in search of food, into the very -heart of large and crowded cities, where they seem as much at home and as -free from alarm as in the seclusion of the forest, searching every crack where -insect larvæ or eggs can be hid. On one occasion a pair had built its nest -over a covered well which connects with the dwelling by a side door, through -which water was drawn at all hours of the day by means of buckets and a -rope, the wheel for which was in close proximity to their nest. They manifested, -however, no uneasiness, and even after the young were ready to fly, -the whole family would return to the place for shelter at night and during -inclement weather.</p> - -<p>Their courage and devotion to their young is a remarkable trait with the -whole race, and with none more than with the present species. On one -occasion a Black-Cap was seen to fly into a rotten stump near the roadside -in Brookline. The stump was so much decayed that its top was readily -broken off and the nest exposed. The mother refused to leave until forcibly -taken off by the hand, and twice returned to the nest when thus removed, -and it was only by holding her in the hand that an opportunity was given -to ascertain there were seven young birds in her nest. She made no complaints, -uttered no outcries, but resolutely and devotedly thrust herself between -her nestlings and the seeming danger. When released she immediately -flew back to them, covered them under her sheltering wings, and looked -up in the face of her tormentors with a quiet and resolute courage that could -not be surpassed.</p> - -<p>The nest of the Chickadee is usually a warm and soft felted mass of the -hair and fur of the smaller quadrupeds, downy feathers, fine dry grasses and -mosses, lining the cavity in which it is placed and contracting it into a deep -and purse-like opening if the cavity be larger than is necessary. Usually the -site selected is already in existence, and only enlarged or altered to suit the -wishes of the pair. But not unfrequently, at some pains, they will excavate -an opening for themselves, not only in decaying wood, but even into -limbs or trunks that are entirely sound.</p> - -<p>These birds in winter collect around the camps of the log-cutters, become -very tame, and seek on all occasions to share with their occupants their food, -often soliciting their portion with plaintive tones. Though nearly omnivorous -in the matter of food, they prefer insects to everything else, and -the amount of good conferred by them on the farmers and the owners of -woodlands in the destruction of insects in all their forms—egg, caterpillar, -larva, or imago—must be very great. No chrysalis is too large to resist -<!--140.png--><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 99]</span> -their penetrating bill, and no eggs so well hidden that they cannot find them -out. I have known one to attack and fly off with the chrysalis of a “Woolly-bear” -or salt-marsh caterpillar (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucarctia acræa</i>). When thus foraging for -their food they seem totally unconscious of the near presence of man, and -unmindful of what is passing around them, so intent are they upon the -object of their pursuit.</p> - -<p>The notes of the Chickadee exhibit a great variety of sounds and combinations. -As they roam through the country in small flocks in quest of food, -their refrain is a continued and lively succession of varying notes sounding -like a quaint chant. When annoyed by any intrusion, their cry is louder -and harsher. They are rarely thus disturbed by the presence of man, and -even when their nest is approached by him they present only a passive and -silent resistance. Not so when a cat or a squirrel is observed in unwelcome -vicinity. These are pursued with great and noisy pertinacity and hoarse -cries of <i class="birdcall">dāy, dāy, dāy</i>, in which they are often joined by others of the same -species.</p> - -<p>So far as we have observed them, they are apparently affectionate, gentle, -and loving to each other. We utterly discredit the accusation that they -will treacherously beat out the brains of feeble birds of their own race. It -is unsupported by testimony, and in the instance cited by Wilson he gives -no evidence that this injury may not have been done by some other species, -and not by one of its own kindred.</p> - -<p>Their nest is usually near the ground, and the number of eggs rarely -if ever exceeds eight. They are said to have two broods in the season, -but this statement seems to be contradicted by their continued presence -after June in small flocks, evidently the parents and their first and only -brood, who apparently remain together nine or ten months.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species vary somewhat in regard to the distribution and -number of the reddish-brown markings with which their white ground is -more or less sprinkled. In some they are chiefly gathered in a ring about -the larger end; in others they are distributed over the entire egg. Their -eggs are smaller and a little less spherical in shape than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</i>, -averaging .58 by .47 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parus atricapillus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">septentrionalis</b>, <span class="sc">Harris</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus septentrionalis</i>, <span class="sc">Harris</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Two">Pr. A. N. Sc. II</abbr>, 1845, 300.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations -One I">Illust.</abbr>, 1853, 17, 80, <abbr title="14">pl. xiv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 389; Review, 79.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 14, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus septentrionalis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">albescens</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr -title="37">xxxvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Parus atricapillus</i>, <abbr title="Prinz von Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. -Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 119.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Length about 5.50 inches; wing, 2.70; tail about 3 inches. Head above -and below black, separated by white on the sides of the head; back brownish-ash. Beneath -<!--141.png--><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 100]</span> -white, tinged with pale brownish-white on the sides. Outer tail-feathers, primaries, -and secondaries broadly edged with white, involving nearly the whole outer web of outer -tail-feather. Tail much graduated; the outer feather about .50 of an inch shorter than -the middle. Second quill about as long as the secondaries.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Region of Missouri River to Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p>This race is very similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. atricapillus</i>, but differs from it -somewhat as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i> does from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>. Its size is much greater; -the tail proportionally longer, and much more graduated; the white of -wing and tail purer and more extended. The bill appears to be stouter -and more conical. The back has, perhaps, a little more yellowish. The -spurious or first primary is larger.</p> - -<p>It will be a difficult matter to retain this as a species distinct from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, in view of the insensible gradation from one form to the other; -and it may be looked upon, with scarcely a doubt, as simply a long-tailed -Western variety of the common species. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. occidentalis</i>, and, probably, even -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. carolinensis</i>, may even fall under the same category, their peculiarities -of color and size being precisely such as would <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">a priori</i> be expected from -their geographical distribution.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Long-tailed Titmouse appears to have an extended distribution -between the Mississippi Valley and the Rocky Mountains, from Texas -into the British Possessions, specimens having been received from Fort -Simpson and Lake Winnipeg. Among the notes of the late Robert Kennicott -is one dated Lake Winnipeg, June 6, mentioning the dissection of a -female of this species found to contain a full-sized egg. A memorandum -made by Mr. Ross, dated at Fort William, May 15, speaks of this bird -as abundant at Fort Simpson, from August until November, the last having -been seen November 10. One was shot, June 2, on Winnipeg River, “a -female, who was about to lay her egg.”</p> - -<p>In regard to its distinct individual history but little is as yet known. It -was discovered and first described by the late Edward Harris, of New Jersey, -who accompanied Mr. Audubon in his expedition to the upper branches of -the Missouri River, and who obtained this bird on the Yellowstone, about -thirty miles above its junction with the Missouri, on the 26th of July. He -describes its notes as similar to those of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, but less -harsh and querulous, and more liquid in their utterance. Subsequently -specimens were obtained by Mr. Kern, artist to the exploring expedition -under Fremont in 1846.</p> - -<p>It is the largest species of this genus in America. In its breeding-habits -it is not different from the Eastern representatives. Mr. B. F. Goss found -this species breeding abundantly at Neosho Falls, in Kansas. They nest in -decayed stumps, hollow trees, branches, logs, etc., after the manner of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>. The excavation is usually ten or twelve inches, and even -more, in depth. The nest is warmly made of a loose soft felt composed of -the fur and fine hair of small quadrupeds, feathers, and the finer mosses.</p> - -<p><!--142.png--><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 101]</span> -The eggs, usually five, occasionally eight, in number, are of a rounded -oval shape, measuring .60 by .50 of an inch. They have a pure dull-white -ground, and the entire egg is very uniformly and pretty thickly covered -with fine markings and small blotches of red and reddish-brown intermingled -with a few dots of purplish.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parus atricapillus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">occidentalis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN CHICKADEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus occidentalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 391 (<abbr title="Western">W.</abbr> Territory); Review, 81.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 14, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 82.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr -title="Illustrations 1, plate 8">Illust. 1, pl. viii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> -1, 45.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tarsi lengthened. Tail graduated; outer feather about .25 of an inch shorter -than the middle. Above dark brownish-ash; head and neck above and below black, separated -on the sides by white; beneath light, dirty, rusty yellowish-brown, scarcely whiter -along the middle of body. Tail and wings not quite so much edged with whitish as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -atricapillus</i>. Length about 4.75; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northwest coast region of the United States.</p> - -<p>This race is of the same size as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. atricapillus</i>, and resembles it in its -markings; the ashy of the back is, however, washed with a darker shade -of yellowish-brown. The brown of the under parts is so much darker as to -cause the predominant color there to be a pale yellowish-brown, instead -of brownish-white. The fourth quill is longest; the fifth and sixth a little -shorter than the third; the second is about as long as the secondaries. The -tail is rounded, rather more so than in most <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, the difference in the -lengths of the feathers amounting to about .25 of an inch. The amount -of light margining to the quills and tail-feathers is much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, -but rather less, perhaps, on the tail.</p> - -<p>This seems to be the Pacific coast representative of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. atricapillus</i>, -as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</i> belongs to the middle region, corresponding in its differences -with other Western representatives of Eastern species.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Cooper, in his Birds of Washington Territory, says of -this variety: “The common Black-capped Chickadee, so abundant in the -Eastern States, is, in Washington Territory, represented by the Western -Titmouse, frequenting the low thickets and trees, where it is always busily -employed seeking food.” He observed its nest near Puget Sound, burrowed -in soft rotten wood. Dr. Suckley found it quite abundant in the valley of -the Willamette, and also at Fort Vancouver during winter. In habits it -closely resembles the Black-Cap of the Eastern States.</p> - -<p>It is chiefly found in Oregon and Washington Territory, visiting the -northern part of California in winter, when it is also abundant near the -Columbia River. At this season it is generally found among the deciduous -trees along streams and oak groves, seeking its food among the branches. -It feeds on seeds and insects, and is very fond of fresh meat, fat, and crumbs -<!--143.png--><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 102]</span> -of bread. They migrate but little, remaining at the Columbia River even -when the ground is covered with snow. The eggs are as yet unknown, but -without doubt they closely resemble those of the Eastern species.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parus carolinensis</b>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SOUTHERN CHICKADEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 474, <abbr title="plate 160">pl. clx.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 152, <abbr title="plate 127">pl. -cxxvii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 392; Review, 81.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 13, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 81. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Pœcile carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 230.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second quill appreciably longer than secondaries. Tail very little rounded. -Length about 4.50 inches; wing less than 2.50; tail, 2.40. Back brownish-ash. Head -above, and throat, black, separated on sides of head by white. Beneath white; brownish-white -on sides. Outer tail-feathers, primaries, and secondaries, not edged with white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -South Atlantic and gulf region of United States, north to Washington, D. C., -Texas and the Mississippi Valley; north to Central Illinois; the only species in the -southern portion of the latter State.</p> - -<p>This species is, in general, rather smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. atricapillus</i>, although -the tail and wing appear to be of much the same size. The body and feet -are, however, smaller, and the extent of wing is three quarters of an inch -less. The bill is apparently shorter and stouter.</p> - -<p>The primaries are proportionally and absolutely considerably longer than -the secondaries in the present species, the difference being .55 of an inch, -instead of .45. The tail is rather more rounded, the feathers narrower.</p> - -<p>The tail is considerably shorter than the wing, instead of longer; the -black of the throat extends much farther back, is more dense and more -sharply defined behind, than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>. Taking into view these differences, -and others of color, we feel justified in retaining this as a species -distinct from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, and, in fact, having <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</i> as its nearest -relative (see Synoptical Table). Both this species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i> are found -together in the Middle States, each preserving its characteristics.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> South of the once famous line of Mason and Dixon this smaller -counterpart of the Chickadee seems to entirely replace it, although in New -Jersey and Pennsylvania, and occasionally even as far to the north as New -York City, the two occur together. Its range is presumed to be all the -States south of the Potomac and the Ohio, as far to the west as the Rio -Grande. It was probably this species, and not the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, which was -met with by Dr. Woodhouse in the Indian Territory. Without much doubt -it breeds in all the States south of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>In Southern Illinois, as far north in the Wabash Valley as the mouth of -White River, this is the only species, unless the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. atricapillus</i> occasionally -occurs in winter. Specimens from this region are undistinguishable from -those taken in Georgia and the extreme Southern States, and do not present -the peculiar features of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. atricapillus</i>. It is a very abundant species, -<!--144.png--><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 103]</span> -and resident, being in winter one of the most common, as well as one of -the most familiar birds, inhabiting <em>all</em> localities, giving preference neither -to swampy woods nor to door-yards, for it is as often seen in one place as -another. It is never gregarious, though many may often be seen or heard at -the same moment. It begins incubation early in April, generally selecting -the wild plum and red-bud trees in the woods. This species very often -constructs its own nesting-places, and the soft wood of these trees is very -easily excavated. The excavation is generally made in a horizontal dead -limb, with the opening on the under side; this is neat and regular, and as -elaborate as those of any of the woodpeckers. Sometimes, however, a -natural cavity is selected, frequently in a prostrate stump or “snag.” The -nest is almost always a very elaborate structure, being a strong compact cup -or bed of “felt,” whose main material is rabbit-fur and cow-hair.</p> - -<p>In its habits it seems to resemble more closely the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. palustris</i> of Europe -than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, being generally found only in the immediate vicinity -of ponds and deep, marshy, moist woods. It is also rarely found other -than singly or in pairs, the parent birds, unlike most of this family, separating -from their young soon after the latter are able to provide for themselves. -It rarely or never moves in flocks.</p> - -<p>Their notes are said to be less sonorous and less frequent than those of our -Black-capped Titmouse. In the winter a portion retire from the coast in -South Carolina into the interior of the State and into Florida, where Mr. -Audubon found them, in the winter of 1831 and 1832, much more abundant -than he had ever seen them elsewhere. He found them breeding as -early as February, occasionally in the nests deserted by the Brown-headed -Nuthatch. A nest obtained by Dr. Bachman from a hollow stump, about -four feet from the ground, was in form cup-shaped, measuring two inches -internally in diameter at the mouth, and three externally, with a depth -of two inches. It was constructed of cotton, fine wool, a few fibres of -plants, and so elaborately felted together as to be of uniform thickness -throughout.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon was in error in regard to the eggs, which he describes as -pure white. Their ground-color is of pure crystalline whiteness, but they -are freely and boldly marked all over with deep reddish-brown and red spots. -These, so far as we have compared the eggs, are larger, more numerous, and -more deeply marked than are any eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i> we have ever met -with.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of the late Dr. Alexander Gerhardt of -Whitfield County, Georgia, these birds usually breed in holes that have -been previously dug out by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus pubescens</i>, or in decaying stumps not -more than five or six feet from the ground. He never met with its nest in -living trees. The eggs are from five to seven in number, and are usually -deposited in Georgia from the 10th to the last of April.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are slightly larger than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, -<!--145.png--><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 104]</span> -and the reddish-brown blotches with which they are profusely covered are -much more distinctly marked. They are of a spheroidal oval in shape, -have a pure white ground, very uniformly and generally sprinkled with -blotches of a reddish-brown. They measure .60 by .50 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parus rufescens</b>, <abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus rufescens</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven, two">J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1837, 190.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 371, <abbr -title="plate 353">pl. cccliii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America">Am.</abbr> 1841, -158, <abbr title="plate 129">pl. cxxix.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 394; Review, 83.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. -R. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 194 (nesting).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 14, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 86.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 47. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile -rufescens</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 230.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Whole head and neck above, and throat from bill to upper part of breast, -sooty blackish-brown. Sides of head and neck, upper part of breast, and middle of body, -white; back and sides dark brownish-chestnut. Length, 4.75 inches; wing, 2.36; tail, -2.16.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western United States, near Pacific coast.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Chestnut-backed Titmouse was first obtained by Townsend -on the banks of the Columbia River, and described in the Journal of the -Philadelphia Academy. It is a resident, throughout the year, of the forests -of the Columbia, and is found throughout California. Like all of this -familiar family, they may be seen in small flocks, of all ages, in the autumn -and winter, moving briskly about, uttering a number of feeble querulous notes, -after the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, but never joining in anything like the -quaint and jingling song of that bird. They occasionally have a confused -warbling chatter. These busy little groups may be often seen in company -with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus occidentalis</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus satrapa</i>, moving through the -bushes and thickets, carefully collecting insects, their larvæ and eggs, for a -few moments, and then flying off for some other place. They are supposed -to rear their young in the midst of the densest forests.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that when the gun thins their ranks the survivors display -surprising courage and solicitude, following their destroyer with wailing -cries, entreating for their companions.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel found the young of this species in great abundance around -Monterey in the fall and winter months. Dr. Heermann saw them in June, -1852, feeding their young in the vicinity of San Francisco, where, however, -they are rare.</p> - -<p>In Washington Territory, Dr. Cooper found this the most abundant species. -It preferred the dense evergreens, where large parties could be found at all -seasons busily seeking food among the leaves and branches, ascending even -to the highest tops. They were usually in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguli</i> and -the other Titmice. Mr. Bischoff found them abundant at Sitka.</p> - -<p><!--146.png--><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 105]</span> -They nest, like all the others of this genus, in holes in soft decayed trunks -and large limbs of trees a few feet from the ground. Their eggs are not as -yet known.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parus hudsonicus</b>, <abbr title="Forster"><span class="sc">Forst.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HUDSON’S BAY CHICKADEE; BROWN-CAPPED CHICKADEE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus hudsonicus</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical -Transactions 62">Philos. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 383, 430.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 543, <abbr title="plate 194">pl. cxciv.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 155, <abbr title="plate 138">pl. -cxxviii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 395; Review, 82.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 185.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus -hudsonicus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History Nine">Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. IX.</abbr> 1863, 368.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above yellowish olivaceous-brown; top of head purer brown, not very -different in tint. Chin and throat dark sooty-brown. Sides of head white. Beneath -white; sides and anal region light brownish-chestnut. No whitish on wings or tail. -Tail nearly even, or slightly emarginate and rounded. Lateral feathers about .20 shortest. -Length about 5 inches; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.66.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern portions of North America, from Atlantic to Pacific.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the most northern localities appear larger than those from -Maine and Nova Scotia (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. littoralis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>), with proportionally longer -tails (3.00 inches, instead of 2.40). We can, however, detect no other -difference.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus sibiricus</i> of Europe is very similar in coloration and characters -to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. hudsonicus</i>. The principal difference is seen in the cheeks, which -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</i> are pure white, this color extending along the entire side of the -neck, widening behind, and extending round towards the back. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</i> -the cheeks behind the eyes and sides of the neck are ash-gray, the white -being confined to the region below or near the eye. The smoky-gray of the -upper part of head and neck in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</i> is in a stronger contrast with the -brighter rufescent-gray of the back, and is separated from it by an obscure, -concealed, whitish dorsal half-collar, represented in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</i> only by a dull -grayish shade in the plumage.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting species, one of the liveliest and most animated -of its family, belongs to the northern and eastern sections of North America. -It is found in the eastern and northern portions of Maine, and probably also -in the northern parts of New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. In the -heavily wooded mountain-valley of Errol, in the latter State, Mr. Maynard -met with this bird in the latter part of October, in company with the -common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>. In the same month he also obtained two birds in -Albany, in the northwestern corner of Maine. A single specimen was -taken at Concord, Massachusetts, October 29, by Mr. William Brewster.</p> - -<p>Near Calais it is resident, but not common. It is more abundant in the -islands of the Bay of Fundy, where it takes the place, almost exclusively, -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>. The writer first met with these lively little wood-sprites -<!--147.png--><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 106]</span> -in 1850, in the thick swampy woods which cover one of the small islands -near Grand Menan. Their general appearance as they flitted through the -woods, or rustled restlessly among the tangled débris of decaying trees and -underbrush with which the forest was choked, was not unlike that of our -common Black-Cap. Yet there was an indescribable something both in their -cries and in their manners that at once suggested a difference of species. To -my ear their cries were sharper, clearer, and a trifle harsher. There was -none of that resonant jingle so full of charm in the Chickadee. Their notes, -too, were more articulate, more like distinct words, and were brought out at -certain times with an emphasis the effect of which was very striking. -Beginning with <i class="birdcall">tschā-dēē</i>, the <i class="birdcall">dēē-dēē-dēē</i> was reiterated with an almost -incessant volubility.</p> - -<p>It seemed to be a more retiring bird, never frequenting the houses, but -keeping closely to thick and retired woods. Yet it is not a timid species, but -seemed entirely unmindful of our presence, or, when mindful of it, to resent -it as an impropriety, rather than to fear it as a danger. They apparently had -nests or young at the time of my visit, though I could not detect their locality. -One pair became at last so annoyed at my prolonged presence as to -manifest their uneasiness by keeping within a few feet of my head, following -me wherever I went, and without ceasing from their close surveillance -until I finally left their grove and emerged into the open country. All the -time they brought out the cry of <i class="birdcall">dēē-dēē</i> with a clear, ringing emphasis that -was almost startling.</p> - -<p>A few days later, being at Halifax, Mr. Andrew Downes, the naturalist, -took me to the nest of these birds in a small grove in the vicinity of that -city. The nest was in a small beech-tree, and had been cut through the living -wood. The excavation, which was not more than two feet from the -ground, was about ten inches in depth, was in a horizontal position only -about two inches, where it turned abruptly downward, and from a width of -an inch and a half assumed a width of three, and a depth of seven or eight -inches. This was warmly lined with feathers and soft fur. The nest contained -young birds. These particulars we only ascertained when we had -laid bare the excavation by a sharp hatchet. Though disappointed in our -search for eggs, yet we witnessed a very touching manifestation of devotion -on the part of the parents, and of neighborly solicitude in various other inmates -of the grove, which was at once most interesting and a scene long to -be remembered.</p> - -<p>With all the self-sacrificing devotion of the Black-Cap, these birds displayed -a boldness and an aggressive intrepidity that at once commanded -our respect and admiration. I never witnessed anything quite equal to it. -They flew at our faces, assailed our arms as we wielded the invading hatchet, -and it was difficult not to do them even unintentional injury without abandoning -our purpose. Before we could examine the nest they had entered, -and had to be again and again removed. As soon as we were satisfied that -<!--148.png--><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 107]</span> -the nest of this heroic pair did not contain what we sought, we left them, and -turned to look with equal admiration upon the indignant assembly of feathered -remonstrants by which we were surrounded. The neighboring trees -swarmed with a variety of birds, several of which we had never before seen -in their summer homes. There were the Red-Poll Warbler, the Black and -Yellow Warbler, and many others, all earnestly and eloquently crying out -shame upon our proceedings.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bryant, in his Notes on the Birds of Yarmouth, <abbr title="Nova Scotia">N. S.</abbr>, etc., mentions -finding quite a number of this species on Big Mud Island, near that place. -A pair of these birds with their young were seen by him near Yarmouth on -the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of July. Their habits seemed to him identical with those of the -Black-Cap. The young were fully grown and could fly with ease, yet their -parents were so solicitous about their safety that he could almost catch them -with his hand. Their notes appeared to him similar to those of our common -species, but sharper and more filing, and can be readily imitated by repeating, -with one’s front teeth shut together, the syllables <i class="bircall">tzēē-dēē-dēē-dēē</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found a nest of this Titmouse in Labrador. It was built in a -decayed stump about three feet from the ground, was purse-shaped, eight -inches in depth, two in diameter, and its sides an inch thick. It was entirely -composed of the finest fur of various quadrupeds, chiefly of the northern -hare, and all so thickly and ingeniously matted throughout as to seem as if -felted by the hand of man. It was wider at the bottom than at the top. -The birds vehemently assailed the party.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ross, in notes communicated to the late Mr. Kennicott, mentions that -specimens of this species were shot at Fort Simpson, October 13, in company -with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. septentrionalis</i>, and others were afterwards seen towards the -mountains. The notes he describes as harsher than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</i>. -The Smithsonian museum contains specimens from Fort Yukon and -Great Slave Lake, besides the localities already referred to. Mr. Dall found -it the commonest Titmouse at Nulato, abundant in the winter, but not present -in the spring.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure .56 by .47 of an inch, are of a rounded -oval shape, and with a white ground are somewhat sparingly marked with -a few reddish-brown spots. These are usually grouped in a ring around the -larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PSALTRIPARUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -Comptes Rendus, <abbr title="31">XXXI</abbr>, 1850, 478. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanotis</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægithaliscus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Museum Heineanum, 1851, 90. -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus erythrocephalus</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations North -American">Ill. N. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1853, 19.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Size very small and slender. Bill very small, short, compressed, and -with its upper outline much curved for the terminal half. Upper mandible much deeper -than under. Tail long, slender, much graduated; much longer than the wings; the -feathers very narrow. Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe. No black on the -<!--149.png--><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 108]</span> -crown or throat. Eyes white in some specimens, brown in others. Nest purse-shaped; -eggs unspotted, white.</p> - -<p>No bird of this genus belongs to the eastern portion of the United States. -The three species may be defined as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Head striped with black on the sides.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">P. melanotis.</b> The stripes passing under the eye and uniting on the -occiput. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> No stripes on the head.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">P. minimus.</b> Back ashy; crown light brown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of -United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Back and crown uniform ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province and southern Rocky -Mountains of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Psaltriparus melanotis</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-EARED BUSH-TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus melanotis</i>, <span class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1844, 216. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile melanotis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 230. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægithaliscus melanotis</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> I, 1850, 1851, 90. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria -melanotis</i>, <span class="sc">Westermann</span>, <abbr lang="nl" xml:lang="nl" title="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde">Bijd. -Dierk.</abbr> 1851, 16, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus melanotis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Comptes Rendus 38">C. R. XXXVIII</abbr>, 1854.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 299.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1864, 172 (City <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1866, 190 -(Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 386, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. -liii</abbr>, fig. 3; Review, 84. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus personatus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Comptes Rendus 31">C. R. XXXI</abbr>, <abbr -title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1850, 478.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -A black patch on each cheek, nearly meeting behind. Crown and edges of -the wing and tail ash-gray; rest of upper parts yellowish-brown, lighter on the rump. -Beneath whitish; anal region tinged with yellowish-brown. Length about 4 inches; -wing, 1.90; tail, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Mexico; south to Guatemala; Oaxaca (high region), <span class="sc">Sclater</span>. East -Humboldt Mountains, Nevada? <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_149.jpg" - width="250" height="192" - alt="Psaltriparus minimus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus minimus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">29711</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In regard to the specific peculiarities and the distinct individual -habits of the members of this pretty little -species, little is at present known. Its mode -of nesting has not been observed, and no -mention is made, by those who have met -with it, of its peculiarities of song, nor have -we any information in regard to any of its -habits. Its geographical distribution, so far -as ascertained, is from the south side of the -valley of the Rio Grande of Mexico to Guatemala, -and there is no reliable evidence of -its crossing the United States boundary line, unless Mr. Ridgway is correct -in his assurance that he saw it in the East Humboldt Mountains of Nevada, -near Fort Ruby. It was first described from Guatemalan specimens. Mr. -O. Salvin (Ibis, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 190) states that on more than one occasion he -observed what he believed to be this species, in the pine-woods of the -mountains near Solola, and above the lake of Atitlan.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--150.png--><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 109]</span> -<b class="birdname">Psaltriparus minimus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">minimus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEAST BUSH-TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus minimus</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of -Natural Sciences Seven, two">J. A. N. Sc. VII, ii</abbr>, 1837, 190.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 382, <abbr title="plate 382">pl. ccclxxxii</abbr>, figs. 5, -6.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 160, <abbr -title="plate 130">pl. cxxx.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile minima</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 230. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria minima</i>, <span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> 1853, 20. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus minimus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Comptes Rendus 38">C. R. -XXXVIII</abbr>, 1854, 62.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 397; Review, -84.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. Rep. XII, -ii</abbr>, 1859, 195.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 48.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail long, feathers graduated. Above rather dark olivaceous-cinereous; -top and sides of head smoky-brown. Beneath pale whitish-brown, darker on the sides. -Length about 4 inches; wing, 1.90; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast of United States.</p> - -<p>There is quite an appreciable difference between specimens of this species -from Washington Territory and California; the latter are smaller, the under -parts paler. In the series before us, however, we see no grounds for -specific distinction.</p> - - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_150.jpg" - width="250" height="173" - alt="Psaltriparus minimus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus minimus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting little species was first added to our fauna by the -indefatigable Mr. Townsend in 1837. It -is abundant throughout the Pacific coast -from Fort Steilacoom to Fort Tejon. Dr. -Gambel found it exceedingly abundant -both in the Rocky Mountains and throughout -California. During the winter the -otherwise cheerless woods were alive with -the busy and noisy troops of these restless -and industrious birds, gleaning their scanty -fare in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguli</i>, in every -possible position and manner, from bush and tree. He describes their anxious -solicitous search for food as quite curious. They kept up a continual -twittering, and so intent were they in their employment that they appeared -to lose sight of all danger, and it was by no means unusual to be so surrounded -by a flock as almost to render it possible to catch them in the hand.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this species abundant in Washington Territory, but -never met with it north of the Columbia River. Dr. Suckley says it is quite -common at Fort Steilacoom. He could not, however, detect any difference -in its habits from those of other species of this family. He saw none in -Washington Territory during the winter, and presumes they all migrate to -the South, though the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i> are found there throughout -the winter. Townsend, however, speaks of it as a constant resident -about the Columbia River, hopping around among the bushes, hanging from -the twigs in the manner of other Titmice, twittering all the while with a -rapid enunciation resembling the words <i class="birdcall">thshish tshist-tsee-twee</i>.</p> - -<p><!--151.png--><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 110]</span> -Mr. Nuttall first observed their arrival on the banks of the Wahlamet River -about the middle of May. They were very industriously engaged in quest -of insects, and were by no means shy, but kept always in the low bushes in -the skirts of the woods. On one occasion the male bird was so solicitous in -regard to the safety of the nest as to attract him to the place where, suspended -from a low bush, about four feet from the ground, hung their curious -home. It was formed like a long purse, with a round hole for entrance near -the top, and made of moss, down, lint of plants, and lined with feathers. -The eggs were six in number, pure white, and already far gone toward hatching. -In the following June, in a dark wood near Fort Vancouver, he saw -a flock of about twelve, which, by imitating their chirping, he was able to -call around him, and which kept up an incessant and querulous chirping.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird presented by Mr. Nuttall to Audubon was cylindrical in -form, nine inches in length and three and a half in diameter. It was suspended -from the fork of a small twig, and was composed externally of hypnum, -lichens, and fibrous roots so interwoven as to present a smooth surface, with -a few stems of grasses and feathers intermingled. The aperture was at the -top, and did not exceed seven eighths of an inch in diameter. The diameter -of the internal passage for two thirds of its length was two inches. This -was lined with the cottony down of willows and a vast quantity of soft -feathers. The eggs were nine in number, pure white, .56 of an inch by .44 -in their measurement.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found them throughout the year near San Francisco. He -found one of their nests at San Diego as early as the first of March. The -nest is so large, compared with the size of the birds, as to suggest the idea -that the flock unite to build it. He gives the measurements as eight inches -in length and three in diameter, outside; the cavity five inches long, one -and a half in diameter. It was cylindrical, and suspended by one end from -a low branch.</p> - -<p>When one of these birds is killed, Dr. Cooper says that the others come -round it with great show of anxiety, and call plaintively until they find it -will not follow them, becoming so fearless as almost to allow of their being -taken by the hand.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Psaltriparus minimus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<b class="birdname">plumbeus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TITMOUSE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria plumbea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Seven">Pr. A. N. S. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 118 (Little Colorado). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus -plumbeus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 398, <abbr title="plate 33">pl. -xxxiii</abbr>, fig. 2; Review, 84.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 398, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 77.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> 1, 49.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail long, feathers graduated. Above rather light olivaceous-cinereous. -Top of head rather clearer; forehead, chin, and sides of head, pale smoky-brown. Beneath -brownish-white, scarcely darker on the sides. Length about 4.20 inches; wing, -2.15; tail, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--152.png--><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 111]</span> -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Southern Rocky Mountain region of United States, from mountains of West -Arizona to Green River, Wyoming; west to Carson City, Nevada (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>This variety is very similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus minimus</i> of the west coast, -which it represents in the Rocky Mountain region. It is, however, appreciably -larger, the wings and tail proportionally longer. The top of the head is -plumbeous, uniform with the back, instead of smoky-brown. The back is a -paler ash, the under parts darker.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the history of this variety but little is known. It is found in -the southern portion of the Rocky Mountain regions, within the United -States, in Arizona and New Mexico. The extent of its area of distribution -remains to be ascertained. Dr. Kennerly met with it on Little Colorado -River, where he observed it among the scattered bushes along the banks of -the river, occurring in large flocks. These passed rapidly from place to place, -uttering their short, quick notes. He afterward met with them along the -head waters of Bill Williams Fork, inhabiting the tops of the cotton-wood -trees. When attracted to them by their notes, they could only be seen after -a very careful search. He obtained no knowledge as to their mode of nesting, -and no information, so far as we are aware, has been obtained in regard -to their eggs. It may, however, be safely conjectured that they are white, -and hardly distinguishable from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</i>. Dr. Coues found -them common near Fort Whipple, Arizona.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this bird in especial abundance among the cañons -of West Humboldt Mountains in September. He found it also in all suitable -places westward to the very base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It -was met with principally in the thick brushwood bordering the streams, in -ever-restless companies, continually twittering as they flew from bush to -bush, in single rows. Mr. Ridgway describes these birds as remarkably -active in their movements. If unmolested, they were exceedingly unsuspicious -and familiar. During November he found them inhabiting the -cedars, always associating in scattered flocks.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">AURIPARUS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 85. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægithalus flaviceps</i>, <abbr title="Sundevall"><span -class="sc">Sund</span>.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Form sylvicoline. Bill conical, nearly straight, and very acute; the commissure -very slightly and gently curved. Nostrils concealed by decumbent bristles. -Wings long, little rounded; the first quill half the second; third, fourth, and fifth quills -nearly equal, and longest. Tail slightly graduated. Lateral toes equal, the anterior united -at the extreme base. Hind toe small, about equal to the lateral. Tarsus but little longer -than the middle toe.</p> - -<p>This genus is closely allied to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paroides</i> of Europe, as shown in Birds of -North America (p. 399), though sufficiently different. It is much more sylvicoline -in appearance than the other American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--153.png--><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 112]</span> -<b class="birdname">Auriparus flaviceps</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-HEADED BUSH-TITMOUSE; VERDIN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægithalus flaviceps</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, Ofversigt <abbr lang="sv" -xml:lang="sv" title="Ofversigt af Kongl Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 7, 5">af Vet. Ak. Förh. VII, v</abbr>, 1850, 129. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria flaviceps</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society 24">P. Z. S. XXIV</abbr>, March, 1856, 37. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus flaviceps</i>, <abbr -title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue American">Catal. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1861, 13, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 79. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paroides flaviceps</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 400, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>, fig. 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus -flaviceps</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Review, 1864, 85.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> -1, 51. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum ornatum</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New -York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> May, 1851, 113, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>, fig. 1 (Texas).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above cinereous; head, all round, yellow; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; -beneath brownish-white. Length, 4.50 inches; wing, 2.16; tail, 2.35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valleys of the Rio Grande and Colorado; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_153a.jpg" - width="250" height="202" - alt="Auriparus flaviceps" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus flaviceps.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6764</b></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This new and interesting little species was first added to our -fauna by Mr. Lawrence in 1851, only a year -after its first description as a bird of Mexico. -Notwithstanding the abundance in which it -has been in certain localities, less has been -developed in regard to its habits and specific -characteristics than we seem to have had a -right to anticipate.</p> - -<p>It was found in Western Texas, in Mexico, -in the lower valleys of New Mexico and -Arizona, and is very abundant at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas. Of the eighteen species of birds found by Mr. John Xantus breeding -in the last-named locality, this one was regarded as the most abundant. -In a letter from that gentleman, written in August, 1859, he mentioned -that he had collected over one hundred eggs of this species, during that -season, in the immediate vicinity of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_153b.jpg" - width="250" height="196" - alt="Auriparus flaviceps" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus flaviceps.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his report on the birds observed in Lieutenant Williamson’s -explorations, states that he first discovered this species in Southern -California, at the terminus of the Mohave -River. Owing to their extreme wildness, -he was not able to obtain any specimens. -In searching for their food, he states that -they often remained suspended with their -backs downward, after the manner of the -Titmice. He found their nests quite -abundant, though from the lateness of -the season few of the birds were remaining, -in the neighborhood of Fort -Yuma. Dr. Heermann describes their -nests as spherical, formed of twigs, and having the entrance on one side. -The interior was lined with down and feathers, and contained usually from -<!--154.png--><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 113]</span> -four to six eggs. These he describes as having, when fresh, a ground-color -of pale blue, dashed all over with small black spots.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly, in his Report on the Birds of the Mexican Boundary Survey, -states that he met with this species in the vicinity of the Rio Grande. They -were very wild, flew rapidly, and to quite a distance before they alighted. -They seemed to frequent the low mezquite-bushes on the hillsides.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus found this species, when he first arrived at San Lucas, on the -4th of April, with young birds already fully fledged, although others were -still breeding and continued to breed until the middle of July. Two fifths -of all the eggs he collected that season, he writes, were of this species. This -may, however, have been in part owing to the conspicuous prominence of -their nests, as well as to their abundance. Xantus found the nest in various -positions. In one instance it was suspended from a leafless branch -not three feet from the ground, with its entrance nearly to the ground. In -another instance it was on an acacia twenty feet from the ground. For -the most part they are hung from low acacia-trees, on the extreme outer -branches. In all cases the entrance to the nest was from the lower end, or -towards the ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. J. G. Cooper, in his History of the Birds of California, speaks of finding -a large number of this beautiful little bird during the whole winter frequenting -the thickets of algarobia and other shrubs, and with habits intermediate -between those of Titmice and Warblers, corresponding with their -intermediate form. Their song resembles that of the Chickadee, and they -also uttered a loud cry, as they sat on high twigs, with a triple lisping note -resembling <i class="birdcall">tzee-tee-tee</i>. Dr. Cooper found a pair building on the 10th of -March. They first formed a wall, nearly spherical in outline, of the thorny -twigs of the algarobia, in which tree the nest was usually built. They then -lined it with softer twigs, leaves, the down of plants, and feathers. They -covered the outside with thorns, until it became a mass as large as a man’s -head, or nine inches by five and a half on the outside. The cavity is four -and a half inches by two, with an opening on one side just large enough for -the bird to enter. On the 27th of March, Dr. Cooper found the first nest -containing eggs. These were in all instances four in number, pale blue, -with numerous small brown spots, chiefly near the larger end, though some -had very few spots and were paler. Their size he gives as .60 by .44 of an -inch. In one nest, which he closely observed, the eggs were hatched after -about ten days’ incubation, and in two weeks more the young were ready to -leave their nest.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">SITTINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p>The characters of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittinæ</i> are expressed with sufficient detail on <a href="#Page_86">page -86</a>. The section is represented in America by a single genus, confined -mainly to the northern portion.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--155.png--><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 114]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">SITTA</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1735. (Agassiz.)</p> - - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_155.jpg" - width="250" height="157" - alt="Sitta carolinensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta carolinensis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1761</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill subulate, acutely pointed, compressed, about as long as the head; -culmen and commissure nearly -straight; gonys convex and ascending; -nostrils covered by a -tuft of bristles directed forward. -Tarsi stout, scutellate, about equal -to the middle toe, much shorter -than the hinder, the claw of which -is half the total length. Outer -lateral toe much longer than inner, -and nearly equal to the middle. -Tail very short, broad, and -nearly even; the feathers soft and -truncate. Wings reaching nearly -to the end of the tail, long and -acute, the first primary one third of (or less) the third, or longest. Iris brown. Nest in -holes of trees. Eggs white, spotted with reddish.</p> - -<p>The North American species may be arranged as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Crown black.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">S. carolinensis.</b> Belly white; no black stripe through eye.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill, .70 long, .17 deep. Black spots on tertials sharply defined. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province North America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill, .80 long, .14 deep. Black spots on tertials obsolete. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle -and Western Province United States, south to Cordova, Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aculeata</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">S. canadensis.</b> Belly brownish-rusty. A black stripe through eye. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Whole of North America.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Crown not black.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">S. pusilla.</b> Crown light hair-brown; hind toe much longer than the -middle one. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Atlantic and Gulf States.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">S. pygmæa.</b> Crown greenish-plumbeous; hind toe about equal to middle -one. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western and Middle Province United States, south to Xalapa.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Sitta carolinensis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">carolinensis</b>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta europæa</i>, <abbr title="variation gamma">var. γ</abbr>, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. -I</abbr>, 1788, 440. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus One"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr></abbr>, 1790, 262; also of all other American writers.—<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span -class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, Handbuch, <abbr title="Abhandlung 2">Abh. II</abbr>,</span>, 1853, 153, <abbr title="table 513">tab. -dxiii</abbr>, figs. 3563, 3564.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 374, <abbr -title="plate 33">pl. xxxiii</abbr>, fig. 4; Review, 86.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 106. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta melanocephala</i>, <abbr lang="fr" -xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Galerie 1"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Gal. I</abbr>, 1834, 171, <abbr title="plate 171">pl. -clxxi.</abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other figures: <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One, plate two">Am. Orn. I, -pl. ii</abbr>, fig. 3.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate -152">Orn. Biog. II, pl. clii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds of America Four, -plate 247">B. A. IV, pl. ccxlvii.</abbr></p> - -<!--156.png--><!--Plate 8--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_8.jpg" - width="500" height="858" - alt="Color plate 8" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-1" name="pl_8-1"></a><img src="images/pl_8-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 1, Sitta carolinensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta carolinensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 59324.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-2" name="pl_8-2"></a><img src="images/pl_8-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 2, Sitta carolinensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta carolinensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr>  <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-3" name="pl_8-3"></a><img src="images/pl_8-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 3, Salpinctes obsoletus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus</span>, - <i class="name">Say.</i> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 7157.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-4" name="pl_8-4"></a><img src="images/pl_8-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 4, Catherpes mexicanus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson, variation">Sw., var.</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 53425.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-5" name="pl_8-5"></a><img src="images/pl_8-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 5, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Lafresnaye">Lafr.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 7149</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-6" name="pl_8-6"></a><img src="images/pl_8-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 6, Campylorhynchus affinis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus affinis</span>, - <i class="name">Xantus</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 12965</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-7" name="pl_8-7"></a><img src="images/pl_8-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 7, Sitta canadensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta canadensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 818</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-8" name="pl_8-8"></a><img src="images/pl_8-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 8, Sitta canadensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta canadensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2073.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-9" name="pl_8-9"></a><img src="images/pl_8-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 9, Sitta pusilla" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta pusilla</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Latham">Lath.</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 1925.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-10" name="pl_8-10"></a><img src="images/pl_8-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 10, Sitta pygmæa" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta pygmæa</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vigors">Vig.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3342.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_8-11" name="pl_8-11"></a><img src="images/pl_8-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 8 detail 11, Certhia americana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia americana</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 827.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--157.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="small"> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above ashy-blue. Top of head and neck black. Under parts and sides of -head to a short distance above the eye white. Under tail-coverts and tibial feathers -<!--158.png--><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 115]</span> -brown; concealed primaries white. Bill stout. Female with black of head glossed with -ashy. Length about 6 inches; wing about 3.75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States and British Provinces; west to the Valley of the Missouri.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_158.jpg" - width="250" height="271" - alt="Sitta aculeata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta aculeata.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common White-bellied Nuthatch has an extended distribution -throughout nearly the whole of Eastern North America, from the Atlantic -to the Rocky Mountains. West of the great central plains it is replaced -by the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aculeata</i>. It has not been -met with, so far as I am aware, farther -north than Nova Scotia. It is a resident -of Eastern Maine, and is quite -common in the southern and western -portions of the same State. In Massachusetts -it is rather common than abundant, -and more plentiful in the western -than in the eastern portions of that -State.</p> - -<p>The habits of this and the other species -of Nuthatches partake somewhat of those -of the smaller Woodpeckers and of the -Titmice. Without the noisy and restless -activity of the latter, they seek their food -in a similar manner, and not unfrequently do so in their company, moving up -or down the trunks and over or under the branches of trees, searching every -crack and crevice of the bark for insects, larvæ, or eggs. Like the Woodpeckers, -they dig industriously into decayed branches for the hidden grub, and like -both Woodpeckers and Chickadees they industriously excavate for themselves -a place for their nests in the decayed trunks of forest trees. Their nest, however, -is usually at a greater elevation, often some twenty or thirty feet from -the ground. The European Nuthatch is said to plaster up the entrance -to its nest, to contract its opening and lessen the dangers of unfriendly -intrusion. This habit has never been observed in any of the American -species.</p> - -<p>All our ornithological writers have noticed the assiduities of the male -bird to his sitting mate, and the attention with which he supplies her with -food. He keeps ever in the vicinity of the nest, calls her from time -to time to come to the mouth of the hole to take her food, or else to -receive his endearments and caresses, and at the approach of danger -fearlessly intervenes to warn her of it. When feeding together, the male -bird keeps up his peculiar nasal cry of <i class="birdcall">hŏnk-hŏnk</i>, repeating it from time -to time, as he moves around the trunk or over the branches.</p> - -<p>Their favorite food is insects, in every condition. With this, when abundant, -they seem content, and rarely wander from their accustomed woods in -summer. In winter, when snow or ice covers the branches or closes against -them the trunks of trees, they seek the dwellings and out-houses for their -<!--159.png--><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 116]</span> -necessary food, and will even alight on the ground in quest of seeds. In -searching for food among the trees, they move as readily with their heads -downward as in any other position. Their motion is a uniform and steady -progression, somewhat in the manner of a mouse, but never, like the Woodpecker, -by occasional hops.</p> - -<p>The European species collect and store away the fruit of the hazel and -other nut-bearing trees. Our bird has been supposed to do the same thing, -but this is by no means an indisputable fact.</p> - -<p>In some parts of the country absurd prejudices prevail against these interesting -little birds. They are indiscriminately confounded with the smaller -Woodpeckers, called, with them, Sap-Suckers, and because in the spring and -fall they frequent old orchards are most unwisely, as well as unjustly, persecuted. -They are among the most active and serviceable of the fruit-grower’s -benefactors. His worst enemies are their favorite food. It is to be hoped -that soon a better-informed public opinion will prevail, cherishing and protecting, -rather than seeking to destroy, this useful, affectionate, and attractive -species.</p> - -<p>Interesting accounts are given in English works of the confiding tameness -of the European species. When kindly treated, it will come regularly for -its food, approaching within a foot or two of the hand of its benefactor, -and catching with its bill the food thrown to it before it can reach the -ground.</p> - -<p>The pair work together in constructing the perforation in which they make -their nest. When the excavation has been well begun, they relieve each -other at the task. The one not engaged in cutting attends upon its mate, -and carries out the chips as they are made. These nesting-places are often -quite deep, not unfrequently from fifteen to twenty inches. Audubon states -that they build no nest, but this does not correspond with my observations. -In all the instances that have come to my knowledge, warm and soft nests -were found, composed of down, fur, hair, or feathers loosely thrown together, -and, though not large in bulk, yet sufficient for a lining for the enlarged -cavity that completes their excavation. Soon after they are hatched, the -young climb to the opening of the nest to receive their food, and, before -they are ready to fly, venture out upon the trunk to try their legs and claws -before their wings are prepared for use, retiring at night to their nest. In -the Southern States they are said to have two broods in a season.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Nuthatch measure .80 by .62 of an inch. Their ground-color -is white, but when the egg is fresh it has a beautiful roseate tinge, and -generally receives an apparently reddish hue from the very general distribution -of the spots and blotches of rusty-brown and purplish with which the -eggs are so closely covered. These markings vary greatly in size, from fine -dots to well-marked blotches. Their color is usually a reddish-brown; -occasionally the markings are largely intermixed with purple.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--160.png--><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 117]</span> -<b class="birdname">Sitta carolinensis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">aculeata</b>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta aculeata</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Eight, October">Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII, Oct.</abbr> 1856, 254.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 375, <abbr title="plate 33">pl. xxxiii</abbr>, fig. 3; Review, 86.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 54. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sitta -carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 293 (Cordova); -1858, 300 (Oaxaca); 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 373 (Oaxaca).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>; but upper secondaries with only obscure -blackish blotches, instead of sharply defined longitudinal spots of clear black. Bill slenderer -and more attenuated.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of the United States, south to Cordova, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> -Orizaba (Alpine regions), <span class="sc">Sumich</span>.</p> - -<p>The characters given above express the essential differences between this -and the Eastern race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. carolinensis</i>. In the present form, the depth of the -bill opposite its base is .14, the width .17, and .80 or more in length -from the forehead; while these same measurements in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i> -are .17, .22, and .70. The obsolete character of the black spots on the -secondaries is a persistent feature in the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aculeata</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird chiefly differs from its eastern congener in its more -slender bill. There appears to be no difference in regard to their habits, at -least none have been noticed, and it is probable there is none other than -trivial changes caused by its opportunities of procuring food, and the kinds -upon which it subsists. It is supposed to be distributed throughout Western -North America, from the British Possessions to Mexico, though Dr. Cooper -thinks that it is not a common bird south of San Francisco, and only to be -seen there in the colder months. It has been met with at San Diego in February. -He did not observe any in the Coast Mountains, near Santa Cruz, -but northward they are numerous in the summer, frequenting chiefly the -groves of the deciduous oaks, creeping constantly about their trunks and -branches in search of insects, which they also occasionally seek on the roofs -and walls of houses. Their habits are similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. canadensis</i>, but -their movements are said to be slower, and their note is a single harsh call, -uttered occasionally, and responded to by their comrades. Dr. Cooper found -them quite common in Washington Territory and at Puget Sound. Dr. -Suckley also mentions their great abundance.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly met with this species a hundred miles west of Albuquerque, -New Mexico, and quite abundant among the pines of the Sierra Madre. He -speaks of its note as being peculiar.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord states that this species remained about Colville during the -winter, when the thermometer was 30<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> below zero. He also mentions that -he found them nesting, in June, in the branches of the tallest pine-trees, so -high up as to render the obtaining their eggs almost an impossibility.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found the Slender-billed Nuthatch abundant, throughout the -<!--161.png--><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 118]</span> -year, in the vicinity of Carson City, among the pines on the Sierra Nevada -Mountains. He noted its great similarity in manners to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>; at -the same time the well-marked difference in the notes did not escape his -attention. These notes are much weaker, and are uttered in a finer tone, and -some of them are said to be entirely different.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Sitta canadensis</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-BELLIED NUTHATCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 177.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, <abbr title="plate 108">pl. cviii.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Four, plate 248">Am. IV, pl. ccxlviii.</abbr>—<abbr -lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reichenbach Handbuch Abhandlung 2"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Handb. Abh. II</abbr>, 1853, 152, -<abbr title="Tabelle 513">tab. dxiii</abbr>, figs. 3561, 3562.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 376; Review, 87.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 15, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 91.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 54. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta varia</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American -Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 40, <abbr title="plate two">pl. ii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above ashy-blue. Top of head black; a white line above and a black one -through the eye. Chin white; rest of under parts brownish-rusty. Length about 4.50 -inches; wing, 2.66. Female with the black of head mixed with ashy; beneath paler, -more of a muddy-white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole United States and British Provinces. North to Lake Winnipeg.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Red-bellied Nuthatch, though nowhere a very -abundant species, is found throughout the whole of North America, from -Florida to high northern regions, and from ocean to ocean. The Smithsonian -Institution possesses specimens from Georgia, Selkirk Settlement, California, -and Washington Territory. Mr. Gambel found them quite common in the -mountains in the interior of California, in October, roving in company with -busy flocks of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus montanus</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with them abundantly in Washington Territory, where -they preferred the oaks and other deciduous trees, and never frequented the -interior of the dense forest. He observed this bird and the Slender-billed -Nuthatch, along the 49th parallel, east of the Cascade Mountains, as late as -the middle of October. Dr. Suckley also met both birds west of the same -mountains.</p> - -<p>This Nuthatch was observed by Mr. Ridgway among the aspen groves bordering -the streams that flow from the East Humboldt Mountains. In that -locality it was common through the month of September, though not abundant. -It was again seen in June among the pine-woods of the Wahsatch -Mountains, but it was not common.</p> - -<p>While a few of these birds are resident of the Northern States, they are, -to a considerable extent, of migratory habits. Wilson observed them leaving -in large numbers for the Southern States in October, and returning again in -April. On the 20th of May, 1867, the writer observed a small flock in -Eastern Massachusetts, evidently just arrived from the South. They were -apparently fatigued and hungry, and paid no attention to the near presence -<!--162.png--><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 119]</span> -of workmen engaged in setting bean-poles. They visited and carefully -examined each pole, and bored holes into several in search of hidden larvæ, -often within a few feet of persons at work.</p> - -<p>While on the Pacific coast they are said to prefer the forests of deciduous -trees, and to be rarely found in the dark evergreen forests, in the Eastern -States they seem to be particularly fond of the seeds of pine-trees, and in -the winter are seldom found in the woods of deciduous trees.</p> - -<p>They feed in pairs and climb about in all directions, usually in company -with the white-breasted species, Chickadees, and the smaller Woodpeckers. -They are restless and rapid in their motions, and have a voice at least an -octave higher than any other of this family. The note is a monotone, and is -unmusical. Mr. Nuttall represents their cry as consisting of three syllables, -represented by <i class="birdcall">dāy-dāy-dāit</i>, and compares it to the sound of a child’s -trumpet.</p> - -<p>Those wintering at the North occasionally visit farm-yards and orchards, -and examine the eaves of outbuildings for food.</p> - -<p>Audubon found this species more plentiful in the woods of Maine and -Nova Scotia than anywhere else. He never met any south of Maryland, -saw none in Newfoundland, and only met with one in Labrador. At Eastport -he found a pair breeding as early as the 19th of April, before the -Bluebirds had made their appearance, and while ice was still remaining on -the northern exposures. An excavation had been made in a low dead stump, -less than four feet from the ground, both male and female birds working -by turns until they had reached the depth of fourteen inches. The eggs, -four in number, were of a white ground-color, tinged with a deep blush -when fresh, and sprinkled with reddish dots. They raise but a single brood -in a season.</p> - -<p>C. S. Paine, of East Bethel, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, found a nest of this species about the -middle of May, in a small beech-tree, the excavation having been made at -the height of twelve feet from the ground. The hole was about as large as -that made by the Downy Woodpecker. When first noticed, the bird was -looking out of the hole. Having been started out, she flew to a limb close -by and watched the party some time. When she flew back, she buzzed -before the hole in the manner of a Humming-Bird, and then darted in. -While Mr. Paine was looking on, the male came several times to feed his -mate, who would meet him at the opening with a clamorous noise, to receive -his bounty. The nest contained five eggs.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts, Mr. Allen speaks of this species as chiefly a -winter resident, appearing the first week in October, and leaving the last -of April.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure .62 by .48 of an inch, and are of an -oblong-oval shape. Their ground-color is a clear crystal white, marked -principally about the larger end with a wreath of purple and roseate -markings.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--163.png--><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 120]</span> -<b class="birdname">Sitta pygmæa</b>, <abbr title="Vigors"><span class="sc">Vig.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PIGMY NUTHATCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta pygmæa</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy Beechey's -Voyage">Zoöl. Beechey’s Voy.</abbr> 1839, 25, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, <abbr title="plate 415">pl. -ccccxv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds of America Four, plate 250">Birds Am. IV, -pl. ccl.</abbr>—<abbr title="Reichenbach"><span class="sc">Reich.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Handbuch">Handb.</abbr> 1853, 153, -<abbr title="Tabelle 514">tab. dxiv</abbr>, figs. 3365, 3366.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad -Routes Report six">P. R. R. Rep. VI</abbr>, <span class="sc">IV</span>, 1857, 79.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 378; Review, 88.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 15, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 93.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 55.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above ashy-blue; head and upper part of neck greenish ashy-brown, its -lower border passing a little below the eye, where it is darker; nape with an obscure -whitish spot. Chin and throat whitish; rest of lower parts brownish-white; the sides -and behind like the back, but paler. Middle tail-feather like the back; its basal half with -a long white spot; its outer web edged with black at the base. Length about 4 inches; -wing, 2.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of United States; south to Xalapa.</p> - -<p>This species is closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta pusilla</i> of the Southern States. -The brown of the head has, however, an olivaceous-green tinge not seen -in the other; the white spot on the nape less distinct. The middle tail-feather -has its basal half white and the outer web edged with black at the -base. This black edging is never seen in the other, and the white patch is -reduced to a faint trace, only visible in very highly plumaged specimens.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This diminutive species of Nuthatch is found throughout our -Pacific coast and on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, from Washington -Territory to Southern California. It is also to be found in New -Mexico, and specimens have been procured from Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly found them quite abundant in the Sierra Madre and San -Francisco Mountains, even as high up as the snow-line, seeking their insect -food among the tops of the lofty pines. Dr. Newberry frequently met with -these Nuthatches in the most wooded places on his route, where water was -near and any considerable amount of animal life visible. He, however, -never met with them in the forests of yellow pines. Dr. Gambel mentions -their almost extraordinary abundance, in the winter months, in Upper California. -Around Monterey, at times, the trees appeared almost alive with -them, as they ran up and down and around the branches and trunks, uttering -their monotonous and querulous cries. Their note he describes as a -repeated whistling <i class="birdcall">wit-wit</i>. When one utters this cry, the rest join in. -They also have a whistling trill while they are busily searching the tree in -every part, and they never leave till they have pretty thoroughly searched -every crack.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper only met with this Nuthatch in the open pine-forests about -Fort Colville, near the 49th parallel. They were associated in small flocks -about the 20th of October, when there were heavy frosts at night. The -chirping noise they made resembled the cries of young chickens. Their -habits were very similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus minimus</i>.</p> - -<p><!--164.png--><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 121]</span> -Mr. J. K. Lord found this Nuthatch an abundant bird along the entire -length of the boundary line from the coast to the Rocky Mountains. It was -also common on Vancouver Island. They were seen in large flocks in company -with the Chickadees, except during the nesting-time, which is in June. -A few were winter residents at Colville, but the greater number left in -November. He describes it as a very active bird, always on the move. -After nesting they congregate in large flocks and move about from tree to -tree, twittering a low sweet note as if singing to themselves, now climbing -back downwards along the under sides of the topmost branches of tall pines, -searching into every crevice for insects, or, descending to the ground, clinging -to the slender flower-stalks for other insects. They nest in June, make -a hole in the dead branch of a pine, and deposit their eggs on the bare chips -of the wood. This account does not agree with the experience of California -ornithologists, who have found a loose nest within the excavation.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this Nuthatch abundant among the pines of the Sierra -Nevada, in the vicinity of Carson City. They were found generally in pairs. -Its note is said to greatly resemble the vociferous peeping of some of the -small Sandpipers, being sharp, loud, and distinct, and vigorously and continuously -uttered, whether climbing or flying. He found it exceedingly hard to -discover this bird among the branches, or even when flying, owing to the -swiftness and irregularity of its flight. When the female of a pair had been -killed, the male bird was extremely loud in his lamentations. Diminutive -as this bird is, Mr. Ridgway states that it is also the noisiest of all the feathered -inhabitants of the pines, though it is less active in the pursuit of insects -than the larger species.</p> - -<p>Nests of this bird obtained near Monterey appear to be as well made as -those of any of this genus, lining the cavity in which they are placed and -conforming to it in size and shape, the materials sufficiently interwoven to -permit removal and preservation, and warmly constructed of feathers, wool, -vegetable down, hair, and the silky efflorescence of seeds.</p> - -<p>Their eggs, seven in number, resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. canadensis</i>, but are -of smaller size and a little more pointed at one end. Their ground-color -is crystalline-white. This is covered more or less thickly with red spots, most -numerous at the larger end. Their measure varies from .65 by .50 to .60 by -.47 of an inch. The first eggs of this bird brought to the notice of naturalists -were procured at Fort Crook on the Upper Sacramento of California, and -not far from Mount Shasta, by Sergeant John Feilner, U. S. <abbr title="Army">A.</abbr>, forming part -of a very extensive collection of birds and eggs transmitted by him to the -Smithsonian Institution. Promoted to a lieutenancy for gallant conduct, -this gentleman finally attained the rank of captain of cavalry, and was killed -by the Sioux during an exploring expedition into Dacotah under General -Sully. -<!--165.png--><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 122]</span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Sitta pusilla</b>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta pusilla</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithology One"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr></abbr>, 1790, 263.—<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 105, <abbr title="plate 15">pl. <span -class="muchsmaller">XV.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, <abbr title="plate 125">pl. cxxv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Four, plate 249">Am. IV, pl. ccxlix.</abbr>—<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Reichenbach Handbuch"><span class="sc">Reich.</span></abbr> Handb. 1853, 153, <abbr title="Tabelle 514">tab. dxiv</abbr>, figs. -3567, 3568.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 377; Review, 88.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above ashy-blue; top of head and upper part of neck rather light hair-brown, -divided on the nape by white. Eye involved in the brown, which is deeper on -the lower border. Beneath muddy-whitish; sides and behind paler than the back. -Middle tail-feathers almost entirely like the back. Length of female, 4 inches; wing, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -South Atlantic and Gulf States. Ohio! <span class="sc">Kirtland.</span></p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Brown-headed Nuthatch has a much more restricted distribution -than the other members of this family in this country. The specimens -in the Smithsonian Museum are chiefly from Georgia. Wilson met -with it in Virginia, and states that it is found in the other Southern States. -I have received its eggs from Cheraw, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and from Florida.</p> - -<p>Wilson’s description of its habits makes them almost identical with those -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta canadensis</i>, while its notes are more shrill and chirping. Like that -bird, it is very fond of the seeds of the pines. Wherever found, it is a constant -resident, and does not migrate.</p> - -<p>Audubon states that this bird never goes farther north than Maryland, -and that it is the most abundant in Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. -In Louisiana it is rare, and it is not found in Kentucky. Its notes, -he states, are several octaves higher than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</i>, and -more shrill, and at least an octave and a half higher than those of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i>.</p> - -<p>Although apparently preferring pines and pine barrens, it by no means -confines itself to them, but is not unfrequently seen on low trees and fences, -mounting, descending, and turning in every direction, and with so much quickness -of motion as to render it difficult to shoot it. It examines every hole -and every crevice in the bark of trees, as well as their leaves and twigs, -among which it finds abundance of food at all seasons. During the breeding-season -they go about in pairs and are very noisy. Their only note is a monotonous -cry, described as resembling <i class="birdcall">dĕnd, dĕnd</i>. Mr. Audubon further -states that when the first brood leaves the nest, the young birds keep together, -moving from tree to tree with all the activity of their parents, who -join them when the second brood is able to keep them company. In Florida -they pair in the beginning of February, having eggs as early as the middle -of that month. In South Carolina they breed one month later. Their nest -is usually excavated by the birds themselves in the dead portion of a low -stump or sapling, sometimes only a few feet from the ground, but not unfrequently -at the height of thirty or forty feet. Both birds are said to work in -<!--166.png--><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 123]</span> -concert with great earnestness for several days, until the hole, which is round, -and not larger at the entrance than the body of the bird, is dug ten or twelve -inches deep, widening at the bottom. The eggs, according to Mr. Audubon, -are laid on the bare wood. This, however, is probably not their constant -habit. The eggs, from four to six in number, and not much larger than those -of the Humming-Bird, have a white ground, thickly sprinkled with fine reddish-brown -dots. They are said to raise two, and even three, broods in a -season. According to the observations of the late Dr. Gerhardt of Northern -Georgia, the Brown-headed Nuthatch breeds in that part of the country about -the 19th of April.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Nuthatch are of a rounded oval shape, measuring .60 by -.50 of an inch. Their white ground-color is so completely overlaid by a profusion -of fine dottings of a dark purplish-brown as to be entirely concealed, -and the egg appears almost as if a uniform chocolate or brown color.</p> - -</div><!--end family Paridæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--167.png--><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 124]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">CERTHIADÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Creepers.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Primaries ten; first very short; less than half the second. Tail long, wedge-shaped, -the feathers stiffened and acute. Bill slender, much compressed and curved. -Outer lateral toe much longest; hind toe exceeding both the middle toe and the tarsus, -which is scutellate anteriorly and very short. Entire basal joint of middle toe united to -the lateral.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CERTHIA</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia</i>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. -Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10th, 1758, 112. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. familiaris</i>.) (See <span -class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, Handbuch, <abbr title="One, two">I, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1853, 256, for a -monograph of the genus.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_167a.jpg" - width="250" height="181" - alt="Certhia americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia americana.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">827</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Plumage soft and loose. Bill as long as head, not notched, compressed; -all its lateral outlines decurved. Nostrils not -overhung by feathers, linear, with an incumbent -thickened scale, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes</i>. No -rictal bristles, and the loral and frontal feathers -smooth, without bristly shafts. Tarsus scutellate -anteriorly, shorter than middle toe, which -again is shorter than hind toe. All claws very -long, much curved and compressed; outer lateral -toe much the longer; basal joint of middle -toe entirely adherent to adjacent ones. Wings -rather pointed, about equal to the tail, the -feathers of which are much pointed, with -stiffened shafts. Primaries ten; first less than half the second. Nest in holes of trees; -eggs white, sprinkled with reddish.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_167b.jpg" - width="250" height="236" - alt="Certhia americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia americana.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiadæ</i> but one genus belongs -to America,—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia</i>, with its one -small species of considerable variability -with locality. The characters above -given include both family and generic -characters, derived from this one genus. -This is readily distinguished by the decurved, -compressed bill; absence of -notch and bristles; exposed linear nostrils -with incumbent scales; connate -middle toe, very long claws, short tarsi, -pointed and stiffened tail-feathers, etc.</p> - -<p>The American and European varieties (they can scarcely be called species) -resemble each other very closely, though they appear to be distinguished by -such differences as the following:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p>The two European races, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. familiaris</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. costæ</i>, both differ from all -the American varieties in having the crissum scarcely tinged with yellowish. -<!--168.png--><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 125]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. familiaris</i> is more ashy beneath than any others, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. costæ</i> is purest -white beneath of all. Nearest <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. familiaris</i>, in the American series, as regards -tints of the upper parts, are the Pacific coast specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i>,—while -the latter are most like the Atlantic region specimens of the same. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicana</i> is to be compared only with the North American forms, though -it is the only one approaching <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</i> in the ashy lower parts.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. familiaris</i> is at once separated from the rest by having the tail shorter -than the wing.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. costæ</i> is almost precisely like Eastern specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i> in -colors, but is absolutely pure white below, and without the distinctly yellowish -crissum of the American bird. The bill and claws, however, are considerably -longer than in Eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>, though their size is almost equalled -by those of Western specimens; the colors are, however, more decidedly -different.</p> - -<p>There is never any deviation from the generic <em>pattern</em> of coloration; but -the variation, <em>among individuals of each form</em>, in length of the bill and claws, -as well as the tail, is remarkable.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Certhia familiaris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">americana</b>, <span class="sc">Bonap</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BROWN CREEPER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Barton</span>, Fragments of the Natural History -of Pennsylvania, 1799, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia familiaris</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Vieillot Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 70 (not the -European bird); also of <span class="sc">Wilson</span> and <span class="sc">Audubon</span>.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, -Birds <abbr title="Eastern Massachusetts">E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 93. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia americana</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Comparative">Comp.</abbr> List. 1838.—<abbr -lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reichenbach Handbuch 1"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Handb. I</abbr>, 1853, 265, <abbr title="plate -615">pl. dcxv</abbr>, figs. 4102, 4103.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 372; -Review, 89.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, -105.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. Rep. XII, -<span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 192.—<span class="sc">Hamlin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society -Natural History">Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H.</abbr> 1864—66, 80. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia mexicana</i>, <span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 58.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill about the length of the head. Above dark brown, with a slightly -rufous shade, each feather streaked centrally, but not abruptly, with whitish; rump rusty. -Beneath almost silky-white; the under tail-coverts with a faint rusty tinge. A white -streak over the eye; the ear-coverts streaked with whitish. Tail-feathers brown centrally, -the edges paler yellowish-brown. Wings with a transverse bar of pale reddish-white -across both webs. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.90. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 827.)</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> (5945, Steilacoom, W. T.; Dr. J. S. Cooper.) Resembling the adult, but -streaks above indistinct, and the feathers there tipped indistinctly with blackish; the -rufous restricted to the upper tail-coverts. Breast and jugulum with very minute blackish -wavings or indistinct bars.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole of United States, to Red River Settlement.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the far west are purer white beneath, much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</i>, -but those from the northwest coast have the white tinged with light rusty. -Though purer white below, these specimens are much browner above than -Eastern ones,—sometimes more so than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</i>, but then there is -the yellowish crissum never seen in this “species,” and the proportions are -quite different. Thus it will be seen the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i> may always be distinguished -<!--169.png--><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 126]</span> -from the other forms; when most resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</i> in the grayish -tints of the upper plumage (as in Eastern examples), the lower parts are less -purely white, and the bill and claws smaller; when like it in the proportions -and pure white of the lower parts (as in Western specimens), the colors above -are altogether more brown. The yellowish crissum of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</i> will -also distinguish them. Though often resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</i> in the colors of -the upper parts, the latter may always be distinguished by its ashy lower -parts without yellowish crissum, the shorter tail, with its less acute feathers, -and stouter bill.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i> is still more different in colors, for which see that variety.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Our common Creeper, so closely resembling the Creeper of Europe -as by many to be supposed identical with it, is distributed over the -whole of North America, from the Gulf of Mexico to high northern latitudes. -At different seasons it may be found in every one of the several States and -Territories, yet it is never very abundant. The Smithsonian possesses specimens -from various parts of the country, from Georgia to Fort Steilacoom on -the Pacific, but of these none appear to have been secured during the period -of reproduction. Dr. Heermann found them very common in the more -mountainous districts of California. Dr. Cooper found these birds abundant -in the forests of Washington Territory, but difficult to detect from the similarity -of their color to that of the bark over which they crept. They were -apparently constant residents in that Territory. Dr. Suckley, who obtained -several specimens of this species in the oak groves in the vicinity of Fort -Steilacoom, states that in their habits the Western birds resemble those of the -Atlantic States.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this Creeper inhabiting both the pine forests of the -Sierra Nevada, where it was the more common, and also, in winter, among -the willows of the river valleys. He did not meet with it east of the Truckee -River, nor until he had reached the Wahsatch Mountains.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse found the Brown Creeper generally distributed throughout -the Indian Territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California, and adds that it -was especially abundant in the San Francisco Mountains of New Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that he has met with this form in the winter throughout -the higher mountains and among the Coast Range as far south as Santa -Cruz. He found them chiefly frequenting the coniferous trees, creeping up -and down their trunks and branches, searching for insects in their crevices, -and so nearly resembling the bark in their general color, that they can be -detected only with great difficulty, except when in motion.</p> - -<p>He adds that their notes are shrill and wiry, and are often heard when the -bird is scarcely visible, without a careful search, their cry appearing to be -from a greater distance than the real performer. In March, Dr. Cooper heard -them giving out a faint but sharp-toned song, resembling that of a Wren. -If Dr. Cooper is correct in his account of the notes, they do not correspond -with those of our Eastern bird.</p> - -<p><!--170.png--><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 127]</span> -Dr. Kennerly, in his Report on the birds observed by him near the 35th -parallel, states that he found our common Creeper very abundant among the -rough-barked cedars in the Aztec Mountains. It usually attracted notice, -and its place of retreat was discovered, by his hearing its quick and sharp -notes. A close and careful search generally enabled him to perceive it proceeding -leisurely upward and downward, in straight or spiral lines, toward -the top of the tree, dodging dexterously to the opposite side from the observer, -and only resuming its occupation when assured of solitude and safety.</p> - -<p>The observations of Dr. Kennerly, if they are to be received as characteristic -of the Western Creepers, do not correspond with those of our Eastern -birds, as far as we have observed them. None of our birds are more easily -approached, and when they are pursuing their search for food, none are more -regardless of observation. The statement that our Creeper, when watched, -moves to the opposite side of the tree from the looker-on, has found a certain -currency in our books. We are, however, of the opinion that this is owing -to its restless activity, prompting it to constant changes of place and position, -and not to its timidity or caution. We have uniformly found them either -unconscious or regardless of our near presence.</p> - -<p>They are solitary in their habits, and frequent, especially in the summer, -deep woods, searching for their favorite food in high places where it is difficult -to reach them, but this is no necessary evidence of their shyness. They -often hunt for their food in very exposed places, with equal courage and -recklessness. It is an active, restless bird, associating with Titmice and the -smaller Woodpeckers, moving with great rapidity from side to side and from -place to place. They breed in hollow trees, in the deserted holes of the Woodpeckers, -and in the decayed stumps and branches of trees. Their nest is a -loose aggregation of soft, warm materials, not interwoven, but simply collected -with regard to no other requisite than warmth.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1851 our party, in their visit to one of the smaller -Grand Menan Islands, was so fortunate as to meet with the nest of this bird. -It was built in a decayed birch-tree, only a few feet from the ground, and -contained five eggs nearly ready to hatch. This was on the 20th of June. -The nest was an intermingling of decayed wood, the fur of small quadrupeds, -and feathers, but with so little adherence or consistency of form that it was -impossible to retain the materials in position after removal.</p> - -<p>So far from evincing any timidity, the birds refused to leave their nest, and -could hardly be prevented from following it when removed from the woods -to a house on the island. One of our companions, returning to the woods in -order to secure the birds for the sake of identification, found the pair still -lingering round the place of their rifled nest. Upon his approach they began -to circle round his head with reproachful cries, and continued to keep so -close to him that it was impossible to shoot one without mutilating it. At -length one of the birds alighted on a small branch held over his head by -a lad who accompanied him, and in this position was secured by shooting it -<!--171.png--><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 128]</span> -with a pistol loaded with the finest shot. Its mate could have been secured, -as she persisted in pursuing them, but she was not molested. Throughout -there was not a trace of timidity on the part of either bird, but the most -reckless and daring devotion.</p> - -<p>Besides the single call-note or the sharp outcry with which the Creepers -signalize their movements, and which they utter from time to time as they -rapidly and busily move up and down the trunks and limbs, or flit from tree -to tree, they have been generally regarded as having no song. But this is not -the fact. The careful observations of Mr. William Brewster of Cambridge -have satisfied him that these birds have a very distinct and varied song. During -the winter these birds are not uncommon in the vicinity of Boston, coming -about the houses with all the tameness and confidence of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</i>, -and permit a very near approach. They are very easily attracted by suspending -from a piazza a piece of fat meat. Mr. Brewster has observed them -commence singing as early as the 14th of March. Their notes are varied -and warbling and somewhat confused; some of them are loud, powerful, and -surpassingly sweet, others are more feeble and plaintive; their song usually -ends with their accustomed cry, which may be represented by <i class="birdcall">crēē-crēē-crē-ēp</i>. -Mr. Brewster, besides repeatedly hearing them sing in Massachusetts -in the early spring, has also listened to their song in Maine in the month of -June.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are small in proportion to the size of the bird, are nearly oval -in shape, with a grayish-white ground, sparingly sprinkled with small, fine, -red and reddish-brown spots. They measure .55 by .43 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Certhia familiaris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">mexicana</b>, <abbr title="Gloger"><span class="sc">Glog.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MEXICAN CREEPER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia mexicana</i>, “<span class="sc">Gloger</span>, Handbuch,” <span -class="sc">Reichenbach</span>, Handbuch, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1853, 265, <abbr title="plate 562">pl. dlxii</abbr>, figs. 3841, -3842.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 290; 1858, 297; 1859, -362, 372.—<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1866, 190 (Volcan de Fuego, <abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 373 (under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i>), -<abbr title="plate 83">pl. lxxxiii</abbr>, fig. 2; Review, 90.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Ground-color above very dark sepia-brown, each feather with a sharply -defined medial streak of grayish-white, these streaks becoming broader posteriorly, where -they are discontinued at the beginning of the rump. Whole rump and upper tail-coverts -chestnut-rufous. Beneath pale ashy, becoming almost white on the throat; crissal feathers -deep ochraceous except at the tips, which are whitish. Markings of the wings as -usual. Measurements (8176, Mexico): wing, 2.50; tail, 2.70; bill (from nostril), .48; -hind claw, .30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Guatemala and Mexico; probably extending along the table-lands into the -United States.</p> - -<p>This is one of the best marked of the various races that have been discussed -(see <a href="#Page_124"><abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 124</a>). The ground-color of the upper parts is altogether darker -than in any of the others, and the streaks are more sharply defined and narrower; -<!--172.png--><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 129]</span> -the rufous of the rump is of a castaneous, instead of yellowish cast; -the wings appear more uniform with the back, owing to the dark color of the -latter, and their pale markings have little of that yellowish tinge so noticeable -in the others. In the ashy tinge of the lower parts there is a resemblance -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</i> of Europe; but the latter has not the ochraceous crissum -so noticeable in the present bird. There is little resemblance to Western -and Rocky Mountain specimens of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i> and if these are to -be considered as separable from the Eastern (which, however, would not, in -our opinion, be advisable) they must not be referred to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>.</p> - -<p>The Mexican Creeper is introduced here on account of the probability of -its occurrence in the Southern Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Mr. Salvin found the Mexican Tree-Creeper by no means uncommon -in the pine forests of the upper zone of the Volcan de Fuego. He -also observed it frequenting pine-trees in the district of Chilasco, Vera Paz, -at about 6,000 feet above the sea.</p> - -</div><!--end family Certhiadæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--173.png--><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 130]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">TROGLODYTIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Wrens.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Rictal bristles wanting; the loral feathers with bristly points; the frontal -feathers generally not reaching to nostrils. Nostrils varied, exposed or not covered by -feathers, and generally overhung by a scale-like membrane. Bill usually without notch -(except in some Middle American genera). Wings much rounded, about equal to tail, -which is graduated. Primaries ten, the first generally about half the second. Basal joint -of middle toe usually united to half the basal joint of inner, and the whole of that of the -outer, or more. Lateral toes about equal, or the outer a little the longer. Tarsi scutellate.</p> - -<p>The impossibility of defining any large group of animals, so as to separate -it stringently and abruptly from all others, is well understood among naturalists; -and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ</i> form no exception to the rule. Some bear so -close a resemblance to the Mocking Thrushes as to have been combined with -them; while others again exhibit a close approximation to other subfamilies. -The general affinities of the family, however, appear to be to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i>, -and one of the best characters for separating the two families appears to exist -in the structure of the feet.</p> - -<p>In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i> the basal joint of the outer lateral toe is united to the -middle toe, sometimes only a part of it; and the inner toe is cleft almost to -its very base, so as to be opposable to the hind toe, separate from the others. -In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ</i>, on the contrary, the inner toe is united by half its basal -joint to the middle toe, sometimes by the whole of this joint; and the second -joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into this union, instead of -the basal joint only. In addition to this character, the open, exposed nostrils, -the usually lengthened bill, the generally equal lateral toes, the short -rounded wings, the graduated tail, etc., furnish points of distinction.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="birdname">Genera.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Lateral toes very unequal.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Culmen depressed basally, the interval between the nostrils wider than -the much compressed anterior half of the bill. Plate on the posterior half -of the tarsus continuous. <b class="birdname">Catherpes.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Culmen compressed basally, the interval between the nostrils narrower -than the rather depressed anterior half of the bill. Plate on the posterior -half of the tarsus broken into smaller scales. <b class="birdname">Salpinctes.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Lateral toes equal.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Length about 8 inches. <b class="birdname">Campylorhynchus.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">d.</i> Length less than 6 inches.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill abruptly decurved or hooked at the tip. Outstretched feet not -reaching near to end of tail. <b class="birdname">Thryothorus.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail longer than the wing, the feathers black, variegated terminally -with whitish<span class="lock"> … </span>Subgenus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryomanes</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail shorter than the wing, the feathers rusty, not variegated with -whitish<span class="lock"> … </span>Subgenus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill only gently curved at the tip. Outstretched feet reaching nearly to -or beyond the end of the tail.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--174.png--><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 131]</span> -Back without streaks. No distinct superciliary stripe. <b class="birdname">Troglodytes.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill curved, sub-conical. Tail as long as wing<span class="lock"> … </span>Subgenus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill straight, subulate. Tail much shorter than wing<span class="lock"> … </span>Subgenus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anorthura</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Back streaked with black and white. <b class="birdname">Cistothorus.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill short, stout; its depth equal to one half its length from -the nostril; gonys straight or even convex, ascending. Crown -streaked; no distinct superciliary stripe<span class="lock"> … </span>Subgenus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill elongated, slender; its depth less than one third its length -from the nostril; gonys slightly concave, declining. Crown not -streaked; a conspicuous superciliary stripe<span class="lock"> … </span>Subgenus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CAMPYLORHYNCHUS</b>, <span class="sc">Spix</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus</i>, <span class="sc">Spix</span>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" -title="Avium … Brasiliam">Av. Bras.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1824, 77. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. scolopaceus</i>, -<span class="sc">Spix</span> = <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus variegatus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span -class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_174.jpg" - width="250" height="212" - alt="Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">7149</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than the head, without notch -or rictal bristles; culmen and commissure -curved; gonys nearly straight. -Nostrils in the antero-inferior part of -nasal groove, in advance of the frontal -feathers, with an overhanging scale -with thickened edge, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</i>; -sometimes, as in the type, reduced -to a slight ridge along the upper -side of the nasal groove. Lateral septum -not projecting below or anteriorly -into the nasal cavity, but concealed -by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little -longer than middle toe and claw; -claws strong, much curved, and very -sharp; middle toe with basal joint -adherent almost throughout. Wings -and tail about equal, the latter graduated; the exterior webs of lateral feathers broad.</p> - -<p>This genus embraces the largest species of the family, and is well represented -in Middle and South America, two species only reaching into -North America, which may be distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0">Top of head and post-ocular stripe reddish-brown; back streaked longitudinally -and linearly with white. All the feathers beneath conspicuously spotted. -Crissum and flanks with rounded or elongated spots. Iris reddish. Nostrils -inferior, linear, overhung by a scale. Nests large and purse-shaped; eggs white, -profusely marked with salmon-colored or reddish spots.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Spots much larger on throat and jugulum than elsewhere. Inner webs -of second to fifth tail-feathers (between middle and outer feathers) black, -except at tips. Length, 8.00; wing, 3.40; tail, 3.55. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Adjacent borders -of United States and Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Spots on throat and jugulum little larger than elsewhere. Inner webs of -intermediate tail-feathers banded with white like the outer. Length, 7.50. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--175.png--><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 132]</span> -<b class="birdname">Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CACTUS WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picolaptes brunneicapillus</i>, <span class="sc">Lafresnaye</span>, <abbr lang="fr" -xml:lang="fr" title="Magasin de Zoologie">Mag. de Zool.</abbr> 1835, 61, <abbr title="plate 47">pl. xlvii.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum, Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, 1851, -114.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, Birds <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> <abbr title="Texas">Tex.</abbr> 1854, 156, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. -xxv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences Two">J. A. N. Sc. II</abbr>, 1853, -263. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. brunneicapillus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1847, -159.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 223.—<abbr title="Sclater"><span -class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 156, 264.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 355; <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. -Phil. Acad.</abbr> 1859, 3, etc.; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 99.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific -Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, 1859.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 482 (Texas).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 61.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill as long as the head. Above brown; darkest on the head, which is -unspotted. Feathers on the back streaked centrally with white. Beneath whitish, tinged -with rusty on the belly; the feathers of the throat and upper parts, and under tail-coverts, -with large rounded black spots; those of the remaining under parts with smaller, more -linear ones. Chin and line over the eye white. Tail-feathers black beneath, barred subterminally -(the outer one throughout) with white. Iris, reddish-yellow. Length, 8 inches; -wing, 3.40; tail, 3.55.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Adjacent borders of the United States and Mexico, from the mouth of the Rio -Grande to the Valley of the Colorado, and to the Pacific coast of Southern California. -Replaced at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. affinis</i>.</p> - -<p>This species is found abundantly along the line of the Rio Grande and -Gila, extending northward some distance, and everywhere conspicuous by -its wren-like habits and enormous nest.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_175.jpg" - width="250" height="212" - alt="Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Brown-headed Creeper is a comparatively recent addition -to the fauna of the United States, -but appears to be common along -the southwestern borders of the -United States, from the valley of -the Rio Grande to San Diego, in -California. In Lower California -it is replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. affinis</i>.</p> - -<p>It was first added to our avifauna -by Mr. Lawrence in 1851, -on the strength of a specimen -obtained in Texas by Captain -McCown.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his paper on -the Birds of California, speaks -of finding it in the arid country back of Guymas, on the Gulf of California. -This country, presenting only broken surfaces and a confused -mass of volcanic rocks, covered by a scanty vegetation of thorny bushes -and cacti, among other interesting birds, was found to contain this species -in abundance. He describes it as a lively, sprightly species, uttering, at -intervals, clear, loud, ringing notes. Its nest, composed of grasses and lined -with feathers, was in the shape of a long purse, enormous for the size of the -bird, and laid flat between the forks or on the branches of a cactus. The -<!--176.png--><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 133]</span> -entrance was a covered passage, varying from six to ten inches in length. -The eggs, six in number, he described as being of a delicate salmon-color, -very pale, and often so thickly speckled with ash and darker salmon-colored -spots as to give quite a rich cast to the whole surface of the egg.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Couch met with these birds near Monterey. He states that -they have a rich, powerful song. Of the nest he gives substantially the -same description as that furnished by Dr. Heermann.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of an oblong-oval shape, slightly more pointed at one end, -and are so equally and generally covered, over a white ground, with fine -salmon-colored spots, as to present a uniform and almost homogeneous -appearance. They vary in length from an inch to 1.02 inches, and have -an average breadth of .68 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Campylorhynchus affinis</b>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CAPE CACTUS WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus affinis</i>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1859, 298 (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1859, 303; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 100.—<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> -1861, 17, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 108.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds of North America -One, four">Illust. B. N. A. I, <span class="muchsmaller">IV.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 62.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Cap of head reddish-brown; the concealed centres of feathers dusky. -Rest of upper parts grayish-brown, all the feathers of body and scapulars with broad central -or shaft streaks of whitish edged with black; the streaks irregular in outline, on some -feathers nearly linear, in others widening at intervals along the shaft. Outer webs of the -wing-feathers crossed by about seven rows of whitish semicircular spots, with corresponding -series of more circular ones on the inner web. Tail-feathers black, all of them with a -series of about eight quadrate white spots on each web, which are alternate to each other, -not opposite, and extend from or near the black shaft to the edge; the extreme tips of the -feathers black; the two central feathers, however, more like the back, with irregular mottling -of grayish and black. Upper tail-coverts barred transversely with black.</p> - -<p class="small">Under parts white, faintly tinged with rusty posteriorly; each feather spotted with -black, excepting on the immaculate chin. These spots are rather larger and more quadrate -on the jugulum, where they are sometimes on the sides of the feathers (on one -or both sides); posteriorly, however, they are elongated or tear-shaped, and strung along -the shaft, one or two on each. On the crissum they are large and much rounded, three or -four on each longer feather. Legs rather dusky. Bill lead-color, pale at the base below; -iris reddish-brown. A broad white stripe from bill over the eye and nape; edged -above and below with black; line behind the eye like the crown; cheek-feathers white, -edged with blackish.</p> - -<p class="small">Immature specimens exhibit a tendency to a whitish spotting in the ends of the feathers -of the cap. A very young bird does not, however, differ materially, except in having the -spots less distinct beneath, the white streaks less conspicuous above, the white of the -wings soiled with rufous. Specimens vary considerably in the proportional as well as -absolute thickness and length of the bill; thus, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 32,167 measures .80 from nostril to end -of bill, instead of .60, as given below for <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 12,965.</p> - -<p class="small">12,965. Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.40; its graduation, .45; exposed portion -of first primary, 1.42, of second, 2.15, of longest, or fourth (measured from exposed base of -first primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.07; -<!--177.png--><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 134]</span> -tarsus, 1.02; middle toe and claw, .90; claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .76; claw -alone, .35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Only observed at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower California.</p> - -<p>This species is most nearly allied to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. brunneicapillus</i>; the most apparent -difference at first sight being in the greater concentration of black on the -throat and jugulum in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus</i>, and the much smaller size of the -remaining spots on the under parts, with the decided light-cinnamon of -the posterior portion of the body. The outer and central tail-feathers alone -are marked as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. affinis</i>, the intermediate ones being entirely black, with -the exception of a white subterminal band.</p> - -<p>This is one of the most characteristic birds constituting the isolated fauna -of Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Like nearly all the species peculiar to this remarkable -locality, it is exceedingly abundant, breeding in immense numbers. It has -not yet been detected elsewhere, though it may possibly be found on the -Lower Colorado.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This recently described species was first discovered by Mr. -Xantus, and has, so far as is known, a somewhat restricted locality, having -been met with only at the southern extremity of Lower California, where it -is an exceedingly abundant bird. Mr. Xantus has published no observations -in regard to its habits, which, however, are probably very nearly identical -with those of the more common species. From the brief memoranda given -by him in the general register of his collections, made at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, we -gather that their nests were built almost exclusively in opuntias, cacti, and -the prickly pear, and were generally only four or five feet from the ground, -but occasionally at the height of ten feet.</p> - -<p>The nests are large purse-shaped collections of twigs and coarse grasses, -very similar to, and hardly distinguishable in any respect from, those of the -more northern species. The eggs vary from 1.05 to 1 inch in length, and -from .65 to .70 of an inch in breadth, and have a reddish-white ground very -uniformly dotted with fine markings of reddish-brown, purple, and slate.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">SALPINCTES</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Wiegmann’s <span lang="de" -xml:lang="de">Archiv</span>, 1847, <abbr title="one"><span class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 323. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Troglodytes obsoletus</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill as long as the head; all the outlines nearly straight to the tip, then -decurved; nostrils oval. Feet weak; tarsi decidedly longer than the middle toe; outer -lateral toe much longer, reaching to the base of the middle claw, and equal to the hinder. -Wings about one fifth longer than the tail; the exposed portion of the first primary about -half that of the second, and two fifths that of the fourth and fifth. Tail-feathers very -broad, plane, nearly even or slightly rounded; the lateral moderately graduated.</p> - -<p>Of this genus but one species is so far known in the United States, the -Rock Wren of the earlier ornithologists. It is peculiar among its cognate -<!--178.png--><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 135]</span> -genera by having the two continuous plates on each side the tarsus divided -into seven or more smaller plates, with a naked interval between them and -the anterior scutellæ. Other characters will be found detailed in the Review -of American Birds, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 109.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Salpinctes obsoletus</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROCK WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes obsoletus</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr -title="Expedition Two">Exped. II</abbr>, 1823, 4 (south fork of Platte).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four, plate 360">Orn. Biog. IV, pl. ccclx.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds of America Two, plate 116">B. A. II, pl. cxvi.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, <span -class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 80.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report -Ten">P. R. R. Rep. X</abbr>, 1859, 41. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> Wiegmann’s <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv</span>, 1847, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -323.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 357; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -110.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 371 -(Oaxaca).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 64. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">? Troglodytes latisfasciatus</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> Preis-<abbr lang="de" -xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss">Verzeich.</abbr> 1831, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 82.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_178.jpg" - width="250" height="201" - alt="Salpinctes obsoletus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">7157</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Plumage very soft and lax. Bill about as long as the head. Upper parts -brownish-gray, each feather with a central -line and (except on the head) transverse bars -of dusky, and a small dull brownish-white -spot at the end (seen also on the tips of the -secondaries). Rump, sides of the body, and -posterior part of belly and under tail-coverts -dull cinnamon, darker above. Rest of under -parts dirty white; feathers of throat and -breast with dusky central streaks. Lower -tail-coverts banded broadly with black. Inner -tail-feathers like the back, the others -with a broad black bar near the end; the -tips cinnamon; the outer on each side alternately -banded with this color and black. -A dull white line above and behind the eye. Iris brown. Length, 5.70; wing, 2.82; tail, -2.40. Young not marked or banded beneath. Eggs white, spotted with red.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Central regions of the United States, to Mexico, east to mouth of Yellowstone -River. Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Not recorded from Pacific slope. W. Arizona, Coues. Oaxaca, -<span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_179.jpg" - width="250" height="231" - alt="Salpinctes obsoletus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Rock Wren, so far as its distribution is known, is principally -restricted to the high central plains of the Rocky Mountains, from Nebraska -to the coast ranges near the Pacific, and from Oregon to Mexico and Lower -California. According to Dr. Cooper it is an abundant species throughout -the dry, rocky, and barren districts of California, especially in the southern -portions, where it comes nearer the coast. They are numerous among the -plains on both sides of the Rocky Mountains. Their favorite places are -among the rocks, where they are always busily engaged in hunting for insects -in the crevices. Dr. Cooper found nests at San Diego in cavities under the -tiled roofs of houses, but they all contained young as early as May. At -Fort Mojave they began to sing in February, and their song continued -throughout the spring. They range to a high elevation among the mountains, -<!--179.png--><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 136]</span> -having been found by Dr. Newberry at Klamath Lake in Oregon. Dr. -Cooper does not describe their song, but Dr. Heermann speaks of it as only a -very weak trill. The latter met with them in the mountainous districts of -California, where they were searching -for their food among the crevices of -the rocks. He afterwards met with -them in New Mexico and Texas. -They were quite abundant in the Tejon -Valley, passing in and out, among -and under the boulders profusely scattered -over the mountains, searching -for spiders, worms, and small insects, -in pursuit of which they uttered at -intervals a loud and quick note of a -peculiarly thrilling character. Lieutenant -Couch found them in the sandstone -ranges near Patos, in the province of Coahuila. Some of their habits -are spoken of as sparrow-like, and, while they have the usual wren-like -grating noises, they also possess a song of great variety and sweetness.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly met with them among the bushes in the vicinity of the Rio -Grande. Their flight he describes as short, the bird generally soon alighting -on the ground and running off very rapidly.</p> - -<p>This Wren was first discovered by Mr. Say near the Arkansas River, inhabiting -a sterile district devoid of trees, hopping along the ground or flitting -through the low, stunted junipers on the banks of the river, usually in small -flocks of five or six. Nuttall afterwards found them in July on the Western -Colorado. The note of the female was <i class="birdcall">charr-charr-te-aigh</i>, with a strong -guttural accent, and with a shrill call similar to the note of the Carolina -Wren. The old birds were feeding a brood of five young, which, though full -grown, were cherished with querulous assiduity. He found them nesting -among the rocky ledges, in the crevices of which they hide themselves -when disturbed. Mr. Nuttall also met with this species near Fort Vancouver. -Mr. Salvin states that in several instances it has been met with in -Guatemala.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Wren obtained by Dr. Palmer in Arizona have a clear -white ground, sparingly spotted with well-defined, distinct dottings of brownish-red. -These are chiefly distributed around the larger end. They vary -somewhat in size and shape, some being of a more rounded form, though all -have one end more pointed than the other. The length is pretty uniform, -.77 of an inch. The breadth varies from .60 to .66 of an inch. They are -larger and more oblong than the eggs of any other Wren, except perhaps the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>, and bear little resemblance to any other eggs of this family with -which I am acquainted, except those of the Winter Wren, and the egg attributed -to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. americanus</i>.</p> - -<p><!--180.png--><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 137]</span> -The nest is homogeneous in structure, composed entirely of thin strips of -reddish-colored bark and fine roots, interspersed with a few small bits of -wool. It is distorted by packing, so that measurements of it would be -valueless; its dimensions in its pressed condition are: diameter, 5 inches; -depth, 2 inches. The cavity is shallow and saucer-shaped.</p> - -<p>From Mr. Ridgway we learn that from the summit of the Sierra Nevada -eastward, as far as the party explored, he found this Wren universally distributed. -In the middle provinces of the Rocky Mountains it was the most -abundant species of the family, but was not so abundant in the Wahsatch -Mountains. The general resort of this species was among rocky or stony -hill-slopes, though it was not confined to such localities. At Carson City -he found it particularly partial to the rubbish of the decaying pine-logs. At -Virginia City it was the only Wren seen frequenting the old buildings and -abandoned mining-shafts, in its predilection for such places reminding him -very much of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus ludovicianus</i>, which in its manners it very -strongly resembles.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway noticed a wonderful variety in the notes of this Wren. Its -peculiarly guttural <i class="birdcall">turee</i> was repeatedly heard, and its song in spring had -a slight resemblance in modulation to that of the Carolina Wren, though -altogether lacking the power and richness so characteristic of the superb song -of that bird. Frequently its song was changed into a prolonged monotonous -trill, similar to the tremulous spring-call of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco hyemalis</i>.</p> - -<p>This species is not so wary as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus</i>. Upon suddenly -starting up an individual of this kind, he would fly to the nearest boulder, -turn with his breast towards the party, swing oddly from side to side, all the -while ludicrously bowing and scolding the intruder with his peculiar sharp -expressions of displeasure.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his paper on the Fauna of the Territory of Montana, states -that he observed this bird occasionally through the main Rocky Mountain -chain to near the crossing of the Bitterroot, but it was less common than -among the cliffs and rocks of the barren plain along their eastern slope. -Though he did not find it in the western part of Washington Territory, he -has no doubt that it frequents parts of the rocky cañons of the Columbia -Plain. A nest with nine eggs was found in a log-cabin below Fort Benton.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CATHERPES</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 357. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill longer than the head, slender; all the outlines nearly straight to the -tip, then gently decurved, gonys least so; nostrils linear; tarsus short, about equal to the -middle toe, which reaches to the middle of the middle claw. Outer toe considerably -longer than the inner, reaching beyond the base of the middle claw. Wings a little longer -than the tail; the exposed portion of the first primary about half that of the fourth and -<!--181.png--><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 138]</span> -fifth. Tail-feathers very broad and perfectly plane; tail nearly even; the two lateral -graduated; the outer about eleven twelfths of the middle.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_181a.jpg" - width="250" height="216" - alt="Catherpes mexicanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">3969</b>, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p>This genus agrees with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes</i> in -the broad, plane tail-feathers, but the -bill is much longer, the nostrils linear, -not oval, the feet much stouter, the -outer toe rather longer; the tarsus shorter, -being equal to the middle toe, not -longer; the hind toe much longer than -the outer lateral, instead of equal to it. -The wings are but little longer than the -tail, and shorter than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes</i>.</p> - -<p>This genus is confined to the western -portions, where a single species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicanus</i>, occurs in two well-marked -varieties:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">C. mexicanus.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1">Culmen almost straight, the tip decurved, gonys straight. Above blackish-brown; -wings and back sparsely sprinkled with minute white specks; <em>no such -markings on head or neck</em>. Bars on tail very broad, .12 in width on outer -feathers. Wing, 2.84; tail, 2.40; culmen, .96; tarsus, .75; middle toe, .68; -posterior, .47; outer, .52; inner, .49 (52,791, Mazatlan, Mexico). -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Culmen and gonys both gently curved, the latter somewhat concave. Above -cinnamon-ashy, more reddish on rump and wings; head and neck above with -numerous dots of white; very few of these on back and wings. Tail-bars -very narrow and thread-like. Wing, 2.48; tail, 2.12; culmen, .83; tarsus, .56; -middle toe, .52; posterior, .35; outer, .44; inner, .36 (53,425 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Churchill, -Nevada). <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle (and Pacific?) -Province of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</i>.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_181b.jpg" - width="250" height="258" - alt="Catherpes mexicanus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus.</i><br /></p> -</div> - -<p>In <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> the white of throat is more abruptly defined against the -rufous of abdomen than in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</i>, -in which the transition is very -gradual. The latter has the secondaries -rufous with narrow isolated bars -of black; the former has them blackish, -<em>indented</em> on lower webs with dark -rufous. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i> the feet are -very stout, and dark brown; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</i> -they are much weaker, and -deep black.</p> - -<p>All specimens from south of the -United States (including Giraud’s type -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia albifrons</i>) belong to the restricted -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</i>, while all from the -United States are of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--182.png--><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 139]</span> -<b class="birdname">Catherpes mexicanus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">conspersus</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAÑON WREN; WHITE-THROATED ROCK WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal -Academy of Natural Sciences second series Two">J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. II</abbr>, 1853, 63.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes report Ten">P. R. R. Rep. X</abbr>, 1859, 41.—<span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> Birds <abbr title="California One">Cal. I</abbr>, 1854, 173, <abbr -title="plate 30">pl. xxx.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 356 (in part); <abbr title="Review Three">Rev. III</abbr> (in part).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 66. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes -mexicanus</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,425 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, near Fort Churchill, Nevada, December 7, 1867; <span class="sc">R. Ridgway</span>). -Above, brownish-ashy on the anterior, and bright cinnamon-rufous on the posterior -half, the two colors shading insensibly together. The anterior, or grayish portion -thickly sprinkled with numerous small circular dots of white, each preceded by a smaller -speck of dusky; a few of these dots on the rump. Wings with obsolete, ragged, narrow, -<em>isolated</em> bars of dusky, these most sharply defined on the secondaries. Tail clear rufous, -crossed with about nine very narrow, thread-like, somewhat zigzag bars of black,—these -about .02 wide on the middle, and .07 on the outer feather. Beneath, anterior third, pure -silky-white, shading insensibly into soft ochraceous on the breast, this soon darkening into -deep ferruginous, the color of all the posterior lower parts; the whole of this ferruginous -surface, with very obsolete transverse spots of white, each preceded by a narrower dusky -one. Length, 5.75; extent of wings, 7.50 (fresh); wing, 2.48; tail, 2.13; culmen, .83; -tarsus, .56. Bill deep slate, paler, and with lilaceous tinge, at base of lower mandible; -iris umber; tarsi and toes black (fresh colors).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Central region of North America, from boundary of United States northward. -Extends up Valley of Colorado. Western Nevada, resident; <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p>The above characters apply to all specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes</i> from north of -Mexico, as substantiated by a sufficient series in the collection. It is a -remarkable fact that this northern race should be so much smaller than the -Mexican one, especially in view of the fact that it is a resident bird in even -the most northern parts of its ascertained habitat.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The geographical distribution of this race of the White-throated -Wren, so far as known, is confined to the line of the United States and -Mexican boundary, extending northward up the Valley of the Colorado, as -far as Western Nevada. The corresponding Mexican race reaches some -distance southward, but has not yet been detected beyond the limits of -Mexico. The habits of both races, however, are quite similar, as far as -known.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann first met with this Wren in the spring of 1851, on the -Cosumnes River. In the following year he procured three specimens on the -Calaveras River. He describes it as an active, sprightly bird, having a loud -and pleasing song that may be heard a great distance, and which it repeats -at short intervals. When found, it was occupied with searching for insects, -between and under the large boulders of rock that, in some portions of the -river, are thrown together in confused masses, as if by some terrific convulsion -of nature.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly also met with this species in similar localities among the -hills bordering upon the Big Sandy, where the rocks are also described -<!--183.png--><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 140]</span> -as piled up thick and high. They were darting from rock to rock and -creeping among the crevices with great activity, constantly repeating their -peculiar and singular note. The great rapidity of their motions rendered -it difficult to procure a specimen. He did not observe this bird anywhere -else.</p> - -<p>Their occurrence equally in such wild and desolate regions and in the midst -of crowded cities indicates that the abundance of their food in either place, -and not the absence or presence of man, determines this choice of residence. -When first observed they were supposed to nest exclusively in deep and inaccessible -crevices of rocks, where they were not likely to be traced. Mr. -H. E. Dresser afterwards met with its nest and eggs in Western Texas, though -he gives no description of either. He found this species rather common near -San Antonio, where it remained to breed. One pair frequented a printing-office -at that place, an old half-ruined building, where their familiar habits -made them great favorites with the workmen, who informed him that the -previous spring they had built a nest and reared their young in an old wall -close by, and that they became very tame. At Dr. Heermann’s rancho on -the Medina he procured the eggs of this bird, as well as those of the -Louisiana and Bewick’s Wren, by nailing up cigar-boxes, with holes cut in -front, wherever these birds were likely to build.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sumichrast describes its nest<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_29" id="fnanchor_29"></a><a href="#footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></span> as very skilfully wrought with spiders’ -webs, and built in the crevices of old walls, or in the interstices between the -tiles under the roofs of the houses. A nest with four eggs, supposed to be -those of this species, was obtained in Western Texas by Mr. J. H. Clark; it -was cup-shaped, not large, and with only a slight depression. The eggs, -four in number, were unusually oblong and pointed for eggs of this family, -and measured .80 by .60 of an inch, with a crystalline-white ground, profusely -covered with numerous and large blotches of a reddish or cinnamon -brown.</p> - -<p>So far as the observations of Mr. Ridgway enabled him to notice this bird, -he found it much less common than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus</i>, and inhabiting -only the most secluded and rocky recesses of the mountains. Its common -note of alarm is described as a peculiarly ringing <i class="birdcall">dīnk</i>. It has a remarkably -odd and indescribably singular chant, utterly unlike anything else Mr. -Ridgway ever heard. This consisted of a series of detached whistles, beginning -in a high fine key, every note clear, smooth, and of equal length, -each in succession being a degree lower than the preceding one, and only -ending when the bottom of the scale is reached. The tone is soft, rich, -and silvery, resembling somewhat the whistling of the Cardinal Grosbeak.</p> - -<p>It was often seen to fly nearly perpendicularly up the face of a rocky wall, -and was also noticed to cling to the roof of a cave with all the facility of a -true Creeper.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--184.png--><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 141]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">THRYOTHORUS</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type, <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes arundinaceus</i>, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodyte des Roseaux</i>,” <abbr -title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. -Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 55 = <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_184.jpg" - width="250" height="211" - alt="Thryothorus ludovicianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus <a id="chg2" name="chg2"></a>ludovicianus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">7113</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill compressed, rather slender; height about one fourth the length above. -Culmen and commissure gently curved throughout; gonys straight; tip very obsoletely -notched. Nostrils in the lower edge of anterior -extremity of the nasal groove, narrowly elliptical, -overhung by a stiff scale-like roof of the thickened -membrane of the upper part of the nasal groove, the -crescentic edge rounded. The septum of nostrils -imperforate; the posterior part of the nasal cavity -with a short septum projecting into it parallel with -the central, not perpendicular as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Microcerculus</i>. -Wings and tail about equal, the latter moderately -rounded; the first primary more than half the -second, about half the longest. Tarsi rather short, -scarcely exceeding middle toe. Anterior scutellæ -distinct, rest of each side of tarsi in a continuous plate. Lateral toes equal.</p> - -<p>The diagnoses of the North American species are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Head above, and back, of much the same color. Crissum -barred transversely; rest of under parts plain. Upper tail-coverts and exposed -surface of wings barred. Iris hazel. Nest in holes or with an arched -covering. Eggs reddish-white, spotted with red and purple.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">a. Thryothorus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">T. ludovicianus.</b> Tail-feathers reddish-brown, barred with black. Greater -wing-coverts spotted with whitish.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Beneath yellow-whitish, washed occasionally with rusty. Sides plain. -Bill from nostril, .45. Length, 6.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province United -States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Beneath rufous; lighter on throat and along median line. Sides -obsoletely barred with dusky. Bill from nostril, .56. Length, 5.25. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Lower Rio Grande<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">berlandieri</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">b. Telmatodytes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">T. bewickii.</b> Tail-feathers, except central, black; the exposed surface and -tips only varied with white. Length, 5.50.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above dark rufous-brown; beneath plumbeous-white; flanks tinged -with brown. Rump and exposed secondaries distinctly banded. Quills -and middle tail-feathers brownish-black. Length from nostril, .39; -along gape, .70. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr -title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above ashy-brown; beneath, including flanks, clear white; rump -ashy, and, like secondaries, very obsoletely barred. Quills and middle -tail-feathers grayish-brown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern border of United States, -into Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Colors intermediate between the two last. Bill longer, from -nostril, .50, from gape, .81. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Pacific Province<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--185.png--><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 142]</span> -<span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">THRYOTHORUS</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Thryothorus ludovicianus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">ludovicianus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREAT CAROLINA WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus Two"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus Two">Ind. Orn. II</abbr></abbr>, 1790, 548. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ludovicianus</i>, <abbr -title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1823, 35; -also of <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, and <span class="sc">Prince <abbr -title="Maximilian">Max.</abbr></span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus ludovicianus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List. 1838, etc.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 361; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 123. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes arundinaceus</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr -title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 55, <abbr title="plate 108">pl. cviii.</abbr> (Certainly this species; the habits those of <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">C. palustris</i>.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia caroliniana</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr -title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 61, <abbr title="plate 12">pl. xii</abbr>, fig. 5. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Thryothorus littoralis</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 34"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. XXXIV.</abbr> 1819, 56. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus louisianæ</i>, <span -class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1840, 262.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Additional figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, <abbr title="plate 77">pl. lxxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, <abbr title="plate 117">pl. cxvii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Exposed portion of the bill shorter than the head. Above reddish-brown, -most vivid on the rump. A whitish streak over the eye, bordered above with dark brown. -Throat whitish; rest of under parts pale yellow-rusty, darkest towards the under tail-coverts, -which are conspicuously barred with black. Exposed surface of the wings and -tail (including the upper coverts) barred throughout with brown, the outer edges of tail-feathers -and quills showing series of alternating whitish and dusky spots. Legs flesh-colored. -Length, 6 inches; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.45.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, from New York southward to the Gulf.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_185.jpg" - width="250" height="324" - alt="Thryothorus bewickii" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii.</i><br /></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Great Carolina or Mocking Wren is found in all the Southeastern -and Southern States from Florida to Maryland, and from the Atlantic -to Kansas and the Valley of the Rio Grande. It is not common about Washington, -but is much more abundant in the Southern States. Occasionally it -has been found as far north as Philadelphia, -and in one or two instances near New York, -where Mr. Lawrence has twice seen it, and -where on one occasion it appeared to be breeding. -Dr. Woodhouse found it very abundant -throughout Texas and the Indian Territory. -It is also abundant, and resident, in Southern -Illinois, as far north as latitude 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> 20<abbr title="minutes">′</abbr> 20<abbr title="seconds">″</abbr>.</p> - -<p>The habits and movements of this species, -as described by those who have had the -best opportunities for observing it, correspond -with those of the whole family of -Wrens. Its flight is usually only in short -distances, and is accompanied with short flappings -of the wings, and violent jerkings of -the body and the tail. The latter is usually kept erect. It moves with -quick jerks, and with sharp, rapid notes uttered as if in anger. It is in sight -one moment and out the next, passes in at one place and out at another -<!--188.png--><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 143]</span> -with the rapidity of thought. Mr. Audubon often saw it singing from the -roof of an abandoned flat-boat, near New Orleans, and when its song was -ended it would creep from one board to the next, enter an augur-hole at -one place to reappear at another, catching numerous spiders and other insects -all the while.</p> - -<!--186.png--><!--Color Plate 9--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_9.jpg" - width="500" height="837" - alt="Color plate 9" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-1" name="pl_9-1"></a><img src="images/pl_9-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 1, Thryothorus ludovicianus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus ludovicianus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Latham">Lath.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1784.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-2" name="pl_9-2"></a><img src="images/pl_9-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 2, Thryothorus berlandieri" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus berlandieri</span>, - <i class="name">Couch</i>. Texas.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-3" name="pl_9-3"></a><img src="images/pl_9-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 3, Thryothorus bewickii" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2047.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-4" name="pl_9-4"></a><img src="images/pl_9-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 4, Thryothorus bewickii" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-5" name="pl_9-5"></a><img src="images/pl_9-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 5, Troglodyta ædon" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodyta ædon</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr> D. C.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-6" name="pl_9-6"></a><img src="images/pl_9-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 6, Cistothorus palustris" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1454.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-7" name="pl_9-7"></a><img src="images/pl_9-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 7, Cistothorus stellaris" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus stellaris</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Lichtenstein">Licht.</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 3073.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-8" name="pl_9-8"></a><img src="images/pl_9-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 8, Troglodytes alascensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes alascensis</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. Alaska, 54447.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-9" name="pl_9-9"></a><img src="images/pl_9-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 9 detail 9, Troglodytes hyemalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes hyemalis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Virginia">Va.</abbr>, 31045.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_9-10" name="pl_9-10"></a><img src="images/pl_9-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Troglodytes hyemalis var. pacificus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes hyemalis <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> pacificus</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. <abbr title="Washington Territory">W. T.</abbr>, 17434.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> -<!--187.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p>Occasionally its movements are like those of a Creeper, ascending to the -upper branches of trees of a moderate height, or climbing a grapevine, -searching diligently among the leaves and in the crevices of the bark for -insects.</p> - -<p>This species possesses a great variety and power of song. It is also said -to have and to exhibit remarkable powers of imitation, with a great variety -in its appropriated notes of other birds, giving, with modulations, the hoarse -rattle of the Kingfisher, the lively notes of the Tufted Titmouse, the simple -refrain of the Ground Robin, with those of the Grakles, the Meadow Lark, -the Bluebird, and others. Like the common Wren, the Carolina generally -builds its nest in the hollow of some tree or stump, or any other convenient -cavity. At other times it constructs its own habitation without any other -protection than the thick branches of a vine or shrub. In these situations -they are long and deep, and have an artificial roofing, often separate from the -nest itself. The materials employed in their construction are hay, grasses, -leaves, feathers, horse-hair, and dry fibres of the long Spanish moss. They -are softly and warmly lined with fur, hair, and feathers. The nest is not -unfrequently five or six inches in depth, while the opening is not large -enough to admit more than one bird at a time. They sometimes raise three -broods in a season.</p> - -<p>It breeds as far north as Philadelphia, Mr. Audubon having found its nest -in a swamp in New Jersey, opposite that city.</p> - -<p>Although seemingly studious of concealment, and shy and retiring in its -habits, Nuttall frequently observed it in Tuscaloosa and other large towns -in Alabama, appearing on the tops of barns and out-houses, singing with -great energy.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, who enjoyed a favorable opportunity of watching these birds -in Florida, in the spring and summer of 1859, found a nest of this Wren in -the middle of March. It was built in a small box on a shelf in a mill, and -was about four feet from the ground. It was arched over at the top, though -this was not necessary to shelter it. This covering was formed of shavings, -with a few small sticks and straws. Four eggs were laid. The birds were -very tame, and were not alarmed by the loud noise of the mill, nor by a cat -almost always present. Another nest found by Dr. Cooper was built in a -small hole in the trunk of a tree, not more than six inches from the ground. -This nest was not arched over. Its close proximity to a dwelling-house -alone protected it from wild animals.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Wren are usually six or seven in number, and vary in size -and shape. They are for the most part of a spheroidal-oval shape, though -<!--189.png--><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 144]</span> -some are more oblong than others. Their length varies from .75 to .70 of an -inch, and their greatest breadth from .60 to .65. The ground-color is a reddish-white, -profusely covered with blotches of purple, slate, reddish-brown, -and red. These are generally and pretty equally diffused, and are not more -abundant at the larger end than elsewhere.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Thryothorus ludovicianus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">berlandieri</b>, <span class="sc">Couch.</span></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BERLANDIER’S WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus berlandieri</i>, <span class="sc">Couch</span>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 362, <abbr title="plate 83">pl. lxxxiii</abbr>, fig. 1 -(New Leon); <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 124.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Exposed portion of bill nearly as long as the head. Above dark rusty-brown, -most vivid on the rump. A whitish streak over the eye, bordered above with -brown. Chin white; rest of under parts dark brownish-red; the under tail-coverts and -sides of the body barred with dusky. Exposed surface of wings and tail barred throughout -with dusky. Legs flesh-color. Length, 5.25; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.12.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Valley of Rio Grande.</p> - -<p>The distinctive features of this race will be found indicated on <a href="#Page_141">page 141</a>. -This form bears to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ludovicianus</i> about the same relation that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus -longirostris</i> does to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rufus</i>; and is hardly to be considered a distinct -“species” from it. It should be noted that in both cases the lengthened -bill and deeper color belong to the Rio Grande. It has not yet been -met with north of the Rio Grande, but doubtless extends into Texas. Nothing -is known of its habits.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">THRYOMANES</b>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Sclat.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryomanes</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue of -American">Catal. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1861, 21. (Type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes bewickii</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_189.jpg" - width="250" height="221" - alt="Thryothorus bewickii." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2047</b>, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p>There are three strongly marked geographical -varieties of “Bewick’s Wren,” separable -by quite constant characters. Of these the -Mexican (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</i>) and the typical form -from eastern North America (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</i>) differ -most in coloration, while the western (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</i>) -is intermediate in this respect, but with -a longer bill than in the other two. The peculiarities -of the three forms are expressed -on <a href="#Page_141">page 141</a>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--190.png--><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 145]</span> -<b class="birdname">Thryothorus bewickii</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">bewickii</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BEWICK’S WREN; LONG-TAILED HOUSE WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes bewickii</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 96, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 120, <abbr title="plate 118">pl. -cxviii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 363. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes bewickii</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum One"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein. I</abbr>, -1850, 78. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">bewickii</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 126.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above dark rufous-brown; rump and middle tail-feathers sometimes a little -paler, and very slightly tinged with gray, and together with the exposed surface of secondaries -distinctly barred with dusky. Beneath soiled plumbeous-whitish; flanks brown. -Crissum banded; ground-color of quills and tail-feathers brownish-black. Length, 5.50; -wing, 2.25; tail, 2.50. Length from nostril, 39; along gape, 70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting species of Wren was first met with by Audubon -in Louisiana. A number of individuals were observed at the time, but nothing -of its history was known for several years afterward. In shape, color, -and habits it most resembled the Carolina Wren, but was less rapid in movement, -and not so lively. Fourteen years later Dr. Bachman again met with -birds of this species, in 1835, at the Salt Sulphur Springs of Virginia. They -comprised a family of two parents and five young, nearly full grown. Their -notes were like those of the Winter Wren, neither louder nor more connected. -They seemed of restless habit, creeping actively among fences, stumps, and -logs. One ascended an oak, nearly to the top, in the manner of a Creeper. -This species proved to be quite common in that locality, and to be the -only Wren abundant among the mountains. Dr. Gibbs detected it near -Columbia, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and Dr. Trudeau afterwards found it quite common in -Louisiana.</p> - -<p>It was first observed breeding by Professor Baird in Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, -in 1844. In all respects the nests and their location corresponded with -those of the common Wren. Dr. Woodhouse found it very abundant in the -Indian Territory, and describes its habits as similar to those of other Wrens. -Lieutenant Couch observed this Wren at Santa Rosalio in Mexico, early in -March. It was seeking its food among the low prickly-pears. He was -informed that they deposited their eggs wherever they could do so without -making much of a nest, inside the cabins under the rafters, but in New -Leon he found one of its nests quite elaborately constructed in a thatched -roof. He describes the song as quite varied, and one of the sweetest that -he heard in that country.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Gerhardt of Varnell’s Station, <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, met with this species -among the mountainous portions of Northern Georgia, where it generally -nested in holes in stumps. In one instance the nest was constructed five -inches in length, and four in diameter, with a cavity two inches in depth, and -the walls of great proportionate thickness, made externally of coarse roots, -<!--191.png--><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 146]</span> -finer on the inside, and lined with various kinds of animal fur and with -feathers. Both birds worked together in constructing their nest, beginning -on the 11th of April, and on the 27th of the same month this contained -seven eggs. The nest was not covered at the top, in the manner of the -Carolina Wren. In the following season another pair commenced building -their nest in his bed, in a log-house. Driven from these impossible quarters, -they tried the same experiment in various other parts of the house, but only -to abandon it, and at last finished by making a successful attempt in the -hay-loft. Their visits to that portion of Georgia, he informed me, were -irregular and only occasional. In 1859 he had not met with any birds of -this species for the space of five years.</p> - -<p>The eggs measure .67 by .50 of an inch in their average proportions, -resembling somewhat those of the Carolina Wren, but having a lighter -ground, with fewer and finer markings of slate and reddish-brown. The -ground-color is of a pinkish-white.</p> - -<p>Mr. A. Boucard obtained specimens of these birds in the winter months, -in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, probably of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</i>.</p> - -<p>We learn from Mr. Ridgway that in Southern Illinois (as far north as latitude -38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> 20<abbr title="minutes">′</abbr> 20<abbr title="seconds">″</abbr>) this Wren is very abundant, and the most familiar species -of the family. In certain localities (as in the Valley of the Wabash) it -entirely replaces the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon</i>, the latter being wholly unknown. In -its habits it is even more familiar than that species, always preferring -the out-buildings, even in large towns, to the neighborhood of the woods, -and still further increases its attractions by possessing a charming song, -a real <em>song</em>, of sweet notes finely modulated, and uttered, generally, as -the bird perches upon a fence or the stable roof, its head thrown back, -and its long tail pendent as it sings. The confused, gabbling sputter of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ædon</i>, uttered as it pauses just for an instant in its restless hopping -through the ivy, cannot be compared to the chant of liquid musical notes -of this species, which resembles more nearly, both in modulation and power, -that of the Song Sparrow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza melodia</i>), though far superior to it. -On ordinary occasions the note of Bewick’s Wren is a soft, low <i class="birdcall">plit</i>, uttered -as the bird hops about the fence or stable, its long tail carried upright, and -jerked to one side at each hop. In its movements it is altogether more -deliberate and less restless than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ludovicianus</i>, or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon</i>, -neither of which it much resembles in motion, and still less in notes. The -nest of this Wren is usually built about the out-houses, a mortise-hole or -some well-concealed corner being generally selected. Old stables and ash-hoppers -are especially frequented as nesting-places. Mr. Ridgway found one -in the bottom of the conical portion of a quail-net which was hung up in a -shed, and another in a piece of stove-pipe which lay horizontally in the garret -of a smoke-house; another rested upon a flat board over the door of an -out-house, while a fourth was placed behind the weather-boarding of a building. -The nest is generally very bulky, though the bulk is regulated to suit -<!--192.png--><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 147]</span> -the size of the cavity in which the nest is placed. Its materials are usually -sticks, straws, coarse feathers, fine chips, etc., exteriorly fastened together -with masses of spider’s-webs, the lining being of finer and more downy materials, -generally soft spider’s-webs, tow, and especially the downy feathers of -barnyard fowls.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Thryothorus bewickii</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">leucogaster</b>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes leucogastra</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1836, 89 (Tamaulipas).—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Notes -Delattre, 1854, 43. ? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 372 (Oaxaca). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii</i>, <abbr -title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of -American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 127.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above ashy-brown; rump and middle tail-feathers brownish-ash, the former -nearly pure ash; without appreciable bars; bars on secondaries obsolete. Beneath, -including inside of wing, pure white, with little or no brownish on the sides. Crissum -banded; ground-color of the quills and tail-feathers grayish-brown. Size of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</i>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern borders of United States, into Mexico.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Nothing is on record of the habits of this variety as distinguished -from <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Thryothorus bewickii</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">spilurus</b>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes spilurus</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr -title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 18, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>, fig. 1 (California). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Thryothorus spilurus</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 69. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes bewickii</i>, <span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes -report Six, four">P. R. R. Rept. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 80.—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Twelve, two">XII, <span -class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1860, 190. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus bewickii</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 22, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 141.(in part). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus -bewickii</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 126.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</i> in color, the bill considerably longer. Length from nostril, -.50, gape, .81, instead of .39 and .70.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific slope of United States.</p> - -<p>Young birds from all the localities differ from adults merely in having the -feathers of the throat and breast very narrowly and inconspicuously edged -with blackish.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This variety of Bewick’s Wren is exclusively an inhabitant of -the Western coast. According to Dr. Cooper, they abound throughout the -wooded parts of California and northward, frequenting the densest forests -as well as the open groves. During the winter they were found in the vicinity -of Fort Mojave, but left in April, probably for the mountains. They also -winter throughout the mild regions towards the coast as far north as Puget -Sound. They are known as Mocking-Wrens, though Dr. Cooper thinks they -do not really imitate other birds, but rather have a great variety of their own -notes, some of which resemble those of other birds and are well calculated -to deceive one unaccustomed to them. He was often led to search in vain -for some new form, which he thought he heard singing, only to find it to be -<!--193.png--><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 148]</span> -a bird of this species. Near San Diego, in April, 1862, he discovered one -of its nests built in a low bush, only three feet from the ground. It was -quite open above, formed of twigs, grass, etc., and contained five eggs just -ready to hatch, described as white with brown specks near the larger end.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Nuttall and Townsend observed these birds in the marshy meadows -of the Wahlamet, accompanied by their young, as early as May. They seemed -to have all the habits of Marsh Wrens. Drs. Gambel and Heermann, who -observed them in California, describe them as keeping in low bushes and -piles of brush, as well as about old dead trees and logs, over and around -which they were flitting with the greatest activity, uttering, when approached, -the usual grating scold of the Wrens.</p> - -<p>In Washington Territory Dr. Cooper states that this and the Winter Wren -are among the few birds that enliven the long rainy season with their songs, -which were as constantly heard in the dullest weather as in the sunny spring. -The young broods make their first appearance there in June. Dr. Suckley -found this species very abundant at Puget Sound, where it is a constant -resident throughout the year. On sunny days in January and in February -it was found among low thickets in company with the smaller species. At -this season they were very tame, allowing a person to approach them without -apparent fear. He speaks of the voice of the male as being harsh and loud -during the breeding-season, and not unlike that of the common House Wren.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">TROGLODYTES</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 52. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon</i>.)</p> - -<p>The characters of this genus are sufficiently indicated in the synopsis on -<a href="#Page_131">page 131</a>. They come very close to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</i>, the nostrils, especially, -being linear and overhung by a scale. In this respect both differ -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryophilus</i> of Middle America. The bill is shorter or not longer than -the head; straight, slender, and without notch. The tail is graduated, and -shorter than the much rounded wings, the feathers narrow. The light superciliary -line of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</i> is almost entirely wanting.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">a. Troglodytes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Tail and wings about equal.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">T. ædon.</b> Beneath grayish-white. Crissum and flanks distinctly barred. -Wing-coverts spotted with whitish. Dark bars of tail about half the width -of their interspaces.</p> - -<p class="indent2">First primary nearly half the longest. Color above dark-brown, rufous -towards tail. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing similar. Above paler brown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico, from Rio -Grande southward<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aztecus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">First primary half the second. Above paler brown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle -and Western Province United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--194.png--><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 149]</span> -<i class="subset">b. Anorthura.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Tail very short; only about two thirds the wing.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">T. hyemalis.</b></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</i> except for shorter tail, wing about 2.00; culmen very -straight. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Aleutian Islands<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alascensis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Much smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</i>, wing about 1.75.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Pale reddish-brown; dusky bars of upper parts with whitish spots or interspaces. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province United States; Cordova?<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Dark rufous above and below; upper parts with few or almost no -whitish spots. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province North America.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Troglodytes ædon</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HOUSE WREN; WOOD WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 52, -<abbr title="plate 107">pl. cvii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 34">Nouv. Dict. XXXIV</abbr>, 1819, 506.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 366; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 138.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 22, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 145.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr -title="Birds Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylemathrous ædon</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1860, 407. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia domestica</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr -title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 129, <abbr title="plate 7">pl. vii.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Troglodytes fulvus</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall Manual One"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 422. ? <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes americanus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II,</abbr> 1834, 452; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 469, <abbr title="plate -179">pl. clxxix.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, -1841, 123, <abbr title="plate 119">pl. cxix.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 368; <abbr title="Review One">Rev. I</abbr>, 141.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, <abbr title="plate 83">pl. lxxxiii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, <abbr title="plate 120">pl. cxx.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail and wings about equal. Bill shorter than the head. Above reddish-brown, -darker towards the head, brighter on the rump. The feathers everywhere, except -on the head and neck, barred with dusky; obscurely so on the back, and still less on the -rump. All the tail-feathers barred from the base; the contrast more vivid on the exterior -one. Beneath pale fulvous-white, tinged with light brownish across the breast; the posterior -parts rather dark brown, obscurely banded. Under tail-coverts whitish, with dusky -bars. An indistinct line over the eye, eyelids, and loral region, whitish. Cheeks brown, -streaked with whitish. Length, 4.90; wing, 2.08; tail, 2.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of the United States, from Atlantic to the Missouri River.</p> - -<p>In the Review of American Birds (p. 139), I have established a variety, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aztecus</i>, to embrace specimens from Mexico paler than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</i>, and with a -brownish tinge on the breast, and smaller size.</p> - -<p>There can scarcely be any doubt that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. americanus</i> of Audubon is -nothing more than this species in dark, accidentally soiled plumage (from -charcoal of burnt trees, etc.).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_194.jpg" - width="250" height="204" - alt="Troglodytes ædon" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">28941</b></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common House Wren is found -throughout the United States, from the Atlantic -to the Rocky Mountains, though it is not everywhere -equally abundant. Thus, while in some -parts of Massachusetts it occurs in considerable -numbers every year, in other portions not -twenty miles distant it is never seen. West of -the Rocky Mountains it is replaced by Parkman’s -Wren, which is rather a race than a distinct -<!--195.png--><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 150]</span> -species, the differences in plumage being very slight, and in habits, -nest, and eggs not appreciable, though Dr. Cooper thinks there is a difference -in their song. Another race or a closely allied species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. aztecus</i>, is -found in Mexico, near the borders of the United States, but does not have -an extended range. It is found in the winter in Guatemala.</p> - - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_195.jpg" - width="250" height="249" - alt="Troglodytes ædon" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>This species does not appear to be found beyond the southwestern portion -of Maine and the southern portions of New Hampshire and Vermont. It -makes its first appearance in Washington early in April, and for a while is -very abundant, visiting very familiarly -the public grounds of the capitol, -private gardens, out-buildings, and the -eaves of dwellings. It does not appear -in the New England States until -after the first week in May, and leaves -for the South about the last of September. -It is not observed in any -portion of the United States after the -first of November.</p> - -<p>The hollows of decaying trees, crevices -in rocks, or the centre of meshes -of interlacing vines, are their natural -resorts. These they readily relinquish -for the facilities offered in the society -of man. They are bold, sociable, confiding birds, and will enter into the -closest relations with those who cultivate their acquaintance, building -their nests from preference under the eaves of houses, in corners of the -wood-shed, a clothes-line box, olive-jars, martin-boxes, open gourds, an -old hat, the skull of an ox placed on a pole, the pocket of a carriage, -or even the sleeve of an old coat left hanging in an out-building. In the -spring of 1855 a pair of these Wrens nested within the house, and over -the door of the room of the late Robert Kennicott, where they raised -their broods in safety. They built a second nest on a shelf in the same -room, which they entered through a knot-hole in the unceiled wall. At -first shy, they soon became quite tame, and did not regard the presence -of members of the family. The male bird was more shy than his mate, -and though equally industrious in collecting insects would rarely bring -them nearer than the knot-hole, where the female would receive them. -The female with her brood was destroyed by a cat, but this did not deter -the male bird from appearing the following season with another mate and -building their nest in the same place. Another instance of a singular selection -of a breeding-place has been given by the same authority. Dr. Kennicott, -the father of Robert, a country physician, drove an old two-wheeled -open gig, in the back of which was a box, a foot in length by three inches -in width, open at the top. In this a pair of Wrens insisted, time after time, -<!--196.png--><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 151]</span> -in building their nest. Though removed each time the vehicle was used, the -pair for a long while persisted in their attempts to make use of this place, at -last even depositing their eggs on the bare bottom of the box. It was two -or three weeks before they finally desisted from their vain attempts.</p> - -<p>Sometimes this bird will build a nest in a large cavity, holding perhaps a -bushel. Before the cup of the nest is completed, the birds will generally -endeavor to fill the entire space with sticks and various other convenient -substances. Where the entrance is unnecessarily large they will generally -contract it by building about it a barricade of sticks, leaving only a small -entrance. In the midst of these masses of material they construct a compact, -cup-shaped, inner nest, hemispherical in shape, composed of finer materials -and warmly lined with the fur of small quadrupeds, and with soft -feathers. If the eggs are taken as the female is depositing them, she will -continue to lay quite a long while. In one instance eighteen were taken, -after which the birds were let alone and raised a brood of seven.</p> - -<p>During the months of May and June the male is a constant and remarkable -singer. His song is loud, clear, and shrill, given with great animation -and rapidity, the performer evincing great jealousy of any interruption, often -leaving off abruptly in the midst of his song to literally “pitch in” upon -any rival who may presume to compete with him.</p> - -<p>If a cat or any unwelcome visitor approach the nest, angry vociferations -succeed to his sprightly song, and he will swoop in rapid flights across the -head or back of the intruder, even at the apparent risk of his life.</p> - -<p>Where several pairs occupy the same garden, their contests are frequent, -noisy, and generally quite amusing. In their fights with other birds for the -possession of a coveted hollow, their skill at barricading frequently enables -the Wrens to keep triumphant possession against birds much more powerful -than themselves.</p> - -<p>Their food is exclusively insectivorous, and of a class of destructive insects -that render them great benefactors to the farmer. Mr. Kennicott -ascertained that a single pair of Wrens carried to their young about a thousand -insects in a single day.</p> - -<p>The young, when they leave their nest, keep together for some time, moving -about, an interesting, sociable, and active group, under the charge of their -mother, but industrious in supplying their own wants.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Wren, usually from seven to nine in number, are of a -rounded-oval shape, at times nearly as broad as long. Their ground-color is -white, but they are so thickly studded with markings and fine spots of reddish-brown, -with a few occasional points of purplish-slate, as to conceal their -ground. Their shape varies from nearly spherical to an oblong-oval, some -measuring .60 by .55 of an inch, others with the same breadth having a -length of .67 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Under the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes americanus</i>, or Wood Wren, Mr. Audubon -figured and described as a distinct species what is probably only a somewhat -<!--197.png--><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 152]</span> -larger and darker form of the present species, hardly distinct enough to be -treated even as a race. Mr. Audubon met with an individual near Eastport -in 1832. The young were following their parents through the tangled recesses -of a dark forest, in search of food. Others were obtained in the same -part of Maine, near Dennisville, where Mr. Lincoln informed Mr. Audubon -that this bird was the common Wren of the neighborhood, and that they bred -in hollow logs in the woods, but seldom approached farm-houses.</p> - -<p>In the winter following, at Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, Mr. Audubon again met individuals -of this supposed species, showing the same habits as in Maine, remaining -in thick hedges, along ditches in the woods, not far from plantations. -The notes are described as differing considerably from those of the House -Wren. It has not been seen by Mr. Boardman, though residing in the -region where it is said to be the common Wren. Professor Verrill mentions -it as a rare bird in Western Maine.</p> - -<p>Mr. Charles S. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, is the only naturalist who has -met with what he supposes were its nest and eggs. The following is his -account, communicated by letter.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The Wood Wren comes among us in the spring about the 10th or 15th -of April, and sings habitually as it skips among the brush and logs and -under the roots and stumps of trees. In one instance I have known it to -make its appearance in midwinter, and to be about the house and barn some -time. It is only occasionally that they spend the summer here (Central -Vermont). The nest from which I obtained the egg you now have, I found -about the first of July, just as the young were about to fly. There were five -young birds and one egg. The nest was built on the hanging bark of a decaying -beech-log, close under the log. A great quantity of moss and rotten -wood had been collected and filled in around the nest, and a little round hole -left for the entrance. The nest was lined with a soft, downy substance. I -have no doubt that they sometimes commence to breed as early as the middle -of May, as I have seen their young out in early June.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Paine discredits the statement that they build their nests in holes in -the ground. The egg referred to by Mr. Paine is oval in shape, slightly more -pointed at one end, measuring .75 of an inch in length by .53 in breadth. -The ground is a dead chalky-white, over which are sprinkled a few very fine -dots of a light yellowish-brown, slightly more numerous at the larger end. -This egg, while it bears some resemblance to that of the Winter Wren, is -totally unlike that of the House Wren.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--198.png--><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 153]</span> -<b class="birdname">Troglodytes ædon</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">parkmanni</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PARKMAN’S WREN; WESTERN WOOD WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes parkmanni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 310.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 76.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 133, <abbr title="plate 122">pl. cxxii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 367; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 140.—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report 12, two">P. R. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1860, 191 (nest).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, -23, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 146.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 71. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes sylvestris</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences Three">Pr. A. -N. Sc. III</abbr>, 1846, 113 (California, quotes erroneously <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. americanus</i>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of United States. East to the Missouri River. -Western Arizona, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p>Although the differences between the eastern and western House Wrens, -as stated in the Birds of North America, are not very appreciable, yet -a comparison of an extensive series shows that they can hardly be considered -as identical. The general color of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</i> above is paler and grayer, -and there is little or none of the rufous of the lower back and rump. The -bars on the upper surface are rather more distinct. The under parts are -more alike, as, while ædon sometimes has flanks and crissum strongly tinged -with rufous, other specimens are as pale as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. parkmanni</i>.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most appreciable differences between the two are to be found -in the size and proportions of wing and tail. The wing in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</i> is -quite decidedly longer than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</i>, measuring, in males, 2.12 to 2.15, instead -of 2.00 to 2.05. This is due not so much to a larger size as to a greater -development of the primaries. The first quill is equal to or barely more -than half the second in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</i>; and the difference between the longest -primary and the tenth amounts to .32 of an inch, instead of about .20 in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</i>, where the first quill is nearly half the length of the third, and much -more than half the length of the second.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This western form, hardly distinguishable from the common -House Wren of the Eastern States, if recognized as a distinct species, -is its complete analogue in regard to habits, nest, eggs, etc. It was first -obtained by Townsend on the Columbia River, and described by Audubon in -1839. It has since been observed in various parts of the country, from the -Mississippi Valley to the Pacific Coast, and from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to Oregon.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Birds of Washington Territory, speaks of this Wren as -common about Puget Sound, where it appeared to be much less familiar than -our common Wren, though its habits and song seemed to be very similar. It -there frequented chiefly the vicinity of woods and piles of logs, neither -seeking nor dwelling in the vicinity of houses. It arrives there about the -20th of April. As observed about Vancouver in 1853, its song appeared to -Dr. Cooper different from that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ædon</i>. He found one of their nests -built in a horse’s skull that had been stuck upon a fence. Dr. Suckley, who -observed these birds about Fort Steilacoom, describes their voice as harsh -and unmusical.</p> - -<p><!--199.png--><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 154]</span> -Dr. Cooper has since observed them in California, and in the winter, in -the Colorado Valley, where they roosted at night under the eaves of the garrison -buildings. They make their appearance at San Francisco as early -as March 16, and nest at San Diego in April. He has found their nests -in hollow trees at various heights, from five to forty feet, all composed of a -floor and barricade of long dry twigs, grass, and bark, loosely placed, but so -interwoven as to leave only just space for the birds to squeeze in over them. -They are warmly lined with a large quantity of feathers. Their eggs he -gives as from five to nine in number.</p> - -<p>The late Mr. Hepburn has furnished more full and exact information in -regard to this species. We give it in his own words.</p> - -<p>“The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. parkmanni</i> is the common wren of Vancouver Island, far more -so than of California, where I have found the Bewick’s Wren (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. bewickii</i>) -much more numerous. Parkman’s Wren builds its nest in hollow trees in -Vancouver Island, about the middle of May, forming it of small sticks laid -at the bottom of the hole, neatly and comfortably lining it on the inside with -feathers that arch over the eggs. It will also readily avail itself of any -similar and equally convenient cavity. I have known these birds to build -under the roof of a frame house, entering by a hole between the topmost -board and the shingles; also in a hole in a gate-post, through which gate -people were continually passing; and also over a doorway, getting in by a -loose board, in a place where the nest could be reached by the hand. In -1852 I put a cigar-box, with a hole cut in one end, between the forks of a -tree in a garden at Victoria. A pair of Wrens speedily took possession of -it and formed their nest therein, laying seven eggs, the first on the 18th of -May. The eggs of this Wren are white, thickly freckled with pink spots, -so much so in some specimens as to give a general pink appearance to the -egg itself, but forming a zone of a darker hue near the larger end. They -are .81 of an inch in length by .50 in width.”</p> - -<p>Their eggs resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. ædon</i> so as to be hardly distinguishable, -yet on comparing several sets of each there seem to be these constant -differences. The spots of the western species are finer, less marked, more -numerous, and of a pinker shade of reddish-brown. The eggs, too, range a -little smaller in size, though exhibiting great variations. In one nest the -average measurement of its seven eggs is .60 by .50, that of another set of -the same number .70 by .50 of an inch.</p> - -<p>In all respects, habits, manners, and notes, Parkman’s Wren is a perfect -counterpart of the eastern House Wren. In the country east of the Sierra -Nevada it almost wholly replaces the western Bewick’s Wren (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus -bewickii</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</i>), and inhabits any wooded localities, as little preference -being given to the cottonwoods of the river valleys as to the aspen groves -high up in the mountains.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--200.png--><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 155]</span> -<b class="birdname">Troglodytes parvulus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">hyemalis</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WINTER WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia troglodytes</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 139, <abbr title="plate 8">pl. viii</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 6. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Troglodytes hyemalis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire -34">Nouv. Dict. XXXIV</abbr>, 1819, 514.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 430, <abbr title="pate 360">pl. ccclx.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 128, <abbr title="plate 121">pl. -cxxi.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 369; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 144.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1856, 290 (Cordova, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 23, <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> 152.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 73.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very straight, slender, and conical; shorter than the head. Tail considerably -shorter than the wings, which reach to its middle. Upper parts reddish-brown; -becoming brighter to the rump and tail; everywhere, except on the head and upper part -of the back, with transverse bars of dusky and of lighter. Scapulars and wing-coverts -with spots of white. Beneath pale reddish-brown, barred on the posterior half of the -body with dusky and whitish, and spotted with white more anteriorly; outer web of -primaries similarly spotted with pale brownish-white. An indistinct pale line over the eye. -Length, about 4 inches; wing, 1.66; tail, 1.26.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America generally. South to Cordova, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr></p> - -<p>Western specimens may be separated as a variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</i> (<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Rev. -Am. Birds, 1864, 145), based on the much darker colors and the almost entire -absence of the whitish spots among the dark bars. The under parts are more -rufous; the tarsi are shorter, the claws larger, the bill straighter and more -slender.</p> - -<p>The Winter Wren is very closely related to the common Wren (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. parvulus</i>, -<span class="sc">Koch</span>) of Europe, so much so, in fact, that the two almost seem to be -varieties of one species. The differences, as shown in a large series from -both continents, are the following: In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. parvulus</i> there is a tendency to -more uniform shades; and the prevailing tint anteriorly, beneath, is a pale -yellowish-ash, almost immaculate, instead of brownish-ochraceous, showing -minute specks and darker edges to the feathers. In extreme specimens of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. parvulus</i> the bars even on the tail and wings (except primaries, where -they are always distinct) are very obsolete, while on the lower parts they are -confined to the flanks and crissum. Sometimes, however, specimens of the -two are found which are almost undistinguishable from each other. In -fact, it is only by taking the plainer European birds and comparing them -with the darker American examples from the northwest coast, that the difference -between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. parvulus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. hyemalis</i> is readily appreciable.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Winter Wren, nowhere very abundant, seems to be distributed -over the whole of North America. Hardly distinguishable from -the common Wren of Europe, it can scarcely be considered as distinct. -The habits of our species certainly seem to be very different from those -assigned to the European bird, which in England appears to be as common -and as familiar a bird as even the Redbreast. The small size and retiring -habits of our species, as well as its unfrequent occurrence, and only in wild -places, combine to keep its history in doubt and obscurity. It is supposed -<!--201.png--><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 156]</span> -to be northern in its distribution during the breeding-season, yet only a -single specimen was obtained by Sir John Richardson, and that on the -northern shores of Lake Huron.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific coast Dr. Cooper regarded the Winter Wren as the most -common species in the forests of Washington Territory, where it frequented -even the densest portions, and where its lively song was almost the only -sound to be heard. It was most commonly seen in winter, retiring in summer -to the mountains to breed. He observed young birds on the Coast -Mountains in July.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley also states that this Wren was found at Fort Steilacoom more -abundantly in the winter than any other species. It was very unsuspicious, -allowing a very near approach. The dense fir forests, among fallen logs, -were its usual places of resort during the long, damp, and dreary winters -of Oregon. Dr. Suckley regarded the habits of this species and those of -the Parkman Wren as nearly identical. Mr. Bischoff obtained four specimens -in Sitka.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found this species at Eastport, on the 9th of May, in full -song and quite abundant. A month later he found them equally plentiful -in the Magdalen Islands, and afterwards, about the middle of July, in Labrador. -He described its song as excelling that of any bird of its size with -which he was acquainted, being full of cadence, energy, and melody, and as -truly musical. Its power of continuance is said to be very surprising.</p> - -<p>The characteristics of the Winter Wren are those of the whole family. -They <a id="chg3" name="chg3"></a>move with rapidity and precision from place to place, in short, sudden -hops and flights, bending downward and keeping their tails erect. They -will run under a large root, through a hollow stump or log, or between the -interstices of rocks, more in the manner of a mouse than of a bird.</p> - -<p>The writer has several times observed these Wrens on the steep sides of -Mount Washington, in the month of June, moving about in active unrest, -disappearing and reappearing among the broken masses of granite with -which these slopes are strewn. This was even in the most thickly wooded -portions. Though they evidently had nests in the neighborhood, they could -not be discovered. They were unsuspicious, could be approached within a -few feet, but uttered querulous complaints if one persisted in searching too -long in the places they entered.</p> - -<p>This Wren, as I am informed by Mr. Boardman, is a common summer resident -near Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr></p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon met with its nest in a thick forest in Pennsylvania. He -followed a pair of these birds until they disappeared in the hollow of a protuberance, -covered with moss and lichens, resembling the excrescences often -seen on forest trees. The aperture was perfectly rounded and quite smooth. -He put in his finger and felt the pecking of the bird’s bill and heard its -querulous cry. He was obliged to remove the parent bird in order to see the -eggs, which were six in number. The parent birds made a great clamor as -<!--202.png--><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 157]</span> -he was examining them. The nest was seven inches in length and four and a -half in breadth. Its walls were composed of mosses and lichens, and were -nearly two inches in thickness. The cavity was very warmly lined with the -fur of the American hare and a few soft feathers. Another nest found on -the Mohawk, in New York, was similar, but smaller, and built against the -side of a rock near its bottom.</p> - -<p>Mr. William F. Hall met with the nest and eggs of this bird at Camp -Sebois in the central eastern portion of Maine. It was built in an unoccupied -log-hut, among the fir-leaves and mosses in a crevice between the logs. It -was large and bulky, composed externally of mosses and lined with the fur -of hedge-hogs, and the feathers of the spruce partridge and other birds. It -was in the shape of a pouch, and the entrance was neatly framed with fine -pine sticks. The eggs were six in number, and somewhat resembled those of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</i>. The female was seen and fully identified.</p> - -<p>In this nest, which measured five and three quarters inches by five in -breadth, the size, solidity, and strength, in view of the diminutive proportions -of its tiny architect, are quite remarkable. The walls were two inches in -thickness and very strongly impacted and interwoven. The cavity was an -inch and a quarter wide and four inches deep. Its hemlock framework had -been made of green materials, and their strong and agreeable odor pervaded -the structure. The eggs measured .65 by .48 of an inch, and were spotted -with a bright reddish-brown and a few pale markings of purplish-slate, on a -pure white ground. Compared with the eggs of the European Wren their -eggs are larger, less oval in shape, and the spots much more marked in -their character and distinctness.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Troglodytes parvulus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">alascensis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ALASKA WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes alascensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Transactions -of Chicago Academy of Sciences One, two">Trans. Chicago Acad. Sc. I, ii</abbr>, 315, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. xxx</abbr>, fig. 3, -1869.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> (Alaska).—<a id="Finsch" name="Finsch"></a><span -class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr title="Ornithologie Nordwest Amerikas">Ornith. N. W. Amerikas</abbr>, 1872, 30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="adult">ad.</abbr>, 61,329, Amaknak Island, Unalaschka, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 21, 1871; W. H. Dall. -Above umber-brown, more rufescent on the wings, rump, and tail; secondaries and tail-feathers -showing indistinct transverse dusky bars; primaries about equally barred with -blackish and dilute umber or brownish-white; middle-coverts tipped with a small white -dot, preceded by a black one. Lower part, including a rather distinct superciliary stripe, -pale ochraceous-umber; sides, flanks, abdomen, and crissum distinctly barred with dusky -and whitish on a rusty ground; crissum with sagittate spots of white. Wing, 2.20; tail, -1.60; culmen, .65; tarsus, .75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Aleutian and Pribylow Islands, Alaska.</p> - -<p>The specimen above described represents about the average of a large -series obtained on Amaknak Island by Mr. Dall. They vary somewhat -among themselves as regards dimensions, but all are very much larger than -<!--203.png--><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 158]</span> -any specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. hyemalis</i>, from which it also differs in longer, straighter, -and more subulate bill (the gonys slightly ascending). The type specimen -from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George’s Island was immature, and we embrace the opportunity of -giving the description of an adult sent down with several others in the -autumn of 1871 by Mr. Dall from Unalaschka.</p> - -<p>This form bears the same relation to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. hyemalis</i> that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza unalaschkensis</i> -does to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. melodia</i>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. pacificus</i>, like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. rufina</i>, being an intermediate -form.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of this new variety, the Alaska Wren, but little is as yet -known as to its personal history. Mr. Dall states that it is found in abundance -all the year round on <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George’s Island, and that it breeds in May, -building a nest of moss in the crevices of the rocks, and, according to the -Aleuts, lays six eggs. Mr. Dall subsequently found it quite common at -Unalaschka in the summer of 1871.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CISTOTHORUS</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 77. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes stellaris</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 78. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia palustris</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816, according to G. -R. Gray.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_203.jpg" - width="250" height="220" - alt="Cistothorus palustris" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1454</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill about as long as the head or much -shorter, much compressed, not notched, gently decurved -from the middle; the gonys slightly concave or straight. -Toes reaching to the end of the tail. Tarsus longer than -the middle toe. Hind toe longer than the lateral, shorter -than the middle. Lateral toes about equal. Hind toe -longer than or equal to its digit. Wings rather longer -than the tail, all the feathers of which are much graduated; -the lateral only two thirds the middle. The -feathers narrow. Back black, conspicuously streaked -with white.</p> - -<p>Of this genus there are two sections, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus</i> proper and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes</i>, -the diagnoses of which have already been given. The two North American -species present the feature, unique among our Wrens, of white streaks on -the back.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">A. Cistothorus.</b> Bill half length of head. No white superciliary streak. Head -and rump and back streaked with white. Tail dusky, barred with brown<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stellaris.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">B. Telmatodytes.</b> Bill length of head. A white superciliary stripe. Back -alone streaked with white. Tail-feathers black, barred with whitish<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. palustris.</i></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--204.png--><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 159]</span> -<b class="birdname">Cistothorus stellaris</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SHORT-BILLED MARSH-WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes stellaris</i>, “<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span -class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>” <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Naumann</span>, Vögel Deutschlands</span>, <abbr -title="Three">III</abbr>, 1823, 724 (Carolina). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus stellaris</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 77.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 365; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 146.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 22, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 142.(in part). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes -brevirostris</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, -436.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, -1834, 427, <abbr title="plate 175">pl. clxxv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 138, <abbr title="plate 124">pl. cxxiv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. elegans</i>, -<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 8.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very short, scarcely half the length of the head. Wing and tail about -equal. Hinder part of the crown and the scapular and interscapular region of the back and -rump almost black, streaked with white. Tail dusky, the feathers barred throughout with -brown (the color grayish on the under surface). Beneath white; the sides, upper part of -breast, and under tail-coverts reddish-brown. Upper parts, with the exceptions mentioned, -reddish-brown. Length, 4.50; wing, 1.75; tail, 1.75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, west to Loup Fork of Platte.</p> - -<p>There is a closely allied variety from Mexico and Guatemala (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. elegans</i>, -<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Pr. Z. S., 1859, 8) which differs in the characters stated -below.</p> - -<p class="indenthang">White dorsal streaks extending to the rump, which is conspicuously banded with -brown, and somewhat spotted with whitish. Beneath, including lining of -wings, light cinnamon-brown; throat and belly paler, almost white; sides and -crissum very obsoletely barred with darker, and faintly spotted with whitish. -Feathers of jugulum like sides, but with the color obscured by the paler edges. -Tarsus, .65 long. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stellaris.</i></p> - -<p class="indenthang">Streaks on back confined to interscapular region; rump and upper tail-coverts -almost plain reddish-brown. Beneath much paler than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</i>, without any -appreciable indication of bars or spots on sides and crissum, or of the fulvous -of the jugular feathers. Inside of wings snowy-white. Tarsus, .72 long. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala; Brazil?<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. elegans.</i></p> - -<p>The differences between these two varieties are just barely appreciable -when specimens of the two, of corresponding seasons, are compared. Two -Mexican examples (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i>) differ more from each other than one does -from North American specimens; because one (a typical specimen received -from Salvin) is in the worn, faded, midsummer plumage, and the other in the -perfect autumnal dress. Besides the longer tarsi of these Mexican birds, -their tails, and even their bills, are longer than seen in North American skins. -But while these differences between the North American and Mexican birds -are just appreciable, there is one from Brazil (51,017, <abbr lang="pt" xml:lang="pt" title="Senhor">Sr.</abbr> Don Fred. Albuquerque) -which is exactly intermediate between these two varieties in color, -while in size it is even smaller than the North American ones, measuring as -follows: wing, 1.60; tail, 1.60; culmen, .45, tarsus, .61.</p> - -<p>Even if recognizable as belonging to different varieties, these specimens -are certainly all referable to one species.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Short-billed Marsh Wren is very irregularly distributed -throughout the United States, being found from Georgia to the British -<!--205.png--><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 160]</span> -Provinces, and from the Atlantic to the Upper Missouri. It is nowhere -abundant, and in many large portions of intervening territory has never -been found.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_205.jpg" - width="250" height="251" - alt="Cistothorus palustris." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>It is exclusively an inhabitant of low, fresh-water marshes, open swamps, -and meadows, is never found on high -ground, and is very shy and difficult of -approach. It makes its first appearance -in Massachusetts early in May, and leaves -early in September. In winter it has -been found in all the Gulf States, from -Florida to Texas.</p> - -<p>According to Nuttall, this Wren has a -lively and quaint song, delivered earnestly -and as if in haste, and at short -intervals, either from a tuft of sedge or -from a low bush on the edge of a marsh. -When approached, the song becomes -harsher and more hurried, and rises -into an angry and petulant cry. In the early part of the season the male is -quite lively and musical. These Wrens spend their time chiefly in the long, -rank grass of the swamps and meadows searching for insects, their favorite -food.</p> - -<p>Their nest is constructed in the midst of a tussock of coarse high grass, -the tops of which are ingeniously interwoven into a coarse and strong covering, -spherical in shape and closed on every side, except one small aperture -left for an entrance. The strong wiry grass of the tussock is also interwoven -with finer materials, making the whole impervious to the weather. The -inner nest is composed of grasses and finer sedges, and lined with soft, vegetable -down. The eggs are nine in number, pure white, and rather small for -the bird. They are exceedingly delicate and fragile, more so than is usual -even in the eggs of Humming-Birds. They are of an oval shape, and measure -.60 by .45 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall conjectured that occasionally two females occupied the same -nest, and states that he has known the male bird to busy itself in constructing -several nests, not more than one of which would be used. As these birds -rear a second brood, it is probable that these nests are built from an instinctive -desire to have a new one in readiness for the second brood. This -peculiarity has been noticed in other Wrens, where the female sometimes -takes possession of the new abode, lays and sits upon her second set of eggs -before her first brood are ready to fly, which are left to the charge of her -mate.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found this Wren breeding in Texas. Dr. Trudeau met them -on the marshes of the Delaware River, and their nest and eggs have been -sent to us from the Koskonong marshes of Wisconsin. It has also been found -<!--206.png--><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 161]</span> -in the marshes of Connecticut River, near Hartford; and in Illinois Mr. Kennicott -found it among the long grasses bordering on the prairie sloughs.</p> - -<p>In Massachusetts I have occasionally met with their nests, but only late -in July, when the rank grass of the low meadows has been cut. These -were probably their second brood. The nest being built close to the ground, -and made of the living grasses externally, they are not distinguishable from -the unoccupied tussocks that surround them.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Cistothorus palustris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN.</b></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">palustris</b>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 58, <abbr title="plate 12">pl. xii</abbr>, fig. 4 (Penna). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes palustris</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Observations … Wilson's">Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1824, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 66.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 500, <abbr title="plate 100">pl. c.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 135, <abbr title="plate 123">pl. cxxiii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Godthaab, Greenland). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus palustris</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 439. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) -palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 364; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 147.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 22. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus arundinaceus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 34">Nouv. Dict. XXXIV</abbr>, 1819, 58 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><abbr title="Troglodytes">Trog.</abbr> -arundinaceus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus arundinaceus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 220. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes -arundinaceus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 78.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Hab.</span> Eastern United States, from the Missouri River; Greenland? <span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>; -Mexico, and Guatemala? Cordova, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">paludicola</b>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">paludicola</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 148. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes palustris</i>, -<span class="sc">Newb.</span> <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Six">P. R. Rep. VI</abbr>, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span>, 1857, 80 (Pacific region). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Ten">P. R. Rep. X</abbr>, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span>, 1859, 190 (W. T.)—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 75. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia palustris</i>, <span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Four">Pr. R. Art. Inst. IV</abbr>, 117.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill about as long as head. Tail and wing nearly equal. Upper parts of a -dull reddish-brown, except on the crown, interscapular region, outer surface of tertials, -and tail-feathers, which are almost black; the first with a median patch like the ground-color; -the second with short streaks of white, extending round on the sides of the neck; -the third indented with brown; the fourth barred with whitish, decreasing in amount -from the outer feather, which is marked from the base to the fifth, where it is confined to -the tips; the two middle feathers above like the back, and barred throughout with dusky. -Beneath rather pure white, the sides and under tail-coverts of a lighter shade of brown than -the back; a white streak over the eye. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.08; tail, 2.00. (1,454.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Coast and Middle Province of United States.</p> - -<p class="small">In comparing a series of Marsh Wrens of eastern North America with -western, we find that they differ very appreciably in certain characteristics, -which may be expressed by the following diagnoses:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Bill lengthened, equal to tarsus. Tail-coverts above and below either perfectly -plain, or with very obsolete bands, reduced to obscure spots beneath. Bands -on tail broken; scarcely appreciable on the middle feathers<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</i>.</p> - -<p class="indenthanging">Bill shorter than tarsus. Tail-coverts distinctly banded all across. Bands on tail -quite distinct; appreciable on the central feathers<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">paludicola</i>.</p> - -<p><!--207.png--><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 162]</span> -The differences between these two races is much more appreciable than -those between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">T. “parkmanni”</i>; the most striking -character is the much longer bill of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</i>.</p> - -<p>Specimens of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">paludicola</i> from the interior are paler and more -grayish-brown above, and have less distinct bars on the tail-coverts and tail, -than in Pacific coast specimens, while on the crown the brown, instead of -the black, largely predominates.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Marsh Wren appears to have a nearly unrestricted -range throughout North America. It occurs on the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts -to Florida, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and as far north -as Washington Territory on the west coast. A single specimen was procured -in Greenland. It is not, however, at all common in these more northern -latitudes. Mr. Drummond, of Sir John Richardson’s party, met with it in -the 55th parallel on the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains and in the -Saskatchewan Valley. Dr. Cooper found it early in March in the salt marshes -along the coast of Washington Territory, and thinks it winters in that section. -On the Eastern coast it is not common as far north as Massachusetts, a few -being found at Cambridge and in Barnstable County. It is abundant near -Washington, D. C., and throughout the country in all suitable locations south -and west from Pennsylvania. Mr. Ridgway found it plentiful in Utah.</p> - -<p>They frequent low marshy grounds, whether near the sea or in the interior, -and build in low bushes, a few feet from the ground, a well-constructed -globular nest. On the Potomac, where the river is subject to irregular tides, -they are generally not less than five feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>These nests are nearly spherical, and both in size and shape resemble a -cocoanut. They are made externally of coarse sedges firmly interwoven, -the interstices being cemented with clay or mud, and are impervious to -the weather. A small round orifice is left on one side for entrance, the upper -side of which is also protected from the rain by a projecting edge. The -inside is lined with fine grasses, feathers, the down of the silk-weed, and -other soft and warm vegetable substances. These birds arrive in the Middle -States early in May and leave early in September. They have two broods -in the season, and each time construct and occupy a new nest.</p> - -<p>Audubon describes its nest as built among sedges, and as usually partly -constructed of the sedges among which the nest is built. This is the usual -manner in which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stellaris</i> builds its nest, but I have never known -one of the present species building in this manner, and in the localities in -which they breed, near the coast, being subject to irregular heights of tides, -it could not be done with safety.</p> - -<p>The note of the Marsh Wren is a low, harsh, grating cry, neither loud nor -musical, and more resembling the noise of an insect than the vocal utterances -of a bird.</p> - -<p>Their food consists chiefly of small aquatic insects, minute mollusks, -and the like, and these they are very expert in securing.</p> - -<p><!--208.png--><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 163]</span> -The eggs of this species average .65 of an inch in length and .50 in -breadth. They are, in color, in striking contrast with those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stellaris</i>, -being so thickly marked with blotches and spots of a deep chocolate-brown -as to be almost of one uniform color in appearance. They are of an -oval shape, at times almost spheroidal, one end being but slightly more -pointed than the other. They number from six to nine.</p> - -<p>In a few instances eggs of this species from the Mississippi Valley and -from California are of a light ashy-gray color, the markings being smaller -and of a much lighter color.</p> - -<hr class="medium"/> - -<p>We have thus completed the account of the Oscine Singing-Birds with -slender bills not hooked at the end, and which have ten distinct primaries; -the first or outer one, however, either quite small or else considerably shorter -than the second. We now come to a series with only nine primaries, the -first being entirely wanting, and the second, now the outermost, nearly or -quite as long as the third. In the preliminary tables of general arrangement -will be found the comparative characters of the different families -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i>, but the diagnosis of the series referred to is presented here, as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Primaries nine; the first quill nearly as long as the second or -third. Tarsi distinctly scutellate the whole length anteriorly. Bill conical, but slender or -depressed, usually, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</i>, half the length of the head; more or less bristled, -or notched. Nostrils oval or rounded. Lateral toes nearly or quite equal, and shorter -than the middle; the basal joint of the middle free nearly to its base externally, united -for about half internally.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Motacillidæ.</b> Bill slender. Culmen slightly concave at base. Legs long; claws but -little curved. Hind toe considerably longer than the middle one; its claw much longer -(twice) than the middle claw; all the claws but slightly curved. Innermost secondaries -(so-called tertials) elongated, much longer than the outer secondaries; and the fifth primary -emarginated at end. Nest on ground.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Sylvicolidæ.</b> Bill rather slender, conical, or depressed. Culmen straight or convex. -Hind toe shorter than the middle; the claws all much curved. Hind claw not conspicuously -longer than the middle one. When the hind toe is lengthened, it is usually in the -digit, not the claw. Tertials generally not longer than the secondaries, and not emarginated. -Gape wide; tongue slightly split at end. Nest variously placed.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Cærebidæ.</b> Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>. Bill generally longer; equal to head or more. -Gape of mouth narrow; tongue generally much fringed at the end. Nest on trees.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>, and even the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, come very near -these families, as will be explained farther on, all agreeing in having the -nine primaries, and in many other characters.</p> - -</div><!--end family Troglodytidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<p class="p4"><!--209.png--><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 164]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">MOTACILLIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Wagtails.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, conical, nearly as high as wide at the base, with slight notch at the -tip; the culmen slightly concave above the anterior extremity of the nostrils; short bristles -at gape, which, however, do not extend forward to nostrils. Loral feathers soft and -dense, but with bristly points; nasal groove filled with naked membrane, with the elongated -nostrils in lower edge; the frontal feathers coming up to the aperture, but not directed -forward nor overhanging it. Wings lengthened and sharp-pointed; the primaries nine -(without spurious first), of which the first three to five, considerably longer than the -succeeding, form the tip; the exterior secondaries generally much emarginated at the -ends; the inner secondaries (so-called tertials) nearly equal to the longest primaries. The -tail rather narrow, emarginate. Tarsi lengthened, scutellate anteriorly only, the hind claw -usually very long, acute, and but slightly curved (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla</i>). Inner toe cleft -almost to the very base, outer adherent for basal joint only.</p> - -<p>The combination of naked nostrils, notched bill, and nine primaries, with -the tarsi scutellate anteriorly only, will at once distinguish the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthinæ</i> of -this family from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i>, which they so closely resemble in coloration, -habits, and lengthened hind claw. The lengthened, slightly curved hind -claw, much pointed wings, emarginated secondaries,—the inner ones nearly -as long as the primaries,—distinguish the family from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, with -which also it has near relationships.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="birdname">Subfamilies and Genera.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">Motacillinæ.</b> Tail longer than or equal to wings; the two central feathers rather -longer than lateral; the feathers broadest in middle, whence they taper gradually -to the rounded tip. Colors uniform: gray, black, yellowish; without pale edges -to feathers above, or streaks below.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Tail from coccyx considerably longer than the wings, doubly forked. Hind -claw shorter than the toe; decidedly curved<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Tail from coccyx equal to the wings, slightly graduated. Hind claw decidedly -longer than the toe, slightly curved<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">Anthinæ.</b> Tail shorter than the wings, emarginate at end, the two central -shorter than lateral; the feathers broadest near the end, and rounding rapidly at -end. Above grayish-brown, the feathers edged with paler. Under parts streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Wings much pointed and lengthened.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Hind toe and claw shorter than tarsus; outstretched toes falling short -of tip of tail<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Hind toe and claw longer than tarsus; outstretched toes extending beyond -tip of tail<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Wings short and rounded.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Point of wings formed by outer four primaries of nearly equal -length<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Notiocorys.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_30" id="fnanchor_30"></a><a href="#footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">Point of wing formed by outer five primaries, the first shorter than -the third<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocorys.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_31" id="fnanchor_31"></a><a href="#footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></span></p> - -<!--210.png--><!--Color Plate 10--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_10.jpg" - width="500" height="797" - alt="Color plate 10" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-1" name="pl_10-1"></a><img src="images/pl_10-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 1, Motacilla alba" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> Europe.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-2" name="pl_10-2"></a><img src="images/pl_10-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 2, Budytes flava" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> Alaska, 45912.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-3" name="pl_10-3"></a><img src="images/pl_10-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 3, Anthus ludovicianus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> Labrador, 18081.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-4" name="pl_10-4"></a><img src="images/pl_10-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 4, Anthus pratensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus pratensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> Europe, 18590.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-5" name="pl_10-5"></a><img src="images/pl_10-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 5, Neocorys spraguei" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys spraguei</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> Dacota, 1884.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-6" name="pl_10-6"></a><img src="images/pl_10-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 6, Mniotilta varia" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 18685.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-7" name="pl_10-7"></a><img src="images/pl_10-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 7, Parula americana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula americana</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 53385.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-8" name="pl_10-8"></a><img src="images/pl_10-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 8, Protonotaria citrea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria citrea</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Boddært">Bodd.</abbr> <abbr title="Illustrations">Ill.</abbr>, 1011.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-9" name="pl_10-9"></a><img src="images/pl_10-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 9, Helmitherus swainsoni" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus swainsoni</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, 1054.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_10-10" name="pl_10-10"></a><img src="images/pl_10-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 10 detail 10, Helmitherus vermivorus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus vermivorus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2148.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--211.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--212.png--><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 165]</span> -<span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">MOTACILLINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">MOTACILLA</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba</i>.)</p> - -<p>The diagnosis already given of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla</i> will serve to define it. The -genus is an Old World one, represented by several species, only one of which -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. alba</i>) is entitled to a place here from occurring in Greenland.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Motacilla alba</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE WAGTAIL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1766, 331.—<abbr title="Keyserling and -Blasius"><span class="sc">Keys. & Blas.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Wirbelthiere Europa">Wirb. Europ.</abbr> 1840, -<abbr title="49">xlix</abbr>, and 174.—<span class="sc">Degland</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie -Européenne 1">Orn. Europ. I</abbr>, 1849, 433.—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).—<span -class="sc">Newton</span>, Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> (“rather plentiful”).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 152.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figure: <span class="sc">Gould</span>, Birds Europe, 143.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_212.jpg" - width="250" height="164" - alt="Motacilla alba" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">28489</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(9,410 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Nürnberg). Forehead as far back as above the eyes, with sides -of head and neck, white; the remaining portion of head and neck above and below -to the jugulum, black; the rest -of under parts white. Upper -parts ashy-gray, including -rump; the upper tail-coverts -tinged with black. Wings -with two conspicuous bands -and the outer edges of the secondaries -white. Tail-feathers -black; the outer two white, -edged with black internally. -Bill and legs black. Tip of -wing formed by outer three -primaries; the distance between -the third and fourth -about one third that between -the fourth and fifth. Tarsi lengthened; claw small; hind toe and claw shorter than the -middle, its claw short, considerably curved, less than the toe alone; lateral toes nearly -equal. Length, 7.30; wing, 3.45; tail, 3.90; bill from nostril, .37; tarsus, .86; hind toe -and claw, .50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Continental Europe, rarer in England; Iceland; Greenland (only two specimens -seen); Siberia; Syria; Nubia, etc.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla yarrelli</i>, a closely allied species, by some considered a variety -only, differs in having the rump black, the ashy of the back glossed with -blackish, and with the black edging of the lateral tail-feathers broader.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_213.jpg" - width="250" height="224" - alt="Motacilla alba" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common White Wagtail of Europe claims a place in the -<!--213.png--><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 166]</span> -North American fauna as an occasional visitant of Greenland, where in two -instances single specimens have been procured. It is found in all portions -of the European Continent, from the -islands of the Mediterranean as far north -as the Arctic regions. It appears in Sweden -in April, and leaves there in October. -Mr. Gould states also that it is found in -the northern portions of Africa, and in -the highlands of India. It also occurs, -though less frequently, in England, where -it is replaced by a local race, or an allied -species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla yarrelli</i> of Gould. The -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba</i> is said by Temminck to inhabit -meadows in the vicinity of streams -of water, villages, and old houses. Its food is chiefly insects in various stages -and of different kinds.</p> - -<p>It builds its nest on the ground among the grass of the meadow, in fissures -in rocks or decayed buildings, among the roots of trees, on the banks of -streams, in piles of wood and fagots, or under the arch of a bridge. The -nests are somewhat coarsely constructed of interwoven dry bent stems of -plants and reeds, with a finer lining of the same. The eggs, six in number, -are of a bluish-white ground thickly sprinkled with fine dottings, which are -most usually of a blackish-brown color, sometimes ashy-gray or reddish-brown.</p> - -<p>The Pied Wagtail, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. yarrelli</i>, Degland and Gerbe regard as a race, and -not a species. It has a limited habitat, confined to Norway, Sweden, and -the British Islands, in the latter of which it is a resident throughout the -year. Besides their difference in plumage, Mr. Yarrell has noticed certain -differences also of habit. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alba</i> is said not to be so partial to water as -the pied species, and though often found near ploughed land, does not, like -its kindred species, follow the plough in search of insects. Mr. Hewitson also -states that it has a hoarser voice.</p> - -<p>Like all the birds of this family, the Wagtail is much admired for the elegance -of its form, its activity, and the airy lightness of its motions. It seems -ever on the move, runs with great rapidity a quick succession of steps in -pursuit of its food, and goes from place to place in short undulating flights. -It has a cheerful chirping note which it utters while on the wing. When it -alights, it gives a graceful fanning movement with its tail, from which it -derives its name.</p> - -<p>The Pied Wagtail, whose habits have been more closely observed by English -naturalists, has frequently been seen to wade into the water in search of -aquatic insects, and probably also of small fish, as in confinement they have -been known to catch and feed on minnows in a fountain in the centre of their -aviary. It is probable that the habits of the White Wagtail are not dissimilar.</p> - -<p><!--214.png--><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 167]</span> -They leave their breeding-places in October, collecting and moving in -small flocks.</p> - -<p>Their eggs measure .79 of an inch in length and .59 in breadth. The -ground-color is of a grayish-white so thickly flecked with fine ash-colored -and black dots as to give the entire egg the effect of a uniform dark ashen -hue.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">BUDYTES</b>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes</i>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Règne Animal">R. A.</abbr> 1817. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla flava</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_214.jpg" - width="250" height="246" - alt="Budytes flava" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">45912</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The recent discovery of a species -of yellow-bellied Wagtail in Norton -Sound, by the naturalists of the Russian -Telegraph Expedition, adds another -member of an Old World family -to the list of American birds. -Much confusion exists as to the precise -number of species in the genus, -some grouping together as varieties -what others consider as distinct species. -There is an unusual degree of -variation with age, sex, and season, -and this, combined with strongly -marked geographical peculiarities, renders -the proper solution of the problem impossible to any but those having -access to large series.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Budytes flava</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW WAGTAIL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla flava</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr> (1766), 33.—<span class="sc">Finsch & Hartlaub</span>, <span lang="de" -xml:lang="de">Vögel Ostafrikas</span>, 268. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> (1838).—<span class="sc">Middendorff</span>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Sibirische Reise</span>, -<abbr title="Two, two">II, ii</abbr> (1852), 168.—<span class="sc">Degland & Gerbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Ornithologie Européenne 1">Ornith. Europ. I</abbr> (1867), 376.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Transactions -Chicago Academy Sciences One, two">Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. I, ii</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 312, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. -xxx</abbr>, fig. 1; 1869.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. -Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 127.—<span class="sc">Tristram</span>, Ibis, 1871, 231.—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, 1872.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Description of specimen <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 45,912, taken at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s, Norton Sound, -June 6, 1866, by H. M. Bannister. Above, including edges of upper tail-coverts, rich -olive-green, the top and sides of the head and neck pure ash-gray; chin and well-marked -stripe from nostrils over the eye to the nape, white; all under parts rich yellow, tinged with -olive on the sides. Stripe from corner of mouth through the eye, and involving the ear-coverts, -blackish-ash. Feathers of wings and tail dark brown; the coverts and secondaries -edged with olive (showing the obscure light wing-bars), the longest of the latter -edged externally with white; innermost quills edged externally with white. Outer three -quills nearly equal and longest (the prolonged secondaries as long), the others graduating -less. Outer tail-feathers and shaft white; the inner web edged externally with dusky, -<!--215.png--><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 168]</span> -which, beginning at the base, runs out gradually to the edge, about half an inch from tip -of feathers; second feather with rather less white, and with a narrow line of brown along -the outer side of the shaft to within half -an inch of the tip. Bill and legs blackish.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_215.jpg" - width="250" height="189" - alt="Budytes flava" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small">Dimensions (prepared specimen). Total -length, 6.00; wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; -exposed portion of first primary, 2.30. -Bill: length from forehead, 0.58; from -nostril, 0.35; along gape, 0.57. Legs: -tarsus, 0.91; middle toe and claw, 0.70; -claw alone, 0.16; hind toe and claw, 0.65; -claw alone, 0.36.</p> - -<p class="small">A second specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 45,910) differs -in having ashy color of head obscured -with olivaceous-brown; and the yellow -on breast showing brownish bases. The -light markings on the wings more distinct and whiter.</p> - -<p class="small">Another bird (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 45,913), taken on shipboard, about ninety miles west of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Matthew’s -Island, Behring’s Sea, August 10, 1866, appears to be of the same species, in -autumnal dress. Here the upper colors are more brown; the lower parts yellowish-white -tinged with brownish-fulvous across the breast and flank. Kamtschatkan specimens of the -same stage of plumage are very similar.</p> - -<p>I am unable to distinguish this species from the Protean <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava</i> of -Europe and Asia. Many different races appear to be found throughout this -wide circle of distribution, many of them more or less local, but the proportions -and general character are the same in all, and the general tendency -appears to be to unite all into one species. The sexes and ages of all the -species, real or supposed, vary very much, and, in the absence of a large -series, I can throw no light upon the obscurities of the subject. I cite -above the latest general work on the birds of Europe, in which will be -found the principal synonymes.</p> - -<p>The specimens from Alaska submitted for examination to Mr. H. B. Tristram -were identified by him as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">B. flava</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Gray-headed Wagtail of Europe finds a place in the fauna -of North America as a bird of Alaska, where specimens have been obtained, -and where it is, at least, an occasional visitant. It is not a common bird of -the British Islands, where it is replaced by a closely allied species. Only -seven or eight instances of its occurrence were known to Mr. Yarrell.</p> - -<p>On the continent of Europe it is quite an abundant species, inhabiting wet -springy places in moist meadows, and frequenting the vicinity of water and -the gravelly edges of rivers. It is numerous in all the central portions of -Europe. It has also an extensive northern and eastern geographical range, -appearing in Norway and Sweden as early as April and remaining there -until September. Linnæus met with it in Lapland on the <abbr title="twenty-second">22d</abbr> of May. It -occurs in Algeria, Nubia, and Egypt. Mr. Gould has received it from the -Himalayas, and Temminck gives it as a bird of Japan.</p> - -<p>According to Degland, this bird is a very abundant species in France, -<!--216.png--><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 169]</span> -where it nests on the ground in the cornfields, in open fields, meadows, and -amidst the standing grain. It lays from four to six eggs, of a brownish-yellow -on a reddish-white ground, profusely covered with fine dots of reddish-gray, -which are more or less confluent. A few zigzag lines of dark brown -or black are found on the larger end. They measure .63 of an inch in length -and .55 in breadth. Its food is flies, moths, small green caterpillars, and -aquatic insects.</p> - -<p>Ray’s Wagtail, recognized by some authors as a distinct species, is probably -only an insular race, chiefly found in the British Islands and in Western -France. In the latter place both birds occur, and here also they have been -known to mate the one with the other. Their nests and eggs are so alike -as not to be distinguishable. The former are constructed of fine fibrous -roots and fine stems of grasses, and are lined with hair.</p> - -<p>These birds are remarkably social, collecting in small flocks soon after -leaving their nests, and until their autumnal migrations following the older -birds in quest of food. They have two call-notes which are quite shrill, and -are repeated in succession, the second being lower in tone. No mention is -made by the naturalists of the Telegraph Expedition of their having any song -other than these notes.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bannister first observed this species at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s, on the 9th or 10th -of June, and from that time until late in August they were among the most -abundant of the land-birds. During the month of June he observed them -in flocks of twenty or thirty individuals. It seemed to be a rather shy bird. -He described its flight as like that of our common Goldfinch, rising with a -few strokes of its wings, then closing them and describing a sort of paraboloidal -curve in the air. The only note which he heard and identified as -uttered by this species was a kind of faint chirp, hardly to be called a song. -These birds seemed to prefer the open country, and were rarely observed in -the low brush, the only approach to woods found on the island.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">ANTHINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p>The characters of this subfamily have already been detailed. The American -sections may be defined as follows, although whether entitled to rank as -genera may be questioned:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Tail decidedly shorter than the wings; less than half the -whole length of bird; simply emarginate and rounded. Hind claw lengthened; -only slightly curved. Feathers of back with paler edges; breast streaked with -dusky. Nest on the ground; eggs finely mottled so as almost to be uniform dark -brown (in North American species).</p> - -<p class="center small"><i class="subset">a. Wings much pointed, and lengthened.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Point of wing formed by four outer primaries, of which the fourth sometimes -a little shorter than the third. Hind toe and claw as long as middle, -shorter than tarsus, the claw alone usually a little longer than the toe itself, -<!--217.png--><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 170]</span> -and slightly curved; inner toe and claw longer than the outer; outstretched -toes falling short of the tip of tail; hind toe and claw shorter than tarsus<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Point of wings formed by four outer primaries, the first longest, or as long -as others. Legs stout, the outstretched toes reaching almost to tip of tail. -Hind toe and claw longer than tarsus, the claw very long, but equal to the -toe proper<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys.</i></p> - -<p class="center small"><i class="subset">b. Wings short, rounded.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Point of wings formed by four outer primaries of nearly equal length<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Notiocorys.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_32" id="fnanchor_32"></a><a href="#footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">Point of wings formed by five outer primaries, the first shorter than -third<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocorys.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_33" id="fnanchor_33"></a><a href="#footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">ANTHUS</b>, <abbr title="Bechstein"><span class="sc">Bechst.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title=" Bechstein Gemeinnützige -Naturgeschichte Deutschlands"><span class="sc">Bechst.</span> Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl.</abbr> 1802. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Alauda spinoletta</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_217.jpg" - width="250" height="250" - alt="Anthus ludovicianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">328</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, much attenuated, and distinctly notched. A few short bristles at -the base. Culmen concave at the base. Tarsi -quite distinctly scutellate; longer than the middle -toe; inner lateral toe the longer. Hind toe rather -shorter than the tarsus, but longer than the middle -toe, owing to the long, attenuated, and moderately -curved hind claw, which is considerably more -than half the total length of the toe. Tail rather -long, emarginate. Wing very long, considerably -longer than the lengthened tail, reaching to its -middle. The first primary nearly equal to the -longest. The tertials almost as long as the primaries.</p> - -<p>But one species of this genus belongs -properly to North America, although a second -is accidental in Greenland and Alaska. The diagnoses are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indenthang">Bill and feet blackish. Prevailing color above olive-brown. Beneath buff. Edge -and inside of wings white. Shafts of middle tail-feathers above dark brown<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. ludovicianus.</i></p> - -<p class="indenthang">Bill and feet dusky flesh-color. Prevailing color above olive-green; more distinctly -streaked. Beneath greenish-white. Edge and inside of wings greenish-yellow. -Shafts of middle tail-feathers above whitish<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. pratensis.</i></p> - -<p><span class="sc">Zander</span> (Cabanis Journal, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Extraheft</span> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1853, 64) states that <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus cervinus</i>, -<span class="sc">Pallas</span>, is found in the Aleutian Islands. It is described as having</p> - -<p class="blockquote">The feet yellowish-brown; the two longest under tail-coverts with a blackish longitudinal -spot; the longest tertial almost equal to the longest primary; the shaft of the first -tail-feather mostly white; no green on the plumage; the throat rust-color.</p> - -<p><!--218.png--><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 171]</span> -<span class="sc">Baldamus</span> (Naumannia, 1857, 202) says he has received <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus aquaticus</i> -and its eggs from Labrador. This statement, however, requires verification.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Anthus ludovicianus</b>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TITLARK; AMERICAN PIPIT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 793. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</i>, <abbr -title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1823, 37; -also of <span class="sc">Audubon & Bonaparte</span>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 232; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 153.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of -Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, 220 (Labrador).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 296 (Cordova).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 24, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 153. <abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. -& Salv.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist">Nat.</abbr> in -Bermuda, 1859, 29, autumn.—<span class="sc">Blakiston</span>, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chic. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 277.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 78. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda -rubra</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda rufa</i>, <abbr -title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus spinoletta</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda -pennsylvanica</i>, <abbr title="Brisson"><span class="sc">Briss.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Alauda pennsylvanica</i>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Bonnaterre Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique 1"><span class="sc">Bonn.</span> Encycl. Méth. -I</abbr>, 1790, 319. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Motacilla hudsonica</i>, <abbr title="Latham Index Ornithologicus Two"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus Two">Ind. Orn. II</abbr></abbr>, 1790, 503.—<span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique 2">Encycl. Méth. II</abbr>, 1823, 447. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus pennsylvanica</i>, -<span class="sc">Zander</span>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus aquaticus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus pipiens</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus rubens</i>, <span class="sc">Merrem</span>; <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Anthus reinhardtii</i>, <span class="sc">Hölboll</span>, Fauna Grönlands (<abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> Paulsen), 1846, -25 (Greenland).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three, plate -140">Am. III, pl. cxl.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, -plate 80">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lxxx.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Five, plate 89">V. pl. lxxxix.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<i class="sex">Female</i>, in spring.) Above olive-brown, each feather slightly darker towards -the central portion; beneath pale dull-buff, or yellowish-brown, with a maxillary -series of dark-brown spots and streaks across the breast and along sides. Ring round the -eye, and superciliary stripe, yellowish. Central tail-feathers like the back, others dark -blackish-brown; the external one white, except at the base within; a white spot at the -end of the second. Primaries edged with whitish, other quills with pale brownish. -Length, 6.50; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.95.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole of North America; Greenland; Bermuda; south to Orizaba, Guatemala, -and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. (<span class="sc">Gätke.</span>) Not noted in West Indies.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_218.jpg" - width="250" height="213" - alt="Anthus ludovicianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Spring specimens from Labrador, collected by Dr. Coues, have the upper -parts ashy without any tinge of -olive, almost bluish on the head; -the lower parts deeper and more -reddish-buff than in autumnal -and winter specimens. Tarsi -black in spring, brown in winter; -toes always black.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> At different seasons -of the year the Brown Titlark -is found throughout the continent, -and abundant for the time -in the several parts of the country, -chiefly frequenting the least -cultivated portions and apparently -preferring the sterile and least attractive regions. It is one of the -most extensively distributed of all our North American birds, being found -<!--219.png--><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 172]</span> -in immense numbers over the whole length and breadth of North America. -Gambel met them in large numbers in New Mexico and California; Richardson -found them on the plains of the Saskatchewan; it is abundant in -the Arctic regions from May to October, and is equally common on the -coast of Labrador; Mr. Dall found it universal from British Columbia north. -It is also found in Florida, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Mexico, and Central America. -Accidental specimens have occurred in Europe.</p> - -<p>This lark is a bird of easy and beautiful flight, passing and repassing -through the air with graceful evolutions, and when moving to new localities, -sweeping over the place several times before alighting. It also moves -rapidly on the ground and after the manner of the true larks, jerking the -tail like our Water-Thrushes and the European Wagtails.</p> - -<p>When feeding on the open ground in the interior, their food is chiefly insects -and small seeds. On the banks of rivers and on the seashore they are -fond of running along the edge of the water, searching among the drift for -insects, small shells, and crustaceans. Near New Orleans and Charleston, in -the winter, Mr. Audubon found them feeding, in company with the Turkey -Buzzard, upon garbage.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found the Titlark abundant in every locality visited by him in -Labrador, giving him an ample opportunity to observe its habits during the -breeding-season. He found them on some of the most rocky and barren -islands along the coast. They frequented only the open, bare, and exposed -situations, such as that coast everywhere afforded, and were never found in -wooded localities. The nests of this species found by him were identical in -situation, form, and construction, placed on the sides of steep, precipitous -chasms, in small cavities in the earth, into which dry moss had been introduced -to keep the nest from the damp ground. They were composed entirely -of coarse, dry grasses loosely put together, without any lining. Their external -diameter was six inches, and the depth of the cavity two inches.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues describes the song of the male bird as very sweet and pleasant. -Mr. Audubon speaks of it as consisting of a few clear and mellow notes -when on the wing, and when standing erect on the rocks it produces a clearer -and louder song.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues speaks of their flight as undulating and unsteady, and never protracted -to any great distance. They never alight on bushes, but always on -the ground, where they run with great ease and rapidity. At low tides they -resorted to the muddy flats, where they ran about upon the eel-grass, searching -for their food in company with the small Sandpipers and in a similar -manner, finding there an abundance of food. At all times they exhibited a -heedless familiarity and an entire want of fear of man, feeding unconcernedly -around the doors of the houses, and searching for their insect food on -the roofs of the sheds and dwellings.</p> - -<p>Both birds incubate and sit so closely that they may almost be trodden -upon before they are willing to leave their nest, and even then only flutter -<!--220.png--><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 173]</span> -off to a short distance, with loud cries of distress that soon bring the mate -and other pairs of the same species to join in the lamentations. They hover -over the heads of the intruders, at times approaching within a few feet, expressing -their distress by the most plaintive cries, and even when the intruders -withdraw following them to a considerable distance.</p> - -<p>All the nests of this lark that I have seen are remarkable for the thickness -of their walls, and the strength, compactness, and elaborate care with which -the materials are put together, particularly for nests built on the ground. -They are well suited to protect their contents from the cold, damp ground -on which they are placed; and their upper portions are composed of stout -vegetable stems, lichens, and grasses strongly interwoven, and forming a -strong rim around the upper part of the nest.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues describes their eggs as of a dark chocolate-color, indistinctly -marked with numerous small lines and streaks of black. Audubon describes -them as having a ground-color of a deep reddish-chestnut, darkened by numerous -dots of deeper reddish-brown and lines of various sizes, especially -toward the larger end. Those in my possession, received from Labrador by -Thienemann, measure from .75 to .78 of an inch in length, and from .59 -to .62 in breadth, and have a light-brown or clay-colored ground, so thickly -covered with spots as to be almost concealed. These spots are of a purplish -chocolate-brown, with occasional darker lines about the larger end. In -others the markings are bolder and larger and of brighter hues. Like the -eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus arboreus</i> of Europe, it is probable that those of this -Titlark exhibit great variations, both in ground-color and in the shades of -their markings.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Anthus pratensis</b>, <abbr title="Bechstein"><span class="sc">Bechst.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">EUROPEAN PIPIT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda pratensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1766, 287. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus pratensis</i>, <abbr lang="de" -xml:lang="de" title="Bechstein Deutschlands Vögel"><span class="sc">Bechst.</span> Deutsch. Vögel</abbr>, <abbr -title="Three">III</abbr>, 1807, 732.—<abbr title="Keyserling and Blasius"><span class="sc">Keys. & Blas.</span></abbr> <abbr -lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Wirbelthiere Europa">Wirb. Europas</abbr>, 1840, 172.—<span class="sc">Zander</span>, <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal One">Cab. Jour. I</abbr>, extraheft, 1853, 60.—<span class="sc">Paulsen</span>, <abbr -title="edition">ed.</abbr> <span class="sc">Hölboll</span>, <abbr title="Fauna">Faun.</abbr> Grönlands, 1846, 24.—<span -class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 6.—<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 155.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <span class="sc">Gould’s</span> Birds Europe, <abbr title="plate 136">pl. cxxxvi.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Europe generally; common in Lapland; accidental in Greenland; <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s, -Norton Sound.</p> - -<p>This species in general form resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. ludovicianus</i>, the fifth -primary in both being abruptly and considerably shorter than the outer four; -the bill and legs quite similar. The average size appears much the same. -The upper parts are, however (especially the head and back), more distinctly -streaked with dusky; the edge and inside of wing greenish-yellow, not -white, and the upper plumage and outer edges of the quills decidedly olive-green. -The shafts of the middle tail-feathers above are whitish, not dark -<!--221.png--><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 174]</span> -brown; the under parts greenish-white, conspicuously streaked with dark -brown. The bill is dusky, the base and edges paler; the legs dusky flesh-color, -not dark brown.</p> - -<p>The occurrence of this species in Greenland was noticed in the Review; -and since the publication of that work a specimen has been obtained at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Michael’s, in Alaska, by Mr. W. H. Dall, and is now in the Smithsonian -collection. The specimen in question appears to be the true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This European species claims a place in the North American -fauna on the ground of a single specimen having been found in Greenland, -in 1845, and one at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s, Norton Sound. In the Old World it is -the counterpart of our <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>, which, in all respects, it closely resembles. -It is the most common and the best known of European Titlarks. In -Great Britain, where it is found throughout the year, it appears to prefer the -uncultivated districts, inhabiting commons and waste lands, and in the more -northern parts frequenting the moors. It is also found in meadows and -marsh lands, in winter seeking more sheltered places. It is rarely seen to -alight on a branch or to sit on a rail. Its song is soft and musical, and is -usually uttered when on the wing or when vibrating over its nest. It seeks -its food altogether on the ground, running nimbly in pursuit of insects, slugs, -and worms. According to Yarrell its nest is built on the ground, generally -among the grass. It is composed externally of dried sedges, lined with finer -materials and some hair. The eggs are six in number, of a reddish-brown -color, mottled over with darker shades of the same, and measure .80 by .60 -of an inch.</p> - -<p>According to the observations of English naturalists, this bird resorts to -various ingenious devices to conceal its nest, or to draw aside attention from -it, such as feigning lameness when it is approached, and concealing it by -artificial covering when it has been once discovered.</p> - -<p>The Meadow Pipit is common during the summer months in Denmark, -Sweden, and Norway, visiting also the Faroe Islands and Iceland. It inhabits -the whole continent of Europe as far south as Spain, Italy, and Sicily. -It has also been found in Northern Africa, and, according to Gould, in Western -Asia. Temminck also states it to be among the birds of Japan.</p> - -<p>According to Degland these larks, after the breeding-season, unite in small -flocks, probably families, and frequent low and damp localities. In summer -they are more often found on high and dry mountain plains. Their flesh is -said to be delicious.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">NEOCORYS</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical -Society London">Pr. Zoöl. Soc. Lond.</abbr> 1857, 5. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda spraguei</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill half as long as the head; the culmen concave at the base, slightly decurved -at the tip. Rictus without bristles. Legs stout; tarsi distinctly scutellate, longer than -the middle toe. Hind toe very long, equal to the tarsus, much longer than the middle toe; -<!--222.png--><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 175]</span> -its claw but slightly curved, and about half the total length. Inner lateral toe rather longer -than outer. Wings much longer than tail; first quill longest. Tertials considerably longer -than secondaries. Tail rather short, emarginate.</p> - -<p>But one species of this genus is known, it being peculiar to the Western -plains.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Neocorys spraguei</b>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Sclat.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MISSOURI SKYLARK; SPRAGUE’S PIPIT</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda spraguei</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Seven">Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, 335, <abbr title="plate 486">pl. cccclxxxvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Agrodoma spraguei</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Stansbury’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> 1852, 329. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys spraguei</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1857, 5.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 234.—<span -class="sc">Blakiston</span>, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 80. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus (Neocorys) spraguei</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 155.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above wood-brown, all the feathers edged with paler, especially on the -neck, where there is a brownish-yellow tinge. The under parts are dull white, with a -collar of sharply defined narrow brown streaks across the forepart and along the sides of -the breast. Lores and a superciliary line whitish. Tail-feathers, except the middle ones, -dark brown; the outer one white, the second white, with the inner margin brown. The -outer primary is edged with white, and there are two dull whitish bands across the wings. -Bill and feet yellow, the former brown above. Length (female), 5.75; wing, 3.35; -tail, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Plains of Yellowstone and Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan; Nebraska.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_222.jpg" - width="250" height="246" - alt="Neocorys spraguei" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys spraguei.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">16766</b></p> -</div> - -<p>This little-known species has the general appearance of a Titlark, but is -readily distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</i> -by the purer white of its -under parts, the much darker centres -and much paler margins to the feathers -above, the entirely white external tail-feather, -and the yellow legs and bill, as -well as by its generic peculiarities. In -its song and general habits it approaches -nearer the European Skylark than any -bird belonging to our fauna.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This interesting species was -first described by Audubon, in the supplementary -portion of his Birds of America. -It was obtained by the party which -accompanied him to the Upper Missouri in 1843. It was first met with on -the 19th of June near Fort Union, in Dacotah Territory. It has since been -found on the fork of the Saskatchewan, but little additional information -respecting its habits has been obtained since its first discovery.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_223.jpg" - width="250" height="158" - alt="Neocorys spraguei." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys spraguei.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>It seems to more nearly approach, in its habits, the European Skylark -than any other of our North American birds. Mr. Edward Harris was completely -misled, at first, by the sound of their song, so that on several occasions -he sought for them on the ground. Their voices appeared to come to -<!--223.png--><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 176]</span> -him from the earth’s surface. After having travelled in quest of them, to -no purpose, to many distant parts of the prairies, he at last discovered that -these sounds proceeded from several -of these birds soaring at so great an -elevation as to make them difficult to -discover by the eye, even in the transparent -atmosphere of that country.</p> - -<p>They are described as running gracefully -on the ground, at times squatting -to observe the movements of the -intruders, and again elevating their -bodies as if to meet their approach. -Rising from the ground, they fly in an undulating manner, so that it is -extremely difficult to shoot them on the wing. They continue thus to fly -in increasing circles until about a hundred yards high, when they begin to -sing. After a while, suddenly closing their wings, they drop to the ground. -They could be easily approached in a light wagon, and in this manner -several specimens were obtained.</p> - -<p>Captain Blakiston (Ibis, <abbr title="Five">V.</abbr> 61) found this Skylark common on the prairies -of the Saskatchewan during the breeding-season. He first met with it on -the 6th of May, near Fort Carlton. When disturbed from the grass, its -usual haunt, it utters a single chirp, and immediately mounts in the air by -a circuitous course, with a very undulating flight, to a great height, where -with outstretched wings it soars in a peculiar manner, and utters a very -striking song. This is described as consisting of a quick succession of -notes, in a descending scale, each note being lower than the preceding. The -bird then descends to the ground with great rapidity, almost like a stone, -and somewhat in the manner of a hawk swooping on its prey. It was -difficult of approach, and not easily killed. He also observed these birds in -Northern Minnesota, May 4, 1859.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird was built on the ground and placed in a hollow. It -was made of fine grasses interwoven into a circular form, but without any -lining. The eggs were four or five in number, an oblong oval in shape, much -pointed at one end, and measuring .87 of an inch in length by .63 in breadth. -Their ground-color was a dull white, so minutely dotted with a grayish-purple -as to give the whole egg a homogeneous appearance, as of that -uniform color.</p> - -<p>The young larks, soon after being hatched, followed their parents on the -ground, and were fed with seeds of the smaller plants and with insects. -They had already begun to associate in small flocks of from eight to a dozen -before the party left, and on the 16th of August had commenced their -southern migrations.</p> - -</div><!--end family Motacillidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<p class="p4"><!--224.png--><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 177]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">SYLVICOLIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Warblers.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> are essentially characterized among the Oscines with nine -primaries, by their small size, the usually slender and conical insectivorous -bill, shorter than the head, without angle in the gape near the base; the toes -deeply cleft so as to leave the inner one free almost to its very base (except -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotiltæ</i>), etc. The shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of -a deeply fissured tip, distinguishes the family from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</i>, to some of -which there is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt -hook and notch in both mandibles separates it from such of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</i> -as have nine primaries.</p> - -<p>The American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ</i> are distinguished from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> by -the emargination of the outer and the great elongation of the inner secondaries, -as well as by other features referred to under that family. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus</i>, in particular, differs in the lengthened and slightly curved hind -claw. There is little difficulty in distinguishing the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, however, -from any families excepting the slender-billed forms of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i>, as -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chlorospingus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nemosia</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chlorochrysa</i>, etc., and the conirostral <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cœrebidæ</i>. -In fact, some ornithologists are inclined to include all three of the families -thus mentioned in one, from the difficulty of marking their boundaries -respectively.</p> - -<p>In fact, we are of the opinion that no violence would be done by adopting -this view, and would even include with the above-mentioned families -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> also. The order of their relation to one another would be -thus: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ, Tanagridæ, Sylvicolidæ, Cœrebidæ</i>; there being scarcely -any break in the transition between the two extremes, unless there are -many genera referred to the wrong family, as seems very likely to be the case -with many included in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i>. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringilline</i> forms of the latter -family are such genera as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buarremon</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Arremon</i>, they being so closely -related to some <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringilline</i> genera by so many features—as rounded concave -wing, lax plumage, and spizine coloration—as to be scarcely separable. -Either these two families are connected so perfectly by intermediate forms -as to be inseparable, or the term <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i> covers too great a diversity of -forms. With the same regularity that we proceed from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> to -the typical forms of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calliste</i>, etc.), we -pass down the scale from these to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>; while between many -genera of the latter family, and others referred to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</i>, no difference -in external anatomy can be discovered, much less expressed in a -description.</p> - -<p>In the following synopsis we attempt to define the higher groups of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, although in the large number of species and their close relationships -it is very difficult to express clearly their distinctive features.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><!--225.png--><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 178]</span> -<b class="birdname">Subfamilies.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Bill conical, its bristles very weak, or wanting.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Bill sub-conical, the culmen and commissure nearly straight.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Sylvicolinæ.</b> Feet weak, not reaching near the end of the tail. Wing -pointed, considerably longer than the nearly even or slightly emarginated -tail. Feet dark-colored (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia</i>, and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Arboreal.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Geothlypinæ.</b> Feet strong, reaching nearly to end of the tail. Wing -rounded. Feet pinkish-white. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terrestrial.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Bill high and compressed, the culmen and commissure much curved.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Icterianæ.</b> Bill without notch or rictal bristles; wing much rounded, -shorter than the tail.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Bill depressed, its bristles strong.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Setophaginæ.</b> Bill, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannine</i>, considerably broader than high, the tip -more or less hooked, and with a distinct notch. Rictal bristles reaching -half-way, or more, to the tip.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname">Sections and Genera.</b></p> - -<p class="centerindent muchsmaller">SYLVICOLINÆ.</p> - -<p class="indent0">1. Middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Mniotilteæ.</b> Bill much compressed for terminal half, the lateral outline -decidedly concave; culmen and gonys decidedly convex; commissure -moderately concave. Rictal bristles very inconspicuous; notch just -perceptible<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">2. Middle toe, with claw, not longer than tarsus.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Vermivoreæ.</b> Bill without a distinct notch, or lacking it entirely; rictal -bristles wanting, or very minute; culmen and gonys nearly straight; bill -only very moderately compressed.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Middle toe and claw about equal to tarsus.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill not acute; culmen and gonys decidedly convex; notch just -perceptible; bristles apparent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill moderately acute, robust; no notch; culmen straight, its base -elevated and slightly arched; bristles not apparent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill moderately acute; robust; no notch; culmen convex, its base -not elevated; bristles apparent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Middle toe and claw considerably shorter than tarsus.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill very acute, its outlines nearly straight; notch not perceptible; -bristles not apparent<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill very acute, its outlines nearly straight; notch just perceptible; -bristles strong<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Sylvicoleæ.</b> Bill distinctly notched; rictal bristles strong; outlines -generally slightly curved.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill acute, gonys slightly concave<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill not acute, gonys convex<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica.</i></p> - -<p class="centerindent muchsmaller">GEOTHLYPINÆ.</p> - -<p class="indent0">3. Wings pointed, longer than the nearly even tail.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Seiureæ.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Above olive-brown; beneath white with dark streaks<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Above olive-green; beneath yellow without streaks<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><!--226.png--><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 179]</span> -4. Wings rounded, shorter than the graduated tail.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Geothlypeæ.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Above olive-green; beneath yellow, without streaks<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis.</i></p> - -<p class="centerindent muchsmaller">ICTERIANÆ.</p> - -<p class="indent0">5. Bill very deep and compressed; tail graduated; outer toe deeply cleft.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Icterieæ.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Olive-green above; bright yellow anteriorly beneath. Upper mandible -deeper than the lower<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Plumbeous-blue above; red, black, and white beneath. Upper -mandible not so deep as the lower<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">6. Bill slender, sub-conical, but curved; tail nearly even; outer toe adherent -for basal half.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Teretristeæ.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Above olive-gray; beneath whitish posteriorly, and yellow anteriorly<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Teretristis.</i></p> - -<p class="centerindent muchsmaller">SETOPHAGINÆ.</p> - -<p class="indent0">7. Bill <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannine</i>. Tail broad, equal to or longer than the wing, and much -rounded.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Setophageæ.</b> Colors mainly black, red, and white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail not longer than the wing. Above black, wing variegated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail longer than the wing. Above plumbeous, wing unvariegated<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioborus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">8. Bill <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvicoline</i>. Tail narrow, almost even; shorter than the wing.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Myiodiocteæ.</b> Colors yellow beneath, olive-green or ashy above.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Black markings about the head in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr><span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0">9. Bill somewhat <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">parine</i>. Tail equal to the wing, almost even.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Cardellineæ.</b> Colors mainly red, or red, ashy, and white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill weak, almost cylindrical; wings rounded, the quills broad and -soft at ends. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers soft. Colors mainly -red.<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ergaticus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill stout, the culmen and gonys very convex; wings pointed, -the quills emarginated and hard at ends. Tail even, the feathers -hard. Color ashy above; rump and beneath white. Head red and -black.<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellina.</i></p> - -<p>Of the above, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioborus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ergaticus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellina</i> belong to -Central and South America, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Teretristis</i> to Cuba.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">SYLVICOLINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname ls">MNIOTILTEÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Bill slightly notched some distance from the tip. Rictal bristles minute. Hind -toe considerably developed, longer than the lateral toe; its claw decidedly longer than -its digit. First quill nearly or quite as long as the second. Wings long, pointed; much -longer than the tail, which is nearly even. Tail-feathers with white spots. Bill much -compressed for terminal half, the commissure and lateral outlines decidedly concave; the -culmen and gonys convex.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--227.png--><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 180]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">MNIOTILTA</b>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type, <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla varia</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -General form sylvicoline; bill rather long, compressed, shorter than the -head, with very short rictal bristles and a shallow notch. Wings considerably longer than -the tail, which is slightly rounded; first quill shorter than second and third. Tarsi rather -short; toes long, middle one equal to the tarsus; hind toe nearly as long, the claw considerably -shorter than its digit. Color white, streaked with black. Nest on ground; eggs -white, blotched with red.</p> - -<p>This genus differs from other Sylvicolines in the elongation of the toes, -especially the hinder one, by means of which the species is enabled to move -up and down the trunks of trees, like the true Creepers. But one species is -recognized as North American, although Nuttall describes a second.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Mniotilta varia</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla varia</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1766, 333. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia varia</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>; -<span class="sc">Audubon</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia</i>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><span -class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr title="Galerie des Ois 1">Gal. Ois. I</abbr></span>, 1834, 276, <abbr title="plate 169">pl. -clxix.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Audubon</span>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 235; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 167.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 298 (Oaxaca, Xalapa); 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 1855, 143 (Bogota); 1856, 291 (Cordova); 1864, 172 (City of -<abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>)—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> -1861, 25, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 162.—<abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span></abbr> -Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; winter).—<abbr title="Cabanis -Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 475 (Cuba; winter).—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1859 (Bahamas; April 20).—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr -title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 134 (Jamaica; winter).—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. -Bermuda</abbr>, 1859, 29 (October).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1860, 328 (Costa -Rica).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322 (Panama -<abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>; winter).—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal">Cab. Journ.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia maculata</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta borealis</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span -class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">longirostris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr -title="31">xxxi</abbr>, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 167.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> in <abbr title="octavo">8vo</abbr>, 1869, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 167.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five -plate 90">Orn. Biog. V, pl. xc</abbr>; Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 114">Am. II, pl. cxiv.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three, plate 19">Am. Orn. III, pl. xix.</abbr></p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_227.jpg" - width="250" height="218" - alt="Mniotilta varia" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">18685</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill with the upper mandible considerably decurved, the lower straight. -General color of the male black, the feathers broadly -edged with white; the head all round black, with a -median stripe in the crown and neck above, a superciliary -and a maxillary one of white. Middle of belly, -two conspicuous bands on the wings, outer edges of -tertials and inner of all the wing and tail feathers, and -a spot on the inner webs of the outer two tail-feathers, -white. Rump and upper tail-coverts black, edged externally -with white. Female similar; the under parts -white, obsoletely streaked with black on the sides and -under tail-coverts. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.85; -tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America, and north to Fort Simpson. Both coasts -of Mexico (as far north as Mazatlan, on west side), and southward to Bogota. Whole -of West Indies and Bermuda.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--228.png--><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 181]</span> -<i class="subset">Localities quoted.</i> Bahamas; Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; Santa Cruz; West Indies; -Cordova, Xalapa, Oaxaca, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>; Guatemala; Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>; Bogota.</p> - -<p>Specimens breeding in the Southern States differ in rather longer bill and -less amount of black, but are otherwise undistinguishable.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_228.jpg" - width="250" height="262" - alt="Mniotilta varia" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black and White Creeper, nowhere an abundant species, is -met with in various sections of the country. It occurs in all parts of New -England and New York, and has been found in the interior as far north as -Fort Simpson. It has been met with on the Pacific coast only at Mazatlan, -is common in the Bahamas and most of the West India Islands, generally -as a migrant. It has also been found in Texas, in the Indian Territory, -and in Mexico, and throughout Central America. In the last-named -region Mr. Salvin states it to be pretty equally and generally spread over -the whole country. It is there migratory, leaving in spring. It was also -detected in Colombia, South America, by Mr. -C. W. Wyatt. Mr. Newton also met with it -as a winter visitant in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, leaving that -island at the end of March. He regards this -species as almost a thorough Creeper in habits. -In Jamaica a few are resident throughout the -year, according to the observations of Mr. -March, and though its nests have never been -found there, a son of Mr. March saw a pair -carrying materials with which to construct -one.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that this Warbler is a very -common summer resident near Washington, -but is more abundant there in the spring and in the fall, the greater number -going farther north to breed. They arrive in Washington during the first -week in April, and are exceedingly numerous until May. He adds that they -are generally found in high open woods, and that they “breed in holes in -trees.” This is probably an error, or, if ever known to occur, an entirely -exceptional case.</p> - -<p>Our bird is also a common summer visitant at Calais, arriving there about -the 1st of May, and by the 10th becoming rather abundant. Mr. Boardman -has frequently found their nests there, and always on the ground, in rocky -places and usually under small trees.</p> - -<p>It does not appear to have been met with on the Pacific coast north of -Mazatlan, nor in any portion of Western North America, beyond the valleys -of the Mississippi and the Rio Grande.</p> - -<p>In its habits this bird seems to be more of a Creeper than a Warbler. -It is an expert and nimble climber, and rarely, if ever, perches on the branch -of a tree or shrub. In the manner of the smaller Woodpeckers, the Creepers, -Nuthatches, and Titmice, it moves rapidly around the trunks and larger -limbs of the trees of the forest in search of small insects and their larvæ. -<!--229.png--><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 182]</span> -It is graceful and rapid in movement, and is often so intent upon its hunt -as to be unmindful of the near presence of man.</p> - -<p>It is found chiefly in thickets, but this is probably owing to the fact that there -its food is principally to be obtained. It is occasionally seen in more open -country, and has been known to breed in the immediate vicinity of a dwelling.</p> - -<p>Wilson regarded this bird as a true Creeper, and objected to its being -classed as a Warbler. He even denied to it the possession of any song. In -this he was quite mistaken. Though never loud, prolonged, or powerful, the -song of this Warbler is very sweet and pleasing. It begins to sing from its -first appearance in May, and continues to repeat its brief refrain at intervals -almost until its departure in August and September. Nuttall speaks of it -as being at first a monotonous ditty, and as uttered in a strong but shrill and -filing tone. These notes, he adds, as the season advances, become more mellow -and warbling, and, though feeble, are pleasing, and are similar to those -of the Redstart. But this statement does not do full justice to the varied -and agreeable notes with which, in early spring, these birds accompany their -lively hunt for food among the tops of the forest trees. They are diversified -and sweet, and seem suggestive of a genial and happy nature.</p> - -<p>These birds make their appearance in New England early in May, and -remain there, among the thick woods, until the middle of October, and in the -Southern States until the verge of winter.</p> - -<p>Their movements in search of food are like those of the Titmice, keeping -the feet together and moving in a succession of short rapid hops up the -trunks of trees and along the limbs, passing again to the bottom by longer -flights than in the ascent. They make but short flights from tree to tree, -but are apparently not incapable of more prolonged ones.</p> - -<p>So far as I know, these birds always build their nests on the ground. Mr. -Nuttall found one in Roxbury containing young about a week old. The nest -was on the ground, on the surface of a shelving rock, made of coarse strips -of the inner bark of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Abies canadensis</i> externally, and internally of soft -decayed leaves and dry grasses, and lined with a thin layer of black hair. -The parents fed their young in his presence with affectionate attention, and -manifested no uneasiness, creeping, head downward, about the trunks of the -neighboring trees, carrying large smooth caterpillars to their young. The -nests of this bird are strongly and compactly built, externally of coarse strips -of various kinds of bark, and lined within with hair and fine stems of grasses. -In several instances I have known them to be roofed over at the top, in the -manner of the Golden-crowned Thrush. They measure about three inches -in their external diameter, and are equally deep.</p> - -<p>The nests appear to be a favorite receptacle for the parasitic eggs of the -Cow-Bunting. Mr. Robert Ridgway obtained a nest at <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Carmel, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, -in which were four eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> and only two of the parent birds; -and Mr. T. M. Trippe, of Orange, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>, also found a nest of this Creeper -in which were but three of its own and five of the parasite.</p> - -<p><!--230.png--><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 183]</span> -The eggs vary in shape from a rounded to an oblong oval, and in size from -.69 to .75 of an inch in length, and from .51 to .53 of an inch in breadth. -Their ground-color is a creamy-white, to which the deep red markings impart -an apparently pinkish tinge. They are marked more or less profusely with -bright red dots, points, and blotches. These vary in number and in distribution. -In some they are very fine, and are chiefly confined to the larger end. -In others they are larger, more diffused, and occasionally there are intermingled -marks and blotches of slate-color. The effect of these variations -is, at times, to give the appearance of greater differences to these eggs than -really exists, the ground-color and the shade of the red markings really presenting -but little modifications.</p> - -<p>The color of the young nestlings is closely assimilated to that of the -objects that usually surround the nest, and helps to conceal them. Mr. -Burroughs once came accidentally upon a nest with young of this species. -He says: “A Black and White Creeping Warbler suddenly became much -alarmed as I approached a crumbling old stump in a dense part of the forest. -He alighted upon it, chirped sharply, ran up and down its sides, and finally -left it with much reluctance. The nest, which contained three young birds -nearly fledged, was placed upon the ground at the foot of the stump, and in -such a position that the color of the young harmonized perfectly with the -bits of bark, sticks, etc., lying about. My eye rested upon them for the -second time before I made them out. They hugged the nest very closely, -but as I put down my hand they all scampered off with loud cries for help, -which caused the parent birds to place themselves almost within my reach.”</p> - -<p class="p2 center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname ls">VERMIVOREÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PROTONOTARIA</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 239. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla citrea</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span -class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_230.jpg" - width="250" height="197" - alt="Title or description" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria citrea</i>, Baird.<br /> - <b class="specimen-number">7516</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Characterized by its long, distinctly notched bill, and long wings, which are -an inch longer than the slightly graduated tail (the -lateral feathers about .12 of an inch shorter). The -under tail-coverts are very long, reaching within half -an inch of the tip of the tail. The tarsi and hind toe -are proportionally longer than in the true Warblers. -The notch and great size of the bill distinguish it -from the Swamp Warblers. Nest in holes; eggs much -blotched with reddish.</p> - -<p>The only North American species belonging -to the group appears to be the old <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -protonotaria</i> of Gmelin.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--231.png--><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 184]</span> -<b class="birdname">Protonotaria citrea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PROTHONOTARY WARBLER; GOLDEN SWAMP WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla citrea</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Table">Tabl.</abbr> 1783 (<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Planches enluminées">Pl. enl.</abbr> 704, fig. 2). <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria citrea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -239; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 173.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 26, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 166.—<abbr title="Gundlach Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span> Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324 -(Cuba; very rare). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga citrea</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 85 -(Costa Rica). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla protonotarius</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="protonotarius">prot.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 83">II, pl. lxxxiii.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three, plate 24">Am. Orn. III, pl. xxiv.</abbr> fig. 2.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 3">Orn. Biog. II, pl. iii.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr title="protonotarius">prot.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr title="protonotarius">prot.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="protonotarius">prot.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Compsothlypis <abbr -title="protonotarius">prot.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Motacilla auricollis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 984. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia aur.</i> <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>, etc. (based on <cite lang="fr" -xml:lang="fr">Le Grand Figuier du Canada</cite>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux 3">Ois. -III</abbr>, 1760, 508, <abbr title="plate 26">pl. xxvi</abbr>, fig. 1). Female. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola aur.</i> <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1840, 431.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very large; as long as the head. Head and neck all round, with the -entire under parts, including the tibiæ, rich yellow, excepting the anal region and under -tail-coverts, which are white. Back dark olive-green, with a tinge of yellow; rump, -upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail above, bluish ash-color. Inner margin of quills and the -tail-feathers (except the innermost) white; the outer webs and tips like the back. Length, -5.40; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States (Southern region); Cuba, Costa Rica, and -Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr> Not recorded from Mexico or Guatemala. Accidental in New Brunswick -(<span class="sc">G. A. Boardman</span> in letter). Yucatan (<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>).</p> - -<p>This is one of the very handsomest of American Warblers, the yellow of the -head and lower parts being of a pureness and mellowness scarcely approached -by any other species. In a highly colored male from Southern Illinois (No. -10,111, Mississippi Bottom, Union <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, April 23; R. Kennicott) it is stained -in spots, particularly over the eyes and on the neck, with a beautiful cadmium-orange.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_231.jpg" - width="250" height="193" - alt="Protonotaria citrea" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria citrea.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In regard to the habits of this beautiful and interesting Warbler -we receive but little light from the observations -of older ornithological writers. -Its geographical distribution is somewhat -erratic and irregular. It does not -appear to be distributed over a very -wide range. It occurs as a migrant in -the West Indies and in Central America. -In the United States it is found -in the Southern region, but farther west -the range widens, and in the Mississippi -Valley it is found as far north as Kansas, -Southern and Central Illinois, and Missouri. Accidental specimens have been -obtained as far to the northeast as Calais, though unknown to all the Eastern -States as far south as Southern Virginia. It was met with by none of the government -parties except by Dr. Woodhouse, who found it abundant in Texas.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon observed them, near Louisville, Kentucky, frequenting creeks -and lagoons overshadowed by large trees. These were their favorite places -<!--232.png--><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 185]</span> -of resort. They also preferred the borders of sheets of water to the interior -of the forest. They return in spring to the Southern States early in March, -but to Kentucky not before the last of April. They leave in October, and -raise but a single brood in a season. Audubon describes their nest, but it -differs so essentially from their known mode of breeding, that he was -evidently in error in regard to his supposed identification of the nest of -this species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bachman, who often met them on the borders of small streams near -Charleston, was confident that they breed in that State, and noticed a pair -with four young birds as early as June 1, in 1836.</p> - -<p>Recently more light has been thrown upon their habits by Mr. B. F. -Goss, who, in May, 1863, found them breeding near Neosho Falls, in Kansas. -The nest was built within a Woodpecker’s hole in the stump of a tree, -not more than three feet high. The nest was not rounded in shape, but -made to conform to the irregular cavity in which it was built. It was -of oblong shape, and its cavity was deepest, not in the centre, but at one -end, upon a closely impacted base made up of fragments of dried leaves, -broken bits of grasses, stems, mosses, and lichens, decayed wood, and other -material, the upper portion consisting of an interweaving of fine roots of -wooded plants, varying in size, but all strong, wiry, and slender. It was -lined with hair.</p> - -<p>Other nests since discovered are of more uniform forms, circular in shape, -and of coarser materials, and all are built with unusual strength and care for -a nest occupying a sheltered cavity.</p> - -<p>In one instance their nest was built in a brace-hole within a mill, where -the birds could be closely watched as they carried in the materials, and the -parent was afterward taken by hand by Mr. Goss from its nest. It was -quite tame, and approached within two yards of him.</p> - -<p>Since then Mr. Ridgway has obtained a nest at <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Carmel, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr> It was -built in a hollow snag, about five feet from the ground, in the river bottom. -So far from being noisy and vociferous, as its name would seem to -imply, Mr. Ridgway describes it as one of the shyest and most silent of all -the Warblers.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Warbler have an average breadth of .55 of an inch and a -length varying from .65 to .70 of an inch. They are of a rounded-oval form, -one end being but slightly less rounded than the other. Their ground-color -is a yellowish or creamy white, more or less profusely marked over their -entire surface with lilac, purple, and a dark purplish-brown.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway states that it is always an abundant summer bird in the -Wabash bottoms, where it inhabits principally bushy swamps and the willows -around the borders of stagnant lagoons or “ponds” near the river, and -in such localities, in company with the White-bellied Swallow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo -bicolor</i>), takes possession of the holes of the Downy Woodpecker (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus -pubescens</i>) and Chickadee (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus carolinensis</i>), in which to build its nest.</p> - -<p><!--233.png--><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 186]</span> -Mr. Ridgway adds that in its movements this Warbler is slow and deliberate, -like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus vermivorus</i>, strikingly different in this respect -from the sprightly, active <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroecæ</i>. Its common note is a sharp <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">piph</i>, remarkably -like the winter note of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia albicollis</i>.</p> - -<p>It has been taken as far north as Rock Island, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, and Dr. Coues mentions -the occurrence of one individual near Washington, D. C., seen in a -swampy brier-patch, May 2, 1861. This was perhaps only an accidental -visitor. If regularly found there, it is probably exceedingly rare. It has not -been met with between Washington and <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephens, New Brunswick, where -its occurrence was unquestionably purely accidental.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">HELMITHERUS</b>, <abbr title="Rafinesque"><span class="sc">Raf.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus</i>, <span class="sc">Rafinesque</span>, <span lang="fr" -xml:lang="fr">Journal de Physique</span>, <abbr title="88">LXXXVIII</abbr>, 1819, 417. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla -vermivora</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Four">Zoöl. Jour. IV.</abbr> 1827, 170 (not of <span class="sc">Meyer</span>, 1822).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, -1839, 66. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia swainsoni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_233a.jpg" - width="250" height="169" - alt="Helmitherus vermivorus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus vermivorus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2148</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill large and stout, compressed, almost tanagrine; nearly or quite as long -as the head. Culmen very slightly curved; -gonys straight; no notch in the bill; rictal -bristles wanting. Tarsi short, but little longer, -if any, than the middle toe. Tail considerably -shorter than the wings; rather rounded. -Wings rather long, the first quill a little shorter -than the second and third.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_233b.jpg" - width="250" height="212" - alt="Helmitherus vermivorus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus vermivorus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The birds of this division are very -plain in their colors, more so than any -other American Warblers. There are -but two species referable to the genus, of which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. swainsoni</i> differs -from the type in having a considerably -longer and more compressed bill, the -ridge of which is compressed, elevated, -and appears to extend backwards on -the forehead, as well as to be in a -straight line with the upper part of -the head. The wings are longer; the -tail forked; not rounded; the feathers -narrower and more pointed; the tarsi -shorter than in the type. It appears -to be at least a distinct subgenus to -which the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>, is to -be applied.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--234.png--><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 187]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Colors plain. Above olivaceous, beneath nearly white. -No spots or bands on wing or tail.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">H. vermivorus.</b> Above olive-green. Head yellowish, with a black stripe -above and one behind each eye. Tail rounded. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of -United States; south to Costa Rica; Cuba. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">H. swainsoni.</b> Above dull olive-green, tinged with brown. Stripes on -the head somewhat as in the last, but reddish-brown; the median light -stripe on the crown scarcely visible. Tail slightly forked. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South -Carolina and Georgia; Cuba (very rare). (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia.</i>)</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helmitherus vermivorus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WORM-EATING SWAMP WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla vermivora</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 951. ? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia vermivora</i>, <abbr -title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus Two">Ind. Orn. II</abbr>, 1790, 499.—<abbr -title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Three, plate 24">III, pl. xxiv</abbr>, fig. 4.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 34">Orn. Biog. I, pl. -xxxiv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola vermivora</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia vermivora</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds of America -Two, plate 105">Birds Am. II, pl. cv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Lembeye</span>, <abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Aves de">Av.</abbr> Cuba, 1850, 35, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>, fig. 4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus vermivorus</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>; <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 252; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 179.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 28, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -175.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 11 (Guatemala); <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1860, 329 (Costa Rica); <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1856 (Cuba).—<span -class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; somewhat rare). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Vermivora pennsylvanica</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, -<abbr title="Birds">B.</abbr> Jamaica, 1847, 150. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus migratorius</i>, <abbr title="Rafinesque -Journal de Physique"><span class="sc">Raf.</span> J. de Phys.</abbr> 88, 1819, 417.—<span class="sc">Hartlaub</span>; <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora fulvicapilla</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 245.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill nearly as long as the head; upper parts generally rather clear olive-green. -Head with four black stripes and three brownish-yellow ones, namely, a black one -on each side of the crown and one from behind the eye (extending, in fact, a little anterior -to it), a broader median yellow one on the crown, and a superciliary from the bill. Under -parts pale brownish-yellow; tinged with buff across the breast and with olivaceous on the -sides. Tail unspotted. Female nearly similar. Length, 5.50; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.35.</p> - -<p class="small">In autumnal specimens the light stripes on the head are deeper buff than in spring.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States (rather Southern); Southeastern Mexico; Guatemala; -Cuba; Costa Rica; Veragua; Orizaba (winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>); Yucatan (<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Much remains to be ascertained in regard to the history, habits, and -distribution of this interesting species. So far as is now known it is hardly -anywhere very common during the breeding-season. Yet its abundance and -wide distribution as a migrant during the winter months in various extended -localities appear to warrant the belief that it must be correspondingly abundant -in summer in localities that have escaped our attention. It has been occasionally -met with in the Central and Southern States, as far west as Eastern -Mexico, and as far to the north as Southeastern New York. Specimens have -been procured from Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the northern portions -of South America. It is a regular winter visitant of Jamaica, whither it goes -in the autumn in considerable numbers, and is very widely diffused.</p> - -<p>It reaches Pennsylvania about the middle of May, and leaves in September. -Wilson noticed a pair feeding their young about the 25th of June. -<!--235.png--><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 188]</span> -He supposed this bird to have a more northern distribution than belongs to -it. In the interior they are met with, according to Audubon, as far north as -the southern shores of Lake Erie, where he found them in the autumn. Mr. -Audubon found them more numerous in New Jersey than anywhere else. In -Ohio and Kentucky they are comparatively rare. Mr. Ridgway informs me -that this is a rather common species in Southern Illinois in the thickest -damp woods in the bottom-lands along the Wabash River.</p> - -<p>According to Wilson, these birds are among the nimblest of its family, and -are remarkably fond of spiders, darting about wherever there is a probability -of finding these insects. Where branches are broken and the leaves withered, -it searches among them in preference, making a great rustling as it hunts for -its prey. Their stomachs are generally found full of spiders and caterpillars.</p> - -<p>These birds are arboreal in their preferences, residing in the interior of -woods, and are seldom seen in the open fields. They resort to the ground -and turn over the dry leaves in quest of insects. They are very unsuspicious -and easy of approach.</p> - -<p>Nuttall describes their notes and their habits as resembling the common -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</i>, and remarks that they are constantly uttering a complaining -call, sounding like <i class="birdcall">tshe-dē-dē</i>.</p> - -<p>Until quite recently, nothing has been positively known in regard to its -nesting. Audubon has described its nest as made of dry mosses and the -fallen bloom of the hickory and the chestnut, and as built in bushes several -feet from the ground. He describes the eggs as cream-colored, marked about -the larger end with reddish-brown. These descriptions have not been confirmed, -and all our information has led us to look for its nest on the ground.</p> - -<p>Mr. Trippe states that it is found, but is not at all common, near Orange, -<abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>, where it arrives about the middle of May. It has, at that time, a -rapid, chattering note, and it always, he says, keeps near the ground, and, -besides its chattering song, has in June a series of odd notes, much like -those of the White-breasted Nuthatch, but more varied and musical, yet -hardly entitled to be called a song.</p> - -<p>Mr. T. H. Jackson of Westchester, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in the American Naturalist for -December, 1869, mentions finding the nest and eggs of this bird. We give -his account in his own words: “On the 6th of June, 1869, I found a nest -of this species containing five eggs. It was placed in a hollow on the ground, -much like the nests of the Oven-Bird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus</i>), and was hidden -from sight by the dry leaves that lay thickly around. The nest was composed -externally of dead leaves, mostly those of the beech, while the interior -was prettily lined with the fine, thread-like stalks of the hair-moss, -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polytrichium</i>). Altogether it was a very neat structure, and looked to me as -though the owner was habitually a ground nester. The eggs most nearly -resemble those of the White-bellied Nuthatch (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta carolinensis</i>), though the -markings are fewer and less distinct. So close did the female sit that I -captured her without difficulty by placing my hat over the nest.”</p> - -<p><!--236.png--><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 189]</span> -The same observing ornithologist informs me that this Warbler arrives in -Pennsylvania early in May, and makes the most solitary part of the woods -its home, outside of which it is rarely seen. True to its name, it is ever -busy hunting out and devouring the worms that lurk among the forest foliage, -pursuing its avocation in silence, with the exception of a faint note -uttered occasionally. This species is not as shy as many of our Warblers that -frequent the woods. Towards the latter part of May they commence constructing -their nests. Mr. Jackson adds that the nest above referred to was -found on a thickly wooded hillside, a few yards above a running stream. So -neatly was it embedded in the ground and covered with dry leaves, that -discovery would have been impossible had not the female betrayed its -position. Both birds exhibited the greatest alarm at his presence, but on -his retiring to a short distance the female returned to the nest, where she -was easily captured. The base and periphery of the nest were composed -of dry beech-leaves, while the inner lining was made of fine hair-mosses -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polytrichium</i>).</p> - -<p>In the latter part of June, 1871, Mr. Jackson found another nest of this -species, containing five young birds about half grown. He was seated on -a log, resting after a hard tramp, when a Worm-eating Warbler alighted near -him, having a large green worm in its beak. After at first manifesting much -uneasiness, and scolding as well as she could, she suddenly became silent and -flew to the ground. On his going to the spot both parents flew from the -nest. It was in all respects, in regard to materials, manner of construction, -and situation, the exact counterpart of the other. Both were placed on steep, -wooded hillsides, facing the east.</p> - -<p>Two of the eggs of this Warbler thus identified by Mr. Jackson, and kindly -loaned to me by him, are of a somewhat rounded-oval shape, less obtuse at -one end. They have a clear, crystal-white ground, and are spotted with -minute dottings of a bright red-brown. These are much more numerous in -one than in the other, and in both are confluent at the larger end, where -they are beautifully intermingled with cloudings of lilac-brown. These eggs -measure, the one .78 by .60 of an inch; the other, .70 by .56 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Another nest of this species, found by Mr. Joseph H. Batty of New York, -on the side of a hill near Montclair, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, was also built on the ground, in -a part of the woods where there was no underbrush, and was placed in a -slight hollow, with dry oak-leaves collected around it, and partly covering it. -The nest was made of dry leaves, and lined with grasses and fine roots. It -contained four eggs, alike in their marking, and corresponding exactly with -those obtained by Mr. Jackson. Mr. Batty nearly stepped on the bird without -her leaving the nest.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found the Worm-eating Warbler a rather uncommon summer -resident near Washington, breeding there but sparingly. It arrives there -during the first week in May, and remains until the third week in September. -He describes it as slow and sedate in its movements.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--237.png--><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 190]</span> -<b class="birdname">Helmitherus swainsoni</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SWAINSON’S SWAMP WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia swainsoni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 563, <abbr title="plate 198">pl. cxcviii.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="swainsoni">sw.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr title="swainsoni">sw.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr title="swainsoni">sw.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, <abbr title="plate 104">pl. civ</abbr> (type of genus). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="swainsoni">sw.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 252; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 180.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill as long as the head. Upper parts dull olive-green, tinged with reddish-brown -on the wings, and still more on the crown and nape; a superciliary stripe and the -under parts of the body are white, tinged with yellow, but palest on the tail-coverts; the -sides pale olive-brown. There is an obscure indication of a median yellowish stripe on -the forehead. The lores are dusky. No spots nor bands on wings or tail. Length, 5.60; -wing, 2.85; tail, 2.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast of South Carolina and Georgia; Cuba (very rare).</p> - -<p>A young bird (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 32,241 Liberty <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, Georgia) is very similar to the adult -described, but differs in the following respects: the lower parts have a decided -soiled, sulphur-yellow tinge, while the brown of the upper parts is -much more reddish, there being no difference in tint between the crown -and back; also the superciliary stripe is more sharply defined.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is comparatively rare, and, so far as is known, has a -very restricted distribution. It was first discovered by <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> Dr. Bachman, -in the vicinity of Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, near the banks of the Edisto River. -This was in the spring of 1832. He was first attracted by the novelty of its -notes, which were four or five in number and repeated at intervals of a few -minutes. These notes were loud and clear, and more like a whistle than a -song. They resembled the sounds of some extraordinary ventriloquist,—so -much so that he at first supposed the bird to be much farther off than it -really was. He was so fortunate as to secure it. The shape of the bill he -at once noticed as being different from that of any other American bird then -known to him. In the course of that season he obtained two other specimens. -Toward the close of the same season he saw an old female, accompanied by -its four young. One of the latter, which he procured, did not differ materially -from the old birds.</p> - -<p>He met with them only in swampy and muddy places, and when opened, -he always found their stomachs filled with fragments of coleopterous insects, -as well as small green worms, such as are common on water-plants. The -habits of this species most resemble those of the Prothonotary Warbler, -as the latter skips among the low bushes growing about ponds or in marshy -places. It is seldom seen on high trees. Nothing is known as to their -nesting or eggs.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--238.png--><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 191]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">HELMINTHOPHAGA</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 20. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia ruficapilla</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_238.jpg" - width="250" height="192" - alt="Helminthophaga ruficapilla" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga ruficapilla.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2238</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill elongated, conical, very acute; the outlines very nearly straight, -sometimes slightly decurved; no trace of notch at -the tip, nor of bristles on the rictus. Wings long and -pointed; the first quill nearly or quite the longest. -Tail nearly even or slightly emarginate; short and -rather slender. Tarsi longer than the middle toe and -claw.</p> - -<p>The species of this section are well characterized -by the attenuation and acuteness -of the bill, and the absence of any notch. -There are, however, considerable subordinate -differences in the different species. In some the bill is larger and more -acute than others; in one species, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. peregrina</i>, the wings are unusually -lengthened, the tail being only about seven twelfths as long.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -Iris brown. Length about 5.00. Nest on the ground, -in grass or dead leaves. Eggs clear white, thickest at end, with minute dots of -brown of various shades and faint purple.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Tail with a conspicuous patch of white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> A black patch covering throat and breast.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">chrysoptera.</b> Above ash, beneath white. Forehead and a patch -on the wing yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, south to -Bogota; Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">bachmani.</b> Above olive-green; beneath, with forehead, yellow; -crown ash, bounded anteriorly with a black bar. No yellow on wing. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South Carolina and Georgia. Cuba in winter.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> No black on throat or breast.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">pinus.</b> Above olive-green; beneath, with forehead, yellow; wings -ash, with two white bands; lores black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of -United States, south into Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Tail without a conspicuous white patch.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Crown with a concealed patch of rufous (obsolete in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">ruficapilla.</b> Above olive-green; head ashy; beneath continuous -yellow; a light orbital ring. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> North America (very rare in Middle -and Western Provinces); Greenland. South to Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, -Cordova, Orizaba).</p> - -<p class="indent3">Yellow of throat spreading over cheeks, and staining lores and -eyelids. Atlantic States. (Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, specimens.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Yellow of throat confined within the maxillæ; lores and eyelids -clear white. Mississippi Valley. (Chicago specimens.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocularis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Yellow of throat restricted to a medial stripe, leaving its sides -ashy. Middle Province. (Specimen from Fort Tejon, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, and -East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--239.png--><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 192]</span> -5. <b class="birdname">virginiæ.</b> Above ash to the rump, beneath white. A patch on the -jugulum, with the upper and lower tail-coverts, yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky -Mountains of United States, west to East Humboldt Mountains.</p> - -<p class="indent2">6. <b class="birdname">luciæ.</b> Above ash, beneath continuous white. Upper tail-coverts -chestnut. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Colorado region of Middle Province.</p> - -<p class="indent2">7. <b class="birdname">celata.</b> Above continuous olive-green, below continuous pale yellow. -(Orange on crown in <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> only?)</p> - -<p class="indent3">Above ashy-olive, beneath yellowish olivaceous-white; inner -webs of tail-feathers broadly edged with white. (Middle regions -of North America; Mexico.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Above greenish-olive, beneath bright greenish-yellow; white -edges to inner webs of tail-feathers obsolete. (Pacific Province -of North America.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lutescens</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</i>, but plumage darker and more dingy. No -white edgings to tail-feathers, and apparently <em>no rufous</em> on the -crown in either sex. (Georgia, Florida, etc.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">d.</i> No rufous on crown.</p> - -<p class="indent2">8. <b class="birdname">peregrina.</b> Above olive-green; head and neck pure ash; beneath -continuous white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America north to -Fort Simpson, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr> south to Panama. Cuba (rare).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga chrysoptera</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla chrysoptera</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 333. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr -title="chrysoptera">chr.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology Two, plate 15">Am. Orn. II, pl. xv.</abbr> fig. 5.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="chrysoptera">chr.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr -title="chrysoptera">chr.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate -107">Am. II, pl. cvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="chrysoptera">chr.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 143 (Bogota). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga chrysoptera</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum;">Mus. Hein.</abbr>; <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für -Ornithologie">Journ. f. Orn.</abbr> 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 255; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 175.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr -title="Two">II</abbr>, 1860, 397 (Choctum, Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, 1867, 135.—<span -class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum -Seven">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, 1861, 293 (Panama).—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Journ.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba, rare). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla flavifrons</i>, <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia flavifrons</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr></p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_239.jpg" - width="250" height="170" - alt="Helminthophaga celata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga celata.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts uniform bluish-gray; the head above and a large patch on the -wings yellow. A broad streak from the bill -through and behind the eye, with the chin, -throat, and forepart of the breast, black. The -external edge of the yellow crown continuous -with a broad patch on the side of the occiput -above the auriculars, a broad maxillary stripe -widening on the side of the neck, the under parts -generally, with most of the inner webs of the -outer three tail-feathers, white; the sides of the -body pale ash-color. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but duller. -Length about 5 inches; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, San -Antonio (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>); Cuba (rare); Guatemala; Costa Rica; Panama; Bogota. Recorded -in West Indies from Cuba only; not from Mexico. Veragua; Chiriqui (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as our present knowledge of this Warbler extends, it is -nowhere a common species, and is distributed over a comparatively small -<!--240.png--><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 193]</span> -extent of territory. Wilson met with it in Pennsylvania during the last of -April and the first of May, believing it to be only a migrant species on its -way to more northern regions. Nuttall was sceptical of these conclusions, -as he never met with the species in the New England States. Audubon -observed these birds in their migrations through Louisiana, which State they -entered from Texas in the month of April. He procured several specimens -in Louisiana and Kentucky, and one in New Jersey. He knew nothing as -to its breeding, and seems to have accepted Wilson’s inferences in regard to -its northern migrations. He never met with this bird in the fall, when, if a -Northern species, it should be returning south, and thence inferred that it -migrated by night.</p> - -<p>Professor Baird has obtained this bird near Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in July, -rendering probable its breeding in that vicinity. W. S. Wood met with -it near <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, May 13, 1857, and two days previously in the same -year Mr. Kennicott procured an individual in Southern Illinois. Occasionally -specimens have been obtained in Massachusetts, and of late these -occurrences have become more frequent or more observed. It was first -noticed near Boston by J. Eliot Cabot, <abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr>, who shot one in May, 1838, -near Fresh Pond. This was, he thinks, on the 20th of that month. Since -then Mr. J. A. Allen has known of several specimens taken within the -State. Mr. Jillson has observed it spending the summer in Bolton, and -evidently breeding, as has also Mr. Allen at Springfield, and Mr. Bennett at -Holyoke. In the summer of 1870, Mr. Maynard obtained its nest and eggs -in Newton.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Gerhardt found it breeding among the high grounds of Northern -Georgia. It has also been taken at Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wis.</abbr>, by Dr. Hoy, and in -Ohio. These data seem to show that it is sparingly found from Georgia to -Massachusetts, and from New Jersey to Missouri and Wisconsin. Its western -limits may be more extended. It was not met with by any of the exploring -parties beyond <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, but its retiring habits and its sparse distribution -may account for this.</p> - -<p>Dr. Samuel Cabot was the first naturalist to meet with the nest and eggs -of this bird. This was in May, 1837, in Greenbrier County, <abbr title="Virginia">Va.</abbr> The nest -was constructed in the midst of a low bush on high ground, and contained -four eggs.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Alexander Gerhardt found the nest and eggs of this Warbler -in the spring of 1859, in Whitfield County, <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr> It contained four eggs, and -was built on the ground. It was very large for the bird, being five inches in -height and four in diameter. The cavity was also quite large and deep for -so small a bird, exceeding three inches both in depth and in diameter. The -outer and under portions of this nest were almost entirely composed of the -dry leaves of several kinds of deciduous trees. These were interwoven with -and strongly bound together by black vegetable roots, dry sedges, and fine -strips of pliant bark, and the whole lined with a close network of fine -<!--241.png--><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 194]</span> -leaves, dry grasses, and fibrous roots. Dr. Gerhardt informed me that these -birds usually build on or near the ground, under tussocks of grass, in clumps -of bushes, or pine-brush, and that they lay from four to five eggs, from the -6th to the 15th of May.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are of a beautiful, clear crystal-white, with a few -bright reddish-brown spots around the larger end. Eggs from Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wis.</abbr>, -and from Northern Georgia, differ greatly in their relative size. The former -measure .70 of an inch in length and .53 in breadth; the latter, .63 -by .49.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this species was obtained by Mr. Salvin, at Choctum, -in Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga bachmani</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BACHMAN’S WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia bachmani</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 483, <abbr title="plate 183">pl. clxxxiii.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="bachmani">b.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr title="bachmani">b.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr title="bachmani">b.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Synopsis Birds of America, Two">Syn. Birds Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 93, <abbr title="plate 108">pl. cviii.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Lembeye</span>, <abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Aves de">Av.</abbr> Cuba, 1850, 36, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. -vi.</abbr> fig. 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="bachmani">b.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga <abbr title="bachmani">b.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal, Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 475 (Cuba, in winter).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 255; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 175.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba, rare); <abbr title="Repertorium">Repert.</abbr> 65, 232.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> Above olive-green, as also are the sides of the head and neck. Hind -head tinged with ash. A broad patch on the forehead, bordered behind by black; chin, -stripe from this along the side of the throat, and the entire under parts, deep yellow. -Throat and forepart of breast black. A patch on the inner web of the outer two tail-feathers -near the end white. Length, 4.50; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.05. <i class="sex">Female</i> with merely -a patch of dusky on the jugulum, and with the black bar on vertex obsolete.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast of South Carolina and Georgia; Cuba in winter.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Bachman’s Warbler is a comparatively new and but little known -species of this interesting group. It was first discovered, July, 1833, by Rev. -Dr. John Bachman, a few miles from Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, and in the same vicinity -he afterwards discovered a few others of both sexes. He described it -as a lively, active bird, gliding among the branches of the thick bushes, occasionally -mounting on the wing and seizing insects in the air, in the manner -of a Flycatcher. The individual first obtained was an old female which -had, to all appearances, just reared a brood of young. With this partial exception, -nothing is known in relation to its habits. As all the species of this -genus, without any at present known exception, construct their nests upon -the ground, it is a natural inference that it probably nests in a similar situation.</p> - -<p>The Smithsonian Institution possesses but a single specimen of this bird, -obtained near Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr> It was not observed by any naturalist of -the several governmental exploring expeditions, and, so far as we are at -present informed, its only known places of abode are South Carolina and -Cuba, where it is extremely rare. Its nest and eggs still remain unknown. -<!--242.png--></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_11.jpg" - width="500" height="291" - alt="Color plate 11" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-1" name="pl_11-1"></a><img src="images/pl_11-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 1, Helminthophaga pinus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga pinus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2229.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-2" name="pl_11-2"></a><img src="images/pl_11-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 2, Helminthophaga chrysoptera" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga chrysoptera</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 10156.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-3" name="pl_11-3"></a><img src="images/pl_11-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 3, Helminthophaga bachmani" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga bachmani</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, 2903.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-4" name="pl_11-4"></a><img src="images/pl_11-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 4, Helminthophaga celata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga celata</span>, - <i class="name">Say</i>. - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 16949.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-5" name="pl_11-5"></a><img src="images/pl_11-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 5, Helminthophaga celata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga celata</span>, - <i class="name">Say</i>. - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-6" name="pl_11-6"></a><img src="images/pl_11-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 6, Helminthophaga celata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga celata</span>, - <i class="name">Say</i>. - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Florida.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-7" name="pl_11-7"></a><img src="images/pl_11-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 7, Helminthophaga ruficapilla" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga ruficapilla</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2238.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-8" name="pl_11-8"></a><img src="images/pl_11-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 8, Helminthophaga ruficapilla" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga ruficapilla</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson variation">Wils. var.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-9" name="pl_11-9"></a><img src="images/pl_11-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 9, Helminthophaga luciæ" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga luciæ</span>, - <i class="name">Cooper</i>. <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 31892.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-10" name="pl_11-10"></a><img src="images/pl_11-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 10, Helminthophaga peregrina" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga peregrina</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> 19496. In spring.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-11" name="pl_11-11"></a><img src="images/pl_11-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 11, Helminthophaga peregrina" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga peregrina</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> In autumn.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_11-12" name="pl_11-12"></a><img src="images/pl_11-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 11 detail 12, Helminthophaga peregrina" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga virginiæ</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Boddært">Bd.</abbr> Arizona, 58334.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--243.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--244.png--><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 195]</span> -<b class="birdname">Helminthophaga pinus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE-WINGED YELLOW WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia pinus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 187. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia pinus</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Wilson</span>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga pinus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 254; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 174.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1, 1859, 11 -(Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 28, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -176. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia solitaria</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Two, plate -15">Am. Orn. II, pl. xv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography -One, plate 20">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xx.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="solitaria">sol.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr title="solitaria">sol.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr title="solitaria">sol.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 111">Am. II, pl. cxi.</abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="solitaria">sol.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, -291 (Cordova). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga <abbr title="solitaria">sol.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> -Upper parts and cheeks olive-green, brightest on the rump; the wings, tail, -and upper tail-coverts, in part, bluish-gray. An intensely black patch from the blue-black -bill to the eye, continued a short distance behind it. Crown, except behind, and the under -parts generally, rich orange-yellow. The inner wing and under tail-coverts white. Eyelids, -and a short line above and behind the eye, brighter yellow. Wing with two white -bands. Two outer tail-feathers with most of the inner web, third one with a spot at the -end, white. <i class="sex">Female</i> and <i class="young">young</i> similar, duller, with more olivaceous on the crown. Length, -4.50; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States and Mexico to Guatemala (Cordova; Coban). Not -noted from West Indies.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Blue-winged Yellow Warbler is not known so far to the -north as New England, and is rare even in Eastern and Southern New York. -It seems to be distributed through the United States from Pennsylvania to -Florida, and from the Mississippi Valley eastward. It has also been taken -in Central America. Mr. Trippe states that it breeds in the vicinity of -Orange, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr> Mr. Audubon found it abundant in the barrens of Kentucky, -and as far north on the Mississippi as <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Genevieve.</p> - -<p>In regard to the song of this bird, Mr. Trippe states that its notes are very -forcible and characteristic. Once heard, they will always be remembered. -He describes them as a rapid chirrup resembling <i class="birdcall">chūūchich, k´-a-re-r´r´r´r´r</i>, -uttered very quickly. According to Mr. Ridgway, they are wonderfully -similar to the rude lisping chirrup of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus passerinus</i>.</p> - -<p>Wilson says that these Warblers come from the South early in May, frequenting -thickets and shrubberies in search of insects, which they seek in -the branches. They are also fond of visiting gardens and orchards, gleaning -for insects among the low bushes. They generally build their nests on the -edge of sequestered woods. These Mr. Wilson states to have been, in every -instance observed by him, fixed on the ground, in a thick tussock of long -grass, and built in the form of an inverted cone, the sides being formed -of the dry bark of strong fibrous weeds lined with fine dry grasses. These -materials, he remarks, are not arranged in the usual circular manner, but -shelve downward from the top, the mouth being wide and the bottom narrow. -He describes the eggs as five in number, pure white, with a few faint dots -of reddish near the larger end. The young appear the first week in June. -The nests were always in an open but retired part of the woods, and were -all as thus described.</p> - -<p><!--245.png--><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 196]</span> -According to Mr. Audubon its song consists of a few weak notes that are -by no means interesting. His description of its nest agrees with that of -Wilson. He states that it usually has two broods in the season, one in May, -the other in July. The young disperse as soon as they are able to provide for -themselves.</p> - -<p>He describes them as of solitary habits, and adds that they leave Louisiana -for the South early in October. Its flight is short, undetermined, and -performed in zigzag lines. It will ascend twenty or thirty yards in the -air as if about to go to a greater distance, when, suddenly turning round, it -will descend to the place from which it set out. It rarely pursues insects -on the wing, feeding chiefly on the smaller kind of spiders, and seizing other -insects as they come within its reach.</p> - -<p>The above accounts of its breeding, and especially of its nest, do not correspond -with the observations of Mr. Ridgway, near <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Carmel, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, where -the bird is abundant. A nest collected by him is a very loose open structure, -composed chiefly of broad, thin, and flexible strips of the inner bark -of deciduous trees, chiefly the bass-wood. It contained five eggs, and was -obtained May 8. It was first discovered by noticing the bird with materials -in her bill. The situation of this nest “was in no wise,” says Mr. Ridgway, -“as described by Wilson, not having any covered entrance.” The nest -was very bulky, and so loosely made that only the inner portion could be -secured. “I have found other nests,” adds Mr. Ridgway, “all corresponding -with this one. There can be no doubt as to its identity, as the birds -were seen building the nest, and were closely watched in their movements. -Both male and female were seen several times.” (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10,140, <abbr title="Smithsonian Collection">Smith. Coll.</abbr>)</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure .70 of an inch in length by .53 in breadth. -Their aground-color is white, sprinkled with a few reddish-brown spots.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga ruficapilla</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NASHVILLE WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia ruficapilla</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 120, <abbr title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr>, fig. 3.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 450, <abbr -title="plate 89">pl. lxxxix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga ruficapilla</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 256; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 175.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 373 (Xalapa).—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 65, 477 -(Texas).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 82. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia rubricapilla</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology -Four">Am. Orn. VI</abbr>, 1812, 15, General Index.—<abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="rubricapilla">rub.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr -title="rubricapilla">rub.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>—<span -class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vid. Med.</abbr> for 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland).—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Boston Society Natural History Six">Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. VI</abbr>, 1856, 4 (nest and eggs). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr -title="rubricapilla">rub.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate -113">Am. II, pl. cxiii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="rubricapilla">rub.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 291 (Cordova); 1859, 363 (Xalapa). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga <abbr title="rubricapilla">rub.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, -298 (Oaxaca; <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> and <abbr title="August">Aug.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta <abbr -title="rubricapilla">rub.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -leucogastra</i>, <span class="sc">Shaw</span>, <abbr title="General Zoölogy Ten, two">Gen. Zoöl. X, <span -class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1817, 622. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia nashvillei</i>,” <span -class="sc">Vieillot</span>.—<span class="sc">Gray.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia mexicana</i>, <span -class="sc">Holböll</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head and neck above and on sides ash-gray, the crown with a patch of -concealed dark brownish-orange hidden by ashy tips to the feathers. Upper parts olive-green, -brightest on the rump. Under parts generally, with the edge of the wing, deep -<!--246.png--><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 197]</span> -yellow; the anal region paler; the sides tinged with olive. A broad yellowish-white -ring round the eye; the lores yellowish; no superciliary stripe. The inner edges of the -tail-feathers margined with dull white. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but duller; the under parts paler, -and with more white; but little trace of the red of the crown. Length, 4.65; wing, 2.42; -tail, 2.05.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America; rare in the Middle Province (Fort Tejon, -<abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, and East Humboldt Mountains, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>); Greenland (<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>); Oaxaca (February -and August, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>); Xalapa and Cordova (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>); Orizaba (winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>). -Not recorded from West Indies.</p> - -<p>It is an interesting fact, that, in this species, we find in the yellow a tendency -to become more and more restricted as we pass westward. In adult -spring males from the Atlantic States this color invades the cheeks, and -even stains the lores and eyelids. In two adult spring males from Chicago -it is confined within the maxillæ, the cheeks being clear ash, and the loral -streak and orbital ring pure white; while in an adult male (autumnal, however) -from the East Humboldt Mountains (Nevada, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,354, U. S. <abbr title="Geological Exploration, 40th parallel">Geol. -Expl., 40th par.</abbr>) the yellow is restricted to a medial strip, even the sides -of the throat being ashy; the ash invades the back too, almost to the rump, -while in Eastern specimens it extends no farther back than the nape. A -male (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10,656, J. Xantus) from Fort Tejon, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, is much like the Nevada -specimen, though the peculiar features of the remote Western form are -less exaggerated; it is about intermediate between the other specimen and -the specimens from Chicago. As there is not, unfortunately, a sufficiently -large series of these birds before us, we cannot say to what extent these -variations with longitude are constant.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Nashville Warbler appears to be a species of somewhat -irregular occurrence; at one time it will be rather abundant, though never -very numerous, and at another time comparatively rare. For a long while our -older naturalists regarded it as a very rare species, and knew nothing as to -its habits or distribution. Wilson, who first met with it in 1811, never found -more than three specimens, which he procured near Nashville, Tenn. Audubon -only met with three or four, and these he obtained in Louisiana and -Kentucky. These and a few others in Titian Peale’s collection, supposed to -have been obtained in Pennsylvania, were all he ever saw. Mr. Nuttall at -first regarded it as very rare, and as a Southern species. In that writer’s later -edition he speaks of it as a bird having a Northern distribution as far as -Labrador. Dr. Richardson records the occurrence of a single straggler in the -fur country. So far as known, it occurs as a migrant in all the States -east of the Missouri, and is a summer resident north of the 40th parallel. -It probably breeds in the high ground of Pennsylvania, though this fact is -inferred rather than known. It breeds in Connecticut and Massachusetts, -and in Maine in the vicinity of Calais, being more abundant there than anywhere -else, as far as has been ascertained.</p> - -<p>Two individuals of this species have been taken in Greenland: one at -Godthaab, in 1835; and the other at Fiskenæsset, August 31, 1840.</p> - -<p><!--247.png--><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 198]</span> -In Massachusetts it has so far been found in only a few restricted localities, -Andover, Lynn, and Hudson, though it undoubtedly occurs elsewhere. -About the time Wilson obtained his first specimen, a living bird of this -species flew into the parlor of the late Colonel Thomas H. Perkins of Brookline, -and is now in the collection of his grandson, Dr. Cabot. The latter -gentleman states that when he first began making collections this Warbler -was a very rare visitant to his neighborhood, but has of late become -much more common, though varying greatly in this respect in different -seasons. Specimens have been obtained in Western Iowa by Mr. H. W. -Parker, of Grinnell.</p> - -<p>A few instances of its occurrence west of the Mississippi Valley are known. -One of these was by Xantus near Fort Tejon; another near Lake Tahoe, in the -Sierra Nevada, by Mr. Gruber; and in the East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, -by Mr. Ridgway. Specimens of this Warbler were obtained in the winter by -M. Boucard at Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1854, Mr. Charles S. Paine found it breeding in Randolph, -<abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, but was unable to discover the nest. “They spend the summer,” -he wrote, “among low bushes, and probably build their nests among -the thickets. I have watched their movements on several occasions. Once -I detected an old bird with food in her bill about to feed her young. I could -hear the young birds, yet was unable to find the nest.” Two years later, -Mr. George O. Welch, of Lynn, found the nest of this Warbler on the -ground in a small thicket. It contained young partially fledged, and one -egg unhatched. The nest was built in a slight depression, in a dry place, -among fallen leaves and in the shelter of a thicket of young oak-trees. -This egg in shape was of a rounded oval, and measured .59 by .50 of an inch; -one end was slightly more pointed than the other. The ground-color was -white, slightly tinged with pink, and marked over the entire surface with -purplish-brown dots. Around the larger end these spots form a beautiful -wreath of confluent markings. Since then other nests have been found in -the same locality, all on the ground and built in like situations. They have -a diameter of four and a height of two inches. The cavity has a diameter -of two and a depth of one and a quarter inches. The outer portions are -built of dry mosses, intermingled with strips of the bark of the wild grape -and the red cedar and a few herbaceous twigs, and lined with a thick layer -of dried carices, small leaves of the white pine, and fine grasses. The whole -structure is loosely put together. The nests are generally concealed by overarching -leaves, which, however, form no part of the nest itself.</p> - -<p>The late Elijah P. Barrow, of Andover, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, a young naturalist of much -promise, found several nests of this rare Warbler, all of which were concealed -by grass. The eggs he found varied in length from .59 to .61 of an -inch, and in breadth from .50 to .51 of an inch. Both parents, as observed -by him, were entirely silent.</p> - -<p>The Nashville Warbler has been said to be a comparatively silent and -<!--248.png--><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 199]</span> -songless bird, rarely giving forth any sounds, and these are compared by Dr. -Richardson to the creaking noise made by the whetting of a saw. Wilson -compares these sounds to the cracking of dry twigs or the striking together -of small pebbles. Mr. J. A. Allen speaks of its song as being similar to that -of the Chestnut-sided Warbler, which latter bird, as is well known, has notes -so closely resembling those of the Summer Yellow-Bird that it is difficult to -distinguish one from the other by their notes. Mr. T. M. Trippe states, also, -that this Warbler has a very fine song, resembling that of the Summer Yellow-Bird -more nearly than any other.</p> - -<p>These Warblers arrive in Massachusetts about the first of May, and remain -about three weeks, when the larger portion move farther north.</p> - -<p>More recently Mr. Paine writes me that the Nashville Warbler has of -late years become a common bird in certain localities in Central Vermont. -They come and keep company with the Canada Warbler, but are more restless -than that species at the time of their first appearance. They always -in the breeding-season take up their abode in thickets, where there are also -tall trees. Mr. Paine adds that their song consists of repetitions of single -notes, the last terminating somewhat abruptly. Their song ceases by the -10th of June. After their young are ready to fly, they disperse about the -woods and fields, and are then not readily discovered.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga virginiæ</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROCKY MOUNTAIN WARBLER; VIRGINIA’S WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga virginiæ</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> under explanation of plates, 1860, <abbr title="11, plate 79">xi, pl. lxxix</abbr>, fig. I (Fort Burgwyn, <abbr -title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr>); <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 177.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology -California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Somewhat like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ruficapilla</i>. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Top and sides of head, back, and -wings light ashy-plumbeous; quills and tail-feathers brown, edged with pure ashy-plumbeous, -the latter indistinctly and narrowly margined with whitish internally and at the end. -Rump, with upper and lower tail-coverts, bright yellow, in vivid contrast with the rest of -the body. Crown with a concealed patch of rich chestnut. Rest of under parts brownish-white, -with a patch of rich yellow on the jugulum. Inside of wings and axillars pure white. -A white ring round the eye. Bill and legs dusky. The colors much duller in autumn.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female, spring.</i> Similar to the male, but chestnut spot on crown obsolete, the yellow -jugular patch less distinct, the upper tail-coverts more greenish, and the lower less rich -yellow.</p> - -<p class="small">Length, 5.00; extent, 7.25; wing, 2.50 when fresh. Dried skin: length, 4.90; wing, -2.50; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .67.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern Rocky Mountains (Middle Province of United States); East Humboldt, -Wahsatch, and Uintah Mountains.</p> - -<p>A young bird (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,355, East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, August 5) -is olive-gray above, becoming green on the rump and upper tail-coverts; the -middle and secondary coverts narrowly tipped with pale grayish-buff, producing -two indistinct bands. The lower parts are pale dirty-buff, except the -<!--249.png--><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 200]</span> -lower tail-coverts, which are lemon-yellow; there is scarcely a tinge of yellow -on the jugulum, and not a trace of chestnut on the crown.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> But little is as yet known in regard to the habits and distribution -of this somewhat rare and recently discovered species. It was first met with -by Dr. W. W. Anderson, at Fort Burgwyn in New Mexico, and described -by Professor Baird in 1860, in a note to the explanation of <abbr title="Volume Two">Vol. II.</abbr> of the -Birds of North America. It was named in honor of Mrs. Virginia Anderson, -the wife of its discoverer. An immature individual of this species was -obtained August 15, 1864, by Dr. Coues, at Fort Whipple, near Prescott, in -the Territory of Arizona. As it bears a close resemblance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga -ruficapilla</i>, it is not improbable that its habits bear a very close -resemblance to those of that species.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1869, Mr. Robert Ridgway was so fortunate as to meet -with the nest and eggs of this bird near Salt Lake, Utah (<abbr title="Smithsonian Collection">Smith. Coll.</abbr> -15,239). This was June 9. The nest was embedded in the deposits of -dead or decaying leaves, on ground covered by dense oak-brush. Its rim -was just even with the surface. It was built on the side of a narrow ravine -at the bottom of which was a small stream. The nest itself is two inches -in depth by three and a half in diameter. It consists of a loose but intricate -interweaving of fine strips of the inner bark of the mountain mahogany, -fine stems of grasses, roots, and mosses, and is lined with the same -with the addition of the fur and hair of the smaller animals.</p> - -<p>The eggs were four in number, and measure .64 by .47 of an inch. They -are of a rounded-ovoid shape, have a white ground with a slightly roseate -tinge, and are profusely spotted with numerous small blotches and dots of -purplish-brown and lilac, forming a crown around the larger end.</p> - -<p>This bird was first observed by Mr. Ridgway among the cedars and pines -of the East Humboldt Mountains, where in July it was quite common. It -was very abundant in the Wahsatch Mountains near Salt Lake City, throughout -the summer chiefly inhabiting the thickets of scrub-oak on the slopes of -the cañons in which they nested, and where they were daily seen, but where, -owing to the thickness of the bushes, they were with difficulty obtained. He -describes its song as almost exactly like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica æstiva</i>. The -usual note is a soft <i class="birdcall">pit</i>, quite different from the sharp <i class="birdcall">chip</i> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. celata</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga luciæ</b>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LUCY’S WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga luciæ</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -California Academy">Pr. Cal. Acad.</abbr> July, 1861, 120 (Fort Mohave).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of -American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 178.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds North America, One, -five">Illust. Birds N. Am. I, v.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> -1, 1870, 84.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General form and size that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ruficapilla</i>. Above light-cinereous; beneath -white, having a soiled, very pale buff, almost white tinge on the throat, breast, and flanks. -<!--250.png--><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 201]</span> -A patch on the vertex, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ruficapilla</i>, and the upper tail-coverts, dark chestnut-brown. -Lores to nostrils and region round the eye, like the throat, in rather decided contrast -to the ash of the crown. Quills and tail-feathers brown, narrowly edged externally -with gray. An obsolete terminal white patch on the inner web of the outer feather; this -web in most of the other tail-feathers likewise narrowly edged with white. Axillars and -inner face of wings white. Iris brown. Tarsi blue. Length, in life, 4.40; extent, 6.90; -wing, 2.40. Length of skin, 3.90; wing, 2.33; tail, 1.86; tarsus, .64; middle toe and -claw, .50; bill above, .35; gape, .50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Fort Mohave, Colorado River (Middle Province of United States); Fort Whipple, -Arizona.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This is also a new or recently discovered species of this interesting -group of Warblers. In regard to its nest and eggs nothing is positively -ascertained, yet as all the birds of this genus are known to build on the -ground, and to have a great uniformity in the characteristics of their eggs, it -seems to be a matter of natural inference that this species also is a ground -builder, and has eggs similar to those of the Nashville Warbler. For the -little we know in regard to its habits and distribution, we are indebted to -the observations of Dr. J. G. Cooper of California, who first discovered it, -and to Dr. Coues, who has since met with it in Arizona.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper first observed this species near Fort Mohave, where it made its -appearance about the last of March. His attention was called to it by its -peculiar notes, resembling those of some <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroicæ</i>, but fainter. After considerable -watching and scrambling through dense mezquite thickets in its -pursuit, he succeeded in shooting one, and found it to be a new species. -Afterwards they became more numerous, frequenting the tops of the mezquite-trees -in pursuit of insects, and constantly uttering their short but -pleasing notes. About ten days after the first appearance of the males, Dr. -Cooper obtained the first female, and thinks that without doubt they are -much later in their migrations, as is the case with other Warblers. He -was not able to discover their nest, having to leave the valley late in -May.</p> - -<p>Mr. Holden obtained other specimens of this bird, near the 34th parallel, -in March of 1863.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with three individuals of this species near Fort Whipple, -where it is a summer resident. It arrives there between the 15th and the -20th of April, and remains until the latter part of September. It mates -about the last of April, and the young birds appear early in June.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues regards its habits as more like those of the true Ground Warblers -than those of the other species of this group. It shows a decided -preference for thickets and copses, rather than for high open woods, and is -also an exceedingly shy and retiring species. To the extreme difficulty of -observing or procuring it Dr. Coues attributes its having so long remained -unnoticed.</p> - -<p>It is described as exceedingly active in all its motions, and quite as restless -as a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila</i>, to which class, in its colors, it also bears a close resemblance. -<!--251.png--><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 202]</span> -The only note Dr. Coues ever heard it utter was a quick and often -repeated <i class="birdcall">tsip</i>, as slender and as wiry as that of a Gnatcatcher. Dr. Cooper, -however, has described its song as rich and pleasing, the little performer being -mounted on the top of some mezquite or other bush. Dr. Cooper supposes -this species to breed, not in the Colorado Valley, but in the more mountainous -regions.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues hazards the conjecture that this bird builds in low bushes. -Should it prove so, it would in this respect differ from all the other members -of this well-marked group, and from the other Ground Warblers, which, in its -general habits, it so much resembles.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga celata</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">celata</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia celata</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Rocky -Mountains, One">Exp. R. Mts. I</abbr>, 1823, 169.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology One, plate 5">Am. Orn. I, pl. v</abbr>, fig. 2.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 178">Orn. Biog. II, pl. clxxviii.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="celata">cel.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr title="celata">cel.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr title="celata">cel.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Two, plate 112">Am. II, pl. cxii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="celata">cel.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 212 (Orizaba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga <abbr title="celata">cel.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 257; <abbr title="Review of American Birds One">Rev. Am. -Birds, I</abbr>, 1865, 176 (in part).—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> (Alaska).—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 298 (Oaxaca, December); 1859, 373; 1862, -19 (La Parada). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. celata</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</i>, -<abbr title="Ridgway"><span class="sc">Ridgw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Report U. S. Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Rept. U. S. -Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above grayish olive-green, rather brighter on the rump. Beneath entirely -greenish yellowish-white, except a little whitish about the anus; the sides tinged with -grayish-olivaceous. A concealed patch of pale orange-rufous on the crown, hidden by -the grayish tips to the feathers. Eyelids and an obscure superciliary line yellowish-white, -a dusky obscure streak through the eye. Inner webs of tail-feathers broadly edged with -white. <i class="sex">Female</i> with little or none of the orange on the crown, and the white edgings to -inner webs of tail-feathers. <i class="young">Young</i> lacking the orange entirely, and with two fulvous-whitish -bands on the wing. Length, 4.70; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle Province of North America; Yukon and McKenzie River district. Very -rare in the Eastern Province of United States; Mexico in winter; Oaxaca, La Parada, -(<span class="sc">Sclater</span>); Orizaba, winter (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p>This variety inhabits the interior regions of North America, from the -Yukon southward into Mexico; westward, its range meets that of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lutescens</i> at about the meridian of 116<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, while eastward it extends beyond the -Mississippi, though rare east of the latter region. Specimens from Southern -Illinois (where it is abundant in its migrations) and from Wisconsin are precisely -like Rocky Mountain examples; but several in the collection before us -from the South Atlantic States (Florida, Georgia, etc.) are so different as almost -to warrant their separation as a different variety. These individuals are most -like the style of the interior,—<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</i>,—but are even less yellowish, and -the whole plumage is very dark and dingy; all of them, too, lack any trace -whatever of orange on the crown. Should all specimens from this region -agree in the latter respect, the series from the Southeastern States is certainly -entitled to recognition as a variety, for which we propose the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</i>.</p> - -<p><!--252.png--><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 203]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The geographical distribution of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. celata</i> is involved in some -doubt, owing probably to its irregularity of migration. In a few occasional -instances this species has been observed in the Atlantic States. Several have -been obtained near Philadelphia. Mr. Audubon affirms to having seen it in -the Middle States about the 10th of May, and in Maine later in the month. -Beyond that he did not trace it. Mr. J. A. Allen procured one specimen of -this bird in Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, May 15, 1863. There were quite a number -among the fruit-trees of the garden and orchard, then in bloom, and, mistaking -them for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga ruficapilla</i>, he at first neglected to shoot any, -until, being in doubt, he procured one, and found it the Orange-Crown. The -group passed on, and one was all he obtained. It is not given by Mr. -Turnbull as one of the birds of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, nor by Mr. -Boardman or Professor Verrill as occurring in Maine. I am informed by -Mr. Ridgway that it is a regular spring and autumn migrant in Southern -Illinois, and in some seasons is quite common.</p> - -<p>It was taken as a migratory species at Oaxaca, Mexico, during the winter -months, by M. A. Boucard.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon’s account of the habits and movements of this species must -be received with much caution. His description of its nest is entirely inaccurate, -and much that he attributes to this species we have reason to believe -relates to the habits of other birds.</p> - -<p>On the Pacific coast it seems to be quite abundant, at different seasons, -from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to the arctic regions, where it breeds. Mr. Kennicott -obtained several specimens at Fort Yukon and at Fort Resolution, and Mr. -Boss met with them at Fort Simpson. Xantus obtained these birds both at -Fort Tejon and at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. It is common in Southern California -during the winter, frequenting low bushes and the margins of streams. Dr. -Gambel met with it in early spring on the island of Santa Catalina, where -he had an opportunity of listening to its simple and lively song. This he -describes as commencing in a low, sweet trill, and ending in <i class="birdcall">tshe-up</i>. It -is sometimes considerably varied, but is described as generally resembling -<i class="birdcall">er-r,r,r,r-shè-up</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of this Warbler as an abundant and constant resident -of California, near the coast, and found in summer throughout the Sierra -Nevada. In March they begin to sing their simple trill, which, he says, is -rather musical, and audible for a long distance.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with this Warbler in Arizona, at Fort Yuma, September 17, -at Fort Mohave, October 1, and also at the head-waters of Bill Williams -River. Lieutenant Couch found it at Brownsville, <abbr title="Texas">Tex.</abbr>, seeking its food -and making its home among the low shrubbery.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found it very abundant at Fort Steilacoom, in Washington -Territory, where it kept in shady places among thick brush, generally in the -vicinity of watercourses. Dr. Heermann found a few pairs incubating near -the summits of the highest mountains on the Colorado River. The nests of -<!--253.png--><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 204]</span> -this species, seen by Mr. Kennicott, were uniformly on the ground, generally -among clumps of low bushes, often in the side of a bank, and usually hidden -by the dry leaves among which they were placed. He met with these nests -in the middle of June in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake. They were large -for the size of the bird, having an external diameter of four inches, and a -height of two and a half, and appearing as if made of two or three distinct -fabrics, one within the other, of nearly the same materials. The external -portions of these nests were composed almost entirely of long, coarse -strips of bark loosely interwoven with a few dry grasses and stems of plants. -Within it is a more elaborately interwoven structure of finer dry grasses and -mosses. These are softly and warmly lined with hair and fur of small -animals.</p> - -<p>Nests from more arctic regions are of a different style of structure, homogeneous -in materials,—which are chiefly stems of small plants and the finer -grasses,—and are of a more compact make and smaller in size.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are from four to six in number, and vary in length from .70 -to .60 of an inch, and in breadth from .50 to .45 of an inch. They have -a clear white ground, marked with spots and small blotches of reddish-brown -and fainter marking of purplish-slate. The number of spots varies -greatly, some eggs being nearly unspotted, others profusely covered.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with this Warbler in great abundance during its autumnal -migration among the shrubbery along the streams of the Sierra Nevada, -at all altitudes. In summer it was only seen among the high aspen woods -on the Wahsatch Mountains. Fully fledged young birds were numerous in -July and August. Their usual note was a sharp <i class="birdcall">chip</i>.</p> - -<p>This bird was found breeding near Fort Resolution, on the Yukon, at -Fort Rae, and at Fort Anderson.</p> - -<p>The notice of geographical distribution of the different races, at the beginning -of the article, will serve to show to what varieties the preceding remarks -severally belong.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga celata</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">lutescens</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PACIFIC ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga celata</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Twelve, two">P. R. R. XII, ii</abbr>, 1859, 178.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. -Art. Inst.</abbr> Woolwich, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 115.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds, One">Rev. Am. Birds, I</abbr>, 1865, 176 (in part).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 83. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. celata</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lutescens</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, Report U. S. -<abbr title="Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Upper surface continuous bright olive-green. Whole lower parts, -including superciliary stripe and eyelids, bright yellow, almost gamboge; abdomen somewhat -whitish. Inner webs of tail-feathers just perceptibly edged with white. Whole -crown bright orange-rufous, scarcely concealed. Wing, 2.40; tail, 1.90; bill, .40; tarsus, -.67; middle toe, .45. Wing-formula, 2, 3, 1, 4. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Similar, but orange of crown -almost obsolete. Wing, 2.30; tail, 1.90. <i class="young">Young of the year.</i> Similar to adult, but with -<!--254.png--><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 205]</span> -a brownish tinge above; middle and secondary coverts tipped with dull fulvous, furry, inconspicuous -bands. No trace of orange on the crown.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Province of North America, from Alaska to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Straggling -eastward to about the 116th meridian. Not found in Mexico?</p> - -<p>The differences between the Pacific coast specimens of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. celata</i> and -those from the interior regions—first pointed out in the Review of American -Birds—are very readily appreciable upon a comparison of specimens. -The present bird is a coast variety, entirely replacing the true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</i> (var. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</i>) in the region above indicated.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Helminthophaga peregrina</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TENNESSEE WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia peregrina</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 83, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>, fig. 2.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 154">Orn. Biog. II, pl. -cliv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="peregrina">per.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Richardson"><span -class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr title="peregrina">per.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia <abbr title="peregrina">per.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 110">Am. II, pl. cx.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Helmitherus <abbr title="peregrina">per.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga <abbr title="peregrina">per.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornothologie">Jour. Orn.</abbr> 1861, 85 (Costa -Rica).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 258; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -178.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 373 (Oaxaca); <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 29, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 180.—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> -1861, 322 (Panama).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba, very -rare). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia tennessæi</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Tableau -Encyclopédique et Méthodique 2">Encycl. Méth. II</abbr>, 1823, 452. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sylvia missuriensis</i>, <abbr -title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 117.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Top and sides of the head and neck ash-gray; rest of upper parts olive-green, -brightest on the rump. Beneath dull white, faintly tinged in places, especially on -the sides, with yellowish-olive. Eyelids and a stripe over the eye whitish; a dusky line -from the eye to the bill. Outer tail-feather with a white spot along the inner edge near -the tip. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the ash of the head less conspicuous; the under parts more tinged -with olive-yellow. Length, 4.50; wing, 2.75; tail, 1.85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America; Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>; north to Fort Simpson, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. -T.</abbr>; Mexico; Oaxaca? Guatemala; Costa Rica; Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr> Very rare in Cuba. -Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>). Chiriqui (<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>).</p> - -<p>Autumnal specimens and young birds are sometimes so strongly tinged -with greenish-yellow as to be scarcely distinguishable from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. celata</i>. The -wing is, however, always longer, and the obscure whitish patch on the -inner edge of the exterior tail-feather, near its tip, is almost always appreciable. -In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</i> this edge is very narrowly and uniformly margined -with whitish.</p> - -<p>A young bird of the year, from Port Simpson (27,228), has two distinct -greenish-white bands on the wings, and the forehead and cheeks greenish-yellow. -A corresponding age of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. celata</i> has the wing-bands more reddish-brown, -the wings shorter, and no white patch on the outer tail-feather.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Like the Nashville Warbler the present species has received a -name inappropriate to one with so northern a distribution. It was first obtained -on the banks of the Cumberland River by Wilson, and has since been -known as the Tennessee Warbler. But two specimens were ever obtained -by him, and he regarded it as a very rare species. He found them hunting -<!--255.png--><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 206]</span> -nimbly among the young leaves, and thought they possessed many of the -habits of the Titmice. Their notes he described as few and weak, and in -their stomachs he found, upon dissection, small green caterpillars and a few -winged insects.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon also regarded it as a rare species, and only three specimens -ever fell within his observations. These were obtained in Louisiana and at -Key West. He describes them as appearing to be nimble, active birds, expert -catchers of flies, and fond of hanging to the extremities of branches, -uttering a single mellow <i class="birdcall">tweet</i> as they fly from branch to branch in search of -food, or while on the wing.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall appears not to have met with it. Dr. Richardson procured -only a single specimen at Cumberland House, in the latter part of May. -This was in a dense thicket of small trees, and was flying about among the -lower branches. He was unable to discover its nest, or to learn anything in -regard to its habits.</p> - -<p>A little more light has since then been given both as to its geographical -distribution and its mode of nesting. Specimens of this species have been -obtained in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Oaxaca, Mexico, and Panama. A specimen -of this species was also taken in Colombia, <abbr title="South America">S. A.</abbr>, by Mr. C. W. Wyatt. -Dr. Gundlach mentions it as occasionally found in Cuba. Mr. Drexler -secured specimens of it at Moose Factory and at Fort George in the arctic -regions. Specimens were taken by Mr. Bernard R. Ross at Fort Simpson. -Mr. Robert Kennicott met with it on the northern shores of Lake Winnipeg, -June 6. They were then abundant, and had already mated. He again -met with them at Fort Resolution, and Mr. Clarke found them at Fort Rae, -Mr. W. F. Hall in Maine, Mr. Bell on the Upper Missouri, and Professor -Baird in Pennsylvania. Mr. Ridgway has obtained it both in spring and in -fall in Southern Illinois, where it is abundant in some seasons. It does not -appear to occur on the Pacific coast.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman writes that the Tennessee Warbler is, in the summer time, -quite a common bird in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephens and vicinity. Its notes, he adds, resemble -the low, subdued whistle of the common Summer Yellow-Bird.</p> - -<p>Mr. Maynard found this Warbler very common near Lake Umbagog during -the breeding-season. It was found in all the wooded localities in the -regions north of the neighboring mountains. Its song, he states, resembles -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. ruficapilla</i>, the notes of the first part being more divided, while -the latter part is shriller.</p> - -<p>A nest of this Warbler (<abbr title="Smithsonian Collection">Smith. Coll.</abbr>, 3476), obtained on the northern shore -of Lake Superior by Mr. George Barnston, is but little more than a nearly flat -bed of dry, matted stems of grass, and is less than an inch in thickness, with -a diameter of about three inches. It is not circular in shape, and its width -is not uniform. Its position must have been on some flat surface, probably -the ground. The eggs resemble those of all the family in having a white -ground, over which are profusely distributed numerous small dots and points -<!--256.png--><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 207]</span> -of a reddish-brown, and a few of a purplish-slate. They are of an oblong-oval -shape, and measure .68 by .50 of an inch.</p> - -<p>A nest from near Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, obtained by Professor Horsford, the -parent bird having been secured, was built in a low clump of bushes, just -above the ground. It is well made, woven of fine hempen fibres of vegetables, -slender stems of grass, delicate mosses, and other like materials, and -very thoroughly lined with hair. It measures two and three fourths inches -in diameter and two in height. The cavity is two inches wide and one and -three fourths deep. The eggs measure .60 by .50 of an inch, are oblong-oval -in shape, their ground-color a pearly white, marked in a corona, about -the larger end, with brown and purplish-brown spots.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PARULA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloris</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1826, 972 (not of Moehring, 1752). -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus americanus</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three">Zoöl. Journ. III</abbr>, July, 1827, 169. (Not of Humphrey, <abbr title="Museum">Mus.</abbr> Calonnianum, 1797, 60; genus of -land mollusks.) (Same type.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Geographical and Comparative">Geog. & Comp.</abbr> List, 1838. (Same type.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Compsothlypis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 20. (Same type.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -In the species of this genus the bill is conical and acute; the culmen -very gently curved from the base; the commissure slightly concave. The notch when -visible is further from the tip than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i>, but usually is either obsolete or entirely -wanting. Bristles weak. The tarsi are longer than the middle toe. The tail is nearly -even, and considerably shorter than the wing. Color, blue above, with a triangular patch -of green on the back; anterior lower parts yellow.</p> - -<p>Two species—one with three varieties—of this genus, as lately restricted, -are known in America, only one, however, has as yet been detected within -the limits of the United States. They may be distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">P. americana.</b> Eyelids white. Yellow beneath restricted to anterior half.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Two white bands on wing; a dusky collar across the jugulum. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province of United States, south to Guatemala; Bahamas; Cuba; -Jamaica; <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix; <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">P. pitiayumi.</b> Eyelids dusky. Yellow beneath, extending back along sides to -the crissum.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Two white bands on wing.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Above plumbeous-blue; lores and eyelids deep black. Abdomen wholly -yellow. Wing, 2.20; tail, 1.75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America from Bogota to -Paraguay<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pitiayumi</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_34" id="fnanchor_34"></a><a href="#footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">Above ashy-blue; lores and eyelids scarcely darker. Abdomen wholly -white. Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Tres Marias Islands, Western Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">insularis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_35" id="fnanchor_35"></a><a href="#footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--257.png--><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 208]</span> -<i class="subset">Only a trace of white on wings, or none at all.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Above indigo-blue. Wing, 2.10; tail, 1.70. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica and Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_36" id="fnanchor_36"></a><a href="#footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_257.jpg" - width="250" height="191" - alt="Title or description" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula americana</i> <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2219</b></p> -</div> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Compsothlypis gutturalis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula <abbr -title="gutturalis">gut.</abbr></i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr>), and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum superciliosum</i>, <span class="sc">Hartlaub</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula -superciliosa</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr>), have been referred -by later systematists to this genus; but they -are much more closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum</i>,—a -genus usually assigned to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</i>. -The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">“P.” gutturalis</i> is confined to Costa Rica; -but <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">“P.” superciliosa</i> is a species of the -table-lands of Mexico, and likely to be detected -in Arizona or New Mexico. The characters -of this species are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum superciliosum</i>, -<abbr title="Hartlaub Revue Zoölogique"><span class="sc">Hartl.</span> R. Z.</abbr> 1844, 215. Whole dorsal region, including -rump, olive-green; rest of upper parts ashy. Anterior half beneath yellow, with a crescentic -bar of chestnut-brown across the jugulum; posterior lower parts white, ashy laterally. -A conspicuous superciliary stripe of white. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.10.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Parula americana</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus americanus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition, One">ed. I</abbr>, 1758, 190. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Motacilla <abbr title="americana">am.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="americana">am.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>, <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="americana">am.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>—<span -class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist">Nat.</abbr> in Bermuda, 1839, 59. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula <abbr -title="americana">am.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1838.—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 154 (Jamaica).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 238; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 169.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 202 (Xalapa).—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 26, 163.—<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; -winter).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1860, 376 -(<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, -326 (Cuba; very common). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Compsothlypis <abbr title="americana">am.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 20.—<abbr title="Ibid Journal Three"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 476 (Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficedula ludoviciana</i>, <span -class="sc">Brisson</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla <abbr title="ludoviciana">lud.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Gmelin"><span -class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla eques</i>, <abbr title="Boddaert"><span -class="sc">Bodd.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia torquata</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus <abbr title="torquata">torq.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Stephens</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia pusilla</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="pusilla">pus.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, -plate 15">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, -plate 91">Am. II, pl. xci.</abbr>—<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique">Ois. Am.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 99">II, pl. xcix.</abbr>—<abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology Four, plate 28">Am. Orn. IV, pl. xxviii.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="planches enluminées 731">pl. enl. dccxxxi</abbr>, fig. 1; <abbr -title="709">dccix</abbr>, fig. 1.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above blue, the middle of the back with a patch of yellowish-green. Beneath -yellow anteriorly, white behind. A reddish-brown tinge across the breast. Lores -and space round the eye dusky; a small white spot on either eyelid; sides of head and -neck like the crown. Two conspicuous white bands on the wings. Outer two tail-feathers -with a conspicuous spot of white. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, with less brown on the breast. -Length, 4.75; wing, 2.34; tail, 1.90. Nest of long moss.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, north to the Lakes (“Greenland”), west to -the Missouri Valley; in winter, south to Guatemala (not seen on the west coast of Mexico). -West Indies; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix; <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas; Jalapa, Guatemala -(<span class="sc">Sclater</span>); Orizaba, winter (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>); Yucatan (<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>); Porto Rico and Inagua -(<span class="sc">Bryant</span>).</p> - -<p><!--258.png--><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 209]</span> -Autumnal males are browner on the chin, yellower on the throat and -jugulum. Head tinged with greenish; secondaries edged with greenish-yellow. -Autumnal females are light greenish-olive -above, dirty-white beneath.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_258.jpg" - width="250" height="189" - alt="Parula americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula americana.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>In very brightly colored spring males, -there is frequently (as in 58,335, Philadelphia) -a well-defined, broad blackish -band across the jugulum, anterior to an -equally distinct and rather broader one -across the breast, of a brown tint, spotted -with black, while the sides are much -spotted with chestnut-brown; the blue -above is very pure, and the green patch on the back very sharply defined.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Blue Yellow-Back is one of our most interesting and attractive -Warblers. Nowhere very abundant, it has a well-marked and restricted -area within which it is sparingly distributed. It is found from the Mississippi -Valley to the Atlantic, and from Canada southward. In its winter -migrations it visits the West Indies, the Bahamas, and Central and South -America. Halifax on the east, and Platte River on the west, appear to be -the northern limit of its distribution. Dr. Woodhouse met with it in the -Indian Territory during the breeding-season. Mr. Alfred Newton found this -species, apparently only a winter visitant, in the island of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. Most -of the birds left about the middle of March, though a few remained until -early in May.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this species was taken at South Greenland in -1857.</p> - -<p>This Warbler has been found breeding as far to the south as Tuckertown, -<abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, by Mr. W. S. Wood; and at Cape May, in the same State, by Mr. -John Krider. At Washington, Dr. Coues found it only a spring and autumn -visitant, exceedingly abundant from April 25 to May 15. Possibly a -few remained to breed, as he met with them in the first week of August. -In the fall they were again abundant from August 25 to the second week in -October. He found them inhabiting exclusively high open woods, and -usually seen in the tops of the trees, or at the extremities of the branches, -in the tufts of leaves and blossoms.</p> - -<p>Even where most common it is not an abundant species, and is to be found -only in certain localities, somewhat open and swampy thickets, usually not -of great extent, and prefers those well covered with the long gray lichens -known as Spanish moss. In such localities only, so far as I know, do they -breed.</p> - -<p>This Warbler has also been ascertained to breed in Southern Illinois, where -Mr. Ridgway found it in July, engaged in feeding fully fledged young birds. -It is there most common in spring and fall.</p> - -<p><!--259.png--><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 210]</span> -A true Warbler in most of its attributes, this bird has many of the habits of -Titmice. Like these it frequents the tops of the taller trees, feeding on the -small winged insects and caterpillars that abound among the young leaves -and blossoms. It has no song, properly so called, its notes are feeble and -few, and can be heard only a short distance.</p> - -<p>The song of this species is said by Mr. Trippe, of Orange, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>, to -be a somewhat sharp and lisping, yet quite varied and pleasing, series of -notes.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon speaks of this species as breeding in Louisiana, but his -description of the nest differs so entirely from such as are met with in Massachusetts -as to suggest doubts as to the correctness of the identification. -He describes them as flitting over damp places, the edges of ponds and -streams, and pursuing their prey with great activity. They resort to the -woods as soon as the foliage appears on the forest trees, and glean among the -leaves for the smaller winged insects.</p> - -<p>The nests of this Warbler, so far as has fallen under my observation, have -always been made of long gray lichens still attached to the trees on which -they grow. With great skill do these tiny architects gather up, fasten -together, and interweave, one with the other, the hanging ends and longer -branches. By an elaborate intertwining of these long fibres they form the -principal part, sometimes the whole, of their nests. These structures are at -once simple, beautiful, ingenious, and skilfully wrought. When first made, -they are somewhat rude and unfinished, but as their family are gathered, -the eggs deposited, incubated, and hatched, a change has been going on. Little -by little has the male bird busied himself, when not procuring food for -his mate, in improving, strengthening, and enlarging the nest. These same -acts of improvement upon the original nests are noticed with Humming-Birds, -Vireos, and a few other birds.</p> - -<p>The nests are sometimes constructed on the sides of trunks of trees, when -covered with the long gray lichens, but are more frequently found hanging -from branches usually not more than six or eight feet from the ground. -Thus surrounded by long hanging mosses in clumps not distinguishable from -the nests themselves, they would not be readily recognized were it not that -those familiar with the habits of the bird may be readily guided to the spot -by the artless movements of the unsuspecting parents.</p> - -<p>These birds are confiding, easily approached, and rarely exhibit any signs of -alarm. Even when their nest is disturbed they make but little complaint, and -do not manifest any very great signs of emotion. When built against a trunk -these nests consist only of an interweaving of the moss above and below a -very small opening, within which a small cup-shaped flooring has been made -of the same material, and usually cannot be removed without destroying all -semblance of a nest. When pensile they are imperfectly circular in shape, -with an entrance on one side, and rarely with any lining. Occasionally they -are models of symmetry and beauty.</p> - -<p><!--260.png--><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 211]</span> -The eggs, four or five in number, have a clear white ground, and are sparingly -spotted with markings of reddish-brown, slate, purple, and lilac. In -some the first predominate, in other the last three shades are more abundant, -and usually form a confluent ring around the larger end. They measure from -.62 to .65 of an inch in length, and from .49 to .50 in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname ls">SYLVICOLEÆ</b>.</p> - -<p>This section has been already characterized as having a distinctly notched -bill, well provided with bristles. Of the two genera one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa</i>, has -the bill slender, acute, something like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga</i>, and with the tongue -lengthened and much lacerated at end; the other, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i>, with less acute -bill and tongue shorter, merely notched at tip, and a little fringed only.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PERISSOGLOSSA</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 181. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla tigrina</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span -class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_260.jpg" - width="250" height="198" - alt="Title or description" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa tigrina</i>, Baird.<br /> - <b class="specimen-number">962</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i>, but bill slender, acute, with very obsolete notch; the -commissure gently arched or curved from the base; -the gonys also straight, or even slightly concave. -Tongue lengthened, narrow, deeply bifid (for one -third), and deeply lacerated or fringed externally -at the end; the edge along the median portion folded -over on the upper surface, but not adherent.</p> - -<p>The curvature of the bill in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa -tigrina</i> is quite peculiar among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> -with notched bills. Some Helminthophagas -(without notch) approximate this -character, though in none, excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. bachmani</i>, is it in equal amount,—all -the others having the gonys very slightly convex, instead of straight, or -even slightly concave.</p> - -<p>It is most probable that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia carbonata</i> of Audubon belongs here, -as it appears very closely allied to the type of this genus. The two species -may be distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <i class="sex">Male.</i> Top of head black. Above olive, becoming yellowish -on rump. Head, neck, and lower parts bright yellow, becoming whitish -posteriorly. Dorsal feathers with black centres; breast and sides streaked with -black. A black streak through the eye.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">P. tigrina.</b> Large white patches on inner webs of tail-feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Sides of head and middle of throat tinged with chestnut. One large -white patch on wing, covering both rows of coverts. Outer web of -lateral tail-feather blackish.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--261.png--><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 212]</span> -<b class="birdname">P. carbonata.</b> No white patches on tail-feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent2">No chestnut about head. Two bands on the wing, the anterior one -white, the posterior yellow. Outer web of lateral tail-feather whitish.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Perissoglossa tigrina</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CAPE MAY WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla tigrina</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ -One">Syn. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 985. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="tigrina">tig.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="tigrina">tig.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 286.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 33, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 198. <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1861, 71 (Jamaica, April).—<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. An. Sc.</abbr> -1863, 293 (Jamaica; breeds).—<span class="sc">A. & E. Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 144 (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. -Notes on anatomy of tongue).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; -not rare).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 240. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa tigrina</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review American">Rev. Am.</abbr> Birds, 1864, 181. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -maritima</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Six">Am. Orn. VI</abbr>, 1812, 99, <abbr title="plate -54">pl. liv</abbr>, fig. 3.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span -class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five, -plate 414">Orn. Biog. V, pl. ccccxiv.</abbr>—<abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> La Sagra’s <abbr -title="Cuba">Cub.</abbr> 1840, 70, <abbr title="plate 10">pl. x.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr -title="maritima">mar.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 85">Am. -II, pl. lxxxv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola <abbr title="maritima">mar.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds -<abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 81.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus <abbr title="maritima">mar.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 474 (Cuba.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very acute, conical, and decidedly curved. Bill and feet black. Upper -part of head dull black, some of the feathers faintly margined with light yellowish-brown. -Collar scarcely meeting behind; rump and under parts generally rich yellow. Throat, forepart -of breast, and sides, streaked with black. Abdomen and lower tail-coverts pale yellow, -brighter about the vent. Ear-coverts light reddish-chestnut. Back part of a yellow -line from nostrils over the eye of this same color; chin and throat tinged also with it. A -black line from commissure through the eye, and running into the chestnut of the ear-coverts. -Back, shoulder, edges of the wing and tail, yellowish-olive; the former spotted -with dusky. One row of small coverts, and outer bases of the secondary coverts, form a -large patch of white, tinged with pale yellow. Tertials rather broadly edged with brownish-white. -Quills and tail dark brown, the three outer feathers of the latter largely marked -with white on the inner web; edge of the outer web of the outer feathers white, more -perceptible towards the base. Length, 5.25; wing, 2.84; tail, 2.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Above olivaceous-ash, most yellowish on rump; no black nor chestnut on -head. Wing-coverts inconspicuously edged with whitish. Tail-spots very inconspicuous. -Beneath dull white tinged with yellowish on the breast, and streaked as in the male, -but with dusky grayish instead of black.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, north to Lake Winnipeg and Moose Factory; -all the West Indies to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. Breeds in Jamaica. Not recorded from Mexico or Central -America.</p> - -<p>The chestnut about the head in adult males varies in amount with the -individual; sometimes (as in 20,633, May, Moose Factory, Hudson’s Bay Territory) -there is an oblong spot of chestnut in the middle of the crown, but -generally this is absent. Very frequently the chestnut tinges the throat. All -variations in these respects appear, however, to be individual, and not dependent -at all on locality. West Indian specimens appear to be absolutely -identical with those from North America.</p> - -<p>Autumnal specimens are browner, the chestnut markings much obscured.</p> -<!--262.png--><!--Plate 12--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_12.jpg" - width="500" height="293" - alt="Color plate 12" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-1" name="pl_12-1"></a><img src="images/pl_12-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 1, Perissoglossa tigrina" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa tigrina</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. Ter.</abbr>, 20633.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-2" name="pl_12-2"></a><img src="images/pl_12-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 2, Perissoglossa tigrina" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa tigrina</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 678.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-3" name="pl_12-3"></a><img src="images/pl_12-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 3, Perissoglossa carbonata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa carbonata</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> (Copied from Audubon).</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-4" name="pl_12-4"></a><img src="images/pl_12-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 4, Dendroica virens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica virens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 941.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-5" name="pl_12-5"></a><img src="images/pl_12-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 5, Dendroica occidentalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica occidentalis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Townsend">Towns.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 5518.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-6" name="pl_12-6"></a><img src="images/pl_12-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 6, Dendroica chrysopareia" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica chrysopareia</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Sclater and Salvin">Scl. & Salv.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> .</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-7" name="pl_12-7"></a><img src="images/pl_12-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 7, Dendroica townsendi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica townsendi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Nuttall">Nutt.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>, 8017.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-8" name="pl_12-8"></a><img src="images/pl_12-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 8, Dendroica nigrescens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica nigrescens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Townsend">Towns.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 1908.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-9" name="pl_12-9"></a><img src="images/pl_12-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 9, Dendroica coronata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica coronata</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 8384.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-10" name="pl_12-10"></a><img src="images/pl_12-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 10, Dendroica cærulescens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica cærulescens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 3419.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-11" name="pl_12-11"></a><img src="images/pl_12-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 11, Dendroica cærulescens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica cærulescens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2308.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_12-12" name="pl_12-12"></a><img src="images/pl_12-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 12 detail 12, Dendroica coronata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica coronata</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This somewhat rare species, so far as its history and distribution -are known with certainty, is migratory in the principal portions of the United -<!--263.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--264.png--><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 213]</span> -States, in the spring and fall passing to the north of the <abbr title="forty-second">42d</abbr> parallel to -breed. The first specimen was obtained near the extreme southern point of -New Jersey by George Ord, in 1811, and described and figured by Wilson. -From this accidental circumstance it derives its inappropriate name of Cape -May Warbler. Wilson never met with a second specimen, and Mr. Nuttall -was wholly unacquainted with it. Mr. Audubon also never met with a specimen -in all his wanderings, and was able to add nothing to its history. Those -figured by him were procured by Mr. Edward Harris, near Philadelphia, -through which region these birds appear to pass rapidly in their northern -migrations.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen obtained a specimen near Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, May 15, -1863, and specimens have also been procured at East Windsor Hill, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, -by Dr. Wood. It was not met with in Western Maine by Mr. Verrill, but in -Eastern Maine and in New Brunswick Mr. Boardman has found it a not uncommon -summer visitant, though of irregular frequency. He has no doubt -that they remain there to breed. They reach Calais as early as the second -week in May, or as early as their appearance usually in the neighborhood of -Philadelphia has been noticed. Mr. Kumlien has also obtained specimens -from year to year, about the middle of May, in Southern Wisconsin, where -they do not remain to breed, and Mr. Ridgway has taken them in the -beginning of May in Southern Illinois.</p> - -<p>It is also by no means uncommon in Cuba; was met by the Newtons as -a migrant in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, and is not only one of the birds of Jamaica, but is -resident and breeds in the highlands of that island. It is not known to -occur in Central America, Mexico, or west of the Mississippi River. Specimens -were procured at Moose Factory about May 28.</p> - -<p>Its nests and eggs have not been, with certainty, obtained in the United -States, though an egg obtained in Coventry, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, in 1836, and attributed at -the time to this bird, closely resembles its identified eggs from Jamaica. -Specimens of the bird, as well as its nests and eggs, have also been received -from <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo by Mr. Turnbull of Philadelphia. In the summer of -1871 a nest of this species was found by Mr. H. B. Bailey on the Richardson -Lakes, in the extreme northwestern part of Maine. The nest was in a -low spruce-tree, less than five feet from the ground, and when found contained -only a single egg. Unfortunately it was left until more eggs were -deposited, and in the mean while the tree was cut, and the nest and eggs were -destroyed.</p> - -<p>Mr. W. T. March of Jamaica, in his notes on the birds of that island, -states that this species may always be found, in its various changes of plumage, -about the mangrove swamps and river-banks. During the summer -months it was common about Healthshire and Great Salt Pond, and at other -times very generally distributed over the island. He also met with several -specimens of its nests and eggs, but their position was not stated. The nests -had apparently been taken from a bush or tree, were three and one fourth -<!--265.png--><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 214]</span> -inches in diameter by two and one half in height, with cavities unusually -large and deep for the size of the nests. They were wrought almost entirely -of long strips of thin flexible bark, strongly and firmly interwoven. The -outer portions consisted of coarser and longer strips, the inner being much -finer and more delicate. With the outer portions were also interwoven bits -of mosses, lichens, and the outer bark of deciduous trees. The entire fabric -was a remarkable one.</p> - -<p>The eggs measure .70 by .55 of an inch, have a pinkish-white ground, -blotched with purple and brown of various shades and tints. They are disposed -chiefly about the larger end, usually in a ring. The eggs are oval in -shape and slightly pointed at one end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Perissoglossa carbonata</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CARBONATED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia carbonata</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 308, <abbr title="plate 60">pl. lx</abbr> (Kentucky).—<abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia -carbonata</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 95, <abbr title="plate 109">pl. cix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica carbonata</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 287; <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 207.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill brownish-black above, light blue beneath. Iris hazel. Feet light flesh-color. -Upper part of the head black. Forepart of the back, lesser wing-coverts, and -sides dusky, spotted with black. Lower back dull yellowish-green, as is the tail, of -which the outer web of the outer feather is whitish. Tip of the second row of coverts -white, of the first row yellow; quills dusky, their outer webs tinged with yellow. A line -from the lore over the eye; sides of the neck and the throat bright yellow. A dusky line -behind the eye. The rest of the under parts dull yellow, excepting the sides. Length, 4.75 -inches; bill above, 4.42; tarsus, .75. (<span class="sc">Audubon</span>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Kentucky.</p> - -<p>This species continues to be known only by the description and figure of -Audubon.</p> - -<p>Judging from the description, this species is closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tigrina</i>, -but seems to be distinct in the pure black of the top of the head, the absence -of orange-brown on the cheeks, the white of the wing being on the middle -coverts instead of the greater, and the tail-feathers being yellowish-green; -the outer web of outer feather white, instead of a large spot on the inner -web, etc. The back appears more distinctly streaked.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Two specimens of this Warbler, obtained near Henderson, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr>, -May, 1811, by Mr. Audubon, are all its claim to be recognized as a good -species. None have since been seen. These birds are described as having -been busily engaged in collecting insects among the branches of a dogwood -tree. Their motions were like those of other Warblers. This is all we as -yet know as to the history of this species, and its claims to be regarded as -a good and distinct species are involved in doubt.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--266.png--><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 215]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">DENDROICA</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera Birds, <abbr title="second -edition">2d ed.</abbr> 1841, 32. (Not of Humphreys nor Swainson.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera Birds, Appendix, 1842, 8.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus</i>, <span class="sc">Hartlaub</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zool.</abbr> 1845, 342. (Not of Rafinesque, <abbr title="American Monthly Magazine">Am. Monthly -Mag.</abbr> 1818, and <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Journal de Physique">Jour. de Phys.</abbr> 1819.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_266a.jpg" - width="250" height="162" - alt="Dendroica coronata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica coronata.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38714</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill conical, attenuated, depressed at the base, where it is, however, scarcely -broader than high, compressed from the middle. -Culmen straight for the basal half, then -rather rapidly curving, the lower edge of upper -mandible also concave. Gonys slightly -convex and ascending. A distinct notch near -the end of the bill. Bristles, though short, -generally quite distinct at the base of the bill. -Tarsi long; decidedly longer than middle -toe, which is longer than the hinder one; -the claws rather small and much curved; -the hind claw nearly as long as its digit. -The wings long and pointed; the second quill -usually a very little longer than the first. The tail slightly rounded and emarginate.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Colors.</i> Tail always with a white or yellow spot; its ground-color never clear olive-green. -In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i> edged internally with yellow.</p> - -<p class="small">Eggs usually with a white or a bluish-white ground, marked with purplish-brown and -obscure lilac; in some, mingled with varying shades of sienna-brown. Nest, so far as -known, in bushes and trees, except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. palmarum</i>, which is on the ground.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_266b.jpg" - width="250" height="259" - alt="Dendroica auduboni." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica auduboni.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i> is one of the most extensive as to species of any in -North America, and scarcely admits of any subdivision. There is a little variation -in the bill, wings, etc., the chief peculiarities being in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. castanea</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</i>, in which the bill is broader, and more depressed, with longer -bristles; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. striata</i>, where the bill is narrow with scarcely any bristles; and -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. palmarum</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</i>, where the wings are very short, scarcely -longer than the tail. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. palmarum</i> has -the tarsus unusually long. The colors -in all are strongly marked, and the species -are among the most beautiful of -all belonging to our fauna, and are the -most conspicuous for their numbers and -in their migrations.</p> - -<p>The difference in manners between -certain members of this genus is remarkable; -thus, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. palmarum</i> is -very terrestrial in its habits, walking -upon the ground with the ease and -grace of a Titlark (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus</i>), and, like -these birds, it has a wagging motion -of the tail. On the other hand, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica dominica</i> is as much a -<!--267.png--><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 216]</span> -Creeper as is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia</i>; creeping not only along the branches, but -the cornices and lattices of buildings, with the facility of a Nuthatch (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta</i>). -Both these species, however, may often be seen hopping among the foliage -of the trees, now and then snapping an insect on the wing, in the manner -of others of the family.</p> - -<div class="small"> -<p class="center"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> -<p><span class="svleft">Inner webs of tail-feathers with a large patch, - or broad edge, of yellow</span> - <span class="svright">Group A.</span> -</p> -<p><span class="svleft">Inner webs of tail-feathers with a large patch, - or broad edge, of white.</span> -</p> -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft"> Wings with conspicuous white markings</span> - <span class="svright">Group B.</span> -</p> -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft"> Wings without conspicuous white markings<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_37" id="fnanchor_37"></a><a href="#footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></span></span> - <span class="svright">Group C.</span> -</p> -<hr class="medium" /> -<p class="center"><b class="subset">Group A.</b>—<i class="subset">Golden Warblers.</i></p> - -<p><span class="svleft"> Rump and crissum without rufous markings</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></i></span> -</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft"> Rump and crissum with rufous markings</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></i></span> -</p> -</div> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Prevailing color rich yellow, shaded on upper parts with olive-green. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> with -streaks of chestnut across the breast and along the sides, and with or without -a greater or less tinge of the same on the crown. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the streaks beneath -obsolete or entirely wanting; no rufous on crown. <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr> paler and duller than -the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, sometimes quite ashy.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Tarsus less than .65 of an inch. Outer webs of tail-feathers with yellow predominating.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">D. æstiva.</b> Crown generally pure yellow, sometimes with only a -tinge of rufous; lower webs of wing-coverts and tertials pure yellow; -rump and upper tail-coverts much mixed with the same. Wing-formula,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_38" id="fnanchor_38"></a><a href="#footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></span> -1 = 2, 3; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.05; bill, from nostril, .30; tarsus, -.62. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Entire continent of North America; in winter south to -Bogota and Cayenne; Trinidad (only locality in West Indies).</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Tarsus not less than .70 of an inch. Outer webs of tail-feathers with dusky -predominating.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Crown without any rufous, or with only a tinge.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">D. petechia.</b> <i class="subset">Nape olive-green</i> (except in <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>); <em>sides streaked</em> (except -in <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>). Crown greenish, sometimes tinged with orange-rufous -anteriorly; lower webs of wing-coverts, etc., not pure yellow, and rump -and upper tail-coverts without any admixture of yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West -Indies (except Barbadoes and Trinidad); not on the Continent.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Lower part of throat streaked; outer webs of wing-coverts -hardly appreciably different from the general surface. Above -golden yellowish-olive; crown generally without a trace of rufous. -Wing-formula, 2 = 3, 4, 1, 5; wing, 2.55; tail, 2.10; bill, .30; -tarsus, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba and the Bahamas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_39" id="fnanchor_39"></a><a href="#footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Lower part of throat not streaked; outer webs of wing-coverts -decidedly yellowish, and quite different from the general surface. -Above greenish yellow-olive; crown almost always strongly tinged -<!--268.png--><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 217]</span> -with rufous. Wing-formula, 4, 3, 2, 5, 1, 6; wing, 2.70; tail, -2.25; bill, .35; tarsus, .79. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica and Hayti?<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_40" id="fnanchor_40"></a><a href="#footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Whole throat sometimes streaked; back also sometimes with -streaks of dark castaneous; green above lighter than in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</i>, -the rump sometimes tinged with yellow. Wing-formula, 2, 3, and -4 equal, 5 = 1; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.00; bill, .34; tarsus, .78. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Porto Rico, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, and <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Bartholomew.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_41" id="fnanchor_41"></a><a href="#footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">D. aureola.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_42" id="fnanchor_42"></a><a href="#footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></span> <i class="subset">Nape always ashy; sides never streaked.</i> Abdomen, anal -region, and axillars nearly white; forehead and crown strongly tinged -with rufous; nape dark ashy. Wing-formula, 2, 3, and 4 equal, 5, 1 = 6; -wing, 2.55; tail, 2.00; bill, .32; tarsus, .75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Galapagos Islands.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Crown with only a sharply defined ovate patch of dark purplish-rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">D. capitalis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_43" id="fnanchor_43"></a><a href="#footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></span> A broad superciliary stripe of pure yellow; wing-formula, -3 = 4, 2, 1 = 5; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.00; bill, .30; tarsus, .70. -(<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> distinguishable from that of the varieties of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</i> by the distinctly -yellow upper eyelid, and considerably shorter tarsus.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Barbadoes -Island, West Indies.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Head all round rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname">D. vieilloti.</b> (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> not distinguishable from that of other species.) -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Continental Middle America.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Breast and sides with broad streaks of rufous; outer webs of wing-coverts -and tertials pure yellow.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Rufous of the throat with the posterior outline sharply defined -against yellow of jugulum. Wing-formula, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5; wing, -2.75; tail, 2.10; bill, .34; tarsus, .75. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada (Carthagena, -etc.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_44" id="fnanchor_44"></a><a href="#footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Rufous of the throat covering the jugulum and blending with -the streaks of the breast. Wing-formula, 3, 2, 4, 1, 5; wing, -2.45; tail, 2.05; bill, .27; tarsus, .64. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Isthmus of Panama.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufigula</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_45" id="fnanchor_45"></a><a href="#footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--269.png--><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 218]</span> -<i class="subset">Breast and sides with only very narrow or scarcely appreciable streaks of -rufous; outer webs of wing-coverts, etc., scarcely different from general -surface.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Rufous of the head confined to it, and abruptly defined all round. -Wing-formula, 3, 2 = 4, 1, 5; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.25; bill, .31; -tarsus, .72. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (from Honduras and Yucatan to Mazatlan)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bryanti</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_46" id="fnanchor_46"></a><a href="#footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Prevailing color yellow; crown, rump, and crissum with spots of rufous; a -band of the same on the side of the head, from bill (meeting both on forehead -and on chin) around eye and over ear-coverts.</p> - -<p class="indent2">6. <b class="birdname">D. eoa.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_47" id="fnanchor_47"></a><a href="#footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></span> <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica (<span class="sc">Gosse</span>).</p> - -<hr class="medium" /> - -<div class="small"> -<p class="center"><b class="birdname">Group B.</b></p> - -<p><span class="svleft">Base of primaries with white patch.</span></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft"> Two white bands on wing</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></i></span> -</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft"> No white bands on wing</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></i></span> -</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft">Base of primaries without white patch.</span></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft"> Rump yellow.</span></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft">  Crown with a yellow spot</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></i></span> -</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft">  Crown without a yellow spot</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr></i></span> -</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft"> Rump not yellow.</span></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft">  Throat white (with black streaks in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</i> - and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pharetra</i>)</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Five">V.</abbr></i></span> -</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft">  Throat yellow or orange</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Six">VI.</abbr></i></span> -</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft">  Throat black, or mixed with black</span> - <span class="svright"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Seven">VII.</abbr></i></span> -</p> -</div> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent2">7. <b class="birdname">D. olivacea.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head and neck, all round, fine light orange-rufous; -a broad black “spectacle” along side of the head. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Head -yellowish, dusky on top; spectacle obsolete. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of Eastern -Mexico; Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent2">8. <b class="birdname">D. cærulescens.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head dark blue above and black underneath; -a black patch covering whole lateral and under side of head and lateral -lower parts. Rest of upper parts dark blue; bases of primaries and -abdomen pure white. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Above olive, with a light superciliary stripe; -beneath wholly light greenish-buff; base of primaries white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of United States; in winter south into Cuba, Jamaica, -and <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--270.png--><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 219]</span> -<i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent2">9. <b class="birdname">D. coronata.</b> A yellow patch on each side of the breast; above -ashy streaked with black; belly white. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Breast more or less black; -upper parts ash with a bluish tinge. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Breast only streaked with black; -ash of upper part grayish or brownish.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Throat white; a white superciliary streak; two white bands on -wing. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, north to Alaska -and Greenland; in winter south to Panama and West Indies (resident -in Jamaica!)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Throat yellow; no white superciliary streak; one white patch -formed by the fusion of the two bands on the wing. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western -Province of North America from British Columbia, south to Cape -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and Jalisco, Western Mexico; east to Rocky Mountains.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent2">10. <b class="birdname">D. maculosa.</b> Whole lower parts bright yellow; black streaks -across breast and along sides; crown ash; lores, auriculars, and back -black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> scarcely different. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, -from Fort Simpson to Panama; Cuba and Bahamas.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Five">V.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Above ashy-blue, or soft bluish-green.</p> - -<p class="indent2">11. <b class="birdname">D. cærulea.</b> Lower parts pure white or greenish-white; with or -without a narrow band across the breast; above fine ashy-blue, or soft -bluish-green; if blue (<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>), the back and crown streaked with black; -if green (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, these streaks obsolete. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -of United States (rare northward except in Mississippi Valley), south to -Bogota in winter; Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Above not ashy-blue nor bluish-green, but streaked with black upon an -ashy greenish-olive or yellowish ground, or else bright olive-green.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Sides more or less rufous, and without black or dusky streaks on under -surfaces.</p> - -<p class="indent2">12. <b class="birdname">D. pennsylvanica.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown pure yellow; throat and auriculars -pure white; <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <i class="subset">ad.</i> similar, but crown greenish, and more or less streaked. -<abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Above bright olive-green, nearly grass-green, <em>without streaks</em> except -on the back; side of head, and sides, clear ashy, the latter with or without -a trace of chestnut; eyelids and medial lower parts pure white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, south to Panama; Bahamas.</p> - -<p class="indent2">13. <b class="birdname">D. castanea.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown reddish-chestnut; throat and sides rufous; -auriculars black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> similar, but crown thickly streaked, sometimes without -a trace of rufous; jugulum and throat only tinged with rufous. <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr> -Above greenish-olive, streaks obsolete; beneath, <em>including lower tail-coverts</em>, -pale greenish-buff, or whitish-buff, and without any trace of -streaks on the sides (distinction from <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. striata</i>) the sides usually -with a tinge of chestnut. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, -from Hudson’s Bay Territory to New Granada.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Sides without any rufous, and with black or dusky streaks.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Medial lower parts not streaked; inner webs of tail-feathers with broad -patch of white.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">14. <b class="birdname">D. striata.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown deep black; auriculars and lower parts -white; throat with two series of black streaks, converging and forming -an angle on the chin. Above ashy streaked with black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> similar, -<!--271.png--><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 220]</span> -but crown greenish streaked with black; lower parts tinged with greenish. -<abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Above greenish-olive, the streaks obsolete; beneath pale -greenish-yellow; <em>the lower tail-coverts pure white</em>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -of North America, north to Greenland and Kodiak, south to Bogota, -Cuba, and Bahamas.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Medial lower parts streaked with black; inner webs of tail-feathers merely -edged with white.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">15. <b class="birdname">D. pharetra.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_48" id="fnanchor_48"></a><a href="#footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Above grayish-white, with broad streaks of -black; posteriorly, plain brownish-gray; lower parts with cuneate spots -of black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Six">VI.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> A black “mask” around the eye and on auriculars, and extending down the -side of the throat; a light superciliary stripe continued back into a large space, of -similar color, on side of neck.</p> - -<p class="indent2">16. <b class="birdname">D. blackburniæ.</b> Crown with an orange or yellowish spot (exposed -or concealed); superciliary stripe, side of neck and throat, intense -orange-red (<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="adult">ad.</abbr>), or varying from this to pale buff (<abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>). <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> intense -black above; back streaked with white or yellowish. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> olive-gray above, -streaked with black. <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr> olive-gray above without distinct streaks. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, south to Ecuador; Bahamas.</p> - -<p class="indent2">17. <b class="birdname">D. dominica.</b> Crown without an orange or yellowish spot; superciliary -stripe and side of neck pure white; throat gamboge-yellow; -above ash, without streaks.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Superciliary stripe bright yellow anterior to the eye. Bill, .45; -tarsus, .60; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Atlantic United States -and West Indies<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Superciliary stripe pure white anterior to the eye. Bill, .35; -tarsus, .60; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mississippi region of -United States; Mexico (Yucatan on east coast, and Colima on west -coast); Guatemala and Honduras<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> No black “mask.” Superciliary stripe scarcely reaching behind the eye. -Sides of neck ashy like the back.</p> - -<p class="indent2">18. <b class="birdname">D. graciæ.</b> Auriculars, neck, crown, and upper parts generally, -ashy; a supra-loral stripe, a crescent on the lower eyelid, and the anterior -lower parts gamboge-yellow. Crissum white.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Back and sides streaked with black; abdomen white.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Yellow of throat terminating abruptly at the jugulum; supra-loral -stripe extending about .20 of an inch past the eye, this portion -of it white; dorsal streaks broad. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Arizona (Fort Whipple)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Yellow of throat covering whole jugulum, and not ending abruptly; -supra-loral stripe scarcely passing the eye, and wholly yellow; -dorsal streaks narrow. Wing, 2.20; tail, 1.95. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> British Honduras -(Belize)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">decora</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Back and sides not streaked with black; abdomen yellow.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Yellow of throat extending back to the crissum; supra-loral -stripe as in the last; dorsal streaks wanting. Wing, 2.10; tail, 1.95. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">adelaidæ</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_49" id="fnanchor_49"></a><a href="#footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--272.png--><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 221]</span> -<i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Seven">VII.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent0">Throat black in <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, mixed with black in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Sides streaked; black of throat with its posterior outline concave.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Side of head white and black.</p> - -<p class="indent2">19. <b class="birdname">D. nigrescens.</b> A small yellow spot over the lore; above ash; beneath -white. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Whole crown, uniform glossy black; back streaked -with black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Crown ash streaked with black; throat mixed with white -anteriorly. <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Crown and cheeks ashy; throat mostly white; back -without streaks. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western and Middle Province of United States, -south, in winter, into Western Mexico (Oaxaca).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Side of head yellow and black, or yellow and olive.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Black of throat covering jugulum; a hidden yellow spot in middle of forehead.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">20. <b class="birdname">D. chrysopareia.</b> Black above, pure white below; no tinge of yellow -behind the black jugular patch. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Middle America, -from Guatemala to Texas (San Antonio).</p> - -<p class="indent2">21. <b class="birdname">D. virens.</b> Olive-green above, the crown and back without streaks; -beneath white, the breast and anal region tinged with black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of North America, from Greenland to Panama; Cuba; -Oaxaca; Heligoland, Europe!</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Black of throat confined anteriorly to the jugulum; no yellow spot on forehead.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">22. <b class="birdname">D. townsendi.</b> Above olive-green, the crown and back with conspicuous -black streaks; beneath yellow anteriorly, and white posteriorly. -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, black of throat mixed with yellow; <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, no black on throat, and -streaks on back obsolete. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> North and Middle Province of United -States, south, in winter, into Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Sides not streaked; black of throat with its posterior outline convex.</p> - -<p class="indent2">23. <b class="birdname">D. occidentalis.</b> Above ash tinged with olive; beneath white. -Head nearly all yellow. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Top of head yellow with a few small -black spots; nape black; back streaked with black; sides pure white. -(<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> not seen.) <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Yellow of crown overlaid by olive; above greenish-plumbeous, -without any black on nape or back; throat yellowish-whitish; -sides tinged with ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western and Middle Province -of United States, south to Guatemala.</p> - -<hr class="medium" /> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname">Group C.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Above ash; no supra-loral stripe; eyelids not yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2">24. <b class="birdname">D. kirtlandi.</b> Above, including side of head and neck, bluish-ash; -crown and back streaked with black; beneath (except crissum) pale yellow; -breast speckled, and sides streaked with black; lores and orbital -region, black; eyelids white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States -(Cleveland, Ohio), and Bahamas.</p> - -<p class="indent2">25. <b class="birdname">D. pityophila.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_50" id="fnanchor_50"></a><a href="#footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></span> Above, including side of head and neck, dull ash; -the forehead and crown olive-green; crown and back not streaked; -beneath white; the throat and jugulum yellow; sides ashy; no specks -on breast, nor streaks on sides, but a few along side of neck, between the -ash and yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Olive-green or brown above; a supra-loral stripe of yellow; eyelids yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Above olive-green, without streaks; crissum white; sides of breast with -obsolete grayish streaks.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--273.png--><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 222]</span> -26. <b class="birdname">D. pinus.</b> Forehead and ear-coverts olive; abdomen white; yellow -supra-loral stripe not continued behind the eye. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> more grayish; <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> -above umber, beneath light grayish-brown, tinged with yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of United States; Bahamas.</p> - -<p class="indent2">? 27. <b class="birdname">D. montana.</b> Forehead and ear-coverts yellow; abdomen yellow; -yellow supra-loral stripe continued past the eye into the yellow of the -auriculars. (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and other stages unknown.) <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> “Blue Mountains of -Virginia.”</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Above olive-green, the back streaked with chestnut; crissum yellow; -streaks of black on sides.</p> - -<p class="indent2">28. <b class="birdname">D. discolor.</b> Bright gamboge-yellow beneath; streak on lores -and along side of neck, as well as along sides and flanks, deep black; -dorsal feathers chestnut medially. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> duller, but similar; <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> not seen. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States: in winter, throughout West -Indies.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Above olive-brown, the back not streaked; crissum gamboge-yellow; -streaks of reddish-chestnut on sides.</p> - -<p class="indent2">29. <b class="birdname">D. palmarum.</b> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ad.</i> Forehead and crown deep rufous; superciliary -stripe bright yellow, continued back over auriculars; sexes alike. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> -and <abbr class="adult" title="adult">ad.</abbr> in winter. Crown brownish, streaked with dusky; streaks on -sides more dusky. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America, north -to Fort Simpson and Hudson’s Bay; Bahamas; Cuba, <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo, -and Jamaica, in winter.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica æstiva</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW WARBLER; SUMMER YELLOW-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla æstiva</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 996.—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia æstiva</i>, <abbr -title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Two, -plate 95">II, pl. xcv.</abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography -One, plate 35">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xxxv.</abbr> 93. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="æstiva">æst.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds. <abbr -title="America Two, plate 88">Am. II, pl. lxxxviii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus <abbr title="æstiva">æst.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. -III</abbr>, 472 (Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="æstiva">æst.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 282; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 195.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 32, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 194.(Ecuador, Cayenne, <abbr title="New">N.</abbr> -Granada).—<span class="sc">Taylor</span>, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trinidad).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr -title="Pacific Railroad Routes Twelve, two">P. R. R. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 181 (N. W. -coast).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 237.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, (Alaska).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 87. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus Two">Ind. Orn. II</abbr>, -1790, 551. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sylvia flava</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1807, 31, -<abbr title="plate 81">pl. lxxxi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia citrinella</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 15">II, pl. xv</abbr>, fig. 5. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia childreni</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, <abbr -title="plate 35">pl. xxxv</abbr> (young). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sylvia rathbonia</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, <abbr title="plate 65">pl. -lxv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="rathbonia">r.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 89">Am. II, pl. lxxxix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla -rubiginosa</i>, <span class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr title="Zoögraphica Rosso-Asiatica One">Zoög. Rosso-Asiat. I</abbr>, 1831, 496 -(Kodiak). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus chryseolus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Bulletin Society Linnæus">Bull. Soc. Linn.</abbr> Caen, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1851, 32 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. -æstiva</i>, from South America; Cayenne).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xalapa</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363. <i class="location">Guatemala</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater & -Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, page 11. <i class="location">Panama</i>, winter, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322. <i class="location">Turbo, <abbr title="New">N.</abbr> -Granada</i>, <abbr title="Cassin"><span class="sc">Cass.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. -Sc.</abbr> 1860, 191. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bogota</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings">Pr.</abbr> -1855, 143. <i class="location">City of Mexico</i>, <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1864, 172.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill lead-color. Head all round, and under parts generally, bright yellow; -rest of upper parts yellow-olivaceous, brightest on the rump. Back with obsolete streaks -of dusky reddish-brown. Fore breast and sides of the body streaked with brownish-red. -Tail-feathers bright yellow; the outer webs and tips, with the whole upper surfaces of the -innermost one, brown; extreme outer edges of wing and tail-feathers olivaceous like the -back; the middle and greater coverts and tertials edged with yellow, forming two bands -on the wings. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, with the crown olivaceous like the back, and the streaks -<!--274.png--><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 223]</span> -wanting on the back, and much restricted on the under parts. Tail with more brown. -Length of male, 5.25; wing, 2.66; tail. 2.25. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 940.) <i class="subset">Young.</i> Dull brownish-olive -above; pale ochraceous-yellow beneath, with the throat more whitish; the yellow of tail -restricted to inner half of inner webs. The latter feature will serve to distinguish it from -any other North American species.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Entire North America, and in winter into South America as far as Ecuador, -Cayenne, and Trinidad. Not recorded from West Indies, where replaced by allied species.</p> - -<p>In the great abundance of this species and its wide range of distribution, -there are many variations in size and color, though none that are not readily -understood. In young birds the yellow of the tail-feathers is more restricted, -sometimes confined to the edge of the inner webs. In adults there is occasionally -a tinge of orange in the forehead.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia rathbonia</i> of Audubon is described with even tail, and the tail-feathers -brown, edged externally with yellow; the reverse of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</i>. It is generally, -however, considered a synonyme.</p> - -<p>Birds of this type (“Golden Warblers”) of six or eight additional species -are known to occur in the West Indies, the Galapagos, and in Middle America; -one of them, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. bryanti</i>, possibly to be met with in Southern Arizona. (See -Baird, Review <abbr title="American">Am.</abbr> Birds, 193.)</p> - -<p>After comparing a series of about one hundred and twenty North and -Central American specimens (the latter being winter visitors to the region -where obtained), nothing really characteristic of any particular region can -be detected. Specimens from the Pacific coast of the United States are perfectly -identical in colors with those from the Atlantic States; and they agree -in size and proportions, except of the bill, which is appreciably longer and -broader in the Eastern than in the Western birds. The most highly colored -examples are from the interior regions, along the Mississippi Valley from -Louisiana to Northern Illinois, and over the plains north to Fort Simpson. -The majority of the specimens from this region are just appreciably different -from others, in having the yellow more intense and prevalent, almost subduing -the olive shades above; the crown more tinged with orange. Sometimes -(as in <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 4,301, Calcasieu Pass, <abbr title="Louisiana">La.</abbr>) the rump and upper tail-coverts -are absolutely <em>pure</em> yellow, only a medial stripe on the feathers being olivaceous -like the back. The orange-rufous tinge on the crown is deepest in -Nos. 4,665, Fort Lookout, and 4,300, Calcasieu Pass.</p> - -<p>Three adult summer males from Alaska (Nos. 54,429, Kodiak; 54,425, -Yukon River; and 27,267, Fort Yukon), as well as one from Maine (52,378, -Calais), differ from others in having the olive pervading the whole surface -above, even to the bill, the forehead being only tinged with yellow, and the -edges of wing-coverts merely inclining to this color. The lower parts are -much as in Southern specimens, though the yellow is less intense.</p> - -<p>Females from Arizona (as 49,712, Camp Grant, May; 40,664, Fort Whipple, -May; and 34,340, Los Pinos, New Mexico, June) differ from others in -very bleached plumage, the lower parts being almost white, and the upper -<!--275.png--><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 224]</span> -surface quite ashy. But this is, in fact, an actual bleaching, frequently to be -seen in birds from that region.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The geographical range of the common Summer Yellow-Bird is -very nearly coextensive with North America. In its northern distribution -it is found as far toward the arctic shores as any of our land birds. Richardson -speaks of it as well known throughout the fur countries as far as the -woods extend, and mentions meeting with it among the earliest arrivals in -spring, coming in company with the equally well-known Robin and the -Grakle. At Fort Franklin, latitude 66<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, he saw it the 15th of May, about -the time of its first appearance in New England. This was supposed to be -the limit of its northern range, but more recent observations give abundant -evidence of its presence, in considerable numbers, to the very shores of the -Arctic Ocean. The late Mr. Hepburn, in manuscript notes, states it to be a -common summer visitant both of California and Vancouver’s Island, and that -along the coast he has traced it as far north as the frontier line of 54<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> 40<abbr title="minutes">′</abbr>, -where it arrives at the beginning of May, but does not nest until the end of -the month.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall, in his notes on the birds of Alaska, states that this Warbler is a -rather common bird all through that territory, and gives its arrival as about -the 10th of May.</p> - -<p>Its extreme southern limit is not so distinctly traced, but is at least as far -as the northern portions of South America, inclusive of Cayenne and Ecuador. -In all of the West Indies except Trinidad it is replaced by several closely -allied species or local races. In Trinidad, Mr. E. C. Taylor states that he -found this species common, and could perceive no difference from North -American specimens. In Guatemala it is abundant in the winter.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this Warbler abundant in Arizona, where it is a summer -resident, from April 25 to the middle of September. There, as elsewhere, -its preference for watercourses was noticed. Wherever found, it is always -most abundant in alluvial meadows, and more rare in other localities.</p> - -<p>Dr. Samuel Cabot found this Warbler common in Central America, and -Dr. Cragin, of Surinam, sent the Boston Society several specimens from -Guiana. Dr. Woodhouse found it abundant in Texas and New Mexico, -as did Drs. Suckley and Cooper in Washington Territory and California. It -breeds over the whole area of North America, from Georgia on the southeast -and from Mexico, northward. Dr. Sumichrast found it, only as a migratory -bird, abundant on the plains of Mexico.</p> - -<p>The notes of Mr. Kennicott and the memoranda of Messrs. McFarlane, -Ross, and Lockhart attest the extreme abundance of this species in the farthest -Arctic regions. In nearly every instance the nests were placed in willows -from two to five feet from the ground, and near water. In one instance Mr. -Ross found the eggs of this species in the nest of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus swainsoni</i>, which -had either been deserted or the parent killed, as the eggs were in it, and would -probably have been hatched by the Warbler with her own.</p> - -<p><!--276.png--><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 225]</span> -Dr. Cooper found this Warbler very abundant in Washington Territory, -and noticed their arrival in large numbers at the Straits of Fuca as early -as April 8.</p> - -<p>The Summer Yellow-Bird arrives in New England with great uniformity -from the first to the middle of May. Its coming is usually the harbinger of -the opening summer and expanding leaves. Unlike most of its family, it is -confiding and familiar, easily encouraged, by attention to its wants, to cultivate -the society of man. It confidingly builds its nest in gardens, often in close -vicinity to dwellings, and in the midst of large villages and cities, among the -shrubbery of frequented parks. This Warbler, soon after its arrival, begins -the construction of its nest. It is usually placed in low bushes, three or four -feet from the ground. Occasionally very different positions are chosen. -Hedges of buckthorn and hawthorn, barberry-bushes, and other low shrubs, -are their favorite places of resort. On one occasion the nest was placed -some forty feet from the ground, in the top of a horse-chestnut tree overhanging -the main street of a village. Such high positions are, however, -not very common.</p> - -<p>The nest is invariably fastened to several twigs with great firmness, and -with a remarkable neatness and skill. A great variety of materials is employed -in the construction of their nests, though not often in the same nest, -which is usually quite homogeneous. The more common materials are the -hempen fibres of plants, fibrous strips of bark, slender stems of plants and -leaves, and down of asclepias. Interwoven with these, forming the inner -materials, are the down from willow catkins, the woolly furze from fern-stalks -and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eriophorum virginicum</i>, and similar substances. These are lined with -soft, fine grasses, hair, feathers, and other warm materials. Cotton, where -procurable, is a favorite material; as also is wool, where abundant. I have -known instances where nests were built almost exclusively of one or the -other material. A pair of these birds, in 1836, built their nest under a parlor -window in Roxbury, where all their operations could be closely watched. -When discovered, only the framework, the fastening to the supporting twigs, -had been erected. The work of completion was simple and rapid. The -female was the chief builder, taking her position in the centre of the nest -and arranging the materials in their places as her mate brought them to her. -Occasionally, with outstretched wings and expanded tail, she would whirl -herself round, giving to the soft and yielding materials their hemispherical -form. At intervals she arrested her revolutions to stop and regulate with -her bill some unyielding portion. When her mate was dilatory, she made -brief excursions and collected material for herself, and when the materials -brought her were deemed unsuitable, they were rejected in a most summary -and amusing manner. The important part of the tail-feathers in shaping the -nest and placing the materials in position was a striking feature in this interesting -performance. The greater portion of the nest was thus constructed -in a single day.</p> - -<p><!--277.png--><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 226]</span> -The wonderful sagacity displayed by this Warbler in avoiding the disagreeable -alternative of either having to abandon its own nest or of rearing -the young of the intrusive Cow Blackbird, when one of these eggs is dropped -in her nest, was first noticed by Mr. Nuttall. The egg of the parasite, being -too large for ejectment, is ingeniously incarcerated in the bottom of the nest, -and a new lining built over it. Occasionally, either by accident or design, -the intrusive egg has been fractured. Mr. Nuttall states that where the -parasitic egg is laid after her own, the Summer Yellow-Bird acts faithfully -the part of a foster-parent. This, however, is not according to my observations. -In several instances I have known the Summer Yellow-Bird utterly -refuse to act the part of a foster-parent, and, rather than do so, sacrifice her -own eggs. So far as I know, this Warbler will never sit upon or hatch out -the egg of the Cowbird, under any circumstances. Some powerful instinct, -bordering closely upon reason, seems to teach these intelligent Warblers the -character of the intruder, and they sacrifice their own eggs rather than rear -the parasite. In this dilemma they will always, so far as I know, incarcerate -their own eggs with the Cowbird’s and reconstruct the nest above them. -In one instance the same pair of Yellow-Birds twice, in the same nest, covered -up alien eggs in this manner, building, in fact, three nests one above -the other, between the walls of which had been successively included two -eggs of the Cowbird. This three-storied nest measured seven inches in -length, and was built almost exclusively of raw cotton. The covering of the -imprisoned eggs was about two thirds of an inch thick. In both instances -the Cowbird’s eggs had been broken, apparently by design.</p> - -<p>So far as I am aware this Warbler raises but one brood in Massachusetts -in a season. In Pennsylvania it is said to raise two, and even three. The -eggs are usually five and occasionally six in number.</p> - -<p>This Warbler is conspicuous in its devotion to its young, evincing a strong -attachment and an anxiety in regard even to an unoccupied nest, and betraying -the site by this solicitude. They will also resort to various expedients -to draw one away from their nest, by feigned lameness and other stratagems -and manœuvres.</p> - -<p>The song of the Summer Yellow-Bird is simple but pleasing, and is easily -recognized when once known, though liable to be confounded with that of the -Maryland Yellow-Throat, and also said to resemble the song of several other -Warblers.</p> - -<p>In confinement they usually become very tame, confiding, and reconciled -to their imprisonment, and have been known to perch on an outstretched -finger, and to catch flies in a room.</p> - -<p>Their eggs vary in length from .61 to .70 of an inch, and in breadth from -.49 to .52. They have a ground-color of a light green. Their dots and -blotches vary greatly in number, size, and manner of distribution. Their -colors are light purple, darker purplish-brown, and other shades of brown -and lilac.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--278.png--><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 227]</span> -<b class="birdname">Dendroica coronata</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-RUMP WARBLER; MYRTLE WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla coronata</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 333. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia coronata</i>, <abbr -title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>; <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 153">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cliii.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola coronata</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds, <abbr title="America Two, plate 76">Am. -II, pl. lxxvi.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 59 (abundant in -April). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica coronata</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, Genera, 1842, 2.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 272; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 187.—<span -class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, 292 (Jamaica, in summer; -breeding).—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 -(Cuba; common).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Twelve, two">P. R. R. XII, -<span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 180 (Puget Sound).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 226.—<span -class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 89. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus <abbr title="coronatus">cor.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1855, 473 (Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla -canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1766, 334 (<i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficedula canadensis cinerea</i>, <abbr title="Brisson Three">Br. III</abbr>, 524, <abbr title="plate -27">pl xxvii</abbr>, fig. 1). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus virginianus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 342. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla umbria, cincta, pinguis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia xanthopygia</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -xanthoroa</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Localities quoted: <i class="location"><abbr -title="South">S.</abbr> Greenland</i>, <span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 5. <i class="location">Cordova</i>, <abbr -title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 291. <i -class="location">Xalapa</i>, <span class="sc">Ib.</span> 1859, 363. <i class="location">Guatemala</i>, <abbr title="Sclater and -Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span></abbr> 1859, 11. <i class="location">Panama</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span -class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Eight">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 63. <i -class="location">Cuba</i>, winter, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 473. <i -class="location">Bahamas</i>, winter, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Boston Proceedings Seven">Bost. Pr. VII</abbr>, -1859. <i class="location">Jamaica</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 155. <i -class="location"><abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo</i>, <span class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 231. <i class="location">Costa Rica</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <i -class="location">Orizaba</i>, winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above bluish-ash, streaked with black. Under parts white. The forepart -of breast and the sides black, the feathers mostly edged narrowly with white. Crown, -rump, and sides of breast yellow. Cheeks and lores black. The eyelids and a superciliary -stripe, two bands on the wing and spots on the outer three tail-feathers, white. <i class="sex">Female</i> -of duller plumage and browner above. Length, 5.65; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America, and northward, extending sparsely along -United States boundary to Pacific Ocean; Denver City, Colorado; Fort Yukon; Greenland; -Eastern Mexico to Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>; Western West Indies and Bermuda. Breeds in Jamaica!</p> - -<p>Autumnal and winter birds are very much duller and more obscurely colored, -the upper parts of an umber cast with the streaks almost obsolete; the -black of the breast wanting or but just indicated, and the yellow patches on -crown almost concealed by the brown tips to the feathers, and those on side -of breast quite dull.</p> - -<p>A spring male (52,283) from Washington is remarkable in having the -adjoining series of feathers down the middle of the back with their inner -webs broadly edged with yellow. In this respect it differs from all others -that we have noticed.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-crowned Wood Warbler is one of the most common -species of this genus, as well as one of the most widely distributed. It is -found, at different seasons, throughout the eastern part of the continent, as -far west as the Great Plains, extending at the far north to the Pacific Ocean. -It has been found in Greenland, three specimens having been taken within -twenty years, and on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and during the winter -in the West India Islands, Mexico, and Central America. Specimens from -Florida and Fort Steilacoom, Panama, Guatemala, and Jamaica, and from Fort -Rae, Anderson River, and the Yukon, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, -attest its wide distribution. In Jamaica, in the neighborhood of -<!--279.png--><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 228]</span> -Spanishtown, this species has been known to breed. In view of the fact that -this bird is regarded, with good reason, as one of our most northern species, -breeding to the very shores of the frozen seas, the occurrence seems erratic -and remarkable. Yet it is not without corresponding vagaries in other species, -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</i> breeding in Cuba and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</i> in <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo and -Jamaica.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paine, of East Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, states that these Warblers arrive in his -vicinity about the first of May, and remain there nearly two weeks, and then -all pass north. They do not return on their southern flight until the last -of September, when they remain about three weeks. It is a very active, restless -bird, chirping continually and very sharply as it flies around in search -of insects, but has not, so far as he knows, any song.</p> - -<p>In Southern Illinois, as Mr. Ridgway informs me, this bird is a common -winter sojourner, remaining late in spring with the migratory species. It is -very abundant throughout the winter in woods, orchards, and door-yards.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin found this species frequenting the more open districts about -Duenas, Guatemala, apparently preferring scattered bushes to the denser underwood, -and was an abundant species there throughout the winter season.</p> - -<p>It is but quite recently that we have known with certainty its place and -manner of breeding. Neither Wilson, Nuttall, nor Audubon appear to have -met with its nest, though the latter received one from Professor McCulloch -of Halifax.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1855, early in July, I obtained a nest of this species -in Parsboro’, Nova Scotia. It was built in a low bush, in the midst of a -small village, and contained six eggs. The parents were very shy, and it -was with great difficulty that one of them was secured for identification. -Though late in the season, incubation had but just commenced.</p> - -<p>The nest was built on a horizontal branch, the smaller twigs of which were -so interlaced as to admit of its being built upon them, though their extremities -were interwoven into its rim. The nest was small for the bird, being -only two inches in depth and four and a half in diameter. The cavity -is one and a half inches deep and two and a half wide. Its base and external -portions consist of fine, light, dry stalks of wild grasses, and slender -twigs and roots. Of the last the firm, strong rim of the nest is exclusively -woven. Within, the nest is composed of soft, fine grasses, downy -feathers, and the fine hair of the smaller mammals.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, who observed very closely the habits of these birds during a -winter in Florida, describes them as very social among themselves, skipping -along the piazza, balancing themselves in the air opposite the sides of the -house in search of spiders and insects, diving through the low bushes of the -garden after larvæ and worms, and at night roosting among the orange-trees. -In his visit to Maine he found them very abundant in early May. -The woods seemed alive with them, and wherever he landed, on his way to -Labrador, he found them in great numbers. -<!--280.png--></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_13.jpg" - width="500" height="296" - alt="Color plate 13" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Thirteen">XIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-1" name="pl_13-1"></a><img src="images/pl_13-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 1, Dendroica auduboni" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica auduboni</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Townsend">Towns.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 11965.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-2" name="pl_13-2"></a><img src="images/pl_13-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 2, Dendroica blackburniæ" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica blackburniæ</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 939.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-3" name="pl_13-3"></a><img src="images/pl_13-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 3, Dendroica blackburniæ" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica blackburniæ</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 944.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-4" name="pl_13-4"></a><img src="images/pl_13-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 4, Dendroica castanea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica castanea</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2231.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-5" name="pl_13-5"></a><img src="images/pl_13-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 5, Dendroica castanea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica castanea</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 949.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-6" name="pl_13-6"></a><img src="images/pl_13-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 6, Dendroica pinus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica pinus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2942.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-7" name="pl_13-7"></a><img src="images/pl_13-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 7, Dendroica pennsylvanica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica pennsylvanica</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2233.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-8" name="pl_13-8"></a><img src="images/pl_13-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 8, Dendroica pennsylvanica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica pennsylvanica</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, 60883.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-9" name="pl_13-9"></a><img src="images/pl_13-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 9, Dendroica striata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica striata</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Forster">Forst.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1545.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-10" name="pl_13-10"></a><img src="images/pl_13-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 10, Dendroica cærulea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica cærulea</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Ohio, 7349.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-11" name="pl_13-11"></a><img src="images/pl_13-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 11, Dendroica cærulea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica cærulea</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Missouri">Mo.</abbr>, 6980.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_13-12" name="pl_13-12"></a><img src="images/pl_13-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 13 detail 12, Dendroica striata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica striata</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Forster">Forst.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 978.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--281.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p><!--282.png--><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 229]</span> -This Warbler is an expert flycatcher, feeds chiefly on insects, and is a great -devourer of small caterpillars; but in the winter its food is largely composed -of berries, especially those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myrica cerifera</i>. It will also feed on grass-seeds. -In the warmer wintry days in Florida, when insects are abundant, -Mr. Audubon states that these birds are particularly active in their pursuit, -and the trees seem full of them. At this time they emit, at each movement, -a single note, <i class="birdcall">twēēt</i>, so very peculiar that they may be at once recognized by -the cry.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that these Warblers appear in Pennsylvania, from the North, -early in October, and stay there several weeks. Some of them remain in -the Southern States all winter. They feed with great avidity upon the berries -of the red cedar.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts it is a very abundant spring and autumn visitant, -making but a brief stay in spring, but passing northward in large numbers. -In autumn it remains longer, and passes south more leisurely. Mr. -B. P. Mann found its nest and eggs in Concord, but this was probably an exceptional -instance. In Eastern Maine it arrives May 25, and, as Mr. Boardman -thinks, remains to breed. Both Dr. Suckley and Dr. Cooper met with -this species in Washington Territory, where it is very rare.</p> - -<p>No writers have observed or noted the song of this bird, except Mr. T. M. -Trippe (American <abbr title="Naturalist, Two, page">Nat., II. p.</abbr> 171), who states that during its spring migrations -it has a very sweet song or warble, uttered at short intervals.</p> - -<p>It reaches the high northern latitudes late in May, and leaves that region -in September. The observations of Mr. McFarlane show that the nests of -this bird are moderately common at Anderson River, and are generally built -in low spruce-trees four or five feet from the ground. In one or two -instances it was placed on the ground.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Warbler vary from .72 to .80 of an inch in length, and -from .50 to .55 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, often tinged with a -bluish shade, and blotched and spotted with reddish-brown, purple, and darker -shades of brown. They are of a rounded oval shape.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica auduboni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">AUDUBON’S WARBLER; WESTERN YELLOW-RUMP.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia auduboni</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy -of Natural Sciences Seven, Two">J. A. N. Sc. VII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1837.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Narrative, 1839, 342.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 52, <abbr title="plate 395">pl. cccxcv.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola auduboni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List. 1838.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 26, <abbr title="plate 77">pl. -lxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica auduboni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 273; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 188.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 298 (Oaxaca; October); 1860, 250 (Orizaba).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, -1860, 273 (San Geronimo, <abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report -Twelve, Two">P. R. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 181.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 88.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above bluish-ash, streaked with black, most marked on the middle of the -back; on the head and neck bluish-ash. Middle of crown, rump, chin, and throat, and a -<!--283.png--><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 230]</span> -patch on the side of the breast, gamboge-yellow; space beneath and anterior to the eyes, -forepart of breast and sides, black; this color extending behind on the sides in streaks. -Middle of belly, under tail-coverts, a portion of upper and lower eyelids, and a broad band -on the wings, with a spot on each of the four or five exterior tail-feathers, white; rest -of tail-feathers black. <i class="sex">Female</i> brown above; the other markings less conspicuous and less -black. Length, 5.25; wings, 3.20; tail, 2.25. <i class="age">Young</i>, first plumage, whole body, including -head all round and rump, conspicuously streaked with slaty-black upon an ashy ground -above and white below. No yellow on crown, rump, breast, or throat. Wings and tail as -in autumnal adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of the United States; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; Western -Mexico and Orizaba? Oaxaca (cold regions, October, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>); Guatemala (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>).</p> - -<p>This bird is very closely allied to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. coronata</i>, but is distinguished by the -yellow (not white) throat; the absence of a superciliary white stripe (the -eyelids white, however); the restriction of the black of the face to the lores, -and to a suffusion round the eye; and the presence of one broad band on the -wings, instead of two narrow ones.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful Warbler, so strikingly simulating the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. coronata</i> -in the character of its markings, and now so well known as a common species -on the Pacific coast, was first met with by Mr. Townsend near the Columbia -River, where he found it very abundant. His account of its habits is inconsistent, -and probably not reliable. Mr. Nuttall, who was with Mr. Townsend, -differs, also, essentially in his account. He states that he first saw them about -the middle of April, and that their song bore a very close resemblance to that -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>, but was delivered in a much superior style. They remained -his summer companions, breeding among the shady firs on the borders of -prairie openings, where there was an abundant supply of insect food. By the -8th of June he found their young already out, in small and busy flocks, solicitously -attended by their parents. They greatly resembled the young of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>. These birds frequented large trees, particularly the water-oaks, -and the lower branches of gigantic firs.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this Warbler one of the most abundant species of Washington -Territory, and believed them to be, to some extent, a resident species, -as he met them about the Straits of Fuca in March. He speaks of its song -as lively, and heard everywhere on the borders of the woods, even near the -coast, where few of the smaller species ever visit. In the fall he noticed -straggling flocks of the young wandering about the low shrubbery in large -numbers. The same writer also states that this species is in winter a very -abundant bird in the southern part of California, flitting about among the -bushes and low trees. The males are then in the dull plumage of the females, -and do not put on their richer hues until March or April. He saw none -south of San Francisco after May 1, but they began to reappear in September. -As he found newly fledged young near Lake Tahoe, he thinks they breed -throughout the higher Sierra Nevada. At the sea level in latitude 37<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> they -appear late in September, and remain until March 20.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley regarded this bird as the most abundant species visiting the -<!--284.png--><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 231]</span> -western portion of Washington Territory. Near Fort Steilacoom it was -found principally among the oak-trees on the plains.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse found it abundant in New Mexico, confining itself to the -timbered and mountainous districts, and especially plentiful among the San -Francisco Mountains, feeding among the tall pines. Dr. Coues found it exceedingly -common in Arizona, where some spend the winter, and a few possibly -remain in the summer to breed.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found them remaining in the Sacramento Valley throughout -the winter, and quotes Dr. Kennerly as finding these birds on the Boca -Grande and at different points in Sonora. Mr. Gambel found these Warblers -on all his route from New Mexico to California in great abundance, their -habits greatly resembling those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. coronata</i>. They display a great deal -of familiarity, entering the towns, resorting to the gardens and hedge-rows, -and even the corrals of the houses, descending also to the ground in company -with Blackbirds and Sparrows.</p> - -<p>This Warbler is thus shown to have a very extended distribution. It is -now known to be found, at different seasons, from Central America to British -Columbia, and from New Mexico to the Pacific.</p> - -<p>We are indebted to the late Mr. Hepburn for all the knowledge we possess -in reference to its nests, eggs, and breeding-habits. He procured their nests -and eggs in Vancouver’s Island. They were built in the forked branches of -small shrubs. Around these the materials of which they were built were -strongly bound, and to it the nests were thus securely fastened. They were -quite long and large for the bird, being four inches in height, and three and -a half in diameter. The cavity is small, but deep. The external periphery -of the nest is made of coarse strips of bark, long dry leaves of wild -grasses, and strong stalks of plants, intermingled with finer grasses, pieces of -cotton cloth, and other materials. The inner nest is also a singular combination -of various materials, yet carefully and elaborately put together. It is -made up of fine grasses, feathers, lichens, mosses, fine roots, etc., all felted together -and lined with a warm bedding of fur and feathers. Mr. Hepburn’s -observations, so far as they go, seem to show that this bird does not usually -build in such lofty positions as Nuttall and others conjectured.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Hepburn, they arrive in Vancouver’s Island in the middle -of April, and generally frequent high trees, constructing their nests in the -upper branches, though also frequently building in low bushes, a few feet -from the ground. The number of their eggs is four. These, he states, have -a pure white ground, and are spotted, usually chiefly about the larger end, -with red markings.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin met with both this species and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. coronata</i> at San Geronimo, -November, 1859. They congregated together on the ground, where they -principally obtained their food.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his paper on the fauna of Montana, mentions this Warbler -as the only one of the genus seen by him between Fort Benton and Fort -<!--285.png--><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 232]</span> -Vancouver. It was very common throughout the mountains, and he found it -in every portion of the country west of them, even where scarcely a bush -was to be seen.</p> - -<p>According to the careful observations of Mr. Robert Ridgway, this Warbler, -during the summer months, in the Great Basin, chiefly inhabits the -pines of the high mountain ranges, as well as the cedar and piñon woods of -the desert mountains. In winter it descends to the lower portions, being -then found among the willows, or, in small roving companies, hopping among -the tree-tops in the river valleys. In manners it is said by him to resemble -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</i>, but in their notes they differ very widely. A nest, containing -three young, was found by Mr. Ridgway near the extremity of a horizontal -branch of a pine-tree, about ten feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Audubon Warbler do not resemble those of any <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i> -with which I am acquainted, but are most like those of the Hooded Warbler. -They measure .70 by .50 of an inch, have a reddish or pinkish white -ground, and are sparingly marked with fine brown markings, tinted with a -crimson shading.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica maculosa</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla maculosa</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 984. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="maculosa">m.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, Two, Five, plate">Orn. Biog. I, II, V, -pl.</abbr> 1. 123. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="maculosa">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 96">Am. II, pl. xcvi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus -<abbr title="maculosa">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 474 -(Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="maculosa">m.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 284; Review, 206.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa).—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society -Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859 (Bahamas).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11 -(Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322 (Panama; -winter).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; very -rare).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 238. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia magnolia</i>, <abbr title="Wilson Three, plate -23"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> III, pl. xxiii</abbr>, fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male, in spring.</i> Bill dark bluish-black, rather lighter beneath. Tail dusky. -Top of head light grayish-blue. Front, lore, cheek, and a stripe under the eye, black, running -into a large triangular patch on the back between the wings, which is also black. Eyelids -and a stripe from the eye along the head white. Upper tail-coverts black, some of the -feathers tipped with grayish. Abdomen and lower tail-coverts white. Rump and under -parts, except as described, yellow. Lower throat, breast, and sides streaked with black; -the streaks closer on the lower throat and fore breast. Lesser wing-coverts, and edges of -the wing and tail, bluish-gray, the former spotted with black. Quills and tail almost black; -the latter with a square patch of white on the inner webs of all the tail-feathers (but the -two inner) beyond the middle of the tail. Two white bands across the wings (sometimes -coalesced into one) formed by the middle and secondary coverts. Part of the edge of -the inner webs of the quills white. Feathers margining the black patch on the back -behind and on the sides tinged with greenish. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.25. -Autumnal males differ in absence of black of back, front, sides of head, and to a considerable -degree beneath, and in much less white on the wings and head.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female in spring.</i> Similar, but all the colors duller. Black of the back restricted to a -central triangular patch.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America to Fort Simpson; Eastern Mexico to Guatemala -and Panama; Bahamas; Cuba (very rare).</p> - -<p><!--286.png--><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 233]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black and Yellow Warbler, one of the most beautiful of this -attractive family, was supposed by our earlier writers to be exceedingly rare. -Wilson never met with more than two specimens,—one in Ohio, the other -on the Mississippi,—and spoke of it as a very scarce species. In regard to -its song he was quite at fault, denying to it any notes deserving the name -of song. Nuttall, who had only seen it occasionally in Massachusetts, in -the middle of May, regarded it as rare, and was unacquainted with its -notes. Its history is now much better known, and neither its great rarity -nor its deficiency as to melody can any longer be admitted.</p> - -<p>At certain seasons and in particular places it is a very common species. -It may be found during the breeding-season throughout North America east -of the Great Plains, between latitude 44<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> and Fort Simpson in the fur -country. During its migrations it may be met with in most of the Eastern -States, in Eastern Mexico, and the northern portions of South America. It -has been found in the Bahamas, and also in Cuba, where it is not common. -Specimens have been received from Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, and -from Fort Resolution, Rupert House, and Fort Simpson, in Arctic America, -and as far to the west as the mouth of Vermilion River. Dr. Bryant -met with it in the Bahamas as early as the 15th of March, where it was -quite common. M. Boucard found it at Playa Vicente, in the hot portion -of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts, Mr. Allen found it a common spring and -autumn visitor, occurring in its northern flights from the middle of May to -the first of June, and in the autumn as late as September 20. Professor -Verrill found it in Western Maine, but not common, both in spring and fall, -but had no reason to believe that it bred there. Mr. Boardman does not -include it in his list of Calais birds, and I did not find it among the islands -in the Bay of Fundy. In the vicinity of Halifax, during the months of -June and July, it is one of the most common of the Warblers, occurring in -every direction.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon observed these Warblers in Louisiana, in their migrations, as -early as the middle of March; but its appearance there, as well as in Kentucky -and Ohio, appeared to be occasional and accidental. In autumn he has met -with them in large numbers among the mountains of Northern Pennsylvania, -They were passing southward with their young. While on his way to Labrador -he noticed them in Maine, near Eastport, in May, very abundant along -the roads, the fields, and the low woods, as well as in the orchards and gardens. -The season was then not advanced, the weather cold; and these birds -sheltered themselves by night among the evergreens, and were often so chilled -as to be readily taken by the hand. He also met them wherever he landed -in the neighboring islands in the Bay of Fundy and at Labrador.</p> - -<p>The song of this Warbler is clear and sweetly modulated, and surpasses -that of most of this family. It seems to prefer the interior of low woods, -where its notes may chiefly be heard during the early summer, as it sings -<!--287.png--><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 234]</span> -while it is searching for its food among the branches, in the manner of the -Vireos.</p> - -<p>Like nearly all the members of this family, in its search for food it blends -the habits of the Creepers with those of the Flycatchers, feeding upon -insects in their every form, running up and down the trunks for the ova, -larvæ, and pupæ, expertly catching the insect on the wing, and equally -skilful in hovering over the expanded bud and searching the opening leaves.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found its nest placed deep among the branches of low fir-trees, -supported by horizontal twigs, constructed of moss and lichens, and -lined with fibrous roots and feathers. One found in Labrador, in the beginning -of July, contained five eggs, small and rather more elongated than is -common in this genus. They were white, and sprinkled with reddish dots at -the larger end. The female fluttered among the branches, spreading her -wings and tail in great distress, and returning to her nest as soon as the intruders -were a few yards off. In August he saw a number of their young -already following their parents and moving southward. In his expedition -to Texas, Mr. Audubon again met this bird, in considerable numbers, early -in April. Their eggs, he states, measure three fourths of an inch in length -by nine sixteenths in breadth. In some the ground-color, instead of pure -white, is of a yellowish tinge.</p> - -<p>The writer found this Warbler abundant near Halifax in the early summer -of 1850, frequenting the thick hemlock woods, confiding in its habits, -unsuspicious, and easily approached. The distress, as described by Audubon, -manifested in behalf of its own young, it is as ready to exhibit when the -nest of a feathered neighbor is disturbed. A pair of Hudson’s Bay Titmice, -protesting against the invasion of their home, by their outcries brought a pair -of these Warblers to their sympathetic assistance; and the latter manifested, -in a more gentle way, quite as much distress and anxiety as the real parents. -With expanded tail and half-extended wings they fluttered overhead among -the branches, approaching us almost within reach, uttering the most piteous -outcries.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson found this Warbler as common and as familiar as -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i> on the Saskatchewan, and greatly resembling it in habits, -though gifted with a much more varied and agreeable song.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kennicott met this Warbler on Great Slave Lake, June 12, 1860, -where he obtained a female, nest, and five eggs. The nest, loosely built, was -placed in a small spruce about two feet from the ground, and in thick -woods. The bird was rather bold, coming to her nest while he stood by it. -This nest was only one and a half inches deep, with a diameter of three and -a half inches; the cavity only one inch deep, with a diameter of two and a -half inches. It was made almost entirely of fine stems of plants and slender -grasses, and a few mosses. The cavity was lined with finer stems, and fine -black roots of herbaceous plants.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Warbler are, in shape, a rounded oval, one end being but -<!--288.png--><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 235]</span> -slightly more pointed than the other. They measure .62 of an inch in -length and .49 in breadth. Their ground-color is a light ashen hue, or a -dull white, and this is more or less sprinkled with fine dots and blotches -of a light brown. For the most part these are grouped in a ring about -the larger end.</p> - -<p>Mr. R. Deane, of Cambridge, found this bird breeding near Lake Umbagog. -Its nest was in the fork of a low spruce about three feet from the -ground. The nest contained four eggs, and was made of dry grasses, spruce -twigs, and rootlets. It was lined with fine black roots, being a rather coarse -structure for a Warbler. The eggs were nearly spherical, averaging .62 by -.51 of an inch. Their ground-color was a creamy-white, sparsely marked -with a few large blotches of lilac and umber.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica cærulea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CÆRULEAN WARBLER; WHITE-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia cærulea</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 141, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>, fig. 5. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola c.</i> <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, -plate 49">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xlix</abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="cærulea">c.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 280; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 191.—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; very rare).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 579. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia rara</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Two, plate 27">II, pl. xxvii</abbr>, fig. 2.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 49">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xlix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia azurea</i>, <abbr -title="Stephens"><span class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr> Shaw, <abbr title="Zoölogy Ten">Zoöl. X</abbr>, 1817.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1828, <abbr -title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr> (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 48, 49">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xlviii, xlix</abbr>; <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia bifasciata</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, -Long’s <abbr title="Expedition One">Exped. I</abbr>, 1823, 170. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia populorum</i>, <abbr -title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique 2">Encyc. -Méth. II</abbr>, 1823, 449 (from Wilson).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities: <i class="location">Bogota</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 18. <i class="location">Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr></i>, <span -class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322. <i class="location">Yucatan</i>, -<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Veragua</i>, <abbr title="Salvin"><span -class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Above bright blue, darkest on the crown, tinged with ash on the -rump; middle of back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and sides of the crown, streaked with -black. Beneath white; a collar across the breast, and streaks on the sides, dusky-blue. -Lores, and a line through and behind the eye (where it is bordered above by whitish), -dusky-blue; paler on the cheeks. Two white bands on the wings. All the tail-feathers -except the innermost with a white patch on the inner web near the end. <i class="sex">Female</i>, greenish-blue -above, brightest on the crown; beneath white, tinged with greenish-yellow, and -obsoletely streaked on the sides; eyelids and a superciliary line greenish-white. Length, -4.25; wing, 2.65; tail, 1.90.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States, north to Niagara Falls; Cuba (very rare); Guatemala; -Veragua, Panama, and Bogota. Not recorded from Mexico (except Yucatan), or West -Indies (except Cuba).</p> - -<p>The autumnal adult plumage of both sexes is, in every respect, exactly -like the spring dress. Young males in late summer are very similar to adult -females, but are purer white below, and less uniform greenish-blue above, the -dark stripes on sides of the crown and black centres to scapulars being quite -conspicuous; the young female, at the same season, is similar in pattern to -the adult, but is dull green above, without any tinge of blue, and light buffy-yellow -below.</p> - -<p>There is considerable variation in adult males, especially in the width of -<!--289.png--><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 236]</span> -the pectoral collar; one (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 60,877, <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Carmel, Wabash <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, <abbr title="August">Aug.</abbr> 9) -has this entirely interrupted. In this individual there is no trace of a -whitish supra-auricular streak; while others from the same locality, and -obtained at the same date, have the band across the jugulum continuous, and -a quite distinct white streak over the ear-coverts.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of this somewhat rare Warbler very little is as yet well known. -Its habits and distribution during the breeding-season need more light than -we now possess to enable us to give its story with any degree of exactness. -Its appearance in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri early in May, -when Warblers that go north to breed are on their way, at first suggested its -belonging to that class. It is not known to proceed any farther north, except -in accidental instances; though the writer has been assured, and has no -reason to doubt the fact, that it abounds and breeds in the neighborhood -of Niagara Falls. I can find no good evidence that it ever occurs in Massachusetts. -Individuals have been obtained in northern South America, Panama, -and Cuba. Dr. Woodhouse describes it as quite common in Texas and -in the Indian Territory, where it breeds, as he obtained both the old and the -young birds. It was also abundant among the timbered lands of the Arkansas -and its tributaries. It was not obtained in any other of the government -expeditions, nor was it found in Arizona by Dr. Coues. Mr. T. M. Trippe -noticed a single individual near Orange, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr> Wilson supposed them to -breed in Pennsylvania, though he was never able to find their nests. He -usually met with these birds in marshes or on the borders of streams among -the branches of poplars. Their habits were those of the Flycatchers. He -saw none later than the 20th of August. Describing this species as the Blue-green -Warbler, as met with by him on the banks of the Cumberland early in -April, he mentions its gleaning for food among the upper branches of the -tallest trees, rendering it difficult to be procured. Its resemblance, in habits, -to Flycatchers, he again remarks. Its only note was a feeble <i class="birdcall">cheep</i>.</p> - -<p>According to Audubon, this Warbler appears in Louisiana, where it also -breeds early in spring, and leaves the first of October. Like all its family, it -is quite lively, has a similar flight, moves sideways up and down the branches, -and hangs from the ends of the twigs in its search for insects.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon also states that the liveliness of the notes of this Warbler -renders it conspicuous in the forests, the skirts of which it frequents. Its -song, though neither loud nor of long continuance, he speaks of as extremely -sweet and mellow. He found it as numerous in the State of Louisiana as -any other Warbler, so that he could sometimes obtain five or six in a single -walk.</p> - -<p>The nest he describes as placed in the forks of a low tree or bush, partly -pensile, projecting a little above the twigs to which it is attached, and extending -below them nearly two inches. The outer part is composed of the -fibres of vines and the stalks of herbaceous plants, with slender roots arranged -in a circular manner. The nest is lined with fine dry fibres of the -<!--290.png--><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 237]</span> -Spanish moss. The eggs are five in number, of a pure white with a few reddish -spots about the larger end. When disturbed during incubation, the -female is said to trail along the branches with drooping wings and plaintive -notes, in the manner of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>. After the young have left the nest, they -move and hunt together, in company with their parents, evincing great activity -in the pursuit of insects. They are also said to have a great partiality -for trees the tops of which are thickly covered with grapevines, and to occasionally -alight on tall weeds, feeding upon their seeds.</p> - -<p>In his visit to Texas, Mr. Audubon met a large number of these birds -apparently coming from Mexico. On one occasion he encountered a large -flock on a small island.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall mentions finding these birds very abundant in Tennessee and -also in West Florida.</p> - -<p>In only a single instance has the writer met with this Warbler. This was -about the middle of June, at the Fairmount Water Works in the city of Philadelphia, -where, among the tops of the trees, a single individual was busily -engaged in hunting insects, undisturbed by the large numbers and vicinity -of visitors to the grounds. It kept in the tops of the trees, moving about -with great agility.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway gives the Cærulean Warbler as the most abundant species -of its genus in the Lower Wabash Valley, not only during the spring and -fall migrations, but also in the summer, when it breeds more plentifully even -than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>. It inhabits, however, only the deep woods of the bottom -lands, where it is seldom seen, and only to be distinguished by the naturalist. -Inhabiting, mostly, the tree-tops, it is an inconspicuous bird, and -thus one that easily escapes notice. In its habits it is perhaps less interesting -than others of its genus, being so retired, and possessing only the most -feeble notes.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica blackburniæ</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER; ORANGE-THROATED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla blackburniæ</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema -Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 977. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="blackburniæ">bl.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Three, plate 23">III, pl. -xxiii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, Five, plate 135, 399">Orn. Biog. II, V, pl. cxxxv, -cccxcix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="blackburniæ">bl.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 87">Am. II, pl. lxxxvii.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus <abbr title="blackburniæ">bl.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 19. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="blackburniæ">bl.</abbr></i> -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 274; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -189.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363 (Xalapa); <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1860, -64 (Ecuador).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 30, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 187. (Pallatanga and Nanegal, Ecuador).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 227.—<span -class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr lang="sv" xml:lang="sv" title="Ofversigt">Ofv.</abbr> 1869, 611.—<span -class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 478. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Motacilla chrysocephala</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 971 (<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Figuier orangé et F. étranger</cite>, <abbr title="Buffon -Five"><span class="sc">Buff.</span> V</abbr>, 313, <abbr title="plate 58">pl. lviii</abbr>, fig. 3, Guiana). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia parus</i>, <abbr title="Wilson Five, plate 44"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> V, pl. xliv</abbr>, fig. -3.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 134">Orn. Biog. II, -pl. cxxxiv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola parus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Two, plate 83">Am. II, pl. lxxxiii.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia lateralis</i>, <abbr -title="Stephens"><span class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Motacilla incana</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin -One"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 976. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia incana</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sylvia -melanorhoa</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 11"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. Dict. -XI</abbr>, 1817, 180 (Martinique).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique 2">Encycl. Méth. II</abbr>, 444.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Localities quoted: <i class="location">Bogota</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 143. <i class="location">Panama</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span -class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Seven">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, 62. <i class="location">Costa -Rica</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1860, 328. <i class="location">Bahamas</i>, <span -class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Boston Proceedings Seven">Bost. Pr. VII</abbr>, 1859. <i class="location">Veragua</i>, <span -class="sc">Salvin</span>. <i class="location">Orizaba</i> (winter; rare), <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--291.png--><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 238]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts nearly uniform black, with a whitish scapular stripe and a large -white patch in the middle of the wing-coverts. An oblong patch in the middle of the -crown, and the entire side of the head and neck (including a superciliary stripe from the -nostrils), the chin, throat, and forepart of the breast, bright orange-red. A black stripe -from the commissure passing around the lower half of the eye, and including the ear-coverts; -with, however, an orange crescent in it, just below the eye, the extreme lid being black. -Rest of under parts white, strongly tinged with yellowish-orange on the breast and belly, -and streaked with black on the sides. Outer three tail-feathers white, the shafts and tips -dark brown; the fourth and fifth spotted much with white; the other tail-feathers and -quills almost black. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar; the colors duller; the feathers of the upper parts -with olivaceous edges. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.83; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States; Eastern Mexico, and south to Bogota and -Ecuador; Bahamas alone of West Indies with certainty.</p> - -<p>Autumnal males resemble the females. They have two white bands instead -of one; the black stripes on the sides are larger; under parts yellowish; -the throat yellowish, passing into purer yellow behind.</p> - -<p>Autumnal young birds have the same pattern of coloration, but the dark -portions are dull grayish-umber, with the streaks very obsolete, and the light -parts dull buffy-white, tinged with yellow on the jugulum; there is neither -clear black, bright yellow, nor pure white on the plumage, except the latter -on the wing-bands and tail-patches.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This somewhat rare and very beautiful Warbler requires additional -investigation into its habits before its history can be regarded as satisfactorily -known. Save in reference to its wider distribution during its southern -migrations, little more is known as to its habits than where Audubon -left its history nearly thirty years since. The Smithsonian collection has -specimens from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Missouri, Illinois, and from -Central America. Mr. Sclater has received specimens from Mexico, and from -Ecuador in South America. Other writers mention having specimens from -Guiana, Martinique, and Panama, and Dr. Bryant found it in the Bahamas. -It is thus known to have a wide distribution from the Atlantic to the Mississippi -River, as far to the north probably as Labrador. Its area of reproduction -is not known with exactness, but the southern limit is supposed to -be the high wooded districts of Pennsylvania, New York, and New England. -A young bird was taken by Holböll, October 16, 1845, at Frederikshaab, -Greenland. In 1837 an egg was sent me from Coventry, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, which purported -to belong to this bird; and in the following summer its nest and eggs -were procured in a wild, secluded part of Roxbury, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> In neither case -was the identification entirely free from doubt.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bachman states that when a resident of Lansingburg, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>, in 1833, -he saw a pair of these birds in the act of constructing their nest. Mr. Allen -has no doubt that a few breed in the vicinity of Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, as he has -obtained them as late as June 24. He found it most common in mixed or -hard-wood forests. It arrives about the middle of May. Professor Verrill -gives it as a summer resident of Western Maine, though rarely seen on -<!--292.png--><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 239]</span> -account of its habit of keeping concealed among the dense foliage. Mr. -Boardman gives the same account of its residence in summer in the neighborhood -of Calais.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon did not regard this bird and his “Hemlock Warbler” as the -same species, but gave distinct and different accounts of their habits. We -have therefore to receive with caution these records of peculiarities. He -found the Blackburnian Warbler breeding in Northeastern Maine, in New -Brunswick, in the Magdaleine Islands, and in Labrador and Newfoundland. -He states, correctly, that it has a very sweet song of five or six notes, much -louder than seemed possible from the size of the bird. It pursues its -insect prey among the branches of the fir-trees, moving along after the manner -of the common Redstart.</p> - -<p>Mr. McCulloch, of Halifax, gave Mr. Audubon a nest of this bird with -three eggs. The nest was formed externally of different textures, lined -with fine delicate strips of bark and a thick bed of feathers and horse-hair. -The eggs were small, conical, with a white ground spotted with light red -at the larger end. The nest was in the small fork of a tree five feet from -the ground, and near a brook.</p> - -<p>The nest obtained in Roxbury was in a bush, a few feet from the ground, -in a very wild region of forest and rocks. Externally, except in its length, -which was less, it resembled a nest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. trichas</i>, being made of coarse, -dry grasses. Internally it was much more warmly lined with feathers and -soft fur than is the case in nests of the Yellow-Throat. The eggs were of -a crystal whiteness, marked at their larger end with dark purple, and but -for their smaller size might have been mistaken for those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. trichas</i>. -The position of the nest, however, was conclusive in regard to this point. -The egg from Coventry was substantially similar, except that reddish-brown -dots were mingled with the purple markings, in the form of a wreath around -the larger end.</p> - -<p>Wilson describes this Warbler as songless, but attributes to its counterpart, -the Hemlock Warbler, a very sweet song of a few low notes,—a very -different account from that given by Audubon of the song of the Blackburnian.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paine states that this species is resident during the summer months in -Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr> It is, he says, a very close companion of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. virens</i>, arriving -at the same time with it even to a day, or about the 10th of May. Its -dry chirping song may then be heard in striking contrast with the sweet -notes of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i>. He was not able to find its nest.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. W. Wyatt met with this species as a winter resident at Alto, in Colombia, -South America. Its upward range seemed to be terminated only by -the paramos. Among the oaks on the Pamplona road he found it very common -just under the paramo, the bright orange throat of the male making it -a very conspicuous bird. He was led to believe that they were not found -there at a lower elevation than five thousand feet.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--293.png--><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 240]</span> -<b class="birdname">Dendroica dominica</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla dominica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">L.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. -Nat.</abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1766, 334 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficedula dominica cinerea</i>, <abbr -title="Brisson Three"><span class="sc">Briss.</span> III</abbr>, 520, <abbr title="plate 27">pl. xxvii</abbr>, fig. 3). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Dendroica dominica</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 209. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla superciliosa</i>, <span class="sc">Boddært</span>, Tableau <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Planches enluminées">Pl. enl.</abbr> 686, fig. 1, 1783. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica superciliosa</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 289.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span> (Xalapa, -Oaxaca, Jamaica, Mexico).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duenas, <abbr -title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>; <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla flavicollis</i>, <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 959. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr -title="flavicollis">fl.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 12">II, pl. xii</abbr>, fig. 6. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla -pensilis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 960. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="pensilis">p.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo).—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, -plate 85">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lxxxv</abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola pens.</i> <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 79">Am. -II, pl. lxxix.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 156 (Jamaica). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus <abbr title="pensilis">pens.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. -III</abbr>, 474 (Cuba).</p> - -<p class="citehanging">Other localities: <i class="location">Cordova</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 291. <i class="location"><abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo</i>, <span -class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 231. <i class="location">Jamaica</i>, <span -class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 156.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts uniform grayish-blue. Chin and throat bright yellow; under -parts white. Forehead, and sometimes most of crown, lores and cheeks, sides of throat, -and numerous streaks on the sides of the breast, black. A stripe from the nostrils over and -behind the eye, a crescent on the lower eyelid, the sides of the neck behind the black cheekpatch, -and two conspicuous bands on the wings, white. Terminal half of the outer webs -of the outer two, and terminal third of the third tail-feathers, white. <i class="sex">Female</i> almost -precisely similar. Length, 5.10; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.30. (3,322.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, north to Washington and Cleveland; in winter -abundant in Cuba; <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo and Jamaica; Mexico (Colima on west coast), and -Guatemala. Resident in Jamaica?</p> - -<p>An autumnal male (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,098, Washington, D. C.) has the bluish-ash -above obscured by a wash of brown; the black “mask” less sharply defined, -the streaks on forehead wanting; the yellow paler and duller, and the white -beneath soiled with brownish.</p> - -<p>In general pattern of coloration this species resembles two others; one -from Arizona, the other from Porto Rico. The diagnoses are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Upper parts ash-gray, the forehead and sides of vertex -black. A line from nostril to above eye (passing into white behind), chin, and -throat, yellow, margined laterally with blackish; crissum, inside of wings, axillars; -and two bands on wings, white.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Superciliary line extending to the nape, and white, excepting sometimes -anterior to the eye. Cheeks black, separated from the ash of the neck by -a white patch. Eyelids and infra-ocular crescent white. Back not streaked. -Bill lengthened, gonys almost concave.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Yellow confined to jugulum; rest of under parts white; the sides -streaked with black<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Superciliary line scarcely extending beyond the eye, and yellow, excepting -at extreme end. Cheeks ashy, like sides of neck; dusky only near the eye, -and not bordered on side of neck behind by white. Eyelids and infra-ocular -crescent yellow. Back streaked. Bill short, gonys slightly convex.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--295.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--296.png--><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 241]</span> -Yellow of under parts confined to jugulum; rest of under parts white; -the sides streaked with black<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Yellow of under parts extending to crissum. Sides scarcely streaked.<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">adelaidæ.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_51" id="fnanchor_51"></a><a href="#footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></span></p> - -<!--294.png--><!--Plate 14--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_14.jpg" - width="500" height="316" - alt="Color plate 14" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Fourteen">XIV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-1" name="pl_14-1"></a><img src="images/pl_14-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 1, Dendroica æstiva" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica æstiva</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 940.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-2" name="pl_14-2"></a><img src="images/pl_14-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 2, Dendroica maculosa" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica maculosa</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 20634.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-3" name="pl_14-3"></a><img src="images/pl_14-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 3, Dendroica montana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica montana</span>. (From Audubon.)</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-4" name="pl_14-4"></a><img src="images/pl_14-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 4, Dendroica olivacea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica olivacea</span>, - <i class="name">Giraud</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 30692.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-5" name="pl_14-5"></a><img src="images/pl_14-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 5, Dendroica kirtlandi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica kirtlandi</span>, - <i class="name">Baird</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Ohio, 4363.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-6" name="pl_14-6"></a><img src="images/pl_14-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 6, Dendroica dominica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica dominica</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 3322.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-7" name="pl_14-7"></a><img src="images/pl_14-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 7, Dendroica dominica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica dominica</span> <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Ridgway">Ridgw.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Ohio, 7701.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-8" name="pl_14-8"></a><img src="images/pl_14-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 8, Dendroica palmarum" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica palmarum</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nova Scotia">N. S.</abbr>, 26929.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-9" name="pl_14-9"></a><img src="images/pl_14-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 9, Dendroica discolor" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica discolor</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>  <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1091.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-10" name="pl_14-10"></a><img src="images/pl_14-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 10, Dendroica graciæ" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica graciæ</span>, - <i class="name">Coues</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 40680.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-11" name="pl_14-11"></a><img src="images/pl_14-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 11, Seiurus aurocapillus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1433.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-12" name="pl_14-12"></a><img src="images/pl_14-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 12, Seiurus noveboracensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus noveboracensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2434.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_14-13" name="pl_14-13"></a><img src="images/pl_14-13.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 14 detail 13, Seiurus ludovicianus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus ludovicianus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 964.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - - -<p>In the Review (p. 209) several variations in this species are noted; but at -that time there was not a sufficient number of specimens to warrant our -coming to a conclusion as to their value. Now, however, we have better -material before us, and upon the examination of about thirty specimens, including -two series of nearly equal numbers,—one from the Atlantic States -and the West Indies, the other from the Mississippi region and Middle -America,—find that there are two appreciably different races, to be distinguished -from each other by points of constant difference. All birds of the -first series have the bill longer than any of the latter, the difference in a -majority of the specimens being very considerable; they also have the superciliary -stripe bright yellow anteriorly, while among the latter there is never -more than a trace of yellow over the lores, and even this minimum amount -is discernible only in one or two individuals. The West Indian form is, of -course, the true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</i>, and to be distinguished as <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</i>; as none -of the synonymes of this species were founded upon the Mexican one, however, -it will be necessary to propose a new name; accordingly, the term <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</i> is selected as being most descriptive of its peculiar features.</p> - -<p>The following synopsis, taken from typical specimens, shows the differences -between these two races:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indenthanging">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 3,322, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Liberty County, Georgia.) Bill (from nostril), .45; tarsus, .60; -wing, 2.60; tail, 2.00. Superciliary stripe, anterior to eye, wholly bright yellow; -yellow of chin and maxillæ extending to the bill. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> In summer, Atlantic -States of United States, north to Washington. In winter, and possibly all -the year, in Cuba, Santo Domingo, and Jamaica<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</i>.</p> - -<p class="indenthanging">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 61,136, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Belize, Honduras.) Bill (from nostril), .35; tarsus, .60; wing, -2.70; tail, 2.20. Superciliary stripe wholly white; yellow of chin and maxillæ -bordered narrowly next the bill with white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> In summer, the Mississippi -region of United States, north to Lake Erie; common in South Illinois. In -winter, and possibly all the year, in Mexico, south to Guatemala, Yucatan on -the Atlantic, and Colima on the Pacific side<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The history of the Yellow-throated Warbler is very imperfectly -known. Its geographical distribution is irregular and apparently eccentric. -Found occasionally, rather than frequently, in the Southern Atlantic and Gulf -States, it occurs irregularly as far north as Washington, New York City, -Cleveland, <abbr title="Ohio">O.</abbr>, Union County, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, and Kansas. In the last place it is supposed -also occasionally to breed. West of this it has not been traced in any -portion of the United States. It was obtained in Tamaulipas, Mexico, by -Lieutenant Couch, and on the western coast Mr. Xantus found it at Colima. -Mr. Sclater has also procured it from other portions of Mexico, and M. Boucard -<!--297.png--><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 242]</span> -took it at Oaxaca. It has been obtained in Guatemala and Jamaica. In -the latter place it is found the entire season. In Cuba, in the winter, it is -quite common. It has also been found in <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo, and probably in the -other West India Islands. Mr. Gosse states that these birds do not appear in -Jamaica before the 16th of August, and that they leave by the first of April. -On the other hand, Mr. March, in his notes on the birds of that island, states -that on the 8th of August he obtained an old bird and two young, the latter -of which he was confident had been hatched on the island, and his son had -met with the birds all through the summer, and had procured a specimen on -the 4th of June.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that the habits of this species partake more of those of the -Creeper than of the true Warbler. He met with it in Georgia in the month -of February. He speaks of its notes as loud, and as resembling those of the -Indigo-Bird. It remained some time creeping around the branches of the -same pine, in the manner of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</i>, uttering its song every few minutes. -When it flew to another tree, it would alight on the trunk and run nimbly -up and down in search of insects. They are said to arrive in Georgia in -February, after an absence of only three months. Wilson states that they -occur as far north as Pennsylvania, but does not give his authority. The -food of this species appears to be larvæ and pupæ, rather than winged insects. -Those dissected by Mr. Gosse in Jamaica were found to have quite large -stomachs, containing caterpillars of various kinds.</p> - -<p>Nuttall and Audubon are very contradictory in their statements touching -its nesting, and it is not probable that the accounts given by either are -founded upon any reliable authorities. The former describes a nest remarkable -both for structure and situation, said to have been found in West Florida, -suspended by a kind of rope from the end of branches over a stream -or a ravine. This nest, entirely pensile, is impervious to rain, and with an -entrance at the bottom. He gives a very full and minute description of this -nest, but gives no authority and no data to establish its authenticity. We -can therefore only dismiss it as probably erroneous.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, Mr. Audubon claims to have seen its nest, of which he -gives a very different account. He describes it as very prettily constructed, -like the nests of any other of this genus, its outer parts made of dry lichens -and soft mosses, the inner of silky substances and fibres of the Spanish moss. -The eggs are said to be four in number, with a white ground-color and a few -purple dots near the larger end. He thinks they raise two broods in a season -in Louisiana. These nests are not pensile, but are placed on the horizontal -branch of the cypress, from twenty to fifty feet above the ground. It -closely resembles a knot or a tuft of moss, and therefore is not easily discovered -from below.</p> - -<p>A nest containing a single egg, found by Mr. Gosse near Neosho Falls, and -supposed to belong to this species, but not fully identified, was built in a low -sapling a few feet from the ground, and is a very neat structure, such as is -<!--298.png--><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 243]</span> -described by Audubon. The egg is pure crystal-white, oblong and pointed, -and marked with purple and brown.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway informs me that in Southern Illinois, at least in the valley -of the Lower Wabash, the Yellow-throated Warbler may be said to be at least -a regular, though not common, summer sojourner. Though it inhabits chiefly -the swampy portions of the bottom-lands, it makes frequent visits to the orchards -and door-yards, less often, however, in the breeding than in the migrating -season. In its manners it is almost as much of a Creeper as the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia</i>, being frequently seen creeping not only along the branches -of trees, but over the eaves and cornices of buildings, with all the facility -of a Nuthatch.</p> - -<p>Eggs supposed to be of this species, taken near Wilmington, <abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr>, by -Mr. Norwood Giles (16,199, <abbr title="Smithsonian Collection">Smith. Coll.</abbr>), have a ground-color of dull ashy-white, -with a livid tinge. They are thickly speckled, chiefly around the -larger end, with irregular markings of rufous, and fainter ones of lilac interspersed -with a very few minute specks of black. They are broadly ovate -in form, and measure .70 by .55 of an inch.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica graciæ</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARIZONA WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica graciæ</i> (<span class="sc">Coues</span>), <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds, One">Rev. Am. Birds, I</abbr>, April, 1865; <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 210.—<span -class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds North America One, six">Illust. Birds N. Am. I, vi.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 563 (Appendix).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult male</i> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 40,680, May 1, 1865, Dr. E. Coues). Whole upper parts, -including ear-coverts and sides of neck, ash-gray; small cuneate streaks over the crown, -coalesced laterally into a broad stripe on each side, with larger cuneate streaks on the interscapular -region, and inconspicuous linear streaks on upper tail-coverts, black. Two conspicuous -white bands across the wing, formed by the tips of middle and secondary coverts; -secondaries passing externally into light ash. Lateral tail-feather entirely white, except -about the basal third of the inner web (the dusky running some distance toward the end -along the edge), and a broad streak covering most of the terminal fourth of the outer web, -which are clear dusky; the next feather has the outer web exactly the same, but almost -the basal half of the inner is dusky; on the next the white is confined to an oblong spot (not -touching the inner edge) on about the terminal third, while the outer web is only edged -with white; the rest have no white at all. A superciliary stripe extending about .20 of -an inch behind the eye (that portion behind the eye white), the lower eyelid, maxillæ, -chin, throat, and jugulum pure gamboge-yellow. Rest of lower parts, including lining of -wing, pure white; the sides conspicuously streaked with black; lores, and a few obsolete -streaks along the junction of the ash and yellow, dusky. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.20; bill (from -nostril), .30; tarsus, .60. <i class="age">Adult female</i> (40,685, May 24). Similar to the male, but colors -duller, and markings less sharply defined. Wing, 2.45; tail, 2.00. <i class="age">Young</i> (36,992, August -11). Above brownish-gray <em>without streaks</em>. Beneath ochraceous-white, obsoletely streaked -along the sides. Yellow superciliary stripe not well defined, and only a tinge of yellow -on the jugulum, the throat being grayish-white. Wings and tail nearly as in the adult. -The young in autumnal plumage is similar, but the yellow occupies its usual area; it is, -however, much duller, as well as lighter, than in the adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona. Belize, British Honduras (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">decora</i>).</p> - -<p><!--299.png--><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 244]</span> -This species is most closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. adelaidæ</i>, from Porto Rico; but -in the latter the yellow beneath extends back to the crissum, covering even -the sides; there are also no streaks on the sides or back; the proportions, -too, are quite different, the wings and tail being scarcely three fourths as long, -while the bill and feet are much the same size, the tarsi even much shorter. -A specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 41,808 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>) from Belize, Honduras, differs so essentially from -the Fort Whipple specimens, that it is, beyond doubt, entitled to a distinctive -name. The differences between these two very well marked races can -best be expressed in a table, as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indenthang">(40,680, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Whipple, Arizona). Bill (from nostril), .30; tarsus, .60; wing, -2.60; tail, 2.20. Superciliary stripe extending .20 behind the eye, that portion -behind the eye white; yellow of jugulum not spreading over breast (ending -1.35 from the bill). Streaks of crown coalesced into a broad stripe on each -side; those of back broad, and those on upper tail-coverts almost obsolete. -Wing-bands, .20 wide. Lore dusky-grayish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Fort Whipple, near Prescott, -Arizona; abundant, breeding (<span class="sc">Coues</span>)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="indenthang">(41,808, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Belize). Bill, .30; tarsus, .60; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.95. Superciliary -stripe scarcely passing the eye, wholly yellow; yellow of jugulum spreading -over breast (ending 1.60 from the bill). Streaks of the crown scarcely coalesced -along its sides; those on back not longer than those on crown, and those on -upper tail-coverts very conspicuous. Wing-bands, .10 wide. Lore deep black. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Belize, Honduras, resident?<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">decora</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> We are indebted to Dr. Elliott Coues for all that we at present -know in reference to this recently discovered species. He first met with it -July 2, 1864, in the Territory of Arizona. Dr. Coues first noticed this -bird among the pine woods covering the summit of Whipple’s Pass of the -Rocky Mountains. He saw no more in his journey into Central Arizona -until he was again among the pines at Port Whipple. There he again -found it, and it proved to be a very common bird. Dr. Coues anticipates -that this species will yet be found to occur in the forests of the San Francisco -Mountains, and that its range will be ascertained to include all the -pine tracts of New Mexico and Arizona, from the valley of the Rio Grande -to that of the Great Colorado River. He also has no doubt that it breeds -near and around Fort Whipple.</p> - -<p>Specimens found at Belize, first believed to be identical with those from -Arizona, are now referred to a race called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">decora</i>.</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Coues’s observations, the Warbler arrives at Fort Whipple -about the 20th of April, and remains in that neighborhood until the third -week in September. It is found almost exclusively in pine woods, is active, -industrious, and noisy, and possesses very marked flycatching habits, flying -out from its perch to catch passing insects. It has been, so far, found almost -exclusively among the tallest trees.</p> - -<p>In regard to the song of this species, Dr. Coues states that it appears to -have several different notes. One of these is the ordinary <i class="birdcall">tsip</i>, given out at -all times by both old and young of all kinds of small insectivorous birds. -<!--300.png--><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 245]</span> -Its true song, heard only in spring, consists of two or three loud sweet whistles, -sometimes slurred, followed by several continuous notes, resembling -<i class="birdcall">chir-r-r</i>, in a wiry but clear tone. Their notes are of great power for the -size of the bird. It also has another and quite different song, which Dr. -Coues thought greatly resembled the notes of the common American Redstart.</p> - -<p>As all the birds he noticed had mated by the first of May, he has no doubt -that they raise two broods in a season; and the fact that he found newly -fledged young as late as the middle of August seems to corroborate the correctness -of his supposition. In regard to the eggs, nest, or breeding-habits -of this species, we have as yet no information.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica pennsylvanica</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla pennsylvanica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 333, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 19. -<span class="sc">Gmelin.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="pennsylvanica">p.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="One, plate 14">I, pl. xiv</abbr>, fig. 5. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Dendroica p.</i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 279; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 191.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11; 1860, 273 (Coban, <abbr -title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>; November).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 231. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -icterocephala</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus Two">Ind. Orn. -II</abbr>, 1790, 538.—<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, -plate 59">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lix.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="icterocephala">ict.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 81">Am. II, pl. lxxxi.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="icterocephala">ict.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 373 (Oaxaca).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities: <i class="location">Bahamas</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Boston Society Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859. <i class="location">Costa Rica</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1860, 328. <i class="location">Panama</i>, winter, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span -class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322. <i class="location">Yucatan</i>, -<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Veragua</i>, <abbr title="Salvin"><span -class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Upper parts streaked with black and pale bluish-gray, which becomes -nearly white on the forepart of the back; the middle of the back glossed with greenish-yellow. -The crown is continuous yellow, bordered by a frontal and superciliary band, and -behind by a square spot of white. Loral region black, sending off a line over the eye, and -another below it. Ear-coverts and lower eyelid and entire under parts pure white, a purplish-chestnut -stripe starting on each side in a line with the black mustache, and extending -back to the thighs. Wing and tail-feathers dark brown, edged with bluish-gray, -except the secondaries and tertials, which are bordered with light yellowish-green. The -shoulders with two greenish-white bands. Three outer tail-feathers with white patches -near the end of the inner webs.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> like the male, except that the upper parts are yellowish-green, streaked with -black; the black mustache scarcely appreciable. Length, 5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of the United States; Bahamas; <a id="chg4" name="chg4"></a>Guatemala to Costa Rica -and Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr> Not recorded from Mexico proper or West Indies, except Bahamas.</p> - -<p>The young in autumn is very different from either male or female in -spring. The entire upper parts are of a continuous light olive-green; the -under parts white; the sides of the head, neck, and breast ash-gray, shading -insensibly into and tingeing the white of the chin and throat. No black -streaks are visible above or on the cheeks, and the eye is surrounded by a -continuous ring of white not seen in spring. In this plumage it has frequently -been considered as a distinct species.</p> - -<p>The male in this plumage may usually be distinguished from the female -<!--301.png--><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 246]</span> -by possessing a trace, or a distinct stripe, of chestnut on the flanks, the -young female at least lacking it.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The geographical distribution of this common species during its -season of reproduction is inferred rather than positively known. So far -as I am aware, it is not known to breed farther south than Massachusetts. -Yet it is probable that, when we know its history more exactly, it will be -found during the breeding-season in different suitable localities from Pennsylvania -to Canada. Mr. H. W. Parker, of Grinnell, Iowa, mentions this -bird as common in that neighborhood.</p> - -<p>Until recently it was regarded as a rather rare species, and to a large extent -it had escaped the notice of our older ornithological writers. Wilson -could give but little account of its habits. It passed rapidly by him in its -spring migrations. He did not regard it as common, presumed that it has -no song, and nearly all that he says in regard to it is conjectural. Mr. Audubon -met with this species but once, and knew nothing as to its habits -or distribution. Mr. Nuttall, who observed it in Massachusetts, where it is -now known to be not uncommon in certain localities, also regarded it as very -rare. His account of it is somewhat hypothetical and inexact. Its song he -very accurately describes as similar to that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>, only less of a -whistle and somewhat louder. He represents it as expressed by <i class="birdcall">tsh-tsh-tsh-tshyia</i>, -given at intervals of half a minute, and often answered by its mate -from her nest. Its lay is characterized as simple and lively. Late in June, -1831, he observed a pair collecting food for their young on the margin of the -Fresh Pond swamps in Cambridge.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen has found this species quite common in Western Massachusetts, -arriving there about the 9th of May, and remaining through the summer to -breed. He states—and his observations in this respect correspond with my -own—that during the breeding-season they frequent low woods and swampy -thickets, nesting in bushes, and adds that they are rarely found among high -trees. They leave there early in September.</p> - -<p>Professor Verrill found this Warbler a common summer visitant in Western -Maine, arriving about the second week in May, and remaining there to -breed. Mr. Boardman thinks it reaches Eastern Maine about the middle -of May, and is a common summer resident. I did not meet this species -either in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia, nor was Dr. Bryant more fortunate, -but Lieutenant Bland gives it in his manuscript list of the birds -found in the neighborhood of Halifax.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway informs me that this species breeds in the oak openings and -among the prairie thickets of Southern Illinois.</p> - -<p>During the eight months that are not included in their season of reproduction, -this species is scattered over a wide extent of territory. Their -earliest appearance in the Northern States (at Plattesmouth) is April 26, and -they all disappear early in September. At other times they have been met -with in the Bahamas, in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. It has -<!--302.png--><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 247]</span> -not yet been detected in the West Indies. M. Boucard obtained specimens -at Playa Vicente, in the hot country of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>In the neighborhood of Calais, Mr. Boardman informs me that this Warbler -is common, and that its habits resemble those of the Black-poll Warbler -more than those of any other of the genus. It always nests in bushes or in -low trees, and in the vicinity of swamps.</p> - -<p>Among the memoranda furnished to the late Mr. Kennicott by Mr. Ross -is one to the effect that the Chestnut-sided Warbler was observed at Lake -of the Woods, May 29. How common it is at this point is not stated.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. S. Paine regards the Chestnut-sided Warbler as one of the sweetest -singers that visit Vermont. He describes it as very confiding and gentle in -its habits. It is chiefly found inhabiting low bushes, in the neighborhood -of taller trees, and it always builds its nest in the fork of a low bush, not more -than from three to five feet from the ground. He has seen many of their -nests, and they have all been in similar situations. They will permit a very -near approach without leaving their nests. These are constructed about the -last of May. Their song continues until about the last of June. After this -they are seldom heard.</p> - -<p>J. Elliot Cabot, <abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr>, had the good fortune to be the first of our naturalists -to discover in June, 1839, the nest and eggs of this Warbler. It was -fixed on the horizontal forked branch of an oak sapling, in Brookline, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> -The female remained sitting on her nest until so closely approached as to be -distinctly seen. The nest was of strips of red-cedar bark, and well lined -with coarse hair, and was compact, elastic, and shallow. It contained four -eggs, the ground-color of which was white, over which were distributed -numerous distinct spots of umber-brown. These were of different sizes, -more numerous towards the larger end.</p> - -<p>In regard to their breeding in Pennsylvania, Mr. Nuttall mentions in the -second edition of his work that he met them among the Alleghanies at Farranville -in full song, and had no doubt that they were nesting there at the -time.</p> - -<p>The Chestnut-sided Warbler usually constructs its nest in localities apart -from cultivated grounds, on the edges of low and swampy woods, but in places -more or less open. Quite a number of their nests have been met with by Mr. -George O. Welch, of Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> Their more common situation has been -barberry-bushes. The nests vary from about two and a half to three and a -half inches in external height, and have a diameter of from three to four -inches. The cavity is about two inches deep. They are usually composed -externally of loosely intertwined strips of the bark of the smaller vegetables, -strengthened by a few stems and bits of dry grasses, and lined with woolly -vegetable fibres and a few soft hairs of the smaller animals. They are usually -very firmly bound to the smaller branches by silky fibres from the cocoons -of various insects. These nests were all found in open places, in low, wild -marshy localities, but none far from a cultivated neighborhood, and the -<!--303.png--><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 248]</span> -situations chosen for the nests do not differ materially from those usually -selected by the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Warbler are of an oblong-oval shape, have a ground-color -of a rich creamy-white, and are beautifully spotted, chiefly about the larger -end, with two shades of purple and purplish-brown. They measure .65 by -.49 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica striata</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-POLL WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa striata</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical -Transactions 62">Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 383, 428. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla <abbr title="striata">s.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="striata">s.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>; <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 133">Orn. Biog. II, pl. -cxxxiii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Lembeye</span>, <abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Aves de">Av.</abbr> Cuba, 1850, 33. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="striata">s.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Swainson</span>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 78">Am. -II, pl. lxxviii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vid. Med.</abbr> for 1853, -1854, 73 (Greenland).—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. -VI</abbr>, 1858, 113. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta <abbr title="striata">s.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Reinhardt"><span -class="sc">Reinh.</span></abbr> Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus <abbr title="striata">s.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 475 (Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -<abbr title="striata">s.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 280; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 192.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. -Sc.</abbr> 1861, 220 (Labrador coast).—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; rare).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 233.—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span> (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? D. atricapilla</i>, <span class="sc">Landbeck</span>, Wiegmann’s <span -lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv</span>, 1864, 56 (Chile).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities quoted: <i class="location">Bogota</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 143. <i class="location">Bahamas</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1839.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Crown, nape, and upper half of the head black; the lower half, including -the ear-coverts, white, the separating line passing through the middle of the eye. -Rest of upper parts grayish-ash, tinged with brown, and conspicuously streaked with black. -Wing and tail-feathers brown, edged externally (except the inner tail-feathers) with dull -olive-green. Two conspicuous bars of white on the wing-coverts, the tertials edged with -the same. Under parts white, with a narrow line on each side of the throat from the chin -to the sides of the neck, where it runs into a close patch of black streaks continued along -the breast and sides to the root of the tail. Outer two tail-feathers with an oblique patch -on the inner web near the end; the others edged internally with white. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, -except that the upper parts are olivaceous, and, even on the crown, streaked with black; -the white on the sides and across the breast tinged with yellowish; a ring of the same -round the eye cut by a dusky line through it. Length of male, 5.75; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of all North America to Arctic Ocean; Alaska; Greenland; -Cuba, in winter (rare); Bahamas; Bogota. Chile? Not recorded from intermediate -localities.</p> - -<p>The autumnal dress of young birds is very different from that of spring. -The upper parts are light olive-green, obsoletely streaked with brown; beneath -greenish-yellow, obsoletely streaked on the breast and sides, the under -tail-coverts pure white, a yellowish ring round the eye, and a superciliary -one of the same color. In this dress it is scarcely possible to distinguish it -from the immature <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. castanea</i>. The differences, as far as tangible, will be -found detailed under the head of the latter species.</p> - -<p>The young bird in its first dress is also quite different, again, from the -autumnal-plumaged birds. The upper parts are hoary-grayish, the lower -white; each feather of the whole body, except lower tail-coverts, with a terminal -bar or transverse spot of blackish, those on the upper parts approaching -<!--304.png--><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 249]</span> -the base of the feathers along the shaft. Wings and tail much as in the -autumnal plumage.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The appearance of this beautiful and familiar Warbler in New -England is the sure harbinger of the summer. The last of the migrants that -do not tarry, it brings up the rear of the hosts of hyperborean visitors. This -species ranges over the whole extent of eastern North America, from Mexico -to the Arctic seas. It has not been found farther west than the Great Plains -and the Rio Grande. Wherever found it is abundant, and its lively and -attractive manners and appearance render it a pleasing feature. It is not -known to stop to breed in Massachusetts, but it lingers with us till the last -blossom of the apple falls, and until the Bluebird and the Robin have already -well-fledged broods, sometimes as late as the 10th of June, and then suddenly -disappears.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse found it abundant in Texas and the Indian Territory, and -individuals have been procured in Missouri and Nebraska. It has been found -abundant in the Arctic regions, around Fort Anderson, Fort Yukon, and Fort -Good Hope. A single specimen was taken near Godhaab, Greenland, in -1853, as recorded by Professor Reinhardt. Dr. Bryant met with it in the -Bahamas, in the spring of 1859, where it was abundant from the 1st to the -10th of May. He describes its habits as similar to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta -varia</i>, climbing around the trunks of trees in search of insects with the -same facility. Single specimens have been procured from Greenland on the -northeast, and from Bogota and Cuba. Dr. Coues found it abundant in -Labrador in all well-wooded situations, and describes it as a most expert flycatcher, -taking insects on the wing in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus virens</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen has never noted the arrival of this bird in Western Massachusetts -before the 20th of May, nor later than the 1st of June. They again become -abundant the last of September, and remain into October. In Eastern Maine -Mr. Boardman reports them abundant, and as remaining to breed. They are -there more numerous about open pastures than most Warblers. They nest -in low trees, about swampy places.</p> - -<p>In Central Vermont, Mr. Paine states, the Black-Poll is the last of all the -migrant birds that come from the South, and is seen only a few days in the -first of June. It seldom stays more than a day or two, and then passes -north. It appears singular that a bird coming so late should go yet farther -north to breed. He states that its song consists only of a few low, lisping -peeps. It may usually be seen wandering over fields in which there are a -few scattered trees, and seems to be a very active, restless bird.</p> - -<p>The writer also met with them in great abundance about Eastport, and in -the islands of the Grand Menan group. It was the most common Warbler -in that locality. The low swampy woods seemed filled with them, and were -vocal with their peculiar love-notes.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that he occasionally found this Warbler in Pennsylvania and -New Jersey, and was confident they would be found to breed in those States, -<!--305.png--><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 250]</span> -but this has never been confirmed. He regarded it as a silent bird, and -Mr. Audubon does not compliment its vocal powers. Yet it is a pleasing -and varied, if not a powerful singer. Mr. Trippe speaks of its song as faint -and lisping, and as consisting of four or five syllables.</p> - -<p>None of our birds, before its history was well known, has been made the -occasion for more ill-founded conjectures than the Black-Poll. Wilson was at -fault as to its song and its Southern breeding, and imagined it would be found -to nest in high tree-tops, so as not to be readily detected. Nuttall, on the -other hand, predicted that it would be found to breed on the ground, after the -manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotiltae</i>, or else in hollow trees. Mr. Audubon, finding its -nest in Labrador, indulges in flights of fancy over its supposed rarity, which, -seen in the light of our present knowledge, as an abundant bird in the locality -where his expedition was fitted out, are somewhat amusing. That nest -was in a thicket of low trees, contained four eggs, and was placed about four -feet from the ground, in the fork of a small branch, close to the main stem -of a fir-tree. Its internal diameter was two inches, and its depth one and -a half. It was formed, externally, of green and white moss and lichens, intermingled -with coarse dry grasses. It was lined, with great care, with fine, -dry, dark-colored mosses, resembling horse-hair, with a thick bed of soft -feathers of ducks and willow grouse.</p> - -<p>In passing north, these Warblers, says Audubon, reach Louisiana early in -February, where they glean their food among the upper branches of the trees -overhanging the water. He never met with them in maritime parts of the -South, yet they are abundant in the State of New Jersey near the sea-shore. -As they pass northward their habits seem to undergo a change, and to partake -more of the nature of Creepers. They move along the trunks and lower -limbs, searching in their chinks for larvæ and pupæ. Later in the season, in -more northern localities, we again find them expert flycatchers, darting after -insects in all directions, chasing them while on the wing, and making the -clicking sound of the true Flycatcher.</p> - -<p>They usually reach Massachusetts after the middle of May, and their stay -varies from one, usually, to nearly four weeks, especially when their insect-food -is abundant. In our orchards they feed eagerly upon the canker-worm, -which is just appearing as they pass through.</p> - -<p>Around Eastport and at Grand Menan they confine themselves to the thick -swampy groves of evergreens, where they breed on the edges of the woods. -All of the several nests I met with in these localities were built in thick -spruce-trees, about eight feet from the ground, and in the midst of foliage so -dense as hardly to be noticeable. Yet the nests were large and bulky for so -small a bird, being nearly five inches in diameter and three in height. The -cavity is, however, small, being only two inches in diameter, and one and a -fourth to one and a half in depth. They were constructed chiefly of a -collection of slender young ends of branches of pines, firs, and spruce, -interwoven with and tied together by long branches of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladonia</i> lichens, -<!--306.png--><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 251]</span> -slender herbaceous roots, and finer sedges. The nests were strongly built, -compact and homogeneous, and were elaborately lined with fine panicles of -grasses and fine straw. In all the nests found, the number of eggs was five.</p> - -<p>It is a somewhat noticeable fact, that though this species is seen in New -England only by the middle of May, others of its kind have long before -reached high Arctic localities. Richardson records its presence at the Cumberland -House in May, and Engineer Cantonment by the 26th of April. Mr. -Lockhart procured a nest and five eggs at Fort Yukon, June 9. All the nests -taken in these localities were of smaller size, were built within two feet -of the ground, and all were much more warmly lined than were those from -Grand Menan. In a few instances Mr. McFarlane found the nests of this -species actually built upon the ground. This, however, is an abnormal position, -and only occasioned by the want of suitable situations in protected localities. -In one instance a nest was taken on the first of June, containing -well-developed embryos. Yet this same species has frequently been observed -lingering in Massachusetts a week or more after others of its species have -already built their nests and begun hatching.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species measure .72 by .50 of an inch. Their shape is an -oblong-oval. Their ground-color is a beautiful white, with a slight tinge of -pink, when fresh. They are blotched and dotted over the entire surface -with profuse markings of a subdued lavender, and deeper markings of a dark -purple intermixed with lighter spots of reddish-brown. The usual number -is five, though six are occasionally found in a nest.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica castanea</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia castanea</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 97, <abbr title="plate 14">pl. xiv</abbr>, fig. 4.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 69">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lxix</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola castanea</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Two, plate 80">Am. II, pl. lxxx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus castaneus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica castanea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 276; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 189.—<span class="sc">Sclater & -Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural -Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1860, 193 (Isthmus Darien; winter).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York -Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322 (Isthmus Panama; winter).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 228. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia autumnalis</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Three, plate 23">III, pl. -xxiii</abbr>, fig. 2.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate -88">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lxxxviii</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Crown dark reddish-chestnut; forehead and cheeks, including a -space above the eye, black; a patch of buff-yellow behind the cheeks. Rest of upper -parts bluish-gray streaked with black, the edges of the interscapulars tinged with yellowish, -of the scapulars with olivaceous. Primaries and tail-feathers edged externally with -bluish-gray, the extreme outer ones with white; the secondaries edged with olivaceous. -Two bands on the wing and the edges of the tertials white. The under parts are whitish -with a tinge of buff; the chin, throat, forepart of breast, and the sides, chestnut-brown, -lighter than the crown. Two outer tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web -near the end; the others edged internally with the same. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the upper parts -olive, streaked throughout with black, and an occasional tinge of chestnut on the crown. -Lower parts with traces of chestnut, but no stripes. Length of male, 5.00; wing, 3.05; -tail, 2.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--307.png--><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 252]</span> -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> Eastern Province of North America to Hudson’s Bay; Guatemala, south to Isthmus -of Darien. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies.</p> - -<p>The female and immature males of this species differ much from the -spring males, and are often confounded with other species, especially with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. -striata</i>. A careful comparison of an extensive series of immature specimens -of the two species shows that in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</i> the under parts are seldom washed -uniformly on the throat and breast with yellowish-green, but while this -may be seen on the sides of the neck and breast, or even across the latter, -the chin and throat are nearly white, the sides tinged with dirty brown, -even if the (generally present) trace of chestnut be wanting on the sides. -There is a buff tinge to the under tail-coverts; the quills are abruptly margined -with white, and there are no traces (however obsolete) of streaks on -the breast. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. striata</i> the under parts are quite uniformly washed with -greenish-yellow nearly as far back as the vent, the sides of the breast and -sometimes of the belly with obsolete streaks; no trace of the uniform dirty -reddish-brown on the sides; the under tail-coverts are pure white. The -quills are only gradually paler towards the inner edge, instead of being -rather abruptly white.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Bay-breasted Warbler is one of the many species belonging -to this genus whose history is yet very imperfectly known. Everywhere -quite rare, it is yet distributed from the Atlantic to the Great Plains, and -from the Gulf of Mexico far into the Hudson Bay Territory. In the winter -it is known to extend its migrations as far to the south as the northern portions -of South America. It has not been traced to Mexico nor to the West -India Islands, but has been procured by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala. Nearly -all the specimens obtained in the United States have either been taken -before the 12th of May or in the autumn, indicative of a more northern -breeding-place. In Eastern Massachusetts it is exceedingly rare, passing -through after the middle of May and returning in September. Mr. Maynard -has obtained a specimen as late as June 19, which, though not necessarily -proving that any breed there, indicates that the line of their area of -reproduction cannot be distant. In the western part of the same State, Mr. -Allen has found it from May 20 to the 25th, and has obtained one specimen -in July. In Western Maine, Mr. Verrill has noted its occurrence from the -middle of May to June, but it is very rare; and Mr. Boardman reports the -same for Eastern Maine, where it is a summer resident. He writes that he -has several times shot specimens in the early summer, but that he could -never find the nest. It is also given by Lieutenant Bland as one of the birds -found in the vicinity of Halifax. It was not observed by any of the governmental -exploring expeditions, nor found in Arizona by Dr. Coues. Mr. -Lawrence has received specimens from Panama, obtained in winter, Mr. -Cassin from Darien, and Mr. Sclater from Guatemala.</p> - -<p>This species so far eluded the notice of Mr. Audubon as to prevent him -from giving any account of its habits. He only mentions its occasional -<!--308.png--><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 253]</span> -arrival in Pennsylvania and New Jersey early in April, and its almost -immediate and sudden disappearance. He several times obtained them at -that period, and yet has also shot them in Louisiana as late as June, while -busily searching for food among the blossoms of the cotton-plant.</p> - -<p>Wilson also regarded this species as very rare. He reports it as passing -through Pennsylvania about the middle of May, but soon disappearing. He -describes these birds as having many of the habits of Titmice, and displaying -all their activity. It hangs about the extremity of the twigs, and -darts about from place to place with restless diligence in search of various -kinds of larvæ. Wilson never met with it in the summer, and very rarely -in the fall.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall noticed this species passing through Massachusetts about the -15th of April. He regarded it as an active insect-hunter, keeping in the tops -of the highest trees, darting about with great activity, and hanging from the -twigs with fluttering wings. One of these birds that had been wounded -soon became reconciled to its confinement, and greedily caught at and -devoured the flies that were offered. In its habits and manners it seemed -to him to greatly resemble the Chestnut-sided Warbler.</p> - -<p>Mr. T. M. Trippe speaks of this Warbler as one of the last to arrive near -Orange, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr> Owing to the fact that at that time the foliage is pretty dense, -and that it makes but a short stay, it is not often seen. He speaks of it as -not quite so active as the other Warblers, keeping more on the lower boughs, -and seldom ascending to the tops of the trees.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. W. Wyatt met with this species at Naranjo, in Colombia, South -America.</p> - -<p>Eggs of this bird obtained by Mr. George Bush at Coldwater, near -Lake Superior, are of an oblong-oval shape, measuring .75 by .52 of an inch, -and except in their superior size and fewer markings might be mistaken for -eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>. Their ground-color is a bluish or greenish white. The -markings are very few and fine, except those in the crown around the larger -end, and there the blotches are deeper and more numerous. Their colors are -dark reddish-brown and purple.</p> - -<p>Mr. Maynard found this species the most abundant of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> at -Lake Umbagog, where it breeds. Two nests were taken in June. One was -found June 3, in a tree by the side of a cart-path in the woods, just completed. -It was built in the horizontal branch of a hemlock, twenty feet -from the ground, and five or six from the trunk of the tree. By the 8th of -June it contained three fresh eggs. The other was built in a similar situation, -fifteen feet from the ground, and contained two fresh eggs.</p> - -<p>These nests were large for the bird, and resembled those of the Purple -Finch. They were composed outwardly of fine twigs of the hackmatack, -with which was mingled some of the long hanging <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Usnea</i> mosses. They were -very smoothly and neatly lined with black fibrous roots, the seed-stalks of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladonia</i> mosses, and a few hairs. They had a diameter of about six inches, -<!--309.png--><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 254]</span> -and a height of about two and a half inches. The cavity was three inches -wide and an inch and a quarter deep. The eggs varied in length from .71 -to .65 of an inch, and in breadth from .53 to .50. Their ground-color -was a bluish-green, thickly spotted with brown, and generally with a ring -of confluent blotches of brown and lilac around the larger end. Occasionally -the spots proved to be more or less of an umber-brown, and in some -specimens the spots were less numerous than in others.</p> - -<p>These birds were found in all the wooded sections of that region, where -they frequented the tops of tall trees. Their song, he states, in its opening, is -like that of the Black-Poll, with a terminal warble similar to that of the -Redstart, but given with less energy.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica cærulescens</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 336 (not <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 334, which is <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">D. coronata</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Wilson</span>.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Tow, plate 148, 155">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cxlviii, clv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 231 (<abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II, plate 95, pl. xcv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus -<abbr title="canadensis">can.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 271.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1861, 70 -(Jamaica).—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 -(Cuba; very common).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 224. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla cærulescens</i>, <abbr -title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 960. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="cærulescens">cær.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Vieillot, Two, plate 80"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> II, pl. lxxx</abbr>.—<abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span -class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> Sagra’s Cuba, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> 1840, 63, <abbr title="plate -9">pl. ix</abbr>, figs. 1, 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="cærulescens">cær.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 186. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -pusilla</i>, <abbr title="Wilson Five, plate 43"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> V, pl. xliii</abbr>, fig. 3 (<abbr class="juvenile" -title="juvenile">Juv.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia leucoptera</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia palustris</i>, <abbr title="Stephens"><span -class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia macropus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia sphagnosa</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola pannosa</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, -Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 162 (female).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 37.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above uniform continuous grayish-blue, including the outer edges of the -quill and tail-feathers. A narrow frontal line, the entire sides of head and neck, chin and -throat, lustrous black; this color extending in a broad lateral stripe to the tail. Rest of -under parts, including the axillary region, white. Wings and tail black above, the former -with a conspicuous white patch formed by the bases of all the primaries (except the first); -the inner webs of the secondaries and tertials with similar patches towards the base and -along the inner margin. All the tail-feathers, except the innermost, with a white patch on -the inner web near the end. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i>, olive-green above and dull yellow beneath. Sides of head dusky olive, the eyelids -and a superciliary stripe whitish. Traces of the white patches at the base of the primaries -and of the tail.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States; Jamaica, Cuba, and <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo in winter; -very abundant; Bahamas (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>). Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.</p> - -<p>The white patch at the base of the primary, together with the total absence -of outer markings on the wings, is peculiar to this species, and is found -in both sexes. The female is more different from the male than that of any -other species.</p> - -<p>The plumage of the male in autumn is similar to the spring dress, but -the back and wings are washed with greenish, and the black of the -throat variegated with white edges to the feathers. A younger male (788, -<!--310.png--><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 255]</span> -October 10, Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>) differs in having the black appearing in patches, -the throat being mostly white; there is also a narrow white superciliary -stripe.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black-throated Blue Warbler, at different seasons of the -year, is distributed over nearly the whole eastern portion of North America. -Abundant in the West Indies in winter, as also in the South Atlantic States -in early spring and late in fall, it is found during the breeding-season from -Northern New York and New England nearly to the Arctic regions. A few -probably stop to breed in the high portions of Massachusetts, and in late -seasons they linger about the orchards until June. They undoubtedly breed -in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse states that he found it abundant in Texas; but this is the -only instance, so far as is known, of its occurring west of the Mississippi -Valley.</p> - -<p>Towards the close of the remarkably mild winter of 1866, a pair of these -birds were observed for several days in a sheltered portion of Boston. They -were in excellent condition, and were very busily employed hunting for the -larvæ and eggs of insects and spiders in the corners and crevices of the walls -of houses and out-buildings, evidently obtaining a full supply. In Southern -Illinois, Mr. Ridgway cites this Warbler as one of the least common of the -spring and fall visitants.</p> - -<p>Audubon found this species in nearly every Southern and Southwestern -State during their migrations. They arrive in South Carolina late in March, -are most abundant in April, and leave early in May. They keep in the deep -woods, passing among the branches about twenty feet from the ground. He -traced them as far north as the Magdaleine Islands, but found none in Newfoundland, -and but a single specimen in Labrador. They breed in Nova -Scotia, and a nest was given him found near Halifax by Dr. MacCulloch. -These were said to be usually placed on the horizontal branch of a fir-tree, -seven or eight feet from the ground, and to be composed of fine strips of bark, -mosses, and fibrous roots, and lined with fine grasses and a warm bed of -feathers. The eggs, five in number, were white, with a rosy tint, and sprinkled -with reddish-brown dots, chiefly at the larger end.</p> - -<p>This Warbler is an expert catcher of the smaller winged insects, pursuing -them quite a distance, and, when seizing them, making the clicking sound of -the true Flycatcher. So far as they have been observed, they have no song, -only a monotonous and sad-sounding <i class="birdcall">cheep</i>.</p> - -<p>Nuttall, in the second edition of his Manual, mentions having observed -several pairs near Farranville, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, on the Susquehanna, and among the -Alleghanies. It was in May, and in a thick and shady wood of hemlock. -They were busy foraging for food, and were uttering what he describes as -slender, wiry notes.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts, Mr. Allen states it to be common from the 15th -to the 25th of May, and again in September. They were found by Mr. C. W. -<!--311.png--><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 256]</span> -Bennett on Mount Holyoke during the breeding-season, and by Mr. B. Hosford -on the western ridges during the same period. They are common, Mr. -Boardman states, in the thick woods about Calais, through all the breeding-season.</p> - -<p>In Jamaica, during the winter, it exclusively frequents the edges of tall -woods in unfrequented mountainous localities. They are found in that island -from October 7 until the 9th of April. Mr. Gosse, who has closely observed -their habits during winter, speaks of their playing together with much spirit -for half an hour at a time, chasing each other swiftly round and round, occasionally -dodging through the bushes, and uttering at intervals a pebbly <i class="birdcall">cheep</i>. -They never remain long alighted, and are difficult to kill. Restlessness is -their great characteristic. They often alight transversely on the long pendent -vines or slender trees, hopping up and down without a moment’s intermission, -pecking at insects. They are usually very plump and fat.</p> - -<p>De la Sagra states that this bird occasionally breeds in Cuba, young birds -having been killed that had evidently been hatched there. The record of -this Warbler, as presented by different authors, is apparently inconsistent and -contradictory: rare with some observers, abundant with others; remaining -in Jamaica until well into April, yet common in South Carolina in March, -and even appearing in Massachusetts in midwinter; supposed to breed in -the highlands of Cuba, yet, except in the case of the nest taken near Halifax, -its manner of breeding was unknown until lately. It is probably rare in lowlands -everywhere, and nowhere common except among mountains, and, while -able to endure an inclement season where food is abundant, is influenced in -its migratory movements by instinctive promptings to change its quarters -entirely in reference to a supply of food, and not by the temperature merely. -Its presence in Boston in winter was of course a singular accident; but its -plump condition, and its contented stay so long as its supply of food was -abundant, sufficiently attested its ability to endure severe weather for at least -a limited period, and while its food was not wanting. Mr. Trippe states that -these birds reach Northern New Jersey during the first week of May, and -stay a whole month, remaining there longer than any other species. At first -they have no note but a simple chirp; but, before they leave, the males are -said to have a singular drawling song of four or five notes.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paine states that this Warbler is a resident, but not very common bird, -in Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr> He has usually noticed it in the midst of thick woods, -not generally in tall trees, but among the lower branches or in bushes. The -song he describes as very short and insignificant, its tones sharp and wiry, -and not to be heard at any great distance. He knows nothing as to its nest. -They arrive at Randolph from the South about the middle of May.</p> - -<p>We are indebted to Mr. John Burroughs for all the knowledge we possess -in relation to the nest and eggs of this species, which had previously baffled -the search of other naturalists. He was so fortunate as to meet with -their nest in the summer of 1871. Early in July, in company with his -<!--312.png--><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 257]</span> -nephew, Mr. C. B. Deyoe, Mr. Burroughs visited the same woods, in Roxbury, -Delaware County, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>, in which he had in a previous year found the nest -of the Mourning Ground Warbler. The trees were mostly hemlock, with an -undergrowth of birch and beech. They first noticed the parent birds with -food in their bills, and then set about deliberately to find their nest by -watching their movements. But the birds were equally vigilant, and watched -them quite as determinedly. “It was diamond cut diamond.” They were so -suspicious, that, after loading their beaks with food, they would swallow it -themselves, rather than run the risk of betraying their secret by approaching -the nest. They even apparently attempted to mislead them by being very private -and confidential at a point some distance from the nest. The two watched -the birds for over an hour, when the mosquitoes made it too hot for them to -hold out any longer, and they made a rush upon the ground, determined to -hunt it over inch by inch. The birds then manifested the greatest consternation, -and when, on leaping over an old log, the young sprang out with a -scream, but a few feet from them, the distracted pair fairly threw themselves -under their very feet. The male bird trailed his bright new plumage in -the dust; and his much more humbly clad mate was, if anything, more solicitous -and venturesome, coming within easy reach. The nest was placed -in the fork of a small hemlock, about fifteen inches from the ground. There -were four, and perhaps five, young in the nest, and one egg unhatched, which, -on blowing, proved to have been fresh.</p> - -<p>The nest measures three and a half inches in diameter, and a trifle more -than two in height. The cavity is broad and deep, two and a third inches in -diameter at the rim, and one and a half deep. Its base and periphery are -loose aggregations of strips of decayed inner bark from dead deciduous trees, -chiefly basswood, strengthened by fine twigs, rootlets, and bits of wood and -bark. Within this is a firm, compact, well-woven nest, made by an elaborate -interweaving of slender roots and twigs, hair, fine pine-needles, and similar -materials.</p> - -<p>The egg is oval in shape, less obtuse, but not pointed, at one end, with a -grayish-white ground, pinkish when unblown, and marked around the larger -end with a wreath, chiefly of a bright umber-brown with lighter markings of -reddish-brown and obscure purple. A few smaller dottings of the same are -sparingly distributed over the rest of the egg. Its measurements are .70 by -.50 of an inch. It more nearly resembles the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. maculosa</i> than -any other, is about five per cent larger, a little more oblong, and the spots -differ in their reddish and purplish tinge, so far as one specimen may be -taken as a criterion.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--313.png--><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 258]</span> -<b class="birdname">Dendroica olivacea</b>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Sclat.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OLIVE-HEADED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia olivacea</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds Texas, 1841, 14, <abbr -title="plate 7">pl. vii</abbr>, fig. 2.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1855, 66. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola olivacea</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr -title="Illustrated">Ill.</abbr> Birds Texas, etc. 1855, 283, <abbr title="plate 48">pl. xlviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus olivaceus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1856, 291 (Cordova). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica olivacea</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 298 (Oaxaca; cold region).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363 (Jalapa).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 31, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 190.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr -title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 205. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia tæniata</i>, <span -class="sc">Dubus</span>, <abbr title="Bulletin Academie Bruxelles 14">Bull. Acad. Brux. -XIV</abbr>, 1847, 104.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Revue -Zoölogique">Rev. Z.</abbr> 1848, 245. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola tæniata</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 309.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head and neck all round, with jugulum, brownish-saffron, with a greenish -tinge on the nape. Rest of upper parts ashy. Middle and tips of greater wing-coverts -white, forming two bands on the wing; a third white patch at the bases of the primaries -(except the outer two), and extending forwards along the outer edges. Secondaries edged -externally with olive-green. Inner webs of quills conspicuously edged with white. Under -parts, except as described, white, tinged with brownish on the sides; a narrow frontal -band, and a broad stripe from this through eye and over ear-coverts, black. Outer tail-feather -white, except at base and towards tip; greater portion of inner web of next -feather also white, much more restricted on the third. Length, 4.60; wing, 2.88; tail, -2.15; tarsus, .75.</p> - -<p class="small">A female specimen (14,369), perhaps also in autumnal plumage, has the saffron replaced -by clear yellowish, except on the top of head and nape, which are olive-green. The black -frontal and lateral bands are replaced by whitish, leaving only a dusky patch on the ears.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mexico (both coasts to the southward); Guatemala.</p> - -<p>This species is given by Mr. Giraud as occurring in Texas, but it is possible -that he may have been misled as to the true locality. It may, however, -be yet detected along the southern border of the United States.</p> - -<p>Nothing is known of its habits.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica nigrescens</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia nigrescens</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy -of Natural Sciences Seven, two">J. A. N. Sc. VII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1837, 191 (Columbia River).—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 57, <abbr -title="plate 395">pl. cccxcv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora <abbr title="nigrescens">nig.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><abbr title="Nuttall"><span -class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="nigrescens">nig.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 94">Am. II, pl. xciv</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus <abbr title="nigrescens">nig.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> 1850. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="nigrescens">nig.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 270; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 186.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 298; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca; high mountains in March).—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Ten, four">P. R. R. Rep. X, iv</abbr>, 40.—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. Rep. XII, ii</abbr>, 1859, 180.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 90. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sylvia -halseii</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds Texas, 1838, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>, fig. 1, <abbr title="female -symbol">♀</abbr> (suggested by Sclater).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head all round, forepart of the breast, and streaks on the side of the body, -black; rest of under parts, a stripe on the side of the head, beginning acutely just above the -middle of the eye, and another parallel to it, beginning at the base of the under jaw (the -stripes of opposite sides confluent on the chin), and running further back, white. A yellow -spot in front of the eye. Rest of upper parts bluish-gray. The interscapular region and upper -tail-coverts streaked with black. Wing-coverts black, with two narrow white bands; quills -and tail-feathers brown, the two outer of the latter white, with the shafts and a terminal -<!--314.png--><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 259]</span> -streak brown; the third brown, with a terminal narrow white streak. Bill black; feet -brown. Length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of United States. Migratory southward into -Western Mexico (Oaxaca); Orizaba (winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p>Female (53,373, East Humboldt Mountains, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, July 14). Similar to -the male, but crown ash medially streaked with black, instead of continuous -black; the streaks on back narrow and inconspicuous; the black of the -throat confined to the jugulum, appearing in spots only on anterior half. A -young female (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,376, East Humboldt Mountains, August 10) is plain -brownish-ash above, lacking entirely the streaks on the back, and those on -sides of crown extremely obsolete. There is no black whatever on throat or -jugulum, which, with the well-defined supra-loral stripe and lower parts in -general, are soiled white, more brownish laterally. The other features, including -the yellow spot over the lores, with the wing and tail markings, are much as -in the adult. A young male (53,375), same locality and date, differs from the -last in having the sides of the crown black, and the throat-patch almost -complete, but much hidden by the broad white borders to the feathers. An -adult autumnal male (7,690, Calaveras River) is like the spring adult, but -the ash is overspread by brownish, nearly obliterating the dorsal streaks, and -dividing the black of the crown; the black throat-patch is perfectly defined, -but much obscured by white borders to the feathers.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black-throated Gray or Dusky Warbler, so far as is now -known, belongs to the Western and Middle Provinces, occurring certainly -as far to the south as San Diego, in California, and as far to the north as Fort -Steilacoom, in Washington Territory, penetrating in winter into Mexico. -The most easterly localities in which it has been met with are in Arizona -and New Mexico. The Smithsonian Institution has received specimens also -from Columbia River, Calaveras, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, and Fort Defiance.</p> - -<p>This species was first obtained and described by Mr. Townsend, who found -it abundant in the forests of the Columbia, where it breeds and remains -until nearly winter. Its nest, which he there met with, resembles that of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula americana</i>, only it is made of the long and fibrous green moss, or -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Usnea</i>, peculiar to that region, and is placed among the upper branches of -oak-trees, suspended between two small twigs.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that it arrives on the Columbia early in May, and from -the manner in which its song was delivered at intervals, in the tops of deciduous -trees, he had no doubt that they were breeding in those forests as early -as May 23. This song he describes as delicate, but monotonous, uttered as -it busily and intently searches every leafy bough and expanding bud for -insects and their larvæ in the spreading oak, in which it utters its solitary -notes. Its song is repeated at short and regular intervals, and is said by Mr. -Nuttall to bear some resemblance to <i class="birdcall">t-shee-tshāy-tshaitshee</i>, varying the feeble -sound very little, and with the concluding note somewhat slenderly and -plaintively raised. Dr. Suckley speaks of this bird as moderately abundant -<!--315.png--><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 260]</span> -near Fort Steilacoom, generally met with on oaks, and very much resembling -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica auduboni</i> in its habits. Its arrival there he gives as occurring -in the first week in April, or a month earlier than stated by Nuttall.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with a pair at Puget Sound that appeared to have a nest, -though he sought for it in vain. He describes its note as faint and unvaried.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with this Warbler in the vicinity of Fort Whipple, Arizona. -He speaks of it as common there as a spring and autumn migrant. He thinks -that a few remain to breed. It arrives in that Territory about April 20, and -is found until late in September. It is most common among the pine-trees, -and in its general habits is stated to resemble the new species <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. graciæ</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found a few birds of this species near Sacramento, and also -on the range of mountains dividing the Calaveras and the Mokelumne Rivers. -During the survey by Lieutenant Williamson’s party, Dr. Heermann met -with a single specimen among the mountains, near the summit of the Tejon -Pass. It was in company with other small birds, migrating southward, and -gleaning its food from among the topmost branches of the tallest oaks. He -states that its notes closely resemble the sounds of the locust.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that these birds appear at San Diego by the 20th of -April, in small flocks migrating northward, and then uttering only a faint -chirp. They frequent low bushes along the coast, but as they proceed farther -north they take to the deciduous oaks as the leaves begin to expand, early -in May, at which time they reach the Columbia River. He has never met -with any in California after April.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway observed this species only in the pine and cedar woods of -the East Humboldt Mountains, where, in all probability, they were breeding. -He observed numerous families of young birds following their parents in -the months of July and August. He met with them only among the cedars -and the woods of the nut-pine, and never among the brushwood of the cañons -and ravines. He states that the common note of this bird greatly resembles -the sharp chirp of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica coronata</i>, and is louder and more distinct -than that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. auduboni</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. A. Boucard obtained specimens of these birds at Oaxaca, Mexico, -during the winter months.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica chrysopareia</b>, <abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-CHEEKED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica chrysopareia</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 298.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, -1860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1865.—<span -class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 477.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> -1864, 183.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 93.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(229, Salvin collection.) Head and body above black, the feathers with -olive-green edges, especially on the back, obscuring the ground-color; rump clear black. -Entire side of head (extending to nostrils and on lower jaw), and the partially concealed -bases of the feathers on the median line of the forehead, yellow, with a narrow black line -<!--316.png--><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 261]</span> -from lores, through the eye, widening behind, but not crossing through the yellow. Beneath, -including inside of wings, white; a large patch of black covering the chin and throat, and -occupying the entire space between the yellow patches of the two sides of the head and -neck, and extended along the sides in a series of streaks. Feathers of crissum with black -centres. Wings above ashy, with two white bands across the coverts, the scapulars -streaked with blackish; first quill edged externally with white, the rest with gray. Tail-feathers -blackish, edged externally with ashy, the lateral with white at the base. Outer -tail-feather white on the inner web, except a stripe along the shaft near the end; second -similar, but the white not reaching so far towards the base; third with a short patch of -white in the end. Bill and legs brownish-black. Bill unusually thick. Length, 4.50; -wing, 2.50; tail, 2.40; tarsus, 2.75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Vera Paz, Guatemala; San Antonio, and Medina River, Texas. (<span class="sc">Heermann</span> -and <span class="sc">Dresser</span>.)</p> - -<p>The capture of specimens of this species at San Antonio, Texas, by Dr. -Heermann, and on the Medina River by Mr. Dresser, entitles it to a place in -our fauna. The specimen described above is Mr. Salvin’s type.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> A single specimen is said to have been taken near San Antonio, -Texas, by Dr. Heermann. It is thought to be probably a bird belonging to -the fauna of Arizona and New Mexico, and is given hypothetically by Dr. -Cooper among the birds of California. In its appearance it resembles <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. -virens</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. townsendii</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. occidentalis</i>. It was originally described by -Salvin from a single specimen obtained in Guatemala. Another pair was -afterward obtained by Mr. Salvin on the highest point of the road between -Salama and Tactic. In regard to its habits, nothing is on record.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica virens</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla virens</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 985. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia virens</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>; -<abbr title="Wilson Two"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> II</abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four, plate 399">Orn. Biog. IV, pl. cccxcix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Gätke</span>, Naumannia, -1858, 423 (Heligoland, Europe, an original description). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola virens</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 84">Am. II, pl. lxxxiv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vid. Med.</abbr> for 1853, 1854, 72, 81 (Greenland). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus virens</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum Journal Three">Mus. Hein. Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 474 (Cuba; winter).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 291 (Cordova). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica virens</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 267; -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 182.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 1 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, -363 (Oaxaca?); 373 (Xalapa); Ibis, 1865, 89.—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Seven">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, 1861, -293 (Panama).—<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 232.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -222. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta virens</i>, <span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1861, 5 (Julianhaab, Greenland).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Male. Upper parts, exclusive of wing and tail, clear yellow olive-green; -the feathers of the back with hidden streaks of black. Forehead and sides of head and -neck, including a superciliary stripe, bright yellow. A dusky olive line from the bill -through the eye, and another below it. Chin, throat, and forepart of the breast, extending -some distance along on the sides, continuous black; rest of under parts white, tinged -with yellow on the breast and flanks. Wings and tail-feathers dark brown, edged with -bluish-gray; two white bands on the wing; the greater part of the three outer tail-feathers -white. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but duller; the throat yellow; the black of breast much concealed -<!--317.png--><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 262]</span> -by white edges; the sides streaked with black. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.58; -tail, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States; Greenland; Heligoland, Europe; south to -Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr> In Mexico, Xalapa, Cordova, and Oaxaca? Cuba alone in West Indies. -Mexico (everywhere in winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p>The autumnal male has the black of throat and breast obscured by whitish -tips. Females are yellowish-white beneath, tinged with grayish towards the -tail.</p> - -<p>As shown in the generic chapter, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. virens</i> is the type of a section of -olivaceous Warblers with black chin and throat. The following more elaborate -diagnoses of the group may facilitate its study, the species being quite -closely related:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Upper parts more or less olivaceous-green, with the -feathers streaked centrally with black (sometimes concealed). Sides of head yellow. -Chin and throat black; rest of the under parts, including inside of wings, -white, with or without yellow on breast. Wings with two white bands. Inner -web of lateral tail-feather almost entirely white from the base.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Above bright olive-green with concealed black streaks; tail-coverts ashy. -Sides conspicuously streaked with black; crissum unspotted. Jugulum sometimes -faintly tinged with yellowish. An obscure dusky-olive stripe through -the eye, and a crescentic patch of the same some distance beneath it<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Above olivaceous-ashy (rump pure ash), with more distinct black spots. -Top and sides of head clear yellow, the feathers of the crown tipped with -black, or clouded with dusky plumbeous. No dark markings or stripes on -side of head. No distinct black streaks beneath; black of throat restricted -to front of neck<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Prevailing color of upper parts black, with olivaceous edgings on the back; -rump and upper tail-covert pure black. Sides and crissum streaked with -black. A simple black stripe through the eye; no patch beneath it<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopareia</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Above olive-green. Upper tail-coverts ashy, with central black streaks. -Feathers of head above black, with olive-green edges. A broad olivaceous -black stripe through eye from lores, involving the ears, in which is a yellowish -crescentic patch below the eye. Black feathers of throat and chin edged -with yellow. Jugulum and sides of breast also yellow. Sides streaked -with black. No distinct black streaks on crissum<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendii</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span>—The Black-throated Green Warbler, like nearly all the members -of this highly interesting genus, has, to a very great degree, escaped the -closer observations of our older ornithologists. Wilson only noticed it as it -passed through Pennsylvania in its early spring migrations. He mentions its -frequenting the higher branches of forest trees in search of the larvæ of the -smaller insects that feed upon the opening buds, and describes it as a lively, -active bird, having only a few chirping notes. All had passed on by the -12th of May. Their return he was never able to notice, and he became -afterwards satisfied that a few remained all the summer in the higher grounds -of that State, having obtained several in June, 1809.</p> - -<p>Audubon met with this bird from Newfoundland to Texas, but never found -<!--318.png--><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 263]</span> -it breeding. Nowhere abundant, there were large tracts of country where -he never met with it, or where it was of rare occurrence. He found it most -abundant in the vicinity of Eastport, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr> He also met with it during -summer, in New England generally, Northern Pennsylvania, and New York, -but not in Labrador. He describes its habits as a mingling of those of the -Warblers and of the Vireo, and its notes as resembling those of the latter. -In its search for food he found it quite regardless of the near presence of man. -In its spring migrations it passes through the woods usually in pairs, in the -fall reappearing in flocks of six or seven. In breeding it occurs only in -single pairs, and each pair appropriates to itself a large tract of territory -within which no other is usually found. After October, all have passed beyond -the limits of the United States.</p> - -<p>During the winter months it appears to be quite common in different parts -of Mexico and Central America. In the large collection of Guatemalan skins -collected by Dr. Van Patten, and purchased by the Boston Natural History -Society, this bird was one of the most abundant of the migratory species. -Specimens were taken by Mr. Boucard at Playa Vicente, in the hot country -of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse found this Warbler common in the Indian Territory and -in Texas, and Lieutenant Couch met with it in Tamaulipas, Mexico, in March, -1853. With these exceptions it has not been observed in any of the government -surveys, or found west of the valley of the Rio Grande. Besides the -points named, it has been obtained in Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and in the West -Indies, in Central and in the northern portions of South America. Reinhardt -gives it as accidental in Greenland. A single stray specimen was obtained -in Heligoland, Europe, October 19, 1858.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paine, of Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, notes the arrival of this bird about the 10th -of May. He speaks of it as a very sweet singer, and as usually seen in the -tops of tall trees, the hemlock being its favorite resort. There it chants its -sweet sad notes through even the heat of the day. It continues in song -nearly throughout the summer. Later in the season it frequents the open -fields, in which it is seldom seen in the breeding-season. Its food, which -it catches on the wing in the manner of Vireos, consists of the smaller -winged insects, caterpillars, and other larvæ. In the fall, according to Mr. -Audubon, it feeds upon various kinds of small berries.</p> - -<p>It reaches Massachusetts the first of May, and is most numerous about -the 15th, when the larger proportion pass farther north. In Western -Maine, Professor Verrill states it to be a summer but not a common visitant; -and near Calais, Mr. Boardman has found it breeding, but does not regard it -as at all common, though in the year 1867 he found it quite abundant -in the thick woods in that neighborhood during its breeding-season. Dr. -Bryant also speaks of it as one of the most common of the Warblers observed -by him near Yarmouth, <abbr title="Nova Scotia">N. S.</abbr> A single specimen was taken at Julianhaab, -Greenland, in 1853, and sent to the Royal Museum of Copenhagen.</p> - -<p><!--319.png--><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 264]</span> -In the vicinity of Boston, especially in the high grounds of Norfolk and -Essex Counties, it is a not uncommon species, and its nests are found in certain -favorite localities. Nuttall regards May 12 as the average of their first -appearance. Busy, quiet, and unsuspicious of man, they were seen by him, -collecting, in early October, in small groups, and moving restlessly through -the forests preparatory to departing south. June 8, 1830, he found a nest -of this species in a solitary situation among the Blue Hills of Milton, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> -The nest was in a low and stunted juniper (a very unusual location). As -he approached, the female remained motionless on the edge of the nest, in -such a manner as to be mistaken for a young bird. She then darted to the -ground, and, moving away expertly, disappeared. The nest contained four -eggs, which he describes as white inclining to flesh-color, variegated at the -larger end with pale purplish points interspersed with brown and black. The -nest was formed of fine strips of the inner bark of the juniper, and tough white -fibrous bark of other plants, lined with soft feathers and the slender tops of -grass. The male bird was singing his simple chant, resembling the syllables -<i class="birdcall">tē-dē-teritsé-a</i>, pronounced loud and slow, at the distance of a quarter of a mile -from the nest. He describes his song as simple, drawling, and plaintive. He -was constantly interrupting his song to catch small flies, keeping up a perpetual -snapping of his bill.</p> - -<p>Several nests of this bird, given me by Mr. George O. Welch of Lynn, have -been found by him in high trees in thick woods on the western borders of -that city. They are all small, snug, compact structures, built on a base of -fine strips of bark, bits of leaves, and stems of plants. The upper rims are -a circular intertwining of fine slender twigs, interwoven with a few fine -stems of the most delicate grasses. The inner portions of these nests are -very softly and warmly bedded with the fine down and silky stems of -plants. They have a diameter of three and a quarter inches, and a height of -one and a half. The cavity is two inches in diameter, and one and a half -in depth. The eggs measure .70 by .50 of an inch, have a white or purplish-white -ground, and are blotched and dotted with markings of reddish and -purplish brown, diffused over the entire egg, but more numerous about the -larger end. One end is much more pointed than the other.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--320.png--><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 265]</span> -<b class="birdname">Dendroica townsendi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TOWNSEND’S WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia townsendi</i>, “<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>,” <span -class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences Seven, two">J. A. N. Sc. VII, <span -class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1837, 191.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, <abbr title="plate 393">pl. cccxciii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="townsendi">t.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, <abbr title="plate 92">pl. -xcii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr title="townsendi">t.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 269; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 185.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 298 (Oaxaca; high lands in winter); 1859, 374 (Totontepec; winter); Ibis, -1865, 89.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Twelve, two">P. R. R. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 179 -(<abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Turnbull</span>, Birds of East <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, -etc. 1869, 42.—<span class="sc">Sundeval</span>, <abbr lang="sv" xml:lang="sv" title="Ofversigt">Ofvers.</abbr> 1869, 610 -(Sitka).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 91.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="subset">Spring male.</i> Above bright olive-green; the feathers all black in the centre, -showing more or less as streaks, especially on the crown, where the black predominates. -Quills, tail, and upper tail-covert feathers dark brown, edged with bluish-gray; the -wings with two white bands on the coverts; the two outer tail-feathers white with a -brown streak near the end; a white streak only in the end of the third feather. Under -parts as far as the middle of the body, with the sides of head and neck, including a superciliary -stripe and a spot beneath the eye, yellow; the median portion of the side of the -head, the chin and throat, with streaks on the sides of the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts, -black; the remainder of the under parts white. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.65; -<a id="chg5" name="chg5"></a>tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Spring female.</i> Resembling the male, but the black patch on the throat replaced by -irregular blotches upon a pure yellow ground.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western Province of United States, north to Sitka; Mexico, into Guatemala. -Migratory. Accidental near Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>The autumnal adult male is much like the spring female, but the black -throat-patch is perfectly defined, though much obscured by the yellow edges -of the feathers, instead of broken into small blotches. The young male in -autumn is similar in general appearance, but there are no streaks above, except -on the crown, where they are mostly concealed; the stripe on side of head -is olivaceous, instead of black; and nearly all the black on the throat is concealed.</p> - -<p>A fine adult male of this species was taken near Philadelphia, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in -the spring of 1868, and is now in the collection of the late W. P. Turnbull, -<abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr>, of that city.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In regard to the habits of this very rare Western Warbler very -little is as yet positively known, and nothing whatever has been ascertained -as to its nesting or eggs. The species was first met with by Mr. Townsend, -October 28, 1835, on the banks of the Columbia River, and was named by -Mr. Nuttall in honor of its discoverer. It is spoken of by these gentlemen -as having been a transient visitor only, stopping but a few days, on its way -north, to recruit and feed, previous to its departing for the higher latitudes in -which it spends the breeding-season. It is, however, quite as probable that -they disperse by pairs into solitary places, where for a while they escape observation. -When the season again compels them to migrate, they reappear -on the same path, only this time in small and silent flocks, as they slowly -move toward their winter quarters. These birds also are chiefly to be found -<!--321.png--><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 266]</span> -in the tops of the loftiest firs and other evergreens of the forests, where it is -almost impossible to procure them.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper observed one of this species at Shoalwater Bay, December 20, -1854. It was in company with a flock of Titmice and other small birds. -The following year, in November, he saw a small flock in California, frequenting -the willows in a low wet meadow, and was so fortunate as to -procure a pair.</p> - -<p>Ridgway met with it in the East Humboldt Mountains, where it was -rather common in September, inhabiting the thickets of aspens, alders, etc., -along the streams.</p> - -<p>Mr. P. L. Sclater obtained several fine specimens of this Warbler from -the west coast of Central America, and Mr. Salvin found it a winter visitant -at Duenas, where he met with it even more frequently than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -virens</i>, with which he found it associated. Skins were found among the -birds taken by Dr. Van Patten in Guatemala. A single specimen has been -taken in Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>Mr. A. Boucard obtained specimens of this species in the mountainous district -of Totontepec, in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica occidentalis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia occidentalis</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal -Academy of Natural Sciences Seven, two">J. A. N. Sc. VII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1837, 190 (Columbia -River).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Narrative, 1839, 340.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five, plate 55">Orn. Biog. V, pl. lv</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="occidentalis">occ.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America two, plate 93">Am. II, pl. xciii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -<abbr title="occidentalis">occ.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 268; -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 183.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Railroad Routes Repor Twelve, -two">R. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 178 (<abbr title="North West">N. W.</abbr> coast).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 92. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -chrysopareia</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1862, 19 (La Parada, -<abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>) (not of <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 19); Ibis, 1865, 89; 1866, -191. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica niveiventris</i>, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> May 26, 1863, 187, <abbr title="plate 24">pl. xxiv</abbr>, fig. 2 (Guatemala).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="subset">Spring male.</i> Crown with sides of the head and neck continuous bright -yellow, feathers of the former edged narrowly with black; rest of upper parts dark brown, -edged with bluish-gray, so much so on the back and rump feathers as to obscure the brown, -and with an olivaceous shade. Chin, throat, and forepart of breast (ending convexly behind -in a subcrescentic outline), with the nape, black; rest of under parts white, very -faintly streaked on the sides with black. Two white bands on the wing, two outer tail-feathers, -and the terminal portion of a third, white; the shafts, and an internal streak -towards the end, dark brown. Bill jet-black; legs brown. Length, 4.70; wing, 2.70; -tail, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Spring female.</i> Similar, but duller gray above; the yellow of the head less extended, -and the throat whitish spotted with dusky.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western Province of United States and Mexico (Moyapam, winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>) -to Guatemala. Not seen at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>An autumnal adult male (30,681, Guatemala, December, received from Mr. -Salvin, and a type specimen of his “<cite>niveiventris</cite>”) is much like the spring -male, having the throat wholly black, the feathers, however, faintly margined -<!--322.png--><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 267]</span> -with whitish; there are no black spots on the crown, but, instead, an olivaceous -stain; the nape is olivaceous instead of black, and the black centres -to dorsal feathers more concealed; the ash above is less pure, and there is no -trace of streaks on the sides. A female (autumnal?)—38,141—from Orizaba, -Mexico, is grayish-olivaceous above, including the whole top of the head, -except beneath the surface; the feathers on top of head have conspicuous -black centres, but there are none on the back; the sides of the head, and -the bases of the feathers on its top, are soiled yellow; the throat is dirty -white, with the feathers dusky beneath the surface; the breast and sides -have a strong brownish tinge. Another female, and an autumnal one (probably -of the year), is more brown above, the specks on the top of the head -exceedingly minute; there are also obscure streaks along the sides, where -there is a strong brownish tinge.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Western or Hermit Wood Warbler, so far as known, is -limited in its distribution to the Pacific coast from Central America to Washington -Territory. Specimens procured from Volcan de Fuego, Mexico, Arizona, -and California, are in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. -But little is positively known as to its history or habits. Nuttall, who first -met with it in the forests on the banks of the Columbia, had no doubt -that it breeds in the dark forests bordering on that river. He described it as -a remarkably shy and solitary bird, retiring into the darkest and most silent -recesses of the evergreens, and apparently living among the loftiest branches -of the gigantic firs of that region. In consequence of its peculiar habits it -was with extreme difficulty that his party could get a sight of this retiring -species. Its song, which he frequently heard from these high tree-tops at -very regular intervals for an hour or two at a time, he describes as a faint, -moody, and monotonous note, delivered when the bird is at rest on some -lofty twig, and within convenient hearing of its mate.</p> - -<p>Mr. Townsend, who was one of the same party, shot a pair of these birds -near Fort Vancouver, May 28, 1835. They were flitting among the tops of -the pine-trees in the depths of the forest, where he frequently saw them -hanging from the twigs, in the manner of Titmice. Their notes, uttered at -different intervals, he describes as very similar to those of the Black-throated -Blue Warbler (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. cærulescens</i>).</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley obtained, June, 1856, two specimens at Fort Steilacoom. He -also describes them as very shy, feeding and spending most of their time in the -tops of the highest firs, so high up as to be almost out of the reach of fine shot. -The species he regards as not at all rare on the Pacific coast, but only difficult -of procuring, on account of the almost inaccessible nature of its haunts.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues procured a single specimen of this species in Arizona early in -September. It was taken in thick scrub-oak bushes. He thinks it may be -a summer resident of that Territory, but, if so, very rare.</p> - -<p>A single specimen was also obtained at Petuluma, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr. Emanuel -Samuels, May 1, 1856. -<!--323.png--><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 268]</span> -It was also observed, August 29, by Mr. Ridgway, among the bushes of a -cañon among the East Humboldt Mountains. He describes its single note -as a lisped <i class="birdcall">pzeet</i>.</p> - -<p>Three individuals of this species were collected by Mr. Boucard in Southern -Mexico in 1862, and were referred by Dr. Sclater to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. chrysopœia</i> (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>, -1862, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 19). Subsequently Mr. Salvin described as a new species, under -the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. niveiventris</i>, other individuals of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. occidentalis</i> obtained -by him in Guatemala. The true specific relations of the specimens both -from Southern Mexico and Central America have since been made clear -by Dr. Sclater, Ibis, 1865, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 87, enabling us to give this species as a winter -visitant of the countries above named. Mr. Salvin states (Ibis, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 191) -that these birds were found in most of the elevated districts where pines -abound. He procured specimens in the Volcan de Fuego, in the hills above -the Plain of Salama, and near the mines of Alotepeque.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica pinus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PINE-CREEPING WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia pinus</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 25, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>, fig. 4.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 111">Orn. Biog. II, pl. -cxi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus pinus</i>, <abbr title="Stephens"><span class="sc">Steph.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola pinus</i>, <abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Richardson"><span -class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 82">Am. II, pl. lxxxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, -<abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 1859, 59 (abundant in <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus pinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -pinus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 277; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -190.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 31, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -189.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1861, 220 (Labrador -coast).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 229.—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. -Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1867, 67 (Inagua). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia vigorsii</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 153, <abbr title="plate 30">pl. -xxx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo vigorsii</i>. <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="subset">Spring male.</i> Upper parts nearly uniform and clear olive-green, the feathers -of the crown with rather darker shafts. Under parts generally, except the middle -of the belly behind, and under tail-coverts (which are white), bright gamboge-yellow, with -obsolete streaks of dusky on the sides of the breast and body. Sides of head and neck -olive-green like the back, with a broad superciliary stripe; the eyelids and a spot beneath -the eye very obscurely yellow; wings and tail brown; the feathers edged with dirty -white, and two bands of the same across the coverts. Inner web of the first tail-feather -with nearly the terminal half, of the second with nearly the terminal third, dull inconspicuous -white. Length, 5.50; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40. (1,356.)</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Spring female.</i> Similar, but more grayish above, and almost grayish-white, with a tinge -of yellow beneath, instead of bright yellow. <i class="subset">Young.</i> Umber-brown above, and dingy -pale ashy beneath, with a slight yellowish tinge on the abdomen. Wing and tail much as -in the autumnal adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, north to Massachusetts; winters in United -States. Not recorded in West Indies or Middle America (except Bahamas and Bermuda?).</p> - -<p>Autumnal males are much like spring individuals, but the yellow beneath -is softer and somewhat richer, and the olive above overlaid with a reddish-umber -tint.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Pine-creeping Warbler is found more or less abundantly -throughout the United States from the Atlantic to the Valley of the Mississippi. -<!--324.png--><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 269]</span> -Dr. Woodhouse states that it is common in Texas and New Mexico. -It was not, however, met with by any other of the government exploring -parties. Dr. Gerhardt found it quite common in Northern Georgia, where it -remains all the winter, and where it breeds very early in the season. On the -19th of April he found a nest of these birds with nearly full-grown young. -It has not been found in Maine by Professor Verrill nor by Mr. Boardman, -nor in Nova Scotia by Lieutenant Bland. Mr. Allen has found it breeding -abundantly in the western part of Massachusetts, where it is one of the -earliest Warblers to arrive, and where it remains until October. In 1861 -they were abundant in the pine woods near Springfield as early as April 4, -although the ground at that time was covered with snow. During the last -weeks of April and the early part of May they frequent the open fields, -obtaining much of their food from the ground in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. palmarum</i>, -the habits of which, at this time, it closely follows. Later in the -season they retire to the pine forests, where they remain almost exclusively -throughout the summer, chiefly on the tops of the tallest trees. For a few -weeks preceding the first of October they again come about the orchards and -fields. In its winter migrations it does not appear to leave this country, and -has not been found in any of the West India Islands, in Mexico, nor in South -or Central America. It breeds sparingly in Southern Illinois.</p> - -<p>Mr. Jones found these birds numerous in Bermuda late in September, but -they all disappeared a few weeks later. Dr. Bryant found them at Inagua, -Bahamas.</p> - -<p>Wilson first noticed this Warbler in the pine woods of the Southern -States, where he found it resident all the year. He describes it as running -along the bark of pine-trees, though occasionally alighting and feeding on -the ground. When disturbed, it always flies up and clings to the trunks of -trees. The farther south, the more numerous he found it. Its principal food -is the seeds of the Southern pitch-pine and various kinds of insects. It was -associated in flocks of thirty in the depths of the pine barrens, easily recognized -by their manner of rising from the ground and alighting on the trunks -of trees.</p> - -<p>Audubon also speaks of this bird as the most abundant of its tribe. He -met with them on the sandy barrens of East Florida on the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John’s River -early in February, at which period they already had nests. In their habits -he regarded them as quite closely allied to the Creepers, ascending the -trunks and larger branches of trees, hopping along the bark searching for -concealed larvæ. At one moment it moves sideways along a branch a few -steps, then stops and moves in another direction, carefully examining each -twig. It is active and restless, generally searching for insects among the -leaves and blossoms of the pine, or in the crevices of the bark, but occasionally -pursuing them on the wing. It is found exclusively in low lands, never -in mountainous districts, and chiefly near the sea.</p> - -<p>Its nest is usually placed at considerable height, sometimes fifty feet or -<!--325.png--><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 270]</span> -more from the ground, and is usually fastened to the twigs of a small branch. -In Massachusetts it has but a single brood in a season, but at the South -it is said to have three.</p> - -<p>The flight of this Warbler is short, and exhibits undulating curves of great -elegance. Its song is described as monotonous, consisting merely of continuous -and tremulous sounds. Mr. Audubon found none beyond New Brunswick, -and it has never been found in Nova Scotia so far as I am aware.</p> - -<p>Both old and young birds remain in Massachusetts until late in October, -and occasionally birds are seen as far to the north as Philadelphia in midwinter. -At this season they abound in the pine forests of the Southern States, -where they are at that time the most numerous of the Warblers, and where -some are to be found throughout the year.</p> - -<p>In the summer their food consists of the larvæ and eggs of certain kinds -of insects. In the autumn they frequent the Southern gardens, feeding on -the berries of the cornel, the box grape, and other small fruit. Mr. Nuttall -states that their song is deficient both in compass and in variety, though not -disagreeable. At times, he states, it approaches the simpler trills of the -canary; but is usually a reverberating, gently rising or murmuring sound like -<i class="birdcall">er-r´-r´r´r´r´r´-ah</i>, or in the springtime like <i class="birdcall">twe twe-tw tw tw-tw tw</i>, and sometimes -like <i class="birdcall">tsh-tsh-tsh-tw-tw-tw-tw</i>, exhibiting a pleasing variety in its cadences. -The note of the female is not unlike that of the Black and White -Creeper.</p> - -<p>On the 7th of June, Mr. Nuttall discovered a nest of this Warbler in a Virginia -juniper-tree in Mount Auburn, some forty feet from the ground, and -firmly fixed in the upright twigs of a close branch. It was a thin but very -neat structure. Its principal material was the old and wiry stems of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polygonum tenue</i>, or knot-weed. These were circularly interlaced and inter-wound -with rough linty fibres of asclepias and caterpillars’ webs. It was -lined with a few bristles, slender root-fibres, a mat of the down of fern-stalks, -and a few feathers. Mr. Nuttall saw several of these nests, all made in a -similar manner. The eggs in the nest described were four, and far advanced -towards hatching. They were white, with a slight tinge of green, and were -freely sprinkled with small pale-brown spots, most numerous at the larger -end, where they were aggregated on a more purplish ground. The female -made some slight complaint, but immediately returned to the nest, though -two of the eggs had been taken.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall kept a male of this species in confinement. It at once became -very tame, fed gratefully from the hand, from the moment it was -caught, on flies, small earthworms, and minced flesh, and would sit contentedly -on any hand, walking directly into a dish of water offered for drink, -without any precautions, or any signs of fear.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. G. Shute found a nest of these Warblers in Woburn as early as -May 8. It contained four eggs, the incubation of which had commenced. -Three other nests were also found by him in the same locality, all of them -<!--326.png--><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 271]</span> -between the 8th and the 24th of May, and all built on branches of the red -pine and near the top. Several nests of this Warbler, found in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, -by Mr. George O. Welch, are alike in their mode of construction, and differ -in their materials from other accounts. They are all somewhat loosely put -together, and are composed externally of fine strips of the bark of the red -cedar, fine inner bark of several deciduous trees, dry stalks of plants, the -exuviæ of insects, and fine dry grasses. The cavities of these nests, which -are comparatively large and deep, were lined with the fur of the smaller -mammals, the silky down of plants, and feathers. A few fine wiry roots -were also intermingled. These nests are about two and a half inches in -height and three in diameter.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Warbler are of a rounded oval shape, have an average -length of .72 of an inch, and a breadth of .55. They resemble in size and appearance -the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. castanea</i>, but the spots are more numerous, and the -blotches larger and more generally distributed. The ground-color is a bluish-white. -Scattered over this are subdued tintings of a fine delicate shade of -purple, and upon this are distributed dots and blotches of a dark purplish-brown, -mingled with a few lines almost black.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica montana</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia montana</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Five"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 113, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>, fig. 2 (“Blue Mountains of -Pennsylvania”).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. -V</abbr>, 294 (“California”!) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola montana</i>, <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. -II</abbr>, 1841, 69, <abbr title="plate 98">pl. xcviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica montana</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 279; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 190. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia tigrina</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 34, <abbr title="plate 94">pl. xciv</abbr> (U. S. and -<abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -This species is four inches and three quarters in length; the upper parts a rich -yellow-olive; front, cheeks, and chin yellow, also the sides of the neck; breast and belly pale -yellow, streaked with black or dusky; vent plain pale yellow. Wings black; first and second -rows of coverts broadly tipped with pale yellowish-white; tertials the same; the rest of -the quills edged with whitish. Tail black, handsomely rounded, edged with pale olive; -the two exterior feathers on each side white on the inner vanes from the middle to the -tips, and edged on the outer side with white. Bill dark brown. Legs and feet purple-brown; -soles yellow. Eye dark hazel. (Wilson.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -“Blue Mountains of Virginia.” <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo?</p> - -<p>This species is only known from the description of Wilson, Vieillot, and -Audubon, and we are not aware that a specimen is to be found in any collection. -If described correctly, it appears different from any established species, -although the most nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. pinus</i>, which, however, differs in the -absence of a yellow frontlet, in having a greener back, less distinct streaks -beneath, and in the white of the anal region.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Whether the Blue Mountain Warbler is a genuine species or an -unfamiliar plumage of a bird better known to us in a different dress is a -<!--327.png--><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 272]</span> -question not altogether settled to the minds of some. It was described by -Wilson from a single specimen obtained near the Blue Ridge of Virginia. -Audubon found another in the collection of the Zoölogical Society. From -this he made his drawing. A third has also been met with and described by -Vieillot. We know nothing in regard to its habits, except that its song is said -to be a single <i class="birdcall">screep</i>, three or four times repeated. Its breeding-habits, its -manner of migration, and the place of its more abundant occurrence, yet -remain entirely unknown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Dendroica kirtlandi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">KIRTLAND’S WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola kirtlandi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York -Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, June, 1852, 217, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr> (Cleveland, Ohio).—<span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Illust. I</abbr>, 1855, 278, <abbr title="plate 47">pl. xlvii</abbr>. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica kirtlandi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -286; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 206.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above slate-blue, the feathers of the crown with a narrow, those of the -middle of the back with a broader, streak of black; a narrow frontlet involving the lores, -the anterior end of the eye, and the space beneath it (possibly the whole auriculars), black; -the rest of the eyelids white. The under parts are clear yellow (almost white on the -under tail-coverts); the breast with small spots and sides of the body with short streaks -of black. The greater and middle wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers are edged with -dull whitish. The two outer tail-feathers have a dull white spot near the end of the inner -web, largest on the first. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.70. (4,363.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern Ohio, and Bahamas.</p> - -<p>In addition to the type which is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, -a second specimen was obtained by Dr. Samuel Cabot, of Boston, -taken at sea between the islands of Abaco and Cuba. It must, however, be -considered as one of the rarest of American birds.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Kirtland’s Warbler is so far known by only a few rare specimens -as a bird of North America, and its biography is utterly unknown. -The first specimen of this species, so far as is known, was obtained by Dr. -Jared P. Kirtland, of Cleveland, <abbr title="Ohio">O.</abbr>, in May, 1851. It was shot by that naturalist -in woods near that city, and was by him given to Professor Baird, who -described it in the Annals of the New York Lyceum. It appears to be -closely allied to both the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. coronata</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. auduboni</i>, and yet to be a specifically -distinct bird. A second specimen, in the cabinet of Dr. Samuel -Cabot, Jr., of Boston, was obtained at sea, between the islands of Cuba and -Abaco. A third specimen was obtained June 9, 1860, near Cleveland, and -is in the collection of Mr. R. K. Winslow, of that city. Another specimen -is also reported as having been obtained in the same neighborhood, but not -preserved; and Dr. Hoy, of Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wis.</abbr>, is confident that he has seen it in -the neighborhood of that place. At present all that we can give in regard -to its history, habits, or distribution must be inferred from these few and -meagre facts.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--328.png--><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 273]</span> -<b class="birdname">Dendroica palmarum</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla palmarum</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 951 (based on Palm Warbler, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr -title="Synopsis Two">Syn. II</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 498, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 131. <abbr -title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="palmarum">p.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr title="Two, plate 73">II, pl. lxxiii</abbr>.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> Sagra’s Cuba, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> 1840, 61, <abbr title="plate 8">pl. viii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="palmarum">p.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 231 (<abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica <abbr -title="palmarum">p.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 288; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 207.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 33, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 199.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1861, 71 (Jamaica; April).—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society -Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859 (Bahamas).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1867, 91 -(Hayti).—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society">Pr. Bost. Soc.</abbr> 1867, 139.—<span -class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common).—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 240. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia petechia</i>, <abbr title="Wilson Six, plate 28"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span> VI, pl. xxviii</abbr>, fig. 4.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 163, 164">Orn. Biog. II, pl. clxiii, clxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola -petechia</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 90">Am. II, pl. xc</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola ruficapilla</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus <abbr title="ruficapilla">ruf.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 473 (Cuba; winter).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult in spring.</i> Head above chestnut-red; rest of upper parts brownish -olive-gray; the feathers with darker centres, the color brightening on the rump, upper -tail-coverts, and outer margins of wing and tail-feathers, to greenish-yellow. A streak from -nostrils over the eye, and under parts generally, including the tail-coverts, bright yellow; -paler on the body. A maxillary line; breast and sides finely but rather obsoletely streaked -with reddish-brown. Cheeks brownish (in highest spring plumage chestnut like the head); -the eyelids and a spot under the eye olive-brown. Lores dusky. A white spot on the -inner web of the outer two tail-feathers, at the end. Length, 5 inches; wing, 2.42; tail, -2.25. Sexes nearly alike.</p> - -<p class="small">Autumnal males are more reddish above; under parts tinged with brown, the axillars -yellow.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America to Fort Simpson and Hudson’s Bay; Bahamas, -Jamaica, Cuba, and <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo in winter. Not noted from Mexico or Central -America.</p> - -<p>This species varies considerably in different stages, but can generally be -recognized. Immature specimens resemble those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. tigrina</i>, but differ in -the chestnut crown, browner back, less bright rump, brighter yellow of under -tail-coverts, smaller blotches on tail, no white bands on the wings, etc., as -well as in the shape of the bill.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Red-Poll Warbler belongs, in its geographical distribution, -to that large class of birds which visit high northern latitudes to breed, passing -back and forth over a wide extent of territory, from the West India -Islands to the extreme northern portions of the continent. Specimens have -been procured from Cuba, Jamaica, <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo, and the Bahamas, in fall, -winter, and spring, where, at such times, they seem to be generally quite -common. It has not been observed in Mexico or in Central or South -America. It has been met with on the western shore of Lake Michigan, -but nowhere farther to the west. It has been found in the Red River Settlement, -Fort George, Fort Simpson, and Fort Resolution, in the Hudson Bay -Territory. It is not known, so far as I am aware, to breed south of latitude -44<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Wilson and Nuttall both state that this bird remains in Pennsylvania -through the summer, but they were probably misinformed; at least, there -is no recent evidence to this effect. Wilson also states that he shot specimens -<!--329.png--><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 274]</span> -in Georgia, near Savannah, early in February, and infers that some pass -the entire winter in Georgia, which is not improbable, as this bird can endure -severe weather without any apparent inconvenience.</p> - -<p>There are several marked peculiarities in the habits of this Warbler which -distinguish it from every other of its genus. Alone of all the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroicæ</i>, so -far as is known, it builds its nest on the ground, and is quite terrestrial in its -habits, and, notwithstanding the statements of earlier writers, these are quite -different from all others of this genus. It has very little of the habits of the -Creeper and still less of the Flycatcher, while it has all the manners of the -true Ground Warbler, and even approximates, in this respect, to the Titlarks.</p> - -<p>My attention was first called to these peculiarities by Mr. Downes of -Halifax, in the summer of 1851; and I was surprised to find it nesting on the -ground, and yet more to note that in all its movements it appeared fully as -terrestrial as the Maryland Yellow-Throat, or the Towhee Finch. Since then -Mr. Boardman and other naturalists have found its nest, which is always on -the ground.</p> - -<p>Mr. MacCulloch, in the fourth volume of the Journal of the Boston -Natural History Society, has given an interesting paper upon the terrestrial -peculiarities of this species, showing them to be nearly identical with those -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">seiuri</i>, with whom he thinks it should be classed. In its terrestrial -movements this bird is shown to be quite at home, while other Warblers, -when driven by necessity to feed upon the ground, are awkward, and manifest -a want of adaptation.</p> - -<p>Dr. Henry Bryant, another very close and accurate observer, in his notes -on the birds of the Bahamas, referring to this Warbler, speaks of it as extremely -abundant, but confined to the sea-shore. “Its habits,” he adds, -apparently with some surprise, “are decidedly terrestrial, and it approaches, -in this respect, to the Titlarks. They were constantly running along the -edges of the road, or else hopping amongst the low branches in the pastures. -I did not see a single individual seeking for food amidst the large trees. -These birds could be constantly seen running up and down in the market in -search of small flies. These they caught either on the ground or else by -hopping up a few inches, scarcely opening the wings, and alighting directly.”</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen, in his Birds observed in Western Massachusetts, shows -that these peculiarities of habits in this Warbler had not escaped his notice. -He speaks of it as “frequenting, in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. pinus</i>, the edges of -thickets, orchards, and open fields, <em>and is much on the ground</em>.”</p> - -<p>Mr. George A. Boardman, writing me from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen, March, 1867, says: -“The Yellow Red-Poll is one of our most common Warblers, and, unlike -most other Warblers, spends much of its time feeding upon the ground. It -is no uncommon thing to see a dozen or two on the ground in my garden at -a time, in early spring. Later in the season they have more of the habits of -other Warblers, and are in summer expert flycatchers. In the fall we again -see them mostly upon the ground, feeding with the Blue Snowbirds (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco</i> -<!--330.png--><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 275]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>) and the Chipping Sparrow. They breed in old brushy pastures, and -very early, nesting alongside of some little knoll, and, I think, always upon -the ground. The nest is very warmly lined with feathers.”</p> - -<p>Mr. MacCulloch, in the paper already referred to, states that during their -autumnal migrations they seem invariably to exhibit the habits of true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, -gleaning among branches of trees for the smaller insects, and not -unfrequently visiting the windows of dwellings in search of spiders and -insects.</p> - -<p>In their migrations through Massachusetts these Warblers are everywhere -quite abundant in the spring, but in their return in autumn are not observed -in the eastern part of the State, though very common in the western from -September into November, remaining long after all the other Warblers are -gone. None remain during the summer.</p> - -<p>In Western Maine, Mr. Verrill states, it is quite common both in spring -and in fall, arriving in April, earlier than any other Warbler, and again -becoming abundant the last of September.</p> - -<p>I found it plentiful in the vicinity of Halifax, where it occurs throughout -the summer from May to September.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway gives this species as perhaps the most numerous of the transient -visitants, in spring and fall, in Southern Illinois. It is very terrestrial -in its habits, keeping much on the ground, in orchards and open places, and -its movements are said to be wonderfully like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</i>.</p> - -<p>In the vibratory motions of its tail, especially when upon the ground, -these birds greatly resemble the Wagtails of Europe. They have no other -song than a few simple and feeble notes, so thin and weak that they might -almost be mistaken for the sounds made by the common grasshopper.</p> - -<p>The Red-Poll usually selects for the site of its nest the edge of a swampy -thicket, more or less open, placing it invariably upon the ground. This is -usually not large, about three and a half inches in diameter and two and -a half in depth, the diameter and depth of the cavity each averaging only -half an inch less. The walls are compactly and elaborately constructed -of an interweaving of various fine materials, chiefly fine dry grasses, slender -strips of bark, stems of the smaller plants, hypnum, and other mosses. -Within, the nest is warmly and softly lined with down and feathers.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kennicott met with a nest of this bird at Fort Resolution, June 18. -It was on the ground, on a hummock, at the foot of a small spruce, in a -swamp. When found, it contained five young birds.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are of a rounded-oval shape, and measure .70 of an inch in -length by .55 in breadth. Their ground-color is a yellowish or creamy-white, -and their blotches, chiefly about the larger end, are a blending of -purple, lilac, and reddish-brown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--331.png--><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 276]</span> -<b class="birdname">Dendroica discolor</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PRAIRIE WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia discolor</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, 1807, 37, <abbr title="plate -98">pl. xcviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 14">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xiv</abbr>; <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Lembeye</span>, Aves Cuba, 1850, 32, <abbr title="plate -6">pl. vi</abbr>, fig. 2. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola discolor</i>, <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 97">Am. -II, pl. xcvii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 159. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Rhimanphus discolor</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 474 -(Cuba; winter). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica discolor</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 290; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 213.—<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 144 (<abbr -title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix).—<span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. -VII</abbr>, 1859 (Bahamas).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1866 (Porto Rico); 1867, 91 -(Hayti).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba; very -common).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 241. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia minuta</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, -<abbr title="Three, plate 25">III, pl. xxv</abbr>. fig. 4.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="subset">Spring male.</i> Above uniform olive-green; the interscapular region with -chestnut-red centres to feathers. Under parts and sides of the head, including a broad -superciliary line from the nostrils to a little behind the eye, bright yellow, brightest anteriorly. -A well-defined narrow stripe from the commissure of the mouth through the -eye, and another from the same point curving gently below it, also a series of streaks on -each side of the body, extending from the throat to the flanks, black. Quills and tail-feathers -brown, edged with white; the terminal half of the inner web of the first and -second tail-feathers white. Two yellowish bands on the wings. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but -duller. The dorsal streaks indistinct. Length, 4.86; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.10.</p> - -<p class="small">First plumage of the young not seen.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Atlantic region of United States, north to Massachusetts; South Illinois; in -winter very abundant throughout all the West India Islands, as far, at least, as the Virgin -Islands. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America.</p> - -<p>Autumnal specimens have the plumage more blended, but the markings -not changed. A young male in autumnal dress is wholly brownish olive-green -above, the whole wing uniform; the forehead ashy, the markings about -the head rather obsolete, the chestnut spots on the back and the black ones -on the sides nearly concealed.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Prairie Warbler, nowhere an abundant species, is pretty -generally, though somewhat irregularly, distributed through the eastern portion -of the United States from Massachusetts to Georgia during its breeding-season. -The Smithsonian Museum embraces no specimens taken west of -Philadelphia or Washington. I have had its nest and eggs found in -Central New York. Mr. Audubon speaks of its occurring in Louisiana, but -his accounts of its nesting are so obviously inaccurate that we must receive -this statement also with misgivings. Wilson, however, obtained specimens -in Kentucky, and gave to it the inappropriate name of <em>Prairie</em> Warbler. -Nuttall regarded it as rare in New England, which opinion more careful -observations do not confirm. They certainly are not rare in certain portions -of Massachusetts. In Essex County, and, according to Mr. Allen, in the -vicinity of Springfield, they are rather common. The Smithsonian possesses -specimens from the Bahamas, Jamaica, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas, and other West -India islands. Dr. Gundlach speaks of it as common in Cuba. In the -Bahamas, Dr. Bryant found these Warblers more abundant than he had ever -known them in the United States. In January all the males were in winter -<!--332.png--><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 277]</span> -plumage, some not having changed by April to their summer costume. He -regarded them as constant residents of those islands. They had all paired -off by the middle of April.</p> - -<p>In the island of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, Mr. Edward Newton observed these Warblers from -the 10th of September to the 27th of March. They were present on the island -about two thirds of the year, and while they were found were very common.</p> - -<p>In Jamaica, according to Mr. March, they are numerous throughout the -entire year, though less abundant during the summer months. They were -always plentiful in the gardens about the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Malpighia glabra</i>, capturing small -insects from the ripe fruit.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gosse, on the contrary, regarded it as only a winter visitant of that -island, appearing by the 18th of August, and disappearing by the 11th of -April. He observed them among low bushes and herbaceous weeds, along -the roadside, near the ground, examining every stalk and twig for insects. -Others flew from bushes by the wayside to the middle of the road, where, -hovering in the air, a few feet from the ground, they seemed to be catching -small dipterous insects. Their stomachs were filled with fragments of insects.</p> - -<p>Wilson found them usually in open plains and thinly wooded tracts, searching -most leisurely among the foliage, carefully examining every leaf or blade -of grass for insects, uttering, at short intervals, a brief <i class="birdcall">chirr</i>. They did not -appear to be easily alarmed, and he has known one of these birds to remain -half an hour at a time on the lower branch of a tree, and allow him to approach -the foot, without being in the least disturbed. He found their food -consisted of winged insects and small caterpillars.</p> - -<p>In 1858, Mr. John Cassin wrote me: “The Prairie Warbler certainly -breeds in New Jersey, near Philadelphia. I have seen it all summer for the -last twelve years, and have seen the young just able to fly, but never found -the nest. It has a very peculiar note, which I know as well as I do the Catbird’s, -having often followed and searched it out. It frequents cedar-trees, -and I suspect breeds in and about them.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found the Prairie Warbler mostly a spring and autumn visitant -in the vicinity of Washington, being quite abundant during those seasons. -A few were observed to remain during the breeding-season. They arrive -earlier than most of this family of birds, or about the 20th of April. He -found them frequenting, almost exclusively, cedar-patches and pine-trees, and -speaks of their having very peculiar manners and notes.</p> - -<p>Both Wilson and Audubon were evidently at fault in their descriptions of -the nest and eggs. These do not correspond with more recent and positive -observations. Its nest is never pensile. Mr. Nuttall’s descriptions, on the -other hand, are made from his own observations, and are evidently correct. -He describes a nest that came under his observation as scarcely distinguishable -from that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. æstiva</i>. It was not pensile, but fixed in a forked -branch, and formed of strips of the inner bark of the red cedar, fibres of asclepia, -and caterpillars’ silk, and thickly lined with the down of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gnaphalium</i> -<!--333.png--><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 278]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plantagineum</i>. He describes the eggs as having a white ground, sharp at one -end, and marked with spots of lilac-purple and of two shades of brown, -more numerous at the larger end, where they formed a ring. He speaks of -their note as slender, and noticed their arrival about the second week of -May, leaving the middle of September.</p> - -<p>At another time Mr. Nuttall was attracted by the slender, filing notes of -this bird, resembling the suppressed syllables <i class="birdcall">’tsh-’tsh-’tsh-’tshea</i>, beginning -low and gradually growing louder. With its mate it was busily engaged -collecting flies and larvæ about a clump of locust-trees in Mount Auburn. -Their nest was near, and the female, without any precautions, went directly -to it. Mr. Nuttall removed two eggs, which he afterwards replaced. Each -time, on his withdrawal, she returned to the nest, and resorted to no expedients -to entice him away.</p> - -<p>Several nests of this Warbler have been obtained by Mr. Welch in Lynn. -One was built on a wild rose, only a few feet from the ground. It is a snug, -compact, and elaborately woven structure, having a height and a diameter of -about two and a half inches. The cavity is two inches wide and one and a -half deep. The materials of which the outer parts are woven are chiefly the -soft inner bark of small shrubs, mingled with dry rose-leaves, bits of vegetables, -wood, woody fibres, decayed stems of plants, spiders’ webs, etc. The -whole is bound together like a web by cotton-like fibres of a vegetable origin. -The upper rim of this nest is a marked feature, being a strongly interlaced -weaving of vegetable roots and strips of bark. The lining of the nest -is composed of fine vegetable fibres and a few horse-hairs. This nest, in its -general mode of construction, resembles all that I have seen; only in others -the materials vary,—in some dead and decayed leaves, in others remains -of old cocoons, and in others the pappus of composite plants, being more -prominent than the fine strips of bark. The nests are usually within four -feet of the ground. The eggs vary from three to five, and even six.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Gerhardt found this bird the most common Warbler in Northern -Georgia. There its nests were similar in size, structure, and position, -but differed more or less in the materials of which they were made. The -nests were a trifle larger and the walls thinner, the cavities being correspondingly -larger. The materials were more invariably fine strips of inner bark -and flax-like vegetable fibres, and were lined with the finest stems of plants, -in one case with the feathers of the Great Horned Owl. In that neighborhood -the eggs were deposited by the 15th of May.</p> - -<p>In Massachusetts the Prairie Warbler invariably selects wild pasture-land, -often not far from villages, and always open or very thinly wooded. In -Georgia their nests were built in almost every kind of bush or low tree, or -on the lower limbs of post-oaks, at the height of from four to seven feet. -Eggs were found once as early as the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of May, and once as late as the 10th -of June. The birds arrived there by the 10th of April, and seemed to -prefer hillsides, but were found in almost any open locality.</p> - -<p><!--334.png--><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 279]</span> -In Southern Illinois, Mr. Ridgway cites this species as a rather rare bird -among the oak barrens where it breeds. He also met with it in orchards in -the wooded portions, in April, during the northward migration of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of an oval shape, pointed at one end, and measure .68 by .48 -of an inch. They have a white ground, marked with spots of lilac and purple -and two shades of umber-brown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">GEOTHLYPINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname ls">SEIUREÆ</b>.</p> - -<p>The diagnosis of the subfamily will be found on page 178. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiureæ</i>, -as there stated, have the wings pointed, and rather longer than the nearly -even tail, which is unspotted. The genera differ in proportion rather than -absolutely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis</i> having longer wings and larger claws. The coloration, -however, is always distinctive, as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p><span class="svleft"> -Under part white or whitish, thickly streaked …</span> - -<span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus.</i></span></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft">Beneath yellow, without spots …</span> - -<span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis.</i></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">SEIURUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 171. (Sufficiently distinct from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sciurus</i>.) (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Motacilla aurocapilla</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Henicocichla</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, List of Genera, 1840.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_334.jpg" - width="250" height="200" - alt="Seiurus aurocapillus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1433</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather sylvicoline, compressed, with a distinct notch. Gonys ascending. -Rictal bristles very short. Wings moderate, about three quarters of an inch longer -than the tail; first quill scarcely shorter than the -second. Tail slightly rounded; feathers acuminate. -Tarsi about as long as the skull, considerably -exceeding the middle toe. Under -tail-coverts reaching within about half an inch -of the end of the tail. Color above olivaceous; -beneath whitish, thickly streaked on the breast -and sides. Wings and tail immaculate. Nests -on the ground, often arched or sheltered by position -or dry leaves. Eggs white, marked with -red, brown, and purple.</p> - -<p>This genus is decidedly sylvicoline in general appearance, although the -spots on the breast resemble somewhat those of the Thrushes. The three -species may be grouped as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Middle of crown brownish-orange, bordered by blackish. No white superciliary -streak<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. aurocapillus.</i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><!--335.png--><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 280]</span> -<b class="subset">B.</b> Crown like the back. A well-defined superciliary light stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Thickly streaked beneath, including crissum. Ground-color and superciliary -stripe yellowish. Bill small<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. noveboracensis.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1">Sparsely streaked beneath; throat and crissum immaculate. Ground-color -and superciliary stripe white. Bill very large<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ludovicianus.</i></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Seiurus aurocapillus</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla aurocapilla</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1766, 334. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus <abbr title="aurocapilla">aur.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology Two, plate 14">Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv</abbr>, fig. 2.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 143">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cxliii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="aurocapilla">aur.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Seiurus <abbr title="aurocapilla">aur.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 171.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -260; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 214.—<span class="sc">Moore</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1859, 55 (Honduras).—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. -Jour.</abbr> 1858, 177.—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in">Nat.</abbr> Bermuda, 27. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Henicocichla <abbr title="aurocapilla">aur.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 25, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 159.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus <abbr -title="aurocapilla">aur.</abbr></i> <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> Sagra’s Cuba, 1840, 55.—<span -class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chic. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 278 -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 218. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus coronatus</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Vieillot Oiseaux 2"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. II.</abbr> 1807, 8.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities quoted: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cordova</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 293. <i class="location"><abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo</i>, <span -class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 231. <i class="location">Guatemala</i>, -<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 10. <i class="location">Santa Cruz</i> (winter), -<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 142. <i class="location">Cuba</i> (winter), <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three">Cab. Jour. -III</abbr>, 471. <i class="location">Jamaica</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds, 152.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1861, 70. <i class="location">Costa Rica</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1861, 84. <i class="location">Orizaba</i> (winter), <span -class="sc">Sumichrast</span>. <i class="location">Yucatan</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <i -class="location">Chiriqui</i>, <abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above uniform olive-green, with a tinge of yellow. Crown with two narrow -streaks of black from the bill, enclosing a median and much broader one of brownish-orange. -Beneath white; the breast, sides of the body, and a maxillary line, streaked with -black. The female and young of the year are not appreciably different. Length, 6.00; -wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America, north to English River, <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr>, and Alaska; -west to mouth of Platte, and Denver City, Colorado; Mazatlan; whole West Indies; -Eastern Mexico; Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica; Bermuda in autumn and winter -(<span class="sc">Jones</span>).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_335.jpg" - width="250" height="203" - alt="Seiurus aurocapillus." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Golden-crowned Thrush, or Oven-Bird, as in some portions -of the country it is exclusively called, -inhabits the whole of eastern North -America, as far to the west as the Great -Plains, and to the north at least as far -as English River. In the winter season -it has been found in Mexico, <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo, -Jamaica, Cuba, and other West India -islands, and in Central America is also -very common. Mr. Sumichrast also -speaks of it as common at Orizaba -during the same season, and it has been -found in the Bermudas and the Bahamas. -In all these places it usually appears early in the autumn and remains until -the ensuing spring. It breeds as far to the north as it has been known to go. -Richardson met with its nest on the banks of the Saskatchewan, and was -<!--336.png--><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 281]</span> -convinced that it bred at even still higher latitudes. Among some memoranda -I received from the late Mr. Kennicott is one stating that he met -with this Thrush breeding near English River, July 15. These birds arrive -in the fur country about the first of May. How far to the south they breed -we have no positive information. I have never received its eggs from any -point south of Philadelphia, nor did I ever meet with it or hear its notes -in summer in the vicinity of Washington. Audubon was of the opinion -that a few remain to breed even in Louisiana, and states that he found them -abundant in Texas in the middle of May, but he may have confounded this -species with the Louisiana Thrush.</p> - -<p>In Jamaica, where its habits have been carefully studied by Mr. Gosse, it -arrives in September and leaves about the 20th of April. Mr. Würdemann -obtained specimens at Cape Florida, September 24 and 25. Mr. Audubon -mentions their appearing in Louisiana as early as the first of March. Wilson -never noticed it in Louisiana before the last of April, nor after September. -The Smithsonian possesses no specimen obtained earlier than May 1, except -some procured April 25 from the mouth of Platte River. Mr. Allen notes -its arrival in Western Massachusetts May 10. Mr. Verrill gives the early -part of May as the time of its reaching Western Maine, and Mr. Boardman -May 1 for the vicinity of Calais.</p> - -<p>Though not found on the California coast, specimens of this bird have -been taken in winter near Mazatlan, Mexico, showing probably that in their -migrations they cross the mountains of Northern Mexico, as do the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta -varia</i> and a few other of our Eastern species.</p> - -<p>In Eastern Massachusetts it usually appears from the 1st to the 10th of -May, just as the first leaves of the trees are expanding, and is to be found -only in thick woods, often near their edges. Occasionally found perched on -the low limbs of trees, it is quite terrestrial in its habits, keeps a good deal -on the ground, running about among the fallen leaves, more in the manner -of a small quadruped than a bird. Mr. Audubon speaks of its frequenting -shady woods, watered by creeks and rivulets. I have found them rather -more abundant in woods upon high and dry ground, usually upon slopes of -wooded hillsides. In this respect it appears to differ in a marked manner -from its near of kin, the Water Thrush (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. noveboracensis</i>).</p> - -<p>This bird, and indeed all of this genus, have the peculiar vibratory motions -of the tail noticed in the Wagtail of Europe, and also observed in our -own Red-poll Warbler, and in the Titlarks. In consequence of these peculiarities -this species is known, in Jamaica, as <cite>Land Kickup</cite>, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</i> -as the <cite>Water Kickup</cite>. Mr. Gosse found in its stomach gravel, -various seeds, mud-insects, caterpillars, and small turbinate shells.</p> - -<p>The usual and more common song of this species is a very peculiar and -striking one, unlike that of any other of our birds. It is said to somewhat -resemble the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Accentor modularis</i> of Europe. It is loud and clear, -enunciated with great rapidity, and uttered with great emphasis at its close. -<!--337.png--><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 282]</span> -It is characterized by energy and power, rather than variety or sweetness, yet -it is not unpleasing. Audubon calls it a “simple lay,” and again “a short -succession of simple notes,”—expressions that would give one who had never -heard its song an altogether incorrect idea of its true character. Wilson is -still more in error when he states that this bird has no song, but an energetic -twitter, when, in fact, it has two very distinct songs, each in its way remarkable. -Nuttall describes its song as “a simple, long, reiterated note, rising -from low to high, and shrill”; Richardson speaks of it as “a loud, clear, and -remarkably pleasing ditty”; and Mr. Allen calls it “a loud, echoing song, -heard everywhere in the deep woods.” In reference to the songs of this bird, -and the injustice that has been done by writers to this and other species -of our birds, Mr. Boardman of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen has written me the following just -observations.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Many of our common Warblers, Thrushes, and other birds, have rare songs -they reserve for some extra occasions, and many of our common birds do not -get credit for half their real power of song. Once last spring, as I was watching -for some birds, I heard a new and very pretty warble, something like -the trill of a Winter Wren, and found that it came from our common slate-colored -Snowbird (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco hyemalis</i>), a bird that I see every day that I go -to the woods, and yet these notes I had never heard before. It is the same -with the Golden-crowned Thrush. When it gets into the top of a tall tree, -its strain is so rare and beautiful that but few know it as from that bird. -The same is true of the Water Thrush, and also of both <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus pallasi</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus swainsoni</i>.”</p> - -<p>The Oven-Bird always nests on the ground, and generally constructs nests -with arched or domed roofs, with an entrance on one side, like the mouth of -an oven, and hence its common name. This arched covering is not, however, -universal. For a site this species usually selects the wooded slope of a hill, -and the nests are usually sunk in the ground. When placed under the -shelter of a projecting root, or in a thick clump of bushes, the nest has no -other cover than a few loose leaves resting on, but forming no part of it.</p> - -<p>A nest from Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wis.</abbr>, obtained by Dr. Hoy, is a fine typical specimen -of the domed nests of this species. The roof is very perfect, and the whole -presents the appearance of two shallow nests united at the rim, and leaving -only a small opening at one side. This nest was five inches in diameter -from front to back, six inches from side to side, and four inches high. The -opening was two and a quarter inches wide, one and three quarters high. -The cavity was two inches deep, below the brim. At the entrance the roof -recedes about an inch, obviously to allow of a freer entrance and exit from -the nest. Externally this nest is made of wood, mosses, lichens, and dry -leaves, with a few stems and broken fragments of plants. The entrance is -strongly built of stout twigs, and its upper portion is composed of a strong -framework of fine twigs, roots, stems, mosses, dry plants, etc., all firmly -interwoven, and lined with finer materials of the same.</p> - -<p><!--338.png--><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 283]</span> -On the 7th of June, 1858, I came accidentally upon a nest of this bird -of a very different style of structure. It was in a thick wood in Hingham. -The nest was built in a depression in the ground at the foot of some low bushes, -and its top was completely covered by surrounding vines and wild flowers. -It would probably have escaped notice had not my daughter, then a child -of four years, attempted to gather some wild flowers growing directly over -its entrance. This flushed the mother, who until then had remained quiet, -although we were standing with our feet almost upon the nest, and the bird -fluttered and tumbled about at our feet with well-feigned manœuvres to distract -our attention. The child in great glee sought to catch it, but it eluded her -grasp, and, running off like a mouse, disappeared. The nest contained six -eggs, was entirely open, and with no other cover than the wild plants that -clustered above it. As to its identity there was no doubt, as the parent was -afterwards snared upon its nest. This nest was somewhat loosely constructed -of skeleton leaves, dry slender stalks, grasses, and pine-needles, and was -lined with a few slender grasses and leaves. It had a diameter of six inches, -and was two and a half inches deep. The cup had a diameter of three and -a half inches and a depth of two, being very large for the size of the bird, -probably owing to the shape of the cavity in which it was sunk.</p> - -<p>The nest of this bird seems to be a favorite place of resort for the Cow -Blackbird to deposit its egg. In one nest, found by Mr. Vickary in Lynn, -no less than three eggs of these parasites had been placed.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Golden-crowned Thrush are subject to considerable variations. -Their markings differ in their colors and shades, and yet more in number, -size, and manner of distribution. The eggs are oval in shape, one end -being but very slightly smaller than the other. Their average length is .82 -of an inch, and their breadth is .55 of an inch. Their ground-color is a beautiful -creamy-white. They are marked, usually principally about the larger -end, with dots and blotches, intermingled, of red, reddish-brown, lilac, darker -purple, and ferruginous. Occasionally these make a beautiful crown around -the larger end, leaving the rest of the surface nearly free from spots.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Seiurus noveboracensis</b>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SMALL-BILLED WATER THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla noveboracensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema -Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 958. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="noveboracensis">nov.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de -l'Amerique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 82">II, pl. lxxxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus -<abbr title="noveboracensis">nov.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three, plate -199">Am. III, pl. cxcix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 261, <abbr -title="plate 80">pl. lxxx</abbr>, fig. 1; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 215.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 121.—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span> (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 220. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Henicocichla <abbr -title="noveboracensis">nov.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Schomburgk">Schom.</abbr> -Guiana, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 666; <abbr title="Journal">Jour.</abbr> 1860, 324 (Costa Rica).—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span> (Tobago).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 -(Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta <abbr title="noveboracensis">nov.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Gray.</span> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">?? Motacilla fuscescens</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Systema Naturæ">S. -N.</abbr> 984 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficedula jamaicensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr -title="Three">III</abbr>, 512, Jamaica). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aquaticus</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography">Orn. -Biog.</abbr> 1839, 284, <abbr title="plate 433">pl. ccccxxxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia anthoides</i>, <span -class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 11">Nouv. Dict. XI</abbr>, 1817, 208. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus tenuirostris</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> 1827; <abbr -title="Gambel"><span class="sc">Gamb.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus</i> <!--339.png--><a name="Page_284" -id="Page_284"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 284]</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulfurascens</i>, <span class="sc">D’Orbigny</span>, -Sagra’s Cuba, 1840, 57, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus gosse</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 306 (Jamaica). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">? Anthus l’herminieri</i>, <abbr title="Lesson"><span class="sc">Less.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Z.</abbr> 1839, 101 (Colombia).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities quoted: <i class="location">Xalapa</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>. <i -class="location">Guatemala</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>. <i class="location">Panama</i>, <span -class="sc">Lawrence</span>. <i class="location">Carthagena</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>. <i class="location">Santa Cruz</i> -(winter), <span class="sc">Newton</span>. <i class="location">Cuba</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <i -class="location">Jamaica</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>.; <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <i -class="location">Venezuela</i>, <abbr title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span></abbr> <i -class="location">Yucatan</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <i class="location"><abbr -title="Saint">St.</abbr> Bartholemy</i>, <abbr title="Sundevall"><span class="sc">Sund.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Veragua</i>, -<abbr title="Salvin"><span class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill, from rictus, about the length of the skull. Above olive-brown, with a -shade of green; beneath pale sulphur-yellow, brightest on the abdomen. Region about -the base of the lower mandible, and a superciliary line from the base of the bill to the nape, -brownish-yellow. A dusky line from the bill through the eye; chin and throat finely -spotted. All the remaining under parts and sides of the body, except the abdomen, and -including the under tail-coverts, conspicuously and thickly streaked with olivaceous-brown, -almost black on the breast. Length, 6.15; wing, 3.12; tail, 2.40. Bill, from rictus, .64. -Sexes similar.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America, north to Arctic Ocean and Yukon (westward -along northern border of United States to Cascade Mountains); Fort Bridger, (<span class="sc">Drexler</span>); -Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>); whole West Indies; Southeastern Mexico; all Central America; -Panama and Eastern South America (Bogota; Carthagena; Brazil).</p> - -<p>A very young bird (22,619, Fort Simpson, August 10) is very different -from the adult in coloration. The upper parts are fuliginous-black, each -feather with a broad terminal bar of pale ochraceous, wing-coverts tipped -with the same, forming two distinct bands; streaks below as in the adult, -but broader and less sharply defined.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species has a general distribution, at certain seasons, -throughout the whole of eastern North America as far to the north as the -Arctic Ocean. North of the United States it is also found on the Pacific -coast as far south as the Cascade Mountains. In the winter it is quite common -in all the West India Islands, in Southeastern Mexico, Central America, -Panama, and the eastern part of South America to Brazil. From about latitude -43<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> northward it breeds throughout all North America. Sir John Richardson -met with it at the Carlton House, where it was found frequenting the -moist and thickly wooded banks of the river. These birds made their first -appearance in May, and the greater portion soon after disappeared, as if proceeding -still farther north to breed.</p> - -<p>Among other memoranda given me by the late Mr. Kennicott was one -furnished him by Mr. Lockhart, to the effect that, at Yukon River, June 21, -1859, he had shot a female Water Thrush as she flew from her nest. This -contained five eggs, and was concealed under a small pile of drift, close to -the river, but under large willow-trees. This was not lined with down. At -the same locality another nest with six eggs was also obtained. This also -was on the ground at the foot of some willows near the water. It was made -of moss, and lined with very fine grass.</p> - -<p>All that has been given by our earlier authors as to the habits of this -species must be received with more or less uncertainty. The difference between -this bird and that known as the Louisiana Thrush has not been sufficiently -clear to these writers to enable us always to determine which of the -<!--340.png--><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 285]</span> -two they had in view. And even now the distribution in summer of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> is hardly definable with precision.</p> - -<p>Wilson describes the habits of those he observed in Pennsylvania as -evincing a remarkable partiality for brooks, rivers, ponds, and the vicinity -of water generally, wading in shallow pools in search of aquatic insects, and -giving, as it moves it along, an almost continuously vibratory motion to its -tail. He speaks of it as very shy, darting away with signs of alarm whenever -approached, and uttering a sharp cry. In all other respects his account -of this bird probably refers to the Louisiana species.</p> - -<p>This is also, without doubt, true of nearly all Audubon gives in connection -with the history of this Thrush, which in all probability does not breed in -Louisiana, nor remain there through April, being at that time well on its way -to more northern regions.</p> - -<p>Mr. Gosse, in his notes on the birds of Jamaica, states that this bird reappears -in that island about the end of August. He noticed them about the -muddy margins of ponds, and they soon became abundant. Individuals -were also to be seen running on the road, especially near the sea-shore, and -by the edges of morasses. They ran rapidly, often waded up to their tibiæ -in water, or ran along the twigs of a fallen tree at the brink, and now and -then flew up into the branches of a pimento or an orange-tree. Whether -running or standing, they were continually flirting up their tails, after the -manner of the European Wagtail. During its winter residence in Jamaica -it has no song, only a monotonous cry, a sharp <i class="birdcall">chip</i>. Its stomach was -found to contain water-insects and shells. Mr. March has noticed their -arrival in Jamaica as early as August 5. They all leave by the first of -April.</p> - -<p>Mr. Allen found these birds not uncommon both in spring and in fall in -the vicinity of Springfield. He thinks a few breed there, as he has met with -them in the months of June, July, and August, very sparingly however. -They arrive about the 12th of May. I have once, at least, met with its -nest and eggs near Boston.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues says this bird is quite common, both in the spring and fall, -near Washington, and breeds sparingly, having been found there in July. -They arrive about the first of May, are eminently aquatic, frequent swampy -thickets and thick dark woods interspersed with pools, where they associate -with the Solitary Tatler.</p> - -<p>In Southern Illinois this species, Mr. Ridgway states, is found only during -its migrations and in mild winters. He never met with it in the breeding-season, -when the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ludovicianus</i> is so abundant. But it returns early from -the North, and he has shot numbers of them in August. During the whole -fall they are common about all swampy places, or the margin of creeks in the -woods; and in mild winters a few are found in the swamps of the bottom-lands, -where the dense forest affords them comfortable shelter. On warm -days in December and January, he has heard them singing with all the vigor -<!--341.png--><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 286]</span> -of spring in such localities. In notes, as well as in manners, Mr. Ridgway -has noticed little difference between this species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. ludovicianus</i>. The -song, however, is decidedly weaker, though scarcely less sweet, and the two -are very easily distinguished at sight by one familiar with them.</p> - -<p>These birds breed, though they are not very abundant, in the vicinity of -Calais, and also in the western part of Maine. Professor Verrill states that -they reached the neighborhood of Norway, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, about the first of May, a fortnight -earlier than Mr. Allen noted their arrival in Springfield. Mr. Verrill -demonstrated the fact of their breeding in Western Maine, by finding, June 8, -1861, a nest and eggs in a dense cedar swamp near Norway. This was built -in an excavation in the side of a decayed moss-covered log, the excavation -itself forming an arch over the nest in the manner of, yet different from, -that of the Golden-crowned. The nest itself was an exceeding beautiful -structure, four and a half inches in diameter, but only an inch and a half in -depth, being very nearly flat, the cavity only half an inch deep. The entire -base was made of loose hypnum mosses, interspersed with a few dead leaves -and stems. The whole inner structure or lining was made up of the fruit-stems -of the same moss, densely impacted. The outer circumference was -made up of mosses and intertwined small black vegetable roots.</p> - -<p>This nest contained five eggs, the brilliant white ground of which, with -their delicately shaded spots of reddish-brown, contrasted with the bright -green of the mossy exterior, and set off to advantage by the conspicuous and -unique lining, produce a very beautiful effect.</p> - -<p>Mr. George A. Boardman of Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, an observing and accurate naturalist, -has furnished me with the following interesting account of the habits -of this species and its congener, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapillus</i>, in a letter dated <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Stephen, March 23, 1867. “Did you ever notice their walk on the ground? -You know that most of our birds are hoppers. These two, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. noveboracensis</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. aurocapillus</i>, have a beautiful gliding walk, and of all our other birds -I only remember two that are not hoppers, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris</i>. I do not think that a naturalist should ever say, as -Wilson was constantly doing, that any bird has no note or song whatever, -unless he is well acquainted with them, at all times, especially while breeding. -Many birds seem really to have nothing to say except when mating. -I think that our little walker, the Water Thrush, has been particularly ill -used by writers in this respect, for I regard him as one of our liveliest singers. -Its note is very high and clear, begins with a sudden outburst of melody, -so as almost to startle you, is very clear and ringing, as if the bird had just -found its mate after a long absence. It then keeps falling until you can -hardly hear it. Its note is very sweet, and can be heard when you are in a -canoe or boat a very long ways. Like most of our Warblers and Thrushes, -when singing, they do not like intrusion, and it was a long while before I -could make out the bird that uttered these notes. I could only do it by -going in a boat or canoe. They hide in thick trees, over the water, where it -<!--342.png--><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 287]</span> -is impossible to walk up to them. I almost always find them on some -island, in a river, that, has been overflowed, and always very near the water.”</p> - -<p>Their eggs vary in length from .81 to .87 of an inch, and in breadth from -.65 to .69. They have an oblong-oval shape, tapering to a point at one end -and rounded at the other. Their ground is a clear crystal-white, and they are -more or less marked with lines, dots, and dashes of varying shades of umber-brown. -These markings are more numerous around the larger end, and are -much larger and bolder in some than in others, in many being mere points -and fine dots, and in such cases equally distributed over the whole egg. In -others a ring of large confluent blotches is grouped around the larger end, -leaving the rest of the egg nearly unmarked.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Seiurus ludovicianus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus ludovicianus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1832, 99, <abbr title="plate 19">pl. xix</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Seiurus ludovicianus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 262, <abbr title="plate 80">pl. lxxx</abbr>, fig. 2; -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 217.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxaca); 1861, 70 (Jamaica).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1860, 273 -(Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 579. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Henicocichla <abbr -title="ludovicianus">lud.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 25, <abbr -title="number">no.</abbr> 161 (Orizaba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Turdus motacilla</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, -1807, 9, <abbr title="plate 65">pl. lxv</abbr> (Kentucky). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus motacilla</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> 1850. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Henicocichla <abbr -title="motacilla">mot.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1857, 240 (Cuba).—<span -class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Jour. Orn.</abbr> 1861, 326. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Henicocichla major</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1850 (Xalapa).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill longer than the skull. Upper parts olive-brown with a shade of greenish. -A conspicuous white superciliary line from the bill to the nape, involving the upper -lid, with a brown one from the bill through the eye, widening behind. Under parts white, -with a very faint shade of pale buff behind, especially on the tail-coverts. A dusky maxillary -line; the forepart of breast and sides of body with arrow-shaped streaks of the -same color. Chin, throat, belly, and under tail-coverts, entirely immaculate. Length, 6.33; -wing, 3.25; tail, 2.40; bill, from rictus, .75. Sexes similar. Young not seen.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States as far north as Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, and Michigan; -Cuba and Jamaica; Southern Mexico (Colima) to Guatemala.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_342a.jpg" - width="250" height="308" - alt="Seiurus ludovicianus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus ludovicianus</i>,<br /> - <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">964</b></p> -</div> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_342b.jpg" - width="250" height="328" - alt="Seiurus noveboracensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus noveboracensis</i>,<br /> - <abbr title="Nuttall">Nutt.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2434</b></p> -</div> - -<p>Autumnal specimens have a more or less strong wash of ochraceous over -the flanks and crissum, and the brown above -rather darker and less grayish than in spring -birds.</p> - -<p>This species is very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. noveboracensis</i>, -although readily distinguishable by -the characters given in the diagnoses. The -differences in the bill there referred to are -illustrated in the accompanying diagram.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Water Thrush described by Wilson as most abundant in -the lower part of the Mississippi Valley, as well as that given by Audubon -as the Louisiana Water Thrush, though its position as a genuine species was -afterwards abandoned, are undoubtedly referable to a closely allied but apparently -<!--343.png--><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 288]</span> -distinct <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus</i>, now known as the Louisiana Water Thrush. This -bird has a very close resemblance to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</i>, differing chiefly in -size and in having a larger bill. Although its distribution is not yet fully -determined, it seems to belong rather to the South and Southwestern States, -and only accidentally to be found north of the Middle States. Still a single -specimen has been obtained in Massachusetts, and it has been several times -found in Michigan and Missouri. Specimens of this bird have also been -procured in Pennsylvania, Georgia, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, and -Guatemala.</p> - -<p>Its recognition as a distinct species from the common Water Thrush is -so recent, and the two species so closely resemble each other, that as yet its -habits and history are imperfectly known. Wilson refers to the birds he -had met with in Mississippi and Louisiana, which we presume to have been -the same, as being there in abundance, and eminently distinguished by the -loudness, sweetness, and expressive vivacity of their notes. These he describes -as beginning very high and clear, and as falling with an almost imperceptible -gradation until they are scarcely articulated,—a description that -would also answer very well for the song of the true Water Thrush. During -their song, he adds, they are perched on the middle branches of a tree over -the brook or river-bank, pouring out a charming melody, so loud and distinct -that it may be heard at the distance of nearly half a mile. The voice of this -bird appeared to him so exquisitely sweet and expressive that he was never -tired of listening to it.</p> - -<p>It is also quite probable that nearly all of Audubon’s accounts of the habits -of the Water Thrush were derived from his observation of this species, and -not of its Northern congener. He describes its song as fully equal to that -of the Nightingale, its notes as powerful and mellow, and at times as varied. -He states that it is to be found at all seasons in the deepest and most swampy -of the canebrakes of Mississippi and Louisiana. Its song is to be heard even -in the winter, when the weather is calm and warm.</p> - -<p>He describes its flight as easy and continued, just above the brakes, or -close to the ground. When on the ground, it is continually vibrating its -body, jerking out its tail and then closing it again. It walks gracefully along -the branches or on the ground, but never hops. He states that it feeds on -insects and their larvæ, and often pursues the former on the wing.</p> - -<p>He describes the nest as placed at the foot and among the roots of a tree, -or by the side of a decayed log, and says they are often easily discovered. -They are commenced the first week of April. The outer portions are formed -of dry leaves and mosses, the inner of fine grasses, with a few hairs or the -dry fibres of the Spanish moss.</p> - -<p>The eggs, four in number, are described as flesh-colored, sprinkled with -dark red at the larger end. They are hatched in fourteen days. The young -leave the nest in about ten days, and follow the parent on the ground from -place to place. When disturbed on her nest in the earlier periods of incubation, -<!--344.png--><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 289]</span> -she merely flies off; but later, or when she has young, she tumbles -about on the ground, spreads her wings and tail, utters piteous cries, and -seems as if in the last agonies of despair. This species Mr. Audubon never -met with farther east than Georgia, nor farther north than Henderson, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr></p> - -<p>Of late years, or since attention has been more drawn to the specific -difference between this species and the Water Thrush, it has apparently -become more numerous, and has been obtained in considerable numbers in -the vicinity of Washington. In that neighborhood, once considered so -rare, it was found by Dr. Coues to be not at all uncommon at certain -seasons and in particular localities. From the 10th of April to the 20th -of May it was always to be met with among the dense laurel-brakes that -border the banks of and fill the ravines leading into Rock Creek and Piney -Branch. He believes they breed there, but they were not observed in the -fall. They were usually very shy, darting at once into the most impenetrable -brakes, but were at other times easily approached. He always found -them in pairs, even as early as the 20th of April. Their call-note was a -sparrow-like chirp, as if made by striking two pebbles together. They also -had a loud, beautiful, and melodious song, the singularity of which first drew -his attention to the bird.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway informs me that in the Wabash Valley this bird, familiarly -known as the “Water Wagtail,” is an abundant summer sojourner. It inhabits -the dampest situations in the bottom-lands, the borders of creeks, lagoons, -and swamps, living there in company with the Prothonotary Warbler (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria -citrea</i>). In its movements it is one of the quickest as well as the -most restless of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, though it is eminently terrestrial in its habits. -It is usually seen upon the wet ground, in a horizontal position, or even -the posterior part of its body more elevated, and its body continually tilting -up and down; if it fancies itself unobserved, it runs slyly beneath the brushwood -overhanging the shore; but if startled, it flies up suddenly with a sharp -and startling chatter. He adds that in early spring (from the latter part of -February to the beginning of April) its rich loud song may be heard before -the trees are in leaf, for it is one of the earliest of the Warblers to arrive. -When singing, it is usually perched upon the lower branches of a tree overhanging -the water, but he has frequently seen it among the topmost branches. -Wilson and Audubon have not exaggerated the merits of the song of this -bird, for among all its family there is certainly not one of our North American -species that compares with it. In richness and volume of its very liquid -notes it is almost unrivalled, though the song itself may not be considered -otherwise remarkable.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin met this species in different portions of Guatemala in the months -of August, September, and November, 1859. A dry watercourse in the forest, -or in the bottom of a barranco, seemed to be its favorite resort, while -its near congener, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</i>, was observed to seek rather the more -open streams.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--345.png--><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 290]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">OPORORNIS</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 246. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia agilis</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_345.jpg" - width="250" height="168" - alt="Oporornis formosus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis formosus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">517</b></p> -</div> - - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill sylvicoline, rather compressed; distinctly notched at tip; rictal bristles -very much reduced. Wings elongated, pointed, -much longer than the tail; the first quill -nearly or quite the longest. Tail very slightly -rounded; tail-feathers acuminate, pointed; -the under coverts reaching to within less than -half an inch of their tip. Tarsi elongated, -longer than the head; claws large, the hinder -one as long as its digit, and longer than the -lateral toes. Above olive-green; beneath -yellow; tail and wings immaculate. Legs -yellow.</p> - -<p>This group of American Warblers is very distinct from any other. The -typical species is quite similar in color to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis philadelphia</i>, but is at -once to be distinguished by much longer wings, more even tail, and larger -toes and claws. It is also very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus</i>, differing chiefly in the -longer wings, larger claws, and absence of spots beneath.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="svleft">Throat and crown ash-color; a white ring round the eye. No black on the -side of the head …</span> <span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">O. agilis.</i></span></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="svleft">Throat and superciliary stripe yellow; top of the head and a streak beneath -the eye black …</span> <span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">O. formosus.</i></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Oporornis agilis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CONNECTICUT WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia agilis</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Five"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 64, <abbr title="plate 39">pl. xxxix</abbr>, fig. 4.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 138">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cxxxviii</abbr>; <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="agilis">ag.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Two, plate 99">Am. II, pl. xcix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas <abbr title="agilis">ag.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis <abbr title="agilis">ag.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 246, <abbr title="plate 79">pl. lxxix</abbr>, fig. 2: -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 218. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Trichas tephrocotis</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span -class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual second edition">Man. 2d ed.</abbr> 1840, 462 (Chester <abbr -title="County">Co.</abbr>, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>; top of head pure ash).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, -208.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="subset">Spring male.</i> Upper parts and sides of the body uniform olive-green, very -slightly tinged with ash on the crown. Sides of the head ash, tinged with dusky beneath, -the eye. (Entire head sometimes ash.) Chin and throat grayish-ash, gradually becoming -darker to the upper part of the breast, where it becomes tinged with dark ash. Sides of -the neck, breast, and body olive, like the back; rest of under parts light yellow. A broad -continuous white ring round the eye. Wings and tail-feathers olive (especially the latter), -without any trace of bars or spots. Bill brown above. Feet yellow. Length, 6 inches; -wing, 3.00; tail, 2.25. <i class="sex">Female.</i> The olive-green reaching to the bill, and covering sides -of head; throat and jugulum pale ashy-buff. <i class="age">Young</i> not seen. Nesting unknown.</p> - -<p class="small">Autumnal specimen nearly uniform olive above; the throat tinged with brownish so as -to obscure the ash.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States.</p> - -<!--346.png--><!--Plate 15--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_15.jpg" - width="500" height="305" - alt="Color plate 15" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Fifteen">XV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-1" name="pl_15-1"></a><img src="images/pl_15-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 1, Oporornis agilis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis agilis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, 35031.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-2" name="pl_15-2"></a><img src="images/pl_15-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 2, Oporornis agilis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis agilis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-3" name="pl_15-3"></a><img src="images/pl_15-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 3, Oporornis formosas" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis formosas</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, 60873.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-4" name="pl_15-4"></a><img src="images/pl_15-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 4, Geothlypis macgillivrayi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis macgillivrayi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Oregon">Oreg.</abbr>, 1861.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-5" name="pl_15-5"></a><img src="images/pl_15-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 5, Geothlypis macgillivrayi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis macgillivrayi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-6" name="pl_15-6"></a><img src="images/pl_15-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 6, Geothlypis philadelphia" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis philadelphia</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 689.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-7" name="pl_15-7"></a><img src="images/pl_15-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 7, Geothlypis trichas" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis trichas</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 26024.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-8" name="pl_15-8"></a><img src="images/pl_15-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 8, Geothlypis trichas" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis trichas</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 385.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-9" name="pl_15-9"></a><img src="images/pl_15-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 9, Geothlypis philadelphia" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis philadelphia</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1037.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-10" name="pl_15-10"></a><img src="images/pl_15-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 10, Myiodioctes mitratus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes mitratus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2226.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-11" name="pl_15-11"></a><img src="images/pl_15-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 11, Myiodioctes mitratus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes mitratus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2228.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_15-12" name="pl_15-12"></a><img src="images/pl_15-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 15 detail 12, Icteria virens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria virens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2260.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--347.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p><!--348.png--><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 291]</span> -A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, killed by Mr. -Krider, has the darker ash of the jugulum of a decided sooty tinge.</p> - -<p>A peculiarity in the history of this species is shown in the fact that it is -quite abundant in Illinois, Wisconsin, etc., in the spring, and very rare in -the autumn; precisely the reverse being the case near the Atlantic border, -where only two or three spring specimens have been announced as captured -by collectors. It is possible that they go north in spring, along the valley of -the Mississippi, and return in autumn through the Atlantic States. Their -summer abode and breeding-place are as yet unknown.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_348.jpg" - width="250" height="194" - alt="Oporornis agilis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis agilis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the history of this rare and beautiful species but little is as -yet known. It was first met with by -Wilson, in the State of Connecticut, -and he afterwards obtained two other -specimens near Philadelphia. Others -have since been procured at Carlisle, -Penn., at Washington, Loudon County, -<abbr title="Virginia">Va.</abbr>, near Chicago, Racine, and in Southern -Illinois. September 25 to October -1, and May, from the 15th to the -28th, appears to be the epoch of their -fall and spring occurrence. They are -more frequently noticed in the autumn. -It is supposed to be a migratory bird, going north to breed.</p> - -<p>It was found by Wilson, in every case, among low thickets, and seemed to -be more than commonly active, not remaining for a moment in the same -position. Mr. Audubon obtained only two specimens, a pair, opposite Philadelphia -in New Jersey. When he first observed them they were hopping -and skipping from one low bush to another, and among the tall reeds of the -marsh, emitting an oft-repeated <i class="birdcall">tweet</i> at every move. They were chasing a -species of spider that ran nimbly over the water, and which they caught by -gliding over it. Upon dissecting them, he found a number of these spiders -in their stomachs, and no other food. These two birds were not at all shy, -and seemed to take very little notice of him, even when close to them.</p> - -<p>Mr. Trumbull, in his list of the birds of Eastern Pennsylvania, marks it -as a summer resident of that State, which is probably not the fact. Mr. Lawrence -includes it in his list of birds found near New York City. It is not -given by Mr. Verrill or Mr. Boardman as occurring in any part of Maine, and -has not been detected in Western Massachusetts by Mr. Allen, though it has -been occasionally met with in the eastern part of the State by Dr. Cabot, Mr. -Maynard, and others. More recently, in the fall of 1870, and again in that -of 1871, this species has been found quite abundant in a restricted locality -in the eastern part of that State. It was first observed by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, -a promising young naturalist, in the early part of September, 1870, -among the Fresh Pond marshes in Cambridge. They appeared to be quite -<!--349.png--><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 292]</span> -numerous, and several specimens were obtained. He communicated the discovery -to his friend, Mr. William Brewster, and more than fifty specimens -of this rare Warbler were obtained during that season. In the following -autumn, in September and during the first few days of October, these birds -were observed in the same locality, apparently in greater numbers, and -more specimens were obtained.</p> - -<p>Mr. Henshaw writes me that he first saw this species, September 7, 1870, -when he obtained a single specimen. From that time until September 27 it -was very common throughout the Fresh Pond swamps, to which locality it -seemed to be restricted. It again made its appearance in 1871, and at about -the same time, and remained until October 5. It was in even greater numbers -than during the preceding year.</p> - -<p>Their habits, while with us in the fall, appear to be very different from -those of the individuals observed by Wilson and Audubon, which were -described as being of a remarkably lively disposition, and hence the name of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</i>. Mr. Henshaw found them almost constantly engaged in seeking their -food upon the ground. When startled, they would fly up to the nearest bush, -upon which they would sit perfectly motionless, in a manner closely resembling -the Thrushes. If not further disturbed, they immediately returned to -the ground and resumed the search for food among the leaves. If greatly -startled, they took a long flight among the bushes, and could rarely be found -again. The only note he heard them utter was a single sharp chirp, emitted -occasionally, when surprised. They were all remarkably fat, so much so as -to make it difficult to obtain a good specimen.</p> - -<p>About sunset, standing on the skirts of the swamp, he has repeatedly observed -these birds alight, in great numbers, on the edge, and immediately -pass in, evidently intending to remain there over night. He judged that -they migrate entirely by day. On only one or two occasions did he observe -these birds feeding in the tops of willow-trees. At such times they -appeared equally lively in their movements with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica striata</i>, in -company with which they were associated. The birds he saw were nearly -all in immature plumage, adults being comparatively rare.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that the Connecticut Warbler is found near Washington -in the month of October, but that it is rather uncommon. He did not -meet with it in spring. He speaks of its frequenting old buckwheat and -corn fields, searching for food among the dry, rank weeds, and also in swampy -places among low thickets.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--350.png--><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 293]</span> -<b class="birdname">Oporornis formosus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">KENTUCKY WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Sylvia æquinoctialis</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, -1807, 26, <abbr title="plate 81">pl. lxxxi</abbr>, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>). <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia formosa</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology -Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 85, <abbr title="plate 25">pl. xxv</abbr>, fig. 3.—<abbr title="Nuttall"><span -class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, -plate 38">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xxxviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola formosa</i>, <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes -formosus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Syn.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 74">Am. II, pl. lxxiv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Lembeye</span>, -<abbr lang="es" xml:lang="es" title="Aves de">Av.</abbr> Cuba, 1850, 37. <span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis formosus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 247; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 218.—<span class="sc">Sclater & -Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities cited: <i class="location">Mexico</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>. <i -class="location">Isthmus Panama</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>. <i class="location">Veragua</i>, <abbr title="Salvin"><span -class="sc">Salv.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Costa Rica</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult male.</i> Upper parts and sides dark olive-green. Crown and sides of -the head, including a triangular patch from behind the eye down the side of the neck, -black, the feathers of the crown narrowly lunulated at tips with dark ash. A line from -nostrils over the eye and encircling it (except anteriorly), with the entire under parts, -bright yellow. No white on the tail. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, with less black on the head. Length, -5 inches; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.25. <i class="age">Young</i> not seen.</p> - -<p class="small">The adults in autumn are exactly the same as in spring.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, north to Washington and Chicago; west to -Republican Fork of Kansas River (Coues). Cuba, Guatemala, and Isthmus Panama. Not -recorded from West Indies except Cuba.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Kentucky Warbler is an abundant species in the Southern -and Southwestern States, and has been found, though more rarely, as far to -the north as Southern New York in the east and to Southern Wisconsin in -the west. It has also been obtained at Fort Riley, in Kansas. Its nest and -eggs have been procured near Cleveland, <abbr title="Ohio">O.</abbr>, by Dr. J. P Kirtland, and also -in Chester County, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, by Mr. Norris. It is a winter inhabitant in -Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, and Cuba.</p> - -<p>Wilson speaks of having met with this bird in abundance from Kentucky to -the mouth of the Mississippi, everywhere quite common, but most especially -so in the States of Tennessee and Kentucky. At the Balize he several times -heard it twittering among the high rank grass of those solitary morasses. -He found it frequenting low damp woods, and building its nest either in the -middle of thick tufts of rank grass, in the fork of a low bush, or on the -ground. The materials of which these nests were made were loose dry -grass, mixed with the pith of wood, and lined with hair. He found the eggs -from four to six in number, pure white, sprinkled with reddish specks. He -met with the female sitting upon her eggs as early as May. These birds, -he adds, are seldom seen among high branches, but prefer to frequent low -bushes and canebrakes. In their habits they are very lively and sprightly. -The song is loud, comprising three notes, and resembles <i class="birdcall">tweedle-tweedle-dweedle</i>. -It makes its appearance in Kentucky from the South about the middle -of April, and leaves the region about New Orleans on the approach of cold -weather. Wilson was assured that it never remains there during the winter.</p> - -<p>Wilson characterizes these birds as a reckless fighting species, almost -always engaged in pursuing its fellows.</p> - -<p><!--351.png--><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 294]</span> -Mr. Audubon states that this Warbler is the most common and abundant -species that visits the State of Louisiana and the whole region about the -Mississippi River, but is not so common in Kentucky or Ohio. He describes -it as an extremely lively and active bird, found in all the low grounds -and damp places near watercourses, and generally among the tall rank weeds -and low bushes growing in rich alluvial soil. It is continually in motion, -hopping from stalk to stalk, and from twig to twig, preying upon insects, -larvæ, or small berries, rarely pursuing an insect on the wing. He describes -its song as agreeable and emphatic. He has never known this species fly -farther than a few yards at a time. Its flight is low, and is performed in a -gliding manner. It makes its first appearance about the middle of March, -and remains until the middle or last of September. He states that it rears -two broods in a season. His description of its nest, as “small, beautifully -constructed, and attached to several stems of rank weeds,” etc., does not agree -in position, size, or appearance with any that I have ever seen.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Audubon, it feeds largely upon spiders, which it obtains -by turning over the withered leaves on the ground. The young birds resemble -their mother until the following season, when the males attain the full -beauty of their plumage. They remain with their parents until they migrate.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Alexander Gerhardt, an accurate and observing naturalist of -Northern Georgia, informed me, by letter, that the nest of the Kentucky -Warbler is usually built on the ground, under a tuft of grass, often on a hillside -and always in dry places. The eggs are deposited from the 4th to the -15th of May. Nearly all the nests he met with were made externally of a -loose aggregation of dry oak and chestnut leaves, so rudely thrown together -as hardly to possess any coherence, and requiring to be sewed to be kept in -place. The interior or inner nests were more compactly interwoven, usually -composed of fine dark-brown roots. Instead of being small, they are large -for the bird, and are inelegantly and clumsily made. They measure four -inches in their diameter, three in height, and two in the depth of their cavity. -One nest, the last received from Dr. Gerhardt, obtained by him at Varnell’s -Station, in Northern Georgia, June 5, 1860, is large and peculiar in its -construction. It is nearly spherical in shape, with an entrance partially on -one side and nearly arched over. The periphery of this nest is composed -exclusively of partially decayed deciduous leaves, impacted together, yet -somewhat loosely. Within this outer covering is a fine framework of stems, -twigs, and rootlets, and within this a snug, compact lining of hair and finer -rootlets and fibres. This nest is six inches in diameter and five in height. -It contained four eggs.</p> - -<p>These eggs have an average length of .69 of an inch and a breadth of .56 -of an inch. They have an oblong-oval shape, a crystalline-white ground, and -the entire surface is sprinkled over with fine dots of red and reddish-brown. -These, though most abundant about the larger end, are nowhere confluent, -and do not form a crown.</p> - -<p><!--352.png--><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 295]</span> -A nest of this bird from Chester County, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, is a very flat structure, -evidently built in a bed of fallen leaves. It has a diameter of six inches and -a height of only two. The cup is a mere depression only half an inch in -depth. Its base is loosely constructed of dried leaves, upon which is interwoven -a coarse lining of long, dry, and wiry rootlets and stems of plants. -It was given to Mr. J. P. Norris, from whom I received it, and it is now in -the Boston collection.</p> - -<p>Mr. Robert Ridgway furnishes the following valuable information in regard -to the abundance and general habits of this species as observed in Southern -Illinois: “It is a very common summer bird in Southern Illinois, where it -arrives in the Wabash Valley towards the last of April. It is a wood-loving -species, and of terrestrial habits, like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus</i>, but generally frequents -rather different situations from the latter bird, liking better the undergrowth -of ‘bottom’ woods than that of dry forests. In all its manners it -closely resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiuri</i>, especially the two aquatic species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</i>, having the same tilting motion of the body, and horizontal -attitude when perching, so characteristic of these birds. The nest I have -never found, though well aware of its actual situation. I knew of one somewhere -among the ‘top’ of a fallen tree, but it was so well concealed that -the closest search did not enable me to discover it. In most cases the nest is -probably on the ground, among the rubbish of fallen tree-tops, or low brushwood.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The usual note of this Warbler is a sharp <i class="birdcall">tship</i>, almost precisely like that -of the Pewee (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus</i>), uttered as the bird perches on a twig near the -ground, continually tilting its body, or is changed into a sharp rapid twitter -as one chases another through the thicket. Their song is very pretty, consisting -of a fine whistle, delivered very much in the style of the Cardinal -Grosbeak (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis virginianus</i>), though finer in tone, and weaker.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this Warbler rare at Washington, and chiefly in low -woods with thick undergrowth, and in ravines. They were very silent, but -not shy, and a few breed there.</p> - -<p class="p2 center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname ls">GEOTHLYPEÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">GEOTHLYPIS</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three">Zoöl. Journ. III</abbr>, July, 1827, 167 (not of Gloger, March, 1827, equal to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Criniger</i>, <abbr -title="Temminck">Temm.</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Wiegmann’s <span lang="de" -xml:lang="de">Archiv</span>, 1847, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 316, 349.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Schomburgk’s Reise, Guiana, 1848.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill sylvicoline, rather depressed, and distinctly notched; rictal bristles very -short or wanting. Wings short, rounded, scarcely longer than the tail; the first quill -shorter than the fourth. Tail long; much rounded or graduated. Legs stout; tarsi elongated, -as long as the head. Olive-green above, belly yellow. Tail-feathers immaculate. -Legs yellow.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--353.png--><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 296]</span> -<b class="birdname">Synopsis of Species.</b></p> - -<p><span class="svleft small">Throat yellow …</span> <span class="svright small"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></i></span></p> -<p class="p0"><span class="svleft small">Throat ash …</span> <span class="svright small"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></i></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Black mask extending beneath the eye and on the auriculars.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname">G. trichas.</b> Black mask bordered along its posterior edge with pale ashy -or whitish; maxillæ black. Sexes dissimilar. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Olive-brown above; -throat only, distinctly yellow; no black mask. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Without either black -or pure yellow; above olive-brown, like <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, beneath pale ochraceous-buff.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Abdomen almost always whitish; occiput russet-olive. Bill, from -nostril, .30;. tarsus, .70; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.15. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of United -States; in winter most of West Indies, and Middle America, north to -Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Colors similar; abdomen yellow. Bill, .45; tarsus, .90; wing, 2.50; -tail, 2.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Nassau; New Providence; Bahamas<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostrata</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_52" id="fnanchor_52"></a><a href="#footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">Abdomen bright yellow; occiput whitish-ash tinged with yellow. Bill, -.32; tarsus, .75; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Mexico (Jalapa?)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanops</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_53" id="fnanchor_53"></a><a href="#footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname">G. æquinoctialis.</b> Black mask not bordered posteriorly by ashy or -whitish; much narrower on forehead than on auriculars; maxillæ yellow. -Sexes similar.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Black of the auriculars bordered posteriorly by the olive-green of the -neck. Bill, .17 deep; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.35. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northeast South -America (Cayenne, Trinidad, etc.)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æquinoctialis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_54" id="fnanchor_54"></a><a href="#footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">Black of the auriculars bordered posteriorly by the ash of the crown. -Bill, .14 deep; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">velata</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_55" id="fnanchor_55"></a><a href="#footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Black mask not extending underneath the eye, but confined to lores and -frontlet.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname">G. poliocephala.</b> Bill much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus</i>. Above olive-green; the -crown light ash; beneath yellow. Sexes dissimilar.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Eyelids white; nape and auriculars olive-green; abdomen whitish. -Bill, .30, .15 deep; wing, 2.20; tail, 2.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> West Mexico (Mazatlan)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliocephala</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_56" id="fnanchor_56"></a><a href="#footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">Eyelids black; nape and auriculars ashy; abdomen wholly yellow. -Bill, .35, .18 deep; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Guatemala (Retaluleu)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caninucha</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_57" id="fnanchor_57"></a><a href="#footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent small"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></i></p> - -<p class="indent1">4. <b class="birdname">G. philadelphia.</b> Head all round ashy; lores only, black. Sexes nearly -similar.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--354.png--><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 297]</span> -Eyelids dusky (except in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>); a black patch on jugulum of <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. -Throat tinged with yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America; -in winter south to Panama<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Eyelids white; no black patch on jugulum. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Throat not tinged -with yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western and Middle Province of United States; -in winter south to Costa Rica (Western Coast)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Geothlypis trichas</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT; BLACK-MASKED GROUND WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus trichas</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Systema Naturæ">S. N.</abbr> 1766, 293. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia trichas</i>, <abbr -title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>, etc. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Geothlypis trichas</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1850, 16.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 241; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 220.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 -(Cuba).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 27, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -167.—<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, -293.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr> Woolwich, <abbr -title="Four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 115 (<abbr title="North West">N. W.</abbr> Boundary).—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr -title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 29.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 205.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 95. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -marilandica</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas <abbr title="marilandica">mar.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus mystaceus</i>, <span -class="sc">Stephens</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas personatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia roscoe</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas -brachydactylus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other localities quoted: <i class="location">Xalapa</i>, <i class="location">Oaxaca</i>, <i -class="location">Cordova</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Guatemala</i>, <abbr -title="Sclater and Salvin"><span class="sc">Scl. & Salv.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Bahamas</i>, <span -class="sc">Bryant</span>. <i class="location">Costa Rica</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Orizaba</i> (autumn), <abbr title="Sumichrast"><span -class="sc">Sum.</span></abbr> <i class="location">Yucatan</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> <abbr title="Two, plate 28, 29">II, pl. xxviii, xxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, Two, Five, plates 23, 102, 240">Orn. Biog. I, II, V, pl. -xxiii, cii, ccxl</abbr>.—<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="One, plate 6">I, pl. vi</abbr>, -fig. 1.—<span class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Planches enluminées">Pl. enl.</abbr> 709, fig. -2.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_354.jpg" - width="250" height="168" - alt="Geothlypis trichas" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis trichas.</i><br /> -<b class="specimen-number">26017</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 26,024 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Wings a little shorter than the somewhat graduated tail. -Bill slender, the depth contained about two and a half -times in distance from nostrils to tip. First quill about -equal to seventh. Forehead to above the anterior edge -of the eye, and across the entire cheeks, ears, and jaws, -and ending in an angle on sides of neck, black, with a -suffusion of hoary bluish-gray behind it on the crown and -sides of neck; the occipital and nuchal region grayish-brown, -passing insensibly into the olive-green of the upper -parts. Chin, throat, jugulum, edge of wing and crissum -rich yellow (the latter paler); rest of under parts, -with lining of wings, yellowish-white, the sides tinged -with brownish; outer primary edged with whitish, the others with olive-green. Bill black; -legs yellowish. Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.30; graduation, .25; width of outer -tail-feather, .28; difference between first and third quills, .15; length of bill from forehead, -.52; from nostril, .30; along gape, .60; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .66; claw alone, -.18; hind toe and claw, .48; claw alone, .26.</p> - -<p class="small">Male in winter, and the female, without the black mask; the forehead tinged with -brown, the yellow of the throat less extended, the eyelids whitish, and a yellowish superciliary -line.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -The whole United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Costa Rica; Bermuda -(October); Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica.</p> - -<p>The young bird is brownish-olive above, becoming more virescent on the -rump and tail; eyelids, and whole lower parts, soft light buff, with a faint -tinge of yellow on the breast and lower tail-coverts.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_355.jpg" - width="250" height="210" - alt="Geothlypis trichas" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis trichas.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>There is very much variation manifested in a large series (containing more -than one hundred and thirty specimens, principally North American), though -<!--355.png--><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 298]</span> -but very little that accords with any distinctions of habitat. As a rule, -however, those from the Atlantic States are the smallest of the series, and -have most white on the abdomen, the yellow being restricted to the throat -and jugulum, and the lower tail-coverts. In most specimens from the Mississippi -Valley the yellow beneath is quite continuous, and the size considerably -larger than in the series above mentioned, in these respects approaching -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. melanops</i> from Eastern Mexico, in which the yellow pervades the -whole surface beneath; but in this the -whitish border above the black mask is -extended over the whole crown, leaving -the nape only distinctly brownish, and -the size larger than the average of -the series alluded to. However, No. -61,135 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Liberty County, <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, has even -more white on top of the head, the whole -occiput being of this color; while No. -7,922 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, from Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wis.</abbr>, is quite as -long as the type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanops</i> (the tail -only, shorter), and there is nearly as -much yellow beneath. The Georgia specimen, however, in other respects, -is most like the Atlantic style. Specimens from the Pacific coast have just -appreciably longer tails than Eastern ones, and the olive-green above is -brighter. Jamaican and Guatemalan specimens are identical with many from -the United States. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. rostratus</i> of Bryant, from the Bahamas, appears -to be merely a gigantic insular race of the common species.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This well-known and beautiful little Ground Warbler is a common, -abundant, and widely diffused species, occurring throughout the United -States from ocean to ocean, and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and -Nova Scotia. It is found, during the winter months, in Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, -Yucatan, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Bahamas, and, in the fall, in Bermuda. -On the Pacific coast it has been found from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to the -British territories. It breeds from Northern Georgia to Halifax, inclusive.</p> - -<p>In Central America, Mr. Salvin states that this Warbler is by far the most -common of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotiltidæ</i>, but is wholly migratory. It was usually found -in the neighborhood of water, frequenting the reeds that surrounded Lake -Duenas, and the bushes on the banks of its outlet. It was also taken by -Mr. Boucard at <a id="chg6" name="chg6"></a>Totontepec, among the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>It was observed as far to the north as Lake of the Woods, by Mr. Kennicott. -Several were there observed, both males and females, May 29. It is -everywhere quite common, and is, I think, as numerous in New England as -in the Middle States.</p> - -<p>For the most part it seems to prefer wild lands, especially those overgrown -with briers and low bushes, to open or cultivated grounds. Yet this preference -is not exclusive, as I have known a pair, or their offspring, to visit the -<!--356.png--><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 299]</span> -same garden nine or ten successive summers. It is also more generally found -in low lands than in high, and is probably attracted to moist thickets of -briers and underbrush by the greater abundance of its favorite food. This -Warbler is eminently terrestrial in its habits, never being found among higher -limbs, but always either on the ground or among the lower branches of -bushes, vines, and weeds. It is a diligent rather than an active or nimble -bird, is always on the move, and incessantly in search of its food. This consists -of insects in all their forms, but more particularly of larvæ, small -beetles, and spiders. They are of great service in the destruction of several -forms of injurious grubs, and but that their mode of life exposes them to -destruction by prowling cats, I doubt not they would readily adapt themselves -to living in our gardens. Occasionally they are found in fields of grain, -where their presence is due to the abundance of destructive insects.</p> - -<p>The Yellow-Throat appears shy and retiring because it prefers to move back -and forth among low shrubs and brambles, where it most readily procures its -food, but it is not a timid bird. They are unsuspecting, and will as readily -permit as fly from the near presence of man. I have frequently had them -approach within a few feet, especially when at rest; and even when in motion -they will continue their lively song, as they move about from twig to -twig. Though able to capture an insect on the wing, they are not expert fly-catchers, -and chiefly take their prey when it is at rest.</p> - -<p>Their song is a very lively and agreeable refrain, easily recognized, though -exhibiting at times marked differences, and occasionally closely resembling -the song of the Summer Yellow-Bird. The same brief series of notes, usually -sounding like <i class="birdcall">whi-ti-tēē-tēē</i>, is constantly repeated at short intervals, while -the singer continues his perpetual hunt for insects.</p> - -<p>The male is very affectionate and devoted to both mate and offspring. The -pair are never far apart, and during incubation the male is assiduous in the -collection of food, feeding its mate, and afterwards assisting in collecting for -their young. They rely upon concealment for the protection of their nest, and -rarely show any open solicitude until it is discovered. Then they will make -the most vehement demonstrations of alarm and distress, flying about the -intruder and fearlessly approaching him to within a few feet. In Massachusetts -they rarely, if ever, have more than one brood in a season. The young -are able to take care of themselves early in July. At that time the song of -the male ceases, or is abbreviated to a single <i class="birdcall">whit</i>, and parents and young -form a family group and together hunt in the more secluded thickets, the -edges of woods, and other retired places, for their food. Early in September -they take their departure.</p> - -<p>The Yellow-Throat is distributed, in suitable localities, over a large area, -and wherever found is apparently equally common. Dr. Gerhardt found it -quite abundant in Northern Georgia. Wilson and Audubon thought it more -common in the Middle States than farther north, but I have found it quite as -numerous about Halifax and Eastport as I have at Washington. Dr. Cooper -<!--357.png--><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 300]</span> -speaks of it as “very common” in Washington Territory, though not so -abundant as MacGillivray’s Warbler. The same writer also states it to be a -“very common bird” in California. Their earliest arrival at San Diego was -on the 17th of April, about the time they reach Pennsylvania. They appear -in New England early in May.</p> - -<p>Their nest is almost invariably upon the ground, usually in a thick bed -of fallen leaves, a clump of grass or weeds, at the roots of low bushes or -briers, or under the shelter of a brush-pile. Occasionally it has been found -among high weeds, built in a matted cluster of branches, four or five feet -from the ground. Sometimes it is sunk in a depression in the ground, and -often its top is covered by loose overlying leaves. I have never found this -top interwoven with or forming any part of the nest itself.</p> - -<p>The nest is usually both large and deep for the size of the bird, its loose -periphery of leaves and dry sedges adding to its size, and it often has a depth -of from five to six inches from its rim to its base. The cavity is usually -three inches deep and two and a quarter wide. Generally these nests are -constructed on a base of dry leaves. An external framework, rudely put together, -of dry grasses, sedge leaves, strips of dry bark, twigs, and decaying -vegetables, covers an inner nest, or lining, of finer materials, and more carefully -woven. At the rim of the nest these materials sometimes project like -a rude palisade or hedge. Usually the lining is of fine grasses, without hair -or feathers of any kind.</p> - -<p>In some nests the outer portion and base are composed almost entirely of -fine dry strips of the inner bark of the wild grape.</p> - -<p>The eggs vary from four to six in number, and also differ greatly in -their size, so much so that the question has arisen if there are not two species, -closely resembling, but differing chiefly in their size. Of this, however, there -is no evidence other than in these marked variations in the eggs.</p> - -<p>In the Great Basin, Mr. Ridgway found this bird abundant in all the -bushy localities in the vicinity of water, but it was confined to the lower -portions, never being seen high up on the mountains, nor even in the lower -portions of the mountain cañons.</p> - -<p>Their eggs exhibit a variation in length of from .55 to .72 of an inch, and -in breadth from .48 to .58 of an inch; the smallest being from Georgia, and -the largest from Kansas. They are of a beautiful clear crystalline-white -ground, and are dotted, blotched, and marbled around the larger end with -purple, reddish-brown, and dark umber.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--358.png--><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 301]</span> -<b class="birdname">Geothlypis philadelphia</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MOURNING WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia philadelphia</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 101, <abbr title="plate 14">pl. xiv</abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Trichas philadelphia</i>, <abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr>—<span -class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, <abbr title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vidensk. Meddel.</abbr> for 1853, and Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis <abbr title="philadelphia">phila.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 243, <abbr title="plate 79">pl. lxxix</abbr>, fig. 3; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -226.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 27 (Orizaba).—<span -class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322 (Panama).—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 207.—<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 476.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology Two, -plate 14">Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, -plate 101">Am. II, pl. ci.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings but little longer than the tail, reaching but little beyond its base. -<i class="age">Adult male.</i> Head and neck all round, with throat and forepart of breast, ash-gray, paler -beneath. The feathers of the chin, throat, and fore breast in reality black, but with narrow -ashy margins more or less concealing the black, except on the breast. Lores and region -round the eye dusky, without any trace of a pale ring. Upper parts and sides of the -body clear olive-green; the under parts bright yellow. Tail-feathers uniform olive; first -primary, with the outer half of the outer web, nearly white. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the gray of the -crown glossed with olive; the chin and throat paler centrally, and tinged with fulvous; a -dull whitish ring round the eye. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.25. <i class="age">Young</i> not seen.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States to British America; Greenland; Southeastern -Mexico, Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>, and Colombia. Not recorded from West Indies or Guatemala. -Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>).</p> - -<p>Specimens vary in the amount of black on the jugulum, and the purity -of the ash of the throat. The species is often confounded with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis -agilis</i>, to which the resemblance is quite close. They may, however, be distinguished -by the much longer and more pointed wings, and more even tail, -shorter legs, etc., of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</i>. The white ring round the eye in the female -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</i> increases the difficulty of separation.</p> - -<p>The adult male in autumn is scarcely different from the spring bird, there -being merely a faint olive-tinge to the ash on top of the head, and the black -jugular patch more restricted, being more concealed by the ashy borders to -the feathers; the yellow beneath somewhat deeper.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Mourning Warbler was first discovered and described by -Wilson, who captured it in the early part of June, on the borders of a marsh, -within a few miles of Philadelphia. This was the only specimen he ever -met with. He found it flitting from one low bush to another in search of -insects. It had a sprightly and pleasant warbling song, the novelty of which -first attracted his attention. For a long while Wilson’s single bird remained -unique, and from its excessive rarity Bonaparte conjectured that it might -be an accidental variety of the Yellow-Throat. At present, though still -of unfrequent occurrence, it is by no means a doubtful, though generally -a comparatively rare species. Audubon mentions having received several -specimens of this Warbler, procured in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, -New York, and Vermont, all of which were obtained in the spring or summer -months. He met with a single specimen in Louisiana, and thinks its -habits closely resemble those of the Maryland Yellow-Throat.</p> - -<p><!--359.png--><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 302]</span> -Nuttall met with what he presumes to have been one of these birds in the -Botanical Garden at Cambridge. It had all the manners of the Yellow-Throat, -was busy in the search of insects in the low bushes, and, at intervals, warbled -out some very pleasant notes, which partly resembled the lively chant of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas</i>, and in some degree the song of the Summer Yellow-Bird.</p> - -<p>Professor Reinhardt states that two individuals of this species have been -taken in Greenland,—one in Fiskenæsset, in 1846, and the other at Julianhaab, -in 1853.</p> - -<p>Mr. Turnbull gives it as still quite rare in Eastern Pennsylvania, arriving -there in the middle of May on its way farther north. Mr. Lawrence includes -it in his list of the birds of New York. Mr. Dresser obtained five specimens -early in May, in Southern Texas.</p> - -<p>It has been met with as far to the north as Greenland by Reinhardt, and -in Selkirk Settlement by Donald Gunn. It has been procured in Eastern -Mexico, in Panama, in Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, Southern Illinois, Missouri, Nova -Scotia, and various other places. It has been known to breed in Waterville, -<abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, and is not uncommon in Northwestern and Northern New York. A -single specimen of this bird was obtained at Ocana, in Colombia, South -America, by Mr. C. W. Wyatt.</p> - -<p>Late in May, 1838, I have a note of having met with this species in Mount -Auburn. The bird was fearless and unsuspecting, busily engaged, among -some low shrubbery, in search of insects. It suffered our near presence, was -often within a few feet, and was so readily distinguishable that my companion, -with no acquaintance with birds, at once recognized it from Audubon’s -plates. Its habits were the exact counterpart of those of the Yellow-Throat. -We did not notice its song.</p> - -<p>Mr. Maynard states that, May 21, 1866, Mr. William Brewster shot a male -of this species in Cambridge, on the top of a tall tree. Another specimen -was taken at Franconia Mountains, New Hampshire, August 3, 1867. It was -in company with four fully fledged young, which it was feeding. The young -were shy, and could not be procured. The old bird was catching flies, after -the manner of Flycatchers. Mr. Maynard has met this species but once in -Massachusetts, and then in May, among low bushes and in a swampy place. -He has since found it rather common at Lake Umbagog, Maine, in June, where -it breeds. He states that it frequents the bushes along fences, stone walls, and -the edges of woods. The male often perches and sings in the early morning -on the top rail of a fence, or the dead branch of a tree. Its song he speaks -of as loud and clear, somewhat resembling that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus noveboracensis</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paine considers this Warbler to be very rare in Vermont. He once -observed a pair, with their young, at Randolph. The male was singing a -quite pleasing, though somewhat monotonous song.</p> - -<p>Mr. George Welch met with these birds in the Adirondack region, New -York, in June, 1870. They seemed rather abundant, and were evidently -breeding there. He obtained a single specimen.</p> - -<p><!--360.png--><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 303]</span> -Mr. John Burroughs, of Washington, was so fortunate as to obtain the -nest and eggs of this Warbler near the head-waters of the Delaware River, -in Roxbury, Delaware County, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr> “The nest,” he writes me, “was -in the edge of an old bark-peeling, in a hemlock wood, and was placed in -some ferns about one foot from the ground. The nest was quite massive, its -outer portions being composed of small dry stalks and leaves. The cavity -was very deep, and was lined with fine black roots. I have frequently -observed this Warbler in that section. About the head of the Neversink -and Esopus, in the northwest part of Ulster County, New York, they are the -prevailing Warbler, and their song may be heard all day long. Their song -suggests that of the Kentucky Ground Warbler, but is not so loud and fine.” -Mr. Burroughs states elsewhere that “the eggs, three in number, were of -light flesh-color, uniformly speckled with fine brown specks. The cavity of -the nest was so deep that the back of the sitting bird sank below the edge.”</p> - -<p>Their eggs are of an oblong-oval shape, pointed at one end. They measure -.75 by .55 of an inch. Their ground-color is a pinkish-white, and they are -marked with dots and blotches, of varying size, of dark purplish-brown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Geothlypis macgillivrayi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MACGILLIVRAY’S GROUND WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia macgillivrayi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 75, <abbr title="plate 399">pl. cccxcix</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Trichas <abbr title="macgillivrayi">macg.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis <abbr title="macgillivrayi">macg.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 244, <abbr title="plate 79">pl. lxxix</abbr>, fig. 4; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 227.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 27 (Jalapa and <abbr -title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa, Oaxaca).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> -1861, 84 (Costa Rica).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. -R. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 1859, 177.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology -California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 96. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="macgillivrayi">macg.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 118. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvia tolmiæi</i>, <abbr title="Townsend"><span class="sc">Towns.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural -Sciences">J. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1839. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas tolmiæi</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span -class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas vegeta</i> (<abbr -title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>), <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> </abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 310; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fide</i> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, -84 (Mexico).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult male.</i> Head and neck all round, throat and forepart of the breast, -dark ash-color; a narrow frontlet, loral region, and space round the eye (scarcely complete -behind), black. The eyelids above and below the eye (not in a continuous ring) white. -The feathers of the chin, throat, and fore breast really black, with ashy-gray tips more or -less concealing the black. Rest of upper parts dark olive-green (sides under the wings -paler); of lower, bright yellow. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the throat paler and without any black. -Length of male, 5 inches; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.45. <i class="age">Young</i> not seen.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of United States, to northern boundary; east to -Fort Laramie; south to Costa Rica.</p> - -<p>The white eyelids of this species distinguish its males from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. -philadelphia</i>, in which there is a black jugular patch not seen in the present -species. The females can only be known by the slenderer bill and more -rounded wing, the first quill being intermediate between the fifth and sixth, -instead of being considerably longer than the fifth.</p> - -<p>The autumnal adult male is as described above, except that there is a faint -tinge of green on the crown, and the ashy borders to feathers of throat and -<!--361.png--><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 304]</span> -jugulum broader, concealing more the black. The adult female in autumn -is considerably more dully colored than in spring.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This comparatively new Warbler was first met with by Townsend, -and described by Audubon in the last volume of his Ornithological -Biography. It has since been found to have a wide range throughout the -western portion of North America, from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to British America, -and from the Plains to the Pacific. It has also been obtained at Choapan -in the State of Orizaba, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard, and in Guatemala by -Mr. Salvin, who states that throughout the district between the volcanoes of -Agua and Fuego this was a common species, frequenting the outskirts of the -forests and the edges of the clearings. It breeds in abundance in Utah, -Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington Territory, and probably also in Northern -California.</p> - -<p>Townsend first met with it on the banks of the Columbia. He states that -it was mostly solitary and extremely wary, keeping chiefly in the most impenetrable -thickets, and gliding through them in a cautious and suspicious -manner. Sometimes it might be seen, at midday, perched upon a dead twig, -over its favorite places of concealment, at such times warbling a very sprightly -and pleasant little song, raising its head until its bill is nearly vertical.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall informed Mr. Audubon that this Warbler is one of the most -common summer residents of the woods and plains of the Columbia, where -it appears early in May, and remains until the approach of winter. It -keeps near the ground, and gleans its subsistence among the low bushes. It -is shy, and when surprised or closely watched it immediately skulks off, often -uttering a loud <i class="birdcall">click</i>. Its notes, he states, resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus -aurocapillus</i>. On the 12th of June a nest was brought to Mr. Nuttall, containing -two young birds quite fledged, in the plumage of the mother. The -nest was chiefly made of strips of the inner bark of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thuja occidentalis</i>, -lined with slender wiry stalks. It was built near the ground in the dead, -moss-covered limbs of a fallen oak, and was partly hidden by long tufts of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">usnea</i>. It was less artificial than the Yellow-Throat’s nest, but was of the -same general appearance. On his restoring the nest to its place, the parents -immediately approached to feed their charge.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this Warbler very abundant between the Cascade Mountains -and the Pacific coast. Like all Ground Warblers it was entirely insectivorous, -all the stomachs examined containing coleoptera and other insects. -He did not find them shy, but as they frequented thick brush they were very -difficult to procure.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this species very common about Puget Sound, frequenting -the underbrush in dry woods, occasionally singing a song from a low tree, -similar to that of the Yellow-Throat. He found its nest built in a bush, a -foot from the ground. It was of straw, loosely made, and without any soft -lining. Dr. Cooper found this species as far east as Fort Laramie, in Wyoming. -They reach the Columbia River by the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of May.</p> - -<p><!--362.png--><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 305]</span> -The same writer noticed the first of this species at Fort Mojave, April 24. -He regarded their habits as varying in some respects from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas</i>, -as they prefer dry localities, and hunt for insects not only in low bushes but -also in trees, like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroicæ</i>. Dr. Cooper twice describes their eggs as -white, which is inaccurate. He thinks that some of them winter in the -warmer portions of California. He regards them as shy, if watched, seeking -the densest thickets, but brought out again by their curiosity if a person -waits for them, and the birds will approach within a few feet, keeping up a -scolding chirp.</p> - -<p>The nests of this species obtained by Dr. Kennerly from Puget Sound -were all built on the ground, and were constructed almost exclusively of -beautifully delicate mosses, peculiar to that country. They are shallow nests, -with a diameter of four and a height of two inches, the cavity occupying a -large proportion of the nest. Its walls and base are of uniform thickness, -averaging about one inch. The nests are lined with finer mosses and a few -slender stems and fibres.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found these Warblers breeding in great numbers, June 23, -1869, at Parley’s Park, Utah, among the Wahsatch Mountains. One of -these nests (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution">S. I.</abbr>, 15,238) was in a bunch of weeds, among the underbrush -of a willow-thicket along a cañon stream. It was situated about eight inches -from the ground, is cuplike in shape, two inches in height, three in diameter, -and somewhat loosely constructed of slender strips of bark, decayed stalks of -plants, dry grasses, intermixed with a few fine roots, and lined with finer -materials of the same. The cavity is one and a half inches in depth, and two -in diameter at the rim.</p> - -<p>The eggs, four in number, are .75 of an inch in length and .50 in -breadth. Their ground-color is a pinkish-white, marbled and spotted with -purple, lilac, reddish-brown, and dark brown, approaching black. The blotches -of the last color vary much in size, in one instance having a length of .21 -of an inch, and having the appearance of hieroglyphics. When these spots -are large, they are very sparse.</p> - -<p>“This species,” Mr. Ridgway writes, “inhabits exclusively the brushwood -along the streams of the mountain cañons and ravines. Among -the weeds in such localities numerous nests were found. In no case were -they on the ground, though they were always near it; being fixed between -upright stalks of herbs, occasionally, perhaps, in a brier, from about one to -two feet above the ground. The note of the parent bird, when a nest was -disturbed, was a strong <i class="birdcall">chip</i>, much like that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amæna</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -cyanea</i>.” He also states that it was abundant in the East Humboldt Mountains -in August and in September, and also throughout the summer. A -pair of fully fledged young was caught on the 21st of July.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--363.png--><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 306]</span> -<span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">ICTERIANÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname ls">ICTERIEÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="p2">In this section there are two American genera; one found in the United -States, the other not. The diagnoses are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="svleft">Size large (about 8 inches). Lower jaw not deeper than upper anterior to nostrils. -Tail moderate. Partly yellow beneath, olive-green above …</span> <span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</i>.</span></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="svleft">Size smaller (about 6 inches). Lower jaw deeper than upper. Tail almost fan-shaped. -Partly red beneath, plumbeous-blue above …</span> <span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_58" id="fnanchor_58"></a><a href="#footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></span></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">ICTERIA</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, <abbr title="three">iii</abbr> and 85. (Type, <span -class="sc">Muscicapa viridis</span>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus -virens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_363.jpg" - width="250" height="183" - alt="Icteria virens" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria virens.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2260</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill broad at base, but contracting rapidly and becoming attenuated when -viewed from above; high at the base -(higher than broad opposite the nostrils); -the culmen and commissure much curved -from base; the gonys straight. Upper jaw -deeper than the lower; bill without notch -or rictal bristles. Nostrils circular, edged -above with membrane, the feathers close -to their borders. Wings shorter than tail, -considerably rounded; first quill rather -shorter than the sixth. Tail moderately -graduated; the feathers rounded, but narrow. -Middle toe without claw about -two thirds the length of tarsus, which has -the scutellæ fused externally in part into one plate.</p> - -<p>The precise systematic position of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</i> is a matter of much -contrariety of opinion among ornithologists; but we have little hesitation in -including it among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>. It has been most frequently assigned -to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</i>, but differs essentially in the deeply cleft inner toe (not -half united as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i>), the partially booted tarsi, the lengthened middle -toe, the slightly curved claws, the entire absence of notch or hook in the bill, -and the short, rounded wing with only nine primaries. The wing of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i>, -when much rounded, has ten primaries,—nine only being met with when -the wing is very long and pointed.</p> - -<p>Of this genus only one species is known, although two races are recognized -by naturalists, differing in the length of the tail.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><!--364.png--><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 307]</span> -<b class="birdname">I. virens.</b> Above olive-green; beneath gamboge-yellow for the anterior half, -and white for the posterior. A white stripe over the eye.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Length of tail, 3.30 inches. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern United States to the Plains; in -winter through Eastern Mexico to Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Length of tail, 3.70 inches. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western United States from the Plains to -the Pacific; Western Mexico in winter<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Icteria virens</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus virens</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 171, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 16.(based on -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Œnanthe americana</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectore luteo</i>, Yellow-breasted Chat, <span -class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina One, tableau">Carol. I, tab.</abbr> 50). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria -virens</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 228. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Muscicapa viridis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 936. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria viridis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 137">Orn. Biog. II, pl. -cxxxvii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 248. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Icteria dumecola</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipra -polyglotta</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Icteria velasquezi</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1837, 117 -(Mexico).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salv.</span> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Localities quoted: <i class="location">Costa Rica</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr>, <i class="location">Orizaba</i> (winter), <abbr title="Sumichrast"><span class="sc">Sum.</span></abbr> -<i class="location">Yucatan</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third and fourth quills longest; second and fifth little shorter; first nearly equal -to the sixth. Tail graduated. Upper parts uniform olive-green; under parts, including -the inside of wing, gamboge-yellow as far as nearly half-way from the point of the bill to -the tip of the tail; rest of under parts white, tinged with brown on the sides; the outer -side of the tibiæ plumbeous; a slight tinge of orange across the breast. Forehead and -sides of the head ash, the lores and region below the eye blackish. A white stripe from -the nostrils over the eye and involving the upper eyelid; a patch on the lower lid, and a -short stripe from the side of the lower mandible, and running to a point opposite the hinder -border of the eye, white. Bill black; feet brown. Female like the male, but smaller; -the markings indistinct; the lower mandible not pure black. Length, 7.40; wing, 3.25; -tail, 3.30. Nest in thickets, near the ground. Eggs white, spotted with reddish.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern United States, west to Arkansas; rare north of Pennsylvania; south to -Eastern Mexico and Guatemala. Not noticed in West Indies.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_364.jpg" - width="250" height="319" - alt="Icteria virens" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria virens.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Both sexes in winter apparently have the -base of lower mandible light-colored, the -olive more brown, the sides and crissum -with a strong ochraceous tinge. It is this -plumage that has been recognized as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. velasquezi</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Yellow-breasted Chat is -found throughout the Eastern United States, -from Massachusetts to Florida, and as far to -the west as Fort Riley and Eastern Kansas. -Mr. Say met with it among the Rocky Mountains -as far north as the sources of the Arkansas. -It is not very rare in Massachusetts, but -a few breed in that State as far north as Lynn. It has been found in Mexico -and Guatemala, but not, so far as I am aware, in the West Indies.</p> - -<p>Probably no one of our birds has more distinctly marked or greater peculiarities -<!--365.png--><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 308]</span> -of voice, manners, and habits than this very singular bird. It is -somewhat terrestrial in its life, frequenting tangled thickets of vines, briers, -and brambles, and keeping itself very carefully concealed. It is noisy and -vociferous, constantly changing its position and moving from place to place.</p> - -<p>It is not abundant north of Pennsylvania, where it arrives early in May -and leaves the last of August. The males are said always to arrive three or -four days before their mates.</p> - -<p>This species is described by Wilson as very much attached to certain -localities where they have once taken up their residence, appearing very -jealous, and offended at the least intrusion. They scold vehemently at -every one who approaches or even passes by their places of retreat, giving -utterance to a great variety of odd and uncouth sounds. Wilson states that -these sounds may be easily imitated, so as to deceive the bird itself, and to -draw it after one; the bird following repeating its cries, but never permitting -itself to be seen. Such responses he describes as constant and rapid, -and strongly expressive both of anger and anxiety, their voice, as it shifts, -unseen, from place to place, seeming to be more like that of a spirit than a -bird. These sounds Wilson compares to the whistling of the wings of a -duck, being repetitions of short notes, beginning loud and rapid, and falling -lower and lower. Again a succession of other notes, said to closely -resemble the barking of young puppies, is followed by a variety of hollow, -guttural sounds, each eight or ten times repeated, at times resembling the -mewing of a cat, only hoarser,—all of these, as he states, uttered with -great vehemence, in different keys and with peculiar modulations, now as if -at a considerable distance, and the next moment as if close by your side; -so that, by these tricks of ventriloquism, one is utterly at a loss to ascertain -from what particular quarter they proceed. In mild weather this strange -melody of sounds is kept up throughout the night during the first of the -pairing-season, but ceases as soon as incubation commences.</p> - -<p>They construct their nest about the middle of May. These are placed -within a few feet of the ground, in the midst of low brambles, vines, and -bushes, generally in a tangled thicket. They build a rude but strongly woven -nest, the outer portions more loosely made of dry leaves; within these are -interwoven thin strips of the bark of the wild grape, fibrous roots, and fine -dry grasses.</p> - -<p>The eggs, four or five in number, are usually hatched out within twelve -days, and in about as many more the young are ready to leave their nest.</p> - -<p>While the female is sitting, and still more after the young are hatched, the -cries of the male are loud and incessant when his nest is approached. He -no longer seeks to conceal himself, but rises in the air, his legs dangling in a -peculiar manner, ascending and descending in sudden jerks that betray his -great irritation.</p> - -<p>The food of this bird consists chiefly of beetles and other insects, and -of different kinds of berries and small fruit, and it said to be especially fond -of wild strawberries.</p> - -<p><!--366.png--><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 309]</span> -Audubon states that in their migrations they move from bush to bush by -day, and frequently continue their march by night. Their flight at all times -is short and irregular. He also states that when on the ground they squat, -jerk their tails, spring on their legs, and are ever in a state of great activity. -Although the existence of this bird north of Pennsylvania is generally -disputed, I have no doubt that it has always been, and still is, a constant -visitor of Massachusetts, and has been found to within a score of miles of -the New Hampshire line. Among my notes I find that a nest was found -in Brookline, in 1852, by Mr. Theodore Lyman; in Danvers, by Mr. Byron -Goodale; in Lynn, by Messrs. Vickary and Welch; and in many other parts -of the State. It certainly breeds as far south as Georgia on the coast, and -in Louisiana and Texas in the southwest. On the Pacific coast it is replaced -by the long-tailed variety, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</i>.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species from Concord, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, obtained by Mr. B. P. Mann, -and now in the collection of the Boston Natural History Society, has a -diameter of four inches and a height of three and a half. The cavity has a -depth of two and a quarter inches, and is two and a half wide. This is built -upon a base of coarse skeleton leaves, and is made of coarse sedges, dried -grasses, and stems of plants, and lined with long, dry, and wiry stems of -plants, resembling pine-needles. Another from Pomfret, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, obtained by -Mr. Sessions, is a much larger nest, measuring five inches in diameter and -three and three quarters in height. The cup is two and a half inches deep -by three in width. It is made of an interweaving of leaves, bark of the -grapevine, and stems of plants, and is lined with fine, long wiry stems and -pine-needles.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are of a slightly rounded oval shape, vary in length from .85 -to .95 of an inch, and in breadth from .65 to .70. They have a white ground -with a very slight tinge of yellow, and are marked with reddish-brown and -a few fainter purplish and lilac spots.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Icteria virens</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">longicauda</b>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LONG-TAILED CHAT.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria longicauda</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New -York Lyceum Six">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI</abbr>, April, 1853, 4.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 249, <abbr title="plate 34">pl. xxxiv</abbr>, fig. 2; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 230.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 42, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 253.—<span -class="sc">Finsch</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein Bremen">Abh. Nat. Brem.</abbr> -1870, 331 (Mazatlan).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 98. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Icteria auricollis</i> (<abbr title="Lichtenstein Museum Berlin"><span class="sc">Licht.</span> Mus. -Berl.</abbr>), <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 331.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i>. Fourth quill longest; third and fifth shorter; first -shorter than the seventh. Above ash-color, tinged with olive on the back and neck; the -outer surface of the wings and tail olive. The under parts as far as the middle of the belly -bright gamboge-yellow, with a tinge of orange; the remaining portions white. The superciliary -and maxillary white stripes extend some distance behind the eye. Outer edge of -the first primary white. Length, 7 inches; wing, 3.20; tail, 3.70.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young</i> (8,841, Loup Fork of Platte, August 5; F. V. Hayden). Above light grayish-brown; -<!--367.png--><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 310]</span> -beneath yellow on anterior half as in adult, but yellow less pure; rest of under -parts (except abdomen) ochraceous; markings on head obsolete, the eyelids only being -distinctly white.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of United States, east to Missouri River and -Texas; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas and Western Mexico.</p> - -<p>The most tangible difference between this bird and typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i> consists -in the longer tail. In addition, the upper plumage is grayish, with -hardly any olive tinge, and the white maxillary stripe extends farther back; -the bill is not so deep as that of the Eastern bird. All these differences, -however, are in strict accordance with various laws; the more grayish cast -of plumage is what we should expect in birds from the Middle Province, -while the restriction of the yellow from the maxillæ we see also in Western -specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga ruficapilla</i>; the longer tail, also, is a well-known -characteristic of Western birds, as distinguished from Eastern of the -same species.</p> - -<p>Upon the whole, therefore, taking into consideration the absolute identity -of their habits and notes, we can only consider the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. longicauda</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">I. virens</i> as restricted, as being merely geographical races of one species.</p> - -<p>This variety, as well as the Eastern, has in autumn and winter a slightly -different plumage. A pair (53,348 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, and 53,347 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, West Humboldt Mountains, -Nevada) obtained September 4 differ in the following respects from -spring adults: the upper plumage is decidedly brown, with even a russet -tinge,—not gray, with a greenish wash; the lores are less purely black, and -the sides and crissum are deep cream-color, instead of pure white; the female -has a shade of olive across the jugulum; both male and female have the -lower mandible almost wholly white, and the commissure broadly edged with -the same.</p> - -<p><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 38,402 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Laramie Peak, June, has the throat and jugulum strongly -stained with deep cadmium-orange.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Western or Long-tailed Chat has an exclusively Western distribution, -and has been found from Mexico and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas to Oregon, on -the Pacific coast, and as far to the east as the Upper Missouri.</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Cooper, these birds appear in San Diego and at Fort -Mojave in the latter part of April. They are said to inhabit chiefly the -warmer valleys near streams and marshes, rarely on the coast. At Fort Mojave, -Dr. Cooper found a nest of this bird May 19, built in a dense thicket of -algarobia. It contained three eggs, and one of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>. The nest was -built of slender green twigs and leaves, lined with grass and hair. The eggs -were white, sprinkled with cinnamon, somewhat in the form of a ring near -the larger end, and measured .75 by .64 of an inch.</p> - -<p>These nests were usually very closely concealed, but one that he found at -Santa Cruz, near the coast, was in a very open situation, only two feet above -the ground. When the nest is approached, the old birds are very bold, keeping -up a constant scolding, and almost flying in the face of an intruder. At -<!--368.png--><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 311]</span> -other times they are very shy. The notes and sounds uttered by the Western -bird Dr. Cooper states to be the same as those of the Eastern species, -and with the same grotesqueness. They leave the State of California on or -before the first of September.</p> - -<p>Dr. Gambel states that the Chat appears in California about the middle of -April, resorting to the hedges, vineyards, and bushy portions of gardens to -breed.</p> - -<p>Mr. Xantus found a nest of this bird (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution">S. I.</abbr>, 896) at Fort Tejon, California, -in May. It is a very symmetrical and exactly circular nest, six inches wide -and three in height. The cavity has a diameter of three inches at the brim, -and a depth of two. It is built of soft strips of bark, large stems, and -branches of dry plants, leaves, twigs, and other vegetable substances. These -are very neatly and compactly interwoven. The nest is elaborately lined with -finer stems and flexible grasses. Another nest (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution">S. I.</abbr>, 1816), obtained at Neosho -Falls, Kansas, by Mr. B. F. Goss, is of irregular shape. Its height is four -inches, and its diameter varies from three and three quarters to five inches. -It was built in a depression in the ground, and its shape adapted to its location. -The base is composed entirely of leaves, impacted when in a moist and -decaying condition. Within these is interwoven a strong basket-like structure, -made of long and slender stems, strips of bark, and fine rootlets, lined -with finer grasses and stems of plants.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species from Sacramento is composed, externally, of fine -strips of inner bark of the grape and of deciduous trees, coarse straws, stems -of plants, twigs, and dried remains of weeds, etc. It is lined with finer -stems and long wiry roots, resembling hair. This nest has a diameter of four -inches and a height of three. The cavity has a diameter of three inches at -the rim, and a depth of two.</p> - -<p>In regard to this variety Mr. Ridgway writes: “In no respect that I could -discover does this Western bird differ from the Eastern in habits, manners, -or notes. The nesting-habits are exactly the same.”</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are, for the most part, larger than are those of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</i>. They vary in length from .95 to 1.00 of an inch, and have an average -breadth of .70 of an inch. Their markings do not differ essentially in -shadings from those of the common species.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">SETOPHAGINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Sylvicoline birds with the characters of Flycatchers; the bill notched at -tip, depressed and broad at the base, though quite deep; the rictus with well-developed -bristles reaching beyond the nostrils, sometimes to the end of the bill. First quill rather -less than the fourth, or still shorter. Size of the species rarely exceeding six inches. -Colors red, yellow, and olive.</p> - -<p>The species of this section resemble the small Flycatchers of the family -<!--369.png--><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 312]</span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</i> in the structure of the bill, etc., and in the habit of capturing -insects more or less on the wing, though they are more restless in their -movements, seeking their prey among trees or in bushes, rapidly changing -their place, instead of occupying a perch and returning to it after pursuing -an insect through the air. The yellow or orange crown found in many species -also carries out the analogy; but the strictly Oscine characters of the -tarsal scutellæ and the nine primaries will serve to distinguish them.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaginæ</i> have their greatest development in Middle and South -America, no less than nine genera and subgenera being on record, of which -only two extend into the United States. Of one of these, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</i>, we -have only a single species of the many described; the other, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes</i>, -has no members other than those found in the United States.</p> - -<p>The following diagnosis is prepared to distinguish our genera from the -South American:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Wings pointed; the first quill longer than the fifth; the third as long as or -longer than the fourth. Tail nearly even, or slightly rounded (the difference of the -feathers less than .20); the feathers broad and firm; the outer webs of exterior -feathers narrow at base, but widening to nearly double the width near the end.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base and much depressed; -rictal bristles reaching half-way from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure -nearly straight. Wings equal to the tail. Tarsi long; toes short; middle -toe without claw, about half the tarsus<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base, but deep and more -sylvicoline; rictal bristles reaching but little beyond nostrils. Culmen and -commissure straight to the tip. Wings longer than the almost even tail. -Middle toe without claw, three fifths the tarsus<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. Bill from gape much shorter than head, wide at base, but compressed -and high; the culmen and commissure much curved from base, scarcely -notched at tip; rictal bristles reaching nearly half-way from nostrils to tip. -Wings about equal to the almost even tail. Middle toe without claw, about -three fifths the rather short tarsus<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellina</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Wings rounded; the first quill shorter than in the preceding section; always -less than the fifth. South American genera.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_59" id="fnanchor_59"></a><a href="#footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></span></p> - -<p>Several species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaginæ</i> have, on not very well established grounds, -been assigned to the southern borders of the United States. They are as -<a id="chg7" name="chg7"></a>follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indenthang"> -<b class="birdname">Cardellina rubra</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1865, 264. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga rubra</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus leucotis</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Birds Texas. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico. Rich carmine-red. Wing and -tail-feathers brown. Ear-coverts silvery white. Length, 4.70; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.55.</p> - -<p class="indenthang"><b class="birdname">Basileuterus culicivorus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1865, 246. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia culicivora</i>, -<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> ) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa brasieri</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Texas Birds. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Mexico; Guatemala -and Costa Rica. Top of head with two black stripes enclosing a median of yellow. -Back olivaceous-ash. Beneath entirely yellow. No rufous on side of head. Length, -4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="indenthang"><!--370.png--><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 313]</span> -<b class="birdname">Basileuterus belli</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1865, 247. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa belli</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Texas -Birds. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala. Top of head and face chestnut. A yellow superciliary -stripe bordered above by dusky. Back olive; beneath yellow. Length, 5.10; -wing, 2.28; tail, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">MYIODIOCTES</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes</i>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, Synopsis, 1839, 48. (Type, <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla mitrata</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 291.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Wilsonia</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List. -1838 (preoccupied in botany).</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioctonus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 18. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla mitrata</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_370.jpg" - width="250" height="205" - alt="Myiodioctes mitratus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes mitratus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2226</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill broad, depressed; the lateral outlines a little concave; the bristles -reaching not quite half-way from nostrils to tip. -Culmen and commissure nearly straight to near the -tip. Nostrils oval, with membrane above. Wings -pointed, rather longer than the nearly even but -slightly rounded tail; first quill shorter than the -fourth, much longer than the fifth; the second and -third quills longest. Tarsi rather lengthened, the -scutellar divisions rather indistinct; the middle toe -without claw, about three fifths the tarsus.</p> - -<p>This genus is distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</i>, -mainly by stouter feet and longer toes; shorter -and more even tail, narrower bill, etc. The species are decidedly muscicapine -in general appearance, as shown by the depressed bill with bristly -rictus. The type <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. mitratus</i> is very similar in character of bill to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -castanea</i>, but the wings are much shorter; the tail longer and more -graduated; the legs and hind toe longer, and the first primary shorter than -the fourth (.15 of an inch less than the longest), not almost equal to the -longest. The species are plain olive or plumbeous above, and yellow beneath. -They may be grouped as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Tail with white patches on the inner feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname">M. mitratus.</b> Head and neck black. Front, cheeks, and under parts -yellow. Back olive-green. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, south -to Panama and West Indies.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname">M. minutus.</b> Olive above; yellowish beneath. Two white bands on -the wings. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern United States.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Tail without white patch on the outer feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname">M. pusillus.</b> Crown black. Forehead, cheeks, and under parts yellow. -Back olive.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Yellow of forehead without an orange tinge; upper parts dull olive-green; -pileum with very dull steel-blue lustre. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -and Rocky Mountains of North America, south to Costa Rica.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Yellow of forehead with an orange cast; upper parts bright yellowish-green; -pileum with a bright steel-blue lustre. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province -of North America, from Sitka to Costa Rica<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">4. <b class="birdname">M. canadensis.</b> Streaks on the crown, stripes on sides of head and -neck, with pectoral collar of streaks, black. Rest of under parts, and line -to and around the eye, yellow. Back bluish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of -United States, south to Ecuador.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><!--371.png--><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 314]</span> -<b class="birdname">Myiodioctes mitratus</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HOODED WARBLER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla mitrata</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ -One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 293. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia <abbr title="mitrata">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Latham"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, plate 110">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cx</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvicola <abbr title="mitrata">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvania <abbr title="mitrata">m.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, -1840, 333. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga <abbr title="mitrata">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Wilsonia <abbr title="mitrata">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> 1838.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Essex Institute">Pr. Essex -Inst.</abbr> 1864. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes <abbr title="mitrata">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 48.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America -Two, plate 71">Am. II, pl. lxxi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1856, 291 (Cordova); 1858, 358 (Honduras).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 292; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 239.—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in -Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 1859, 26 (March).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11 -(Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Eight">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 63 (Panama -<abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. -Jour.</abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 245. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioctonus <abbr -title="mitrata">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1851.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für -Ornithologie 3">Jour. Orn. III</abbr>, 1855, 472 (Cuba). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa cucullata</i>, <span -class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Three, plate 26">III, pl. xxvi</abbr>, fig. 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa selbyi</i>, -<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 9">Orn. Biog. I, pl. -ix</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Bill black; feet pale yellow. Head and neck all round and forepart -of the breast black. A broad patch on the forehead extending round on the entire cheeks -and ear-coverts, with the under parts, bright yellow. Upper parts and sides of the body -olive-green. Greater portion of inner web of outer three tail-feathers white.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but without the black; the crown like the back; the forehead yellowish; -the sides of the head yellow, tinged with olive on the lores and ear-coverts. Throat -bright yellow.</p> - -<p class="small">Length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.55. (Skin.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, rather southern; Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; -Eastern Mexico; Honduras and Guatemala to Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr> Orizaba (autumn, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>); -Yucatan (<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>).</p> - -<p>A young male in second year (2,245, Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, May) is similar to -the female, but the hood is sharply defined anteriorly, though only bordered -with black, the olive-green reaching forward almost to the yellow; there are -only very slight indications of black on the throat. Apparently the male of -this species does not attain the full plumage until at least the third year, as -is the case with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga ruticilla</i>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_371.jpg" - width="250" height="189" - alt="Myiodioctes pusillus." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes pusillus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This beautiful and singularly marked Warbler is a Southern species, -though not exclusively so. It is -more abundant in South Carolina than -any other State, so far as I am aware. -It is, however, found as far to the north -as Northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania, -and Southern New York, and, -farther west, as far north as the shores -of Lake Erie. It has also been found in -Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, Eastern Mexico, -Honduras, and Guatemala. Throughout -Central America it appears to be abundant during the winter.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon also states that it abounds in Louisiana and along the banks -of the Mississippi and the Ohio. It occurs on the Hudson to some distance -above New York. It appears from the South early in March, and has young -already hatched, in Louisiana, early in May.</p> - -<p><!--372.png--><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 315]</span> -It is said to be one of the liveliest of its tribe, and to be almost constantly -in motion. It is fond of secluded places, and is equally common in the thick -canebrakes, both of the high and the low lands, and in the tangled undergrowth -of impenetrable swamps. It has a peculiarly graceful manner of -closing and opening its broad tail, that at once distinguishes it from every -other bird, as it gambols from tree to tree, now in sight, and now hid from -the eye, but ever within hearing.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon adds that its call-note so closely resembles that of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza ciris</i> that it requires a practised ear to distinguish them. But its song -is very different. This consists of three notes, and is loud, lively, and pleasing. -This song is said to be made of sounds resembling the syllables <i class="birdcall">weet, -weet, weetēē</i>. Extremely vocal in the early spring, it becomes nearly silent -as soon as its brood is hatched. It resumes its song when its mate is again -sitting on her eggs, as they have more than one brood in a season.</p> - -<p>They are described as expert flycatchers, full of activity and spirit, flying -swiftly after their insect prey; and catching the greater part on the wing. -Their flight is low, gliding, and often protracted.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bachman narrates a striking instance of its courage and conjugal devotion. -While a pair of these Warblers were constructing a nest, a Sharp-shinned -Hawk pounced upon and bore off the female. The male followed -close after the Hawk, flying within a few inches and darting at him in all -directions, and so continued until quite out of sight.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that it builds a very neat and compact nest, generally in the -fork of a small bush. It is formed of moss and flaxen fibres of plants, and -lined with hair or feathers. The eggs, five in number, he describes as of a -grayish-white, with red spots at the larger end. He noticed its arrival at -Savannah as early as the 20th of March. Mr. Audubon adds that these -nests are always placed in low situations, a few feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Gerhardt, of Varnell’s Station, Georgia, informed me, by letter, -that the Hooded Warbler deposits her eggs about the middle of May, -laying four. The nest is not unlike that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza cyanea</i>, but is larger. -It is constructed of dry leaves and coarse grass on the outside, and within -of dry pine-needles, interwoven with long yellow grasses and sometimes with -horsehair. They are built, for the most part, in the neighborhood of brooks -and creeks, in oak bushes, four or five feet from the ground. The female -sits so closely, and is so fearless, that Dr. Gerhardt states he has sometimes -nearly caught her in his hand.</p> - -<p>In another letter Dr. Gerhardt describes a nest of this species as measuring -three inches in height, three in external diameter, and an inch and a -quarter in the depth of its cavity. Externally it was built of dry leaves and -coarse grasses, lined inside with horsehair, fine leaves of pine, and dry slender -grasses. It was constructed on a small oak growing in low bottom-land, and -was three feet from the ground. The complement of eggs is four.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway states that this species is a common summer resident in the -<!--373.png--><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 316]</span> -bottom-lands along the Lower Wabash, in Southern Illinois, inhabiting the -cane-brakes and the margins of bushy swamps.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Warbler are oval in shape, with one end quite pointed. -They measure .70 by .50 of an inch. Their ground-color is a beautiful bright -white, when the egg is fresh, strongly tinged with flesh-color. The spots are -of a fine red, with a few markings of a subdued purple.</p> -<!--I AM HERE--> -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Myiodioctes minutus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SMALL-HEADED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa minuta</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Six">Am. Orn. VI</abbr>, 1812, 62, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 1, fig. 5.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five, plate 434">Orn. Biog. V, pl. ccccxxxiv</abbr>, fig. -3.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America One, plate 67">Am. I, pl. lxvii</abbr>. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia minuta</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Wilsonia <abbr title="minuta">m.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes minutus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr -title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 241. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvania pumilia</i>, <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1840, 334.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings short, the second quills longest. Tail of moderate-length, even. -General color of upper parts light greenish-brown; wings and tail dark olive-brown, the -outer feathers of the latter with a terminal white spot on the inner web; a narrow white -ring surrounding the eye; two bands of dull white on the wings; sides of the head and -neck greenish-yellow; the rest of the lower parts pale yellow, gradually fading into white -behind. Male, 5 inches long; extent, 8.25 inches.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> All that is known in regard to this species we receive from -Wilson and Audubon, and there is a decided discrepancy in their several -statements. Wilson states that his figure was taken from a young male -shot on the 24th of April, but in what locality he does not mention. He -adds that he afterwards shot several individuals in various parts of New -Jersey, particularly in swamps. He found these in June, and has no doubt -they breed there.</p> - -<p>Audubon claims that Wilson’s drawing was a copy from his own of a bird -shot by him in Kentucky on the margin of a pond. He throws a doubt as -to the correctness of Wilson’s statement that they have been found in New -Jersey, as no one else has ever met with any there. That may be, however, -and Wilson’s statement yet be correct. The same argument carried out would -reject the very existence of the bird itself, as no well-authenticated records -of its occurrence since then can be found. They are at least too doubtful -to be received as unquestionable until the genuine bird can be produced. Mr. -Nuttall, it is true, states that Mr. Charles Pickering obtained a specimen of -this bird many years ago, near Salem, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, and that he had himself also -seen it in the same State, at the approach of winter. In the fall of 1836, -when the writer resided in Roxbury, a cat caught and brought into the -house a small Flycatcher, which was supposed to be of this species. It was -given to Mr. Audubon, who assented to its correct identification, but afterwards -made no mention of it. The presumption, therefore, is that we may -have been mistaken.</p> - -<p><!--374.png--><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 317]</span> -In regard to its habits, Wilson represents it as “remarkably active, running, -climbing, and darting about among the opening buds and blossoms with -extraordinary agility.” Audubon states that in its habits it is closely allied -with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</i>, being fond of low thick coverts in swamps -and by the margin of pools. He also attributes to it a song of rather pleasing -notes, enunciated at regular intervals, loud enough to be heard at the distance -of sixty yards. These peculiarities seem to separate it from the true -Flycatchers and to place it among the Warblers.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Myiodioctes pusillus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREEN BLACK-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 103, <abbr title="plate 26">pl. xxvi</abbr>, fig. 4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Wilsonia -<abbr title="pusilla">pus.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvania -<abbr title="pusilla">pus.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes -<abbr title="pusilla">pus.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 315.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1856, 291 (Cordova); 1858, 299 (Oaxaca <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>; <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr>); 1859, 363 -(Xalapa); 373.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 34, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 203.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 293 (in -part); <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 240 (in part).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11 -(Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 246. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioctonus <abbr title="pusilla">pus.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> M. H.</abbr> 1851, 18.—<abbr title="Ibid Journal"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1860, 325 (Costa Rica). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia wilsoni</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa -wilsoni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography, Two, plate 124">Orn. -Biog. II, pl. cxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga wilsoni</i>, <abbr title="Jardine"><span -class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes wilsoni</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 75">Am. II, pl. lxxv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia -petasodes</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> Preis-<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1830.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Forehead, line over and around the eye, and under parts generally, bright -yellow. Upper part olive-green; a square patch on the crown lustrous-black. Sides of -body and cheeks tinged with olive. No white on wings or tail. Female similar, the -black of the crown replaced by olive-green. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern portions of United States, west to the Snake and Humboldt Rivers; -north to Alaska, south through Eastern Mexico and Guatemala to Costa Rica; Chiriqui -(<span class="sc">Salvin</span>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Wilson’s Black-Cap is found throughout the United States from -ocean to ocean, and as far to the north as Alaska and the Arctic shores, -where, however, it is not common. Mr. Dall shot a specimen, May 30, on the -Yukon River, where it was breeding. Mr. Bischoff obtained others with nests -and eggs at Sitka, and afterwards found it more abundant at Kodiak. On the -Pacific coast Dr. Suckley found it very abundant in the neighborhood of Fort -Steilacoom, where it frequented thickets and small scrub-oak groves, in its -habits resembling the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga celata</i>, flitting about among the dense -foliage of bushes and low trees in a busy, restless manner. He describes its -cry as a short <i class="birdcall">chit-chat</i> call. In California, Dr. Cooper notes their first arrival -early in May, and states that they migrate along the coast, up at least to -the Straits of Fuca. At Santa Cruz he noted their arrival, in 1866, about -the 20th of April. They were then gathering materials for a nest, the male -bird singing merrily during his employment. As they have been observed -in Oregon as early as this, it has been conjectured that some may remain all -winter among the dense shrubbery of the forests.</p> - -<p><!--375.png--><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 318]</span> -This bird winters in large numbers in Central America, where it is apparently -very generally distributed. Mr. Salvin found it very common at Duenas. -It was taken at Totontepec, among the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico, -by Mr. Boucard.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found it very common during the summer and autumn -months among the willows of the fertile river valleys, and among the rank -shrubbery bordering upon the streams of the cañons of the higher interior -range of mountains. It was found in similar situations with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica -æstiva</i>, but it was much more numerous. During September it was most -abundant among the thickets and copses of the East Humboldt Mountains, -and in Ruby Valley, at all altitudes, frequenting the bushes along the streams, -from their sources in the snow to the valleys.</p> - -<p>Wilson first met with and described this species from specimens obtained -in Delaware and New Jersey. He regarded it as an inhabitant of the swamps -of the Southern States, and characterized its song as “a sharp, squeaking -note, in no wise musical.” It is said by him to leave the Southern States in -October.</p> - -<p>Audubon states that it is never found in the Southern States in the summer -months, but passes rapidly through them on its way to the northern districts, -where it breeds, reaching Labrador early in June and returning by the -middle of August. He describes it as having all the habits of a true Flycatcher, -feeding on small insects, which it catches on the wing, snapping its -bill with a sharp clicking sound. It frequents the borders of lakes and -streams fringed with low bushes.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall observed this species in Oregon, where it arrived early in May. -He calls it a “little cheerful songster, the very counterpart of our brilliant -and cheerful Yellow-Bird.” Their song he describes as like <i class="birdcall">’tsh-’tsh-’tsh-tshea</i>. -Their call is brief, and not so loud. It appeared familiar and unsuspicious, -kept in bushes busily collecting its insect fare, and only varied its employment -by an occasional and earnest warble. By the 12th of May some were -already feeding their full-fledged young. Yet on the 16th of the same month -he found a nest containing four eggs with incubation only just commenced. -This nest was in a branch of a small service-bush, laid very adroitly, as to -concealment, upon a mass of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Usnea</i>. It was built chiefly of hypnum mosses, -with a thick lining of dry, wiry, slender grasses. The female, when approached, -slipped off the nest, and ran along the ground like a mouse. The -eggs were very similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica æstiva</i>, with spots of a pale -olive-brown, confluent at the greater end.</p> - -<p>A nest found by Audubon in Labrador was placed on the extremity of a -small horizontal branch, among the thick foliage of a dwarf fir, a few feet -from the ground and in the very centre of a thicket. It was made of bits of -dry mosses and delicate pine twigs, agglutinated together and to the branches -and leaves around it, from which it was suspended. It was lined with fine -vegetable fibres. The diameter of the nest was three and a half and the -<!--376.png--><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 319]</span> -depth one and a half inches. He describes the eggs, which were four, as -white; spotted with reddish and brown dots, the markings being principally -around the larger end, forming a circle, leaving the extremity plain.</p> - -<p>In this instance the parents showed much uneasiness at the approach of -intruders, moving about among the twigs, snapping their bills, and uttering -a plaintive note. In Newfoundland these birds had already begun to migrate -on the 20th of August. He met with them in considerable numbers -in Northern Maine in October, 1832. Mr. Turnbull mentions it as a rather -abundant bird of Eastern Pennsylvania, appearing there early in May, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in -transitu</i>, and again in October.</p> - -<p>Mr. T. M. Trippe has observed this species at Orange, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, from the 19th -to the 30th of May. It is said to keep low down in the trees, and is fond -of haunting thickets and open brush fields. Occasionally he has heard it -utter a loud chattering song, which it repeats at short intervals.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species from Fort Yukon (<abbr title="Smithsonian Collection">Smith. Coll.</abbr>, 13,346), obtained -May 20, by Mr. McDougal, contained four eggs. These varied from .60 to -.63 of an inch in length, and from .45 to .49 in breadth. They were obovate -in shape, their ground-color was a pure white; this was finely sprinkled -round the larger end with brownish-red and lilac. No mention is made of -the position of the nest, but it is probable this bird builds on the ground.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Myiodioctes pusillus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">pileolatus,</b> <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla pileolata</i>, <span class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr title="Zoögraphica -Rosso-Asiatica One">Zoög. Rosso Asiat. I</abbr>, 1831, 497 (Russian America). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes pusillus</i>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, Report U. S. <abbr -title="Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes pusillus</i>, <abbr -lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr> (all citations from Pacific coast of North and Middle -America).—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Woolwich, Four">Pr. R. Art. Inst. -Woolw. IV</abbr>, 1864, 115 (<abbr title="British Columbia">Br. Col.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span> -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 101.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i>, but much richer yellow, scarcely tinged with olive -laterally, and deepened into an almost orange shade on the front and chin. Above much -brighter and more yellowish olive-green. The black pileum with a brighter steel-blue -gloss. Bill much narrower, and deep, light brown above, instead of nearly black. Measures -(4,222 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, San Francisco, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>), wing, 2.15; tail, 2.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast region of North America, from Kodiak (Alaska); south through -Western Mexico (and Lower California) to Costa Rica.</p> - -<p>This is an appreciably different race from that inhabiting the eastern -division of the continent; the differences, tested by a large series of specimens, -being very constant.</p> - -<p>A Costa-Rican specimen before me is almost exactly like specimens from -California.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The remarks, in the preceding article relative to specimens from -the Pacific coast belong to this variety.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--377.png--><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 320]</span> -<b class="birdname">Myiodioctes canadensis,</b> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CANADA FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa canadensis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 327. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa canadensis cinerea</i>, <span -class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 406, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="tableau">tab.</abbr> 39, fig. -4.)—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Three, plate 26">III, pl. xxvi</abbr>, -fig. 2.—<abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two, plate 103"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. II, pl. -ciii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga <abbr title="canadensis">can.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Gray</span>. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes <abbr title="canadensis">can.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Two, plate 103">Am. II, pl. ciii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Boston Society Six">Pr. Bost. Soc. VI</abbr>, 5 (nest and eggs).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1854, 111 (Ecuador; winter); 1855, 143 (Bogota); 1858, 451 (Ecuador).—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 34, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -204.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr -title="Annals New York Lyceum Six">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI</abbr>, 1862.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 294; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 239.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 247. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Euthlypis <abbr title="canadensis">can.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 18; <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Jour. -Orn.</abbr> 1860, 326 (Costa Rica). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia pardalina</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola -pardalina</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes pardalina</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Muscicapa bonapartei</i>, <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 27, <abbr -title="plate five">pl. v.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga <abbr title="bonapartei">bon.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Wilsonia <abbr title="bonapartei">bon.</abbr></i> -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvania <abbr -title="bonapartei">bon.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Myiodioctes -<abbr title="bonapartei">bon.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 17, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. -xvii.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 295. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Setophaga nigricincta</i>, <abbr title="Lafresnaye"><span class="sc">Lafr.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1843, 292; 1844, 79.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper part bluish-ash; a ring around the eye, with a line running to the -nostrils, and the whole under part (except the tail-coverts, which are white), bright yellow. -Centres of the feathers in the anterior half of the crown, the cheeks, continuous with a -line on the side of the neck to the breast, and a series of spots across the forepart of the -breast, black. Tail-feathers unspotted. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, with the black of the head and -breast less distinct. In the <i class="age">Young</i> obsolete. Length, 5.34; wing, 2.67; tail, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole Eastern Province of United States, west to the Missouri; north to Lake -Winnipeg; Eastern Mexico to Guatemala, and south to Bogota and Ecuador (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>). -Not noted from West Indies.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This is a migratory species, abundant during its passage, in -most of the Atlantic States. It breeds, though not abundantly, in New -York and Massachusetts, and in the regions north of latitude 42<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. How far -northward it is found is not well ascertained, probably as far, however, as the -wooded country extends. It was met with on Winnepeg River, by Mr. Kennicott, -the second of June. It winters in Central and in Northern South -America, having been procured at Bogota, in Guatemala, and in Costa Rica, -in large numbers.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon states that he found this bird breeding in the mountainous -regions of Pennsylvania, and afterwards in Maine, New Brunswick, Nova -Scotia, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Although he describes with some minuteness -its nests, yet his description of their position and structure is so -entirely different in all respects from those that have been found in Massachusetts, -that I am constrained to believe he has been mistaken in his identifications, -and that those he supposed to belong to this species were really -the nests of a different bird.</p> - -<p>“In Vermont,” Mr. Charles S. Paine, of Randolph, informs me, “the Canada -Flycatcher is a summer visitant, and is first seen about the 18th of May. -They do not spread themselves over the woods, like most of our small fly-catching -birds, but keep near the borders, where there is a low growth of -bushes, and where they may be heard throughout the day singing their regular -<!--378.png--><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 321]</span> -chant. A few pairs may occasionally be found in the same neighborhood. -At other times only a single pair can be found in quite a wide extent of territory -of similar character. They build their nests, as well as I can judge, -about the first of June, as the young are hatched out and on the wing about -the last of that month, or the first of July. I have never found a nest, but -I think they are built on the ground. They are silent after the first of July, -and are rarely to be seen after that period.” The song of this bird is a very -pleasing one, though heard but seldom, and only in a few localities in Massachusetts.</p> - -<p>Near Washington Dr. Coues found the Canada Flycatcher only a spring -and autumnal visitant, at which seasons they were abundant. They frequented -high open woods, and kept mostly in the lower branches of the trees, -and also in the more open undergrowth of marshy places. They arrive the -last week in April and remain about two weeks, arriving in fall the first -week in September, and remaining until the last of that month.</p> - -<p>The first well-identified nest of this bird that came to my knowledge was -obtained in Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. George O. Welch, in June, 1856. It was -built in a tussock of grass, in swampy woods, concealed by the surrounding -rank vegetation, in the midst of which it was placed. It was constructed -entirely of pine-needles and a few fragments of decayed leaves, grapevine -bark, fine stems, and rootlets. These were so loosely interwoven that the -nest could not be removed without great care to keep its several portions -together. Its diameter was three and a half inches, and it was very nearly -flat. Its greatest depth, at the centre of its depression, was hardly half an -inch. It contained four young, and an unhatched egg.</p> - -<p>Another nest found in June, 1864, by the same observing naturalist, was also -obtained in the neighborhood. This was built in a tussock of meadow-grass, -in the midst of a small boggy piece of swamp, in which were a few scattered -trees and bushes. The ground was so marshy that it could be crossed only -with difficulty, and by stepping from one tussock of reedy herbage to another. -In the centre of one of these bunches the nest was concealed. It measures -six inches in its larger diameter, and has a height of two and a quarter -inches. The cavity of this nest is two and three quarters inches wide, -and one and three quarters deep. It is very strongly constructed of pine-needles, -interwoven with fine strips of bark, dry deciduous leaves, stems of dry -grasses, sedges, etc. The whole is firmly and compactly interwoven with and -strengthened around the rim of the cavity by strong, wiry, and fibrous roots. -The nest is very carefully and elaborately lined with the black fibrous roots -of some plant. The eggs, which were five in number, measure .72 of an inch -in length by .56 in breadth. Their ground-color is a clear and brilliant -white, and this is beautifully marked with dots and small blotches of blended -brown, purple, and violet, varying in shades and tints, and grouped in a -wreath around the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--379.png--><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 322]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">SETOPHAGA</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three, December">Zoöl. Jour. III, Dec.</abbr> 1827, 360. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa ruticilla</i>, <abbr -title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 297. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Sylvania</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual of Ornithology One">Man. Orn. I</abbr>, 1832. (Same -type.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_379.jpg" - width="250" height="241" - alt="Setophaga ruticilla" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga ruticilla</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">984</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill much depressed, the lateral outlines straight towards tip. Bristles -reach half-way from nostril to tip. Culmen almost -straight to near the tip; commissure very slightly -curved. Nostrils oval, with membrane above them. -Wings rather longer than tail, pointed; second, third, -and fourth quills nearly equal; first intermediate -between fourth and fifth. Tail rather long, rather -rounded; the feathers broad, and widening at ends, -the outer web narrow. Tarsi with scutellar divisions -indistinct externally. Legs slender; toes short, -inner cleft nearly to base of first joint, outer with -first joint adherent; middle toe without claw, not -quite half the tarsus.</p> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</i> is very largely represented in America, although of -the many species scarcely any agree exactly in form with the type. In the -following diagnosis I give several species, referred to, perhaps erroneously, as -occurring in Texas.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Belly white. End of lateral tail-feathers black. Sexes dissimilar.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Ground-color black, without vertex spot. Sides of breast and bases of quills -and tail-feathers reddish-orange in male, yellowish in female<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Belly vermilion or carmine red. Lateral tail-feathers, including their tips, white. -Sexes similar.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Entirely lustrous black, including head and neck. No vertex spot. A -white patch on the wings<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_60" id="fnanchor_60"></a><a href="#footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">Plumbeous-ash, including head and neck. A chestnut-brown vertex spot. -No white on wings<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">miniata</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_61" id="fnanchor_61"></a><a href="#footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Setophaga ruticilla</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">AMERICAN REDSTART.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla ruticilla</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 186 (Catesby, <abbr title="Carolina -tableau">Car. tab.</abbr> 67). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa ruticilla</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>; <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>; <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 40">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xl</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Setophaga <abbr title="ruticilla">rut.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 358.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; -<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America">Am.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> (Ecuador, Bogota, Cordova, Oaxaca, City of Mexico).—<span -class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 297; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 256.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Sallé</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857 (<abbr -title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo).—<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 143 (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix; -winter).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1856, 472 (Cuba); 1860, 325 (Costa -Rica).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1861, 326 (Cuba).—<span -class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1859 (Bahamas).—<span -class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 322 (Panama <abbr -title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 249. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvania <abbr -title="ruticilla">rut.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 291 (type of genus). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla flavicauda</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 997 (<abbr -title="female symbol">♀</abbr>).</p> - -<!--380.png--><!--Plate 16--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_16.jpg" - width="500" height="314" - alt="Color plate 16" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Sixteen">XVI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-1" name="pl_16-1"></a><img src="images/pl_16-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 1, Setophaga ruticilla" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga ruticilla</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 984.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-2" name="pl_16-2"></a><img src="images/pl_16-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 2, Myiodioctes minutus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes minutus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> (Copied from <abbr title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr>)</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-3" name="pl_16-3"></a><img src="images/pl_16-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 3, Myiodioctes pusillus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes pusillus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 7683.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-4" name="pl_16-4"></a><img src="images/pl_16-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 4, Myiodioctes pusillus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes pusillus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2325.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-5" name="pl_16-5"></a><img src="images/pl_16-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 5, Setophaga ruticilla" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga ruticilla</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2281.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-6" name="pl_16-6"></a><img src="images/pl_16-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 6, Myiodioctes canadensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes canadensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 945.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-7" name="pl_16-7"></a><img src="images/pl_16-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 7, Progne subis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> 40704.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-8" name="pl_16-8"></a><img src="images/pl_16-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 8, Tachycineta bicolor" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta bicolor</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2896.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-9" name="pl_16-9"></a><img src="images/pl_16-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 9, Hirundo horreorum" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo horreorum</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Barton">Bart.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1452.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-10" name="pl_16-10"></a><img src="images/pl_16-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 10, Progne subis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-11" name="pl_16-11"></a><img src="images/pl_16-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 11, Tachycineta thalassina" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta thalassina</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Swains.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Oregon">Oreg.</abbr>, 1895.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-12" name="pl_16-12"></a><img src="images/pl_16-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 12, Stelgidopteryx serripennis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx serripennis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 32269.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-13" name="pl_16-13"></a><img src="images/pl_16-13.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 13, Petrochelidon lunifrons" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon lunifrons</span>, - <i class="name">Say</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 6622.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_16-14" name="pl_16-14"></a><img src="images/pl_16-14.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 16 detail 14, Cotyle riparia" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">14. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 20641.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--381.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="small"><!--382.png--><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 323]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Prevailing color black. A central line on the breast, the abdomen, -and under tail-coverts white; some feathers in the latter strongly tinged with dark brown. -Bases of all the quills except the inner and outer, and basal half of all the tail-feathers except -the middle one, a patch on each side of the breast, and the axillary region, orange-red, -of a vermilion shade on the breast. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the black replaced by olive-green above, -by brownish-white beneath, the red replaced by yellow; the head tinged with ash; a -grayish-white lore and ring round the eye. Length, 5.25; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.45.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern and in part Middle Provinces of North America to Fort Simpson, west to -Great Salt Lake; Fort Laramie; Denver City; most of the West Indies; Mexico to Ecuador.</p> - -<p>The young male in early autumn greatly resembles in plumage the adult -female, but has the upper tail-coverts and tail deep black, sharply contrasted -with the olive of the rump, instead of having the upper tail-coverts olive, the -tail simply dusky; in addition the back is more greenish-olive, and the -abdomen and crissum pure white. The male does not obtain the perfect -adult plumage until about the third year.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_382.jpg" - width="250" height="211" - alt="Setophaga ruticilla" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga ruticilla.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The so-called Redstart has an extended distribution from the -Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and -from Florida to high northern latitudes, -having been found breeding at Fort -Simpson by Mr. Ross, and at Fort -Resolution by Mr. Kennicott and Mr. -Lockhart. It is generally abundant in -suitable localities, and probably breeds -wherever found north of the Potomac. -It winters in large numbers in Guatemala -and in other parts of Central -America, as well as in the West Indies. -It is common in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix in the spring, -and is especially seen about houses, according to Newton. It remains -there until the end of April.</p> - -<p>Richardson found this species abundant on the Saskatchewan, as far to the -north as the fifty-eighth parallel. It appeared there the last of May, and -left early in September. He found it frequenting moist, shady lands, flitting -about among the moss-grown and twisted stems of the tall willows that -skirt the marshes. It was easily recognized by the red lining of its wings -as it flitted through the gloomy shades in pursuit of mosquitoes and other -winged insects.</p> - -<p>Among the memoranda of the late Mr. Kennicott, we find two to the effect -that on the 26th of May he found both males and females of this species -common near Rainy Lake, and that on the 6th of June he also observed -these birds near Lake Winnepeg. June 14, at Fort Resolution, he obtained -a female Redstart with nest and four eggs. The nest was built in the fork -of a willow, in a thick but low wood of alder and willow. It was entirely -unprotected by leaves or branches. The female was taken on the nest.</p> - -<p>The Newtons found this a very common species in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, in the spring -<!--383.png--><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 324]</span> -of the year, and it was especially seen about houses. For about a week, at -the end of April, 1857, they were extremely numerous. On their return from -their summer quarters, they were first observed September 6. Mr. Taylor -also mentions them as common in Trinidad. Mr. Ridgway found it a common -species among the willow thickets of the river valleys, west as far as -the Great Salt Lake.</p> - -<p>This species, in its spring and autumnal migrations, is abundant in Louisiana -and Texas, as well as in the Gulf States. Wilson speaks of meeting -with it in the then “Mississippi Territory.” Audubon gives it as abundant -in Louisiana, and Nuttall as found throughout Louisiana and Arkansas into -Mexico. Mr. Dresser also mentions it as very common near San Antonio in -the spring and autumn, arriving on the Medina the 27th of April.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues says that the Redstart near Washington is chiefly a spring and -autumnal visitant, and but very few remain to breed. In the spring it is -very abundant from April 25 to May 20, and in the fall from the 1st to the -20th of September, in all woody and swampy situations. He found it in -the habit of running along slender twigs, sideways, and having a note very -similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. œstiva</i>.</p> - -<p>Although placed among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i>, where, as an excellent singer, it clearly -has a good right to be classed, it is yet also a true Flycatcher in habits and -manners. It is a lively, active bird, ever on the wing, and continually in -pursuit of insects. In this pursuit it never awaits the approach of its prey, -but, espying them at a distance, darts with great velocity in pursuit, and the -continued clicks of its bill attest the rapidity and frequency with which it -will overtake and catch insect after insect. Even when lamenting the loss -of a part of its brood, and flying around with cries of distress, the sight of -passing insects is a temptation not to be resisted, and the parent bird will -stop her lamentations to catch small flies.</p> - -<p>Its notes are a varied twitter, rather than a song, a repetition of two simple -notes, uttered every few seconds as it seeks its prey, flying among the thick -foliage usually in dense groves. Its common habit is to glide along a branch, -between its smaller twigs, at times darting forth into more open spaces in -quest of insects it has espied.</p> - -<p>Their nests are usually, though not always, built in a low branch, eight or -ten feet from the ground, in the midst of a thick grove. I have known it -to build in an open field and in close proximity to a dwelling. It keeps to -groves and thickets, and frequents moist places rather than dry, evidently -because of the greater abundance of insects, and not because of timid or -retiring habits. It is indeed far from being timid, and will permit a near -approach without any exhibitions of uneasiness. When its nest is visited, -the male bird manifests great disturbance, and flies back and forth around the -head of the intruder with cries of distress. The female is far less demonstrative, -and even when her nest is despoiled before her eyes is quite moderate -in the expression of her grief.</p> - -<p><!--384.png--><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 325]</span> -Its flight is graceful, easy, and rapid, varied by circumstances as it glides -in its intricate course among small interlacing branches, or darts rapidly forth -into more open space. As it moves, it is continually opening out, closing, or -flirting from side to side its conspicuous tail, the white spots in its expanded -feathers constantly appearing and disappearing.</p> - -<p>In the construction of the nest there is a general uniformity of character, -although the materials differ and the localities are far apart. They are never -pendent, but are placed among three or more small upright branches, around -which it is firmly woven with vegetable flax-like fibres. A nest obtained in -Lynn, by Mr. George O. Welch (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution">S. I.</abbr> 3,778), in June, measures two inches -in height by three in diameter. It is a small, compact, and homogeneous -nest, composed almost entirely of shreds of savin-bark intermixed with soft -vegetable wool. Within are loosely intertwined minute vegetable fibres and -strips of bark, and a lining of horsehair, fine pine leaves, and dry grasses. -The nest contained four eggs. Another nest found in Grand Menan, June -24, 1851, was very similar in size, structure, and materials. It was in the -centre of a thick, swampy thicket, five feet from the ground, and contained -five eggs.</p> - -<p>Another nest of this bird, obtained in Lynn by Mr. Welch, is only a -reconstruction of a nest begun by a pair of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica œstiva</i>, and either -abandoned by them, or from which they had been driven. Above the original -nest of the Warbler the Redstarts had constructed their own. The base -is composed of the downy covering of the under sides of the leaves of ferns, -mixed with a few herbaceous stems and leaves. Within this was built an -entirely distinct nest, composed of long and slender strips of bark, pine-needles, -and stems of grasses. These are firmly and elaborately interwoven -together.</p> - -<p>A nest found in Hingham, built in a tree in an open space near a dwelling, -was seven feet from the ground, and of the usual size and shape. In -this the more usual strips of bark were replaced by hempen fibres of vegetables, -thistle-down, bits of newspaper, and other fragments. Within is a -strong lining of hair and fine stems of grasses. In this nest there were two -young, about half fledged, and two eggs nearly fresh. The latter were taken, -the female parent being present and making only a very slight protest, -stopping, from time to time, to catch insects.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Redstart vary considerably in their size and in their general -appearance, but resemble somewhat those of the common Summer -Yellow-Bird. They vary in length from .55 to .68 of an inch, and in their -breadth from .45 to .53. Their ground-color is a grayish-white, blotched -and clotted with purple, lilac, and brown.</p> - -</div><!--end family Sylvicolidæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--385.png--><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 326]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">HIRUNDINIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Swallows.</span></h2> -<!--I AM HERE--> -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Bill short, triangular, very broad at base (nearly as wide as long) and much depressed, -narrowing rapidly to a compressed, notched tip; mouth opening nearly to the -eyes. Primaries nine, graduating rapidly less from the exterior one; tail-feathers twelve. -Feet weak; tarsi scutellate, shorter than middle toe and claw. Number of joints in toes -normal; basal joint of middle toe partially or entirely adherent to lateral toes. Wings -long, falcate. Tail forked. Eyes small. Plumage compact, usually lustrous. All the -American species with a white patch on the sides under the wing, and with the irids -hazel or brown.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</i> form a very well marked group of birds easily distinguished -from all others. They exhibit a close resemblance, in external appearance -and habits, to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i>; from which, apart from the internal -structure, they are readily distinguished by the possession of nine, instead of -ten primaries; twelve, instead of ten tail-feathers; scutellate tarsi, toes with -normal number of joints (1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, exclusive of ungual -phalanges), instead of a different proportion; differently shaped nostrils, etc. -In both families the wings are developed to an extraordinary degree; the -outer primary nearly twice or more than twice the length of the inner, and -enabling its possessor to sustain flight almost indefinitely. The relations of -the family among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i> appear closest to the Old World <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapidæ</i>.</p> - -<p>In comparing the wings of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</i> with those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</i> -we readily notice one of the essential characters of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i>, namely, that -the greater wing-coverts hide only half or less than half of the secondary -quills, instead of reaching much beyond their middle, or nearly to the end. -(See Sundevall, <abbr lang="sv" xml:lang="sv" title="Ornithologiskt System">Ornith. Syst.</abbr>)</p> - -<p>The precise character of scutellation of tarsus is somewhat difficult to -make out, owing to a tendency to fusion of the plates, although not essentially -different from most <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i>. There is a series of scutellæ along the -anterior face of the tarsus, and a longitudinal plate on each side, meeting, but -not coalescing, behind. The anterior scutellæ sometimes appear to fuse into -the outer lateral plate; or sometimes the latter is more or less subdivided; -the inner plate is generally more distinct from the anterior scutellæ, and -usually entire, except perhaps at the lower extremity.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="birdname">Genera of North American Hirundinidæ.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Nostrils broadly oval, or circular; opening upwards and forward, and exposed; -without overhanging membrane.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus short, stout; equal to middle toe without -claw; feathered on the inner side above. Nostrils almost or entirely without -membrane.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill stout; culmen and commissure much curved. Frontal feathers -without bristles. Tail deeply forked. Color lustrous-black; belly and -crissum sometimes white<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--386.png--><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 327]</span> -Bill rather weaker; commissure and culmen nearly straight to near tip. -Frontal feathers bristly. Tail nearly even. Throat, rump, and crissum, -and usually forehead, rufous; belly white<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus longer than in last; equal to middle toe -and half the claw. Nostrils bordered along posterior half by membrane, -but not overhung internally. Bill very small. Tail forked. Crissum dusky -except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neochelidon fucata</i>. Various genera and subgenera, none North -American, as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atticora</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Notiochelidon</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neochelidon</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pygochelidon</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">c.</i> Edge of wing armed with stiff recurved hooks. Tarsus as in preceding -(tarsus and toes much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pygochelidon</i>). Bill larger and more depressed. -Tail emarginate only. Crissum white<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Nostrils lateral; bordered behind and inside, or overhung by membrane, the -outer edge of which is straight, and directed either parallel with axis of bill or -diverging from it.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tarsus short; about equal to middle toe without claw. Tibial joint feathered; -feathers extending along inside of upper end of tarsus.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Tarsus bare at lower end. Lateral claws reaching only to base of -middle.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail very deeply forked, much longer than closed wings; lateral -feathers linear and very narrow at end, twice the length of central. -Upper parts and pectoral collar steel-blue; front and throat, sometimes -under parts, rufous. Tail-feathers with large spots<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail with shallow fork, not exceeding half an inch, shorter than -closed wings. Feathers broad. Color blue or green above, with -or without white rump; white beneath. Tail-feathers without -spots<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at lower end. Lateral claws lengthened, -reaching beyond base of middle claw.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Tail slightly forked. Color dull-brown above; beneath white, -with brown pectoral collar<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tarsus long; equal to middle toe and half claw; entirely bare. Tail considerably -forked, about equal to closed wing. Color green above; white -beneath<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callichelidon.</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_62" id="fnanchor_62"></a><a href="#footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PROGNE</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1826, 971. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo purpurea</i> vel <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 314.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Body stout. Bill robust, lengthened; lower or commissural edge of maxilla -sinuated, decidedly convex for basal half, then as concave to the tip, the lower mandible -falling within its chord. Nostrils superior, broadly open, and nearly circular, without -any adjacent membrane, the edges rounded. Legs stout. Tarsus equal to middle toe -without claw; the joint feathered; lateral toes about equal; the basal joint of the middle -toe half free internally, rather less so externally. Claws strong, much curved. Nest -in hollow trees. Eggs white.</p> - -<p>The species of this genus are the most powerful and robust of the Swallows. -Some are entirely glossy-black, others whitish below. The following -<!--387.png--><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 328]</span> -diagnosis will show the relationship of the several forms usually recognized -as distinct species:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">P. subis.</b> Above lustrous blue-black; beneath lustrous blue-black or brownish-gray, -uniform, or with the abdomen and crissum white, or whitish. Females -always with the throat and jugulum gray.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Adult males entirely steel-blue.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Females and young males with the abdomen pure white.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Feathers about the anus smoky-gray beneath the surface.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing about 6.00; fork of tail, .80 deep. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Abdominal and -crissal feathers always with dusky shafts, and with the concealed portion -grayish. Forehead and nape hoary grayish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Continental -North America, south into Northern Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing, 5.25; fork of tail considerably less. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> unknown. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Galapagos<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">concolor</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_63" id="fnanchor_63"></a><a href="#footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing, 5.80; fork of tail, 1.10 deep. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> unknown. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Chili<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_64" id="fnanchor_64"></a><a href="#footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Feathers about the anus snowy-white beneath the surface.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing. 5.50; fork of tail, .90 deep. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> Abdominal and crissal -feathers entirely snowy-white,—never with dusky shafts (except -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> in transition). Forehead dusky grayish-brown; nape steel-blue. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba and Florida Keys<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleuca</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Females and young with the abdomen dusky grayish-brown.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Wing, 5.50; fork of tail, .80. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Lower parts dusky grayish-brown, -the feathers bordered with lighter grayish, producing a squamate appearance. -<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> similar, but feathers of the upper parts bordered with -whitish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Paraguay (Vermejo River)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_65" id="fnanchor_65"></a><a href="#footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Adult males with the abdomen and crissum pure white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lower tail-coverts with the shafts pure white. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (adult) with the -throat, jugulum, and sides steel-blue.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> scarcely distinguishable from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleuca</i>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Porto Rico and Jamaica (<abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo also?)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_66" id="fnanchor_66"></a><a href="#footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lower tail-coverts with their shafts dusky. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> (adult) with throat, jugulum, -and sides brownish-gray.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Sides of the jugulum with a blue-black patch in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Wing, 5.50; -fork of tail, .70 deep. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Bolivia<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_67" id="fnanchor_67"></a><a href="#footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--388.png--><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 329]</span> -Sides of the jugulum without a blue-black patch in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Wing, 5.20; -fork of tail, .55 deep. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, from Southern Mexico to -New Granada<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_68" id="fnanchor_68"></a><a href="#footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Progne subis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PURPLE MARTIN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo subis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Systema Naturæ">S. N.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 192 (<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Hirundo cœrulea canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Edwards</span>, Av. tab. -120, Hudson’s Bay). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 274. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. purpurea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Systema Naturæ">S. N.</abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> -1766, 344 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. purpurea</i>, <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina tableau">Car. -tab.</abbr> 51).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate -23">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xxiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America One, plate -45">Am. I, pl. xlv.</abbr>—<span class="sc">Yarrell</span>, <abbr title="British Birds, Two">Br. Birds, II</abbr>, 232, 274 -(England and Ireland, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1842).—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 34 -(<abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 22, 1849). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne purpurea</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, -1826, 971.—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American Oology, One">N. Am. Ool. I</abbr>, 1857, 103, <abbr -title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>, fig. 47 (eggs).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 314.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report 12">P. R. R. Rep. -XII</abbr>, 2, 186 (Fort Steilacoom).—<span class="sc">Blakiston</span>, Ibis, 1863, 65 (Saskatchewan)—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 113.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 260. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo violacea</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span -class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. cœrulea</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. versicolor</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">H. ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Cuvier"><span class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_388.jpg" - width="400" height="182" - alt="Progne subis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1561</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,561 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Entirely lustrous steel-blue, with a purplish gloss; the tail-feathers -and the wings, except the lesser and middle coverts, and edge inside, dull black -scarcely glossed. Tibiæ dark brownish. A concealed patch of white on the sides under -the wings. Concealed central portion of anal feathers light whitish-gray.</p> - -<p class="small">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,129 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.) Above somewhat similar, but much duller. Beneath smoky brownish-gray, -without lustre, paler behind, and becoming sometimes quite whitish on belly and -<!--389.png--><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 330]</span> -crissum, but all the feathers always with dusky shafts, and more or less clouded with gray -centrally, even though fading into whitish to the edges. This is particularly appreciable in -the longer crissal feathers. The edges of the dark feathers of throat and jugulum are -usually paler, imparting somewhat of a lunulated appearance, their centres sometimes -considerably darker, causing an appearance of obsolete spots. There is a tendency to a -grayish collar on sides of neck, and generally traceable to the nape; this, in one specimen -(5,492) from California, being hoary gray, the forehead similar.</p> - -<p class="small">The young male of the second year is similar to the female, with the steel-blue appearing -in patches.</p> - -<p class="small">Total length (of 1,561), 7.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.40; difference between inner and outer -feather, .75; difference between first and ninth quills, 2.88; length of bill from forehead, -.55; from nostril, .34; along gape, .94; width of gape, .74; tarsus, .61; middle toe and -claw, .80; claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .54; claw alone, .27.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -The whole of the United States and the Provinces; Saskatchewan; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> -Lucas and Northern Mexico (winter); Orizaba (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>); Bermuda. Accidental in -England. South American and West Indian birds apparently belong to other races.</p> - -<p>Many Western adult males are considerably less violaceous than any Eastern -one; but there is so much variation in this respect among specimens from -one locality, that this difference in lustre does not seem of much importance.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_389.jpg" - width="250" height="260" - alt="Progne subis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>An adult female (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 61,361, G. A. Boardman) from Lake Harney, Florida, -is so unlike all other specimens in the collection as to almost warrant our -considering it as representing a distinct local race. It differs from females -and young males of all the other races (except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i>, from which it differs -in other striking particulars) in the following respects: Above, the lustrous -steel-blue is uninterrupted, the forehead and nape being uniform with the -other portions; beneath, dark smoky-gray, inclining to whitish on the middle -of the abdomen; the jugulum and crissum have a faint gloss of steel-blue, -the feathers of the latter bordered -with grayish-white. The chief difference -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i> is in lacking the -conspicuous grayish-white border to -the feathers of the whole lower part, -the surface being uniform instead of -conspicuously squamated. Wing, 5.60; -tail, 3.00; fork of tail, .80 deep.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Purple Martin is emphatically -a bird common to the whole -of North America. It breeds from -Florida to high northern latitudes, -and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. -It is very abundant in Florida, as it -is in various other parts of the country -farther north, and the large flocks of migrating birds of this species which -pass through Eastern Massachusetts the last of September attest its equal -abundance north of the latter State. It occurs in Bermuda, is resident in the -<!--390.png--><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 331]</span> -alpine regions of Mexico, and is also found at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Accidental -specimens have been detected in England and in Ireland. It is abundant -on the Saskatchewan. Burmeister states that this species is common in the -vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, and that it is distributed in moderate abundance -through the whole of tropical South America. Von Pelzeln also cites it as -occurring on the Rio Negro and at Manaqueri through the three winter -months, nesting in old buildings and in holes in the rocks. It is, however, -quite possible that they refer to an allied but distinct species.</p> - -<p>In a wild state the natural resort of this species, for nesting and shelter, -was to hollow trees and crevasses in rocks. The introduction of civilized -life, and with it of other safer and more convenient places, better adapted to -their wants, has wrought an entire change in its habits. It is now very -rarely known to resort to a hollow tree, though it will do so where better -provision is not to be had. Comfortable and convenient boxes, of various -devices, in our cities and large towns, attract them to build in small communities -around the dwellings of man, where their social, familiar, and confiding -disposition make them general favorites. There they find abundance of insect -food, and repay their benefactors by the destruction of numerous injurious -and noxious kinds, and there, too, they are also comparatively safe from -their own enemies. These conveniences vary from the elegant martin-houses -that adorn private grounds in our Eastern cities to the ruder gourds -and calabashes which are said to be frequently placed near the humbler -cabins of the Southern negroes. In Washington the columns of the public -buildings, and the eaves and sheltered portions of the piazzas, afford a convenient -protection to large numbers around the Patent Office and the Post-Office -buildings.</p> - -<p>The abundance of this species varies in different parts of the country, from -causes not always apparent. In the vicinity of Boston it is quite unusual, -though said to have been, forty years since, quite common. There their -places are taken by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. bicolor</i>, who occupy almost exclusively the martin-houses, -and very rarely build in hollow trees.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson states that it arrives within the Arctic Circle earlier -than any other of its family. It made its first appearance at Great Bear -Lake as early as the 17th of May, when the ground was covered with snow, -and the rivers and lakes were all icebound.</p> - -<p>In the Southern States it is said to raise three broods in a season; in its -more northern distribution it raises but one. Their early migrations expose -the Martins to severe exposure and suffering from changes of weather, in -which large numbers have been known to perish. An occurrence of this -kind is said to have taken place in Eastern Massachusetts, where nearly all -the birds of this species were destroyed, and where to this day their places -have never been supplied.</p> - -<p>Within its selected compartment the Martin prepares a loose and irregular -nest. This is composed of various materials, such as fine dry leaves, straws, -<!--391.png--><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 332]</span> -stems of grasses, fine twigs, bits of string, rags, etc. These are carelessly -thrown together, and the whole is usually warmly lined with feathers or -other soft materials. This nest is occupied year after year by the same pair, -but with each new brood the nest is thoroughly repaired, and often increased -in size by the accumulation of new materials.</p> - -<p>The Martins do not winter in the United States, but enter the extreme -Southern portions early in February. Audubon states that they arrive often -in prodigious flocks. On the Ohio their advent is about the 15th of March, -and in Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania about the 10th of April. About -Boston their appearance is from the 25th of April to the middle of May. -Mr. Audubon states that they all return to the Southern States about the -20th of August, but this is hardly correct. Their departure varies very much -with the season. In the fall of 1870 they were to be found in large flocks, -slowly moving southward, but often remaining several days at a time at the -same place, and then proceeding to their next halt. Their favorite places for -such stops are usually a high and uninhabited hillside near the sea.</p> - -<p>The Martin is a bold and courageous bird, prompt to meet and repel dangers, -especially when threatened by winged enemies, never hesitating to attack -and drive them away from its neighborhood. It is therefore a valuable -protection to the barnyard. Its food is the larger kinds of insects, especially -beetles, in destroying which it again does good service to the husbandman. -The song of the Martin is a succession of twitters, which, without being -musical, are far from being unpleasant; they begin with the earliest dawn, -and during the earlier periods of incubation are almost incessantly repeated. -The eggs of the Purple Martin measure .94 of an inch in length by .79 in -breadth. They are of an oblong-oval shape, are pointed at one end, are of -a uniform creamy-white, and are never spotted. They are quite uniform -in size and shape. Eggs from Florida are proportionally smaller than those -from the Northern States.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Progne subis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">cryptoleuca</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CUBAN MARTIN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne cryptoleuca</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of -American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 277. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo purpurea</i>, <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span -class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> Sagra’s Cuba, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux">Ois.</abbr> 1840, 94 (excl. syn.). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne purpurea</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1856, 3.—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. -Jour.</abbr> 1861.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 34,242, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>). Color much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. subis</i>,—rich steel-blue, with purple -or violet gloss; the wings and tail, however, much more decidedly glossed, and with a -shade of greenish. The feathers around the anus and in the anterior portion of crissum -with dark bluish down at base, pure snowy-white in the middle, and then blackish, passing -into the usual steel-blue. The white is entirely concealed, and its amount and purity -diminish as the feathers are more and more distant, until it fades into the usual gray -median portion of the feather. The usual concealed white patch on the sides under the -wings. Total length, 7.60; wing, 5.50; tail, 3.40; perpendicular depth of fork, .86; difference -<!--392.png--><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 333]</span> -between first and ninth primary, 2.75; length of bill from forehead, .55; from -nostril, .34; along gape, .86; width, .58; tarsus, .53; middle toe and claw, .79; claw alone, -.24; hind toe and claw, .52; claw alone, .25.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> (17,730, Monte Verde, Cuba, May 2; C. Wright). Above steel-blue, less glossy -than in the male, and becoming lustreless dark smoky-brown on the forehead. Head, -laterally and beneath, with jugulum and sides, uniform brownish-gray (without darker -shafts or lighter borders to feathers, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i>); whole abdomen, anal region, and crissum -snowy-white, including the shafts. Wing, 5.40; tail, 2.80; fork of tail, .70 deep.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young male</i> (10,368, Cape Florida, May 18, 1858; G. Wurdemann). Similar to the -female, but the steel-blue above more brilliant and continuous, the forehead and wings -being nearly as lustrous as the back; throat and jugulum mixed with steel-blue feathers, -and crissum with some feathers of steel-blue bordered with whitish. Wing. 5.40; tail, -2.90; fork of tail, .80 deep.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cuba, and Florida Keys? (Perhaps Bahamas.)</p> - -<p>This species has a close external resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. subis</i>, for which it has -usually been mistaken. It is of nearly the same size, but the feet are disproportionately -smaller and weaker; while the wings are shorter, the tail is as -long and more deeply forked; the feathers considerably narrower, and more -attenuated (the outer .40 wide, instead of .46). The colors above are more -brilliant, and extend more over the greater wing-coverts and lining of wings, -while the quills and tail-feathers have a richer gloss of purplish, changing -to greenish. An apparently good diagnostic feature is the concealed pure -white of the feathers about the anal regions, replaced in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i> by grayish, -rarely approximating to whitish.</p> - -<p>A <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</i> collected by Mr. Wright, at Monte Verde, is duller in color than -that from Remedios, but has still more concealed white below, in the median -portion, not only of the anal feathers, but of those of the entire crissum and -of the belly. A female bird, which I presume to be the same species, can -scarcely be distinguished from the female of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, except in the -brownish shafts of the longer crissal feathers, and an almost imperceptible -tinge of brownish in the webs of the same feathers. It is almost exactly -like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. leucogaster</i> of Mexico and Central America.</p> - -<p>This species is included in the North American fauna in consequence of -the capture of a specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10,368 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, May 18, 1858) at Cape Florida, -which is with scarcely a doubt referable to it. This specimen is a -young male in its second year, so that it is difficult to ascertain positively -its relationship to the two allied species; but as it agrees perfectly in its proportions -with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleuca</i>, and its plumage differs from the corresponding one -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i> in essential respects, we have little hesitation in referring it to the -former.</p> - -<p>Nothing distinctive is recorded as to the habits of this bird.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--393.png--><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 334]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PETROCHELIDON</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 47. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo melanogaster</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> -= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. swainsoni</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_393.jpg" - width="250" height="126" - alt="Petrochelidon lunifrons" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon lunifrons.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">18322</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill stout and deep, somewhat as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</i>. Nostrils entirely superior, -open, without overhanging -membrane on the inner (or -upper) side, but somewhat -overhung by short bristles, -seen also along base of inner -mandible and in chin. Legs -stout; the tarsi short, not exceeding -the middle toe exclusive -of its claw; feathered all -round for basal third or fourth, -though no feathers are inserted -on the posterior face. Tail -falling short of the closed wings, nearly square or slightly emarginate; the lateral feathers -broad to near the ends, and not attenuated.</p> - -<p>Of this genus as restricted we have but one species in North America, -although several others occur in the West Indies and the southern parts of -the continent. All have the back steel-blue, with concealed streaks of white; -the rump, crissum, and a narrow nuchal band, and usually the forehead, -chestnut.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Petrochelidon lunifrons</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CLIFF SWALLOW; EAVE SWALLOW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo lunifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition -Two">Exp. II</abbr>, 1823, 47 (Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>; <span -class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American Oology One">N. A. Ool. I</abbr>, 1857, 94, <abbr title="plate five, Number">pl. -v, No.</abbr> 68.73 (eggs).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 309.—<span -class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 317 (Panama <abbr -title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>; winter).—<span class="sc">Verrill</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Natural -History Society">Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc.</abbr> 1864, 276 (migration and history).—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> Woolwich, <abbr title="four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 16 (<abbr -title="British Columbia">Br. Col.</abbr>; nesting).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad -Routes Twelve, two">P. R. R. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 184 (<abbr title="Washington Territory">Wash. -Terr.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, 279 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 104.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 256. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon <abbr title="lunifrons">l.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Review, 1864, 288. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">H. opifex</i>, <span class="sc">Clinton</span>, 1824. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. respublicana</i>, <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> 1824. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. fulva</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate 58">Orn. Biog. I, pl. lviii</abbr>.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds America One, plate 47">Birds Am. I, pl. xlvii</abbr>.—<abbr -title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Maxim.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 100.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 18,322 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Top of head glossy black, with greenish lustre; back and -scapulars similar, but rather duller, and somewhat streaked by the appearance of the white -sides of the feathers,—the bases of the feathers, however, being plumbeous. Chin, throat, -and sides of head, chestnut-brown, this extending round on the nape as a distinct continuous -collar, which is bounded posteriorly by dull grayish. The chestnut darkest on the -chin, with a rich purplish tinge. Rump above and on sides paler chestnut (sometimes fading -into whitish). Upper tail-coverts grayish-brown, edged with paler, lighter than the -plain brown of the wings and tail. Forehead, for the length of the bill, creamy-white, -somewhat lunate, or extending in an acute angle, a little over the eye; a very narrow -blackish frontlet; loral region dusky to the bill. A patch of glossy black in the lower part -<!--394.png--><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 335]</span> -of the breast, and a few black feathers in the extreme chin, the latter sometimes scarcely -appreciable. Under parts dull white, tinged with reddish-gray on the sides and inside of -the wings. Feathers of crissum brownish-gray, edged with whitish, with a tinge of rufous -anteriorly (sometimes almost inappreciable). Nest of mud, lined; built against rocks or -beams; opening sometimes circular, on the side; sometimes open above; eggs spotted.</p> - -<p class="small">Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.50; tail, 2.40, nearly even; difference of primary quills, -2.10; length of bill from forehead, .38, from nostril, .25, along gape, .60, width, .50; tarsus, -.48; middle toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .44; claw alone, .20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Entire United States from Atlantic to Pacific, and along central region to Arctic -Ocean and Fort Yukon; Panama in winter. Not noted at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, in Mexico, or -in West Indies.</p> - -<p>There is no difference between the sexes, but the young bird is very different -from the adult in the following particulars: the steel-blue above -is replaced by a lustreless dusky-brown, the feathers (except on head) -being margined with a creamy tint; the neck merely tinged with rufous; -the throat has only a dusky suffusion, and the chin is much mixed with -white; the frontal patch is obsolete.</p> - -<p>A closely allied species from Mexico, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. swainsoni</i> (see Baird, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> Am. -Birds, 1865, 290), possibly yet to be found near our southern border, differs -as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p><span class="svleft">Frontlet reddish-white, with narrow band of black along upper mandible</span> -<span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</i>.</span></p> - -<p><span class="svleft">Frontlet chestnut-brown, without black at base of upper mandible. Size smaller</span> -<span class="svright"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>.</span></p> - -<p>Sometimes (as in 11,027 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and 11,025 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Bridger) the black patch -extends upward, somewhat broken, however, to the bill.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The early history of the Cliff Swallow must always remain involved -in some obscurity, so far as concerns its numbers and distribution -before the first settlement of the country, and even down to the early portion -of the present century. Its existence was unknown to Mr. Wilson, and it -was unknown to other naturalists until obtained by Say, in Long’s expedition -to the Rocky Mountains in 1820. It is now known to occur nearly -throughout North America, and to breed from Pennsylvania to the Arctic -regions, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Yet to many parts of the -country it is a new-comer, where, a few years since, it was entirely unknown. -It seems to be probable that at first this species was to be found -only in certain localities that offered favorable places whereon to construct -their nests. Where high limestone cliffs abound, these birds may have -always occurred, although escaping observation.</p> - -<p>In the same year that Long discovered this species among the Rocky -Mountains (1820), Sir John Franklin’s party also met with it between the -Cumberland House and Fort Enterprise, and on the banks of Point Lake, in -latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. In June, 1825, a number of these birds made their first appearance -at Fort Chippewyan, and built their nests under the eaves of the -house. This fort had then existed many years, and trading-posts had been -in existence a century and a half, and yet this was the first instance of its -<!--395.png--><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 336]</span> -placing itself under the protection of man throughout that wide extent of -territory. Mr. Audubon met with this species at Henderson, on the Ohio, in -1815. Two years later he found a colony breeding in Newport, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr>, which -dated back to the same year. Several other colonies in that neighborhood -also first appeared in the same year. In 1837 I received their eggs from -Coventry, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, at which time they were a new species to me. They were -there known as the “Eave Swallow,” and the time of their first appearance -could not be determined. I first met with them in 1839, at Jaffrey, <abbr title="New Hampshire">N. H.</abbr>, -where they had made their first appearance the year before, and were not -then known to be anywhere else in that vicinity. The same year I afterwards -found them in Burlington, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, where they had been known only for -three years. When or where they first appeared in Massachusetts is not -known. I first observed a large colony of them in Attleborough in 1842. -Its size indicated the existence of these birds in that place for several years. -The same year they also appeared, apparently for the first time, in Boston, -Hingham, and in other places in the neighborhood.</p> - -<p>In 1824, De Witt Clinton read a paper to the New York Lyceum, stating -that he had met with these birds at Whitehall, <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>, at the southern end of -Lake Champlain, in 1817, about the time of their first appearance on the -Ohio; and <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> Zadock Thompson met with them in Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, at about -the same period. General Dearborn noticed them for the first time in Winthrop, -<abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, in 1830. They first appeared at Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in 1841.</p> - -<p>Professor Verrill discovered, in 1861, a large colony of these birds breeding -on the high limestone cliffs of Anticosti, apparently in their original condition, -and entirely removed from the influences of man. This suggested an -inquiry as to their early presence in Northeastern America. From the information -he received, he was led to conclude that this Swallow was known -to certain parts of Maine earlier than its first discovery anywhere in the -West. Whether these birds were indigenous to the West or not cannot now -be determined. That they were discovered there only so recently as 1820 -proves nothing. We only know that in certain localities—such as Rock -River on the Mississippi, and at Anticosti on the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence—their occurrence -in large numbers in their former normal condition of independence -suggests in either locality an equally remote beginning. It is possible, and -even probable, that in favorable localities in various parts of the country they -existed in isolated colonies. The settlement of the country, and the multiplication -of convenient, sheltered, and safe places for their nests, gradually -wrought a change in their habits, and greatly multiplied their numbers. At -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen, <abbr title="New Brunswick">N. B.</abbr>, and in that neighborhood, Mr. Boardman found this -species as abundant in 1828 as they have been at any time since. They were -then very plentiful under the eaves of several old barns in that part of the -country. Yet twelve years afterward they were entirely unknown on the -lower Kennebeck.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this to be an abundant species in California, on the -<!--396.png--><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 337]</span> -coast, where they breed on the cliffs, and have all the appearance of being -indigenous. They appear at San Diego as early as March 15, a week before -the Barn Swallow, and do not leave until October. They build even in the -noisy streets of San Francisco. Dr. Cooper observed them catching young -grasshoppers, which is certainly unusual food for Swallows, and one that has -proved fatal to young Barn Swallows when fed to the latter in confinement. -At Santa Cruz they bred as early as April 12, and had second broods July 5.</p> - -<p>The nests of this Swallow, when built on the side of a cliff or in any exposed -position, are constructed in the shape of a retort, the larger portion -adhering to the wall, arched over at the top and projecting in front, with a -covered passage-way opening at the bottom. The normal original nest, in a -state of nature, is an elaborate and remarkably ingenious structure, sheltering -its inmates from the weather and from their many enemies. Since they -have sought the shelter of man and built under the eaves of barns and houses, -the old style of their nests has been greatly changed, and the retort-like shape -has nearly disappeared.</p> - -<p>In building and in repairing their nests they work with great industry, and -often complete their task with wonderful celerity. Where they exist in a -large colony, it is not an uncommon thing to see several birds at work upon -the same nest,—one bird, apparently the female owner, always assisting and -directing the whole. After the work of construction has gone so far as to -permit the occupation of the nest, it is often to be observed that the task of -completing and improving the structure is kept up by the male. In a large -colony of these Swallows, whose nests were built under the projecting roof -of a barn in a small island in the Bay of Fundy, every nest was as open as are -those of the Barn Swallow. These birds had been encouraged to build by -the owner, and boards had been placed above and below their nests, of which -they at once took advantage to build an unusual nest. These nests are -made of various kinds of adhesive earth and mud. They are neatly and -warmly lined with fine dry grasses and leaves, intermingled with feathers, -wool, and other soft, warm substances. It has been thought that the mud -of which these nests are composed is agglutinated by the saliva of the -birds; but of this I have never been able to detect any evidence in the nests -themselves, the crumbling nature of which when dry is against this supposition; -and the birds themselves are often to be seen about puddles of water, -apparently gathering materials.</p> - -<p>When the nests of a large colony are invaded, the birds manifest great uneasiness, -collecting in a swarm over the head of the intruder, wheeling around -in circles, uttering loud outcries, and even flying close to his head, as if to -attack him, with loud snapping of the bills.</p> - -<p>The song of this Swallow is an unmusical creak, rather than a twitter, -frequent rather than loud, and occasionally harsh, yet so earnest and genial -in its expression that its effect is far from being unpleasant.</p> - -<p>The ground-color of their eggs is white, and they are marked with dots, -<!--397.png--><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 338]</span> -blotches, and points of reddish-brown. These markings vary greatly in size, -number, and distribution. They are usually chiefly about the larger end. -In shape they are usually less elongated than those of the Barn Swallow, and -their markings are larger. This is not, however, invariable, and the two -kinds are not always distinguishable. In length they vary from .875 of an -inch to .75, and their average breadth is .60.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">HIRUNDO</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 191. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rustica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_397.jpg" - width="250" height="140" - alt="Hirundo horreorum" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo horreorum.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1452</b></p> -</div> - -<p>Under the generic head of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</i> I propose to combine several groups -of American Swallows -agreeing in moderate, -depressed bill, with -straight commissure, -and lateral nostrils -overhung by membrane; -the tarsi feathered -only at the upper -end, or else entirely -bare; the lateral claws -moderate, not extending -beyond the base -of the median; the edge of the outer primary without hooks; the tail variable -in character, from a very deep fork to a slight emargination only.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="birdname">Subgenera.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0">Tarsi slightly feathered on inner face at upper end; equal in length to middle toe -without claw.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Tail very deeply forked … <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</i>.</p> - -<p class="p0 indent1">Tail slightly forked or emarginate … <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Tarsi entirely naked; lengthened equal to middle toe and half its claw.</p> - -<p class="indent1">Tail considerably forked<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callichelidon</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_69" id="fnanchor_69"></a><a href="#footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">HIRUNDO</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Nostrils lateral. Tarsi short, not exceeding middle toe without its claw; -the upper joint covered with feathers, which extend a short distance along the inner face -of tarsus. Tail very deeply forked; the lateral feather much attenuated, twice as long as -the middle. Basal joint of middle toe free for terminal fourth on outside, for half on -inside. Nest partly of mud, and lined with feathers; eggs spotted.</p> - -<p class="small">In type, and in American species, the forehead and throat rufous; a black pectoral collar; -tail-feathers with large light spots on inner webs.</p> - -<p><!--398.png--><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 339]</span> -But one species, so far as known, of this subgenus as restricted, belongs -to America. There are, however, quite a number known in the Old World.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Hirundo horreorum</b>, <span class="sc">Barton</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BARN SWALLOW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo horreorum</i>, <span class="sc">Barton</span>, Fragments <abbr title="Natural -History Pennsylvania">N. H. Penna.</abbr> 1799, 17.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 308; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 294.—<span class="sc">A. & E. Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 66 (<abbr -title="Santa">Sta.</abbr> Cruz; transient).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1864, 173 (City of <abbr -title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>)—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, -316 (Panama).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. -Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 184 (south of Columbia River).—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span>, 279 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 103.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 254. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo rufa</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Ill.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American Oology, One">N. Am. Ool. I</abbr>, 1857, 91, <abbr title="plate five">pl. -v</abbr>, fig. 63-67 (eggs).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. IV</abbr>, 1856, 3 (Cuba; -spring and autumn).—<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland; two specimens).—<span -class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 328 (Cuba; common). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Hirundo americana</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>; <span class="sc"><abbr title="Richardson">Rich.</abbr></span>; <a id="Lembeye" name="Lembeye"></a><span class="sc">Lembeye</span>, -Aves de Cuba, 1850, 44, <abbr title="lámina seven">lam. vii</abbr>, fig. 2. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Hirundo rustica</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two, -plate 173">Orn. Biog. II, pl. clxxiii.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Birds America -One, plate 48">Birds Am. I, pl. xlviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Natural History">Nat. Hist.</abbr> -Bermuda, 34 (Bermudas; <abbr title="August">Aug.</abbr> and <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr>).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_398.jpg" - width="250" height="194" - alt="Hirundo horreorum" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo horreorum.</i><br /></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail very deeply forked; outer feathers several inches longer than the inner, -very narrow towards the end. Above -glossy blue, with concealed white in -the middle of the back. Throat chestnut; -rest of lower part reddish-white, -not conspicuously different. A steel-blue -collar on the upper part of the -breast, interrupted in the middle. Tail-feathers -with a white spot near the -middle, on the inner web. Female -with the outer tail-feather not quite -so long. Length, 6.90 inches; wing, -5.00; tail, 4.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole of the United States; -north to Fort Rae, Slave Lake; Greenland; -south in winter to Central America -and West Indies; Panama (<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>); -Plateau of Mexico (breeds, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>); Veragua, Chiriqui (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>). Not found at Cape -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. South America?</p> - -<p>In young birds, the frontal chestnut band is maller and less distinct.</p> - -<p>It is still a question whether a South American resident species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. erythrogaster</i>) -is identical or not. The only two specimens of the latter (21,007 -and 21,008, Vermejo, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr>, 1860; C. Wood) have a very much less violaceous -upper plumage than North American examples, the blue above having -even a greenish tinge. They are moulting, unfortunately, so that they cannot -be satisfactorily compared; except in the respect pointed out, however, they -appear to be identical with North American examples.</p> - -<p>The European <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. rustica</i> is perfectly distinct, though closely allied. It -differs essentially from the American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. horreorum</i> in much longer outer -<!--399.png--><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 340]</span> -tail-feathers, and in having a very broad, continuous collar of steel-blue -across the jugulum, entirely isolating the chestnut of the throat; the abdomen -appears to be much more whitish than in the American species.</p> - -<p>Many specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. horreorum</i> show a continuous collar, but then the -two lateral crescents are but just barely connected. In <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2,191 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Carlisle, -Penn., May, there is an indication of as broad a collar as in the European -species; but the area, though sharply bounded, is not uniformly black, being -much mixed centrally with light rufous.</p> - -<p>Specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. horreorum</i> from both coasts of North America appear to -be perfectly identical.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> No one of all our North American birds is more widely diffused, -more generally abundant, wherever found, or better known, than the graceful -and familiar Barn Swallow. And no one is more universally or more -deservedly a favorite. Found throughout North America from Florida to -Greenland and from ocean to ocean, and breeding nearly throughout the -same wide extent, its distribution is universal. Venturing with a confiding -trust into our crowded cities, and building their elaborate nests in the -porches of the dwellings, as well as entering in greater numbers the barns -and farm-buildings of the agriculturists and placing themselves under -the protection of man, they rarely fail to win for themselves the interest and -good-will they so well deserve. Innocent and blameless in their lives, there -is no evil blended with the many benefits they confer on man. They are his -ever-constant benefactor and friend, and are never known, even indirectly, to -do him any injury. For their daily food, and for that of their offspring, -they destroy the insects that annoy his cattle, injure his fruit-trees, sting -his fruit, or molest his person. Social, affectionate, and kind in their intercourse -with each other; faithful and devoted in the discharge of their conjugal -and parental duties; exemplary, watchful, and tender alike to their own -family and to all their race; sympathizing and benevolent when their fellows -are in any trouble,—these lovely and beautiful birds are bright examples -to all, in their blameless and useful lives.</p> - -<p>This Swallow passes the winter months in Central and South America as -far south as Brazil and Paraguay, and the West Indies, and is found throughout -the year in the Plateau of Mexico. It appears in the Southern States -in March, and in the Central States early in April. In the latter part of this -month it reaches New York and New England, becoming abundant near -Boston about the first of May. Sir John Richardson found them breeding -as far north as latitude 67<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> 30<abbr title="minutes">′</abbr>. They reached Fort Chippewyan, latitude -57<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, as early as the 15th of May, taking possession of their nests. It has -been found throughout Canada and in all the British Provinces, has been -met with in New Mexico, and is common in certain portions of Texas and -the Indian Territory. Dr. Cooper states it to be less abundant on the Pacific -than on the Eastern coast,—a fact attributable to the lack of suitable places -in which to build. As settlements have multiplied, these birds have gradually -<!--400.png--><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 341]</span> -increased about farms near the coast. In the wild districts they build -in the caves that abound in the bluffs along the sea-shore from San Domingo -to Columbia River. Dr. Suckley found them also moderately abundant -about the basaltic cliffs, near Fort Dalles, Oregon. They are much more -abundant about the coast than farther inland.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway found this Swallow a very common species in all the rocky -localities in the vicinity of water, but not so numerous as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</i>.</p> - -<p>In May it was particularly numerous in the neighborhood of Pyramid -Lake, where its nests were built among the “tufa domes,” attached to the -roofs of the caves. It was seldom that more than one or two pairs were -found together.</p> - -<p>In July he found a nest that contained young, in a cave among the limestone -cliffs of the cañons of the East Humboldt Mountains, at an altitude -of about eight thousand feet. Many of their nests were found in May, in -the caves of the tufa rocks, on the shores of Pyramid Lake, as well as on -the islands in the lake.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hepburn writes that he found this Swallow widely diffused along the -Pacific coast, as far to the north as Sitka. In California he found it very -local, common near the coast, rare inland. Its earliest appearance is March -26, the great bulk leave in August, and the last stragglers are gone before -the last of September. They breed in caves and crevices of rocks, and also -under the sides of the wooden bridges that span the gullies at San Francisco. -Two broods are hatched in a year. The earliest egg was found on the 30th -of April, but they are usually a fortnight later. The second laying is about -the first of July, and no eggs were found later than the 4th of August. It -is at all times quite common to find nests with fresh eggs close to others -with half-grown young.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord publishes an interesting account of a visit made by a solitary -pair of Barn Swallows to his party when encamped at Schyakwateen, -in British Columbia. A small shanty, loosely built of poles, and tightly -roofed, was in constant use as a blacksmith’s shop. Early one summer -morning late in June, a pair of Swallows perched on the roof of this shed, -without exhibiting the slightest fear of the noise made by the bellows or the -showers of sparks that flew all around. Presently they entered the house -and carefully examined the roof and its supporting poles, twittering to each -other all the while in the most excited manner. At length the important -question appeared to be settled, and the following day they commenced -building on one of the poles immediately over the anvil. Though the hammer -was constantly passing close to their structure, these birds kept steadily -at their work. In about three days the rough outline of the nest had been -constructed. Curious to see from whence they procured their materials, Mr. -Lord tracked them to the stream where, on its edge, they worked up the -clay and fine sand into a kind of mortar with their beaks. They worked -incessantly, and in a few days their nest was finished, the mud walls having -<!--401.png--><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 342]</span> -finally been warmly lined with soft dry grasses and the feathers and down -of ducks and geese. This trustful pair seemed to know no fear. The -narrator often stood on a log to watch them, with his face so near that -their feathers frequently brushed against it as they toiled at their work. -Soon the nest was completed. Five eggs were laid, which were never left -once uncovered until they were hatched, the female sitting the greater part -of the time. They were fed with great assiduity by the parents, and grew -rapidly. In leaving the nest, two of the young birds fell to the ground, but -were picked up by the blacksmith, and placed with the others on their -roosting-place. A few days’ training taught them the use of their wings, -and they soon after took their departure.</p> - -<p>Professor Reinhardt records its occurrence in Greenland, at Fiskenæsset -and at Nenontalik.</p> - -<p>The natural breeding-places of these birds, before the settlement of the -country, were caves, overhanging rocky cliffs, and similar localities. Swallow -Cave, at Nahant, was once a favorite place of resort, and in the unsettled -portions of the country they are only found in such situations. As the -country is settled they forsake these places for the buildings of the farm, -and their numbers rapidly increase. In the fur countries and in all the -Pacific coast, they still breed in and inhabit caves, chiefly among limestone -rocks.</p> - -<p>Where the opportunity offers, they prefer to place their nests on the horizontal -rafters of barns. Built in this situation, the nests have an average -height and a breadth of about five inches. The cavity is two inches deep -and three inches wide, at the rim. The nests are constructed of distinct -layers of mud, from ten to twelve in number, and each separated by strata -of fine dry grasses. These layers are each made up of small pellets of mud, -that have been worked over by the birds and placed one by one in juxtaposition -until each layer is complete. These mud walls are an inch in thickness. -When they are completed, they are warmly stuffed with fine soft grasses -and lined with downy feathers. When built against the side of a house, a -strong foundation of mud is first constructed, upon which the nest is erected. -In this case the nest is much more elongate in shape and more strongly -made.</p> - -<p>A striking peculiarity of these nests is frequently an extra platform, built -against, but distinct from the nest itself, designed as a roosting-place for -the parents, used by one during incubation at night or when not engaged in -procuring food, and by both when the young are large enough to occupy the -whole nest. One of these I found to be a separate structure from the nest, -but of similar materials, three inches in length and one and a half in breadth. -This nest had been for several years occupied by the same pair, though none -of their offspring ever returned to the same roof to breed in their turn. Yet -in some instances as many as fifty pairs have been known to occupy the -rafters of the same barn.</p> - -<p><!--402.png--><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 343]</span> -In one instance Mr. Allen has known a pair of these Swallows to take -possession of the nest of a pair of Cliff Swallows, placed under the eaves -of a barn, driving off the rightful owners. The next year they built a nest -in the same place, the old one having fallen down. But such instances are -rare, and the attempt is often a failure.</p> - -<p>The wonderful activity of this bird, its rapidity and powers of flight, are -too striking a peculiarity of this species not to be mentioned. During their -stay with us, from May to September, from morn to night they seem to be -ever in motion, especially so before incubation, or after their young have -flown. The rapidity of their tortuous evolutions, their intricate, involved, -and repeated zigzag flights, are altogether indescribable, and must be witnessed -to be appreciated. Wilson estimated that these birds fly at the rate -of a mile a minute, but any one who has witnessed the ease and celerity with -which they seem to delight in overtaking, passing, and repassing a train of -cars moving at the rate of thirty miles an hour must realize that this estimate -is far from doing full justice to their real speed.</p> - -<p>The song of this Swallow, especially when on the wing, is very pleasing -and sprightly. It is a succession of twittering notes uttered with great -rapidity and animation. When alighted, their notes are delivered more -slowly and with much less animation.</p> - -<p>The attention of these birds to each other when sitting upon the nest, and -to their young when hatched, is unremitting. The estimated numbers of -small insects they collect for their own consumption and that of their nestlings -is almost incredible. When the young are old enough to leave their -nests the manœuvres of the parents to draw them out, and their assistance -to them when practising their first short flights, are among the most curious -and interesting scenes one can witness in his ornithological experiences; -but space would fail me were I to attempt their details.</p> - -<p>The number of the young is from four to six, and there are often two -broods in a season. As soon as the second brood can fly, or early in September, -they all prepare to leave. They usually collect in flocks of from one -to several hundred, and depart within a few days of their first assembling. -Large flocks pass along the coast of Massachusetts, from the north and east, -early in September, often uniting as they meet, and passing rapidly on.</p> - -<p>Their eggs have a ground-color of clear white, with a roseate tint when -unblown. They are marked with spots of reddish and purplish-brown, varying -in size and number, and chiefly at the larger end. They are smaller and -more elongate than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</i>, and the markings are usually finer. -Their greatest length is .94 of an inch, their least .75, and their mean .78. -Their mean breadth is .56 of an inch, the greatest .62, and the least .50.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--403.png--><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 344]</span> -<span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">TACHYCINETA</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 1851, 48. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. thalassina</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_403.jpg" - width="250" height="120" - alt="Hirundo thalassina" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo thalassina.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1895</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Nostrils lateral, overhung or bordered internally by incumbent membrane. -Tarsi with the tibial joint covered by overhanging -feathers, adherent a short distance along -inner face, about equal to middle toe without -claw. Lateral toes equal. Adhesion of basal -joint of middle toe variable. Tail emarginate -only, or slightly forked; fork not exceeding half -an inch in depth. Color blue or green above, -with or without metallic gloss; with or without -white rump. Entirely white beneath. -Nest usually in holes of trees or rocks; eggs pure white, unspotted.</p> - -<p>Of this section there are two North American species, differing as follows, -both being green above and white beneath:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0">Plumage above soft and velvety without metallic gloss. Sides of head, space -around eyes, and whole under parts, white; with the feathers all plumbeous at -base. Female duller in plumage. Young with bases of throat-feathers gray to -roots.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">T. thalassina.</b> Above velvety-green, with various shades and tinges of -violet and purple.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Plumage above compact, and with rich green metallic gloss. Sides of head to -line with eyes like its upper part. Beneath white; the feathers of chin and -throat, and generally of crissum, white to base. A concealed spot in jugulum. -Female duller. Young with bases of throat-feathers pure white to roots.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">T. bicolor.</b> Above metallic-green. Inside of wings and axillars ash-color.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Hirundo bicolor</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo bicolor</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 61, <abbr title="plate -31">pl. xxxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One, plate -98">Orn. Biog. I, pl. xcviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America One, plate -46">Am. I, pl. xlvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American -Oölogy One">N. Am. Oöl. I</abbr>, 1857, 100, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>, fig. 47 (eggs).—<span -class="sc">Lembeye</span>, Aves de Cuba, 1850, 46, <abbr title="lámina seven">lam. vii</abbr>, fig. 2.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 310.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> Woolwich, <abbr title="four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 15 (<abbr -title="British">Br.</abbr> Columbia; nesting).—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, Bermudas, 34 (<abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> -22, 1849).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. Rep. -XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 184.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, 279 (Alaska).—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 257.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 106. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon bicolor</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 201.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1859, 364 (Xalapa).—<span -class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta bicolor</i>, <abbr -title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 48; <abbr lang="de" -xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Jour. Orn.</abbr> 1856, 4 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, J<abbr -lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Journal für Ornithologie">Jour. Orn.</abbr> 1861, 330 (common in Cuba). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Hirundo</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 296. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo -viridis</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo leucogaster</i>, <span -class="sc">Stephens</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Glossy metallic bluish-green above; entirely white beneath. <i class="sex">Female</i> duller -in color. Length, 6.25 inches; wing, 5.00; tail, 2.65.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Young bird</i> dull sooty-gray above, much like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. thalassina</i>; but may readily be -<!--404.png--><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 345]</span> -distinguished by the feathers of the throat being pure white to their roots, instead of having -the concealed bases grayish as in that species.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole United States, and north to Slave Lake, south to Guatemala; Bermuda; -Cuba, common in winter. Breeds on table-lands of Mexico.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_404.jpg" - width="250" height="180" - alt="Hirundo bicolor" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo bicolor.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Swallow has quite an extended distribution. Found -throughout North America in the seasons of its migrations, or breeding, it is -only a little less restricted in its area of nesting than the preceding species. -It breeds from latitude 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> to -high Arctic regions, and is also -resident throughout the year in -the Plateau of Mexico. It is -abundant in winter in the West -Indies, in Central America, and -in Northern South America. It -is a common bird about Boston, -where it replaces the Purple -Martin, and is even more abundant -in the British Provinces. -Dr. Cooper also found it a very -common species in the western -portions of Washington Territory, where it was invariably found to breed -in hollow trees. In California he states it to be a more or less constant -resident, a few wintering in the southern portion of the State. He met with -it both at San Diego and at Stockton, in February. He regards them as -the hardiest of the Swallows, preferring the coast and the mountain-tops -for their residence in that State. At Santa Cruz five or six pairs in 1866 -were resident through the winter, where he saw them in January during -the coldest of the season. They roosted in the knot-holes in the houses -in which they had previously raised their young.</p> - -<p>This Swallow, in the more thickly settled portions of the country in which -it breeds, exhibits a marked departure in many of its habits from those -observed in wilder regions. In the latter places we find it a comparatively -wild species, avoiding the society of man, and breeding exclusively in hollow -trees and stumps, and deserving the name by which it is known in the British -Provinces, of the “Wood Swallow.” In the islands of Grand Menan, -in 1851, where repeated attempts had been made to induce these birds to -build in martin-boxes, the endeavor had been entirely unsuccessful. Yet the -birds were so abundant that hardly a hollow tree or stump, on certain of the -smaller islands, could be found, that did not contain a nest of this species. -This is still the case on the Pacific coast, though not exclusively so. It -was not until after the publication of his Ornithological Biography that Audubon -was aware of any departure from this mode of nesting on the part of -this Swallow, although it had not escaped the notice of Wilson.</p> - -<p>In Eastern Massachusetts these birds have undergone an entire change of -<!--405.png--><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 346]</span> -habit, breeding there exclusively in martin-boxes, and rarely, if ever, nesting -in hollow trees,—a fact perhaps attributable to the scarcity of these opportunities -along the sea-coast, where this bird is principally found. In Western -Massachusetts, Mr. Allen states them to be not very common and the least -abundant of the Swallows. Any sheltered and accessible box, however rough -it may be, will answer its purpose, whether the more elaborate martin-house, -or a mere candle-box with an open end. Mr. Audubon has known them to -drive away a Barn Swallow from its nest, and to take possession, but this -was probably exceptional. In one case, two small houses for birds put up in -the same yard were taken possession of by a single pair of Swallows, and -nests built in each; only one, however, of these was made use of. Whether -this freak was the result of indecision or from a grasping selfishness, it is -not possible to conclude, but apparently the former.</p> - -<p>In the rural districts, even on the coast, these birds are not so abundant as -in the cities, as in the latter they are less annoyed by other birds. The common -Robin is often especially aggressive, seeking to drive them off his assumed -premises. In one instance the Robin has been known to station himself -on a platform in front of its nest for hours, and persistently refuse to -permit its visits. Assistance was sought, and all the Swallows in the neighborhood -came to the rescue. They sailed with angry cries over the head of -the offender, at times darting down upon him as if to strike at him, but -accomplishing nothing. The besieger maintained his ground until the writer intervened -and drove him away, when the Swallows once more took possession, -and fed their hungry nestlings in peace.</p> - -<p>This species breeds from about latitude 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> to the extreme northern regions, -and along the Arctic seas, wherever facilities for nesting are found. Richardson -found them breeding in hollow trees on the Mackenzie River, in latitude -65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Everywhere on both coasts they are very common, but are less numerous -in the interior. Mr. Dall found it in Alaska from Fort Yukon to the sea. -It was known to the Russians as the River Swallow. It was also met with -in Sitka, by Bischoff. It has not been observed in Greenland.</p> - -<p>During the breeding-season this species is more quarrelsome than any of -its kindred, and is often more than a match for larger birds. Coming earlier -in the season than the Purple Martin, it will often intrude itself into its -premises and maintain possession. They are devotedly attached to their offspring, -and bewail any accidents to them or any threatened peril. The same -pair will return year after year to the same premises, and they soon become -on familiar terms with the members of a family they frequently meet, so -much so as to watch, when they have received materials for their nests, for a -further supply, and will fly close to the person from whom they receive them. -A pair which had thus, year after year, received supplies of feathers for their -nests from the younger members of the family in whose yard their nest was -built, would almost take them from the hands of their providers. This pair -sat so close as to permit themselves to be taken from their nest, and when -<!--406.png--><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 347]</span> -released would at once fly back to their brood. They build a loose, soft, and -warm nest of fine soft leaves and hay, abundantly lined with down and -feathers, with which the eggs are not unfrequently covered. The addition -of soft and warm materials is often made during incubation, and the nest -is thoroughly repaired before it is used for a second brood, of which they -usually have two in a season.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of a uniform pure white, and are never spotted. They have -a delicate pinkish shade before they are blown. They are of an oblong-oval -shape, one end more pointed than the other, and they vary considerably in -size. They vary in length from .75 to .875 of an inch, and in breadth from -.50 to .56.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hepburn states that the great mass of these birds leave California in -August, but that a few are resident during the winter. The principal accession -to their numbers takes place about the end of February, and they become -quite abundant by the end of March. In Vancouver they are a month -later. In 1853 Mr. Hepburn states that a pair constructed their nest in a -piece of canvass at the end of the yard-arm of a store-ship that lay off the -levee at Sacramento. He first noticed them on the 28th of April, when the -nest had already made some progress. By the 19th of May there were seven -eggs in it which were slightly incubated. The nest was a great mass of -hay and dried grasses, in the midst of which was a cup-shaped depression -very neatly lined with feathers, some of which bent over, forming a slight -dome.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Hirundo thalassina</b>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo thalassina</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical -Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 365 (Mexico).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr -title="North American Oölogy One">N. A. Oöl. I</abbr>, 1857, 102 (the fig. <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>, fig. <abbr -title="84">lxxiv</abbr> of egg belongs to another species).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 311.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. A. Inst.</abbr> -Woolwich, <abbr title="four">IV</abbr>, 1864, 115 (Vancouver <abbr title="Island"> Isl.</abbr>; nests in holes of trees).—<span -class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report Twelve, two">P. R. R. Rep. XII, <span -class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 185 (<abbr title="Washington Territory">W. T.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 107. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chelidon thalassina</i>, <span -class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1844, 171. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta thalassina</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 48. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</i> (<i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review -of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 299. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon thalassina</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater -& Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1864, 173 (City of <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail acutely emarginate. Beneath pure white. Above soft velvety-green, -with a very faint shade of purplish-violet concentrated on the nape into a transverse band. -Rump rather more vivid green; tail-coverts showing a good deal of purple. Colors of -female much more obscure. Length, 4.75; wing, 4.50; tail, 2.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of United States., south to Guatemala, east to the -Upper Missouri. Breeds on Plateau of Mexico (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p>Young birds are of a dull velvety grayish-brown, not unlike the shade of -color of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia</i>, but may be distinguished by the absence of the tuft -of feathers at base of toes, and the gray (not white) bases of the feathers of -under parts. There is only an ashy shade across the breast, not a pectoral -band.</p> - -<p><!--407.png--><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 348]</span> -There is much variation among individuals regarding the distribution of -the semi-metallic tints of the upper parts; generally the whole dorsal region -is overlaid by a “dusting,” as it were, of soft brownish-purple; in specimens -colored thus, the upper tail-coverts are pure dark-green, without a tinge of -purple. In other specimens, on the contrary, the dorsal region is nearly -pure green, that of the upper tail-coverts less golden, and mixed with a very -beautiful rich soft violet.</p> - -<p>Winter specimens from Guatemala and Mexico have the upper secondaries -very sharply and broadly bordered terminally with pure white.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Violet-green Swallow is a common bird, from the central -plains of North America to the Pacific coast, and is found at different seasons -from Washington Territory to South America. It has been found as far -east as Nebraska, and in abundance at Fort Bridger, in Utah.</p> - -<p>As observed, in Washington Territory, by Drs. Suckley and Cooper, it is -said to arrive at Puget Sound early in May, and to frequent entirely the high -prairies bordered with oak and other deciduous trees, in the knot-holes of -which, or in deserted Woodpeckers’ holes, it breeds. Its song is described as -pleasing and varied, but rather weak. They found it to be quite abundant -in the interior of Oregon and of Washington Territory, and in its habits and -mode of flight hardly distinguishable from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</i>.</p> - -<p>In California, according to the observations of Dr. Cooper, it arrives in -Santa Clara Valley as early as March 15, where it chiefly frequents the groves -of oaks along the sides of the valleys, across the whole Coast Range, excepting -in the immediate neighborhood of the sea. Their nest, so far as known, is -always in the knot-holes of oaks, and they have never been known to breed in -the immediate vicinity of dwellings, excepting only when their favorite trees -were so situated. It is generally in an inaccessible place, and their eggs -are not often obtained. These are pure white, resembling those of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</i>. Townsend states that he found them nesting in the -deserted nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. lunifrons</i>, but in this he may have been mistaken. -The eggs he gave to Mr. Audubon as those of this species undoubtedly -belonged to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</i>. They leave California for the south in September.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues also found this Swallow in Arizona, where it was the most -abundant and characteristic Swallow of the pine regions of that Territory. -It is a summer resident at Fort Whipple, where it arrives about March 20, -and remains until late in September.</p> - -<p>In the Province of Vera Cruz, Mr. Sumichrast found this Swallow resident, -not only in the hot belt of the coast, but also in the temperate region and -throughout the plateau, at almost all heights, and was almost everywhere -very common.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin also states that early in March great numbers occur near Duenas, -Guatemala, where they remain for a short time. During that time they -are to be found flying over the open land to the south of the Lake of Duenas.</p> - -<p><!--408.png--><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 349]</span> -Mr. Hepburn states that this Swallow has quite an extensive range along -the Pacific coast, but is restricted as to the localities it inhabits. At the -Pulgas Ranche, near San Francisco, it is even more common than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</i>, -while a few miles from thence not one is to be seen. He has also seen it on -the banks of the Fresno, near its junction with the San Joaquin River, and -again in the Yosemite Valley, without meeting with a single specimen in the -intervening country. About Victoria this was the prevailing species. These -Swallows, so far as Mr. Hepburn observed, always build in holes of trees. -Their nest, he states, is formed of a few fine dry stems of grass, placed at the -bottom of the hole, covered over with a thick mass of feathers. The eggs, -he adds, are pure white, large for the size of the bird, measuring .81 of -an inch in length by .50 in breadth. These Swallows have two broods in a -season. In 1864 he noted their arrival in San Mateo County on the 28th of -March.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway writes that he first met with the Violet-green Swallow in -May, on the islands in Pyramid Lake. He there found it very abundant -among the cliffs of calcareous tufa of which the island was composed. They -were seen to enter the fissures of the rock to their nests within, which it was -found impossible to reach. They were again seen in July among the limestone -cliffs along the cañons of the East Humboldt Mountains, associated -with the White-throated Swift, building like them in the small horizontal -crevices or fissures on the face of the precipice. He was not able to get at -more than two of their nests, the first in a horizontal fissure just wide enough -to admit the hand, and about eight inches from the entrance. It contained -five young. The nest was similar to that of the Bank Swallow, and was -composed of sticks, straws, and feathers. In the other the female was dead -on her nest, and the eggs were broken. They were white, like those of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. bicolor</i>.</p> - -<p>In its flight this bird is said to greatly resemble the White-bellied Swallow, -but is distinguishable by the contrast of the three colors of its upper -plumage. These two species are rarely to be seen in the same localities, the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</i> preferring wooded, and this species rocky localities.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord states that this beautiful Swallow was common from the coast -along the entire course of the boundary line, to the summit of the Rocky -Mountains. They were among the earliest visitors at Colville, arriving in -small flocks in March, but in greater numbers in May and June. They build -in June, making their nests in holes in dead trees as high as they can get, -and lay four or five eggs. The nest is made of feathers and soft hair. They -assemble in large flocks before migrating in September. Mr. Lord felt pretty -sure their nesting-holes were excavated in the soft wood by themselves, -though their soft beak seems ill adapted to perform such labor.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--409.png--><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 350]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">STELGIDOPTERYX</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 312. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo serripennis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_409.jpg" - width="250" height="134" - alt="Cotyle serripennis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle serripennis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">32269</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather small; nostrils oval, superior, margined behind, but scarcely -laterally by membrane, but not at all overhung; -the axes of the outline converging. Frontal -feathers soft, and, like chin, without bristles. -Tarsi equal to middle toe without claw; the -upper end covered with feathers all round, -none at lower end. Basal joint of middle toe -adherent externally nearly to end; internally, -scarcely half. Lateral toes about equal, their -claws not reaching beyond base of middle claw. -Tail slightly emarginate; the feathers broad, and obliquely rounded at end. Edge of the -wing rough to the touch; the shafts of the fibrillæ of outer web of outer primary prolonged -and bent at right angles into a short stiff hook. Nest (of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. serripennis</i>) in holes -in banks; eggs pure white, unspotted.</p> - -<p class="small">Color dull brown above.</p> - -<p>The great peculiarity of this genus consists in the remarkable roughness -of the edge of the wing, said to occur also in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psalidoprocne</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> The object -is uncertain, but is probably to enable the bird to secure a foothold on -vertical or inclined rocks, among or on which it makes its nest. A favorite -breeding-place of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. serripennis</i> is in the piers and abutments of bridges, and -these hooks might render essential aid in entering into their holes.</p> - -<p>The birds of this genus have usually been referred to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</i>, which, however, -they resemble only in color. The nostrils are exposed, instead of being -overhung; the tarsus is bare below, not feathered, and the lateral claws are -considerably curved, and not reaching beyond the base of the lateral, as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</i>. The structure of the wing is very different.</p> - -<p>There are at least five species or races of this genus in America, although -only one belongs with certainty to the United States. A second, however, -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. fulvipennis</i>), Mexican and Guatemalan, is not unlikely to occur in Arizona -or New Mexico. This differs in having the chin and throat -reddish-fulvous, -not mouse-gray; the belly tinged with yellow.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Stelgidopteryx serripennis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo serripennis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 593.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America One">Am. I</abbr>, 1840, 193, <abbr title="plate 51">pl. li.</abbr> <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle <abbr title="serripennis">s.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 342.—<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>—<span class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr -title="North American Oölogy One">N. Am. Oöl. I</abbr>, 1857, 106, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>, fig. 50 (eggs):—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 313.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Four">Pr. R. A. Inst. IV</abbr>, 1864, 116 (<abbr title="British">Br.</abbr> -Columbia).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Report 12, two">P. R. R. Rep. XII, -<span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 186 (<abbr title="Washington Territory">W. Terr.</abbr>).—<span -class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>; Williamson’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> -36 (San Antonio, <abbr title="Texas">Tex.</abbr>; breeding).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 110. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx <abbr title="serripennis">s.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 312; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 314.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--410.png--><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 351]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 32,269 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Above smoky-brown, rather deeper on the head, perhaps -a little paler on the rump. Larger quills and tail-feathers dusky-brown; the secondaries -and greater coverts sometimes lighter along their external edges. The under parts (for -about half the total length) from bill to and including breast, with the sides of body and -lining of wings, mouse-gray, rather lighter along the throat; the rest of under parts, including -crissum, white, the latter with the shafts sometimes dusky, and very rarely with -dusky blotches at the ends of the longer feathers.</p> - -<p class="small">Young birds (as in 1,120) differ in a tinge of reddish-fulvous on the upper parts; the -wing-coverts, secondaries, and inner primaries margined more or less broadly with a -brighter shade of the same. The gray of the under parts is also washed with this color, -especially on the chin and across the breast. The hooks of the edge of the wing have not -yet become developed.</p> - -<p class="small">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 32,269 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, fresh specimen before being skinned.) Total length, 5.40; expanse of -wings, 12.20; wing from carpal joint, 4.50.</p> - -<p class="small">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 32,269 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, prepared specimen.) Total length, 5.20; wing, 4.50; tail, 2.25, depth -of fork, .15; difference of primaries, 2.28; length of bill from forehead, .40, from nostril, -.24, along gape, .56, width of gape, .43; tarsus, .45; middle toe and claw, .57; claw alone, -.19; hind toe and claw, .41; claw alone, .16.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole United States (exclusive of Northeastern States?) south to Central -Mexico.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Rough-winged Swallow was first met with by Audubon, in -Louisiana, but described by him from specimens afterwards procured near -Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr> He knew nothing in regard to its habits, and its distribution -was equally unknown to him. It has since been found, but nowhere very -abundantly, in various parts of the United States. It has not been met with -on the Atlantic coast farther to the north than New Jersey and Pennsylvania. -On the Pacific coast it is more common. Dr. Suckley speaks of it as quite -abundant both in Oregon and in Washington Territory. Dr. Cooper, in his -Zoölogy of Washington Territory, speaks of it as common about the sandy -cliffs of the bays and inlets of that coast, arriving near the Columbia in -May, and remaining only until the middle of August, when all these Swallows -go southwards, though their last brood is hardly able to fly. He says -that they burrow holes in the soft sandy banks near the tops of cliffs, and -have generally the same habits as the common Bank Swallow. They have -no song, only a few chirping calls.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Report on the birds of California, further states that this -Swallow, in summer, is found throughout the lower portions of that State. -He saw them at Fort Mojave as early as the 27th of February, and as he has -met with them at San Diego in November, and also in January, he thinks -they may winter within the State. He describes their burrows in the sandy -banks of rivers as being to the depth of three feet, crowded very near -together, and near the upper edge of the bank, in no wise different from the -nesting of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. riparia</i>. The nests are composed chiefly of dry -grasses, with a few feathers, and contain five white eggs. Occasionally, however, -they resort to natural clefts in the bank or in buildings, and to knotholes -in trees. In the fall they congregate in great numbers about certain -favorite spots, and keep much together in flocks. At night they roost in -<!--411.png--><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 352]</span> -their burrows. In Arizona, according to Dr. Coues, they are summer residents, -breeding abundantly, arriving late in April and remaining until nearly -the last of September.</p> - -<p>At Eagle Pass, Mr. Dresser met these birds, arriving from the South, on -the 21st of February. There, and also at San Antonio, they were very common, -breeding in the towns, making their nests under the eaves and in holes -in the old walls, depositing their eggs by the 25th of April. Dr. Kennerly -also found this Swallow very abundant along the Colorado River in February. -Its flight seemed to him to be like that of the common Barn Swallow. -Dr. Heermann frequently met with this species during the journey from the -junction of the Gila and Colorado Rivers through Mexico, New Mexico, and -Texas, to San Antonio. In the latter place he found them breeding almost -entirely in crevices in the walls of houses.</p> - -<p>In the vicinity of Washington, Dr. Coues found this Swallow a summer -resident, but rather rare, arriving in the third week of April, and leaving -about the middle of September.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway speaks of this bird as one of the most abundant Swallows -of the West, inhabiting the river valleys, and breeding in holes in the banks -of the rivers. He says that in Southern Illinois it is much more abundant -than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. riparia</i>, though both nest in the same banks.</p> - -<p>This species was first found breeding in Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, by Professor Baird, -in the summer of 1843. The following year I visited this locality early in -June, and had an opportunity to study its habits during its breeding-season. -We found the bird rather common, and examined a number of their nests. -None that we met with were in places that had been excavated by the birds, -although the previous season several had been found that had apparently -been excavated in banks in the same manner with the Bank Swallow. All -the nests (seven in number) that we then met with were in situations accidentally -adapted to their need, and all were directly over running water. -Some were constructed in crevices between the stones in the walls and arches -of bridges. In several instances the nests were but little above the surface -of the stream. In one, the first laying had been flooded, and the eggs chilled. -The birds had constructed another nest above the first one, in which were -six fresh eggs, as many as in the other. One nest had been built between -the stones of the wall that formed one of the sides of the flume of a mill. -Two feet above it was a frequented footpath, and, at the same distance below, -the water of the mill-stream. Another nest was between the boards of a -small building in which revolved a water-wheel. The entrance to it was -through a knot-hole in the outer partition, and the nest rested on a small -rafter between the outer and the inner boardings.</p> - -<p>The nests were similar in their construction to those of the Bank Swallow, -composed of dry grasses, straws, and leaves, and lined with a few feathers; -but a much greater amount of material was made use of, owing, perhaps, to -the exposed positions in which they were built.</p> - -<p><!--412.png--><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 353]</span> -The eggs, six in number, in every instance that we noticed, were pure white, -about the size of those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</i>, but a little more uniformly oblong in -shape and pointed at one end. Their length varies from .78 to .69 of an inch, -the average being .75. Their average breadth is .53 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">COTYLE</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1822, 550. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Hirundo riparia</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill small; nostrils lateral, overhung by a straight-edged membrane. Tarsus -about equal to middle toe without claw; feathered at upper end, especially on inner -face, and having also a small tuft of feathers attached to posterior edge near the hind toe. -Middle toe with basal joint adherent externally to near the end, half-way internally, the -claws comparatively little curved, the lateral reaching beyond the base of the middle. Tail -slightly forked. Color dull lustreless brown above, in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</i> white beneath with gray -pectoral band. Nests in holes in banks; eggs white.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_412.jpg" - width="250" height="116" - alt="Cotyle riparia" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">20641</b></p> -</div> - -<p>Many American birds have been referred to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</i>, but the only one really -belonging to the genus is the cosmopolitan -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. riparia</i>. The peculiarity of -the genus consists essentially in the -tuft of tarsal feathers at the base of -the hind toe, and the unusual length -of the lateral claws, combined with -the lateral nostrils overhung by membrane. -By these characters the genus is very easily distinguished from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Cotyle riparia</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BANK SWALLOW; SAND MARTIN.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo riparia</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1766, 344.—<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>; <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Lembeye</span>, Aves de Cuba, 1850, 47, <abbr -title="lámina seven">lam. vii</abbr>, fig. 3.—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Natural History">Nat. -Hist.</abbr> Bermuda, 34 (occasional, <abbr title="August">Aug.</abbr> and <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia</i>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>, Isis, 1822, 550.—<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>—<span -class="sc">Brewer</span>, <abbr title="North American Oölogy One">N. A. Oöl. I</abbr>, 1857, 105, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr>, -fig. 49 (eggs).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1856, 4 (Cuba).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 313; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 1864, -319.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1861, 93 (Costa Rica [?]).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 330 (very rare in Cuba).—<span class="sc">March</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1863, 297 (Jamaica; very rare). <span class="sc">Heermann</span>, -<abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten">P. R. R. X</abbr>, 36 (California; abundant?).—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span>, 280 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 110.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 258. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo cinerea</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo riparia americana</i>, <abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Adult.</i> Above grayish-brown, somewhat fuliginous, with a tendency to paler -margins of the feathers. Beneath pure white, with a band across the breast and the sides -of the body like the back. Length, 4.75; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.00.</p> - -<p class="small">Young birds have less emarginate tails, and the feathers of back, rump, and wings edged -with whitish.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -The whole of North America; Bermudas; Greater Antilles; Costa Rica; Western -Brazil (<span class="sc">Pelz.</span>). Also found in the northern parts of the Old World.</p> - -<p><!--413.png--><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 354]</span> -A critical examination has failed to reveal any difference between European -and American specimens of this bird.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_413.jpg" - width="250" height="273" - alt="Cotyle riparia" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Bank Swallow as we know it, or Sand Martin as -it is called in England, is nearly or -quite cosmopolitan in its distribution. -Found throughout Europe in the season -of reproduction, and in portions -of Africa in the winter months, it is -equally common throughout North -America in the summer, and probably -winters in Mexico and in Central -and South America, though it is -not mentioned by Sumichrast as a -bird of Vera Cruz. It is said to occur -in various parts of the continent -of Africa, and in Europe it extends -its migrations to the extreme northern -regions. It has also been met -with in India and in Siberia. Mr. -Salvin obtained several specimens at Duenas, Guatemala, in September, -1861, having previously observed it about the Lake of Yzabah.</p> - -<p>On both continents it is somewhat local in its distribution, in favorable -localities being quite abundant, and in others not known to exist. It is an -early spring visitant wherever found, appearing in England by the 24th of -March, and even in our high Arctic regions early in May, often in such inclement -weather that it is obliged to take refuge in holes. Mr. Dall met -with this species in Alaska, in favorable situations, in immense numbers. -He counted on the face of one sand-bluff over seven hundred nest-holes -made by these birds, and all of them apparently occupied, so that the -bluff presented the appearance of an immense honeycomb alive with bees. -He states that it takes the bird four days to excavate its nest. <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> F. O. -Morris, on the other hand, who has closely watched their operations in England, -says that it requires a fortnight, and that the weight of sand a pair -of these birds removes is twenty ounces in a day. Pebbles of more than two -ounces in weight have been known to be taken out by them.</p> - -<p>The flight of this species is rapid, but unsteady and flickering. In searching -for their food they skim low over the surface of both land and water, -dropping upon the latter, as they fly, to drink or to bathe. Their food -consists of the smaller kinds of winged insects, which they pursue and capture, -dashing at them at times even on the water. They usually feed their -young with larger kinds than they eat themselves.</p> - -<p>It has not been observed in Greenland, but Richardson found it in colonies -of thousands at the mouth of Mackenzie’s River, in the 68th parallel. It is -a very social bird, usually breeding together in large communities, and is -<!--414.png--><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 355]</span> -more independent of man than most of its family, owing him no other favors -than those incident to excavations through sand-banks, of which it avails -itself. The nests of these Swallows are placed in excavations made by -them in the banks of rivers, cliffs by the sea-shore, and similar favorable -situations. These are usually as near the surface of the ground as the -nature of the soil permits to be readily penetrated, though the bird has -been known to work its way even through hard gravel. Their depth varies -from fourteen inches to four feet, though two feet is the usual distance.</p> - -<p>Mr. Augustus Fowler mentions a remarkable instance of sagacity and -provident forethought in these birds, not easily separable from reason. In -the town of Beverly, in a stratum of sandy loam, he observed each season a -colony of some twenty or thirty pairs of these birds. In this place these -birds never burrowed more than two or three feet. Within a mile of this -place another colony excavated a bank in which the layer of loam was mixed -with small stones. In this bank they excavated to the depth of five, seven, -and even nine feet. Why was there this extraordinary difference in the -length of burrows made by the same species, in situations not more than a -mile apart? The reason for this difference, upon examination, became very -obvious. We give the explanation in Mr. Fowler’s own words: “In one -bank, where the earth was of a fine sandy loam, easily perforated, from the -entrance to the extremity the burrows did not exceed three feet in length; -while in the other bank, with harder loam to work in, one burrow was found -nine feet in length. After examining six holes of nearly equal length, it -appeared that these little birds had sufficient reason for extending their labors -so far into the earth. In every instance, where they met with a spot free -from stones they finished their burrows; thus showing great care for the -welfare of their eggs or young by avoiding, in the stony soil, a catastrophe so -great as would befall their treasures if by accident one of these stones should -fall upon them.”</p> - -<p>The work of perforation they perform with their closed bill, swaying the -body round on the feet, beginning at the centre and working outwards. This -long and often winding gallery gradually expands into a small spherical -apartment, on the floor of which they form a rude nest of straw and feathers. -The time occupied in making these excavations varies greatly with the -nature of the soil, from four or five days to twice that number.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are five in number, pure white, and when unblown have a fine -roseate hue. They are oval in shape, larger at one end, and pointed at -the smaller. Their average length is .72 of an inch, and their average -breadth .47.</p> - -<p><!--415.png--><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 356]</span></p> -<hr class="medium" /> - -<p>We now come to the consideration of three families of Oscine birds, of -pre-eminently dentirostral type, having certain common characters by which -they are distinguishable, with but little difficulty, from all others. In their -close relationship it has been questioned by many whether they do not all -belong under one head, but they are more generally considered distinct. -The common characters, and those peculiar to each, are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Bill stout, and considerably hooked at tip, or with the point bent -abruptly downward; with a deep notch, and sometimes a tooth or lobe just behind the -notch; the tip of the lower mandible likewise frequently bent up, and with a notch -behind it. The nostrils lateral, the bristles of the mouth generally well developed. The -primaries are ten (except in a few <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireos</i>), the outer from one fourth to one half the second. -Tail variable. Tarsi scutellate anteriorly; sometimes with a tendency to division on -the lateral plates; hitherto not met with. Basal joints of toes more adherent. Separated -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i> by greater adhesion of toes; from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ</i> by notched and hooked -bill, etc.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="subset">A.</b> Basal phalanx of anterior toes abbreviated; that of median toe decidedly shorter than -the basal of inner, or the two basal of outer, and adherent for its whole length on both -sides to the lateral (i. e. not free at all). Lateral plates of tarsus undivided, except at -extreme lower end.</p> - -<p class="small indent"><b class="birdname">Vireonidæ.</b> Gonys more than half the length of lower jaw (from tip to angle of -mouth), usually longer than width of mouth, which is narrow. Bill conical, much -compressed, decurved at end and notched, but scarcely toothed. Frontal feathers -bristly and erect, or bent but slightly forward. Nostrils overhung by membrane. -Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. Lateral toes generally unequal; outer claw -reaching half-way along middle claw.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="subset">B.</b> Basal phalanx of middle toe about as long as the basal of inner, or the two basal of -outer; free externally, at least for about one third its length, internally for about one -half. Lateral plates of tarsus with decided tendency to subdivision (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestinæ</i>).</p> - -<p class="small indent"><b class="birdname">Ampelidæ.</b> Gonys decidedly less than half the length of lower jaw, or than width -of mouth, which is very broad and deeply cleft. Bill triangular, much depressed, decurved -at end and notched, with moderate though decided tooth. Frontal feathers -rather soft, scarcely bristly or erect. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus equal -to or shorter than middle toe and claw. Lateral toes nearly equal; outer claw reaching -only to base of middle claw.</p> - -<p class="small indent"><b class="birdname">Laniidæ.</b> Gonys about half the length of lower jaw; about equal to width of mouth. -Bill very powerful and raptorial, much compressed, with a strongly marked hook, -notch, and tooth at end. Frontal feathers very bristly, and directed forwards, so as -to conceal nostrils and base of bill. Nostrils with bony walls, except behind. Tarsus -longer than middle toe and claw, sometimes much scutellate on sides. Lateral claws -nearly equal; outer claw reaching a little beyond base of middle claw.</p> - -</div><!--end family Hirundinidæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<p class="p4"><!--416.png--><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 357]</span></p> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">VIREONIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Vireos.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2">The essential features of this family appear to consist in the combination -of the dentirostral bill, notched in both mandibles; the ten primaries (except -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</i>), of which the outer is usually from one fourth to one half the -second; the rather short, nearly even tail, with narrow feathers, and the -great amount of adhesion of the anterior toes,—the whole basal joint of -the middle being generally united on both sides to the adjacent joints, and -decidedly shorter than the basal of inner or two basal of outer. The outer -lateral toe is generally appreciably longer than the inner, reaching considerably -beyond the base of the middle claw. The tarsi are always distinctly -scutellate anteriorly. The young are never spotted, or streaked as -in the Thrushes; nor, indeed, do the adults exhibit such markings.</p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</i> are peculiar to the New World, and are widely distributed, -although but one genus belongs to the United States.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">VIREO</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale">Ois. Am. Sept.</abbr> I, 1807, 83. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa noveboracensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p>No great violence will be done by considering all the American Vireos as -belonging to one genus, divisible into three subgenera, as, however different -the extremes of the series may be from each other, the gradation is quite -complete.</p> - -<p>The North American species take a wide range during their southern -winter migration, only paralleled in this respect by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>; they do -not visit the West Indies, save as very rare stragglers to Cuba (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. olivaceus</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</i>). They all have a melodious song, and, -so far as known, make a deep nest, suspended by its upper edge between the -forks of a horizontal twig. The eggs are white, generally with a few reddish -or brown blotches.</p> - -<p>Quite a number are characterized by having the eyes white, red, or -yellow.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="birdname">Subgenera.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="ls birdname">Vireosylvia.</b> Bill compressed, narrow; culmen and commissure straight, -the tip abruptly curved (or, if this is not the case, there is no trace of light -bands on the wing; see section “<i class="subset">b</i>”). Superciliary stripe continued back to -the occiput. No trace of light bands on the wing. No conspicuous ring round -the eye.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> No spurious primary. Bill compressed, its tip abruptly hooked; culmen -and commissure straight. Crown decidedly more ashy than the back<span class="lock"> … </span>Sp. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatulus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphicus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> An acute spurious primary. Bill depressed, the tip only slightly hooked; -culmen slightly curved. Crown scarcely more ashy than back<span class="lock"> … </span>Sp. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><!--417.png--><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 358]</span> -<b class="ls birdname">Lanivireo.</b> Bill compressed, stout; culmen arched from the base, commissure -curved. Superciliary stripe stopping at posterior angle of the eye and -curving under it, enclosing the eye in a conspicuous orbital ring, interrupted only -in front. Two conspicuous white bands on the wing.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> No spurious primary<span class="lock"> … </span>Sp. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> With an acute spurious primary<span class="lock"> … </span>Sp. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="ls birdname">Vireo.</b> Bill stout, scarcely compressed, sub-cylindrical. First primary not -spurious, or, if so, not acute.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Two conspicuous light bands on wing<span class="lock"> … </span>Sp. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">huttoni</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> One distinct light band on wing, and this not sharply defined, the anterior -one being almost obsolete<span class="lock"> … </span>Sp. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vicinior</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">VIREOSYLVIA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Geog. -Comp. List, 1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa olivacea</i>, <span class="sc">Lin.</span>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllomanes</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> Arch. -1847, I, 321. (No type mentioned; name proposed as substitute for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_417.jpg" - width="400" height="144" - alt="Vireo olivaceus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo olivaceus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">40089</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Wings long and pointed, one third or one fourth longer than the nearly -even or slightly rounded tail. First quill very small (less than one third the second), sometimes -apparently wanting. Second quill longer than the seventh, much longer than the -secondaries. Tarsi short (scarcely exceeding .70 of an inch); toes rather long. Body -slender and elongated. Bill slender, narrow, straight; the culmen straight for its basal -half, the commissure quite straight; light horn-color, paler beneath. Feet weak. Type, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. olivaceus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> All species olive above, white or yellowish beneath. -An ashy or brownish cap, contrasting more or less abruptly with the olive back. -A whitish superciliary stripe extending to the nape, and a dusky one to and behind -the eye. No light bands on the coverts. Inside of wings (flanks sometimes) -and crissum yellowish, otherwise usually white beneath.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><span class="svleft">No spurious primary</span> <span class="svright"> -<i class="subset">Series I</i>.</span></p> - -<p class="p0 indent1"><span class="svleft">A spurious primary</span> <span class="svright"> -<i class="subset">Series II</i>.</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></i> (<i class="subset">No spurious primary.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> A dusky “mustache” or cheek stripe along each side of the throat.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">V. calidris.</b> Eyes red?</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">a.</i> No distinct dusky line along side of the crown.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Light stripes of the head dingy brownish-buff; crown scarcely -ashy; back olive-brown; crissum and lining of the wing pure pale -<!--418.png--><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 359]</span> -yellow. Wing, 3.20; tail, 2.25; bill, .42. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica; Santo -Domingo, Porto Rico, Santa Cruz, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas, and Sombrero.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_70" id="fnanchor_70"></a><a href="#footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">Light stripes of the head dingy grayish-white; crown distinctly -ashy; back grayish-olive; crissum and lining of the wing scarcely -yellow. Wing, 3.20; tail, 2.35; bill, .42. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cuba, Bahamas, -and South Florida<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatulus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">b.</i> A distinct dusky line along each side of crown.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Colors as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</i>, but “mustache” broader and more conspicuous, -and crown much purer ash. Wing, 3.30; tail, 2.50; bill, -.48. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Barbadoes<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadense</i>.</span><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_71" id="fnanchor_71"></a><a href="#footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> No “mustache.”</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> A dusky line along each side of crown.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">V. olivaceus.</b> Grayish olive-green above; beneath white, tinged -laterally with dull olive; crissum and lining of wing scarcely yellow; -inner edges of quills white. Eyes red.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. Wing, 3.30; tail, 2.40; bill, .38. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of -North America, south to Northern South America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. Wing, 2.50; tail, 1.80; bill, .33. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern South America.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_72" id="fnanchor_72"></a><a href="#footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">V. flavoviridis.</b> Yellowish olive-green above; beneath white medially, -bright greenish olive-yellow laterally; crissum, lining of wings, and -inner edges of quills, light yellow. Eyes yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. Wing, 3.15; tail, 2.55; bill, .41. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America north of -Panama<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.25; bill, .36. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> South America, from -Buenos Ayres northward; Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_73" id="fnanchor_73"></a><a href="#footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></span></p> - -<p><i class="subset">b.</i> No dusky line on side of crown.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">V. magister.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_74" id="fnanchor_74"></a><a href="#footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></span> -Large. Above sooty-olive, more virescent posteriorly; -crown without ashy tinge. Beneath similar, but lighter, whitish -medially. Crissum and lining of wing very faintly yellow; inner edges -of quills white. Eyes? Wing, 3.05; tail, 2.40; bill, .45. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Honduras -(Belize).</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname">V. philadelphicus.</b> Small. Above grayish-green; crown ashy. -Beneath light yellow, deepest on the jugulum, whitish on belly. Eyes? -Wing, 2.70; tail, 1.95; bill, .27. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North -America; in winter south to Costa Rica.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Series <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></i> (<i class="subset">A spurious primary.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">C.</b> No dusky line along side of crown. No “mustache.”</p> - -<p class="indent2">6. <b class="birdname">V. gilva.</b> Eyes hazel (in all?).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Crown nearly like the back.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Above olive-gray, rump more virescent; crown more ashy. Beneath -dingy whitish, with a strong tinge of dingy buff from bill -<!--419.png--><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 360]</span> -along sides and across breast. Bill, .14 deep, .30 long; wing, 2.85; -tail, 2.05. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Similar, but above more grayish, and beneath with the buff tinge -almost absent. Bill, .11 deep, and .22 long; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.15. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i></span>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Crown very different from the back (dark brown).</p> - -<p class="indent3">Above olive-brown; rump more virescent; crown dark snuff-brown. -Beneath uniform light yellow, throat whitish. Bill, .15 -deep, .30 long; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.10. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, from -Ecuador to Honduras<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<span class="ls"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">josephæ</i></span>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_75" id="fnanchor_75"></a><a href="#footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireosylvia calidris</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">barbatulus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">FLORIDA GREENLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllomanes barbatulus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span -class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 1855, 467 (Cuba).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. -Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324 (Cuba).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Repertorio, Cuba, 1865. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatula</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, -331. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo altiloquus</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural -Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1848, 127 (Florida).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 354 (Florida). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia altiloqua</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1851, 152.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> 1854, 8, and 221, <abbr title="plate 37">pl. xxxvii</abbr> (Florida).—<span -class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Five">Pr. Bost. Soc. V</abbr>, 1859, 113 (Bahamas).—<span -class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1860 (Cuba).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 25,958 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Cuba.) Proportion of quills as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</i>, 2 = 3, 4, 1, 5, -but the tips of the quills closer together, and the first quill about half or a little less -than half the distance between fifth -and fourth; the quills narrower.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_419.jpg" - width="250" height="127" - alt="Vireosylvia barbatulus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatulus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">25958</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small">Colors similar to those of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</i>, -but of a purer and paler olive above; -the back tinged with ash; the cap -purer ash, and better defined, without -olivaceous wash, its dusky edge more -distinct. The superciliary stripe whitish -or grayish, with the cheeks paler, -and both, as well as the chin, without -the buff tinge. Under parts nearly pure white, very faintly tinged across the breast -with ashy; the sides olivaceous; the crissum and axillars pale sulphur-yellow. Total -length, 5.50; wing, 3.15; tail, 2.50; difference of first and second quills, .18; of fifth -and second, .22; length of bill from forehead, .82, from nostril, .46, along gape, .89; tarsus, -.72; middle toe and claw, .60; claw alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .23.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cuba; the Bahamas; and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (Western Coast.)</p> - -<!--420.png--><!--Plate 17--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_17.jpg" - width="500" height="327" - alt="Color plate 17" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Seventeen">XVII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-1" name="pl_17-1"></a><img src="images/pl_17-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 1, Vireosylvia barbatula" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatula</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cabanis">Caban.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, 24282.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-2" name="pl_17-2"></a><img src="images/pl_17-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 2, Vireosylvia olivacea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia olivacea</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1440.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-3" name="pl_17-3"></a><img src="images/pl_17-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 3, Vireosylvia gilvus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia gilvus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 988.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-4" name="pl_17-4"></a><img src="images/pl_17-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 4, Vireosylvia philadelphica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia philadelphica</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cassin">Cass.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-5" name="pl_17-5"></a><img src="images/pl_17-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 5, Lanivireo flavifrons" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo flavifrons</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2217.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-6" name="pl_17-6"></a><img src="images/pl_17-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 6, Vireo atricapillus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo atricapillus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Woodhouse">Woodh.</abbr> <abbr title="Texas">Tex.</abbr>, 6818.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-7" name="pl_17-7"></a><img src="images/pl_17-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 7, Vireo vicinior" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo vicinior</span>, - <i class="name">Coues</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 40697.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-8" name="pl_17-8"></a><img src="images/pl_17-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 8, Lanivireo solitaria" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo solitaria</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 37497.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-9" name="pl_17-9"></a><img src="images/pl_17-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 9, Lanivireo cassini" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo cassini</span>, - <i class="name">Xantus</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-10" name="pl_17-10"></a><img src="images/pl_17-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 10, Lanivireo plumbea" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo plumbea</span>, - <i class="name">Coues</i>.<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>  <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 37011.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-11" name="pl_17-11"></a><img src="images/pl_17-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 11, Vireo noveboracensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo noveboracensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> D. C., 29248.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-12" name="pl_17-12"></a><img src="images/pl_17-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 12, Vireo huttoni" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo huttoni</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Cassin">Cass.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3725.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-13" name="pl_17-13"></a><img src="images/pl_17-13.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 13, Vireo belli" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraski">Neb.</abbr>, 1296.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_17-14" name="pl_17-14"></a><img src="images/pl_17-14.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 17 detail 14, Vireo pusillus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">14. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo pusillus</span>, - <i class="name">Coues</i>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 16354.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--421.png--><!--blank page--> -<p>This <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i> has been taken several times at Charlotte Harbor, in Florida, -<!--422.png--><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 361]</span> -and is thus entitled to a place in our fauna. Its distinction from a closely -allied race in Jamaica, Hayti, etc., <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</i>, is shown on page 359.</p> - -<p>A specimen belonging to Mr. Salvin (“<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 187.), from “Isthmus of Panama,” -we cannot distinguish satisfactorily from typical examples of the present -race, with which it is to be compared, and not with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</i>. The colors are -quite identical with those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatulus</i>. In size it is slightly larger, the -wing measuring 3.25 instead of 3.15; the tail 2.50, instead of 2.35 (from -exposed base of feathers); the bill is thicker, being .20 instead of .18 deep; -the third quill is longest, the second intermediate between it and the fourth; -the first intermediate between the fourth and fifth. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatulus</i> the second -is longest, the third and fourth successively a little shorter. It is not -improbable that other specimens from that locality may show greater differences, -as the specimen under examination is in rather worn plumage, and -has the tip of the bill broken off.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species only claims a place in our avifauna on the ground -of its presence in Florida. How abundant it is there is not determined, further -than it has been observed within a restricted locality by Dr. Heermann. -This was at Charlotte Harbor, on the southwestern coast. They appeared -to be visitors only, from a more southern clime. They reached Florida in -their northern migrations, remaining only for a short season, but evidently -staying long enough to breed. Dr. Heermann states that this species resembles, -in manners and in appearance, the common Red-eyed Vireo of the -more northern States. He describes its song as clear and musical, and very -distinctly uttered. It was constantly on the search for insects, and appeared -even more active than any of the northern species, darting among the foliage, -peering into crevices and cobwebs, suspended from branches with its back -downward, and occasionally chasing a flying insect in the manner of a true -Flycatcher. These movements were usually accompanied by a song. This -species was not abundant, though Dr. Heermann saw it frequently, and -obtained several specimens.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bryant found this species very abundant at the Bahamas, arriving -there about the first of May. All the specimens he obtained were males, -the females not arriving there until after the 13th of May. The notes of -these birds, he states, vary, though the most common one resembles -<i class="birdcall">whīp tom kĕllȳ pheūū</i>, pronouncing the first word distinctly.</p> - -<p>This bird,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_76" id="fnanchor_76"></a><a href="#footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></span> -in Brown’s History of Jamaica, is called “Whip-tom-kelly,” -from the supposed resemblance of its notes to these articulate sounds, and -this popular appellation has been given it by various other writers. Mr. -Gosse, however, in his Birds of Jamaica, calls this bird “John-to-whit,” and -can find no resemblance in its notes to the words referred to. He describes -its song as uttered with incessant iteration and untiring energy, and as -resembling <i class="birdcall">Sweet-John! John to whit! sweet John to whit!</i> After July the -<!--423.png--><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 362]</span> -notes change to <i class="birdcall">to-whit-to-whoo</i>, and sometimes to a soft, simple chirp, whispered -so gently as scarcely to be audible. The name of Whip-tom-kelly -Mr. Gosse never heard applied to it in Jamaica. Yet it is a bird often heard, -and one whose notes have a similarity to articulate sounds, and naturally -suggest a common appellation. It is very vociferous and pertinacious in its -calls, repeating them with energy every two or three seconds.</p> - -<p>This species, he states, does not ordinarily sit on a prominent twig, or dart -out after insects, though it has been seen in eager pursuit of a butterfly. It -seems to live in the centre of thick woods. It does not pass the winter in -Jamaica, but leaves at the beginning of October, returning as early as the -20th of March. Its food he states to be both animal and vegetable, as he -found in its stomach the seeds of the tropical plants and berries. In April, -Mr. Gosse observed it hunting insects by the borders of the Bluefields River, -and so intent upon its occupation as to allow of a very near approach. It -sought insects among the grass and low herbage, perching on the stalks of -weeds, and darting out after both vagrant and stationary prey. They incubate -in June and July.</p> - -<p>Like all this genus the Long-billed Vireo builds a pensile nest of great -architectural ingenuity and beauty. It is a deep cup, usually about two -thirds of a sphere in shape, truncated at the top. The materials of which -it is made are often somewhat coarse. Mr. Gosse describes it as about as -large as an ordinary teacup, narrowed at the mouth, composed of dry grasses, -silk, cotton, lichens, and spiders’-web. It is usually suspended from the fork -of two twigs, the margin very neatly overwoven to embrace them. The -materials are well interwoven, and the walls firm and close, though not very -thick. The whole is smoothly lined with slender vegetable fibres resembling -human hair. One nest had its cavity nearly filled with a mass of white cotton, -interwoven with the other materials, which, being picked cotton, had -evidently been taken from some yard or building.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are three in number, of a brilliant white, delicately -tinted with pink, and marked with a few fine red and red-brown -spots, usually about the larger end.</p> - -<p>An egg of the variety from Cuba is of an oblong-oval shape, slightly -pointed at one end, and the markings of faint purple and of dark purplish-brown, -in bold dashes, are all about the larger end. Another from the same -locality is more distinctly rounded at one and pointed at the other end, and -is marked with fine brown dots distributed over the whole egg. These eggs -measure, one .825 by .55 of an inch, and the other .78 by .55. An egg from -Jamaica is of an extremely oblong-oval, measuring .88 by .55 of an inch, and -is boldly marked more or less over the entire egg with large blotches of purplish-brown.</p> - -<p>The Messrs. Newton describe the nest of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</i> of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix as a beautiful -structure, shaped like an inverted cone, composed outwardly of dried -blades of grass, dried leaves, and wool, woven round the twigs, to which it -<!--424.png--><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 363]</span> -was attached with spiders’-webs, lined inside with finer blades of grass, and -about three inches and a half in diameter, and five in height. The eggs, -three in number, were white, with a few black spots, chiefly disposed about -the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireosylvia olivaceus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-EYED GREENLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa olivacea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 327 (based on <span class="sc">Edwards</span>, -tab. 253, and <span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. -liv</abbr>).—<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius olivaceus</i>, <abbr -title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1823, 49 -(<abbr title="North America">N. Amer.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo olivaceus</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr>; <abbr title="Swainson two"><span -class="sc">Swains.</span> II</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 331.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr -title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 270. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia <abbr title="olivacea">oliv.</abbr></i> <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Geographical and Comparative">Geog. Comp.</abbr> List, -1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 329.—<span -class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Videnskabelige Meddelelser">Vid. Med.</abbr> <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1853, 1854, 82 -(Greenland).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 7.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 151 (Bogota); 1859, 137, 363 -(Xalapa).—<span class="sc">A. & E. Newton</span>, Ibis, 1859, 145.—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, -1859, 12 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum, Seven">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII</abbr>, -1860, 246 (Cuba).—? Ibis, 1864, 394 (Derby, <abbr title="England">Engl.</abbr> May, 1859).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 333. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllomanes <abbr -title="olivacea">oliv.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1850-51, 63.—<abbr title="Ibid Journal"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1860, 404 (Costa Rica).—<abbr -title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare). <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Vireo virescens</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" -xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 84, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr> -(<abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penna.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">? Gray</span>, Genera, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 267, <abbr -title="plate 65">pl. lxv.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo bogotensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Boston Society Seven">Pr. Bost. Soc. VII</abbr>, 1860, 227 (Bogota).—<span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr -title="Annals New York Lyceum">Ann. N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1863 (Birds Panama, <abbr title="Four, Number">IV, No.</abbr> 378).</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_424.jpg" - width="300" height="108" - alt="Vireo olivaceus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo olivaceus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">40089</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,418 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, May, 1844.) Upper parts olive-green. Top -of head, from bill to nape, ash-color. A white line from nostrils above and beyond the -eye, bordered above by a dusky line forming the edge of the ashy cap, and below by a -similar, perhaps paler, loral and post-ocular cheek-stripe. Beneath, including tibiæ, white, -with perhaps a tinge of olivaceous-ash across the breast; the sides of the neck like the -back; sides of the body with a faint wash of olive. Axillars and crissum faintly tinged -with sulphur-yellow; lining of wings and its edge, the latter especially, nearly white. -Quills blackish-brown, edged externally, except at ends of primaries, with olive, internally -with white. Tail-feathers lighter brown, edged externally like the back, internally with -pale olivaceous-white. Bill dusky above, pale below; tarsi plumbeous; iris red. Length, -6.33; extent of wings, 10.25; wing, 3.33; tail, 2.50.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but duller in plumage.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole of Eastern North America (Greenland, Halifax, Fort Simpson), west to -base of Rocky Mountains, reaching Fort Bridger, and still farther northward to Bitterroot -Mountains and Kootenay; south to Panama and Bogota, in winter (Xalapa only in Mexico); -very rare in Cuba (only West Indian locality). Accidental in England. Trinidad. -(<span class="sc">Finsch.</span>)</p> - -<p><!--425.png--><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 364]</span></p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_425.jpg" - width="250" height="254" - alt="Vireo olivaceus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo olivaceus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Red-eyed Vireo is an abundant species throughout -Eastern North America, from Florida to Nova Scotia on the northeast, to -Lake Winnepeg on the northwest, and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. -It apparently breeds wherever found, and in especial abundance in the Central -States. It is a familiar and fearless species, often found, like the Warbling -Vireo, in the very midst of crowded cities, -and making its lively and pleasant notes -heard in their public squares and private -gardens, amid the ruder sounds of the -neighboring streets. It breeds in Texas -and Louisiana, at the Southwest, and also -in abundance, at least as far as Halifax, -in the opposite direction. At Fort Resolution, -at the Cumberland House, and at -Fort Simpson, the nests and eggs of this -species were procured by Kennicott and -Ross. A single specimen of the bird has -been procured in Greenland, and another -accidental specimen was shot in England. Specimens have also been procured -in Central America.</p> - -<p>This Vireo, like all of its peculiar and well-marked genus, prefers the -forests or the tops of large and shady trees, obtains its food usually among, -their upper branches, and very rarely approaches the ground. It is not exclusively -sylvan, as at times it may be found around dwellings, hunting -for insects and spiders; and although it hunts for food among the tree-tops, -its nest is not always in such high situations, often not more than four or -five feet from the ground.</p> - -<p>In their migrations these birds enter the United States early in March, but -do not make their appearance in Pennsylvania until the last of April, or in -New England until the middle of May.</p> - -<p>The Vireos procure their food, for the most part, by moving about and -along branches, and among the twigs of trees, hopping from one position to -another, and securing their prey without the click of a Flycatcher. The insects -they capture are usually not in motion, though occasionally they will -take them on the wing. They also feed on several kinds of ripe berries in -the autumn.</p> - -<p>The song of this Vireo is loud, musical, simple, and pleasing. It is uttered -in short, emphatic bars, and at times has a very marked resemblance to the -melodious chant of the Robin, though without its volume and power. This -Vireo is one of the earliest of our spring musicians, as it is also one of the -most constant and untiring in its song, continuing to sing long after most of -the other vocalists have become silent, and even until it is about to leave -us, at the close of September. The tender and pathetic utterances of this -Vireo, uttered with so much apparent animation, to judge from their sound, -<!--426.png--><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 365]</span> -are in striking contrast to the apparent indifference or unconsciousness of the -little vocalist who, while thus delighting the ear of the listener, seems to be -all the while chiefly bent on procuring its daily supply of food, which it -pursues with unabated ardor.</p> - -<p>This Vireo builds the neat pensile nest of its race, suspending it from the -fork of two or more twigs of a forest tree, at various heights of from five to -fifty feet from the ground. It is cup-like in shape, and always dependent -from small twigs, around which its upper edges are firmly bound. Externally -it is woven of various materials, fine strips of bark, the hempen fibres -of vegetables, and webs of spiders and of various caterpillars. These are -compactly pressed and woven, and, as some suppose, agglutinated by the -saliva of the builder. Sometimes the unmanageable materials give to the -outside of the nest a rude and unfinished appearance, at others they are -evenly and smoothly wrought. They are very strong, uninjured by the -storms of winter, and are often made use of by other birds, by mice, and -even by the same bird a second season.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution Collection">S. I. Coll.</abbr>, 3,353) was obtained at the Cumberland -House by Mr. Kennicott. It is pensile, like all others, but is composed -almost exclusively of pine-needles,—a dry and hard material, difficult of -management in making such a nest. With these are intermingled a few bits -of moss, fine strips of bark, and flax-like vegetable fibres. Within this rude -basket is an inner nest, made up of fine dry grasses, strips of bark, and pine -leaves. The external fabric is loosely put together,—an unusual feature,—but -the inner portion, in the firmness and strength with which it was made, -is in remarkable contrast.</p> - -<p>The Red-eyed Vireo’s nest is often chosen by the Cowbird for the deposition -of her parasitic eggs, and these foster-parents are singularly devoted in -the care of their alien guests, whom they tenderly nurture, even to the neglect -of their own offspring. In one instance three eggs of a Cowbird were -deposited in the nest of the Vireo before any of her own, and, without laying -any, the female Vireo proceeded to sit upon and hatch the intruders. In -another case, where two of the Vireo’s had been laid, two Cowbird’s eggs -were added. The Vireo stopped laying, and proceeded to incubate. In each -instance the female Vireo seemed to forego her own natural aspirations, and -at once conform to the new situation.</p> - -<p>The male Vireo often evinces great courage and spirit in the defence of his -nest, when the young are hatched driving away intruders, and even flying in -the face of a man who approaches too near.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that the young of the Red-eyed Vireo feed eagerly upon -the berries of the cornel and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Viburnum dentatum</i>, and other shrubs. A -young bird kept in confinement soon became very gentle, and readily ate flies -and grasshoppers from his hand, and viburnum berries. A tame Kingbird -in the same room was very jealous of and tyrannized over him, so as to -compel him to seek protection from his captor. The Vireos, like Flycatchers, -<!--427.png--><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 366]</span> -have the power to regurgitate by the bill pellets of indigestible portions of -their food.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this Vireo vary greatly in size, according to the locality; the -farther south the smaller they are found. One, marked on the shell East -Tennessee, June 1, 1858, Alex. Gerhardt, measures .78 by .52 of an inch, -while one from Halifax, Nova Scotia, measures .95 by .65. The <a id="chg8" name="chg8"></a>ground-color -of all is a clear crystal-white, and they are marked chiefly at the larger -end with spots and finer dots of red-brown.</p> - -<p>Mr. Robert Kennicott, in his notes, speaks of finding a nest of the Red-eyed -Vireo at the Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, June 28. Incubation -had not yet commenced. The pensile and neatly built nest was suspended -about four feet from the ground, upon a hazel-bush. The parent, when -scared from it, remained near until she was killed.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireosylvia flavoviridis</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-GREEN VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia <abbr title="flavoviridis">flav.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, <abbr -title="February">Feb.</abbr> 1851, 152.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Six, plate two">VI. -pl. ii</abbr> (Panama).—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 298 -(Cordova).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1859, 375 (Oaxaca; April).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 44, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 264.—<span -class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 336. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo <abbr title="flavoviridis">flav.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 332. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllomanes <abbr -title="flavoviridis">flav.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1861, 93 (Costa Rica).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_427.jpg" - width="250" height="138" - alt="Vireo flavoviridis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo flavoviridis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38929</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 3,976 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Above olive-green; the whole top of head and nape ash-color, -the edges of this cap and a loral line dusky, but not very decidedly so. A grayish-white -line from nostrils over the eye. -Beneath white, the sides of the neck, -breast, and body bright olivaceous-yellow; -the axillars and crissum rich sulphur-yellow. -On the breast the yellow -extends almost to the median line, the -color of opposite sides separated by a -narrow interval. Quills dusky-brown; -margined externally, except at ends of -primaries, with olive-green, internally -with grayish-white of a decided yellow -shade. Tail-feathers dark olivaceous-brown, bright olive externally, internally olivaceous-yellow. -Iris yellow or “red.”</p> - -<p class="small">Bill horn-color, paler below. Legs plumbeous. Wings long and pointed. Second and -third quills nearly equal; fourth a little less; first about intermediate between fourth and -fifth. Total length, 6.00; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -From northern border of Mexico to Isthmus of Panama, especially on west side.</p> - -<p>This species has not yet been recorded as taken within the limits of the -United States, but it comes so near to our southern border that it doubtless -sometimes crosses the line. Nothing distinctive appears to be known of its -habits.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--428.png--><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 367]</span> -<b class="birdname">Vireosylvia philadelphicus</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PHILADELPHIA GREENLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia philadelphica</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">Pr. A. N. Sc. V</abbr>, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> 1857, 153.—<abbr title="Ibid Six, plate 1"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> VI, pl. i</abbr>, fig. 1 -(Philadelphia).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review American">Rev. -Am.</abbr> Birds, 340. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo philadelphicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 335, <abbr title="plate 78">pl. lxxviii</abbr>, -fig. 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia cobanensis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 463 (Coban).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Annals and Magazine of Nature History">Ann. -Mag. N. H.</abbr> 1861, 328.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_428.jpg" - width="250" height="136" - alt="V. philadelphicus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. philadelphicus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">4364</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 20,643 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Above dark olive-green, tinged with plumbeous-ash except -on the rump; top of head and nape purer plumbeous-ash, not edged with dusky, the -line of demarcation indistinct. Beneath light -sulphur-yellow, paler and almost white on chin -and middle of abdomen; sides more olivaceous. -A whitish stripe from bill over eye, as also a -patch beneath it and the eyelids. A dusky -loral and post-ocular spot. Quills and rectrices -brown, edged externally with olive, internally -with whitish; the larger coverts with paler -outer edges. Bill blackish, paler plumbeous -below. Legs plumbeous. Spurious outer or first quill (seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</i>) wanting; the outer -about equal to fifth; third longest; second and fourth not much shorter. Total length, -4.80; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to Hudson’s Bay and Maine, south (in winter) to Costa -Rica and Guatemala. Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>). Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies.</p> - -<p>Specimens vary somewhat in purity of tints, and especially in intensity -of yellow of under parts, which color is deeper in autumnal skins.</p> - -<p>Specimens from Costa Rica and Guatemala, being merely winter visitors -to that region, are quite identical with North American examples.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This but little known species was first described by Mr. Cassin, -in 1851, from a specimen shot by him in some woods near Philadelphia nine -years previously, which was then unique, and remained so for some time after. -This fact, and its resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. gilva</i>, led to the impression that it might -be only a variety of that species. Since the publication of the description -other specimens have been procured from different localities,—Moose Factory, -Maine, Ohio, Wisconsin, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. But little is as yet -known in regard to its habits or its distribution. It is quite abundant in the -spring in Southern Wisconsin, where it appears only as a migrant passing north, -none remaining to breed. As it makes its appearance late in May, and -usually passes rapidly on, it seems natural to infer that it cannot be far from -its breeding-place at the period of its appearance. The specimen obtained -by Mr. Cassin was shot in September, on its southward journey. It was in -the upper branches of a high tree, capturing insects; and his attention was -drawn to it by its slow and deliberate movements.</p> - -<p>Mr. Thure Kumlien, of Dane County, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wis.</abbr>, informs me that he has been -familiar with this Vireo since 1849, and has collected it every year since -<!--429.png--><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 368]</span> -that period, finding it both in the spring and fall. It appears occasionally -as early as the 10th of May, the time varying with the season from the 10th -to the 27th. In 1857, when the season was very backward and May very -cold, they did not arrive until June 2. They were unusually numerous, and -remained only a day or two. So far as he has been able to ascertain, none -stop to breed. They are very quiet, have no song at the time they are passing, -and seem only intent on collecting their food and in proceeding on their -way. They are very tame and unsuspecting, and one can readily get to -within a few feet of them. In the fall they are returning south from the 7th -to the 19th of September.</p> - -<p>The nest and eggs remain to be obtained.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireosylvia gilvus</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WARBLING GREENLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa gilva</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Vieillot Oiseaux 1"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span> Ois. I</abbr>, 1807, 65, <abbr title="plate 34">pl. xxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo -gilvus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Observations … Wilson's">Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 123.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography Two, plate 118">Orn. Biog. II, pl. cxviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Four, plate 241">Am. IV, pl. ccxli</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 335.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 273. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia gilva</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. -Sc.</abbr> 1851, 153.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 298 -(Cordova); (?) 1858, 302 (Oaxaca; June) (perhaps <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. swainsoni</i>).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 342. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa melodia</i>, <abbr title="Wilson -American Ornithology Five"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. Orn. V</abbr>, 1812, 85, <abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>, fig. -2.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_429.jpg" - width="250" height="126" - alt="Vireo gilvus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo gilvus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">988</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,017 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>) Above olive-green, strongly glossed with ashy; the head -and nape above more distinctly ashy, but without decided line of demarcation behind, and -without dusky edge; rump pure olive. -Stripe from nostrils over eye to nape, -eyelids, and space below eye, creamy-white. -A rather dusky post-ocular and -loral spot, the latter not extending to the -bill. Under parts white, with tinge of -greenish-yellow (occasionally of creamy -fulvous or buff), especially on breast; sides -more olivaceous. Crissum and axillars -scarcely more yellowish. Quills and rectrices -wood-brown, edged internally with whitish, externally with olivaceous, except perhaps -on longer primaries. Edge of wing white. Larger wing-coverts grayish-brown, with -paler edges, and no trace of olivaceous. Bill horn-color above, paler below.</p> - -<p class="small">First quill very short or spurious; second about equal to, generally rather longer than -sixth; third longest; fourth, then fifth a little shorter.</p> - -<p class="small">Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.33; expanse of wings, 8.35; wing from carpal joint -2.85. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.25. Sexes alike. Iris -brown.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to Fort Simpson. Cordova and Oaxaca only southern -localities recorded. Not West Indian.</p> - -<p>A very young bird has a very cottony plumage, and differs in tints, having -the top of the head and the nape a soft whitish isabella-color, this tingeing -the back; the lower parts are wholly unsoiled white; the middle and secondary -<!--430.png--><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 369]</span> -coverts are obscurely tipped with light brown, forming two indistinct -bands across the wing.</p> - -<p>A specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 54,262) from Orizaba is, in positively every respect, -exactly intermediate between this species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. josephæ</i> of Costa Rica, -Ecuador, etc. (See footnote on page 360.) The crown is brown, decidedly -darker than, and different in tint from, the back, but less so than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">josephæ</i>; -the back is less olive than in the latter, and less gray than in the former. -The lower parts are more yellow than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i>, and less so than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">josephæ</i>, -the superciliary stripe whiter and extending farther back than in the former, -and less pure white and shorter than in the latter, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Warbling Vireo has only a slightly less extended distribution -than the Red-eyed, being found throughout all Eastern North America, -as far north as Fort Simpson and Selkirk Settlement, and west to the Missouri -River, and breeding as far south as Louisiana. It is stated by Audubon -to be found on the Columbia River, but in this he probably referred to -the Western race, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. swainsoni</i>. That writer never observed this species -in Louisiana or Kentucky, nor in the maritime part of Georgia, and its manner -of entering the United States he was unable to ascertain. Where it -moves to in the winter is also unknown, none having been met with in the -West Indies, and only at a few points in Mexico, Cordova, Oaxaca, and the -State of Vera Cruz. It was, however, found breeding at Calcasieu, Louisiana, -by Mr. Würdemann.</p> - -<p>It breeds abundantly from Virginia to Nova Scotia, and throughout the -Northwestern States. West of the Rocky Mountains it is replaced by a -closely allied species, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. swainsoni</i>. This Vireo, more than any other of -its genus, if not exclusively, is to a large extent a resident of villages, towns, -and even cities. It is by far the sweetest singer that ventures within their -crowded streets and public squares,—although Mr. Cassin gives his preference -to the notes of the Red-eyed,—and the melody of its song is exquisitely -soft and beautiful. It is chiefly to be found among the tall trees, in -the vicinity of dwellings, where it seems to delight to stay, and from their -highest tops to suspend its pensile nest. It is especially abundant among -the elms on Boston Common, where at almost any hour of the day, from -early in the month of May until long after summer has gone, may be heard -the prolonged notes of this, one of the sweetest and most constant of our -singers. Its voice is not powerful, but its melody is flute-like and tender. -Throughout the last of May, and in June and July, their charming song may -be heard amid the din of the city from earliest dawn till nightfall, and rarely -ceases even in the noontide heat, when all other birds are silent. It is ever -in motion, while thus singing; and its sweetest notes are given forth as it -moves among the tree-tops in search of insects. It is not only one of our -most constant singers, but it remains musical almost until its departure for -the South in October.</p> - -<p>The Warbling Vireo appears in the Middle States about the 15th of April, -<!--431.png--><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 370]</span> -and reaches New England early in May. The path of its northern migrations, -and of its return, is somewhat in doubt. It is abundant in winter, -according to Sumichrast, about Orizaba, and probably enters Texas and -passes north and east along the Mississippi and the Ohio Rivers. In certain -portions of the country this species is evidently on the increase, becoming -more and more common as the country is settled, and towns and villages -spring up.</p> - -<p>The Warbling Vireo builds its nest usually in more elevated positions than -any others of this family. For the most part in the vicinity of dwellings, -often over frequented streets, they suspend their elaborately woven and beautiful -little basket-like nest, secure from intrusion from their human neighbors, -and protected by the near presence of man from all their more dreaded enemies. -Audubon narrates, in an interesting manner, the building of their nest -by a pair of these birds on a poplar-tree, near his window, in Camden, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr> -It was suspended between the body of the tree and a branch coming out at -an acute angle. The pair were at work, morning and evening, eight days, -first attaching slender blades of grass to the knots on the branch and the -bark of the trunk, and thence working downward and outward. They varied -their materials, from time to time, until at last he traced them, after a prolonged -absence, to a distant haystack, from which they brought fine, slender, -dry grasses, with which they completed and lined their nest.</p> - -<p>The nests of the Warbling Vireo, while they resemble closely those of the -other species in all the characteristics of this well-marked family, are yet, as a -rule, more carefully, neatly, and closely built. They are usually suspended at -the height of from thirty to fifty feet, in the fork of twigs, under and near the -extremity of the tree-top, often an elm, protected from the sun and storm -by a canopy of leaves, and quite out of reach of most enemies. They vary -little in size, being about two inches in height and three and a half in their -greatest diameter, narrowing, toward their junction with the twigs, to two -inches. They are all secured in a very firm manner to the twigs from which -they are suspended by a felting of various materials, chiefly soft, flexible, -flax-like strips of vegetable fibres, leaves, stems of plants, and strips of bark. -With these are interwoven, and carried out around the outer portions of the -nest, long strips of soft flexible bark of deciduous trees. They are softly and -compactly filled in and lined with fine stems of plants.</p> - -<p>The eggs are usually five in number, and, like those of all the Vireos, are -of a brilliant crystal-white, sparingly spotted at the larger end with markings -of dark brown, and others of a lighter shade. They are less marked with -spots than usual in the genus, and are often entirely unspotted, and pure -white. Occasionally, however, they are found with well-marked blotches -of reddish-brown. They vary in length from .75 to .70 of an inch, and -average about .55 in their breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--432.png--><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 371]</span> -<b class="birdname">Vireosylvia gilvus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">swainsoni</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN WARBLING GREENLET.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo swainsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 336 (Pacific coast).—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds North America -One, seven">Illust. Birds N. A. I, vii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia swainsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 343. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia gilva</i>, <abbr -title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology -California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 116. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo bartramii</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr -title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 235 (in part; <abbr title="specimen">spec.</abbr> from Columbia -River?).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_432.jpg" - width="250" height="126" - alt="Vireo swainsoni" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo swainsoni.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">12891</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 5,321 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. gilva</i>, but smaller; colors paler. Bill more depressed. -Upper mandible almost black. Second quill -much shorter than sixth. Total length, 4.75; -wing, 2.71; tail, 2.35; difference between -tenth quill and longest, .58; exposed portion -of first primary, .58, of second, 1.82, of -longest (measured from exposed base of -first primary), 2.10; length of bill from -forehead, .56, from nostril, .29, along gape, -.65; depth of bill, .13; tarsus, .70; middle -toe and claw, .56; hind toe and claw, .43.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast.</p> - -<p>In the present bird the bill is darker in color, much smaller, and more -depressed, the depth at the base being less than the width, instead of being -equal to it as in <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i>. The wing is more rounded, the second quill -much shorter than the sixth, generally shorter or but little longer than the -seventh. In <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i>, the second quill is about equal to the sixth. The -second quill is about .30 of an inch (or more) shorter than the longest in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i> it is only about .20 shorter. The feet of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i> -are weaker, and the colors generally paler and grayer. The iris, according to -Coues, is dark brown.</p> - -<p>Young birds in autumnal plumage have the crown decidedly ash, the sides -more greenish; the wing-coverts pass terminally into a light brownish tint, -producing an inconspicuous band.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This Western representative of the Warbling Vireo is found -throughout the western portions of our Union, from the Great Plains to the -Pacific, and from Arizona to the extreme northern boundary of Washington -Territory.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper characterizes this as a lively and familiar songster. It arrives, -he states, at San Diego about April 10, and reaches Puget Sound toward the -middle of May, occupying nearly all the intermediate country throughout -the summer. It frequents the deciduous trees along the borders of streams -and prairies, coming into gardens and orchards with familiar confidence, -wherever cultivation has reclaimed the wilderness. Like its Eastern prototype, -its cheerful and varied song is heard all day long until quite late in the -autumn. They too build their nests in the shade-trees of the parks of busy -cities, singing ever their delightful strains, unconscious of the busy and noisy -crowd that throngs the neighboring streets.</p> - -<p><!--433.png--><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 372]</span> -Dr. Cooper states that its nests are pendent from the forks of a branch -high above the ground, sometimes to the height of a hundred feet.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway, who observed the habits of this species in Utah and Nevada, -speaks of it as the characteristic Vireo of the West. It was found by -him in all the fertile localities, and was one of the most common birds in the -wooded regions. He found it very generally distributed through the summer, -inhabiting the copses along the streams of the mountain cañons, and -the open groves of the parks, as well as the cottonwoods and willows of the -river valleys. In the fall the berries of a species of the cornel that grows -along the mountain streams constitute its principal food. Its notes and manners -are identical with those of the Eastern species.</p> - -<p>The nests of this species are not distinguishable, except in the necessarily -varying materials, from those of the Eastern birds. In position, size, and shape -they are the same. The eggs, four or five in number, are white, spotted with -brown and reddish-brown, and measure .78 by .58 of an inch. The spots are -somewhat darker than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. gilvus</i>, and the shape more of an oblong-oval, -in all that I have seen. But this difference may disappear in the -examination of a larger number.</p> - -<p>A nest found by Mr. Ridgway near Fort Churchill, Nevada, June 24, was -suspended from the extremity of a twig of a sapling of the cottonwood, -in a copse of the same growing in a river-bottom. It has a height of two -and a half inches, and a diameter of three. It is composed externally of -an elaborate interweaving of spiders’-webs, willow and cottonwood down, -and strong cord-like strips of fine inner bark. These are strongly bound -around the twigs from which the nest is suspended. It is one of the most -elaborately interwoven, homogeneous, and well-felted nests of this bird I -have ever met with. Another nest, from Parley’s Park, Utah, obtained June -28, differs in having the external portion woven almost exclusively of fine -strips of bleached bark, and is lined with fine wiry grasses. In each of these -the eggs were four in number, all oblong-oval in shape, but much more -pointed at one end in the latter nest.</p> - -<p>This species was found breeding in Napa Valley, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Mr. A. J. Grayson, -and at Fort Tejon by Mr. Xantus.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">LANIVIREO</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Body stout, head broad. Bill short and stout, broad at the base, the culmen -curved from the base, the commissure considerably arched. Bill blue-black. Feet stout. -Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. flavifrons</i>. For figure, see <a href="#Page_379">page 379</a>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> A broad stripe from bill to and around, but not beyond, -the eye. Two broad white bands across the wings. Bill plumbeous-blue, black -toward culmen. Iris brown in all species?</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--434.png--><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 373]</span> -1. <b class="birdname">L. solitarius.</b> Spurious primary exposed. Throat and orbital ring white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Spurious primary well developed,—.60 or more long, .10 broad.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Nape and side of neck plumbeous; upper tail-coverts olive-green. -Crissum tinged with yellow, but none on side of throat, nor across -breast. Wing, 3.05; tail, 2.40; bill, from nostril, .27; tarsus, .66. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of United States, straggling westward to the Pacific -Coast, especially in its migration southward into Mexico, where it penetrates -in winter as far as Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Above continuous olive-brown; below ochraceous-white, with a buffy -tinge across breast, and deeply olivaceous along sides. Crissum tinged -with yellow. Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.15; bill, 30; tarsus, 66. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific -Province of United States, straggling in autumn eastward into the -Middle Province<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Above continuous ashy-plumbeous. Beneath pure white, ashy along -sides, and very slightly so across breast. Wing, 3.25; tail, 2.50; bill, -.30; tarsus, .66. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United States, south, in winter, -through Western Mexico to Colima<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Spurious primary very minute,—about .30 long by .04 wide.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Nape and side of neck olive-green; upper tail-coverts plumbeous. -Crissum not tinged with yellow, but sides of the throat and across the -breast are. Wing, 3.10; tail. 2.20; bill, .29; tarsus, .64. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coban, -Vera Cruz, Guatemala; resident?<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_77" id="fnanchor_77"></a><a href="#footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname">L. flavifrons.</b> Spurious primary concealed. Throat and orbital ring yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Anterior half of body olive-green above, lemon-yellow below; posterior -half plumbeous-ash above, white below. Wing, 3.00; tail, 1.90; -bill, .32; tarsus, .70. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, south, -in winter, to Costa Rica, and very rare in Cuba.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Lanivireo solitarius</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLUE-HEADED VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa solitaria</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 143, <abbr title="plate 17">pl. xvii</abbr>, fig. 6. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Vireo solitarius</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="One">I</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -Sc.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1856, 298 (Cordova); 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 375 (Oaxaca?).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1860, 31 -(Guatemala).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 468 (Cuba).—<span -class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 277. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i> (<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><abbr title="solitaria">sol.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 329. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</i> (<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 347.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_435.jpg" - width="250" height="108" - alt="Lanivireo solitarius" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo solitarius.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">29274</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 300 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Above olive-green, including upper -tail-coverts; the top -and sides of head and nape ashy-plumbeous; sides of the neck plumbeous-olive. Broad -line from nostrils to and around eye, involving the whole lower eyelid, white. A loral line -<!--435.png--><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 374]</span> -involving the edge of the eyelid, and a space beneath the eye, dusky plumbeous. Beneath -white; the sides yellow, overlaid with olive, this color not extending anterior to the -breast. Axillars and base of crissum -pale sulphur-yellow, the long feathers -of the latter much paler or nearly -white. Wings with two bands and -outer edges of innermost secondaries -olivaceous-white; the quills dark -brown, edged externally with olive-green, -internally with white; tail-feathers -similarly marked, except that the -lateral feather is edged externally also with white, the central without internal border. -Bill and legs blackish-plumbeous. Iris brown.</p> - -<p class="small">First quill spurious, rather more than one fifth the second, which is intermediate between -the fifth and sixth; third longest.</p> - -<p class="small">Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.40; expanse of wing, 9.00. Prepared specimen: Total -length, 5.25; wing, 2.95: tail, 2.35.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States, from Atlantic to Pacific; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Not recorded from -Southern Rocky Mountains, where replaced by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. plumbeus</i>. South to Mexico and Guatemala. -Vera Cruz (winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>). Very rare in Cuba.</p> - -<p>Spring specimens show sometimes a gloss of plumbeous on the back, -obscuring the olive, the contrast of colors being greater in the autumnal and -young birds. Sometimes the crissum appears nearly white. The length of -the spurious primary varies considerably, from .45 to .75 of an inch.</p> - -<p>In autumn the colors are similar, but slightly duller and less sharply defined, -while the back is considerably tinged with ashy.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Solitary Vireo appears to be found, irregularly, throughout -the United States. Nowhere abundant, so far as I am aware, it seems to be -more common in California than on the Atlantic, while there are also large -tracks of intervening territory in which we have no knowledge of its presence. -On the Atlantic it has been met with from Georgia to the Bay of -Fundy. In Massachusetts it has been found in a few restricted localities; -in one or two of them, they are as abundant as the White-eyed. Mr. Dresser -found it in Texas, near San Antonio, late in the autumn, and early in -spring, but none remained to breed. Mr. Boardman gives them as a summer -visitant at Calais, but not common, and Professor Verrill makes a similar -statement for Western Maine, where it arrives in the second week of May. -According to Mr. Allen, it reaches Western Massachusetts by May 1, -but it is there quite rare. A few are presumed to stop and breed.</p> - -<p>In California, Mr. Gambel states that it is quite abundant in the latter -part of summer, and throughout the winter, frequenting low bushes and -thickets. Dr. Heermann also frequently met with it. Both at the East and -the West it is undoubtedly only migratory to about the 40th parallel, and -does not, except in mountainous localities, breed south of that line. Professor -Baird found it breeding in the South Mountains, near Carlisle, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, -in May, 1844. It occurs in Guatemala in the winter.</p> - -<p><!--436.png--><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 375]</span> -Dr. Cooper states that it reaches Puget Sound by the first of May, and he -has also observed it in the Colorado Valley, after the 14th, where they made -themselves conspicuous by their song, but in a few days had all passed -northward. He has met them nesting in May at the eastern base of the -Coast Range, and has also found them quite common, in summer, on the -Columbia River. Their favorite resorts are the deciduous oaks.</p> - -<p>These birds were found breeding at Fort Tejon by Mr. Xantus, and at -Vancouver by Mr. Hepburn.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with a few in September, in the thickets along the -streams flowing from the Clover Mountains.</p> - -<p>This species was taken in winter by Mr. Boucard, at Talew, in the State -of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon’s statement that this bird is rather abundant, and that it -breeds in Louisiana, is undoubtedly incorrect, and his description of its nest -and eggs belongs rather to the Yellow-throated, and agrees with none that -I have ever seen of this species. That he found them abundant in Maine, -and traced them as far north as Pictou, Nova Scotia, is more probable. Dr. -Bachman speaks of this species becoming each year more abundant in South -Carolina, coming in February and remaining through March.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, who met with this species on the Columbia, about the beginning -of May, describes its song as a plaintive, deliberate warble, intermediate -between the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</i>. Mr. Burroughs -describes the love-notes of these birds as being inexpressibly sweet and tender -in both sexes. The song of the male, as I have heard it, bears no resemblance -to that of any other Vireo. It is a prolonged and very peculiar ditty, -repeated at frequent intervals and always identical. It begins with a lively -and pleasant warble, of a gradually ascending scale, which at a certain pitch -suddenly breaks down into a falsetto note. The song then rises again in a -single high note, and ceases. For several summers the same bird has been -heard, near my house in Hingham, in a wild pasture, on the edge of a wood, -always singing the same singular refrain, during the month of June.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall found a nest of this species suspended from the forked twig -of a wild crab-tree, about ten feet from the ground. The chief materials -were dead and withered grasses, with some cobwebs agglutinated together, -externally partially covered with a few shreds of hypnum, assimilating it -to the branch on which it hung, intermingled with a few white paper-like -capsules of the spiders’ nests, and lined with a few blades of grass and -slender root-fibres.</p> - -<p>Seven nests of this species, found in Lynn and Hingham, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, exhibit -peculiarities of structure substantially identical. In comparison with the -nests of other Vireos, they are all loosely constructed, and seem to be not so -securely fastened to the twigs, from which they are suspended. One of these -nests, typical of the general character, obtained in Lynn, May 27, 1859, by -Mr. George O. Welch, was suspended from the branches of a young oak, -<!--437.png--><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 376]</span> -about twelve feet from the ground. The external depth of this nest was -only two and a half inches, the diameter three and a quarter, and its cavity -one and three quarters inches deep, and two inches wide at the rim. It was -constructed externally of strips of yellow and of gray birch-bark, intermingled -with bits of wool and dry grasses. The external portion was quite -loosely put together, but was lined, in a more compact manner, with dry -leaves of the white pine, arranged in layers. Another nest, found in Hingham, -was but two feet from the ground, on a branch of a hickory sapling. -In its general structure it was the same, only differing in shape, being made -to conform to its position, and being twice as long as it was broad. It contained -four young, when found, about the 10th of June. One nest alone, -built on a bush in Lynn, exhibits even an average degree of compactness in -its external structure. This is largely composed of cocoons, which are -woven together into a somewhat homogeneous and cloth-like substance. -Within, decayed stems of grasses take the place of the usual -pine-needles.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1870 a pair built their nest in a dwarf pear-tree, within -a few rods of my house. They were at first very shy and would not permit -themselves to be seen at their work, and suspended all labor when any one -was occupied near their chosen tree. Soon after the construction of the nest -two Cowbird’s eggs were deposited, which I removed, although the female -only laid two of her own before she began to sit upon them. By this time -she became more familiar, and would not leave her nest unless I attempted -to lay hands upon her. She made no complaints in the manner of the -White-eyed, nor sought to attack like the Yellow-throated, but kept within -a few feet, and watched me with eager eyes, until I left her. Unfortunately, -her nest was pillaged by a Black-billed Cuckoo, and I was unable to observe -her feed her young, as I had hoped to do.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of an oblong-oval shape, moderately pointed at one end, and -of a white ground, less crystalline than in the other species of its kind. They -are spotted pretty uniformly over the entire egg with dots of dark red and -reddish-brown. They are usually five in number.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Lanivireo solitarius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">cassini</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CASSIN’S VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Xantus</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. S. Phil.</abbr> May, 1858, 117.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 340, <abbr title="plate 78">pl. lxxviii</abbr>, fig. 1; Review <abbr title="American Birds -One">Am. B. I</abbr> , 1865, 347 (sub <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. solitaria</i>), <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Third and fourth quills nearly equal, fifth shorter, second longer than -seventh. Spurious primary very narrow, falcate, acute; less than one third the second quill, -and a little more than one fourth the third. Above, including edges of wing and tail-feathers, -clear olive-green, becoming dusky ashy on the top and sides of head. Beneath -fulvous-white, tinged with ill-defined olive-green on the sides (scarcely on the crissum). -Two broad bands on the wing-coverts and the outer edges of the innermost secondaries -greenish-white; the outer edge of outer tail-feather, with a broad ring round -<!--438.png--><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 377]</span> -the eye, extending to a frontal band, dull white. Length about 5 inches; wing, 2.75; -tail, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Fort Tejon, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Xantus</span>); West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>Since the type of this variety was obtained, two other specimens (Nos. -53,418 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and 53,419 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, September, 1867; R. Ridgway) have been secured -by the United States Geological Survey of the 40th Parallel, in command of -Mr. Clarence King, in the West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada. These -specimens are even more different from true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i> than is the type of this -race, showing that it is really distinct, as a variety. In the same thickets -at the same season, perfectly typical specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. solitarius</i> were obtained; -the latter having, no doubt, come from their more northern summer home -on their passage southward into Mexico.</p> - -<p>In the Humboldt Mountain specimens the crown shows no trace of ash, -and is even darker and more brownish than the back. In fact, the relation -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. cassini</i> to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. solitaria</i> is an almost exact parallel to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. -josephæ</i> to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. gilvus</i>, as far as coloration is concerned, in each case the extreme -being widely different, but connected by specimens showing intermediate -characters.</p> - -<p>Nothing is known of the habits of this race.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Lanivireo solitarius</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">plumbeus</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEAD-COLORED VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia plumbea</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1866 (Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 119.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, -<abbr title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> Birds <abbr title="North America One, seven">N. A. I, vii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">V.</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 349.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 37,011.) Whole upper parts and sides of head uniform plumbeous; the -lower part of the back with a faint wash of olivaceous. A white line from bill to and -around eye; a dusky line from corner of eye to bill. Sides of breast and flanks plumbeous, -paler than the back; the flanks very slightly tinged with olive-green. Rest of -under parts white; the axillars ashy, edged with white. Wings above with two conspicuous -white bands; the innermost quills edged externally and the longer ones internally -with white, the latter edged externally with light ash. Bill and legs dark plumbeous, -“Iris hazel.” Tail-feathers narrowly edged all round with white, narrowest internally, and -increasing from central to lateral feathers. Upper tail-coverts clear ash.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_438.jpg" - width="250" height="104" - alt="Vireosylvia plumbea" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia plumbea.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">37010</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small">As the specimen in finest plumage -(described above) is moulting the -quills, the measurements are taken -from another (37,010). In this the -first quill is not quite one third the -second, which equals the sixth, the -third and fourth longest.</p> - -<p class="small">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 37,010.) Fresh specimen: -Total length, 6.10; expanse of wings, -10.80. Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.75; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.70; difference between -tenth and longest quill, .95; exposed portion of first primary, .75, of second, 2.34, of longest, -<!--439.png--><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 378]</span> -third (measured from exposed base of first primary), 2.54; length of bill from forehead, -.55, from nostril, .31, along gape, .70; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .60, claw -alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .23.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern Rocky Mountains; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>). -In winter to Colima, Mexico.</p> - -<p>While the pattern of coloration is precisely similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo -solitarius</i>, the difference in the colors appears to be occasioned merely by removing, -as it were, the yellow stain, which on the plumbeous produces the -olive-green tinge, and exists in a purer tint along the sides, leaving, essentially, -only clear plumbeous and pure white; there is, however, in the most typical -specimens, always a faint tinge of green on the rump, and a stain of yellow -along the side. Though identical with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i> in most of its proportions, -the wings and tail are considerably longer than in the average of that form.</p> - -<p>There are many specimens from the Rocky Mountains and westward that -are so decidedly intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</i>, that, considering -also the lack of essential difference in form and coloration between the -two, we do not hesitate to consider them, along with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquus</i> -(see <a href="#Page_373">page 373</a>), as races of a single species, of which each is the representative -in a particular region. Thus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. solitarius</i> breeds in the Eastern Province -of the United States (and possibly in the Western, following the same -route far to the northward that many Eastern birds pursue in straggling -westward), and migrates in winter into Middle America as far as Guatemala; -those which breed in the Northwest pass directly southward, thus crossing the -region where <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</i> breed, which accounts for their being obtained -together. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. cassini</i> is the representative on the opposite side of the -continent; but the history of its migrations is yet obscure. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. plumbeus</i> is -the Middle Province and Rocky Mountain representative, breeding alone in -that region, and in winter migrating southward through Western Mexico as -far as Colima. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. propinquus</i> is another permanent race, but a local one, being -resident in the country where found, though mixed in winter with visitors -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i> from the North.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of this very recently discovered race, very little is at present -known. It was first described by Dr. Coues, who met with it in Arizona, -near Fort Whipple. He says it is especially abundant in the northern part -of that Territory. It was by far the most common Vireo at Fort Whipple, -where it is a summer resident, arriving there about the 15th of April and -remaining until October.</p> - -<p>It was found to be common about Laramie Peak, by Dr. R. Hitz, and was -also met with in winter on the plains at Colima, Mexico, by Xantus.</p> - -<p>It was seen in the summers of 1868 and 1869, by Mr. Ridgway, among -the cedar and nut-pine woods on the slopes and among the brushwood in the -cañons of the East Humboldt Mountains, being most partial to the former -situations. There, too, it undoubtedly breeds, as in the latter part of July -young birds, unable to fly, were met with by him. He also states that the -<!--440.png--><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 379]</span> -common notes of this Vireo very closely resemble those of the Western Wood -Wren (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes parkmanni</i>).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Lanivireo flavifrons</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo flavifrons</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 85, <abbr title="plate 54">pl. liv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, -<abbr title="plate 119">pl. cxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds. <abbr title="America Four, plate 238">Am. IV, pl. ccxxxviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1851, 149.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 227 (Vera Cruz); 1860, 257 (Orizaba).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, -Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 468 (Cuba; winter).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, -<abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324 (Cuba; rare).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour.</abbr> 1860, 405 (Costa Rica). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</i>) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><abbr title="flavifrons">flav.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 341. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 346. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa sylvicola</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 117, <abbr title="plate 7, figure">pl. vii, f.</abbr> 3.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_440.jpg" - width="250" height="127" - alt="Vireosylvia flavifrons." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia flavifrons.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">2217</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 28,390.) Head and neck above and on sides, with interscapular region, -bright olive-green. Lower back, rump, tail, and wing-coverts ashy. Wings brown, with -two white bands across the coverts, the -outer edges of inner secondaries, and inner -edges of all the quills, with inside of wing, -white. Outer primaries edged with gray, -the inner with olive. Tail-feathers brown, -entirely encircled by a narrow edge of white. -Under parts to middle of body, a line from -nostrils over eye, eyelids, and patch beneath -the eye (bordered behind by the olive -of neck) bright gamboge-yellow; rest of -under parts white, the flanks faintly glossed with ashy. Lores dusky. Bill and legs -plumbeous-black.</p> - -<p class="small">No spurious primary evident: second quill longest; first a little shorter than third.</p> - -<p class="small">Length, 5.80; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.00; difference of longest and innermost quills, .90; -tarsus, .73.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States, south to Costa Rica. Veragua (<span class="sc">Salvin</span>). Very rare in -Cuba.</p> - -<p>Autumnal birds, perhaps more especially the young, are more glossed with -olivaceous, which invades the ashy portions, and tinges the white.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> All the older ornithological writers, in speaking of the Yellow-throated -Vireo, repeat each other in describing it as peculiarly attracted to -the forest, seeking its solitudes and gleaning its food chiefly among its topmost -branches. Such has not been my experience with this interesting and -attractive little songster. I have found no one of this genus, not even the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</i>, so common in the vicinity of dwellings, or more familiar and fearless -in its intercourse with man. All of its nests that I have ever met with have -been built in gardens and orchards, and in close proximity to dwellings, and -they have also been exclusively in comparatively low positions. In one of -the most recent instances a pair of these birds built one of their beautiful -moss-covered nests in a low branch of an apple-tree that overhung the croquet-ground, -within a few rods of my house. It was first noticed in consequence -<!--441.png--><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 380]</span> -of its bold little builder flying in my face whenever I approached too -near, even before its nest contained any eggs. The grounds were in frequent -use, and the pair were at first a good deal disturbed by these constant intrusions, -but they soon became reconciled to their company, and would not leave -their position, even though the game was contested immediately under their -nest, which was thus often brought within a foot of the heads of the players. -Before this nest was quite finished, the female began her duties of incubation. -Her assiduous mate was constantly engaged at first in completing the external -ornamentation of the nest with lichens and mosses, and then with a -renewal of his interrupted concerts of song. These duties he varied by -frequent captures of insects, winged and creeping, most of which he duly -carried to his mate. His song was varied, sweet, and touchingly beautiful. -Less powerful than the notes of several others of its family, except those of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Warbling</i>, I know of none more charming.</p> - -<p>These birds reach New England about the 10th of May, and usually have -their nests constructed early in June. Their habits, in all essential respects, -are the same as those of all its family. They are somewhat confiding and -trustful of man, are readily approached, and soon become so well acquainted -with those among whom they have a home as to fearlessly come to the windows -of the house in pursuit of spiders or flies, and even to enter them. In -the latter case they cannot readily make their exit, and soon lose their self-possession, -beating their heads against the walls and ceiling in vain attempts -to get out, unless caught and released. In one instance a young bird, that -had entered my barn-chamber, became so entangled in cobwebs, around his -wings and feet, as to be unable to escape again. When taken in the hand, -and his meshes one by one picked out from about his feet and quills, he -was very docile, made no resistance or outcry, nor any attempt to escape, -until he was entirely freed from his bonds, although it required some time -and care to accomplish it. When entirely freed from these clogs, and permitted -to go, he flew away very deliberately to a short distance, and occupied -himself with dressing his disordered plumage.</p> - -<p>The nest of this species is also a pendent structure, and hemispherical in -shape. It may always be readily distinguished from any other nest of this -family by the profusion of lichens and mosses with which its outer portion -is adorned and covered, giving it the appearance of a large -moss-covered -knot.</p> - -<p>In most of the towns in the vicinity of Boston this species, though not -abundant, is quite common. Their nests, built usually in low and rather -conspicuous positions for birds of this kind, occur most frequently in gardens -and orchards. One of these, found suspended from a moss-covered branch -of an apple-tree in Roxbury, may be taken as typical of its kind. Its -rim was firmly bound around the fork of a branch by a continuation of the -materials that form the outside of the nest itself. These are an interweaving -of spiders’-webs, and silky threads from insect cocoons, largely intermingled -<!--442.png--><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 381]</span> -with mosses and lichens, and thus made to conform closely in appearance to -the moss-grown bark of the tree. The under portion of the nest is strengthened -by long strips of the inner bark of the wild grape. Within is an -inner nest made of fine grassy stems and bark. It forms exactly a half-sphere -in shape, is symmetrical, and is very thoroughly made. Its diameter -is four, and its height two and one fourth inches.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall describes a nest of this bird, found by him suspended from the -forked twig of an oak, near a dwelling-house, as coated over with green -lichens, attached very artfully by a slender string of caterpillars’ silk, the -whole afterwards tied over by almost invisible threads of the same, so nicely -done as to appear to be glued on. The whole fabric was thus made to resemble -an accidental knot of the tree, grown over with moss. Another nest, -observed by the same writer, was fixed on the depending branches of a wild -cherry, and was fifty feet from the ground. So lofty a position as this is -probably very unusual. I have never met with any higher than ten feet -from the ground.</p> - -<p>The food of this Vireo is chiefly insects, and in the breeding-season is -altogether so. Later in the season they mingle with these various kinds of -small berries.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species vary from .95 to .88 of an inch in length, and -from .65 to .60 in breadth. Their ground-color is white, often with a very -perceptible tint of roseate when fresh. In this respect they differ in a very -marked manner from the eggs of any other of this genus, except, perhaps, -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</i>, and may thus always be very easily recognized. They are -more or less boldly marked with blotches of a dark roseate-brown, also peculiar -to the eggs of this species, though varying greatly in their size and -depth of color.</p> - -<p>This Vireo winters, in great numbers, in Central America, and was largely -represented in the collection of Dr. Van Patten from Guatemala. It was -also found at Pirico, in Colombia, South America, by Mr. C. W. Wyatt. -It occurs in abundance as far to the west as Grinnell, Iowa, where Mr. -W. H. Parker found it to be a very common summer resident.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--443.png--><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 382]</span> -<span class="sc">Subgenus</span> <b class="birdname ls">VIREO</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>, <abbr -lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 83. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Muscicapa noveboracensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_443a.jpg" - width="300" height="105" - alt="Vireo noveboracensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo noveboracensis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">29248</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the tail, equal to it, or shorter. -First primary distinct and large, from two fifths to half or more the length of the second, -shorter or not longer than the eighth.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_443b.jpg" - width="250" height="152" - alt="Vireo noveboracensis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo noveboracensis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i> are essentially -those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</i>; the bill, however, is -shorter; the first quill always present, better -developed, sometimes more than half the -second. The wings are shorter, and more -rounded; the tarsi usually longer. The, -sections are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Vireo.</b> Wings pointed; first quill less than half the second, which is about equal -to seventh or eighth, and decidedly longer than the tenth primary and the secondaries. -Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. noveboracensis</i>.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Vireonella.</b> Wings rounded, scarcely longer than the tail; the first quill half as long -as the second (or more than half), which is not longer than the tenth primary and secondaries, -or even less. Bill and feet generally much stouter than the preceding. Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. -gundlachi</i>.</p> - -<p>None of the species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonella</i> are found in the United States.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -All the species olivaceous or ashy above, beneath whitish, -or olivaceous-yellow. Wings with light bands. A light stripe from bill -over the eye, but not beyond it, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmioli</i>. Iris brown, as far as known, -except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. noveboracensis</i>, where it is white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Two conspicuous light bands on wing.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Sexes different. Whole lore white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname">V. atricapillus.</b> Above olive-green, outer edges of tail-feathers -bright yellowish-green; wing-bands greenish-white. Sides -olivaceous-yellow. -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Head and neck (except lore, orbital ring, chin, -and throat) deep black; lower parts pure white medially. <i class="sex">Female</i> -with the black replaced by dull slate; lower parts ochraceous-white -medially. Wing, 2.30; tail, 1.80; tarsus, .68; bill, from nostril, -.24. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Texas; Mazatlan, Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Sexes alike. Lore dusky, with light mark above it.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--444.png--><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 383]</span> -2. <b class="birdname">V. carmioli.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_78" id="fnanchor_78"></a><a href="#footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></span> Above brownish olive-green. Beneath, with -supra-loral stripe, orbital ring, and light markings on the wings, light -ochrey-yellow more whitish on the throat. Wing, 2.55; tail, 2.00; -tarsus, .66; bill, .26. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica.</p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname">V. noveboracensis.</b> Above olive-green, ashy across the nape. -Supra-loral stripe and orbital ring deep yellow. Beneath ashy-white -on throat, purer white on abdomen; sides, and a tinge across the -breast, light yellow. Iris white. Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.00; tarsus, -.63; bill, .26. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, south (in -winter) to Guatemala (and Bogota?); very rare in Cuba; abundant -and resident in Bermuda.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname">V. huttoni.</b> Above grayish-olive, more olive-green toward tail. -Below pale grayish-buff. Orbital ring very broad, yellowish-white. -Wing, 2.50; tail, 2.05; tarsus, .67; bill, .24. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California; in -winter, Western Mexico to Oaxaca.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> Only one band on wing, and this indistinct.</p> - -<p class="indent3">5. <b class="birdname">V. belli.</b> Above ashy-olive, more virescent posteriorly. Markings -on side of head not well defined. Below dull white, with a -slight buffy tinge, strongly stained with yellow on sides and flanks. -Upper feathers of middle row of wing-coverts passing into paler at -tip, producing an indication of an anterior band. Wing, 2.20; tail, -1.80; tarsus, .69; bill, .25. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Plains between the Mississippi -Valley and the Rocky Mountains, from Dakota to Texas; in winter -south to Tehuantepec, Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent3">6. <b class="birdname">V. pusillus.</b> Above grayish-ash, very slightly tinged with olive -on rump. Below dull white, ashy laterally, the flanks with the -slightest possible tinge of yellow. Wing, 2.30; tail, 2.20; tarsus, -.69; bill, .24, .13 deep. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arizona; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower -California; California north to Sacramento City.</p> - -<p class="indent3">7. <b class="birdname">V. vicinior.</b> Above bluish-ash, below ashy-white, scarcely -more ashy laterally. Lores entirely ashy-white. Wing, 2.60; tail, -2.40; tarsus, .67; bill, .26, .18 deep. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Fort Whipple, Arizona.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireo atricapillus</b>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo atricapillus</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1852, 60 (San Pedro, <abbr title="Texas">Tex.</abbr>).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Sitgreaves’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> 1853, 75, <abbr title="plate 1">pl. i</abbr>, -Birds.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> 1854, 153, <abbr title="plate 24">pl. -xxiv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 337; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 353.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -1870, 121.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_444.jpg" - width="250" height="130" - alt="Vireo atricapillus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo atricapillus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6818</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 6,818.) Top and sides of head and neck black; rest of upper parts olive-green. -Wing and tail feathers almost black on -their upper surface, the quills and rectrices edged -with olive (paler on the exterior primaries), the -wing-coverts with two greenish-white bands on -a blackish ground. Broad line from bill to and -around eye (not meeting on forehead) with under -parts white; the sides of body olivaceous; the -axillars and inner wing-coverts (perhaps crissum) -<!--445.png--><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 384]</span> -yellowish. Bill black; feet plumbeous; iris bright red. First quill less than half the -second, which about equals the tenth; third little shorter than fourth (longest).</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> With the black replaced by dull slate; lower parts -ochraceous-white medially. -Possibly a distinct species (Mazatlan).</p> - -<p class="small">(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 6,818.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 4.75; expanse of wings, 7.25; wing from -carpal joint, 2.12. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.10; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.95.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern border of Western Texas; Mazatlan.</p> - -<p>The black head of this species, as far as known, makes it unique in the -genus. It is extremely rare, but three or four specimens being known.</p> - -<p>We refer to this species a specimen—probably a female—obtained at -Mazatlan, on the western coast of Mexico, in April, by Colonel Grayson (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution, Number">S. -I., No.</abbr> 55,046). This specimen differs from those from Texas in having the -black of the head replaced by a dull dark slate-color, the olive above rather -less virescent, and the lower parts not pure white, but somewhat buffy. As -all the other essential characters are identical, there being in both the -white space covering the whole lore, and orbital ring interrupted on top,—features -not seen in any other species,—we have little hesitation in considering -them the same species; which opinion is moreover strengthened by -the fact, that among the Texas specimens, all with black caps, there are -no females.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the general history and habits of this rare species very little -is known. It was first met with by Dr. Woodhouse, on the 26th of May, -1851, in Western Texas. This was on the Rio San Pedro, within ten miles -of its source. He found it among some cedars, and was attracted by its very -singular notes. It was in continual motion, like a Wood Warbler, and was -by him at first supposed to be one of those birds. He obtained two specimens, -both of which proved to be males.</p> - -<p>Mr. John H. Clark, the naturalist of the Mexican Boundary Commission, -likewise found this species in Texas, and not far from the same locality in -which it was discovered by Dr. Woodhouse. His attention also was drawn -to the bird by its shrill discordant chirp, which it uttered incessantly in its -pursuit of insects. Three specimens only were seen, and all of them at one -locality, the valley of the Rio San Pedro, to which it seemed to be confined. -It was not at all shy, and showed no concern when Mr. Clark approached -within a few rods. Its constant motion, hopping incessantly from branch -to branch, made it a matter of some difficulty to procure specimens. It -was found in June, and the single specimen shot by Mr. Clark was also a -male.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--446.png--><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 385]</span> -<b class="birdname">Vireo noveboracensis</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-EYED VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa noveboracensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr> 1788, 947 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Green Flycatcher</i>, <span -class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 389). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo noveb.</i> <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Observations … Wilson's">Obs. Wilson</abbr>, 1825.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>; <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 338; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 354.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr>—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, -204 (Xalapa); 228 (Vera Cruz).—<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1860, 274 (Coban, -<abbr title="Guatemala">Guat.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, -1859, 71 (resident).—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Three"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. III</abbr>, 469 (Cuba).—<span -class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 324 (Cuba; rare).—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 275. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo musicus</i>, <abbr -title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseuax de l'Amerique Septentrionale -1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 83, <abbr title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa cantatrix</i>, <abbr -title="Wilson Two"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> II</abbr>, 1810, 266, <abbr title="plate 18">pl. xviii</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figures: <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography -plate 63">Orn. Biog. pl. lxiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="North America -Four, plate 240">N. A. IV, pl. ccxl</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10,193 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Illinois.) First primary about half the length of second, -which is longer than secondaries, and about equal to the eighth; the fourth longest; third -and fifth little shorter.</p> - -<p class="small">Above quite olive-green; sides of neck, and a gloss on its upper surface, ashy. The -middle concealed portion of feathers of lower back and rump pale sulphur-yellowish. -Beneath white; the chin and lower cheeks with a grayish tinge; the sides of breast and -body, with axillars and base of crissum (more faintly), bright yellow; the inner wing-coverts -and rest of crissum much paler, almost white. A broad yellow line from nostrils -to and continuous with a yellow ring round the eye, which is encircled exteriorly by -olivaceous; a dusky loral, but no post-ocular spot. Wings with two covert-bands and -innermost secondaries externally, broadly yellowish-white; rest of quills edged externally -with olive, except the two outer and tips of other primaries, which are grayish. Rectrices -edged externally with olive, except outermost, which is bordered by grayish. All the long -quills bordered internally by whitish. Bill blue-black, paler on the edges; legs dark -plumbeous. Iris white. Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains; south to Guatemala; Bogota? -Very rare in Cuba. Abundant and resident in the Bermudas.</p> - -<p>Specimens vary slightly in a greater amount of ashy on the head, and less -brilliancy of the yellow of head and sides. Sometimes there is a decided -ashy shade in the white of throat and jugulum, which again has a very faint -tinge of yellowish.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The White-eyed Vireo is one of the most common and one of -the most widely diffused of its genus in all parts of the United States east -of the Rocky Mountains. It apparently breeds in all parts of the Union, -from Texas and the Indian Territory on the southwest to Iowa and Wisconsin, -and as far to the northeast as Massachusetts. In the last-named State -it becomes exceedingly rare, and beyond it is apparently not found, none -having been met with either by Messrs. Verrill or Boardman in any part of -Maine. In Western Massachusetts it was not found by Mr. Allen, though -it occurs in the eastern part, along the coast. Mr. Dresser found it common -in Western Texas, many remaining there to breed, and Dr. Woodhouse also -found it abundant in Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian Territory, where -it frequented the thickets bordering on the streams. It breeds abundantly -in the Northwest States of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. It also breeds in -the islands of Bermuda.</p> - -<p><!--447.png--><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 386]</span> -In the winter months this species retires to the more southern States, and -to Mexico and Central and South America, though Sumichrast does not give -it as occurring in the Department of Vera Cruz. Nuttall found it in South -Carolina in the middle of January, and Wilson met with them in full song in -Georgia in February. The fact that it was seven weeks after this before they -made their appearance in Pennsylvania is given by that writer as evidence -of the gradual progression made by this species in its movements northward, -regulated by the development of the season. Audubon, however, states the -first of March as about the time of its first appearance in Louisiana. He -also mentions that this species is a constant resident in the Floridas during -winter, and also in the lower portions of Alabama and Georgia. A -large number also pass farther south, as is shown by the abundance of the -arrivals in early spring on the coast of Texas. Mr. Audubon states also -that Townsend met with them on the Columbia River, and that he himself -found them along the coast in Maine, Nova Scotia, and Labrador. This, -however, I am inclined to consider a misstatement, as they have not since -been detected either west of Dakota or north of the <abbr title="forty-second">42d</abbr> parallel.</p> - -<p>This Vireo is one of the most conspicuous singers of this family. Its -songs are more earnest and louder than those of any of our Eastern species, -and exhibit the greatest variations, beginning in the earlier part of the season -with a simple low whistle, but changing in May into a very quaint and -peculiar succession of irregular notes. Some of these are very softly and -sweetly whistled, while others are uttered with a vehemence and shrillness -that seem hardly possible in so small a bird.</p> - -<p>This is an unsuspecting and familiar bird, permitting a near approach, and -when whistled to will often stop and eye you with marked curiosity, and -even approach a little nearer, as if to obtain a better view, entirely unconscious -of any danger. This is not so, however, when they have a nest. On -this occasion they exhibit great uneasiness when their nest is visited, approaching -very near to the intruder, looking down upon him with marked -expressions of uneasiness, and scolding all the while with great earnestness, -and with a hoarse mewing that is very peculiar. This display is -continued even after the fledglings are full grown and able to take care of -themselves.</p> - -<p>The food of this species in early summer is almost exclusively small insects, -which it gleans with great assiduity. In Eastern Massachusetts, like -all its kindred, it feeds eagerly upon the young larvæ of the destructive -canker-worm, and doubtless, in the wilder portions of the country, is of considerable -service in restricting the increase of this scourge.</p> - -<p>The White-eyed Vireo may usually be found in wild, swampy, open -grounds, near the edges of woods, and where there are small thickets of -smilax and other briers and wild vines, in the midst of which it often builds -its pensile nest. These nests are rarely, if ever, more than three or four feet -from the ground. Two nests of this bird, one from Neosho Falls, Kansas, -<!--448.png--><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 387]</span> -the other from Lynn, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, may be taken as characteristic of the species. -They are almost exactly hemispherical in shape, their height and diameter -being the same,—three inches. They were suspended from low bushes, -hanging from the extreme ends of the twigs, among which the nests were -fastened by fine impacted masses of wood-mosses, which are very nicely and -elaborately interwoven with the lower portions of the outer covering of the -nest. The latter is composed of a singular medley of various materials, -among which may be noticed broken fragments of dry leaves, bits of decayed -wood and bark, coarse blades of grass, various vegetable fibres, lichens, -fragments of insects, mosses, straws, stems, etc. These are all wrapped round -and firmly bound together with strong hempen fibres of vegetables. Within -this outer envelope is an inner nest, made of the finer stems of grasses -and dry needles of the white pine, firmly interwoven. For the size of the -bird, these nests are proportionally larger and deeper than any others of the -common kinds. The cavity is two or two and a half inches deep.</p> - -<p>The eggs are usually five in number. One from Georgia measures .77 by -.55 of an inch, and is of an oblong-oval shape; another, from Massachusetts, -is much more broadly ovate, measuring .80 by .62. Their greatest breadth -is .65 of an inch, and their length .80. They have a clear -crystal-white -ground, spotted about the larger end with fine dark-purple and reddish-brown -dots.</p> - -<p>This species is one of the most common foster-parents of the Cowbird, -the eggs of which are always tenderly cared for, and the offspring nurtured -by them, always to the destruction of their own nestlings.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireo huttoni</b>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HUTTON’S VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo huttoni</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1851, 150 (Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>).—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1852, <abbr title="plate 1">pl. i</abbr>, fig. 1.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 339, <abbr title="plate 78">pl. lxxviii</abbr>, fig. 2; <abbr -title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 357.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1858, 302 (Oaxaca); 1862, 19 (La Parada).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 358, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 256.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 121.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 3,725.) First quill rather less than half second, which about equals the -tenth; third a little longer than seventh; fourth and fifth nearly equal, and longest. Tail -slightly rounded, shorter than wings. Bill very -small.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_448.jpg" - width="250" height="128" - alt="Vireo huttoni" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo huttoni.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">3725</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small">Above olive-green; brightest behind, especially -on rump and edging of tail, duller and more -ashy towards and on top and sides of head -and neck. Wings with two bands on coverts, -and outer edges of innermost secondaries rather -broadly olivaceous-white; other quills edged externally -with olive-green, paler towards outer -primary; internally with whitish. Lateral tail-feather edged externally with yellowish-white. -Feathers of rump with much concealed yellowish-gray.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--449.png--><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 388]</span> -Under parts pale olivaceous-yellowish; purest behind, lightest on the throat and abdomen; -the breast more olivaceous, the sides still deeper olive-green, the breast soiled with a -slight buffy tinge. Axillars and crissum yellowish; the inside of wings whitish. Loral -region and a narrow space around eye dull-yellowish, in faint contrast to the olive of head. -Bill horn-color above, paler below; legs dusky.</p> - -<p class="small">Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.05; difference between tenth and longest quills, -.43; exposed portion of first primary, .72, of second, 1.52, of longest, fourth, and fifth -(measured from exposed base of first primary), 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .45, from -nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16; hind -toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .22.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -California and Western Mexico, to Oaxaca; La Parada (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>); Orizaba (alpine -region, resident, <abbr title="Sumichrast"><span class="sc">Sumichr.</span></abbr>).</p> - -<p>The description just given is based upon the type specimen, probably in -winter plumage. Spring specimens do not vary materially except in greater -purity of white edgings of the feathers. Two Mexican specimens are rather -larger, the wing measuring 2.50, the tail 2.30. No other differences are -appreciable. In general the first primary is about half the second, sometimes -rather less.</p> - -<p>This species is readily distinguished from other Vireos, excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. -modestus</i>, which it greatly resembles in the small bill, form, coloration, and -size; nor indeed is it easy to separate them. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">modestus</i>, however, the -first quill is usually more than half the second, not less; the wing shorter, -and less pointed; the tail longer. The upper parts are more uniform, not -much brighter towards rump.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species is one of comparatively recent origin, and of its history -but little is as yet known. It was first described by Cassin, in 1851, from -a specimen obtained in Monterey, <abbr title="California One">Cal. I</abbr>t has been found in various parts -of California, in the valley of the Gila, and in the northern and eastern portions -of Mexico. Mr. Sumichrast gives it as a resident of the alpine region -of the Department of Vera Cruz.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper has observed this bird near San Diego, late in February, where -he at first mistook it for the Ruby-crowned Wren, a bird that winters there -in abundance, and which he states resembles this species closely in appearance -and habits. Two of them came to within a few feet of where he sat, -scolding in a harsh tone. He recognized then their larger size and different -plumage, as well as their remarkably large eyes, and a peculiar slowness and -deliberation in their movements as they searched the foliage for insects.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper has since found them wintering plentifully up to latitude 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. -Having observed but few of them in the Coast Range, in May, he thinks that -most of them go farther north in summer. At San Diego, however, he shot -a female, on the 9th of March, containing an egg nearly ready to be laid. -He had not been able to find the nest, which is presumed to be built in the -dense shade of the evergreen oaks (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quercus agrifolia</i>). Their song is said to -consist of a few short and quaint notes. Among the memoranda of Mr. -Xantus, made at Fort Tejon, I find the following: (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,827.) Nest and -<!--450.png--><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 389]</span> -eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo huttoni</i>, found May 8, one foot from the ground, under high -trees, suspended from three high stems of weeds, fastened to them, but very -loosely put together. The eggs had been incubated. He furnished no further -description of nest or eggs.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireo belli</b>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BELL’S VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds -<abbr title="America Seven">Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 333, <abbr title="485">pl. cccclxxxv</abbr> (Missouri River).—<span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1851, -150.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 337; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> -358.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 42, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> -258.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 330.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 123.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_450.jpg" - width="250" height="101" - alt="Vireo belli" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo belli.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1926</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,926.) Above olive-green, brightest on the rump; tinged anteriorly -with ashy; the top and sides of head ashy, in faint contrast. A line from nostrils to eye -(scarcely beyond it), and eyelids very pale yellowish-white; lores dusky. Under parts, -including inner wing-coverts, and -edge of wing, creamy-white; the -sides, axillars, and crissum pale yellow -(sides of lower neck and of -breast glossed with olivaceous, faintest -on the longer feathers of the latter). -Two rather narrow bands on the -wing-coverts, and the outer edges of -innermost secondaries white; the -other quills edged with faded olivaceous. Inner edges of quills whitish. Tail-feathers -brown, edged externally with olive; internally fading into paler brown. Median portion -of rump feathers concealed with pale yellowish. Bill horn-color above, pale below. Legs -plumbeous. “Iris brown.”</p> - -<p class="small">First quill spurious; not quite half the second, which is about equal to the eighth; third -and fourth quills longest; fifth scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or a little rounded, the -feathers narrow.</p> - -<p class="small">Total length, 4.20; wing, 2.18; tail, 1.90; tarsus, .75.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States, from Missouri River to base of Rocky Mountains; Tehuantepec, -Mexico (October, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>); Missouri (<span class="sc">Hoy</span>); Iowa (<span class="sc">Allen</span>); Southeast Illinois -(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>The above description is taken from a type specimen received from Mr. -Audubon, and represents the average spring plumage. Autumnal skins are -rather brighter, and there is occasionally an ochraceous tinge on the white -of the under parts.</p> - -<p>This species at first sight appears like a miniature of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. gilvus</i>, the head -being almost exactly similar. The back is, however, much brighter olive, -the sides and crissum deeper yellow. The superciliary light stripe is shorter. -The white markings of the wings are wanting in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i>. The wing, tail, and -feet are entirely different in their proportions.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first procured by Mr. Audubon’s party in the -excursion to the Yellowstone River, in what is now known as Dakota Territory. -<!--451.png--><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 390]</span> -In his account of it Mr. Audubon states that it is usually found in -the bottom-lands along the shores of the Upper Missouri River, from the -neighborhood of the Black Snake Hills, as far as they ascended that river. In -its habits he describes it as more nearly allied to the White-eyed Vireo than -any other.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse, in his report of the Zuñi River Expedition, mentions finding -this species abundant in Texas. Mr. Dresser also speaks of it as not -uncommon, during the summer, near San Antonio, and remaining there to -breed. He mentions finding a nest on the <abbr title="second">2d</abbr> of July in a <cite>wesatche</cite> bush -near the San Pedro, containing three eggs of this species and one of the Cow-Bunting. -Being anxious to procure the parent bird he left it, but on his -return the nest had been torn and the Vireo’s eggs smashed. Dr. Heermann -found a nest on the Medina about the same time. He describes this nest as -beautifully formed of fine grasses, and hung from the small twigs of a tree. -The eggs, four in number, were very small, white, with an occasional reddish -dot at the larger end. The nest found by Dr. Heermann was attached to the -pendent twigs of a willow. The stomachs of these Vireos were found to -contain small green caterpillars.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with this species near Fort Riley, May 23. It appeared to -be quite common, and was found inhabiting thickets and clumps of bushes, -like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. noveboracensis</i>, but having a very different song, the peculiarity of -which first attracted his attention. Mr. Ridgway found it to be a common -summer resident in the thickets and copses of Southern Illinois, especially in -the prairie districts. He first met with it on the 8th of June, 1871, on Fox -Prairie, in Richland County. His attention was drawn to it by its peculiar -song, which has a general resemblance to that of the White-eyed Vireo, having -the same odd delivery, but being more sputtering, reminding one somewhat -of the song of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes ædon</i>.</p> - -<p>This Vireo appears to have quite an extended distribution during the -breeding-season, or from Texas to the Upper Missouri, and even as far as the -eastern edge of Southern Illinois. It breeds also as far to the east as Eastern -Kansas. Its western limits are not so clearly defined. It was not found -by Mr. Ridgway in Nevada or Utah, nor by Dr. Coues in Arizona.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species, found in June, near Neosho Falls, Kansas, by Mr. -B. F. Goss (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution Collection">S. I. Coll.</abbr>, 1,875), is pensile; suspended from two small twigs, which -make the basis of three fourths of its rim. Over these is strongly bound -a finely felted webbing of the flax-like fibres of plants, interwoven with -slender stems. With these are connected and interwoven also the materials -that make up the periphery of the nest itself. This is composed of long -and slender strips of bark, fragments of dry leaves, bits of wood, and various -other fragmentary substances. The nest, unlike others of this family, is -lined with down, and the fine long hair of some animals, instead of with -vegetable stems. The diameter as well as the height of this nest is about -two and a half inches.</p> - -<p><!--452.png--><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 391]</span> -Another nest from West Texas, obtained by Captain Pope, is essentially -different in its general characteristics. It is three inches in diameter, -and but one inch and three quarters high. The opening is circular, but -only one and a half inches wide. Below the rim the cavity widens until it -is two and a half inches in diameter. The outer nest is made up of an -interweaving of fine strips of bark and dry leaves, intermixed with and -firmly bound around by strong flax-like fibres of different plants. Within, -it is lined with fine flexible grasses and stems of plants.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are from .73 to .76 of an inch in length, and from -.52 to .56 in breadth. They are pure white, sparingly spotted with fine red -dots distributed around the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireo pusillus</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LEAST VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo pusillus</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1866.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 360.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds North America, One, -seven">Illust. Birds N. A. I, vii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> -1, 1870, 124. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Vireo belli</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California -Academy">Pr. Cal. Acad.</abbr> 1861, 122 (Fort Mohave).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_452.jpg" - width="250" height="99" - alt="Vireo pusillus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo pusillus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">31893</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Somewhat similar in general appearance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia gilva</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</i>, -but smaller. Bill very small; tarsi lengthened. Wings about equal to the tail, which is -lengthened, graduated, and with the feathers narrow and pointed. Exposed part of first -primary about half that of the second, -which is intermediate between -seventh and eighth; the fourth and -fifth longest.</p> - -<p class="small">Above grayish-ash, with a tinge of -olive behind. Beneath, including the -inside of the wings, white, with a -soiled tinge on the sides of the -throat and across the breast. Axillars -and flanks exhibiting a faint trace of greenish-yellow. Eyelids and a short line from -the nostrils to the eye whitish; no other stripe apparent. A dusky loral spot. Primary -coverts edged indistinctly with whitish, producing an obscure band (a second on the middle -coverts hardly appreciable). Quills and tail-feathers edged externally with pale grayish-olive, -the innermost secondaries with whitish. Bill dusky above, whitish beneath. Legs -plumbeous. Iris of two specimens marked as “light brown,” of another as “rufous.”</p> - -<p class="small">The details of structure taken from <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23,785, of color from <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23,788: Length, of -23,785 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, 4.80 when fresh, of skin, 4.25; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.25; bill above, .37; tarsus, -.73; middle toe and claw, .50; hind toe and claw, .42. First quill, .70; second, 1.40; -longest (fifth), 1.64. (Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; San Diego; Fort Mohave, and Arizona; Sacramento, California -(<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>This species scarcely needs comparison with any other, except, perhaps, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. pallens</i> of Middle America, which, however, besides belonging to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonella</i>, -and not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</i>, as restricted, differs in many minor, but no less essential -points. The coloration of the two is remarkably similar, but <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</i> has -<!--453.png--><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 392]</span> -only one indistinct band on the wing, instead of two sharply defined ones. -The bill is much smaller, and the tail longer, than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallens</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. belli</i> is -less ashy above and less pure white beneath, the sides much more yellowish; -the wing is also longer, and the tail much shorter. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. vicinior</i> is -much larger, with the wing longer than the tail, instead of shorter; the ash -above has a bluish instead of a greenish cast; the lores are wholly grayish-white, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Least Vireo is a recently described species of its genus, and -one in regard to whose history comparatively little has been ascertained. It -was first met with at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas by Mr. Xantus, and described by Dr. -Coues in 1866. Dr. Coues assigns as its habitat Lower and Southern California, -Sonora, and Arizona, at least as far north as Fort Whipple. Dr. -Cooper also found it at Fort Mohave. Dr. Coues met with it fifty miles south -of Fort Whipple, where he found it breeding abundantly. He gives no information -in regard to its habits. Dr. Cooper states that he found it rather -common along the upper part of Mohave River, in June, 1861; and in the -following spring, about April 20, they began to arrive at San Diego in considerable -numbers. In its habits Dr. Cooper thinks it greatly resembles <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. -gilvus</i>, though it differs entirely in its song. The notes of those that he heard -singing resembled very much those of the Polioptilas uttering a quaint mixture -of the notes of the Wrens, Swallows, and Vireos. They also seem to -possess more or less of imitative powers. At Sacramento he saw and heard, -in the willows along the river, individuals which, from their peculiar notes, -he had no doubt were of this species, but he did not verify his conjectures. -His suppositions were confirmed later by the observations of Mr. Ridgway, -who states that he found these birds the most abundant as well as the most -characteristic Greenlet in the vicinity of Sacramento. It is a species, he -adds, easily recognized, being in all respects quite distinct from any other. -The character of its notes, as well as its habits, show it to be a true Vireo. -Its song, though weaker, bears a great resemblance to that of the White-eyed. -A nest of this species was found by him near Sacramento. It was placed -about three feet from the ground, in a low bush in a copse of willows. Like -all the nests of this genus it was pensile, being attached to and suspended -from the twigs of a branch.</p> - -<p>Two nests of this interesting species were also obtained near Camp Grant, -Arizona, in 1867, by Dr. E. Palmer. They are wrought like all the nests of -this kind, below the small forked branches of a tree, suspended from the extremity -of its twigs. They each have a diameter of about three and a half -inches, a height of two, with a cavity an inch and a half deep and two wide. -The external portion, like the nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. belli</i>, is wrought with woven -hemp-like vegetable fibres, strongly bound around the ends of the twigs and -covering the entire exterior. Within this is placed a strong, firmly made -basket, composed of slender strips of bark and long, fine, and flexible pine-needles, -with a lining of finer materials of the same. In one of these nests -<!--454.png--><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 393]</span> -there were three eggs of the Vireo, and one of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus?</i>). The -former were of a bright crystalline whiteness, marked with very minute and -hardly discernible spots of red, and measure .69 by .56 of an inch. The -egg of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</i>, except in its much smaller size, is hardly distinguishable -from those of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. pecoris</i>, and measures .75 by .56 of -an inch.</p> - -<p>In the other nest were also three eggs of the Vireo. They correspond in -size, but are much more distinctly marked with larger spots of a dark red -and reddish-brown. In this nest there is a somewhat larger proportion of -fine strips of inner bark, and mixed with these are also a few silky insect -cocoons, by means of which the nest is firmly bound around the twigs from -which the whole is suspended.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Vireo vicinior</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARIZONA VIREO.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo vicinior</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1866.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American -Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 361.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations">Illust.</abbr> Birds <abbr -title="North America One, seven">N. A. I, vii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 125.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_454.jpg" - width="250" height="231" - alt="Vireo vicinior" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo vicinior.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">40697</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 40,697 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Bill stout, considerably compressed and deep. Wings -moderately pointed, about equal to tail, which is decidedly graduated; first quill rather more -than half the second, which about equals -ninth and the secondaries; the fourth -and fifth longest. Tarsus considerably -longer than middle toe and claw; lateral -toes quite conspicuous for their disproportion, -the inner claw reaching only to base of -outer, and falling short of base of middle; -the terminal digit of inner toe reaching -only to end of second joint of middle toe.</p> - -<p class="small">Upper parts, with sides of head and -neck, ashy or light plumbeous, faintly olivaceous -on rump. Beneath white; slightly -ashy on sides of breast. Flanks and inside -of wings showing a faint trace of yellow, -only appreciable on raising the wings. -An obsolete line from bill to eye, and a -more distinct ring round the eye, white. -No bands on the wing, except a faint edging of whitish on the greater coverts; the quills -edged internally with white. Bill and legs plumbeous. “Iris brown. Mouth livid, -bluish-white.” (<span class="sc">Coues.</span>)</p> - -<p class="small">Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.60; expanse of wings, 8.60. Prepared specimen: -Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.60, its graduation, .22; difference of tenth and -longest quills, .40; exposed portion of first primary, .85, of second, 1.65, of longest (measured -from exposed base of first primary), 1.95; length of bill from forehead, .50, from -nostril, .32, along gape, .61; depth of bill, .18; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .51, -claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .19.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Prescott, Arizona.</p> - -<p><!--455.png--><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 394]</span> -This species might at first sight be taken for a small specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. plumbeus</i>, -the colors, character of bill, etc., being very similar, except that the white -of lores and around eye is much less distinct, the lore without any blackish -before the eye, and there is only one faint band on wing, instead of two conspicuous -ones; the tail-feathers, too, lack the distinct white edgings. The -much more rounded wing, and the first primary half the second or more, -will, however, readily distinguish them. The form of the bird is very much -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. pusillus</i>, which it resembles considerably also in color. The outer -quill is, however, longer, the bill deeper and more compressed, the inner lateral -toe considerably shorter, and the size larger. The colors are purer, without -the olive of the back or the yellowish of the under parts; the bill, too, -is entirely dark plumbeous, instead of horn-color, whitish beneath. From -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. pallens</i> it is distinguished by a smaller, darker bill; longer tail and wing; -one wing-band, not two; and purer colors.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In regard to the habits of this well-marked but very rare species -but little is as yet known. It was first described, in 1866, by Dr. Coues, -from a single specimen obtained by him near Fort Whipple, Arizona. It -was shot May 4, 1865, and is supposed by Dr. Coues to be a summer resident -of Arizona wintering in the Gila and the Lower Colorado Valleys, or in -Sonora.</p> - -</div><!--end family Vireonidæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--456.png--><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 395]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">AMPELIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Chatterers.</span></h2> - -<p>The characteristics of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelidæ</i> have already been presented in the -synopsis of allied families; chief among them, the short, broad, depressed, -and triangular bill with short gonys, the deeply cleft mouth, the short tarsus, -and the tendency to <a id="chg9" name="chg9"></a>subdivision of its lateral plates.</p> - -<p>The South American genus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dulus</i>, probably forms the type of a subfamily -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dulinæ</i>, characterized by the much arched gape of mouth, the metatarsal -scutellæ in two series, and the body streaked beneath, as in young <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis</i>. -The two other subfamilies may be defined as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname">Subfamilies.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Grape of mouth nearly straight. Metatarsal scutellæ in -three series. Body plain beneath.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Ampelinæ.</b> Wings very long and much pointed, longer than the short, -even tail. First primary excessively rudimentary; the outermost about the -longest. Gape without bristles. Frontal feathers extending forward beyond -the nostrils.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Ptilogonatinæ.</b> Horny appendages like red sealing-wax at end of shaft of -secondaries. Wings rounded, shorter than the graduated tail. First primary -nearly half the second. Gape well bristled. Frontal feathers falling short of -the nostrils. No red horny appendage to wing-feathers.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">AMPELINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Legs moderate. Nostrils elongated, linear, with the frontal feathers extending -close to the edge and to anterior extremity, concealing them; these feathers short, velvety, -and erect, with few bristles. Wings very long and acute; outer or first primary so -much reduced as to be almost inappreciable; the second nearly the longest. Wing nearly -twice the length of the short, narrow, even tail. Under coverts of tail reaching almost to -its tip. Secondary quills with flat horny appendages at end of shaft like red sealing-wax. -Young birds streaked beneath as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dulus</i>. Adults plain.</p> - -<p>Of this family as restricted, we have but a single genus in America.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">AMPELIS</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition One">ed. I</abbr>, 1766, 297. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Lanius garrulus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr> Named Linnæus in 1735.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail even. Tertials and secondaries with horny appendages like red sealing-wax. -A well-developed soft crest.</p> - -<p>A more elaborate diagnosis of this genus could be readily given (see <abbr title="Review American">Rev. -Am.</abbr> Birds, 404), but the above characters, as entirely peculiar, will serve to -establish it.</p> - -<p class="p2 centerindent"><!--457.png--><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 396]</span> -<b class="species-and-varieties">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -A lengthened crest of soft blended feathers. Colors, soft -silky brownish becoming more vinaceous anteriorly, and ashy posteriorly above. -A black stripe on side of head, from nasal feathers across lores through the eye -and behind it beneath crest, and a patch of the same on chin, with a white streak -between them, on side of lower jaw.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Wing variegated. Lower tail-coverts rufous. Crest much developed. -Forehead and side of head bright purplish-rufous. Black patch covering -whole throat, and sharply defined. No white line between black of lore, -etc., and brown of forehead. Inner webs of primaries tipped narrowly with -white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Terminal band of tail red.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname">A. phœnicopterum.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_79" id="fnanchor_79"></a><a href="#footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></span> Greater coverts tipped with red, producing -a band across the wing. No yellow on tips of primaries. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Japan and Eastern Siberia.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Terminal band of tail yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname">A. garrulus.</b> Secondaries and primary coverts tipped with white, -forming two broad short bands. Primaries with outer webs tipped -with yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arctic regions of both hemispheres; in winter -south into northern United States, and along Rocky Mountains -as far as Fort Massachusetts, New Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> Wings unvariegated. Lower tail-coverts white. Crest moderately developed. -Forehead, etc., not different from crest. Chin only black, this -fading gradually into the brown of throat. A white line between black of -lore, etc., and brown of forehead. Inner webs of primaries not tipped with -white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Terminal band of tail yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><b class="birdname">A. cedrorum.</b> Wing bluish-ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America, -from 52<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> N., south (in winter?) to Guatemala; Jamaica and -Cuba in winter.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Ampelis garrulus</b>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NORTHERN WAXWING; BOHEMIAN CHATTERER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius garrulus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -“Fauna Suecica 2, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 82.”—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema -Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 95. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis garrulus</i>, <abbr -title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 12th <abbr -title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1766, 297 (Europe).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 317; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 405.—<span class="sc">Boardman</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society -Natural History Nine">Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX</abbr>, 1862, 126 (Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings California Academy Two">Pr. Cal. Acad. II</abbr>, 1861 (1863), 122 (Fort Mohave, -<abbr title="Arizona">Ar.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla garrula</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 50.—<span -class="sc">Rich.</span>—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography -Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 462, <abbr title="plate 363">pl. ccclxiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 169, <abbr title="plate 246">pl. -ccxlvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr title="Birds Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr>, 107.—<span -class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, 280 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 127.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 264. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla garrula</i>, <abbr title="Keyserling and Blasius"><span class="sc">Keys. & Blas.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Wirbelthiere Europa">Wirb. Europas</abbr>, 1840, 167.—<span class="sc">Degland</span>, <abbr -lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie Européenne 1">Ornith. Europ. I</abbr>, 1849, 349 (European).—<span -class="sc">Wolley</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 55 (nest and eggs).—<span -class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, 1861, 92, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr> (nesting).—<span class="sc">Nordmann</span>, <abbr -title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 307, and <abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr>, 1859, <abbr title="plate 1">pl. -i</abbr> (nesting). (European.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Other figures: <abbr title="Bonaparte American Ornithology Three, plate 16"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Am. -Orn. III, pl. xvi</abbr>.</p> - -<!--458.png--><!--plate 18--> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_18.jpg" - width="500" height="297" - alt="Color plate 18" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Eighteen">XVIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_18-1" name="pl_18-1"></a><img src="images/pl_18-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 18 detail 1, Ampelis garrulus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis garrulus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Montana, 11055</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_18-2" name="pl_18-2"></a><img src="images/pl_18-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 18 detail 2, Ampelis cedrorum" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis cedrorum</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr>, 42622.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_18-3" name="pl_18-3"></a><img src="images/pl_18-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 18 detail 3, Phænopepla nitens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla nitens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Swains.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 8275.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_18-4" name="pl_18-4"></a><img src="images/pl_18-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 18 detail 4, Phænopepla nitens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla nitens</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Swains.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_18-5" name="pl_18-5"></a><img src="images/pl_18-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 18 detail 5, Myiadestes townsendi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 16168.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_18-6" name="pl_18-6"></a><img src="images/pl_18-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 18 detail 6, Myiadestes townsendi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Audubon">Aud.</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, <abbr title="Northern Territory">N. T.</abbr>, 21444.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--459.png--><!--blank page--> -<!--460.png--><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 397]</span> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> Crest lengthened. Body generally soft, silky brownish-ashy, with a purplish -cast, the wing-coverts and scapulars more brownish, becoming more reddish anteriorly -and ashy posteriorly; the rump and upper tail-coverts, as well as the secondaries, being -nearly pure ash. Anteriorly the color passes gradually into deep vinaceous-chestnut on -the forehead to behind the eye and on the cheeks; abdomen yellowish-white. Lower -tail-coverts deep chestnut. A stripe on side of the head, covering the lores and nasal -feathers (scarcely meeting across the forehead), involving the eye and continued back toward -the occiput and beneath the crest, with a large patch covering the chin and throat, -deep black; a narrow crescent on lower eyelid, and a short stripe between the black of -the throat and that of the chin at the base of the lower mandible, two very broad bars on -the wing, one across ends of primary coverts, and the other across ends of secondaries (the -first occupying both webs, and the latter the outer), white. Primary coverts, primaries, -and tail slaty-black, the latter growing gradually ashy basally. A broad band across end -of tail, and a longitudinal space along end of outer web of primaries, gamboge-yellow,—the -marks on primaries, however, sometimes white, only stained with yellow. Each of the -secondaries with an expanded continuation of the shaft, in form of flattened, very thin, -somewhat elliptical appendages, of a bright vermilion-red resembling red sealing-wax. <i class="sex">Male</i> -with the white of outer web of primaries continued around end of inner webs also. -<i class="sex">Female</i> without white on terminal edge of inner webs of primaries, and with the “sealing-wax” -appendages smaller. <i class="age">Young</i> not seen. Length, 7.40; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.00.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_460.jpg" - width="300" height="132" - alt="Ampelis garrula." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis garrula.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">19221</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern parts of Europe, America, and Asia. In America not hitherto found -in the Pacific Province. In winter extending along the Rocky Mountains and the Plains -as far south as Fort Massachusetts and Fort Riley; regular visitor to shores of Lake Michigan -and Lake Erie. East of this rarely seen along the United States border. Fort Mohave -(???) (<span class="sc">Cooper</span>).</p> - -<p>The specimen seen by Dr. Cooper, at Fort Mohave, if really of this species, -fixes the most western locality on record.</p> - -<p>For many years authentic eggs of the Bohemian Chatterer were greatly -sought after, but it was not until 1856 that any were brought to the notice -of the scientific world, when the late Mr. H. Wolley discovered them in -Lapland. Early duplicates from his collection were sold at five guineas each, -and although a good many have since been obtained, they are yet considered -as great prizes. A nest, with its eggs, of those collected by Mr. Wolley, -has been presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Alfred Newton. -The only instances on record of their discovery in America are of a nest and -one egg by Mr. Kennicott, on the Yukon, in 1861, and a nest and single egg -<!--461.png--><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 398]</span> -on the Anderson River, by Mr. MacFarlane, both of which, with the female -parents, are in the possession of the Institution. Although there is frequently -considerable difference between individuals, there appears to be no -difference between those from the two continents.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Waxwing is, in many respects, one of the most interesting -and remarkable of the birds of North America. The roving character of its -life, the mystery, still only imperfectly solved, of its habits and residence -during its breeding-season, and its somewhat cosmopolitan residence in Europe, -Asia, and America, impart to it an interest that attaches to but few -other species. Though not common in any portions of the United States, -and only appearing at all during midwinter, yet in the more northern States, -in which it is occasionally found, it moves in such large flocks, and is so -noticeable and conspicuous a bird, that it never fails to make a lasting impression, -and hardly seems to us so very rare as it undoubtedly is.</p> - -<p>In a single instance, in midwinter, somewhere about 1844, during a severe -snow-storm, a large flock of these birds made their appearance in Boston, and -alighted on a large horse-chestnut tree that stood in an open and retired -place. There were at least twenty or thirty in the flock; they remained in -their shelter undisturbed for some time, and their true specific character -was plainly noticeable.</p> - -<p>Several specimens were procured near Worcester, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, and given to Dr. -Bryant. Eleven individuals of this species were shot in Bolton by Mr. S. -Jillson, January, 1864, and others have since been noticed in Watertown by -Mr. William Brewster. They have also been obtained near Hartford, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, -by Dr. Wood.</p> - -<p>Prior to this, as Mr. Audubon states, specimens had been procured near -Philadelphia, and in the winters of 1830 and 1832 several of these birds -were also shot on Long Island.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman mentions that they are occasional, in winter, near Calais; -and Professor Verrill, who did not meet with it in Norway, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, cites it as -accidental and rare in the State.</p> - -<p>It is not common in the Arctic regions. Specimens of the bird were -obtained on Anderson River, in 1862, by Mr. MacFarlane, but he was not -able to find the nest. At Fort Yukon, July 4, Mr. Kennicott met with -the nest of this species. The nest, which contained but one egg, was about -eighteen feet from the ground, and was built on a side branch of a small -spruce that was growing at the outer edge of a clump of thick spruces, on -low ground. The nest was large, the base being made of small, dry spruce -twigs. Internally it was constructed of fine grass and moose-hair, and lined -thickly with large feathers. The female was shot, as she rose from her nest, -by Mr. Kennicott’s hunter, who had concealed himself near the spot for that -purpose. Mr. Kennicott had seen the nest and both parents near it before -it was taken, and had thoroughly satisfied himself as to its complete identification.</p> - -<p><!--462.png--><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 399]</span> -Ross speaks of them as not rare throughout the district in which they -winter, but yet not numerous. He adds that at Great Bear Lake they are -very plentiful, and that they are reported to nest there. Mr. Dall states -that they were quite common at Nulato, where they did not arrive before -June 10, or later. He obtained a number of skins from the Indians, taken -in his absence. He adds that it breeds, and its eggs have been obtained at -Fort Yukon.</p> - -<p>Except in a few instances, where Dr. Cooper noticed this species, in -September, at Fort Laramie, and also when he obtained an individual on -the Colorado, none of these birds have been seen west of the Rocky Mountains. -The bird obtained by Dr. Cooper was, in his opinion, a straggler from -some neighboring mountain. It made its appearance January 10, after a -period of stormy weather, and was shot while feeding on the berries of the -mistletoe.</p> - -<p>This bird was first noticed in America, in the spring of 1826, near the -sources of the Athabasca River, by Mr. Drummond, and in the same season -by Sir John Richardson, at Great Bear Lake, latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. In the latter -region he states that they appeared in flocks about the 24th of May. At -that time the spring thaw had exposed the berries of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Arbutus</i> and the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vaccinium</i>, that had been covered during the winter. It stayed only a few -days, and none of the Indians knew where it bred, or had ever seen its nest. -Afterwards, early in May, 1827, Sir John Richardson saw a large flock of three -or four hundred individuals at Carlton House, on the Saskatchewan. They -all alighted in a grove of poplars, on one or two trees, making a loud twittering -noise. They stayed only about an hour in the morning, and were too -shy to be approached within gunshot.</p> - -<p>In England they have been known to appear as early as August. They -are always shy, and not easily approached. In their activity and incessant -change of position and place, they are said to resemble the Titmice. They -feed on the berries of the mountain-ash, the hawthorn, and the ivy. They will -also feed on insects, catching them as dexterously as Flycatchers. Their call-note -is a single chirp, frequently repeated.</p> - -<p>Mr. McCulloch, writing to Mr. Audubon, gives a touching account of the -devotion shown by one of these birds to its wounded mate. The latter had -been so crippled that it was hardly able to move. Its mate stationed itself -on the top of the tree in which it had sought shelter, and with great vehemence -continually uttered the notes <i class="birdcall">tzee-tzee</i>, in alarm and warning, and, -when danger approached, flew against it and urged it on to flight, and -stayed to share its fate, rather than leave its partner.</p> - -<p>The nest and eggs of this species remained entirely unknown until the -spring of 1856, when the late Mr. John Wolley, an enthusiastic English -oölogist, first discovered them in Lapland. The season was unusually backward -and cold, and the nests contained their full complement by the 12th -of June. One of the nests, obtained in Finland, June 19, 1861 (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution">S. I.</abbr>, 5,327), -<!--463.png--><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 400]</span> -contained five eggs. It is of remarkable size in proportion to that of its -builder, measuring eight inches in diameter. It is flattened in shape, and -its cavity, though large, is not deep. The height of the nest is three and a -quarter inches, and the depth of the base is fully two and a half inches. The -cavity is less than an inch deep, and is four inches in diameter. The base -and outer periphery of this nest are of a coarse interlacing of the small ends -of branches of fir and spruce trees. Within this is built a close, compact -inner nest, chiefly composed of a lichen peculiar to Arctic regions, called -tree-hair, which hangs abundantly from the branches of trees in northern -forests. It resembles a mass of delicate black rootlets. These are not uncommon -ingredients in the nests of northern birds, especially of European. -In America, Arctic nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. carolinensis</i> are occasionally built of similar -materials. With these lichens are also mingled fragments of dry leaves -and soft dark-colored mosses. The rim of the nest is strongly made, almost -exclusively of these fine dark-colored lichens. This kind of lichen is not -always black, but is often brown, and even whitish. In some of these -nests silvery fibres of grass-leaves are mingled with the lichens, and in one -or two there is a slight lining of feathers.</p> - -<p>The Lapland nests were built on the branch of a tree, at a distance from -the trunk, and stood up from it unsupported by the surrounding twigs, and -at the height of from six to twelve feet from the ground. They were generally -much exposed, and were, for the most part, built in the more open portions -of the forests. The general number of the eggs was five, in one -instance it was six.</p> - -<p>The nest from the Yukon, obtained by Mr. Kennicott (S. Coll., 6,326), is -smaller, and bears but little resemblance to the European. It is but five -inches in diameter, of irregular shape. In height and cavity it nearly corresponds. -In place of the lichens of the European, this nest is made of fine -grass-stems, strips of bark, and a few feathers.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this bird, the gift of Mr. Wolley, measure an inch in length, -and from .70 to .67 of an inch in breadth. Their ground-color varies from a -light slate to a yellowish stone-color. They are marked, blotched, and dotted -with spots of various hues and size. These are chiefly of a dark purple, at -times approaching black. Mingled with these are markings of a yellowish-brown. -Nearly all these spots are surrounded by a peculiar penumbra, or -shading, such as forms so marked a feature in the eggs of the common -Cedar-Bird.</p> - -<p>The egg obtained by Kennicott on the Yukon is smaller than the European -specimen, measuring .90 by .65 of an inch. Its ground is more of a -greenish-slate or stone-color, and the spots are of a dark brown, with a deep -violet shading.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--464.png--><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 401]</span> -<b class="birdname">Ampelis cedrorum</b>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SOUTHERN WAXWING; CEDAR-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis garrulus</i>, <abbr title="variation beta">var. β</abbr>, <abbr -title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 297. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Bombycilla cedrorum</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseuax de l'Amerique -Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 88, <abbr title="plate 57">pl. lvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Galerie <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux 1">Ois. I</abbr>, 1834, 186, <abbr title="plate -118">pl. cxviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Jour. IV</abbr>, 1856, 3 -(Cuba).—<span class="sc">Gundlach</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 328 (Cuba; rare). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Ampelis cedrorum</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, -299 (Cordova); 1858, 302 (Oaxaca; January); 1859, 364 (Xalapa; Cordova); 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).—<span class="sc">Sclater -& Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 318; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 407.—<span class="sc">Taylor</span>, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).—<span -class="sc">March</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila.</abbr> 1863, 294 -(Jamaica).—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr> <span -class="sc">Woolwich</span>, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 116 (British Columbia; nesting).—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Twelve, two">P. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 187 -(Washington <abbr title="Territory">Ter.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 129.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 265. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Ampelis americana</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology -One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 107, <abbr title="plate 7">pl. vii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla americana</i>, <span -class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 1859, 29 (winter).—<abbr -title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla carolinensis</i>, <span -class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie 2">Orn. II</abbr>, 1760, 337 (not binomial).—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 227, <abbr -title="plage 43">pl. xliii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Four">Am. -IV</abbr>, 1842, 165, <abbr title="plate 245">pl. ccxlv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Wagler.</span> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Ampelis carolinensis</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 197 (January).—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Crest moderate. General color soft vinaceous-cinnamon, deepest anteriorly, -more olivaceous on back, scapulars and wing-coverts, passing into pure light ash on the -rump and upper tail-coverts, and into dingy yellow on flanks and abdomen. Lower tail-coverts -white. Whole of the wing posterior to the greater coverts slaty-ash, almost black -along end of inner webs of primaries, the outer webs of which are narrowly edged with -hoary whitish. Tail slate passing into black terminally, tipped with a broad, sharply -defined band of gamboge-yellow. A broad stripe of intense velvety-black on side of -head, starting from nostril, passing across lore, and involving the eye, continued from it -beneath the crest to the occiput; chin dull black, blending gradually into the brownish of -the throat. A narrow white line across the forehead and along side of crown, between -brown of crown and black of lore, etc., a narrow crescent on lower eyelid and a stripe -between black of lore and that of the throat, white. <i class="sex">Male</i> with each secondary quill terminated -by a bright red horny appendage to the shaft. <i class="sex">Female</i> with these very small and -few in number, or entirely absent. <i class="subset">Young.</i> In general appearance similar to the adult -female. Colors more grayish, with obsolete concealed whitish streaks on nape and down -back, these stripes becoming very conspicuous on the sides and flanks and across breast. -No black on chin. Rump grayish-brown; abdomen and flanks dingy whitish. No appendages -to secondaries, and the yellow band across end of tail narrower than in adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Whole of North America as far north as Lake Winnipeg and Hudson’s Bay, south -branch of Saskatchewan, latitude 52½<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> (<span class="sc">Richardson</span>); south to Guatemala; Jamaica and -Cuba in winter.</p> - -<p>A specimen from Guatemala (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 50,455 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>) is almost identical with examples -from the United States, but differs in having a small spot of yellow -at the tip of each primary; also there are red appendages on the tip of a -few tail-feathers, as well as the longest feather of the lower -tail-coverts. -The colors, generally, are softer, the brown more purplish, and the ash finer -and more bluish, than in a fine spring male from Washington, D. C.</p> - -<p>A specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,396 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Humboldt River, Nevada, September 10, 1868, -C. King, R. Ridgway) from the Middle Province of the United States, differs -considerably from any other in the collection. The colors are much -paler, the anterior portions being almost ochraceous, the whole abdomen -<!--465.png--><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 402]</span> -nearly white. The white band across the forehead is very broad; the extreme -point of the chin only black. Whether it is a representative of a style -peculiar to the Great Basin, or merely a bleached individual, cannot be decided -without additional specimens from the same region.</p> - -<p>There is so much variation in different specimens in regard to the red wax-like -appendages, that the Guatemalan specimen mentioned above can hardly -be considered as more than a very highly developed individual.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The habits of the common Cedar-Bird are eminently nomadic, -and, so far as those of the Waxwing are known, correspond in all respects, -except in the more general and especially the more southern distribution of -the present species. They are found throughout North America at least so -far as the wooded country extends, and they breed from Florida to the Red -River country. They are a common bird in New England, and would be -much more so but that their fondness for cherries and other small fruits, and -their indifference to danger, makes them an easy and frequent mark for destruction. -Their unpopularity has caused their numbers to be greatly reduced -of late years in the thickly settled portions of the country.</p> - -<p>In Southern Texas Mr. Dresser found these birds very common during the -winter at San Antonio and Eagle Pass, but he observed none later than the -middle of April. They were seen in Tamaulipas, by Lieutenant Couch, in -March, and afterwards in April at New Leon, Mexico. Sumichrast states that -these birds are found everywhere and in great abundance in winter throughout -Vera Cruz. They are there known as the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Chinito</i>, and are highly appreciated -by the Mexican epicures. They are equally abundant in northern -parts of South America, and also throughout Central America.</p> - -<p>In Washington Territory and in Oregon Dr. Cooper speaks of them as less -common than in the Atlantic States, and he only met with a few, in single -pairs, in the summer. Townsend states that he found them in Oregon, but -Dr. Suckley never met with any west of the Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p>In California Dr. Cooper has seen small flocks in winter, as far south as -San Diego, feeding on the mistletoe berries. He found their nests at Fort -Vancouver, and has no doubt that they also breed in various parts of California.</p> - -<p>Mr. Robert Kennicott states, among other memoranda of his route, that, -May 31, on an island in Winnipeg River, he saw a large flock of these -birds, numbering fifty or more.</p> - -<p>With some irregularity as to their appearance, they are found throughout -the year in New England, their presence being usually regulated by their -food. They are, by preference, eaters of berries and other vegetable food, -except in spring and early summer, when they eat insects almost exclusively, -feeding upon the larvæ of the spanworm and the canker-worm, and small -caterpillars, and supplying these to their young. They also feed their nestlings -with various kinds of berries and small fruits, both cultivated and wild. -They do not nest until late in June or early in July, and with so much -<!--466.png--><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 403]</span> -irregularity that I have found them sitting on their unhatched eggs as late -as the 12th of October. They are a greedy bird, feeding voraciously where -they have an opportunity. They are very much attached to each other and -to their offspring. Once, when one had been taken in a net spread over -strawberries, its mate refused to leave it, suffered itself to be taken by the -hand, in its anxiety to free its mate, and when set at liberty would not leave -until its mate had also been released and permitted to go with it. In the -summer of 1870 a nestling, hardly half fledged, fell from its nest, and was -found injured by its fall, taken into the house, and fed. Whenever exposed -in its cage its parents came about it, and supplied it with cherries and other -fruit, unmindful of the near presence of the family. The young bird lived, -and became perfectly tame, feeding from the hand, and preferring to be fed -rather than feed itself. Besides its low lisping call, this bird had a regular -faint attempt at a song of several low notes, uttered in so low a tone that it -would be almost inaudible at even a short distance. It became perfectly -contented in confinement, and appeared fond of such members of the family -as noticed it.</p> - -<p>The noticeable feature of the Cedar-Bird, its crest, it has the power to -erect or depress at will. In confinement it generally keeps this depressed, -only erecting it when excited from any cause, such as alarm, or desire to -receive food.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that in Pennsylvania they collect in August in large flocks -and retire to the mountains, feeding on the fruit of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vaccinium uliginosum</i>, -which grows there in great abundance. Later in the season they -descend to the lowlands to feed on the berries of the sour-gum and the red-cedar. -In confinement they are very fond of apples, bread soaked in milk, -and almost any kind of soft food. They are also very fond of flies, and are -expert flycatchers, snapping at all that venture within the cage.</p> - -<p>In their migrations their flight is graceful, easy, and continued, and is performed -at a considerable height.</p> - -<p>It is unfortunate for the horticulturist that this bird has done so much to -merit his prejudices and reprobation, and that he does not appreciate to the -full the immense services it renders to him each spring in the destruction -of injurious insects. A flock of these birds will, in a short space of time, -devour an immense number of the larvæ of the destructive canker-worms -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phalænæ</i>) that infest the apples and elms of Massachusetts, and, if permitted, -would soon greatly reduce their numbers. But these prejudices cannot -be softened by their good deeds, and the Cherry-Bird is still hunted and -destroyed.</p> - -<p>Their nests are usually constructed late in June or early in July, and are -placed in various positions, sometimes in a low bush or tree not more than -three or four feet from the ground, and rarely more than twenty. Their -nests are large and bulky, but strongly made of various materials. Generally -they build a strong external framework, six or seven inches in diameter, -<!--467.png--><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 404]</span> -composed of the ends of twigs, coarse stems of vegetables, and grasses. -Within this they build a compact, well-made fabric of grasses, grapevine -bark, and other finer substances, lining the whole with leaves and fine root-fibres. -The cavity is large and deep for the bird. The parents are fourteen -days in incubating before the young are hatched out, and all this while are -remarkably silent, hardly uttering a sound, even their faintest lisping note, -when the nest is meddled with, though they evince great anxiety by their -fearless indifference to their own danger.</p> - -<p>The eggs, usually five, sometimes six, in number, have a marked resemblance -to those of the Waxwing, but are smaller. Their ground-color varies -from a light slate-color to a deep shade of stone-color, tinged with olive. -These are marked with blotches of a dark purplish-brown, almost black, -lighter shades of a dark purple, and penumbræ of faint purple, sometimes -by themselves or surrounding and continuing the darker spots. They vary -in length from .80 to .88 of an inch, and average about .85. In breadth they -are from .60 to .70 of an inch, and in shape they differ also from an oblong-oval -to one of a quite rounded form.</p> - -<p>Nests of these birds from the Arctic regions are more elaborately built and -more warmly lined, being often largely made up of the fine -dark-colored -lichens that cover the forest trees of those regions.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">PTILOGONATINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Legs moderate. Nostrils oval, with wide naked membrane above and to some -extent behind them; the frontal feathers not reaching to their border, and rather soft. -Wings graduated, shorter than the somewhat broad, fan-shaped tail; the first quill nearly -half the second. Adults plain.</p> - -<p>Although we find it convenient for the present to retain the genera <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonys</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes</i> in the same subfamily, there seems little doubt that -they belong to very different families, the latter being more properly placed -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i>, as shown in <abbr title="Review of American Birds"><abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>.</abbr> It is not necessary that the subject -be discussed here, however, and we merely give the diagnosis of the two -groups of which these genera are the types respectively:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Ptilogonateæ.</b> Tarsi scutellate anteriorly; not longer than middle toe and claw.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Myiadesteæ.</b> Tarsi with a continuous plate anteriorly; longer than middle toe and -claw.</p> - -<p class="p2 center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname ls">PTILOGONATEÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Tarsus stout, shorter, or not longer than the middle toe and claw; conspicuously -scutellate anteriorly, and frequently on one or other or on both sides; sometimes with a -row of small plates behind. Wings much graduated; the second quill not longer than -secondaries. Outline of lateral tail-feathers parallel or widening from base to near tip. -Tail unvaried, or else inornate at end. Quills without light patch at base. Head crested. -Young birds not spotted. Not conspicuous for song.</p> - -<p><!--468.png--><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 405]</span> -There are two genera of this section having in brief the following characters:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0">Crest narrow, pointed, its feathers stiff, their webs compact; outer primaries -broad. Tail rounded<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0">Crest broad, decumbent, soft, the feathers loose; outer primaries attenuated. -Tail even or cuneate<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonys</i>.</p> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonys</i> has two species, one Mexican, the other -Costa-Rican, neither coming within the limits of the United States. The type is -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cinereus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span> (<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 412), a species of the tablelands -of Mexico, which may yet be found within the southern borders of the -United States in New Mexico or Arizona.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PHÆNOPEPLA</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1858, 543. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptiliogonys nitens</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Crest narrow, pointed behind. Outer primaries broad, not attenuated nor -pointed at end; the first half the second. Tail rounded, fan-shaped; feathers very broad, -wider towards end. Bill feeble, rather narrow, well bristled; nostrils somewhat overhung -by frontal feathers. Sexes dissimilar; male black; quills with median white patch on -inner webs; tail not varied.</p> - -<p>The single known species is glossy black in the male; the female brownish-ash.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Phænopepla nitens</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SHINING-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptiliogonys nitens</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Animals in Menageries"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span> An. in Menag.</abbr> 1838, 285.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 335.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy Natural Sciences -Philadelphia Two">Jour. A. N. Sc. Phila. II</abbr>, 1853, 263.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr -title="Illustrations">Ill.</abbr> Birds Texas, etc. 1854, 169, <abbr title="plate 29">pl. xxix</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Cichlopsis nitens</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 320, 923. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla nitens</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. -S.</abbr> 1858, 543; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. -B.</abbr> 1864, 416.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 131. “<i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lepturus galeatus</i>, <abbr title="Lesson"><span class="sc">Less.</span></abbr>”</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 8,275 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.) Tail broad, almost fan-shaped; graduated slightly; not at -all emarginate, and longer than wing. First quill broad, slightly falcate, scarcely attenuated; -more than half the second, which about equals the tenth; sixth longest; third -equal to seventh. Feathers on nape rather full, with a lengthened, pointed, narrow, -occipital crest.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male</i> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 8,275) entirely glossy greenish-black; the inner webs of all the primary quills -with a large, lengthened patch of white, which does not reach the inner margin; their outer -webs very narrowly edged with ashy, as are also lateral tail-feathers externally.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 8,274) brownish-ash, paler below; the white of inner webs of quills -obsolete; the greater coverts and quills edged externally with whitish, the anal and crissal -feathers edged and tipped with the same; the outer tail-feather with narrow edge of white -externally towards end.</p> - -<p class="small">Immature birds show every gradation of color between the two extremes described -above.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--469.png--><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 406]</span> -Total length, 7.60; wing, 3.80; tail, 4.35; length of bill from forehead, .46, from nostril -.31, along gape, .66; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .65.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_469a.jpg" - width="200" height="182" - alt="Phænopepla nitens." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla nitens.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">8275</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mountainous region of the -southern portions of Western and Middle -Provinces of United States, and -south to Orizaba; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; Plateau -of Mexico (resident, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as known, this -bird occurs in the mountainous -portions of the United States, -from Fort Tejon, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, to Mexico, -and from the Rio Grande to San -Diego. It is closely allied, in its -appearance, as also in many of its -habits, both with the Waxwings -and the Flycatchers.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_469b.jpg" - width="250" height="338" - alt="Phænopepla nitens." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla nitens.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>This species was first detected -within the United States by Colonel McCall, who obtained it in California -in 1852. Its habits, as he observed them, partook of those of the true Flycatcher. -They are said to be remarkable for their slender, active form, in -which their long and ample tail, and the elongated feathers of their head, -capable of being erected into a crest, are conspicuous features. Colonel -McCall first met with them in a clump of trees on the borders of a mountain -brook, between Valliecita and El Chino. A number of them were together -actively engaged in the pursuit of insects. They were light and -graceful on the wing, though less swift and -decided in their motions than the true Flycatchers. -In these evolutions the bright white -spot on the wing, visible only when the wing -is spread, was quite conspicuous, and in fine -contrast with the glossy black of the general -plumage. In his journey Colonel McCall afterwards -met this bird several times, either in -small companies or singly. They were always -either on mountain sides, or in the timbered -borders of mountain streams.</p> - -<p>Dr. Henry met with this species near the -Little Lagoon, on the Colorado Desert. It was -perched on a mezquite-tree, jerking its tail -almost incessantly, as do other kinds of Flycatchers, -and, from time to time, dashing in irregular curves high into the -air in pursuit of insects. It became quite abundant as he approached the -Colorado, occurring in companies of twenty and thirty. At Fort Yuma he -also met with them in considerable numbers late in November, as they were -<!--470.png--><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 407]</span> -migrating southward. Dr. Henry describes its note as a low, plaintive -whistle. He ascertained that it breeds in California by finding specimens -of young birds. He likewise met with this species near Fort Webster, in -New Mexico; and Dr. Kennerly also noticed it, in February and March, -between Big Sandy Creek and the Colorado River.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser obtained two specimens of this species at Eagle Pass. One -of these had its stomach filled with the berries of a species of mistletoe that -grows abundantly on the mezquite-trees. He noticed that it carries its crest -erect and much recurved, after the manner of the European <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus cristatus</i>.</p> - -<p>Sumichrast states that this species, called <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Reyecito</i>, is well distributed -throughout the Plateau of Mexico, but only ranges in the valley of the Orizaba, -to the height of about 1,500 metres, rarely coming as far as that. It -is also common at Tehauntepec and other places.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found them quite numerous, in winter, near the Colorado. He -also found them common, in December, about the Mohave River, and in summer, -from Los Angeles to San Diego. They were found to prefer the trees -in which the mistletoe grows, on the berries of which they largely feed, -though they occasionally pursue insects in a zigzag course similar to that -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis nigricans</i>.</p> - -<p>They almost constantly utter a loud cry of alarm, and when pursued are -very wild. When wounded, they conceal themselves so closely in the thick -tufts of the mistletoe as to be found with difficulty. Many left the Colorado -Valley in April, but a few remained. Their notes Dr. Cooper describes as -similar to those of the Crested Flycatchers, but sweeter.</p> - -<p>It was found by Feilner, at Fort Crook, in April, 1860, but has not been -met with near the coast so far to the north.</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird, obtained by Dr. Cooper, on the 27th of April, was built -on a horizontal branch of the mezquite (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Algarobia</i>), twelve feet from the -ground. It was found near Fort Mohave, on the Colorado River. The nest -is a very flat structure, four inches in diameter, and less than two in height. -The cavity is less than an inch in depth. The nest is made almost entirely -of hempen or flax-like fibres of plants, interwoven with fine grasses, stems -of plants, and stalks of a larger size. It is lined with a soft downy substance -of a vegetable character.</p> - -<p>The eggs, two in number, are of an oblong-oval shape, nearly equal at -either end, and with a ground-color of a light slate, tinged with a yellowish-green. -They are marked and blotched equally over the entire egg, with spots -and blotches of various lines, from a light, faint, obscure purple to deeper tints -of purplish-brown, even to black. It is a very marked egg, and unique in -its appearance. They measure .90 by .60 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this species a summer resident in Arizona, somewhat -rare about Fort Whipple, but found very abundantly a little farther south, -and a permanent resident in the southern portions of that Territory. It -inhabits rather open country in preference to densely wooded regions. He -<!--471.png--><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 408]</span> -describes it as a shy, wild, and restless bird, with a superb song, powerful -and finely modulated. Dr. Coues appears to think that this species has but -little affinity with the forms with which it is usually grouped.</p> - -<p class="p2 center smaller"><span class="sc">Section</span> <b class="birdname ls">MYIADESTEÆ</b>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Tarsus slender, longer than middle toe and claw; undivided as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i>. -Toes deeply cleft. Wings more pointed; second quill much longer than secondaries. -Lateral tail-feathers cuneate, or narrowing from base towards tip; generally whitish -at end of inner web. Quills with their extreme bases, especially of inner webs, buffy yellow, -showing a light patch inside. Head not crested, though the feathers sometimes full. -In the young all the feathers with light rounded spots. Pre-eminent as melodious singers.</p> - -<p>But a single genus of this group belongs to the United States, although -two others (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cichlopsis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platycichla?</i>) occur in South America. As already -stated, the affinities of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadesteæ</i> are much closest to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</i>, and this -would seem the proper family for it.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">MYIADESTES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson.</span></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Jardine's Naturalist -Library, 13">Jard. Nat. Library, XIII</abbr>. Flycatchers, “1838,” 132. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. genibarbis</i>, <abbr -title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_471.jpg" - width="300" height="218" - alt="Myiadestes townsendi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38426</b><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">16168</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Occipital feathers full and soft. Plumage rather loose. Bill weak, much -depressed. Commissure nearly straight. Hind toe longer than inner lateral. Toes deeply -cleft. Closed wing externally with an exposed light band across the base of the quills, -and another nearer the end, separated by a darker one. Tail somewhat graduated on the -sides.</p> - -<p>Of the ten or more described species of this genus, only one belongs to -<!--472.png--><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 409]</span> -the limits of the United States, although several others occupy adjacent territory -in Mexico. Several are peculiar to islands of the West Indies.</p> - -<p>The only two species closely related to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. townsendi</i> are the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. unicolor</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">M. obscurus</i>, which belong to Mexico. They may be distinguished as -follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small">An ochraceous band across base of secondaries and upper primaries, conspicuous on outer -surface.</p> - -<p class="indent">1. <b class="birdname">M. townsendi.</b> Generally dull ashy, paler beneath. Throat and abdomen -whitish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle and Pacific Provinces of United States only.</p> - -<p class="small">No ochraceous on outer webs of secondaries and primaries.</p> - -<p class="indent">2. <b class="birdname">M. obscurus.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_80" id="fnanchor_80"></a><a href="#footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></span> Back and wings rusty-olive. Head and beneath ashy, top of head -deepest ash. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mountains of Mexico and Guatemala; Tres Marias Islands.</p> - -<p class="indent">3. <b class="birdname">M. unicolor.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_81" id="fnanchor_81"></a><a href="#footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></span> Entirely dark bluish slate-color, lighter beneath. Lores black. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central Mexico and Guatemala.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Myiadestes townsendi</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">TOWNSEND’S SOLITAIRE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptiliogonys townsendi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 206, <abbr title="plate 419">pl. ccccxix</abbr>, fig. 2. (For -other references see Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 321.)—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Pacific -Railroad Report Six">P. R. Rep. VI</abbr>, Whipple’s <abbr title="Report Zoölogy">Rep. Zoöl.</abbr>, 82. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Culicivora <abbr title="townsendi">towns.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">De Kay</span>, <abbr title="New York Zoölogy -Two">N. Y. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 1844, 110. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes <abbr title="townsendi">towns.</abbr></i> <span -class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Wiegmann's Archiv">Wieg. Arch.</abbr> 1847, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -208.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 5; 1858, 97.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 321; <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 429.—<span -class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Twelve, two">P. R. Rep. XII, <span -class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, 187.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Ten">P. R. Rep. -X</abbr>, Whipple’s <abbr title="Report">Rep.</abbr> 25.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery -Institute">Pr. R. Art. Inst.</abbr> <span class="sc">Woolwich</span>, <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, 116 (<abbr title="British -Columbia">Br. Col.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, -134.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail rather deeply forked. Exposed portion of spurious quill less than one -third that of the second; fourth quill longest; second a little longer than the sixth. Head -not crested. General color bluish-ash, paler beneath; under wing-coverts white. Quills -with a brownish-yellow bar at the base of both webs mostly concealed, but showing a -little below the greater coverts and alulæ; this succeeded by a bar of dusky, and next to -it another of brownish-yellow across the outer webs of the central quills only. Tertials -tipped with white. Tail-feathers dark brown; the middle ones more like the back; the -lateral with the outer web and tip, the second with the tip only, white. A white ring -round the eye. Length, 8 inches; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.85. (8,234).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mountainous regions of Middle and Western United States. (Not found at -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas nor in Mexico.)</p> - -<p>Young birds have a large triangular pale-ochraceous light spot on the end -of each feather (rather paler below), bounded externally by a narrow border -of blackish; the quill and tail feathers as in the adult.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The first specimen of this somewhat remarkable bird was shot -by Captain Brotchie, at Fort George, Astoria, and presented to Mr. Townsend, -and by the latter given to Mr. Audubon. For some time this remained unique, -<!--473.png--><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 410]</span> -and the habits of the species unknown. Through the government explorations, -however, we have been made more familiar with its habits and peculiarities.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_473.jpg" - width="250" height="377" - alt="Myiadestes townsendi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Dr. Newberry, in his report on the Zoölogy of Lieutenant Williamson’s -explorations, mentions finding this bird very abundant in the Des Chutes -Basin. It did not frequent either dense forests or prairies destitute of trees, -but seemed to select surfaces covered with a scattered growth of pine and -cedar. His party first met with it at the base of Mount Jefferson, in the -cañon of Mpto-ly-as River. In picking his way with infinite difficulty down -this gorge, his attention was drawn by its new and attractive song. There -were several of them in the pines and cedars -growing on the face of the cliff. He describes its -song as clear, full, and melodious, like that of a -true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus</i>. The next day, as he followed down -the river, in the bottom of the cañon the deep -gorge was filled with a chorus of sweet sounds -from thousands of these birds. He describes -them as having a habit of sitting on the branch -of a tree projecting over a stream, or hanging -from some projecting crag, and at times flying -out in narrow circles, after insects, precisely in -the manner of Flycatchers.</p> - -<p>Afterwards, in another cañon, the terraced -banks of which were sparsely set with low trees -of the Western cedar, he again found these birds -quite numerous, and had every opportunity both of hearing and of seeing -them, watching them for hours while feeding and singing. They began their -songs with the first dawn of day, and at sunrise the valley was perfectly -vocal with their music. He describes their song as not greatly varied, but -speaks of all their notes as particularly clear and sweet, and with strains of -pure gushing melody that were both spontaneous and inspiring. At that -time, September 30, they were feeding on the berries of the cedar. They -were very shy, and could only be obtained by stratagem.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly, in his Report on the birds observed in the explorations -under the charge of Lieutenant Whipple, speaks of meeting with these birds -in the Rocky Mountains, in the vicinity of the Pueblo of Zuñi, in New -Mexico. Thence, westward, he occasionally met with it, and usually in the -cedar thickets.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley mentions, in his Report on the Zoölogy of Washington Territory, -obtaining a specimen of this species at Fort Steilacoom, April 28, 1856. -It was very wild and difficult of approach. It was the only specimen obtained, -and he considered it accidental west of the Cascade Mountains. Dr. -Cooper, in the same Report, speaks of obtaining a specimen near Fort Laramie -in October, where it seemed to be not uncommon.</p> - -<p><!--474.png--><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 411]</span> -Dr. Cooper, in his Birds of California, dwells with much emphasis upon -the delightful melody of this species. Having always found them silent, and -with habits like the Flycatchers’, he was quite unprepared to hear them singing -in the Sierra Nevada, and, if he had not obtained the bird, would not -have believed that one of this family was capable of singing with such -power. Their song, he says, can be compared with nothing uttered by any -other bird he has ever heard in the United States; for, he adds, it excels that -of the Mocking-Bird in sweetness, besides being entirely original.</p> - -<p>He met with only a few of this species among some junipers on the western -slope near the summit, in September, 1863. He has always met with -them nearly singly. Dr. Henry found them at Fort Webster, New Mexico, -in large numbers, both in fall and in winter. Their home, Dr. Cooper thinks, -seems to be in the vicinity of the great deserts of the central regions, or the -cedar-covered mountains that intersect them.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse obtained several specimens on the Zuñi Mountains in -New Mexico, and from there westward found it exceedingly abundant. Its -food seemed to be exclusively berries, and chiefly those of the cedar.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues also found these birds rare summer residents in Arizona, and -confirms its possession of rare local powers, producing a rich, sweet, and -finely modulated song.</p> - -<p>Mr. Robert Ridgway, in accompanying Mr. King’s party of explorations, -writes that he found this curious bird only occasionally, most frequently -among the pines of the Sierra Nevada, and only once or twice among the -mountains east of that range. In July, 1867, he found a nest of this bird. -It was in a deep ravine on the western slope of the Sierras, at an altitude of -five thousand feet. It was placed in a cavity of the rocks forming the perpendicular -upper bank of a sluice constructed for mining purposes, through -which ran the waters of a considerable mountain stream. The nest was about -a foot above the water, and was as bulky as that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus rufus</i>, -and similarly constructed, being composed almost entirely of sticks. It contained -four young. When he approached, the female was much excited, flying -before, or running on the ground in the manner of a true Thrush. Mr. -Ridgway makes no mention of its song.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord met with these birds only once, and then at Colville, towards the -end of November. All the leaves had fallen, the ground was deeply covered -with snow, and the cold was intense. His attention was first attracted by -hearing a low sweet song, not unlike that of the Song Thrush of Europe, -which at that season was a most unusual sound. On looking around he -saw about twenty of these birds perched on the top sprays of some white -thorn-bushes. In their mode of darting off and returning again they reminded -him of a Shrike. He shot six, and could detect no material -difference in plumage between males and females. In the stomachs of -those he opened were the remains of small coleopterous insects and a few -haws.</p> - -</div><!--end family Ampelidæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--475.png--><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 412]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">LANIIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Shrikes.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very powerful, strong, and much compressed, the tip abruptly hooked, deeply -notched, and with a prominent tooth behind the notch; both mandibles distinctly notched, -the upper with a distinct tooth behind, the lower with the point bent up. Tarsi longer -than the middle toe, strongly scutellate. Primaries ten; first primary half the second, or -shorter (occasionally wanting). Wings short, rounded; tail long and much graduated. -Sides of tarsi with the plates divided on the outside.</p> - -<p>Of this family only a single genus is known in North America.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">COLLURIO</b>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1831, 42. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius excubitor</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius</i>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Auctor"><span class="sc">Auct.</span></abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>, whose type is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. cristatus</i>).</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collyrio</i>, <span class="sc">G. R. Gray</span>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 323.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_475.jpg" - width="250" height="198" - alt="Collurio excubitoroides." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio excubitoroides.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38423</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Feathers of forehead stiffened; base of bill, including nostrils, covered by -bristly feathers directed forward. Bill -shorter than the head, much compressed, -and very powerful. Culmen -decurved from base, the mandible abruptly -bent down in a powerful hook -with an acute lobe near the tip. Tip -of lower mandible bent upwards in a -hook; the gonys very convex. Rictus -with long bristles. Legs stout; -the tarsi rather short, and longer than -the middle toe; the lateral equal; -the claws all very sharp and much -curved. Wings rounded; the first -primary about half the second, which -is equal to the sixth or seventh. Tail -longer than the wings, much graduated, the feathers broad.</p> - -<p>But few species of this genus belong to America, and these are confined to -the northern portion. For the purpose of more readily identifying the species -we present a brief diagnosis, and then furnish descriptions of all (including -a European ally) in a single table.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Outer webs of secondaries wholly white for basal half (mostly concealed -by coverts, however). Upper eyelid white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">C. excubitor.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_82" id="fnanchor_82"></a><a href="#footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></span> Nasal tufts grayish-white. In other respects, as regards -colors, like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>. Wing, 4.20; tail, 4.00; tarsus, .95. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Europe.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><!--476.png--><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 413]</span> -<b class="subset">B.</b> Outer webs of secondaries black to the base. Upper eyelids black.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> White crescent on lower eyelid. Beneath with wavy bars of dusky in -all stages. Tarsus less than 1.00; wing more than 4.50.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">C. borealis.</b> Upper half of nasal tufts white. Black spectacle bordered -above the ear-coverts by hoary whitish. Scapulars and upper tail-coverts -approaching white. Wing, 4.70; tail, 4.70; tarsus, .93. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Arctic America; in winter south into United States, especially into -the northern portions.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> No white crescent on lower eyelid. Beneath without bars, except in -young. Tarsus more than 1.00; wing less than 4.50.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">C. ludovicianus.</b> Black spectacle not bordered over ear-coverts with -whitish.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">White patch on primaries reaching nearly as far as end of first quill. -Nasal tufts entirely black.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Black of lores and nasal tufts bordered above with hoary whitish. -Tail white at base; inner webs of secondaries paler toward margin, -but not abruptly white. Beneath entirely white, without ashy tinge -laterally, or across breast. Axillars whitish. Upper tail-coverts -ashy-white, scapulars pure white. Wing, 4.10; tail, 4.20; tarsus, -1.10; bill, .50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western North America from Pacific Coast -east to a little beyond the Mississippi, and to Texas. Nearly all of -Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Black of lores, etc., not bordered above by whitish. Tail black at -base. Inner webs of secondaries pure white to the shaft on basal -half. Beneath tinged with ashy laterally and across breast. -Scapulars and upper tail-coverts hardly different from back. Bill, -.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California and fur countries<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">robustus</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">White patch on primaries reaching only about half-way to end of -first quill. Nasal tufts hoary-grayish above.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Black of lores bordered above by hoary-whitish. Tail as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i>,—secondaries -as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>. Beneath very strongly tinged -with plumbeous laterally and across breast. Upper tail-coverts like -the back, posterior scapulars only inclining to white. Axillars -plumbeous. Wing, 3.80; tail, 3.95; tarsus, 1.00; bill, .50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -South Atlantic and Gulf States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>.</p> - -<p>We now proceed to give a more detailed table of these species, and under -the heading of each shall omit any further description:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><span class="sc">General Color.</span> -Bluish or plumbeous ash above; the outer edges of scapulars, -sometimes the forehead and rump, paler. Beneath white, sometimes with waved -transverse dark lines. A broad black stripe from side of upper bill through eye -(extending more widely beneath than above it, sometimes wanting above) to end -of ear-coverts. Wings (except lesser coverts) and tail black; the former with -a white patch across base of primaries, sometimes on inner webs of secondaries; -the secondaries tipped with white; the tail with broad white tips to the lateral -feathers, the concealed bases of which are also usually white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Black cheek-stripes involving eyelid only on upper border of eye, and -not meeting across the forehead. A crescentic patch of white in the black -below the eye; upper edge of black stripe behind the eye bordered by hoary -whitish. Breast and belly always with distinct, transverse waved lines of -dusky. Bill, when mature, entirely black. Length about 10 inches.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--477.png--><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 414]</span> -Above light ash. Upper tail-coverts and forehead much paler than the -back, the former without waved lines. Axillars whitish.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Inner webs of secondaries paler towards edges, but not of well-defined -white. Concealed bases of tail-feathers, except sixth, white. -Tarsus shorter than the gape of mouth. Length, 10.00; extent, -14.50; wing, 4.70; tail, 4.70; bill above, .85; tarsus, .93<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> Black cheek-stripes not involving upper border of eye or upper eyelid, -which is whitish, and not meeting across the forehead, its upper edge behind -the eye with scarcely a lighter border. No patch of white on lower -eyelid. Under parts unvaried white; in female obscurely waved. Base of -under mandible whitish. Length about 9 inches.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above light ash. Upper tail-coverts and forehead decidedly paler than -the back. Axillars whitish.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Inner webs of all secondaries (except innermost) white to shaft, -except for less than terminal half, which is black along the shaft. -Concealed base of tail white, except on sixth feather. Tarsus equal -to the gape<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">C.</b> Black cheek-stripes involving upper eyelid, as in <b class="birdname">A</b>, but without patch -of white below the eye; meeting in a narrow, sometimes inconspicuous, line -across the forehead, its upper edge behind the eye not bordered by lighter. -Beneath plain white, or very obscurely waved in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> (the female?). -Bill, when mature, entirely black. Length about 8.50 inches.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above dark plumbeous-ash. Upper tail-coverts and forehead scarcely -paler than the back. Sides and breast tinged with bluish-gray.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Black of loral space rather hoary along upper border. Frontal -dark line inappreciable or wanting. Inner webs of secondaries -paler only along the marginal half, and not abruptly white. Axillars -plumbeous. Tail-feathers, except the innermost, with a concealed -well-defined white patch at base, largest on the more exterior -one. Bill from nostril, .50. Under parts often with very -obscure faint waved lines (in the female?). White patch on wing -reaching about to middle of first primary. Tarsus equal to the -gape. Length, 8.50; wing, 3.72; tail, 4.10; bill above, .82; tarsus, -1.00<span class="lock"> … </span> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Black of loral space without any lightening above it. Frontal -black band well marked. Inner webs of secondaries (except innermost) -pure white to shaft, except along rather more than terminal -half, where the shaft is bordered by black. Axillars whitish. -Tail-feathers black to base, except the loose fibres, which are grayish. -Bill from nostril, .60. Under parts without waved lines. -White patch on wing reaching nearly opposite to end of first -primary. Tarsus about equal to the gape. Length, 8.75; wing, -4.20; tail, 4.40; bill above, 1.00; tarsus, 1.20<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Above light ash-color. Upper tail-coverts and forehead much lighter -than the back, the former sometimes almost white. Sides and breast -generally nearly pure white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Black of loral space with conspicuous hoary margin above it. -Inner web of secondaries much as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ludovicianus</i>. Axillars -whitish. Tail-feathers with concealed white patch at bases of all -the feathers. Bill from nostril about .50. No waved lines beneath. -White patch on wing reaching nearly opposite to end of first primary. -Tarsus longer than the gape. Length, 8.50; wing, 4.05; -tail, 4.25; bill above, .83; tarsus, 1.12<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>.</p> - -<!--478.png--><!--Plate 19--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_19.jpg" - width="500" height="278" - alt="Color plate 19" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Nineteen">XIX</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_19-1" name="pl_19-1"></a><img src="images/pl_19-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 19 detail 1, Collurio borealis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio borealis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>  <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. T.</abbr>, 19549.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_19-2" name="pl_19-2"></a><img src="images/pl_19-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 19 detail 2, Collurio borealis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio borealis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Vieillot">Vieill.</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, 17192.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_19-3" name="pl_19-3"></a><img src="images/pl_19-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 19 detail 3, Collurio excubitoroides" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio excubitoroides</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Swains.</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 38423.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_19-4" name="pl_19-4"></a><img src="images/pl_19-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 19 detail 4, Collurio ludovicianus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio ludovicianus</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_19-5" name="pl_19-5"></a><img src="images/pl_19-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 19 detail 5, Certhiola bahamensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola bahamensis</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Reichenbach">Reich.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Bahamas, 11951.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--479.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--480.png--><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 415]</span> -<b class="birdname">Collurio borealis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GREAT NORTHERN SHRIKE, OR BUTCHER-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius borealis</i>, <span class="sc">Viellot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 90, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 1.—<abbr -title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Syn.</abbr>—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Four">Am. IV</abbr>, 1842, 130, -<abbr title="plate 236">pl. ccxxxvi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin.</span>—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 190 (Upper Missouri).—<span -class="sc">Jones</span>, <abbr title="Naturalist in Bermuda">Nat. Bermuda</abbr>, 1857, 51 (Bermuda).—<span class="sc">Dresser -& Sharpe</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 590. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collyrio -borealis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 324.—<span class="sc">Cooper -& Suckley</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Report Twelve, two">P. R. Rep. XII, <span class="muchsmaller">II</span></abbr>, -1860, 188 (Washington Territory).—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, 280 (Alaska).—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 268. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio borealis</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 440. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius -excubitor,</i> <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62">Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 382 (not of -<span class="sc">Linnæus</span>).—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1808, 74, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. -v</abbr>, fig. 1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius septentrionalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon. -Syn.</span></abbr> 1828, 72 (not of <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, which cannot be identified as an American species).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 137.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1857, 213.—<span class="sc">Murray</span>, <abbr -title="edition">ed.</abbr> New <abbr title="Philosophical Journal 11">Phil. Jour. XI</abbr>, 1859, 223 (<abbr title="Hudson Bay -Territory">H. B. T.</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Hab.</span> Whole of America north of United States; in winter south to Washington, <abbr -title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, Prescott (Arizona), and North California; Bermuda (winter, <span class="sc">Jones</span>).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_480.jpg" - width="250" height="300" - alt="Collyrio excubitoroides" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collyrio excubitoroides.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The description of this and the succeeding species will be found on <a href="#Page_413">page -413</a>. In winter, the colors, especially of the immature birds, are quite -different from those described. The plumage of the adult, in winter, differs -from that of spring as follows: the lores and nasal tufts are whitish, instead -of pure, sharply defined black, with, -however, some of the hair-like fibres -blackish. The ash above is a little -less clear, the white beneath less pure; -the under mandible whitish at the base. -An immature bird, in winter, has the ash -above overlaid by a wash of reddish-brown, -producing a prevailing uniform -light-brown tint; the black on side of -head is reduced to an obsolete patch on -the ear-coverts. The dull white beneath -is everywhere—sometimes even on the -lower tail-coverts—covered with numerous -bars of dusky, more sharply -defined, and darker than in the adult.</p> - -<p>Eastern specimens appear to have as much white on the rump as Western -ones.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In the breeding-season this species of Shrike is found in all -North America north of the United States, and is said to breed also within -our territory, in mountainous districts. Such, at least, is the statement of -Mr. Audubon, and Wilson leaves us to infer the same thing by giving a -minute description of its nest and eggs. But Audubon may have confounded -this species with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>, and Wilson, apparently believing -our species and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</i> of Europe to be identical, may have had the -<!--481.png--><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 416]</span> -nest and eggs of the European bird in view in his description. We know -of a single recent instance in which this bird has bred within the limits -of the United States, though it may breed in Northern and Eastern Maine. -Mr. Boardman spoke of it as common only in winter, near Calais, but -he has since met with its nest in New Brunswick, within twelve miles -of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Stephen. It was supposed by his informant to be the nest of the -Canada Jay, but proved, on shooting the parent, to be that of the Northern -Shrike. When found, it contained four eggs, but these had hatched -out before it was secured. The nest was found on the last of April, and -was built in a low spruce-tree. Mr. Boardman has since seen these birds in -his neighborhood during the summer. Professor Verrill thinks it is only -common in the autumn and winter in Western Maine. In Western Massachusetts, -Mr. Allen cites it as not very common, but a regular winter visitant, -from the last of October to the middle of April.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with it frequently in the neighborhood of Carson City -during the winter, among the willows bordering the streams that flow from -the mountains. Dr. Coues also found it as far south as Arizona, though -Mr. Dresser did not meet with any in Texas, nor did Dr. Woodhouse notice -any in his expedition to the Zuñi. Captain Feilner found this species common, -in the colder months, in the northeastern portions of California, and -Dr. Cooper gives it as abundant at the Columbia River in October.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon further states that in severe winters he has met with it as -far south as Natchez on the Mississippi. It is also not uncommon in Kentucky -during the same season, but he never met with it near the seaboard.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kennicott’s memoranda in reference to this species are to the effect -that he observed one individual at Fort Simpson, September 23, and again -October 22, but on no other occasion. Both of these specimens, when first -observed, were singing. Their notes, he states, were low and irregular, but -were varied and quite musical. Captain Blakiston found these birds winter -residents on the Saskatchewan.</p> - -<p>In the fall and winter of 1871, a pair of these birds was attracted to the -Common, in Boston, by the large number of half-domesticated European -Sparrows. For a while they made daily inroads upon these favorites, killing -one or more for several days in succession. They appeared to keep themselves -secreted most of the time, showing themselves each day early in the -forenoon, and pouncing upon their victims, unaware of their near presence, in -the manner of a Hawk, aiming always at the heads, which were torn off and -devoured; generally the headless remains were left uneaten. In one instance -where a Sparrow had been struck on the back, an ugly wound was -made, the bird escaped alive, and was soon after seen, in the middle of Tremont -Street, apparently not seriously injured. These Shrikes were so bold -and destructive that pains had to be taken to watch for and shoot them. -Three were killed, on different days, and each with a dead Sparrow in its -claws, upon which it was feasting when shot.</p> - -<p><!--482.png--><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 417]</span> -Both Mr. Audubon and Mr. Nuttall refer to this Shrike’s imitating the -cries of other birds, apparently to decoy them within its reach. The former -has heard it utter cries like those of the Sparrow screaming in the claws of -a Hawk, to induce them to come out of their coverts and rescue their suffering -fellows, and has seen them dart suddenly into a thicket in pursuit of one, -from which would soon issue the real cries of the bird it had seized. Nuttall -states that in some parts of New England this Shrike is called a Mocking-Bird, -on account of its imitations of the notes of smaller birds. Its more -usual note resembles the discordant creaking of a signboard hinge. He also -states that it has been known to mimic the quacking of ducks, so that -these would answer to it as to a decoy. He heard one of these birds, as -late as November 10, uttering a low and soft warble, resembling that of the -Song Sparrow, immediately after changing it to the notes of the Catbird.</p> - -<p>When in pursuit of small birds, it will dart down with closed wings, in -the manner of a Hawk, and seldom fails to obtain the object of its pursuit, -following it with rapidity and pertinacity through the thickets in which it -seeks shelter. When it seizes its prey, it alights on its back, and tears open -its head.</p> - -<p>Its bold audacity and perseverance are quite remarkable, and are often displayed, -in the fall, in the manner in which it will enter an apartment -through an open window and attack a Canary, even in the presence of members -of the family. It rarely fails, if it gains access to the cage, to destroy its -inmate before the latter can be rescued by the intervention of those present, -and only by great promptness in sheltering the cage. In one instance the -writer was sitting at a closed window reading, with a Canary hanging above -him. Suddenly there was a severe blow struck at the pane of glass near -the cage, and the frightened Canary uttered cries of alarm and fell to the -bottom of its cage. The cause was soon explained. A Shrike had dashed -upon the bird, unconscious of the intervening glass, and was stretched upon -the snow under the window, stunned by the blow. He revived when taken -up, and lived several days, was sullen, but tame, and utterly devoid of fear. -He refused raw meat, but eagerly tore in pieces and devoured small birds -when given to him. His tameness and indifference to our presence may have -been occasioned by stupor arising from his injury. In another case a Shrike -made a similar attack, but escaped unharmed, and though he remained about -the house several days, was too wary to allow himself to be decoyed within -gunshot.</p> - -<p>A nest of the Northern Shrike, containing six eggs, was obtained by -R. R. McFarlane, at Anderson River Fort, June 11, 1863. This is in many -respects in striking contrast with the nests of its kindred species of the -Southern States, far exceeding them in its relative size, in elaborate finish -and warmth. It is altogether a remarkable example of what are known as -felted nests, where various materials are most elaborately worked together -into a homogeneous and symmetrical whole. It is seven inches in diameter -<!--483.png--><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 418]</span> -and three and a half in height. The cavity is proportionately large and -deep, having a diameter of four and a half inches, and a depth of two. -Except the base, which is composed of a few twigs and stalks of coarser -plants, the nest is made entirely of warm and soft materials, most elaborately -interworked together. These materials are feathers from various birds, fine -down of the Eider and other ducks, fine mosses and lichens, slender stems, -grasses, etc., and are skilfully and artistically wrought into a beautiful and -symmetrical nest, strengthened by the interposition of a few slender twigs -and stems without affecting the general felt-like character of the whole. The -egg measures 1.10 inches by .80, and is of a light greenish ground, marbled -and streaked with blotches of obscure-purple, clay-color, and rufous-brown.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson found this a by no means uncommon bird in the -woody districts, at least as far as the sixteenth parallel. On account -of its resemblance to the Canada Jay, the Indians called it the “White -Whiskey-John.” It remains all winter in the fur regions, but is much more -numerous in summer. He states that the nest is built in the fork of a tree, -of dry grass and lichens neatly intertwined, and lined with feathers.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Collurio ludovicianus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SOUTHERN SHRIKE; LOGGERHEAD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius ludovicianus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1766, 134 (based on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius ludovicianus</i>, <span -class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 162, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="tableau 15">tab. xv</abbr>, fig. -2).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, -1831, 300, <abbr title="plate 37">pl. xxxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Four, plate 237">Am. IV, pl. ccxxxvii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of -Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1857, 213. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collyrio ludovicianus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 325. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio <abbr -title="ludovicianus">ludov.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, -443. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius ardosiaceus</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux -de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 81, <abbr title="plate 51">pl. li</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Lanius carolinensis</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology -Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 57, <abbr title="plate 22">pl. xxii</abbr>, fig. 5.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Hab.</span> South Atlantic (and Gulf?) States.</p> - -<p>The young bird is quite different from the adult, differing as does that of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>, but the colors are all darker than in the corresponding age of -that species.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, if we regard it as distinct from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>, -has apparently a very restricted distribution, being confined to the South -Atlantic and Gulf States. I am not aware that it has been found farther -north than North Carolina. It is not common, according to Audubon, -either in Louisiana or Mississippi, and probably only occurs there in the -winter. I have had its eggs from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. -Dresser speaks of this Shrike as common in Texas in summer, and Dr. -Woodhouse states that he found it very abundant in Texas and the Indian -Territory. These observations may probably apply to the kindred race, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>, -and not to this form.</p> - -<p>It is said to be exclusively a bird of the lowlands, and never to be met -with in the mountainous parts, even of its restricted habitat.</p> - -<p><!--484.png--><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 419]</span> -Dr. Coues found this species very common in the neighborhood of Columbia, -<abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, frequenting the wooded streets and waste fields of that city. On -one occasion he observed a Loggerhead busily foraging for insects in the -grounds of the Capitol. From the top of a tall bush it would occasionally -sally out, capture a large grasshopper, and carry it to a tree near by, full of -sharp twigs. It would then proceed to impale the insect on one of these -points, remain awhile watching the result of its performance, and then resume -its post on the bush, watching for more grasshoppers, some of which, -one by one, it caught and impaled in like manner, others it ate on the spot.</p> - -<p>This curious habit of impaling insects, more or less common to the entire -family of Shrikes, seems to admit of no satisfactory explanation. In this -case the bird thus secured them when apparently hungry, eating some and -impaling others. Yet, so far as I know, it never makes any use of those it -thus impales.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon states that in South Carolina it is quite common along the -fences and hedges about the rice plantations at all seasons, and that it renders -good service to the planters in the destruction of field-mice, as well as -of many of the larger insects. He speaks of its song as consisting only of -shrill, clear, creaking, prolonged notes, resembling the grating of a rusty -hinge. His account differs, in many respects, from the more minute and -exact descriptions of <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> Dr. Bachman. In pursuing its prey, he states -that it invariably strikes it with its bill before seizing it with its claws.</p> - -<p>In reference to its song, Dr. Bachman states that it has other notes besides -the grating sound mentioned by Audubon. During the breeding-season, and -nearly all the summer, the male bird posts itself at the top of some tree -and makes an effort at a song, which he compares to the first attempts of a -young Brown Thrush. This is a labored effort, and at times the notes are -not unpleasing, but very irregular.</p> - -<p>Dr. Bachman also claims that the male evinces marked evidences of attachment -to his mate, carrying to her, every now and then, a grasshopper or a -cricket, and driving away hawk or crow as they approach the nest.</p> - -<p>He also states that he has usually found the nest on the outer limbs of -trees, often from fifteen to thirty feet from the ground, and only once on a -bush so low as ten feet from the ground. He has occasionally seen these -birds feeding on mice, and also on birds that had been apparently wounded -by the sportsman. It will sometimes catch young birds and devour them, -but its food consists chiefly of grasshoppers, crickets, coleopterous and other -insects, including butterflies and moths, which it will pursue and capture -on the wing. Dr. Bachman has observed its habit of pinning insects on -thorns. In one instance he saw it occupy itself for hours in sticking up, in -this way, small fishes thrown on the shore, but he has never known them to -devour anything thus impaled.</p> - -<p>This Shrike is partially migratory in South Carolina, as a few may be -found all winter, but only one tenth of those seen in summer. It is also -<!--485.png--><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 420]</span> -very fond of the little changeable green lizard, which it pursues with great -skill and activity, but not always with success.</p> - -<p>It is said also to breed twice in a season. Dr. Bachman describes their -eggs as white, and Mr. Audubon speaks of them as greenish-white. Neither -make any reference to their spots.</p> - -<p>All the nests that I have ever seen of this species, in the simplicity of -their structure and in their lack of elaboration, are in remarkable contrast -with the nests of both the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>. They are flat, -shallow structures, with a height of about two inches and a diameter of five. -They are made externally of long soft strips of the inner bark of the basswood, -strengthened on the sides with a few dry twigs, stems, and roots. -Within, it is lined with fine grasses and stems of herbaceous plants.</p> - -<p>The eggs, often six in number, are in length from 1.02 to 1.08 inches, and -from .72 to .78 of an inch in breadth; their ground-color is a yellowish or -clayey-white, blotched and marbled with dashes, more or less confluent, of -obscure purple, light brown, and a purplish-gray. The spots are usually -larger and more scattered than in the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. borealis</i>, and the ground-color -is a yellowish and not a bluish white, as in the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. excubitoroides</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Collurio ludovicianus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">robustus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-WINGED SHRIKE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">?? Lanius elegans</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 122.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual -One">Man. I</abbr>, 1840, 287.—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. -Sc.</abbr> 1857, 213.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 327. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Collyrio elegans</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 328. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio elegans</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> -1864, 444.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 140. (According to -<span class="sc">Dresser & Sharpe</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, 595, who have examined -the type, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. elegans</i> of Swainson is the same as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. lahtora</i>, <span -class="sc">Sykes</span>, of Siberia.)</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Hab.</span> California?</p> - -<p>The description already given is taken from a specimen in the collection of -the Philadelphia Academy, labelled as having been collected in California by -Dr. Gambel, and is very decidedly different from any of the recognized North -American species. Of nearly the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. excubitoroides</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>, -it has a bill even more powerful than that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. borealis</i>. In its unwaved -under parts and uniform color of the entire upper surface, except scapulars, -it differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>, and resembles <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>. In the -extension of white over the inner webs of the secondaries, it closely resembles -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. excubitor</i>. The great restriction of white at the base of the tail—the -four central feathers being entirely black, and the bases of the others -grayish-ashy—is quite peculiar to the species.</p> - -<p>The specimen in the Philadelphia Academy we originally referred to the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. elegans</i> of Swainson, alleged to have come from the fur countries, as although -some appreciable differences presented themselves, especially in the -<!--486.png--><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 421]</span> -coloration of the tail, these were considered as resulting from an imperfect -description. Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser, however, as quoted above, show -that Swainson’s type really belongs to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. lahtora</i>, an Old World species. -We therefore find it expedient to give a new name to the variety, having no -reason to discredit the alleged locality of the specimen.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Collurio ludovicianus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">excubitoroides</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN LOGGERHEAD; WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius excubitoroides</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna -Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 115 (Saskatchewan).—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1847, 200 (Cala.).—<span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1857, 213.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological -Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1864, 173 (City of Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collyrio excubitoroides</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 327. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio excub.</i> -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1864, 445.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 138. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Lanius -mexicanus</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Two">Cab. Jour. II</abbr>, 1854, 145.—<span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 1861, 46 (Mexico). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius ludovicianus</i>, -<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal">Cab. Jour.</abbr> 1858, 191 (Upper -Missouri).—<span class="sc">Dresser & Sharpe</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1870, -595.</p> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Hab.</span> Western Province of North America, as far north as Oregon; Middle North -America, to the Saskatchewan, and east to Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois; south to -Orizaba and Oaxaca, and City of Mexico; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.</p> - -<p>The precise boundaries between this species and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ludovicianus</i> are difficult -of definition, as the transition is almost insensible.</p> - -<p>The young bird is pale fulvous-ash above, everywhere with transverse -crescentic bars of dusky. Two bands of mottled pale fulvous across wings, -on tips of middle and greater coverts. Tail tipped with ochraceous, the -white feathers tinged with the same. Breast and sides with obsolete bars of -dusky. Black band on side of head rather obsolete.</p> - -<p>In its extreme stage of coloration it differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> in paler and -purer color; the ash of back lighter; the under parts brilliant white, not -decidedly plumbeous on the sides as in the other, and without so great a -tendency to the usual obsolete waved lines (noticed distinctly only in winter -or immature birds); the axillars bluish-white, not plumbeous. The white -of wings and tail is more extended; the hoary of forehead and whitish of -scapulars more distinct. The bristles at base of bill somewhat involving the -feathers are black, forming a narrow frontal line, not seen in the other. The -most striking difference is in the rump and upper tail-coverts, which are -always appreciably and abruptly lighter than the back, sometimes white or -only faintly glossed with plumbeous; while in typical specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> -these feathers are scarcely lighter at all, and generally more or less -varied with blackish spots at the end. The legs and tail are apparently longer, -the latter less graduated. These differences are, however, most appreciable in -specimens from the Middle and Western Provinces. Those from the Western -States, east of the Missouri River, as far north as Wisconsin, are more intermediate -between the two, although still nearest to the Rocky Mountain bird -<!--487.png--><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 422]</span> -as described; the back darker, the rump and axillars more plumbeous, the -sides more bluish. There is little doubt that the examination of series from -the States along the Mississippi will show a still closer resemblance to typical -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ludovicianus</i>, and that the gradation between the two extremes will be -found to be continuous and unbroken. It therefore seems reasonable to consider -them all as one species, varying with longitude and region according -to the usual law,—the more western the lighter, with longer tail. The only -alternative is to suppose that two species, originally distinct, have hybridized -along the line of junction of their respective provinces, as is certainly sometimes -the case. The approximation in many respects of coloration of the -Shrikes of the Pacific coast to those of the South Atlantic States is not without -its importance in the discussion of the subject. However it may be, it -is necessary to retain the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>, -as representing, whether as -species or variety, a peculiar regional -form, which must be kept distinctly in -mind. The comparatively greater size -of the bill in the Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas specimens -is seen in other species from this -locality (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 26,438 of adjacent figure).</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_487a.jpg" - width="150" height="197" - alt="Specimen 26438" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">26438</b></p> -</div> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_487b.jpg" - width="150" height="207" - alt="Specimen 13600" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">13600</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The intensity of the black front in -this species varies considerably, being -sometimes very distinct, and again entirely wanting. This may probably -be a character of the breeding-season, the dulness of black anterior to the eye -and the lighter color of the bill having a close relationship here, as in other -species, to maturity, sex, and season.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This variety was first described from specimens obtained in the -territory of the Hudson’s Bay <abbr title="Company">Co.</abbr> Richardson states that it was not found -farther north than the fifty-fourth degree, and there only in the warm and -sandy plain of the Saskatchewan. Its manners, he says, are precisely similar -to those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i>, feeding chiefly on the grasshoppers, which were very -numerous on the plains. Mr. Drummond found its nest in the beginning of -June, in a bush of willows. It was built of the twigs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Artemisia</i> and -dry grass, and lined with feathers. The eggs were six in number, of a -pale yellowish-gray color, with many irregular and confluent spots of oil-green, -mixed with a few of smoke-gray.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway met with it, in his Western explorations, in all localities, but -most frequently among the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Artemisia</i> and in the meadow-tracts of the river -valleys. It is also seen on all parts of the mountains, among the cedar -groves, localities in which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> is said never to be found.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper describes this bird as abundant in all the plains-region of California, -but not as far as the Columbia River. South of latitude 38<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, they reside -all the year. They were abundant about Fort Mohave all winter, and nested -as early as the 19th of March in a thorn-bush. They had young early in -<!--488.png--><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 423]</span> -April. At San Diego they nested later, about April 20. He speaks of their -singing as an attempt at a song, the notes being harsh, like those of a Jay, -but not imitative. They catch birds, but do so very rarely, depending upon -grasshoppers and other insects.</p> - -<p>The nests of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</i>, so far as I have had any opportunity to examine -them, always exhibit a very marked contrast, in the elaborateness of -their structure, to any of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i> that have fallen under my notice. -They resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i> in their size and the felted nature of their -walls, but are more coarsely and rudely put together. They have an external -diameter of about eight inches, and a height of four. The cavity is also -large and deep. These nests are always constructed with much artistic skill -and pains. The base is usually a closely impacted mass of fine grasses, lichens, -mosses, and leaves, intermingled with stout dry twigs. Upon this is wrought -a strong fabric of fine wood-mosses, flaxen fibres of plants, leaves, grasses, fur -of quadrupeds, and other substances. Intertwined with these are a sufficient -number of slender twigs and stems of plants to give to the whole a remarkable -strength and firmness. This is often still further strengthened by an -external protection woven of stouter twigs and small ends of branches, -stems, etc. The whole is then thoroughly and warmly lined with a soft -matting of the fur of several kinds of small animals, vegetable down, and a -few feathers.</p> - -<p>The eggs, five or six in number, measure 1.00 by .73 of an inch, and strongly -resemble those of both the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</i>. Their ground-color -is pale greenish-white, over which are marks and blotches, more or less confluent, -of lilac, purplish-brown, and light umber.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway, who is familiar with this bird in Southern Illinois, informs -me that in that section it is a resident species, being abundant during the -summer and by no means rare in the winter. It is there, strangely enough, -often called the Mocking-Bird, its similar appearance and fondness for the -same locality leading some persons to confound these very different birds. -In districts where the true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus</i> is not common, young birds of this species -are frequently taken from their nests and innocently sold to unsuspecting -admirers of that highly appreciated songster.</p> - -<p>This bird inhabits, almost exclusively, open situations, being particularly -fond of waste fields where young honey-locusts (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gleditschia triacanthos</i>) have -grown up. Among their thorny branches its nests are almost utterly inaccessible, -if beyond the reach of poles. In such localities this bird may often -be seen perched in an upright position upon some thorn-bush, or a fence-stake, -quietly watching for its prey, remaining nearly an hour at a time -motionless except for an occasional movement of the head.</p> - -<p>The flight of this bird, Mr. Ridgway adds, is quite peculiar, utterly unlike -that of any other bird except the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</i>, which it only slightly -resembles. In leaving its perch it sinks nearly to the ground, describing a -curve as it descends, and, passing but a few feet above the surface, ascends in -<!--489.png--><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 424]</span> -the same manner to the object upon which it is next to light. The flight is -performed in an undulating manner, the bird sustaining itself a short time -by a rapid fluttering of the wings, and sinking as this motion is suspended. -As it flies, the white patch on the wing, with the general appearance of its -gray and white plumage, increases its resemblance to the Mocking-Bird.</p> - -<p>Though very partial to thorn-trees (honey-locust), other trees having a -thick foliage—as those canopied by a tangled mass of wild -grapevines—are -frequently occupied as nesting-places; while a pair frequently make -their home in an apple-orchard, selecting the old untrimmed trees. The -situation of the nest varies according to the character of the tree; if in a -thorn-bush, it is placed next the trunk, encased within protecting bunches of -thorns; but if in an apple-tree, it is situated, generally, near the extremity of -a horizontal branch. The number of eggs is generally six, but Mr. Ridgway -has several times found seven in one nest. No bird is more intrepid in the -defence of its nest than the present one; at such times it loses, apparently, -all fear, and becomes almost frenzied with anger, alighting so near that one -might grasp it, were he quick enough, and with open mouth and spread -wings and tail threatening the intruder, its attacks accompanied by a peculiar -crackling noise, interrupted by a harsh, grating <i class="birdcall">qua</i>, <i class="birdcall">qua</i>, <i class="birdcall">qua</i>, slowly -repeated, but emphatically uttered.</p> - -<p>The habit peculiar to the Shrikes of impaling their victims Mr. Ridgway -has observed frequently in this species; for this purpose the long and extremely -sharp thorns of the honey-locust serve it admirably; and “spitted” -upon them he has found shrews, mice, grasshoppers, spiders, and even a -Chimney-Swallow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica</i>); and, in another instance, but upon -the upright broken-off twig of a dead weed in a field, a large spider. He has -also known this bird to dart at the cage of a Canary-Bird, and frighten the -poor inmate so that it thrust its head between the wires, when it was immediately -torn off by the powerful beak of the Butcher-Bird.</p> - -<p>The young of this species becomes a very pleasing and extremely docile -pet. Mr. Ridgway has known one which, though fully grown, with power -of flight uninjured, and in possession of unrestrained freedom, came to its -possessor at his call, and accompanied him through the fields, its attachment -being rewarded by frequent “doses” of grasshoppers, caught for it. It had -been fully feathered before taken from the nest. Unfortunately the vocal -capabilities of this Shrike are not sufficient to allow its becoming a general -favorite as a pet; for, although possessing considerable talent for -mimicry, it imitates only the rudest sounds, while its own notes, consisting -of a grating, sonorous <i class="birdcall">qua</i> and a peculiar creaking sound, each with -several variations, are anything but delightful.</p> - -</div><!--end family Laniidæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--490.png--><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 425]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">CÆREBIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Creepers.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2">As already stated on <a href="#Page_177">page 177</a>, there is little to distinguish the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</i> -from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, except by the longer and more protracted tongue, and -by the narrower gape in some of the forms. The genera <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cæreba</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diglossa</i>, etc., have peculiarities by which they are easily recognized; but -when we come to such members as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dacnis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum</i>, etc., it becomes -very difficult to separate them from the slender-billed Tanagers, the Wood -Warblers, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophagas</i>.</p> - -<p>Although the family is one widely distributed, in numerous genera, over -Middle and South America, but one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola</i>, belongs to North America, -this being represented by a species, or rather a race, abundant in the Bahamas, -and occasionally met with in the Florida Keys. We shall therefore -give only the diagnosis of this family.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CERTHIOLA</b>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>, <abbr lang="sv" xml:lang="sv" -title="Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar">Vet. Akad. Handl.</abbr> Stockholm, 1835, 99. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia -flaveola</i>, <span class="sc">Linn.</span>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_490.jpg" - width="250" height="188" - alt="Certhiola flaveola" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola flaveola</i>, <abbr title="Sundevall">Sund.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38055</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill nearly as long as the head; as high as broad at base, elongated, conical, -very acute, and gently decurved from base to tip. -Culmen uniformly convex; gonys concave. No -bristles at base of bill. Tail rounded, rather shorter -than the wings. Tarsi longer than the middle toe. -Iris brown? Nest pensile and arched. Eggs with -yellowish ground dotted thickly with rufous spots.</p> - -<p>This genus is one of those especially characterizing -the West Indies, almost every -island as far as known having its peculiar -species, differing, it is true, in very slight -characters, but always constant to the normal type. Cuba alone has so far -furnished no representative of this genus, its place being supplied apparently -by <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cæreba cyanea</i>. The specimens from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas I cannot -distinguish from those of Porto Rico, but this is, so far as the series before -me indicates, the only case where one species occurs on two islands. All -the West Indian species, nine or ten in number, agree in having the whole -upper part nearly uniformly dusky or blackish; the head and back being -concolored, while of the three or four South American all but one (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -luteola</i>) have the back more olivaceous, the head much darker. Again, -the West Indian species, with a single exception (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bananivora</i>), have both -webs of lateral tail-feathers broadly and about equally tipped with white; -while in all the South American this white is more restricted on the inner -<!--491.png--><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 426]</span> -web, and on the outer reduced to a narrow border. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caboti</i> from Cozumel, -near the eastern coast of Yucatan, exhibits the Continental impress in possessing -the character last mentioned.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_491.jpg" - width="250" height="171" - alt="Certhiola flaveola" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola flaveola.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>In all the species from the Greater Antilles and the portion of Continental -America west and directly south -of this group, there is a distinct external -white patch at base of quills; -while this disappears in the species of -the Lesser Antilles and eastern South -America, or is only faintly traceable. -Again, in the species of the Lesser -Antilles, with the disappearance of the -white wing-patch, the greater and middle -wing-coverts show a faint edging of -lighter, by which, as well as by the darker back, they are distinguished from -their South American allies.</p> - -<p>The shape of the white patch at base of the quills on the outer web furnishes, -in combination with the color of the throat, excellent and permanent -specific characters. This in the Jamaican, Haytien, and Bahaman forms is -elongated, extending gradually and uniformly behind to the outer edge of -the quill, while in those of Porto Rico, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas, Cozumel, and the South -American species, where it exists, the posterior outline is nearly transverse, -and only running out a little along outer web.</p> - -<p>As a general rule South American species have shorter tails than the -West Indian.</p> - -<p>It is a nice question what are really species in this genus, and what merely -races or varieties; but it would probably be not far from correct to assume -that the various forms described are simply modifications of one primitive -species, produced by geographical distribution and external physical conditions. -In the following diagnosis I shall treat all the varieties as occupying -the same rank, without attempting any discrimination. Although but one -of these belongs to the United States, and that as a straggler from the Bahamas, -I give the table of the whole, to show the interesting relationship between -them.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -Above dusky-olive or blackish; the rump olivaceous or -yellowish; the head and cheeks always black, and sometimes darker than back. -Chin and throat ashy or black. Rest of under part yellow, duller behind. A -broad white stripe from bill above eye to nape. A white patch at base of primaries; -generally visible externally, sometimes concealed. Lateral -tail-feathers tipped with white. Bill black; legs dusky.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Head uniform in color with rest of upper parts; dark sooty-brown or blackish. -Both webs of outer tail-feather tipped with white (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">luteola</i>). All West -Indian except <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">luteola</i>, which, however, occurs in Tobago and Trinidad, and generally -belongs to the shores of the Carribean Sea.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. A distinct and conspicuous external white patch at base of primaries. -Wing-coverts not margined with paler.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--492.png--><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 427]</span> -<i class="subset">a.</i> Throat uniformly but decided dark ash-color, varying in shade, never -entirely black, however, nor ashy-white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Throat very dark ash, not contrasting or appreciably different from -blackish of cheeks.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Wing-spot elongated; the white running out gradually and -obliquely behind to the outer edge of the primary, reaching -shaft of outer primary. Yellow of breast decidedly ochraceous. -Rump as bright yellow as the belly. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Jamaica<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_83" id="fnanchor_83"></a><a href="#footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">White patch of wing more quadrate on each quill; transverse; -not tapering off gradually and uniformly behind; not -reaching the shaft on outer primary. Breast without ochraceous; -rump olivaceous-yellow; the color different from that -of belly. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Santa Cruz<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">newtoni</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_84" id="fnanchor_84"></a><a href="#footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Chin and throat lighter ash (but not at all whitish); in decided and -appreciable contrast with blackish of cheeks. Jugulum yellow, like under -parts generally.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Lateral tail-feather broadly tipped with white on both webs. -Rump olivaceous-yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Wing-spot on each primary nearly quadrate, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">newtoni</i>. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico and <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_85" id="fnanchor_85"></a><a href="#footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Lateral tail-feather with inner web only broadly tipped with -white. Rump bright yellow like belly. Bill very small.</p> - -<p class="indent4">White of wing as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</i>, but less extended, and margining -edge only of outer primary. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Hayti and <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bananivora</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_86" id="fnanchor_86"></a><a href="#footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">White of wing as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">newtoni</i>. Size much larger; darker -above. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Tobago, Trinidad, and north shore of South -America<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">luteola</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_87" id="fnanchor_87"></a><a href="#footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">c.</i> Chin, throat, and jugulum white, with a tinge of ashy. Yellow of -under parts much restricted.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Depth of bill less than half distance from nostril to tip. Superciliary -stripe reaching to nape. Yellow of under part restricted to a -triangular patch on breast. White spot on wing large, tapering off -gradually on each primary, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</i>; on the outer reaching -shaft. Both webs of outer tail-feather about equally tipped. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Bahamas and Florida Keys<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_88" id="fnanchor_88"></a><a href="#footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Depth of bill fully half distance from nostril to tip. Superciliary -stripe reaching the occiput only. Yellow of under parts more extended. -White spot on wing restricted; more quadrate, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">newtoni</i>; -edge only of outer primary involved. Outer web of outer -tail-feather scarcely tipped. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Cozumel Island, Yucatan<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caboti</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_89" id="fnanchor_89"></a><a href="#footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">2. No external white patch at base of primary quills. Wing-coverts obscurely -margined with paler. Both webs of outer tail-feathers tipped about -equally with white. Rump olivaceous; this color of but slight extent.<span class="lock"> … </span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--493.png--><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 428]</span> -<i class="subset">a.</i> Throat black; continuous with black of cheeks; or else very dark -plumbeous, scarcely distinguishable from the cheeks.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Median line of throat white, the sides black like the cheeks; chin -alone black. Superciliary stripes not confluent anteriorly. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Martinique<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinicana</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_90" id="fnanchor_90"></a><a href="#footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Whole throat blackish. No white frontal band?</p> - -<p class="indent4">Wing 2.50 inches. Belly ochraceous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Dominica Island, -West Indies<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicana</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_91" id="fnanchor_91"></a><a href="#footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">Wing 2.20 inches. Belly more yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Barbadoes<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadensis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_92" id="fnanchor_92"></a><a href="#footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Whole throat very dark plumbeous. A whitish frontal broad -band connecting the superciliary stripes which extend in front of -the eye. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Antigua, West Indies<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_93" id="fnanchor_93"></a><a href="#footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">A grayish frontal band; superciliary stripes narrow; not extending -in front of eye. Trace of white patch at base of primaries<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bartholemica</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_94" id="fnanchor_94"></a><a href="#footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Head blackish, in distinct contrast to the more <a id="chg10" name="chg10"></a>olivaceous back. Outer -tail-feather with outer web scarcely tipped with white. Wing-coverts not margined -with paler. Throat light ash, in distinct contrast to black of cheek.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. A distinct external white wing-patch at base of primaries.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Rump olive-green. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Central America, but -hardly reaching line of Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr><span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_95" id="fnanchor_95"></a><a href="#footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">Rump olive-yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Panama <abbr title="Royal Road">R. R.</abbr>; south along Andes -to Peru<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruviana</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_96" id="fnanchor_96"></a><a href="#footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> No external white wing-patch.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Rump olive-green. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Brazil and Guiana<span class="lock"> … </span><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chloropyga</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_97" id="fnanchor_97"></a><a href="#footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></span></p> - -<p>The preceding table is based upon a critical examination of many hundred -specimens belonging to the Smithsonian Institution.—<span class="sc">S. F. Baird.</span></p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Certhiola bahamensis</b>, <abbr title="Reichenbach"><span class="sc">Reich.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BAHAMA CREEPER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia flaveola</i>, <abbr title="variation beta">var. β</abbr>. <abbr -title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> -12, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1766, 187. (“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia</i>” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</i>, <span -class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina tableau">Car. tab.</abbr> 59. Bahamas.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola -flaveola</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 924, <abbr title="plate 83">pl. -lxxxiii</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 3 (Indian Key, <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola -bahamensis</i>, <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Reichenbach Handbuch 1"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> Handb. I</abbr>, 1853, 253 -(<span class="sc">Catesby</span>, <abbr title="Carolina tableau">Car. tab.</abbr> 59, Bahamas).—<span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. A. N. S. Ph.</abbr> 1864, 271. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Journal Ornithologie">Jour. Orn.</abbr> 1865, 412 -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. flaveola</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. A.</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(11,951 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Bahamas.) Above dark dusky-brown; scarcely darker on the -head; the rump yellow. Edge of wing and a triangular patch covering the front of breast -(the angle behind) pale yellow; the rest of under parts pale ashy-white, purest on front -<!--494.png--><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 429]</span> -and sides of neck and on crissum; on flanks somewhat soiled and rather darker. A broad -superciliary white stripe (not crossing the forehead) from bill to nape, but little lighter -than the throat; the line of feathers immediately behind the nostrils, and a small patch at -base of lower mandible under the tips, with the usual stripe from bill through the eye, -being blackish. White spot at base of quills very distinct externally; the posterior outline -on each outer web of the primaries not quadrate, but running out obliquely behind -and on the outermost quill reaching the shaft. Edges of quills narrowly margined with -grayish-white; on the secondaries continued round the tips. No distinct bands on the -coverts. Outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white; this even involving the innermost, -but reduced to a narrow edge. Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.30; tail, 1.80.</p> - -<p class="small">Bill: Length from forehead, .62; from nostril, .41; along gape, .59; depth at base, .17. -Legs: Tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .58; claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, .45; -claw alone, .20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Bahamas and Keys of southeast coast of Florida.</p> - -<p>A specimen from the Florida Keys (10,367) is rather darker than those -from the Bahamas, the white less extended, and not quite reaching the shafts -in the outer quills.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, belonging properly to the Bahaman group of the -West Indian Islands, was found at Indian Key, <abbr title="Florida">Fla.</abbr>, January 31, 1858, by -Mr. Würdemann, where it appeared to be not at all rare. Nothing is known -of its habits, but they are doubtless nearly the same as those of the allied -species. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. flaveola</i> is known in Jamaica as the Banana Quit, Honey-Sucker, -and Black and Yellow Creeper. According to the description of -them given by Mr. Gosse, these birds, scarcely larger than the Humming-Birds, -are often seen in company with them, probing the flowers for similar -purposes, but in a very different manner. Instead of hovering like the Humming-Bird -in front of the blossom, for which its short wings would be incompetent, -these birds alight on the tree and proceed in a very business-like -manner. Hopping from twig to twig in an active manner, they carefully -examine each blossom. In doing this they throw their bodies into a variety -of positions, often clinging by the feet with the back downwards, the better -to reach the interior of a blossom with their curved beaks and peculiar tongue. -The objects of these researches are the small insects which are always found -in the interior of flowers. This bird is unsuspecting and familiar, and very -freely resorts to the blossoming shrubs of the gardens and yards. Mr. Gosse -mentions, in evidence of this familiarity, that a large moringa-tree under his -window, as he was writing, and which all through the year was profusely set -with fragrant blossoms, and was a favorite resort of these birds, was being -carefully scrutinized by two active little Creepers. Although within a few -feet of his window, they pursued their examinations, perfectly undisturbed -by his looking on. As they move about they utter a soft sibilant note.</p> - -<p>The nests of this little bird are usually built in those low trees and bushes -to which are fastened the nests of the brown wasps, and in close contiguity -to them. Mr. Gosse regards this singular predilection as a remarkable exercise -of instinct, if not of reason, as the evident object of it is the protection -<!--495.png--><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 430]</span> -afforded by the presence of those formidable insects, though upon what terms -of amity this defensive alliance is kept does not appear.</p> - -<p>These Creepers incubate during the months of May, June, and July. On -the 4th of May, Mr. Gosse observed one with a bit of “silk-cotton” in her -beak, and found the skeleton of the nest just commenced in a bush of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lantana -camara</i>. It was evidently to be of dome shape, and so far had been constructed -entirely of silk-cotton. The completed nests are made in the form -of a globe, with a small opening below the side. The walls are very thick, -composed of dry grasses intermixed irregularly with the down of asclepias. -One of these nests was fixed between the twigs of a branch of a <i class="plant-name">Bauhinia</i> -projecting over a highway. Another, found towards the end of June, was -built in a bush of <i class="plant-name">Lantana</i>, and of the same structure. It contained two -eggs, greenish-white, thickly but indefinitely dashed with reddish at the -larger end. Mr. Gosse quotes a Mr. Robinson as giving their dimensions at -.44 by .31 of an inch, while his own specimens are much larger than this, -measuring .63 by nearly .50. Two eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. flaveola</i>, from Jamaica, in my -cabinet, measure, .68 by .51 and .68 by .49 of an inch. In one the ground -is a dull white, so generally and thickly covered with minute but confluent -dots of reddish-brown as to impart a pinkish tinge to the whole egg. In the -other the ground is a dull white, sparingly marked with blotches of brown -over about three fourths of its surface, but at the larger end covered with a -crown of larger and confluent blotches of subdued purple and dark umber, -intermingled with a few lines of a darker hue, almost black.</p> - -<p>Two eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. newtoni</i>, from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix, are of a more rounded-oval shape, -and measure .69 by .45 and .65 by .44 of an inch. They have a dull white -ground, but this is so uniformly and generally covered with confluent reddish-brown -markings as to be nowhere very distinct.</p> - -<p>The <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix species is called the Sugar-Bird in that island, from its habit -of entering the curing-houses, through the barred windows, probably attracted -thither by the swarms of flies. It is a very familiar species, haunting gardens, -and often entering houses, and never manifesting any alarm. It keeps -in pairs, and breeds from March to August. Mr. Newton states that it builds -a domed and often pensile nest, with a small porch, or pent-house roof, over -the entrance, generally at the extremity of a leafy bough. The nest is generally -very untidy on the outside, and is composed of coarse grass and cotton, -with feathers on the inside. It deposits its eggs before the completion -of the nest, “rather to the discomfiture of the oölogist, who delays inserting -his finger into the structure while he sees one or both of the birds busy with -a tuft of grass or cotton in their bills, until at last he finds their eggs already -hatched.” Mr. Newton observed one instance in which two broods were -reared in the same nest, with only an interval of ten days between the time -the young left it and the laying of an egg.</p> - -</div><!--end family Cærebidæ--> - -<p class="p4"><!--496.png--><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 431]</span></p> -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<h2><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">TANAGRIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Tanagers.</span></h2> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Primaries nine. Bill usually conical, sometimes depressed or attenuated, usually -more or less triangular at base, and with the cutting edges not much inflected; sometimes -toothed or notched. Legs short; claws curved; colors usually brilliant.</p> - -<p>We confess our entire inability to present a diagnosis that shall define -and separate satisfactorily by external characters the closely allied families -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>, agreeing as they do in -the main in every respect. The only attempt at distinction is based upon -the shape of the bill, and this in what are generally called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i> presents -every variety of shape, from the attenuation seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i> to the -stoutest form of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</i> have peculiarities of the -tongue, not appreciable, however, in the skin. In view, therefore, of the difficulty -in question, we shall copy the conventional names and unsatisfactory -definitions of other authors, in our inability to present a satisfactory arrangement -of our own.</p> - -<p>Carus and Gerstæcker in <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Handbuch der Zoologie</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 277, adopt a classification -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i> based on the palatine bones in which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i> are distinguished from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</i> as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<div class="small"> -<p>Suborder OSCINES, <span class="sc">Sundevall</span>. Of the ten primaries, the first is short, rudimentary, -or wanting; the number of secondaries is rarely more than nine. Tarsus entirely booted, -or else with an undivided plate on the sides. Lower trachea completely formed by the -help of the trachea and bronchiæ; generally with four pairs of muscles, distributed before -and behind.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Group <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> Spizognathæ.</span> Outer lamella of the palatine bone developed in a vertical -plane, with the hinder border more or less emarginated; the anterior palatine process -broad, and united by a truncated border to the high and broad upper mandible.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Family 1.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ploceidæ.</i> Ten primaries.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Family 2.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ.</i> Bill encircled by a more or less distinct swelling at base. -Frontal feathers not forming lateral angles. Edges of the jaws drawn in as far as the corner -of the mouth; nine primaries; the first three usually longest. Legs with undivided -plates behind.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Family 3.</span> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ.</i> Bill more or less triangular at the base. Culmen always more -or less curved. Frequently a tooth or notch in the upper bill, sometimes fine serrations. -Wings moderate; somewhat pointed; primaries nine. Tarsus and toes short and stout. -Hind toe stout and long. Claws curved.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Group <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> Coræognathæ.</span> Palatine bone broad and rather flat behind, the external -angles prolonged, not extended into a vertical plate. Base of bill generally narrower. -Primaries nine or ten. This section embraces, of North American forms:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p>Mniotiltidæ,<br /> -Motacillidæ,<br /> -Alaudidæ,<br /> -Sylviidæ,<br /> -Turdidæ,<br /> -Cærebidæ,<br /> -Hirundinidæ,<br /> -Ampelidæ,<br /> -Laniidæ,<br /> -Troglodytidæ,<br /> -Certhiidæ,<br /> -Paridæ,<br /> -Icteridæ,<br /> -Corvidæ,</p> - -<p>all of which have already been described in the present work, with the exception of the -last two. -</p></div><!--end series of paragraphs in small font--> - -<p><!--497.png--><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 432]</span> -The family of Tanagers is peculiar to the New World, which abounds in -species of a great variety of forms. Only one genus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</i>, actually enters -within the limits of the United States, with four well-marked species, there -being many others in Central and South America.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PYRANGA</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de -l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, <abbr title="four">iv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Analyse, 1816, 32.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. -Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1856, 123.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnisoma</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Classification of Birds, Two">Class. Birds, -II</abbr>, 1837, 284.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill somewhat straight; subconical, cylindrical, notched at tip; culmen -moderately curved; commissure -with a median acute lobe. Wings -elongated; the four first primaries -longest. Tail moderate, -slightly forked. Colors of the -male chiefly scarlet, of the female -yellowish.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_497.jpg" - width="250" height="189" - alt="Pyranga rubra" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubra.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">34177</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p>The rictus is well provided -with bristles, which bend -downwards, but if brought -forward would reach the -nostrils. These are rounded, -and are closely crowded -by the frontal leathers. The -tarsus is shorter than the -middle toe, scutellate anteriorly, and smooth on the sides behind. The -lateral toes are about equal; the basal joint of the middle toe united for -half its length to the inner toe, and by almost the whole length to the outer.</p> - -<p>The following table may serve to distinguish the males of the several species -of this genus. The females of all differ from the males in having the -red replaced, the dusky of upper surface by olive-green, the brighter tint of -lower parts by yellow.—<span class="sc">R. Ridgway.</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Wing and tail blackish, or deep black, in more or less striking contrast to the -color of the upper parts. Wing with two light bands (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubra</i>).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Body and head red in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>; yellow in the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Wings intense black in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>; back not streaked.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">P. rubra.</b> Wing without any bands, or with merely indications of -bright scarlet ones. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Intense pure scarlet; wings and tail intense -black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Olive-green above (including wings and tail), pale yellow -below. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Olive-green above, yellow below; wings and tail -black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><!--498.png--><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 433]</span> -2. <b class="birdname">P. erythromelæna.</b> Wing with two bands of pure white. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. -Bright scarlet; wings, tail, and lores intense black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Olive-green -above, yellow beneath; wings and tail slaty.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Forehead, eyelids, and anterior half of cheeks velvety-black; red -of a carmine shade. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle America, north to Mirador.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythromelæna</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_98" id="fnanchor_98"></a><a href="#footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Forehead, eyelids, and anterior half of cheeks scarlet (lores only -black); red of a scarlet shade. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern South America.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardens</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_99" id="fnanchor_99"></a><a href="#footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Wings brownish-dusky in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>; back streaked with black.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">P. bidentata.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_100" id="fnanchor_100"></a><a href="#footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></span> Wing with two bands of pinkish-white (<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>), or yellowish-white -(<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Above reddish-brown; head and beneath minium-scarlet. -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Above olive-green; head and beneath yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Middle America (both coasts) from Costa Rica to Middle Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Body always yellow; head red in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Lesser wing-coverts black or dusky.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">P. ludoviciana.</b> Wing with two light yellow bands. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Back, -wings, and tail intense black; head crimson. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Above olive-green, -tinged with ashy on the back; beneath pale greenish-yellow; wings -and tail dusky olive-green; no red on head. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province -of United States.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Lesser wing-coverts and middle coverts yellow.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname">P. rubriceps.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_101" id="fnanchor_101"></a><a href="#footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></span> Wing without light bands. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Back and rump -olive-green; wings and tail black; head crimson. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> New Granada.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Wing and tail reddish or greenish, of the same general color of the upper -parts; wing without any light bands.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Wing, 3.00. Body always yellow; head red in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">6. <b class="birdname">P. erythrocephala.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_102" id="fnanchor_102"></a><a href="#footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></span> Above olive-green, beneath yellow. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head -red. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.70. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico (Temiscaltipec).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Wing 3.50 or more. Body and head red in <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Commissure with a distinct tooth; bill bluish.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">7. <b class="birdname">P. hepatica.</b> Bill small, not swollen laterally; culmen gently curved -terminally, straight basally; commissural tooth small. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Above reddish-ashy, -becoming brighter reddish on the head above; beneath -minium-scarlet medially, much tinged with ashy laterally. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Ashy-green -and greenish-yellow, instead of reddish. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, similar, but -throat tinged with orange-red.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--499.png--><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 434]</span> -Auriculars grayish like the back; eyelids light red; lores grayish. -Wing, 4.10; tail, 3.40; bill, .50. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of Middle -America, north into southern Rocky Mountains of United States.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Auriculars reddish like the neck; eyelids and lores well defined, -buffy-white. Wing, 3.60; tail, 3.25; bill, .46. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Paraguay.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">azaræ</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_103" id="fnanchor_103"></a><a href="#footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent2">8. <b class="birdname">P. saira.</b> Bill large, much swollen laterally, the culmen curved -both terminally and basally. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Above dark brownish-red, beneath -deep scarlet, duller laterally. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Bright olive-green and intense orange-yellow, -instead of reddish.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Commissural tooth indistinct; forehead considerably brighter reddish -or yellowish than the back. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Beneath almost entirely pure -vermilion-scarlet. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Beneath almost wholly pure gamboge-yellow. -Wing, 4.00; tail, 3.40; culmen, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern South -America (Brazil and Trinidad)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">saira</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_104" id="fnanchor_104"></a><a href="#footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent3">Commissural tooth distinct, prominent; forehead scarcely brighter -reddish or yellowish than the back. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Beneath brownish-scarlet -medially, more brownish laterally. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Beneath Indian-yellow -medially, greenish laterally. Wing, 3.70; tail, 3.20; culmen, .80. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Middle America, on the Atlantic (Belize, Rio -Manati, Costa Rica, Angostura, and Veragua)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">testacea</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_105" id="fnanchor_105"></a><a href="#footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Commissure without an appreciable tooth; bill pale brownish.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">9. <b class="birdname">P. æstiva.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Above purplish-red, beneath pure, fine, rosaceous-vermilion. -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Above brownish olive-green, beneath ochraceous-yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Head above scarcely brighter reddish or yellowish than the back. -Bill, .55, or less, from nostril; primaries, .84 longer than secondaries. -Wing, 3.81; tail, 2.96; bill, .52. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -of United States, south, in winter, through Eastern Middle America -to Peru<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Head above decidedly brighter reddish or yellowish than the -back. Bill, .60 or more, from nostril; primaries, 1.16 longer than -secondaries. Wing, 4.24; tail, 3.68; bill, .64. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern Middle -Province of United States (Upper Rio Grande region and -Lower Colorado Basin); in winter south, through Western Mexico, -to Colima<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">C.</b> Body ashy; wings, tail, and pileum dull purplish-red; throat, lining of wing -and crissum dilute rose-pink in the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">10. <b class="birdname">P. roseigularis.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_106" id="fnanchor_106"></a><a href="#footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></span> Sides of head, nape, back, and scapulars deep -ash, the dorsal region with a faint purplish cast; lores, eyelids, cheeks, -and lower parts in general, paler, and with a dingy buff tinge,—paler -on the abdomen, and more strongly marked with ash across the breast -<!--500.png--><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 435]</span> -and along sides. Whole pileum, from bill to nape and down to the -upper edge of lores, eyes, and auriculars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and -tail, dark purplish-red. Whole throat dilute vermilion, or rose-pink -sharply defined; crissum and lining of wings a paler shade of the same. -Wing, 3.05; tail, 2.75; bill, from nostril, .45; its depth at the base, .40, -its breadth, .30; tarsus, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Yucatan.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Pyranga rubra</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE SCARLET TANAGER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra rubra</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus One"><span class="sc">Linn.</span> I</abbr>, -1766, 314.—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 889.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr -title="American Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 42; <abbr title="plate 11">pl. xi</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 3, -4.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, -1838, 388; <abbr title="plate 354">pl. cccliv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubra</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, <abbr title="four, plate -1">iv; pl. i</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 12 (Head.).—<span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna -Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 273.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List. -1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 136.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America -Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 226; <abbr title="plate 209">pl. ccix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1855, 156.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1856, 123.—<abbr -title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 270.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 251. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnisoma rubra</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 284. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnicosoma rubra</i>, <abbr -title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 24. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Pyranga erythromelas</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, “<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Tableau Encyclopédique -et Méthodique">Encyc. Méth.</abbr> 800.”—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 28">Nouv. Dict. XXVIII</abbr>, 1817, 293.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill shorter than the head. Second quill longest; first and third a little -shorter. Tail moderately forked. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Whole head and body continuous, pure, intense -scarlet, the feathers white beneath the surface, and grayish at the roots. Wings and tail, -with the scapulars, uniform intense black; the middle-coverts sometimes partly red, forming -an interrupted band. Lining of wing white. A blackish tinge along sides of the -rump, concealed by wings. Bill pea-green; iris brown; tarsi and toes dull blue. <i class="sex">Female.</i> -Olive-green above, yellowish beneath. Wing and tail feathers brown, edged with olivaceous. -Length, 7.40; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province North America, north to Winnepeg (west to El Paso? -<span class="sc">Heermann</span>). In winter, south to Ecuador (Rio Napo, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>). -Bogota (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>) Cuba (<abbr title="Sclater and Gundlach"><span class="sc">Scl. & -Gundl.</span></abbr>); Jamaica (<span class="sc"><abbr title="Sclater">Scl.</abbr> & Gosse</span>); Panama (<abbr -title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr>); Vera -Cruz (winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_500.jpg" - width="250" height="280" - alt="Pyranga ludoviciana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga ludoviciana.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>At least three years seem to be required -for the assumption of the perfect -plumage of the male. In the first -year the young male is like the female, -but has black wings and tail; in the -fall red feathers begin to make their -appearance, and the following spring -the red predominates in patches.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Scarlet Tanager is one -of the most conspicuous and brilliant -of all our summer visitants. Elegant -in its attire, retiring and modest in -manners, sweet in song, and useful in -its destruction of hurtful insects, it -well merits a cordial welcome. This -Tanager is distributed over a wide extent of territory, from Texas to Maine, -and from South Carolina to the northern shores of Lake Huron, in all which -<!--501.png--><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 436]</span> -localities it breeds. A few are found once in a while as far east as Calais, in -the spring, and they are rather occasional than common in Eastern Massachusetts, -but are more plentiful in the western part of the State, becoming -quite common about Springfield, arriving May 15, and remaining about four -months, breeding in high open woods and old orchards. In South Carolina -it is abundant as a migrant, though a few remain and breed in the higher -lands. Mr. Audubon states, also, that a few breed in the higher portions of -Louisiana, and Dr. Heermann found them breeding at El Paso, in New Mexico. -They are far more abundant, however, in the States of Pennsylvania, -New Jersey, Virginia, and throughout the Mississippi Valley, arriving early -in May, and leaving in October. Though occasionally found in the more -sparsely settled portions of the country, in orchards and retired gardens, they -are, as a rule, inhabitants of the edges of forests.</p> - -<p>Their more common notes are simple and brief, resembling, according to -Wilson, the sounds <i class="birdcall">chip-charr</i>. Mr. Ridgway represents them by <i class="birdcall">chip-a-ra´-ree</i>. -This song it repeats at brief intervals and in a pensive tone, and with -a singular faculty of causing it to seem to come from a greater than the real -distance. Besides this it also has a more varied and musical chant resembling -the mellow notes of the Baltimore Oriole. The female also utters similar -notes when her nest is approached, and in their mating-season, as they -move together through the branches, they both utter a low whispering warble -in a tone of great sweetness and tenderness. As a whole, this bird may -be regarded as a musical performer of very respectable merits.</p> - -<p>The food of this species is chiefly gleaned among the upper branches, and -consists of various coleopterous and other insects and their larvæ. Later in -the season they consume various kinds of wild berries.</p> - -<p>When their nest is approached, the male bird usually keeps at a cautious -distance, as if fearful of being seen, but his much less gaudy mate hovers -about the intruder in the greatest distress. Wilson relates quite a touching -instance of the devotion of the parent of this species to its young. Having -taken a young bird from the nest, and carried it to his friend, Mr. Bartram, -it was placed in a cage, and suspended near a nest containing young Orioles, -in hopes the parents of the latter would feed it, which they did not do. Its -cries, however, attracted its own parent, who assiduously attended it and supplied -it with food for several days, became more and more solicitous for its -liberation, and constantly uttered cries of entreaty to its offspring to come -out of its prison. At last this was more than Mr. Bartram could endure, and -he mounted to the cage, took out the prisoner, and restored it to its parent, -who accompanied it in its flight to the woods with notes of great exultation.</p> - -<p>Early in August the male begins to moult, and in the course of a few days, -dressed in the greenish livery of the female, he is not distinguishable from -her or his young family. In this humble garb they leave us, and do not -resume their summer plumage until just as they are re-entering our southern -borders, when they may be seen in various stages of transformation.</p> - -<p><!--502.png--><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 437]</span> -This species is extremely susceptible to cold, and in late and unusually -chilly seasons large numbers often perish in their more northern haunts, as -Massachusetts and Northern New York.</p> - -<p>The nests of the Scarlet Tanager are built late in May, or early in June, -on the horizontal branch of a forest tree, usually on the edge of a wood, but -occasionally in an orchard. They are usually very nearly flat, five or six -inches in diameter, and about two in height, with a depression of only about -half an inch. They are of somewhat irregular shape, or not quite symmetrically -circular. Their base is somewhat loosely constructed of coarse stems -of vegetables, strips of bark, and the rootlets of wooded plants. Upon this -is wrought, with more compactness and neatness, a framework, within which -is the lining, of long slender fibrous roots, interspersed with which are slender -stems of plants and a few strips of fine inner bark.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall describes a nest examined by him as composed of rigid stalks -of weeds and slender fir-twigs tied together with narrow strips of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apocynum</i> -and pea-vine runners, and lined with slender wiry stalks of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helianthemum</i>, -the whole so thinly plaited as readily to admit the light through -the interstices.</p> - -<p>The eggs, four or five in number, vary in length from an inch to .90, and -have an average breadth of .65. Their ground-color varies from a well-marked -shade of greenish-blue, to a dull white with hardly the least tinge -of blue. The spots vary in size, are more or less confluent, and are chiefly -of a reddish or rufous brown, intermingled with a few spots of a brownish -and obscure purple.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Pyranga ludoviciana</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LOUISIANA TANAGER.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra ludoviciana</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 27, <abbr title="plate 20, figure">pl. xx, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte Observations"><span class="sc">Bon. Obs.</span></abbr> 1826, 95.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 385; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, -1839, 90, <abbr title="plates 354, 400">pl. cccliv, cccc</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra</i> (<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Pyranga</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1828, 105.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 471. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Pyranga ludoviciana</i>, <abbr title="Richardson"><span class="sc">Rich.</span></abbr> List, 1837.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud. -Syn.</span></abbr> 1839, 137.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Three">Am. -III</abbr>, 1841, 211, <abbr title="plate 210">pl. ccx</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1856, 125.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 145. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga erythropis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr -lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 28">Nouv. Dict. XXVIII</abbr>, 1819, 291. (“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra -columbiana</i>, <abbr title="Jardine"><span class="sc">Jard.</span></abbr> <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> Wilson, <abbr -title="One">I</abbr>, 317,” according to Sclater, but I cannot find such name.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill shorter than the head. Tail slightly forked; first three quills nearly -equal. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Yellow; the middle of the back, the wings, and the tail black. Head and -neck all round strongly tinged with red; least so on the sides. A band of yellow across -the middle coverts, and of yellowish-white across the greater ones; the tertials more or -less edged with whitish. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Olive-green above, yellowish beneath; the feathers of -the interscapular region dusky, margined with olive. The wings and tail rather dark -brown, the former with the same marks as the male. Length, 7.25; wing, 3.60; tail, 2.85.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western portions of United States, from the Missouri Plains to the Pacific; north -to Fort Liard, south to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas. Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>); Orizaba (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>); -Vera Cruz (winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p><!--503.png--><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 438]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This bird is one of the many instances in which Wilson has been -unfortunate in bestowing upon his new species a geographical name not -appropriate at the present time. We have no evidence that this bird, called -the Louisiana Tanager, is ever found within the modern limits of that State, -although it occurs from the Great Plains to the Pacific, and from Fort Liard, -in the northern Rocky Mountains, to Mexico.</p> - -<p>It was first met with by Lewis and Clark’s party, on the Upper Missouri, -a region then known as Louisiana Territory. They were said to inhabit the -extensive plains in what was then called Missouri Territory, building their -nests in low bushes, and even among the grass, and delighting in the various -kinds of berries with which those fertile prairies were said to abound.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall, who met with these birds in his Western excursions, describes -them as continually flitting over those vast downs, occasionally alighting on -the stems of some tall weed, or the bushes bordering the streams. Their -habits are very terrestrial, and from this he infers that they derive their -food from the insects they find near the ground, as well as from the seeds of -the herbage in which they chiefly dwell. He found them a common and -numerous species, remaining in the country west of the Mississippi until the -approach of October. In his first observations of them he states that though -he had seen many of these birds, yet he had no recollection of hearing them -utter any modulated or musical sounds. They appeared to him shy, flitting, -and almost silent.</p> - -<p>He first observed these birds in a thick belt of wood near Laramie’s Fork -of the Platte, at a considerable distance east of the Black Hills. He afterwards -found them very abundant, in the spring, in the forests of the Columbia, -below Fort Vancouver. In these latter observations he modified his -views as to their song, and states that he could frequently trace them by -their notes, which are a loud, short, and slow, but pleasing warble, not very -unlike that of the common Robin, delivered from the tops of lofty fir-trees. -Their music continues, at short intervals, during the forenoon, and while -they are busily engaged in searching for larvæ and coleopterous insects, on -the small branches of the trees.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this Tanager quite abundant at certain seasons in the -vicinity of Fort Steilacoom. In one year a very limited number were seen; -in another they were very abundant. From frequent opportunities to examine -and to study their habits, he was inclined to discredit the statement of -Nuttall that they descend to low bushes, the reverse being the rule. He -found it very difficult to meet with any sufficiently low down in the trees -for him to kill them with fine shot. Their favorite abode, in the localities -where he observed them, was among the upper branches of the tall <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Abies -douglassii</i>. They prefer the edge of the forests, rarely retiring to the depths. -In early summer, at Fort Steilacoom, they could be seen during the middle -of the day, sunning themselves in the firs, or darting from one of those trees -to another, or to some of the neighboring white oaks on the prairie. Later -<!--504.png--><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 439]</span> -in the season they were to be seen flying very actively about in quest of -insect food for their young. On the 10th of July he saw one carrying a worm -in its mouth, showing that its young were then hatched out. During the -breeding-season they are much less shy, the males frequently sitting on some -low limb, rendering the neighborhood joyous with their delightful melody.</p> - -<p>Their stomachs were found filled with insects, chiefly coleoptera; among -these were many fragments of the large green <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buprestis</i>, found on the -Douglass fir-trees.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper adds to this account, that this bird arrives at Puget Sound -about May 15, and becomes a common summer resident in Washington Territory, -especially near the river-banks and among the prairies, on which are -found deciduous trees. He compares its song to that of its black-winged -relative (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubra</i>), being of a few notes only, whistled in the manner of -the Robin, and sounding as if the bird were quite distant, when in reality -it is very near. He met with these birds east of the Rocky Mountains and -up to the 49th parallel.</p> - -<p>In California the same observer noticed their arrival near San Diego, -in small parties, about the 24th of April. The males come in advance of -their mates, and are more bold and conspicuous, the females being rarely seen. -He saw none of them in the Coast Range toward Santa Cruz, or at Santa -Barbara, in summer. He also found them in September, 1860, in the higher -Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Columbia, in latitude 47<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. In the -fall the young and the old associate in families, all in the same dull-greenish -plumage, feeding on the berries of the elder, and other shrubs, without the -timidity they manifest in spring.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord states that he did not once meet with this species west of -the Cascade Mountains. He found them on the Spokan Plains and at Colville, -where they arrive in June. Male birds were the first to be seen. On -their arrival they perch on the tops of the highest pine-trees, and continually -utter a low piercing chirp. They soon after pair, and disappear in the forest. -Where they breed, Mr. Lord was not able to discover, though he sought high -and low for their nests. As he never succeeded in finding them, he conjectured -that they must breed on the tops of the loftiest pine-trees. They all -leave in September, but do not assemble in flocks.</p> - -<p>These Tanagers breed at least as far to the south as Arizona, Dr. Coues -having found them a summer resident near Fort Whipple, though rare. -They arrive there in the middle of April, and leave late in September.</p> - -<p>Mr. Salvin states that this Tanager was found between the volcanoes of -Agua and Fuego, at an elevation of about five thousand feet. Specimens -were also received from the Vera Paz.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this species were taken near Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. Boucard, -where they are winter residents.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway writes that he first met with these Tanagers in July, among -the pines of the Sierra Nevada. There its sweet song first attracted his -<!--505.png--><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 440]</span> -attention, it being almost exactly similar to that of its eastern relative -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubra</i>). Afterwards he continually met with it in wooded portions, -whether among the willows and cotton wood of the river-valleys, or the -cedars and piñons of the mountains. In May, 1868, among the willows -and buffalo-berry thickets of the Truckee Valley, near Pyramid Lake, it was -very abundant, in company with Grosbeaks and Orioles, feeding upon the -buds of the grease-wood (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Obione</i>), and later in the summer among the cedars -and nut-pines of East Humboldt Mountains, where the peculiar notes of the -young arrested his attention, resembling the complaining notes of the Bluebird, -but louder and more distinct. In September he noticed them feeding, -among the thickets bordering the streams, upon the pulpy fruit of the -thorn-apple (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cratægus</i>) that grew plentifully in the thickets. To the eastward -it was continually met with, in all wooded portions, as far as they -explored.</p> - -<p>In manners, it is very similar to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubra</i>. The songs of both birds -are very nearly alike, being equally fine, but that of this species is more silvery -in tone, and uttered more falteringly. Its usual note of <i class="birdcall">plit-it</i> is quite -different from the <i class="birdcall">chip-a-ra´-ree</i> of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubra</i>.</p> - -<p>He met with their nest and eggs at Parley’s Park, Utah, June 9, 1869. -The nest was on the extreme end of a horizontal branch of a pine, in a grove, -flat, and with only a very slight depression, having a diameter of four and a -half inches, with a height of only an inch. It was composed externally of -only a few twigs and dry wiry stems, and lined almost entirely with fine -vegetable rootlets.</p> - -<p>The eggs, usually three in number, measure .95 by .66 of an inch. In -form they are a rounded-oval. Their ground-color is a light bluish-green, -sparingly speckled, chiefly at the larger end, with marking of umber, intermingled -with a few dots of lilac.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Pyranga hepatica</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga hepatica</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical -Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 124.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. -Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1856, 124.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 302, <abbr -title="plate 31">pl. xxxi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, 131.—<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1869, 132.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 144. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœicosoma hepatica</i>, <abbr -title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 25. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Pyranga azaræ</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>, Sitgreave’s <abbr title="Expedition Down the Zuñi">Expl. -Zuñi</abbr>, 1853, 82 (not of other authors).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -“Length, 8.00”; wing, 4.12; tail, 3.36; culmen, .68; tarsus, .84. Second quill -longest, first intermediate between fourth and fifth. Bill somewhat shorter than that of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</i>, but broader and higher at the base, becoming compressed toward the end; a distinct -prominent tooth on commissure; its color plumbeous-black, paler, or more <em>bluish</em> plumbeous -on lower mandible. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Head above brownish-red, purer anteriorly; rest of upper -parts and sides brownish-ashy, tinged with reddish; edges of primaries, upper tail-coverts -and tail, more reddish. Beneath, medially, fine light scarlet, most intense on the -throat, growing gradually paler posteriorly. Lores and orbital region grayish-white; eyelids -pale-red; ear-coverts ashy-red.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--506.png--><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 441]</span> -<i class="sex">Female.</i> Above ashy-greenish-olivaceous, brightest on forehead; edges of wing-feathers, -upper tail-coverts, and tail more ashy on the back; beneath nearly uniform -olivaceous-yellow, purer medially; lores ashy; a superciliary stripe of olivaceous-yellow. -<i class="age">Young male</i> similar to the female, but forehead and crown olivaceous-orange, brightest -anteriorly; superciliary stripe bright orange, whole throat, abdomen, and breast medially -rich yellow, most intense, and tinged with orange-chrome on throat.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mountain regions of Mexico and southern Rocky Mountains of United States. -Oaxaca (Oct., <span class="sc">Sclater</span>); Xalapa (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr>); Guatemala (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>); Vera Cruz (not to alpine -regions, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p>This species differs from all the others in the great restriction of the red; -this being confined principally to the head above, and median lower surface, -the lateral and upper parts being quite different reddish-ashy. The <em>shade</em> of -red is also peculiar among the North American species, being very fine and -light, of a red-lead cast, and most intense anteriorly.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> A single female specimen in full plumage of this beautiful bird -was obtained by Dr. Woodhouse in the San Francisco Mountains of New -Mexico. It was an adult female, and so far is the only one known to have -been found within the limits of the United States. It is not rare in the -highlands of Mexico, whence it probably extends into the mountainous portions -of the United States.</p> - -<p>Specimens have also been procured from Guatemala, and Mr. Boucard met -with it at Choapam, a mountainous district in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>Nothing is known of its habits.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Pyranga æstiva</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">æstiva</b> <abbr -title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SUMMER REDBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa rubra</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 326. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra æstiva</i>, <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 889.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1810, 95, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 232; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, -1839, 518, <abbr title="plate 44">pl. xliv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span -class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 28">Nouv. Dict. XXVIII</abbr>, 1819, -291.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -136.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 222, <abbr -title="plate 208">pl. ccviii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. -Soc.</abbr> 1855, 156.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> 1856, 123.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 301.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad -Routes Ten, page">P. R. R. X, p.</abbr> 17.—<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Proceddings Academy Natural -Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> 1869, 130.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, Birds <abbr title="Eastern Massachusetts">E. -Mass.</abbr> 1870, 109. <a id="chg11" name="chg11"></a><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnisoma æstiva</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> -Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 284. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnisoma æstiva</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr -title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 25. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Loxia virginica</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 849. (Male changing.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Tanagra mississippiensis</i>, <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 889. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga mississippiensis</i>, <abbr -title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 272. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Tanagra variegata</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus -One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 422. (Male changing.) <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Tangare du Mississippi</i>, <span -class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux 5, 63, planches enluminées">Ois. V, 63, pl. enl.</abbr> 741.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill nearly as long as the head, without any median tooth. Tail nearly -even, or slightly rounded. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Vermilion-red; a little darker above, and brightest on -the head. Quills brown, the outer webs like the back. Shafts only of the tail-feathers -brown. Bill light horn-color, more yellowish at the edges. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Olive above, yellow -beneath, with a tinge of reddish. Length, 7.20; wing, 3.75; tail, 3.00; culmen, .70, -tarsus, .68.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province United States, north to about 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, though occasionally straying as -far as Nova Scotia; west to borders of the plains. In winter, south through the whole of -Middle America (except the Pacific coast) as far as Ecuador and Peru. Cuba; Jamaica.</p> - -<p><!--507.png--><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 442]</span> -In the accompanying cut we give outline of the bill of the two varieties -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva</i> as compared with a near ally, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. saira</i>, of South America. -(13,190, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstiva</i>; 34,344, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstiva</i> -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cooperi</i>; 50,994, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. saira</i>.)</p> - - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_507.jpg" - width="250" height="249" - alt="Specimens 13190, 34344, 50994" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">13190</b><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">34344</b><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">50994</b></p> -</div> - -<p>This species is one of wide distribution; its habitat in the United States -including the “Eastern Province,” north -to Nova Scotia, and west toward the -Rocky Mountains, along the streams -watering the plains, through Texas, into -Eastern Mexico, Central America, and -the northern part of South America, as -well as some of the West India islands.</p> - -<p>In the different regions of its habitat -the species undergoes considerable variations -as regards shades of color and -proportions. Specimens from Texas and -Eastern Mexico exhibit a decided tendency -to longer bills and more slender -forms than those of the Eastern United -States; the tails longer, and colors rather purer. In Central America and -New Granada the species acquires the greatest perfection in the intensity -and purity of the red tints, all specimens being in this respect noticeably -different from those of any other region.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_107" id="fnanchor_107"></a><a href="#footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></span></p> - -<p>Specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, from Peru -(39,849 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, 39,849 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, and 39,850 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, head-waters Huallaga River), are undistinguishable -from those killed in the eastern United States.</p> - -<p>The young male exhibits a variegated plumage, the red appearing in -patches upon the other colors of the female; in its changing plumage, the -red generally predominates on the head, and often individuals may be seen -with none anywhere else. In this condition there appears to be a great resemblance -to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. erythrocephala</i> (see synoptical table), judging from the -description, but which appears to be considerably smaller, and perhaps has -the red of the head more continuous and sharply defined.</p> - -<p>The young male in first summer resembles the female, but has the yellow -tints deeper, the lower tail-coverts approaching orange.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Summer Redbird is found chiefly in the Southern States, as -far north as Southern New Jersey and Illinois. Mr. Audubon speaks of their -occurring in Massachusetts, but Mr. Lawrence has never known of their having -been found farther north than the Magnolia Swamps near Atlantic City, -<abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr> One or two recent instances of the capture of these birds in Massachusetts, -as also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, have occurred, but -these must be regarded as purely accidental.</p> - -<p><!--508.png--><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 443]</span> -This species is said by Mr. Salvin to enjoy an almost universal range -throughout Guatemala. It occurred in December at the mouth of the Rio -Dulce, in the pine ridges near Quisigua, and along the whole road from Isabel -to Guatemala, a distance of eighty leagues.</p> - -<p>Mr. C. W. Wyatt met with these birds also, in all varieties of plumage, -throughout Colombia, South America, at Herradura, Cocuta Valley, and -Canta. Mr. Boucard obtained them at Plaza Vicente, Mexico. Dr. Woodhouse -observed this species throughout the Indian Territory, Texas, and New -Mexico, where it seemed solitary in its habits, frequenting the thick scrubby -timber. It has been known to breed at various points in Florida, Georgia, -South Carolina, Louisiana, and Texas. To the northward it breeds more or -less abundantly, as far as Washington, D. C., on the east, and Southern Illinois -and Kansas on the west, being much more common in the Mississippi -Valley than in the States on the Atlantic in the same parallel of latitude.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found it quite common about San Antonio, Texas, during the -summer season, arriving there about the middle of April, which is just about -the period at which the three specimens were taken near Boston. It is comparatively -rare in Pennsylvania, though abundant in the southern counties -of New Jersey, and in Delaware, Eastern Maryland, and Virginia. It is -also abundant in the Carolinas, in Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf States.</p> - -<p>Wilson, in describing the nest and eggs of this species, has evidently confounded -them and some of their habits with those of the Blue Grosbeak. -Their eggs are not light-blue, nor are the nests, so far as I know, as described -by him. Audubon and Nuttall copy substantially his errors.</p> - -<p>The food of this species during the spring and early summer is chiefly -various kinds of large coleopterous insects, bees, wasps, and others. Later in -the season, when whortleberries are ripe, they feed chiefly on these and other -small fruit. In taking its food it rarely alights on the ground, but prefers to -capture its insects while on the wing.</p> - -<p>The usual note of this bird, which Mr. Audubon pronounces unmusical, -resembles the sounds “<i class="birdcall">chicky-chucky-chuck</i>.” The same writer states that during -the spring this bird sings pleasantly for nearly half an hour in succession, -that its song resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo, and that its notes are -sweeter and more varied and nearly equal to those of the Orchard Oriole.</p> - -<p>The late Dr. Gerhardt of Varnell’s Station, in Northern Georgia, informed -me that these birds are quite common in that section of country. The nest -is usually built on one of the lower limbs of a post-oak, or in a pine sapling, -at a height of from six to twenty feet. They are usually constructed toward -the extremity of the limb, and so far from the trunk as to be very difficult of -access. They are generally built from the middle to the end of May. The -eggs are four in number.</p> - -<p>In Southern Illinois, according to Mr. Ridgway, the Summer Redbird -arrives about the 20th of April, staying until the last of September. It is -more abundant than the Scarlet Tanager, and much less retiring in its habits, -<!--509.png--><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 444]</span> -frequenting the open groves instead of the deeper woods and the forests of -the bottom-lands, being especially attached to the parks and groves within the -towns. From its similarity in appearance, manners, and notes to the Scarlet -Tanager, it is seldom distinguished by the common people from that bird, -and those who notice the difference in color between the two generally consider -this the younger stage of plumage of the black-winged species. Its -song is said to be somewhat after the style of the Robin, but in a firmer -tone and more continued. It differs from the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubra</i> in being -more vigorous, and delivered in a manner less faltering. Its ordinary note of -anxiety when the nest is approached is a peculiar <i class="birdcall">pa-chip´it-tūt-tūt-tūt</i>, very -different from the weaker <i class="birdcall">chip´-al, rā-rēē</i> of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubra</i>. The nest is placed -on a low horizontal or drooping branch, near its extremity, the tree being -generally an oak, or sometimes a hickory, and situated near the roadside or at -the edge of a grove. In its construction it is described as very thin, though -by no means frail, permitting the eggs to be seen through the interstices -from below. Mr. Ridgway never found more than three eggs in one nest.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species (<abbr title="Smithsonian Collection">Smith. Coll.</abbr>, 589) from Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana, -has a diameter of four inches and a height of two. Like all the nests -of this family, the cavity is very shallow, its deepest depression being hardly -half an inch. So far from corresponding with the descriptions generally -given of it, this nest is well and even strongly put together, although a portion -of the base and some of the external parts are somewhat openly interwoven, -as if for ventilation. These materials are fragments of plants, catkins, -leaves, stems, and grasses. These seem to constitute a distinct part of -the nest, and are of unequal thicknesses in different parts of the structure. -Within this external frame is a much more artistic and elaborately interwoven -basket, composed entirely of fine, slender, and dry grasses, homogeneous -in character, and evidently gathered just at the time its seed was ripening. -It is of a bright straw-yellow, and forms the whole internal portion of the -nest.</p> - -<p>The eggs vary somewhat in size and shape, from an oblong to a rounded -oval. Their length is from .80 of an inch to an inch, and their breadth -averages .68. Their color is a bright light shade of emerald-green, spotted, -marbled, dotted, and blotched with various shades of lilac, brownish-purple, -and dark-brown. These are generally well diffused equally over the entire -egg.</p> - -<!--510.png--><!--plate 20--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_20.jpg" - width="500" height="786" - alt="Color plate 20" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="Twenty">XX</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-1" name="pl_20-1"></a><img src="images/pl_20-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 1, Pyranga cooperi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga cooperi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Ridgway">Ridgw.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, 34344.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-2" name="pl_20-2"></a><img src="images/pl_20-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 2, Pyranga cooperi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga cooperi</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Ridgway">Ridgw.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-3" name="pl_20-3"></a><img src="images/pl_20-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 3, Pyranga ludoviciana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga ludoviciana</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>, 38388.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-4" name="pl_20-4"></a><img src="images/pl_20-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 4, Pyranga ludoviciana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga ludoviciana</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Wilson">Wils.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-5" name="pl_20-5"></a><img src="images/pl_20-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 5, Pyranga æstiva" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 13190.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-6" name="pl_20-6"></a><img src="images/pl_20-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 6, Pyranga æstiva" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Gmelin">Gm.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-7" name="pl_20-7"></a><img src="images/pl_20-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 7, Pyranga rubra" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubra</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Iowa, 34177.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-8" name="pl_20-8"></a><img src="images/pl_20-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 8, Pyranga rubra" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubra</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Linnæus">Linn.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-9" name="pl_20-9"></a><img src="images/pl_20-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 9, Pyranga hepatica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga hepatica</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Swains.</abbr> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 22414.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_20-10" name="pl_20-10"></a><img src="images/pl_20-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 20 detail 10, Pyranga hepatica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga hepatica</span>, - <abbr class="adult" title="Swainson">Swains.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> -<!--511.png--><!--blank page--> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Pyranga æstiva</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">cooperi</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway.</span></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga cooperi</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.</abbr> June, 1869, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 130, -<span class="lock">fig. .—</span><span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 142.</p> -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Length, 8.60 (fresh specimen); extent, 13.50; wing, 4.24; tail, 3.68; culmen, -.84; tarsus, .80. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Generally rich pure vermilion, similar to that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</i>, but -lighter, brighter than in eastern examples, and less rosaceous than in Central American -specimens. Upper surface scarcely darker than lower, the head above being hardly<!--512.png--><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 445]</span> -different from the throat, and abruptly lighter than the back, which, with the wings -and tail, is of a much lighter dusky-red than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</i>; exposed tips of primaries pure -slaty-umber, primaries faintly margined terminally with paler (in the type, this character -is not apparent, owing to the feathers being somewhat worn; in other specimens, -however, it is quite a noticeable feature, although possibly not to be entirely relied on). -<i class="sex">Female.</i> Above orange-olivaceous, beneath more light yellowish, purest medially; crissum -richer yellow than other lower parts, being in some individuals (young males?) -intense Indian-yellow, with the inner webs of the tail-feathers margined with the same; -quite distinct line of orange-yellow over the lores.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Upper Rio Grande and Colorado region of Southern Middle Province; south, in -winter, along Pacific coast of Mexico as far as Colima.</p> - -<p>This bird, quite different from Eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</i>, is, however, probably only a -representative form of the same species in the Colorado and Upper Rio -Grande region, migrating south in winter, through Western Mexico to -Colima, as specimens from Texas and Middle Mexico appear to be quite -intermediate, at least in form.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This is a new form, whose claim to distinctness was first made -known by Mr. Ridgway, in 1869. In appearance, it most resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -æstiva</i>, but is larger. It has been found in the Middle Province of the United -States, from Fort Mohave at the north, to Colima and Mazatlan in Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found this bird quite common near Fort Mohave, after April -25, in the Colorado Valley, latitude 35<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. They chiefly frequented the tall -cottonwood, feeding on insects, and occasionally flew down to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Larrea</i> -bushes after a kind of bee found on them. He states also that they have -a call-note sounding like the words <i class="birdcall">ke-dik</i>, which, in the language of the -Mojave Indians, signifies “come here.” They sing in a loud, clear tone, and -in a style much like that of the Robin, but with a power of ventriloquism -which makes the sound appear much more distant than it really is. The -only specimens of this species known to have been obtained in the United -States were taken at Los Pinos, New Mexico, by Dr. Coues, and at Fort -Mohave by Dr. Cooper. Other specimens have been procured from Western -Mexico.</p> - -</div><!--end family Tanagridæ--> - -<div class="chapter"><!--start family--> -<p><!--513.png--><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 446]</span></p> -<h2 class="p4"><span class="sc">Family</span> <b class="birdname">FRINGILLIDÆ</b>.—<span class="sc">The Finches.</span></h2> - -<p class="p2 small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> Primaries nine. Bill very short, abruptly conical, and robust. Commissure -strongly angulated at base of bill. Tarsi scutellate anteriorly, but the sides with two undivided -plates meeting behind along the median line, as a sharp posterior ridge. Eyes -hazel or brown, except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, where they are reddish or yellowish. Nest and eggs -very variable as to character and situation.</p> - -<p>I still labor under the inability expressed in Birds of North America -(p. 406), in 1858, to satisfactorily define and limit the subfamilies and genera -of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> of North America, and can only hope that by the aid of -the figures of the present work no material difficulty will be experienced in -determining the species. The distinctions from the allied families are also -difficult to draw with precision. This is especially the case with the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i>, where we have much the same external anatomy, including the -bill, nearly all the varying peculiarities of this member in the one being -repeated in the other.—S. F. B.</p> - -<p>All the United States species may be provisionally divided into four subfamilies -(the European House-Sparrow forming a fifth), briefly characterizable -as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Coccothraustinæ.</b> Bill variable, from enormously large to quite small; the base -of the upper mandible almost always provided with a close-pressed fringe of bristly -feathers (more or less conspicuous) concealing the nostrils. Wings very long and pointed, -usually one half to one third longer than the forked or emarginate tail. Tarsi short.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Pyrgitinæ.</b> Bill robust, swollen, arched above without distinct ridge. Lower mandible -at base narrower than upper. Nostrils covered; side of maxilla with stiff appressed -bristles. Tarsi short, not longer than middle toe. Tail shorter than the somewhat -pointed wings. Back streaked; under parts not streaked.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Spizellinæ.</b> Embracing all the plain-colored sparrow-like species marked with longitudinal -stripes. Bill conical, always rather small; both mandibles about equal. Tarsi -lengthened. Wings and tail variable. Lateral claws never reaching beyond the base of -the middle claw.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Passerellinæ.</b> Sparrow-like species, with triangular spots beneath. Legs, toes, and -claws very stout; the lateral claws reaching nearly to the end of the middle ones.</p> - -<p class="small"><b class="birdname">Spizinæ.</b> Brightly colored species, usually without streaks. Bill usually very large -and much curved; lower mandible wider than the upper. Wings moderately long. Tail -variable.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">COCCOTHRAUSTINÆ</b></span>.—<span class="sc">The true Finches.</span></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Wings very long and much pointed; generally one third longer than the more -or less forked tail; first quill usually nearly as long as or longer than the second. Tertiaries -but little longer, or equal to the secondaries, and always much exceeded by the -primaries. Bill very variable in shape and size, the upper mandible, however, as broad as -the lower; nostrils rather more lateral than usual; and always more or less concealed by -a series of small bristly feathers applied along the base of the upper mandible; no bristles -<!--514.png--><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 447]</span> -at the base of the bill. Feet short and rather weak. Hind claw usually considerably -longer than the middle anterior one; sometimes nearly the same size.</p> - -<p>In the preceding diagnosis I have combined a number of forms, all agreeing -in the length and acuteness of the wing, the bristly feathers along the -base of the bill, the absence of conspicuous bristles on the sides of the -mouth, and the shortness of the feet. They are all strongly marked and -brightly colored birds, and usually belong to the more northern regions.</p> - -<p>The bill is very variable, even in the same genus, and its shape is to a -considerable extent of specific rather than of generic importance. The fringe -of short bristles along the base of the bill, concealing the nostrils, is not -appreciable in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i> (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nivalis</i>), but the other characteristics -given above are all present.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="birdname">Genera.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Bill enormously large and stout; the lateral outline as long as that of the -skull. Culmen gently curved.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Colors green, yellow, and black.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Hesperiphona.</b> First quill equal to the second. Wings one half longer -than the tail. Lateral claws equal, reaching to the base of the middle claw. -Claws much curved, obtuse; hinder one but little longer than the middle.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Bill smaller, with the culmen more or less curved; the lateral outline not so -long as the skull. Wings about one third longer than the tail, or a little more; -first quill shorter than the second. Claws considerably curved and thickened; -hinder most so, and almost inappreciably longer or even shorter than the middle -anterior one. Tarsus shorter than the middle toes. Lateral toes unequal.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">a. Colors red, gray, and black, never streaked.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Pyrrhula.</b> Bill excessively swollen; as broad and as high as long, not half -length of head; upper outline much curved. Tail-coverts covering two thirds -the tail, which is nearly even, middle and hinder claws about equal.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">b. Colors red and gray, or streaked brown and white.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Pinicola.</b> Bill moderately swollen; longer than high or broad, upper outlines -much curved; the tip hooked. Tail-coverts reaching over basal half of -tail, which is nearly even. Middle claw longer than hind; outer lateral -claw extending beyond base of middle (reaching to it in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</i>). <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> not streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Carpodacus.</b> Bill variable, always more or less curved and swollen; longer -than high or broad; the tip not hooked. Tail-coverts reaching over two -thirds the tail, which is decidedly forked. Middle and hind claw about -equal. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> streaked.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">c. Colors black and yellow.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Chrysomitris.</b> Bill nearly straight. Hind claw stouter and more curved, -but scarcely longer than the middle anterior one. Outer lateral toe reaching -a little beyond the base of the middle claw; shorter than the hind toe. -Wings longer and more pointed. Tail quite deeply forked.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">C.</b> Hind claw considerably longer than the middle anterior one, with about the -same curvature; claws attenuated towards the point, and acute. Lateral toes -about equal. Wings usually almost one half longer than the tail, which is deeply -forked. Tarsus shorter than middle toe.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--515.png--><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 448]</span> -<i class="subset">a. Points of mandibles overlapping.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Curvirostra.</b> Tarsus shorter than middle toe. Bill much compressed, -elongate falcate, with the points crossing like the blades of scissors. Claws -very large; lateral extending beyond the base of the middle. Colors red or -gray. Streaked in <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">b. Points of mandibles not overlapping.</i></p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Ægiothus.</b> Tarsus equal to the middle toe. Bill very acutely conical; outlines -and commissure perfectly straight. Lateral toes reaching beyond the -base of the middle one. No ridge on the side of the lower mandible. -Streaked; a crimson pileum (except in one species).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Leucosticte.</b> Culmen slightly decurved; commissure a little concave. -Bill obtusely conical; not sharp-pointed. A conspicuous ridge on the side -of the lower mandible. Claws large; the lateral not reaching beyond the -base of the middle one. Colors red and brown.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">D.</b> Hind claw much the largest; decidedly less curved than the middle anterior -one. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Lateral toes equal; reaching about to -the base of the middle claw. Hind toe as long or longer than the middle one. -Bill very variable; always more or less curved and blunted. Palate somewhat -tuberculate; margins of lower jaw much inflexed. Tail slightly emarginate or -even. Wings one half longer than the tail. First quill as long as the second.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="birdname">Plectrophanes.</b> Colors black and white. With or without rufous nape or -elbows. Much white on tail.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">HESPERIPHONA</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -Comptes Rendus, <abbr title="31, September">XXXI, Sept.</abbr> 1850, 424. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla -vespertina</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_515.jpg" - width="300" height="164" - alt="Hesperiphona vespertina" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">16770</b>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona vespertina.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">18597</b>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes vulgaris.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill largest and stoutest of all the United States fringilline birds. Upper -mandible much vaulted; culmen nearly straight, but arched towards the tip; commissure -concave. Lower jaw very large, but not broader than the upper, nor extending back, as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</i>; considerably lower than the upper jaw. Gonys unusually long. Feet short; tarsus -less than the middle toe; lateral toes nearly equal, and reaching to the base of the middle -<!--516.png--><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 449]</span> -claw. Claws much curved, stout, and compressed. Wings very long and pointed, reaching -beyond the middle of the tail. Primaries much longer than the nearly equal secondaries -and tertials; outer two quills longest; the others rapidly graduated. Tail slightly -forked; scarcely more than two thirds the length of the wings, its coverts covering nearly -three fourths of its extent. Nest and eggs unknown.</p> - -<p>This genus is allied to the European <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes</i>, but differs in wanting -the curious expansion of the inner secondaries, as shown in Fig. 18,597. -Species are said to occur in Asia, but we have only two in America,—one -peculiar to Mexico (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. abeillii</i>), the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">H. vespertina</i>.</p> - -<p>The American species may be thus distinguished:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -Wings and tail black, the tertials with more or less -whitish; body concolored, with more or less of a yellowish tinge. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Body -yellowish, more olivaceous above; no white at base of primaries. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Body grayish, -merely tinged with yellow; a white spot at base of primaries. Nest and -eggs unknown.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname">H. vespertina.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head olivaceous-sepia, with a yellow frontal crescent -and a black occipital patch. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Crown plumbeous-brown; a dusky -“bridle” down side of the throat; upper tail-coverts tipped with a white -spot.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Yellow frontal crescent broad, as wide as the black behind it; inner -webs of tertials partially black; secondaries and inner webs of tail-feathers -tipped with white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northern mountain regions of -United States and interior of British America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Yellow frontal crescent narrow, less than half as wide as the black -behind it; inner webs of the tertials without any black; secondaries -and inner webs of tail-feathers without white tips. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern -Rocky Mountains of United States, and mountains of Mexico.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname">H. abeillii.</b><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_108" id="fnanchor_108"></a><a href="#footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. -Head entirely black, sharply defined. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Crown (only) -black; no dusky “bridle” on side of throat; upper tail-coverts without -white tips. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mountains of Guatemala and Southern Mexico.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Hesperiphona vespertina</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">EVENING GROSBEAK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla vespertina</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, Annals New York Lyceum, <abbr title="Natural History One, two">N. H. I, ii</abbr>, 1825, 220 (Sault -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Marie).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 515; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 235, <abbr title="plates 373, 424">pl. ccclxxiii, ccccxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla</i> -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon. Syn.</span></abbr> 1828, 113.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology Two, plate 15">Am. Orn. II, pl. xv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes -vespertina</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna-Boreali Americana Two">F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 269.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 217, -<abbr title="plate 207">pl. ccvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona vespertina</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Comptes Rendus</span>, <abbr title="31">XXXI</abbr>, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1850, 424.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 409.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 195.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -174. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes bonapartii</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Illustrations de Zoölogie">Illust. de Zoöl.</abbr> 1834, <abbr title="plate 34">pl. xxxiv</abbr>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> (Melville -Island). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia bonapartii</i>, <abbr title="Lesson"><span class="sc">Less.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Bulletin des Sciences tableau 25">Bull. Sc. tab. xxv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona vespertina</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</i>, -<span class="sc">Ridgway</span> (new variety from Mexico and the southern Rocky Mountains).</p> - -<p class="small"><!--517.png--><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 450]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill yellowish-green, dusky at the base. Anterior half of the body dusky -yellowish-olive, shading into yellow to the rump above, and the under tail-coverts below. -Outer scapulars, a broad frontal band continued on each side over the eye, axillaries, and -middle of under wing-coverts yellow. Feathers along the extreme base of the bill, the -crown, tibiæ, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail black; inner greater wing-coverts and -tertiaries white. Length, 7.30; wing, 4.30; tail, 2.75.</p> - -<p class="small">The female differs in having the head of a dull olivaceous-brown, which color also -glosses the back. The yellow of the rump and other parts is replaced by a yellowish-ash. -The upper tail-coverts are spotted with white. The white of the wing is much restricted. -There is an obscure blackish line on each side of the chin.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</i>.) Pacific coast to Rocky Mountains; Northern America east to -Lake Superior. (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</i>.) Southern Rocky Mountains of United States into -Mexico; Orizaba! (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, 1860, 251); Vera Cruz (alpine regions, breeding) <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society One">Pr. Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 550; Guatemala, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_517.jpg" - width="250" height="307" - alt="Hesperiphona vespertina" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona vespertina.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The variety with broad frontal band and increased amount of white appears -to characterize Northern specimens, while that with narrow frontlet and the -greatest amount of black is found in -Guatemala, Mexico, and the southern -Rocky Mountains, and may be called -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</i>.</p> - -<p>In size it is also a little smaller. Specimens -from Mirador (where breeding) and -those from New Mexico are nearly identical -in size, proportions, and colors.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This remarkable Grosbeak -was first described by Mr. William Cooper, -from specimens obtained by Mr. Schoolcraft -in April, 1823, near the Sault Sainte -Marie, in Michigan. Sir John Richardson -soon after found it to be a common -inhabitant of the maple groves on the -plains of the Saskatchewan, where it is -called by the Indians the “Sugar-Bird.” He states that it frequents the -borders of Lake Superior also, and the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains, -in latitude 56<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>.</p> - -<p>Captain Blakiston did not find this Grosbeak on the Saskatchewan during -the summer, but only noticed it there during the winter. He saw none after -the <abbr title="twenty-second">22d</abbr> of April, and not again until the middle of November. They were -seen in company with the Pine Grosbeak, feeding on the keys of the ash-leaved -maple. He adds that it has a sharp clear note in winter, and is an -active bird.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper, in his Notes on the Zoölogy of Washington Territory, states -that this species is a common resident in its forests, but adds that as it frequents -the summits of the tallest trees, its habits have been but little -observed. In January, 1854, during a snow-storm, a flock descended to some -<!--518.png--><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 451]</span> -low bushes at Vancouver, and began to eat the seeds. Since then he had -only seen them flying high among the tops of the poplars, upon the seeds of -which they feed. They were uttering their loud, shrill call-notes as they flew.</p> - -<p>The same writer, in his Report on the birds of California, makes mention -of the occurrence of this Grosbeak at Michigan Bluffs, in Placer County, in -about latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. Specimens were obtained by Mr. F. Gruber, and were -probably the variety designated as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</i>. The same form doubtless -occurs along the summits of the Sierra Nevada, and they have been traced -among the Rocky Mountains to Fort Thorn in New Mexico.</p> - -<p>These birds do not come down near the sea-coast even at the mouth of -the Columbia, and in California have not been met with in the Coast Range. -They are said to feed chiefly on the seeds of the pine, spruce, and cottonwood -trees, occasionally seeking other seeds near the ground. They are -silent when feeding, but utter a loud call-note as they fly from place to -place. In spring, Dr. Cooper states, they have a short but melodious song, -resembling that of the Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. He afterwards -met with a flock in the winter near Santa Cruz, where they remained until -the end of April. Their favorite resort was a small grove of alders and willows, -close to the town, where their loud call-notes could be heard at all -times of the day, though he never heard them sing. In the early spring -their favorite food was the young leaves of various wild plants that grew -under the trees. They also fed on the buds of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Negundo</i>, and frequented -the large pear-trees in the old mission garden. They were very tame, and -allowed an approach to within a few yards, when feeding. Mr. Townsend, in -1836, found this Grosbeak abundant about the Columbia River. Late in -May they were quite numerous in the pine woods. They were very unsuspicious -and tame. Under the impression that these birds were only musical -towards night, they have been styled the Evening Grosbeak. But this, according -to Mr. Townsend, is a misnomer. He also contraverts several other -statements made in reference to their habits. He found them remarkably -noisy from morning until night, when they quietly retire like other birds, -and are not heard from until the next day-dawn. They go in large flocks, -and are rarely met with singly. As they feed upon the seeds of the pine and -other trees, they proceed by a succession of hops to the extremities of the -branches. They also feed largely on the larvæ of the large black ant, for -which object they frequent the tops of the low oaks on the edges of the -forests. Their ordinary voice is said to be a single screaming note, uttered -while feeding. At times, about midday, the male attempts a song, which Mr. -Townsend describes as a miserable failure. It is a single note, a warbling -call like the first note of the Robin, but not so sweet, and suddenly checked, -as if the performer were out of breath.</p> - -<p>Mr. Sumichrast met with the variety of this species designated as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</i>, -May, 1857, in the pine woods of Monte Alto, about twelve leagues from -Mexico; and although he has never found it in the alpine region of Vera -<!--519.png--><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 452]</span> -Cruz, he thinks it probable it will be found to be a resident of that district.</p> - -<p>Lake Superior has been stated to be its most eastern point of occurrence, -but, though this may be true as a general rule, several instances of the -accidental appearance of this nomadic species much farther to the east are -known. On February 14, 1871, Mr. Kumlien, while out in the woods with -his son, saw a small flock of these birds in Dane County, Wisconsin. There -were six of them, but, having no gun, he did not procure any. Later in the -season he again met with and secured specimens. In the following March, -Dr. Hoy of Racine also obtained several near that city. He also informs me -that during the winter of 1870-71 there were large flocks of these birds -near Freeport, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr> One person procured twenty-four specimens. One season -he noticed them as late as May. They frequent the maple woods, and feed -on the seeds fallen on the ground. They also eat the buds of the wild cherry. -Their visits are made at irregular intervals. In some years not a single individual -can be seen, while in others they make their appearance in December -and continue through the whole winter.</p> - -<p>Specimens have also been obtained near Cleveland, Ohio, and at Hamilton, -Canada; and Mr. Thomas McIlwraith states that Mr. T. J. Cottle of Woodstock, -Ontario, shot several of these birds in his orchard in the month of -May. They were quite numerous, and remained about the place several -days.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PINICOLA</b>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 1">Ois. Am. Sept. I</abbr>, 1807, 4, <abbr title="plate 1, figure">pl. i, f.</abbr> 13.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging">“ <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strobilophaga</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>, Analyse, 1816.”</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging">“ <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corythus</i>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Règne Animal">R. An.</abbr> 1817.”</p> - -<p class="smaller"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill short, nearly as high as long; upper outline much curved from the base; -the margins of the mandibles rounded; the commissure gently concave, and abruptly deflexed -at the tip; base of the upper mandible much concealed by the bristly feathers covering -the basal third. Tarsus rather shorter than the middle toe; lateral toes short, but -their long claws reach the base of the middle one, which is longer than the hind claw. -Wings moderate; the first quill rather shorter than the second, third, and fourth. Tail -rather shorter than the wings; nearly even.</p> - -<p>Of this genus one species is found in northern America, and is now considered -as identical with that belonging to the northern regions of the Old -World.</p> - -<!--520.png--><!--plate 21--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_21.jpg" - width="500" height="292" - alt="Color plate 21" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="21">XXI.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-1" name="pl_21-1"></a><img src="images/pl_21-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 21 detail 1, Pinicola enucleator" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola enucleator.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="New York">N. Y.</abbr>, 12846.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-2" name="pl_21-2"></a><img src="images/pl_21-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 21 detail 2, Pinicola enucleator" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola enucleator.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> -2. - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-3" name="pl_21-3"></a><img src="images/pl_21-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 21 detail 3, Carpodacus frontalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis.</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> frontalis. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 10223.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-4" name="pl_21-4"></a><img src="images/pl_21-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 21 detail 4, Carpodacus cassini" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus cassini.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 53471.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-5" name="pl_21-5"></a><img src="images/pl_21-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 21 detail 5, Carpodacus cassini" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus cassini.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 18027.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-6" name="pl_21-6"></a><img src="images/pl_21-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Carpodacus frontalis, variation frontalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis</span>, <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> frontalis. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6429.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-7" name="pl_21-7"></a><img src="images/pl_21-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 21 detail 7, Carpodacus purpureus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus purpureus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 796.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-8" name="pl_21-8"></a><img src="images/pl_21-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 21 detail 8, Carpodacus purpureus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus purpureus.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2139.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-9" name="pl_21-9"></a><img src="images/pl_21-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Carpodacus frontalis, variation rhodocolpus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis</span>, <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-10" name="pl_21-10"></a><img src="images/pl_21-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Carpodacus variation californicus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</span> <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 10230.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-11" name="pl_21-11"></a><img src="images/pl_21-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Carpodacus variation californicus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</span> <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 10231.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_21-12" name="pl_21-12"></a><img src="images/pl_21-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Carpodacus frontalis variation hæmorrhous" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis</span>, <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhous.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--521.png--><!--blank page--> -<p class="p2 center"><!--522.png--><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 453]</span> -<b class="birdname">Pinicola enucleator</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE PINE GROSBEAK.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithologie 3">Orn. III</abbr>, 1760, 250, <abbr title="plate 12, figure">pl. xii, f.</abbr> 3. “<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Corythus canadensis</i>, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Brehm</span>, Vögel Deutschlands</span>” (1831?). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola canadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> -1851, 167.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 410.—<span class="sc">Dall -& Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transcriptions Chicago Academy of Sciences One">Tr. Chic. Ac. Sc. I</abbr>, 1869, 281 -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 151.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 283. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola americana</i> (<abbr -title="Cabanis Manuscript"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> MSS.</abbr>), <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> </abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 528. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia enucleator</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 299.—<abbr title="Forster Philosophical -Transactions 62"><span class="sc">Forst.</span> Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 383.—<abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 80, <abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula enucleator</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 414, <abbr title="plate 358">pl. ccclviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Corythus enucleator</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List. 1838.—<abbr -title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 127.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 179, <abbr title="plate 199">pl. cxcix</abbr>.—<span class="sc"><abbr -title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><abbr title="Monographie">Mon.</abbr> des -Loxiens</span>, 1850, 9, <abbr title="plates 9, 11, 12">pl. ix, xi, xii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Degland & Gerbe</span>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie Européenne 1">Orn. Europ. I</abbr>, 258. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola -enucleator</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum 1">Mus. Hein. I</abbr>, 1851, 167.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_522.jpg" - width="300" height="220" - alt="Pinicola enucleator" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola enucleator.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">12846</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill and legs black. <i class="sex">Male.</i> General color light carmine-red or rose, not -continuous above, however, except on the head; the feathers showing brownish centres -on the back, where, too, the red is darker. Loral region, base of lower jaw all round, sides -(under the wing), abdomen, and posterior part of the body, with under tail-coverts, ashy, -whitest behind. Wing with two white bands across the tips of the greater and middle -coverts; the outer edges of the quills also white, broadest on the tertiaries, on secondaries -tinged with red. <i class="sex">Female</i> ashy, brownish above, tinged with greenish-yellow beneath; -top of head, rump, and upper tail-coverts brownish gamboge-yellow. Wings much as in -the male. Length about 8.50; wing, 4.50; tail, 4.00. <i class="age">Young</i> like female, but more ashy.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Arctic America, south to United States in severe winters.</p> - -<p>A careful comparison of American with European specimens of the Pine -Grosbeak does not present any tangible point of distinction, and it appears -inexpedient to preserve the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</i> for the bird of the New -World. There is considerable difference in the size, the proportions of the -bill, and the color of different specimens, but none of appreciable geographical -value.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_523.jpg" - width="250" height="277" - alt="Pinicola enucleator" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola enucleator.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><!--523.png--><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 454]</span> -A considerable number of specimens from Kodiak (perhaps to be found in -other localities on the northwest coast) compared with eastern have conspicuously -larger bills, almost equal to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</i> in this respect. In <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 54,465 -the length from forehead is .80; from nostril, .50; from gape, .66; gonys, .40; -greatest depth, .51. In a Brooklyn -skin (12,846) the same measurements -are from forehead, .60; from nostril, -.44; from gape, .60; gonys, .34; greatest -depth, .40. A Saskatchewan skin -is intermediate. A European specimen -has the bill as long as that from -Kodiak, but less swollen. A Himalayan -species (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. subhimachalus</i>) is -much smaller, and differently colored.</p> - -<p>These Kodiak specimens approach -the European bird more nearly in -form of the bill, in which there is a -tendency to a more abruptly hooked -upper mandible than in the birds -from the eastern portions of British -America. As a general thing, the -red tint is brighter in American than in European birds.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Pine Grosbeak is, to a large extent, a resident of the portions -of North America north of the United States. In the northern parts -of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, as well as in western -America, it is found throughout the year in the dark evergreen forests. In -the winter it is an irregular visitant as far south as Philadelphia, being in -some seasons very abundant, and again for several winters quite rare.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman mentions it as abundant, in the winter, about Calais, and -Mr. Verrill gives it as quite common in the vicinity of Norway. It is -found every winter more or less frequently in Eastern Massachusetts, though -Mr. Allen regards it as rare in the vicinity of Springfield. It is not cited -by Dr. Cooper as a bird of Washington Territory, but he mentions it as -not uncommon near the summits of the Sierra Nevada, latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, in September. -It probably breeds there, as he found two birds in that region in -the young plumage. They were feeding on spruce seeds when he first saw -them, and lingered even after their companions had been shot, and allowed -him to approach within a few feet of them.</p> - -<p>Mr. R. Brown (Ibis, 1868) states that during the winter of 1866, while -snow was lying on the ground, two pairs of this species were shot at Fort -Rupert, Vancouver Island.</p> - -<p>Wilson met with occasional specimens of these birds in the vicinity of -Philadelphia, generally in immature plumage, and kept one several months, -to note any change in its plumage. In the summer it lost all its red colors -<!--524.png--><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 455]</span> -and became of a greenish-yellow. In May and June, its song, though -not so loud as that of some birds, was extremely clear, mellow, and sweet. -This song it warbled out for the whole morning, and also imitated the notes -of a Cardinal, that hung near it. It became exceedingly tame and familiar, -and when in want of food or water, uttered a continual melancholy and -anxious note.</p> - -<p>In the winter of 1835, and for several following seasons, these birds were -exceedingly abundant in the vicinity of Boston. They appeared early in -December, and remained until quite late in March, feeding chiefly on the -berries of the red cedar. They were so unsuspecting and familiar that it was -often possible to capture them alive in butterfly-nets, and to knock them down -with poles. Large numbers were destroyed and brought to market, and many -were taken alive and caged. They were tame, but unhappy in confinement, -uttering mournful cries as the warm weather approached. In the winter -of 1869-70 they again made their appearance in extraordinary numbers, -in a few localities on the sea-coast of Massachusetts, where they did considerable -damage to the fruit-buds of the apple and pear.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson states that this bird was not observed by his expedition -higher than the 60th parallel. It lives, for the most part, a very retired -life, in the deepest recesses of the pine forests, where it passes the entire -year, having been found by Mr. Drage, near York Fort, on the 25th of January, -1747. Richardson adds that it builds its nest on the lower branches of -trees, and feeds chiefly on the seeds of the white spruce.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues speaks of it as not at all rare along the coast of Labrador, where -he obtained several specimens. It was confined entirely to the thick woods -and patches of scrubby juniper. A female remained unconcernedly on a -twig after he had shot her mate, uttering continually a low soft <i class="birdcall">shep</i>, like -that of the Fox-colored Sparrow. Another note was a prolonged whirring -chirrup, uttered in a rather low tone, apparently a note of recognition.</p> - -<p>A lady resident in Newfoundland informed Mr. Audubon that she had -kept several of these Grosbeaks in confinement, that they soon became very -familiar, would sing during the night, feeding, during the summer, on all -kinds of fruit and berries, and in the winter on different seeds. Mr. Audubon -also often observed that, when firing at one of their number, the others, -instead of flying away, would move towards him, often to within a few feet, -and remain on the lower branches of the trees, gazing at him in curiosity, -entirely unmingled with any sense of their own danger. Mr. Audubon quotes -from Mr. McCulloch, of Pictou, an interesting account of the habits of one -of these birds, kept in confinement. The winter had been very severe, the -storms violent, and, in consequence of the depth of snow, many birds had -perished from hunger and cold. The Grosbeaks, driven from the woods, -sought food around the barns and outhouses, and crowded the streets of -Pictou. One of these, taken in a starving condition, soon became so tame as -to feed from his hand, lived at large in his chamber, and would awaken him -<!--525.png--><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 456]</span> -early in the morning to receive his allowance of seed. As spring approached, -he began to whistle in the morning, and his notes were exceedingly rich and -full. As the time came when his mates were moving north, his familiarity -entirely disappeared, and he sought constantly, by day and by night, to escape -by dashing against the window-panes, and during the day filled the house -with his piteous wailing cries, refusing his food, so that in pity he was let -out. But no sooner was he thus released than he seemed indifferent to the -privilege, and kept about the door so persistently that he had at last to be -driven away, lest some accident should befall him.</p> - -<p>The Pine Grosbeaks were found by Bischoff at Sitka and at Kodiak, and -are said by Mr. Dall to be extremely common near Nulato, and wherever -there are trees throughout the Yukon Territory. They frequent groves of -willow and poplar, near open places, and especially the water-side in winter, -and in summer seek more retired places for breeding. Their crops, when -opened, were always found to contain the hearts of the buds of poplars, with -the external coverings carefully rejected, and were never found to include -anything else. Mr. Dall noticed no song, only a twitter and a long chirp. He -found them excellent as an article of food. European eggs of this bird, taken -by Mr. Wolley in Finland in 1858, are of an oblong-oval shape, and have a -light slate-colored ground with a marked tinge of greenish, broadly marked -and plashed with faint, subdued cloudy patches of brownish-purple, and sparingly -spotted, chiefly at the larger end, with blackish-brown and dark purple. -They measure 1.02 inches in length by .70 in breadth.</p> - -<p>No positively identified eggs of the American Pine Grosbeak are as -yet known in collections, but Mr. Boardman has found a nest, near Calais, -about which there can be little doubt, although the parent was not seen. -This was placed in an alder-bush in a wet meadow, and was about four -feet from the ground. It was composed entirely of coarse green mosses. -The eggs were two, and were not distinguishable from those of the -European <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PYRRHULA</b>, <span class="sc">Pallas</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</i>, “<span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr> 1760.” <span class="sc">Pallas</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very short and thick, higher than long, swollen. Lower jaw broader -at base than upper jaw, and broader than length of gonys. Nostrils and base of mandible -concealed by a thick tuft of rather soft feathers. Tail nearly even, shorter than the -pointed wings; upper coverts reaching over nearly two thirds the tail. Middle and hind -claws about equal.</p> - -<p>This genus is closely related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola</i>, but has a more swollen and much -shorter bill, the lower jaw disproportionately larger, and wider than long along -gonys, instead of being about equal. The nasal tuft is thicker and more -feathery and less bristly than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola</i>. The upper tail-coverts are much -<!--526.png--><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 457]</span> -longer, the tail less emarginate. Other differences exist in the grooves and -ridges of the palate, which need not be here referred to. The middle claw -is about equal to hind claw; not longer, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola</i>.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_526a.jpg" - width="250" height="162" - alt="Pyrrhula cassini" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula cassini.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">49955</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</i> is an Old -World one; extending across -from the Atlantic to the Pacific, -six or eight species or varieties -being recognized by naturalists. -All have the back ash-colored; -the wings and tail, with top of -head, lustrous black; the under -parts ash, generally with vermilion -on the cheeks and chin, sometimes extending over the whole under -surface; the rump and crissum white: the females similar, but lacking the -vermilion. Its introduction into the North American fauna rests on the collecting -by the naturalists of the Russian Telegraph Expedition in Alaska of -a specimen which—if a full-plumaged male, as stated—differs from all of -its congeners in the entire absence of any vermilion tint.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Pyrrhula cassini</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CASSIN’S BULLFINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy of Sciences One">Trans. Chicago, -Ac. Sc. I</abbr>, 1869, <abbr title="two">ii</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 316.—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chic. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 281 (Alaska). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">P. cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Tristram</span>, Ibis, 1871, 231.—<span class="sc">Finsch</span>, <span lang="de" -xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Ornithologie North West">Ornith. N. W.</abbr> Amerikas</span>, 1872, 54.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_526b.jpg" - width="250" height="176" - alt="Pyrrhula cassini" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula cassini.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Description of specimen <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,955: Upper parts clear ash-gray, as are the -alula, and the lesser and middle secondary and the primary wing-coverts. Under parts -and the sides of head cinnamon-gray; the -inside of wings and axillars, anal region, -tibia, crissum, and rump white; wings -and tail, including upper tail-coverts, the -entire top of head (to level of eyes), the -base of bill all round, and the chin, lustrous -violet-black. Greater wing-coverts -black, with a broad band of ashy-white -across the ends; outer primaries, externally, -with a narrow border of grayish-white -near the ends; inner edges suffused -with the same. Outer tail-feathers -with an elongated patch of white in the -terminal half, along the shaft, but not reaching the tip. Bill black; feet dusky.</p> - -<p class="small">Dimensions (prepared specimen): Total length, 6.50; wing, 3.55; tail, 3.25. Exposed -portion of first primary, 2.65. Bill: Length from forehead, .44; from nostril, .34. Legs: -Tarsus, .75; claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .45; claw alone, .25.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--527.png--><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 458]</span> -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 49,955, adult male. Nulato, Yukon River, Alaska. January 10, 1867. <span class="sc">W. H. -Dall</span> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 553).</p> - -<p>The specimen referred to above is the first record of the occurrence in -America of a genus heretofore considered as belonging exclusively to the -Old World.</p> - -<p>This bird was described in 1869 as a possible variety of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i> of -Europe. On submitting the typical specimens to Mr. H. B. Tristram of -England, it was decided to be a well-marked and distinct species, as explained -in the following extract from a letter received from him.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The coloration of the back is the same as in males of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rubicilla</i>, and differs from the coloration of the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> in all three species. In -all the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> has the back brown instead of slate-colored. Your bird, however, -differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i> in having the under parts of the same color as the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. griseiventris</i> with a slightly redder hue on the flanks, while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i> -is a brilliant blazing red. In this your bird is like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. murina</i> of the Azores, -but that has no white on the rump.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Nor can it be <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i>, because it has the <em>black</em> head, and the -young assumes the black head and red breast simultaneously, or rather the -red begins first. It differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nipalensis</i> in having a black head and -broad white rump, as well as in size.”</p> - -<p>Dr. O. Finsch, of Bremen, agrees with Mr. Tristram in considering it as -specifically distinct, and says that the long white shaft-streak on the outermost -tail-feather is to be considered as one of the peculiar characters, and -that in general it resembles the female of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. griseiventris</i>, <abbr title="Lafresnaye"><span class="sc">Lafr.</span></abbr>, but differs -in having the back beautiful ash-gray.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This new species of Bullfinch, having a close resemblance to the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i> of Europe, was obtained by Mr. Dall, near Nulato, Alaska, January -10, 1867. An Indian brought it in alive, but badly wounded, having shot it -from a small tree near the fort. He had never seen anything like it before, -nor had any of the Russians. Captain Everett Smith had, however, met with -several flocks of the same species near Ulukuk. This specimen was a male, -with black eyes, feet, and bill, and was the only bird of the kind met with -by Mr. Dall.</p> - -<p>In size it is about equal to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. coccinea</i>, which is now quite generally considered -to be simply a large race of the common Bullfinch (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. vulgaris</i>), and -the habits of the American bird are doubtless similar to those of its congeners. -The European races inhabit the mountainous regions of Northern -and Central Europe, appearing in large flocks in December and January in -the more southern regions. In their return in spring to their summer quarters, -they move in smaller numbers. They nest in the mountain forests, on -trees or bushes. Their nest is usually but a few feet from the ground, is -beautifully wrought in a cup shape, made externally of small twigs, blades of -grass, and rootlets, lined with coarse hair. They lay five eggs, the ground-color -of which shades from a light blue to a bluish or a greenish white, with -<!--528.png--><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 459]</span> -brown and violet-colored spots, that usually form a ring around the larger -end. Their food is grain and small seeds, and, in spring, the buds of certain -trees.</p> - -<p>The Bullfinch is a favorite cage-bird, soon reconciled to confinement, and -capable of being taught to whistle whole airs of opera music with wonderful -exactness and beauty.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CARPODACUS</b>, <span class="sc">Kaup.</span></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>, “<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Entwickelungsgeschichte der Europäischen Thierwelt">Entw. Europ. Thierw.</abbr> 1829.” (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia -erythrina</i>, <abbr title="Pallas"><span class="sc">Pall.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrospiza</i>, <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>, -<span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Saggio di una <abbr title="distribuzione metodica">dist. met.</abbr></span> 1831.</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hæmorrhous</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Classification of -Birds, Two">Class. Birds, II</abbr>, 1837, 295. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla purpurea</i>, <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_528.jpg" - width="250" height="190" - alt="Carpodacus frontalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">796</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill short, stout, vaulted; the culmen decurved towards the end; the commissure -nearly straight to the slightly decurved -end. A slight development of bristly -feathers along the sides of the bill, concealing -the nostrils. Tarsus shorter -than the middle toe; lateral claws -reaching to the base of the middle one. -Claw of hind toe much curved, smaller -than the middle one, and rather less -than the digital portion. Wings long -and pointed, reaching to the middle of -the tail, which is considerably shorter -than the wing, and moderately forked. -Colors red, or red and brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> -with the red replaced by brown.</p> - -<p>The genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</i>, including the American Purple Finches, is composed -of species the males of which are more or less red in full plumage, -while the females are brown-streaked. They are spread over North America, -and species also occur in considerable numbers in Northern Europe and -Asia.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Culmen only slightly curved. Tail and wing feathers edged with reddish in -the male.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown much brighter purple than the rump or throat. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Without -lighter superoral and maxillary stripes, the whole head being pretty uniformly -streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">C. cassini.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown bright crimson; rest of head, breast, rump, -etc., much lighter purple-pink; <i class="subset">lower tail-coverts with a shaft line of -dusky.</i> <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mountain regions of the Middle Province, south, through -the table-lands and alpine regions of Mexico, to Mirador.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown scarcely brighter purple than the rump or throat. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. With -conspicuous superoral and maxillary stripes.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">C. purpureus.</b> Crown purple; rest of head, breast, rump, etc., -nearly similar in tint; <i class="subset">lower tail-coverts</i> without dusky shaft-lines.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Purple tints of a rosy carmine cast; first quill longer than the -fourth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><!--529.png--><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 460]</span> -Purple tints of a darker purplish-rose cast; first quill shorter than -the fourth. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of North America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Culmen much curved. Tail and wing feathers edged with grayish in the -male.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">C. frontalis.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. A frontal and superciliary band of crimson; a -patch of same on the rump, and another on the throat and jugulum; abdomen -and crissum streaked with dusky.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Red restricted to the portions mentioned above.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Red of an intense carmine tint, sharply defined, and strictly -restricted within the limits indicated. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Plateau of Mexico.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhous</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_109" id="fnanchor_109"></a><a href="#footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">Red of a lighter carmine, and with a greater or less tendency -to escape its boundaries. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of the United -States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Red not restricted, but spread over the crown, tingeing the -back and other portions, excepting wings and tail.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Red tint varying from scarlet to wine-red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific -Province of United States, including the peninsula of Lower -California<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Carpodacus cassini</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CASSIN’S PURPLE FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus cassini</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Seven">Pr. A. N. S. Philad. VII</abbr>, June, 1854, 119; Birds, <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 414, <abbr title="plate 27, figure">pl. xxvii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Insititute four">Pr. R. A. Inst. iv</abbr>, 1864, 119 (<abbr title="British Columbia">Br. -Col.</abbr> between Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr> and Cascades).—<span class="sc">Kennerly</span>, <abbr -title="Pacific Railroad Routes Ten, plate 27">P. R. R. X, pl. xxvii</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 155.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Larger than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. purpureus</i>. Bill, .55 of an inch above. Second and third -quills longest; first longer than fourth. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Above pale grayish-brown, the feathers -streaked with darker brown, and with only an occasional gloss of reddish, except on the -crown, which is uniform deep crimson, and on the rump. Sides of the head and neck, -throat, and upper part of breast with rump, pale rose-color; rest of under parts white, -very faintly and sparsely streaked with brown. <i class="sex">Female</i> without any red, and streaked on -the head and under parts with brown. Length, 6.50; wing, 3.60; tail, 2.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mountainous regions of Middle Province of United States, from Rocky Mountains -to Sierra Nevada. British Columbia (<span class="sc">Lord</span>). City of Mexico (<span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, -1869, 362). Breeds in pine region of <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Orizaba.</p> - -<p>This species, though somewhat resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. purpureus</i>, may be easily -distinguished from it by the streaked lower tail-coverts (of both sexes), and -by the pileum being much more intensely red than any other portion in -the male. The female resembles more in markings that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>, but -has an entirely different shaped bill, and is much larger; the streaks above -very conspicuous, instead of nearly obsolete. The side of the head lacks -the conspicuous light and dark longitudinal areas observable in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>.</p> - -<p>The young of both sexes resemble the adult female, but the streaks are -<!--530.png--><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 461]</span> -less sharply defined, and the wing-feathers are broadly edged with light -earth-brown.</p> - -<p>In autumn and winter, as in all the other species, the red tints are softer -and more purplish than in spring and summer.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_530.jpg" - width="250" height="282" - alt="Carpodacus frontalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Cassin’s Purple Finch is the largest of the American birds of -this genus, and is not only conspicuously -different from all in size, but also in other -respects. It is found between the great Central -Plains and the coast range of mountains, -being one of the common birds of Colorado, -Utah, Nevada, and Eastern California. Dr. -Cooper found these birds in large numbers -about Lake Tahoe in California. They were -all in their brown plumage, and seemed so -much like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californicus</i> in their habits -that he mistook them for that species. He -noticed in them a very peculiar call-note as -they flew, reminding him of that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</i>, -and quite different from the other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodaci</i>. The song of these birds, -as he afterwards heard it, was much louder and finer than that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californicus</i>, -and more original in style. He is not familiar with their other -habits, and has never met with them in the Colorado Valley. They have -been procured from Fort Thorne, Pueblo Creek, and Alberquerque, New -Mexico. Mr. Ridgway met with these birds in the Wahsatch Mountains, -June 26, 1869, in Parley’s Park, Utah, where he found them breeding. -Their nest was in the top of a cottonwood-tree near the cañon stream, about -forty feet from the ground. It is a soft homogeneous structure, flattened in -shape, and with only a slight depression. It is composed principally of roots -and twigs, lined with softer materials of the same, interspersed with moss, -cotton, and other soft substances. It is two inches in height with a width -of four and a half inches. The cavity is about an inch deep.</p> - -<p>In his Report on the birds of Mr. King’s survey, Mr. Ridgway states that -he found this Linnet in the greatest abundance among the pines of the Sierra -Nevada, near Carson City. It was next seen among the cedars and nut-pines -of the East Humboldt Mountains, and again in the pine woods and cottonwood-trees -along the streams on the Wahsatch Mountains. It breeds in all -these localities, and is in its habits essentially, though not exclusively, resident -among the pines. March 21, 1868, Mr. Ridgway observed flocks of -these birds near Carson City. They were found in every portion of the -woods, feeding among the branches of the pine-trees. They were all in full -song, the females as well as the males. A week later he again found them -common among the isolated pines in the fields at the foot of the Sierras, -alighting on the trees in companies. Their notes resemble the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. -purpureus</i>, but are finer and more musical. They have a great resemblance -<!--531.png--><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 462]</span> -to the warblings of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo flavifrons</i>, but the passages in its song as much -excel those of the Vireo in sweetness as they are surpassed in richness by -the warblings of the latter. When one of two females of this species had -been killed, the survivor, missing her companion, returned immediately to -the tree and hopped from branch to branch, and then alighted on the ground -by the side of her dead associate, lamenting her in sweet and plaintive cries.</p> - -<p>By the 4th of April the pine-trees about Carson City were alive with -these handsome birds, all of whom were in full song. So many were singing -simultaneously that the chorus was almost deafening, yet was most exquisitely -pleasing.</p> - -<p>The nests of this bird were found by Mr. Ridgway in various situations, -such as a box-elder bush, the tops of cottonwood and aspen trees, and similar -situations. The eggs, four in number, are in size .82 by .63 of an inch, -oval in shape, pointed at the smaller end, of a light bluish-green ground, dotted -around the larger end with slate, lilac, and a blackish-brown.</p> - -<p>Specimens were obtained by Dr. Sartorius, during the breeding-season -(June, 1864), in the pine forests of <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Orizaba. A careful comparison -shows no difference from birds procured in the same month in Nevada.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Carpodacus purpureus</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">EASTERN PURPLE FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla purpurea</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ -One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 923.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, -1808, 119, <abbr title="plate 7, figure">pl. vii, f.</abbr> 4.—<abbr title="Ibid Five"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> V</abbr>, -1812, 87, <abbr title="plate 42, figure">pl. xlii, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 24; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 200, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. -iv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hæmorrhous purpurea</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, -1837, 295. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrospiza purpurea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> List, -1838.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 170, -<abbr title="plate 196">pl. cxcvi</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus purpureus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray’s</span> Genera, -1844-49.—<span class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><abbr -title="Monagraphie">Mon.</abbr> des Loxiens</span>, 14, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="tableau 15">tab. xv.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 412.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr -title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 285. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Loxia violacea</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus Systema Naturæ"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span> Syst. Nat.</abbr> 1766, 306, 43. (Very uncertain.) <i class="birdname">Purple Finch</i>, <span -class="sc">Catesby</span>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> <i -class="birdname">Hemp-Bird</i>, <span class="sc">Bartram</span>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Second quill longest; first shorter than third, considerably longer than the -fourth. Body crimson, palest on the rump and breast, darkest across the middle of back -and wing-coverts, where the feathers have dusky centres. The red extends below continuously -to the lower part of the breast, and in spots to the tibiæ. The belly and under -tail-coverts white, streaked faintly with brown, except in the very middle. Edges of -wings and tail-feathers brownish-red; lesser coverts like the back. Two reddish bands -across the wings (over the ends of the middle and greater coverts). Lores dull grayish. -Length, 6.25 inches; wing, 3.34; tail, 2.50; bill above, .46. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Olivaceous-brown -above; brighter on the rump. Beneath white; all the feathers everywhere streaked with -brown, except on the middle of the belly and under coverts. A superciliary light stripe.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America, from Atlantic to the high Central Plains.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Purple Finch is a common species from Georgia to the -plains of the Saskatchewan, and as far west as the Great Plains, beyond which -it seems to be replaced by another race, or closely allied species. It breeds -from about latitude 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> to perhaps 60<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, and in most parts between these -<!--532.png--><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 463]</span> -parallels is a rather common bird in suitable localities. A few are occasionally -found during the winter in Massachusetts, but usually they all pass farther -south. In the State of South Carolina they are especially abundant -throughout the winter, or from October until April.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that the Purple Finch is a very abundant winter resident -near Washington, arriving early in October and remaining until May, being -eminently gregarious. Stragglers were seen until nearly June, but the majority -had departed as the leaves expanded. They were most common in high -open woods, and were observed to feed chiefly on tender young buds of trees. -They were in full song before they took their departure.</p> - -<p>They make their first appearance in regular migrations, in Massachusetts, -from the 10th to the 20th of May, and occasionally a few are seen earlier. -They are often unwelcome visitors to the fruit-growers, having a great fondness -for the blossoms of the peach, cherry, plum, and apple. They will also -feed upon other kinds of buds and blossoms. They have a great predilection -for evergreen trees, especially the fir, the spruce, and the red cedar, -and most generally build their nests in these trees. In summer they feed on -seeds, insects, and berries of the honeysuckle and other shrubs.</p> - -<p>The Purple Finch, or, as it is generally known in New England, the Linnet, -is one of our sweetest, best, and most constant songsters, and is often trapped -and sold as caged birds. They soon become accustomed and partially reconciled -to their confinement, but sing only during a small part of the year. -When one of these birds, confined in a cage, is hung outside the house, -in the country, he is sure to draw around him quite a number of his species, -and this furnishes the dealer a ready means of capturing them.</p> - -<p>This Finch was once regarded as quite rare in the vicinity of Boston, so -much so that during a four years’ residence in Cambridge, when collections -of nests and eggs had many votaries, not a single nest of this species was -obtained by any one. Since then, from some cause, probably the increase of -gardens, groves of evergreens, and other localities favorable for their preservation -and reproduction, these graceful little Finches have become quite abundant -in places propitious for their residence. No less than seven pairs of -these favorite songsters took up their abode in my grounds at Hingham in a -single summer, and two had nests in the same tree, one of which was at least -sixty feet from the ground, on the very top of a tall fir. These several pairs, -as a general thing, lived together very harmoniously, save only when one -would approach too near the favorite station of another, when the latter -would begin to bristle up his crest, and give very evident hints that his near -presence was not agreeable. The extreme southern end of the ridge-pole of -the house had been, for several summers, the favorite post for the patriarch -of the flock, from which at morning and at evening he made the neighborhood -vocal with his melody. If in his absence any other of these birds -ventured to occupy his position, there was always sure to be a disturbance on -his return, if it was not instantly vacated. These encounters were frequent, -<!--533.png--><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 464]</span> -and always very amusing. Discretion usually took the place of valor on the -part of the intruder.</p> - -<p>The song of the Purple Finch resembles that of the Canary, and though -less varied and powerful, is softer, sweeter, and more touching and pleasing. -The notes of this species may be heard from the last of May until late in -September, and in the long summer evenings are often continued until after -it is quite dark. Their song has all the beauty and pathos of the Warbling -Vireo, and greatly resembles it, but is more powerful and full in tone. It is -a very interesting sight to watch one of these little performers in the midst -of his song. He appears perfectly absorbed in his work, his form dilates, -his crest is erected, his throat expands, and he seems to be utterly unconscious -of all around him. But let an intruder of his own race appear within -a few feet of the singer, and the song instantly ceases, and in a violent fit -of indignation he chases him away.</p> - -<p>The flight of the Purple Finch is said by Mr. Audubon to resemble that -of the Green Finch of Europe. They fly in compact flocks, with an undulating -motion, alighting all at once, and then instantly, as if suddenly -alarmed, take again to flight only to return to the same tree. They then -immediately make each his separate way to the ends of the branches, and -commence eating the buds. The food they take to their young is juicy berries -and the softer portions of the young cones of the fir and spruce.</p> - -<p>They nest generally in firs, spruces, or cedar-trees, though occasionally on -the upper branches of a high apple-tree. Their nests are usually placed upon -a branch, rather than interlaced between its forked twigs. I have known -them not more than five feet from the ground, and at other times on the highest -point of a lofty fir-tree. The nests are, for the most part, somewhat flat -and shallow structures, not more than two and a half inches in height, and -about three and a half in breadth. The walls of the nest average less than -an inch, and the cavity corresponds to its general shape and form. The -framework of the nest is usually made of small denuded vegetable fibres, -stems of grasses, strips of bark, and woody fragments. The upper rim of the -nest is often a curious intertwining of dry herbaceous stems, the ends of which -project above the nest itself in the manner of a low palisade. The inner nest -is made up of minute vegetable fibres, closely interwoven. There is usually no -other lining than this. At other times these nests are largely made up of small -dark-colored rootlets of wooded plants, lined with finer materials of the same, -occasionally mingled with the down of birds and the fur of small animals.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Purple Finch vary greatly in size, and somewhat in shape. -Generally they are of an oblong oval, pointed considerably at one end. Their -length varies from .92 to .81 of an inch, and their breadth from .70 to .60. -Their color is a pale shade of emerald-green, spotted with dark brown, almost -black, chiefly about the larger end. The ground-color is much brighter when -the eggs are fresh, and soon fades upon exposure to light, and even when kept -in a close drawer.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--534.png--><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 465]</span> -<b class="birdname">Carpodacus purpureus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">californicus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus californicus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 413, <abbr title="plage 72">pl. lxxii</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 23.—<span -class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 196.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> -1, 154.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</i>. Third quill longest; first shorter than the fourth. -Purple of head and rump much darker than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. purpureus</i>; the head with a broad -supra-orbital lateral band of lighter purple. Length 6.20; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific Province of United States.</p> - -<p>The female of the western type differs from that of the eastern in -being more olivaceous above, and in having the streaks below rather larger, -and not so well defined. There appears to be a difference in the marking -of the wings. In eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. purpureus</i> there is usually a well-marked whitish -band across the ends of the middle coverts, while the greater coverts, -though margined externally by paler, have a still lighter bar across the posterior -extremity, which is not seen in the western bird.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Californian Purple Pinch is found throughout the Pacific -coast, from the Straits of Fuca to California, as far south as Monterey. Dr. -Cooper states that this species is rather a northern bird, being common at the -Columbia River, and even farther north, while in California it has not been -found south of Monterey on the coast, and Fort Tejon in the Sierra Nevada. -In summer they frequent the mountain forests, especially those in part composed -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coniferæ</i>. In winter they descend to the valleys, where they are -found associating with the more common and familiar <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. frontalis</i>. He met -with them in May on the summits of the coast range toward Santa Cruz, -but they were not very numerous. They then had nests, though he did not -succeed in finding them.</p> - -<p>The song of the California Linnet is quite loud and varied, often resembling -that of other birds, especially <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireos</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroicæ</i>, for which Dr. -Cooper has often mistaken it. Their food consists of seeds, berries, and the -buds of trees. Their nest and eggs are unknown, but probably resemble -those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. purpureus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Carpodacus frontalis</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HOUSE LINNET; CRIMSON-FRONTED FINCH; BURION.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla frontalis</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition -Rocky Mountains Two">Exped. R. Mts. II</abbr>, 1824, 40. (For other synonymes see under the different varieties.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill short, nearly as deep as broad; culmen much curved, commissure arched; -lower mandible nearly as deep as the upper. Tail more than three fourths as long as -wing, slightly emarginated. Wing and tail feathers without reddish edges; lower tail-coverts -<!--535.png--><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 466]</span> -and abdomen with broad streaks of dusky. General color above, including wings, -tail, and upper tail-coverts, brownish-gray, the feathers with lighter edges. Beneath -white, each feather with a medial streak of dusky. <i class="sex">Male.</i> A broad frontal crescent, extending -back in a superciliary stripe to the occiput, a patch on the rump (not the upper tail-coverts), -and an area covering cheeks, chin, throat, and jugulum red,—bright scarlet in -spring, rosy in fall. <i class="sex">Female</i> without the red, which is replaced by a uniform streaking. -<i class="age">Young</i> resembling the female, but streaks less sharply defined; those above more distinct. -Wing-coverts broadly edged with light earth-brown.</p> - -<p>This species inhabits the western regions of North America, from the -Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; and Mexico, except, perhaps, the eastern -portion. In this range of distribution it occurs in three races, which, taking -extreme examples, are well marked, but when a large series is examined are -found to grade insensibly into each other.</p> - -<p>The above description is general, being modified only by <em>additional</em> characters -in the several races. The normal plumage is perhaps represented in the -central race,—the true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>, as restricted,—which inhabits the Middle -Province of the United States, and is nearly as described above; the red of -the male of this style is of a bright scarlet tint, and in nearly all specimens -shows a tendency to escape the boundaries above indicated. As we go south -into Mexico, we find the red strictly confined within those limits, very sharply -defined; and, under the tropical influence, intensified into a very bright carmine -tint; this latter is the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. hæmorrhous</i> of authors. Following the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i> westward, we find it gradually changing, the red invading more and -more the other portions, until, in specimens from the coast of California and -from Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, it is spread over all portions, except the anal region, -wing, and tail,—though always brightest within those outlines which confine -it in the two preceding varieties. In extreme examples of the latter -race,—the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. rhodocolpus</i> of Cabanis,—the red even obliterates the streaks -on the abdomen. The spreading of the red is seen in other birds of the Pacific -region, this case being exactly paralleled by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus ruber</i>, in its -relation to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. nuchalis</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. varius</i>.</p> - -<p>The females and young of the three races are quite difficult to distinguish -from each other, the locality being the best means of identifying them.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Carpodacus frontalis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">frontalis</b>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CRIMSON-FRONTED FINCH; BURION.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla frontalis</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition -Two">Exp. II</abbr>, 1824, 40.—(?) <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 230, <abbr title="plate 424">pl. ccccxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula <abbr -title="frontalis">f.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology -One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 49, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. vi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrospiza <abbr -title="frontalis">f.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1837, 112.—(?) <abbr title="Audubon -Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 125.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 175, <abbr title="plate 197">pl. cxcvii</abbr>.— <abbr title="Gambel"><span -class="sc">Gamb.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Journal Academy Natural Sciences Second series, One">J. A. N. S. 2d series, I</abbr>, 1847, -53. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Pyrrhula) <abbr title="frontalis">f.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Gambel"><span -class="sc">Gamb.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences One">P. A. N. S. I</abbr>, 1843, 262. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Carpodacus <abbr title="frontalis">f.</abbr></i> <span class="sc">Gray</span>, <abbr title="Genera">Gen.</abbr> -1844-49.—<span class="sc">McCall</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">P. A. N. S. V</abbr>, 1851, -219.—<span class="sc">Baird,</span> Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 415. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? -Carpodacus obscurus</i>, <span class="sc">McCall</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Five">P. A. N. S. -V</abbr>, June, 1851, 220, Santa Fé, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus familiaris</i>, <span -class="sc">McCall</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Seven">P. A. N. S. VII</abbr>, April, 1852, 61, Santa -Fé, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. M.</abbr></p> - -<p class="small"><!--536.png--><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 467]</span> -<abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 58,589, Great Salt Lake City, Utah, June 1, 1869.) Above brownish-gray, -faintly glossed with red on the nape and back; wing and tail feathers passing into -lighter on their edges, and dorsal feathers with obsolete shaft-streaks of darker. A frontal -band, about as wide as the length of the culmen, continuing back in a superciliary stripe -to the occiput, throat, jugulum, and a patch on the lower part of the rump (but not -on upper tail-coverts) carmine-scarlet. Rest of lower parts white, each feather with a -medial streak of brown like the back. Wing, 3.10; tail, 2.60; culmen, .38; tarsus, .65; -middle toe, .52.</p> - -<p class="small">(<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> 58,590, Salt Lake City, June 21, 1869.) Similar, but red entirely absent, the throat -and jugulum being white streaked with brown, and the front, rump, etc., grayish, obsoletely -streaked with darker. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40.</p> - -<p class="small">(<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> 40,799, Fort Whipple, Arizona, June 5, 1865.) Generally similar to the <abbr title="adult">ad.</abbr> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, but -more brownish, and the wing-feathers passing into dull buffy-ochraceous on their edges; -streaks beneath narrower and less distinct.</p> - -<p class="small">In winter the red is softer and less sharply defined, and usually of a more purplish tint; -the markings generally more blended.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle Province of the United States, from Rocky Mountains to the interior -valleys of California.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This form of the House Finch appears to be a very common bird -throughout the interior region of the United States, extending to New Mexico -and Arizona on the south and southeast, and probably to Mexico. On -the Pacific coast it is replaced by another and closely allied variety.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse states that his attention was first called to this interesting -little songster while at Sante Fé. It was there known to the American residents -as the “Adobe Finch.” By the Mexicans they were called <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Buriones</i>. -He found them exceedingly tame, building about the dwellings, churches, -and other buildings, in every nook and corner, and even entering the houses -to pick up crumbs. They are never disturbed by the inhabitants. He adds -that at the first dawn of the morning they commence a very sweet and clear -warble, which he was quite unable to do justice to by any verbal description. -He has often in the early morning listened with admiration and gratification -to the song of this bird, which is deservedly a great favorite. He found it -throughout New Mexico, and beyond. He did not distinguish it from the -coast variety.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues also found this bird very abundant in Arizona, where it is a -permanent resident, but most abundant in spring and fall. He describes it as -eminently gregarious. He found it in all situations, but most common in the -spring among the groves of willows and poplars, on the buds of which it feeds. -He met with this species all the way from the Rio Grande through New -Mexico and Arizona to California, and appears to have noted no differences -between this form and the coast variety. He also mentions finding, during a -few days’ stay in the New Mexican village of Los Pinos, near Alberquerque, -on the Rio Grande, this pretty little Finch the most common and characteristic -of the local birds. It was there breeding indifferently in the courtyards, -sheds, under porticos or eaves, and also in the forks of trees in -the streets. It had sharp conflicts with the Barn Swallows, whose nests it -<!--537.png--><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 468]</span> -often took possession of, and was a lively and most agreeable feature in the -dirty towns which it honored with its presence; and its songs were at once -sweet, clear, and exquisitely melodious.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with these birds among the barren and rocky hills near -the Colorado.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway, who found these birds breeding in large numbers at Pyramid -Lake, informs me that their nests were usually placed in clefts in rocks, -or in a cave. Near Salt Lake City they were also very common, building -their nests among the shrubs known as the wild mahogany, on the hills, but -never frequenting the higher regions of the mountains.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this bird, which are not distinguishable from those of the -Pacific coast form, have a delicate pale-blue ground-color, which is very -fugitive, and fades even in the drawers of a cabinet. They are sparingly -marked, chiefly around the more obtuse end, with spots and lines of black -and a dark brown. They are of oval shape, elongate and pointed at one end, -and measure .80 of an inch in length by .60 in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Carpodacus frontalis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">rhodocolpus</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA HOUSE-FINCH; RED-HEADED LINNET; BURION.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Pyrrhula cruentata</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>, <abbr lang="fr" -xml:lang="fr" title="Revue Zoölogique">Rev. Zoöl.</abbr> 1839, 101. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus rhodocolpus</i>, <span -class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 166.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 304. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis</i>, <span -class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> & Schleg.</span> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Monographie des Loxiens">Mon. -des Lox.</abbr> 1850, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="tableau 16">tab. xvi</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 533.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 415 (in part).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology -California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 156. <i class="birdname">House Finch</i>, <span class="sc">Grayson</span>, Hesperian, <abbr -title="Two">II</abbr>, 1859, 7, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus familiaris</i>, <span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr -title="Ten">X</abbr>, 50 (nest).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 12,973, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas.) Head, neck, jugulum, breast, upper part of -abdomen and sides, and rump, bright carmine-scarlet, dullest on the centre of the crown -and auriculars; rest of the upper parts brownish-gray, glossed with red except on the -wings, which have the feathers with distinctly lighter edges. Anal region, flanks, and -crissum white, the feathers with shaft-streaks of brown. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.60; culmen, -.45; tarsus, .62; middle toe, .50.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> and <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</i>, but colors darker.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast region of Pacific Province, and peninsula of Lower California.</p> - -<p>The male described above represents about the average plumage of this -form; an extreme example is <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 26,546, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, which is almost -entirely of a wine-red color, this covering the whole lower parts, except the -anal region, and obliterating the streaks; the wings even are tinged with -red. Still, on the head the red (a wine-purple tint) is brightest within those -limits to which it is confined in the normal plumage.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This variety of the House Finch is a very common bird throughout -the Pacific coast, from Oregon to Mexico. Mr. Ridgway states that he -found this species the most common and familiar of all the birds of the Sacramento -Valley. It is a very common cage-bird, being highly prized for its -song, which in power is hardly inferior to that of the Canary, while it far -<!--538.png--><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 469]</span> -surpasses it in sweetness. Its beautiful plumage also renders it still more -attractive. The peculiarly soft and musical <i class="birdcall">tweet</i> of this bird is also very -similar to that of the Canary, and is very different from the common note of -the Purple Finch. This bird breeds very numerously among the shade-trees -in the streets of Sacramento, as well as among the oak groves on the outskirts -of that city. The males are very shy, but the females, when their nest -is disturbed, keep up a lively chirping in an adjoining tree. The nest is generally -situated near the extremity of a horizontal branch of a small oak, -usually in a grove, occasionally in an isolated tree. In one instance it made -use of an abandoned nest of a Bullock’s Oriole, and in another of that of a -Cliff Swallow.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of this bird as being especially abundant in all the -southern portions of California, and also, according to Dr. Newberry, throughout -all the valleys northward into Oregon. It is a species that is everywhere -peculiar to the valleys, while the others of this genus are equally -confined to the wooded mountains. Dr. Cooper also met with this species -in the plains near the coast, where there are no plants higher than the wild -mustard, on the seeds of which they feed. They also frequent the groves -and the open forests on the summits of the coast range, but in small numbers, -in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. californicus</i>. They at times feed on buds of -trees, and seeds of the cottonwood and other plants. It is most abundant -among ranches and gardens where, Dr. Cooper states, it does much mischief -by destroying seeds and young plants, fruit and buds. For these depredations -even its cheerful and constant song is not regarded as an adequate compensation; -and unlike the New-Mexicans in their treatment of its kindred -race, the California cultivators wage an unrelenting war upon these birds.</p> - -<p>At San Diego, Dr. Cooper found them building as early as the 15th of -March, and even a little earlier. Both the situation and the materials of -their nest vary. He has found them nesting in trees, on logs and rocks, on -the top rail of a picket fence, inside a window-shutter, in the holes of walls, -under tiles, on the thatch of a roof, in barns and haystacks, and even between -the interstices in the sticks of which the nest of a Hawk had been -made, and once in the old nest of an Oriole. About dwellings they always -seek the protection of man, and seem to be quite unconscious of having -deserved or incurred his enmity. The materials of their nests are usually -coarse grasses and weeds, with a lining of hair and fine roots. They raise -two, sometimes three, broods in a season, and in the autumn assemble in -large flocks, but migrate very little, if any, to the south.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that their songs are very different from those of the -other species. They are very varied and very lively, and are heard throughout -the year. They are easily kept as cage-birds, but soon lose the beauty -of their plumage in confinement, their bright purple colors changing to a -dirty yellow.</p> - -<p>Nuttall did not observe any of this species in Oregon.</p> - -<p><!--539.png--><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 470]</span> -The eggs of this bird vary from four to six in number, and are of a pale blue -which readily fades into a bluish-white, and are marked with spots and lines -of a dark brown or black. They are of an elongate-oval shape, and measure -from .82 to .75 of an inch in length, with an average breadth of .60.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CHRYSOMITRIS</b>, <span class="sc">Boie</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris</i>, <span class="sc">Boie,</span> Isis, 1828, 322. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla spinus</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astragalinus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 159. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla tristis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypacanthus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 161. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis spinoides</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_539.jpg" - width="250" height="179" - alt="Chrysomitris tristis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris tristis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1521</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather acutely conic, the tip not very sharp; the culmen slightly convex -at the tip; the commissure gently curved. -Nostrils concealed. Obsolete ridges on the -upper mandible. Tarsi shorter than the -middle toe; outer toe rather the longer, -reaching to the base of the middle one. -Claw of hind toe shorter than the digital -portion. Wings and tail as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i>.</p> - -<p class="small">The colors are generally yellow, with -black on the crown, throat, back, wings, -and tail, varied sometimes with white.</p> - -<p class="small">The females want the bright markings -of the male.</p> - -<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i> in a less acute and more curved bill, a -much less development of the bristly feathers at the base of the bill, the -claw of the hind toe shorter than its digital portion, the claws shorter and -less curved and attenuated, and the outer lateral toes not extending beyond -the base of the middle claw.</p> - -<p>The species exhibit many differences among themselves, especially in the -size and shape of the bill, which have been made the basis of generic distinctions. -They may be distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> No streaks anywhere on plumage; base of tail-feathers black or white. -Sexes dissimilar. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> No yellow on the wings.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">C. tristis.</b> Inner webs of tail-feathers always whitish terminally -(except in <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>). <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Forehead and crown, wings and tail, deep black; -rest of plumage, including the back, rich lemon-yellow; tail-coverts -white. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Body grayish above, dingy whitish beneath, stained with -yellow; no black on head; wings and tail duller black. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Fulvous-umber -above, with markings of reddish-ochraceous on the wings; beneath, -dilute-yellow washed with fulvous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of temperate -and warm North America.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">C. psaltria.</b> Inner webs of tail-feathers never whitish terminally. -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Beneath yellow, including the lower tail-coverts; above black, with -or without olive-green on the back. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Without any black, the yellow -duller.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--542.png--><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 471]</span> -<i class="subset">Tail with white on inner webs; tertials with large white spots.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Auriculars, nape, back, and rump olive-green. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Rocky -Mountains of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Auriculars black; nape, back, and rump green clouded with -black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Arizona<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Auriculars, nape, back, and rump entirely black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle -America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Tail without any white on inner webs; tertials without white spots.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Auriculars, nape, back, and rump wholly black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Panama -and New Granada<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbiana</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Terminal half of outer webs of wing-coverts and secondaries yellow.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">C. lawrencii.</b> Prevailing color ashy, lighter beneath. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. A large -patch on the breast, the rump, and most of the outer surface of the -wing, yellow; forehead, crown, lores, all round base of bill, chin, wings -(beneath the yellow), and tail black. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Lacking the black, and with -the yellow only indicated. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California and Southwestern Arizona.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Whole body and head thickly streaked; bases of tail-feathers yellow. Sexes -alike. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astragalinus.</i>)</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">C. pinus.</b> Above brownish-gray, beneath white, with conspicuous -dusky streaks everywhere; two light bands on the wing; bases of -secondaries and primaries yellow. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Whole of North America.</p> - -<!--540.png--><!--Plate 22--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_22.jpg" - width="500" height="305" - alt="Color plate 22" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="22">XXII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-1" name="pl_22-1"></a><img src="images/pl_22-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Hesperiphona vespertina var. vespertina." - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona vespertina</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. Ter.</abbr>, 16770.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-2" name="pl_22-2"></a><img src="images/pl_22-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Ægiothus canescens var. exilipes" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus canescens</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Hudson Bay Territory">H. B. Ter.</abbr>, 19686.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-3" name="pl_22-3"></a><img src="images/pl_22-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Ægiothus linaria var. fuscescens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus linaria</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Labrador">Lab’r</abbr>, 18098. Summer.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-4" name="pl_22-4"></a><img src="images/pl_22-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Hesperiphona vespertina var. montana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona vespertina</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana.</span> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 35150.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-5" name="pl_22-5"></a><img src="images/pl_22-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Ægiothus linaria var. fuscescens" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus linaria</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>. <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 900. Winter.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-6" name="pl_22-6"></a><img src="images/pl_22-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Ægiothus flavirostris var. brewsteri" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus flavirostris</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brewsteri</span>. Autumn.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-7" name="pl_22-7"></a><img src="images/pl_22-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 22 detail 7, Chrysomitris tristis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris tristis.</span>, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1531. Summer.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-8" name="pl_22-8"></a><img src="images/pl_22-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 22 detail 8, Chrysomitris tristis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris tristis.</span>, <abbr class="adult" title="adult">ad.</abbr>, <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 2205. Winter.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-9" name="pl_22-9"></a><img src="images/pl_22-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 22 detail 9, Chrysomitris psaltria" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris psaltria.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6401.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-10" name="pl_22-10"></a><img src="images/pl_22-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 22 detail 10, Chrysomitris psaltria" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">20. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris psaltria.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3930.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-11" name="pl_22-11"></a><img src="images/pl_22-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Chrysomitris mexicana var. arizonæ" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris mexicana</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Arizona">Ariz.</abbr>, 37091.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-12" name="pl_22-12"></a><img src="images/pl_22-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Chrysomitris mexicana var. mexicana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris mexicana</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana.</span> <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4078.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-13" name="pl_22-13"></a><img src="images/pl_22-13.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Chrysomitris psaltria var. mexicana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">13. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris psaltria</span>, - <abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> - <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr><abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 22432.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-14" name="pl_22-14"></a><img src="images/pl_22-14.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 22 detail 14, Chrysomitris lawrencii" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">14. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris lawrencii.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 6405.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-15" name="pl_22-15"></a><img src="images/pl_22-15.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 22 detail 15, Chrysomitris lawrencii" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">15. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris lawrencii.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 40836.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_22-16" name="pl_22-16"></a><img src="images/pl_22-16.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 22 detail 16, Chrysomitris pinus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">16. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris pinus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>, 11095.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--541.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p>Three species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris</i>, given by Mr. Audubon, are to be erased -from the list: <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. stanleyi</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. yarrelli</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. magellanica</i>. If, as he states, -he killed specimens of the latter in Kentucky, they must have belonged to -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. notata</i> of Dubus, a Mexican species, not since met with in our limits. -The other two were given him as coming from California,—a statement we -now know to be incorrect, both belonging to South America.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Chrysomitris tristis</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-BIRD; THISTLE-BIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla tristis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 320.—<abbr title="Wilson"><span class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1808, 20, <abbr title="plate 1, figure">pl. i, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 172; <abbr -title="Five">V,</abbr>, 510, <abbr title="plate 33">pl. xxxiii</abbr>. <a id="chg12" name="chg12"></a><i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Carduelis</i> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Observations … Wilson">Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 96.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Two">Am. II</abbr>, 1841, 129, <abbr title="plate 181">pl. -clxxxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian Cabanis Journal six"><span class="sc">Max.</span> Cab. Journ. vi</abbr>, 1858, 281. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris tristis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<span -class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California">Zoöl. Cal.</abbr> & <abbr title="Oregon">Or.</abbr> Route; <abbr -title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Survey Seven, four">Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VII, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, -87.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 421.—<span class="sc">Cooper & -Suckley</span>, 197.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 167. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astragalinus tristis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> -1851, 159 (type). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis americana</i>, <span class="sc">(Edwards</span>,) <abbr title="Swainson and Richardson -Fauna-Boreali Americana Two"><span class="sc">Sw. & Rich.</span> F. B. A. II</abbr>, 1831, 268. <i class="birdname">Golden Finch</i>, <span -class="sc">Pennant</span>. <i class="birdname">American Goldfinch</i>, <span class="sc">Edwards</span>. <span lang="fr" -xml:lang="fr"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chardonneret jaune; Chardonneret du Canada; Tarin de la Nouvelle Yorck</i></span>, <span -class="sc">Buffon</span>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Planches -enluminées">Pl. enl.</abbr>, <abbr title="plate 202">pl. ccii</abbr>, <abbr title="figure 2 plate 292">f. 2, pl. ccxcii</abbr>, <abbr -title="figure">f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, Birds <abbr title="New England">N. Eng.</abbr> 288.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Bright gamboge-yellow; crown, wings, and tail black. Lesser -wing-coverts, band across the end of greater ones, ends of secondaries and tertiaries, inner -margins of tail-feathers, upper and under tail-coverts, and tibia white. Length, 5.25 -inches; wing, 3.00. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Yellowish-gray above; greenish-yellow below. No black -on forehead. Wing and tail much as in the male. <i class="subset">Young.</i> Reddish-olive above; fulvous-yellow -<!--543.png--><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 472]</span> -below; two broad bands across coverts, and broad edges to last half of secondaries -pale rufous.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America generally.</p> - -<p>In winter the yellow is replaced by a yellowish-brown; the black of the -crown wanting, that of wings and tail browner. The throat is generally -yellowish; the under parts ashy-brown, passing behind into white.</p> - -<p>There are no observable differences between eastern and western specimens.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_543.jpg" - width="250" height="227" - alt="Chrysomitris tristis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris tristis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common American Goldfinch is found throughout the -greater portion of North America, from -the Atlantic to the Pacific. Sir John -Richardson met with it in the fur regions, -where it is one of the tardiest of -the summer visitors, and whence it departs -early in September. The specimen -described by him was taken June -29. At the extreme South it is not -uncommon, according to Dresser, around -San Antonio, and Dr. Woodhouse found -it abundant both in Texas and in the -Indian Territory. Dr. Coues did not -find it in Arizona, nor does Sumichrast -give it as a bird of Vera Cruz. Dr. Newberry found this Finch quite common -throughout his route to the Columbia, this sweet songster, he states, -having been a constant source of pleasure in the interior both of California -and Oregon, far from the haunts of men, where everything else was new and -strange. But Dr. Suckley, though he looked carefully for this species about -Puget Sound, in the most appropriate situations, was unable to find any, and -did not believe that any existed there. Dr. Cooper states that it is, however, -quite abundant on the Columbia and along the coast near its mouth.</p> - -<p>The last-named writer states that this species is a constant resident in all -the western parts of California, but he met with none on the Colorado. They -become rare on the coast at the Columbia, but farther in the interior are -found as far north as latitude 49<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. They breed as far south as San Diego, -but seem to avoid the hot interior valleys, as well as the mountains. Their -favorite resorts are where thistles and other composite plants abound, and -also groves of willow and cottonwood, upon the seeds of which they feed -largely. In winter the seeds of the buttonwood supply their chief subsistence.</p> - -<p>The common Goldfinch was seen in abundance by Mr. Ridgway only in -the vicinity of Sacramento City, associated with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis</i>, -and often nesting in the same tree. In the interior this species was rarely -seen, and only one specimen was secured in the Truckee Valley in May, and -not noticed afterwards. It was, however, found breeding in the Uintah -<!--544.png--><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 473]</span> -Mountains, where its nest and eggs were obtained. The nests procured by -Mr. Ridgway were all found about June 6, except one, ten days later, showing -that these birds are four or five weeks earlier in their breeding on the -Pacific than on the Atlantic coast. In the Uintah Mountains they were -breeding, as at the East, in July.</p> - -<p>The Goldfinch is to a large extent gregarious and nomadic in its habits, -and only for a short portion of the year do these birds separate into pairs for -the purposes of reproduction. During at least three fourths of the year they -associate in small flocks, and wander about in an irregular and uncertain -manner in quest of their food. They are resident throughout the year in -New England, and also throughout the greater portion of the country, their -presence or absence being regulated to a large extent by the abundance, -scarcity, or absence of their favorite kinds of food. In the winter, the seeds -of the taller weeds are their principal means of subsistence. In the summer, -the seeds of the thistle and other plants and weeds are sought out -by these interesting and busy gleaners. They are abundant in gardens, and -as a general thing do very little harm, and a vast amount of benefit in the -destruction of the seeds of troublesome weeds. As, however, they do not -always discriminate between seeds that are troublesome and those that are -desirable, the Goldfinches are unwelcome visitors to the farmers who seek to -raise their own seeds of the lettuce, turnip, and other similar vegetables. -They are also very fond of the seeds of the sunflower.</p> - -<p>Owing possibly to the scarcity of proper food for their young in the early -summer, the Goldfinches are quite late before they mate and raise their single -brood. It is usually past the 10th of July before their nests are constructed, -and often September before their broods are ready to fly.</p> - -<p>The song of the Goldfinch—very different from their usual plaintive cry -or call-note, uttered as they are flying or when they are feeding—is very -sweet, brilliant, and pleasing; most so, indeed, when given as a solo, with no -other of its kindred within hearing. I know of none of our common singers -that excel it in either respect. Its notes are higher and more flute-like, and -its song is more prolonged than that of the Purple Finch. Where large -flocks are found in the spring or early summer, the males often join in a very -curious and remarkable concert, in which the voices of the several performers -do not always accord. In spite of this frequent want of harmony, these concerts -are varied and pleasing, now ringing like the loud voices of the Canary, -and now sinking into a low soft warble.</p> - -<p>During the warm summer weather the Goldfinch is very fond of bathing, -and the sandy shelving margins of brooks are always their favorite places -of resort for this purpose. I do not think they ever raise more than a single -brood in a season in New England, and are in this somewhat irregular, depositing -their eggs from July 10 to September, as it may happen.</p> - -<p>They usually select a small upright tree, such as a young elm, apple, or -pear, or a tall shrub, for their nest, which they rarely place higher than ten -<!--545.png--><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 474]</span> -feet from the ground. Than the nest of our Goldfinch we have no more beautiful -specimen either of the basket in shape or the felted in structure. Symmetrical -in form, delicately and beautifully woven, and ingeniously and firmly -fastened around the forked twigs with which it is interlaced, it is an exquisite -example of architectural beauty and finish. A beautiful specimen from -Wisconsin may be taken as typical. It measures three inches in diameter -and two in height. The cavity is one and a half inches wide at the rim, and -the depth is the same. The base of this nest is a commingling of soft vegetable -wool, very fine stems of dried grasses, and fine strips of bark, all being -in very fine shreds. The sides, rim, and general exterior of the nest is made -up, to a large extent, of fine slender vegetable fibres, interwrought with -white and maroon-colored vegetable wool. These materials are closely and -densely felted together. The inner nest is softly and thoroughly lined with -a softer felting made of the plumose appendages or pappus of the seeds of -composite plants.</p> - -<p>The eggs, usually five, rarely six in number, are of a uniform bluish-white, -sharply pointed at one and rounded at the other end. They measure from -.65 to .67 of an inch in length and from .50 to .55 in breadth. Dr. Cooper -gives their measurement as .60 by .50; but of the contents of seven nests -before me not an egg is less than .65 in length, and but one so small as .50 -in breadth.</p> - -<p>A nest of this Finch, built in a young elm-tree in Hingham, eight feet from -the ground, was begun July 27, finished and the first egg laid August 1. By -the 4th five eggs had been deposited, and on the 16th they had all been -hatched.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Chrysomitris psaltria</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">psaltria</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOLDFINCH; ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla psaltria</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, Long’s <abbr title="Expedition Rocky -Mountains Two">Exped. R. Mts. II</abbr>, 1823, 40.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 85, <abbr title="plate 394">pl. cccxciv</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Carduelis) psaltria</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American -Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 54, <abbr title="plate 6, figure">pl. vi, f.</abbr> 3. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis -psaltria</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 117.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 134, <abbr title="plate 183">pl. -clxxxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris psaltria</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> </abbr> -List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 516.—<span -class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy Natural Sciences second series One">Jour. A. N. S. 2d series I</abbr>, 1847, 52 -(female).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 422.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 168.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Upper parts and sides of head and neck olive-green. Hood, but -not sides of head below eyes, lores (or auriculars?), upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail black. -Beneath bright yellow. A band across the tips of the greater coverts, the ends of nearly -all the quills, the outer edges of the tertiaries, the extreme bases of all the primaries except -the outer two, and a long rectangular patch on the inner webs of the outer three -tail-feathers near the middle, white. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the upper parts generally, and the sides -olive-green; the wings and tail brown, their white marks as in the male. Length, 4.25; -wing, 2.40; tail, 1.85. <i class="age">Young</i> like the female, but wing-bands more fulvous.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern Rocky Mountains to the coast of California; north to Salt Lake City (June 19; <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>), and Siskiyou <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, <abbr -title="California">Cal.</abbr> (<span class="sc">Vuille</span>); south to Sonora (Arispe, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> 26; <span -class="sc">E. S. Wakefield</span>).</p> - -<p><!--546.png--><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 475]</span> -With quite a small series of specimens, a perfect transition can be shown -from the typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. psaltria</i>, as above described, to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. columbianus</i>, the -opposite extreme (see table, page 471). The former is the most northern, -the latter the most southern form; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, intermediate -in habitat, are also as strikingly so in plumage. The difference is in the -<em>quantity</em> of the black, this color predominating over the olive of the back -and the white of wings and tail, in proportion as we go southward. There -cannot, upon the whole, be any doubt that they are all specifically the same. -The females can scarcely be distinguished.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Arkansas Finch was first discovered in Long’s expedition to -the Rocky Mountains, and described by Say in 1823. It has since been met -with in New Mexico and in various parts of California. Dr. Cooper did not -find this species in the Colorado Valley, although Dr. Kennerly met with -it along Williams Fork, in New Mexico. Dr. Woodhouse did not see it in -his route to the Zuñi River, either in New Mexico or the Indian Territory.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly met with these birds in the month of February. He found -them very abundant all along the banks of the Bill Williams Fork. They -were feeding on the young buds of the cottonwood trees. At that season -they were in small flocks, and the only note he heard from them was a short -chirp, as they hopped from twig to twig, or flew from one tree to another.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann states that he found these Finches abundant in the northern -mining regions of California, frequenting and feeding in the same localities -with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. lawrencii</i>, and often associated with the Pine Finch. He adds -that, while thus associated, he shot a large number of both species. They -seemed to be employed, at the time, in picking out the fine gravel mixed in -the mud used as mortar for a chimney, flying away at each discharge of the -gun, but returning, in a few minutes, to the same place.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon regarded this species as accidental in Louisiana, having -procured individuals a few miles from Bayou Sara.</p> - -<p>The Arkansas Goldfinch was found by Mr. Ridgway among the Wahsatch -Mountains, his attention being at once drawn to it by its curious notes. He -first met with it in “City-Creek Cañon,” near Salt Lake City, where individuals -of it were frequently found mixed in with flocks of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pinus</i>. The -note of this bird is remarkable for its power and very sad tone. The ordinary -note is a plaintive, mellow, whistling call, impossible to describe, and -so inflected as to produce a very mournful effect. When the bird takes to -flight, it is changed to a simple <i class="birdcall">cheer</i>, similar to the anxious notes of the male -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius phœniceus</i>, uttered when its nest is disturbed. This species was -quite rare, not being so common as either <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pinus</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. tristis</i>. Its nest -was found in Parley’s Park, Wahsatch Mountains, June 22, in the top of a -willow-bush near a stream.</p> - -<p>At San Diego, and along the whole coast border of California, Dr. Cooper -thinks that this Finch is rather rare. In the interior valleys they seem to -be quite common. They also breed in small numbers in the Coast Range, -<!--547.png--><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 476]</span> -near Santa Cruz. He states that their habits are very similar to those of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. tristis</i>, though they feed more on the ground, and more upon weeds than -on trees, and are even more gregarious, remaining associated in flocks up to -the first of June. Their song greatly resembles that of the common Goldfinch, -but is much fainter.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper never met with their nest, nor has he received any description -of it. Mr. Xantus found one, containing four eggs, on the branch of an -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Obione</i>, about ten feet from the ground. This was at Fort Tejon, the first of -May. Dr. Canfield has also found their nests, in considerable numbers, near -Monterey. They are built in the forks of trees, in the same manner with -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</i>, are structures of remarkable beauty, and evince great skill in the -architects. They contain usually four or five eggs. Except in size, their -eggs greatly resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. tristis</i>, being of a uniform greenish-white, -unspotted, of a rounded-oval shape, sharply pointed at one end. They -measure .60 by .50 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Chrysomitris psaltria</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">arizonæ</b>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARIZONA GOLDFINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris mexicana</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">arizonæ</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> -1866.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 170.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> 37,092, Fort Wingate, Arizona, June 28, 1864.) Above, including auriculars, -glossy black, with a faint bluish reflection; nape, back, and rump much mixed with -olive-green, this rather predominating; larger coverts broadly tipped with grayish-white; -tertials, with almost the entire exposed portion of the outer webs, white; a patch on -base of primaries, and the inner webs of the tail-feathers, except the ends, white. Beneath -entirely lemon-yellow. Wing, 2.50; tail, 1.70; culmen, .35; tarsus, .50.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern boundary of Arizona and New Mexico, extending southward into -Mexico, and gradually changing into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, and northward into <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</i>.</p> - -<p>The specimen described above is from a series collected in Arizona by Dr. -Coues: these examples vary in the relative amount of black and olive on -the back, some having one, and others the other color predominating; the -type selected is one which represents about the average plumage of this -species from Arizona.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Coues found these birds abundant summer residents of Arizona, -where they are said to arrive the last of April and to remain until the -middle of September. In August the males are stated to assume the dull -plumage of the females. In autumn they become decidedly gregarious, and -feed almost exclusively upon buds and seeds. He thinks they are not so -numerous in the southern portions of the Territory. In a letter received -from him he remarks:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="blockquote">“This bird was found to be common in New Mexico near Fort Wingate, -at the eastern base of the main chain of mountains. I first observed it on the -28th of June, when I found quite a number together, and secured several -<!--548.png--><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 477]</span> -specimens. They were in small troops on a rugged hillside covered with a -sparse growth of junipers and stunted pines, feeding in company with the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata</i>. Judging from their actions, and from the fact that none -but males were taken, I presume they were breeding in the vicinity. I found -some difficulty in securing specimens, partly owing to the broken nature of -the locality, and partly to the birds’ timidity in the unaccustomed presence -of man. Those that were shot were all found to have the æsophagus as well -as the gizzard crammed with seeds. They constantly uttered a plaintive -lisping whistle as they gathered food, or as they flew from one tree to another, -but their song did not strike my ear as precisely the same as that of the -Goldfinch. These specimens were all in what I take to be perfect plumage, -although the back was mixed with olive and black in nearly equal proportions, -and the black of the pileum did not reach below the eyes to cut off -the yellow under eyelid from the other yellowish parts of the head; thus -closely resembling true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</i>.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Upon my arrival at Fort Whipple in July, I found birds of this type -abundant, and took a good many during the two following months, when -they disappeared, and I saw none until about the first of May. A small -ravine close by the fort, choked with a rank growth of weeds, was a favorite -resort; there the birds could be found at nearly all times in season, in large -troops, feeding in company with Chipping Sparrows, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella atrigularis</i>. -They were very tame during the latter part of the summer, would -only rise when very closely approached, when they flew in a hesitating manner -a short distance, and then pitched down again among the weeds to -resume their busy search for food. In their undulating flight they utter -their peculiar note, generally with each impulse of the wings, and keep up -a continual chirping when feeding; but I did not hear their true song at this -season. Some of the specimens taken were very young birds, and the species -unquestionably breeds here, although I never succeeded in finding a -nest.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“I should not omit to add, that whilst at Santa Fé, New Mexico, I saw -caged birds that were thriving well, and apparently reconciled to confinement.”</p> - -<p>A nest of this bird, obtained near Camp Grant, Arizona, by Dr. Palmer, is -a flat and shallow structure, having a diameter of three inches, and a height -of one and a quarter. The cavity is only a slight depression. This nest is -made of a felting of various materials, chiefly the cotton-like down of the -cottonwood-tree and other soft vegetable matter, fine stems of grasses, fragments -of mosses, and various other similar materials, lined with finer materials -of the same. Except in their slightly smaller size, the eggs are not -distinguishably different from the preceding.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--549.png--><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 478]</span> -<b class="birdname">Chrysomitris psaltria</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">mexicana</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap</span></abbr>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK GOLDFINCH; MEXICAN GOLDFINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson Synopsis"><span -class="sc">Swains.</span> Syn.</abbr> Birds <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr> <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Phil. Mag.</abbr> -1827, 435.—<span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 525. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris mexicanus</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> </abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus Avium">Consp. Av.</abbr> 1850, 516 (quotes <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> tab. 427).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 423, <abbr title="plate 54, figure">pl. liv, f.</abbr> -1. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astragalinus mexicanus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 159.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" -title="Journal für Ornithologie">Journ. für Orn.</abbr> 1861, 7 (with synonymy).—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 82. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla melanoxantha</i> -<span class="sc">(<abbr title="Lichtenstein">Licht.</abbr>), Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831, 525. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla -catotol</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 914. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla texensis</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, 16 <abbr title="Species">Sp.</abbr> Birds <abbr -title="Texas">Tex.</abbr> 1841, <abbr title="plate 5, figure">pl. v. f.</abbr> 1 (gives white belly).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 169.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts continuously and entirely black; the feathers of the rump white -subterminally, and showing this through the black; a few of the feathers with greenish-yellow -between the white and the black; a few, perhaps, without black tips. The bases of -the third to seventh primaries, and the ends of the tertiaries externally white. The tail is -black, except the outer three feathers, in which the outer webs and tips only are this color; -the rest white. Inside of wing black. Under parts of body pale yellow. <i class="sex">Female</i> with -the black of the head and body replaced by olive-green. Length, 4.12 inches; wing, 2.25; -tail, 2.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> Mexican side of the valley of the Rio Grande, southward; -Oaxaca, June (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1858, 302); Cordova (<abbr title="Sclater"><span -class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1856, 303); Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis <abbr -title="One">I</abbr>, 19); Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> J.</abbr> 1861, 7); Panama (<abbr -title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> <abbr title="New York Lyceum">N. Y. Lyc.</abbr> 1861, 331; winter).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Mexican Goldfinch is distributed from the western side -of the Rio Grande, through Mexico and Central America, to Panama. -Sumichrast mentions it as found throughout the State of Vera Cruz, but -most abundant in the temperate region. It breeds in the vicinity of -Orizaba. It was taken in Central America, by Mr. Skinner, and has been -reported from Costa Rica, and from Panama in the winter. Of its distinctive -peculiarities we have no information, but they probably do not differ -from those of the other forms of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. psaltria</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Chrysomitris lawrencii</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LAWRENCE’S GOLDFINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis lawrencii</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Five, October">Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct.</abbr> 1850, 105, <abbr title="plate fivew">pl. v</abbr> (California). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris lawrencii</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Comptes Rendus, -<abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1853, 913.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 424.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, S, 50 (nest).—<span -class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations American Birds One, plate 8">Illust. Am. B. I, pl. viii</abbr>.—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 171.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Hood, sides of head anterior to the middle of the eye, chin, and -upper part of throat, black. Sides of head, neck, and body, upper part of neck and the -back, and upper tail-coverts, ash-color. Rump and lesser wing-coverts yellowish-green. -Throat below the black, breast, and outer edges of all the quills (except the first primary, -and passing into white behind), bright greenish-yellow. Wings black. Tail-feathers -black, with a white square patch on the inner web, near the end; outer edges grayish; -quills black. <i class="sex">Female</i> similar, with the black of the head replaced by ash. Length, about -4.70; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30. <i class="age">Young</i> like the female, but wing-bands pale fulvous, instead -of yellow.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast of California; Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 83).</p> - -<p><!--550.png--><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 479]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, now known to be so common throughout the greater -portion of California, was first described by Mr. Cassin in 1850. Dr. Heermann -afterwards found them very abundant throughout the northern mining -regions of California, frequenting the hillsides covered with brush, the seeds -and buds of which they eat with great avidity. Later in the season he found -them at San Diego, in quest of grass-seeds on the level plains. They were -in large flocks, and so closely packed that he shot thirteen at one discharge. -Their nests, he states, are built in the fork of a bush or stunted oak, and are -composed of fine grasses, lined with hair and feathers. They contain four or -five pure white eggs.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway only met with this Goldfinch near the foot of the western -slope of the Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper met with a few of this species at Fort Mohave, on the Colorado, -but found them more numerous near the coast as far north as San Francisco, -at least, and also in the more northern mining regions. He has seen them -about San Francisco in December, and has no doubt that they remain all the -winter throughout the lower country. They seem to avoid the mountainous -regions, and have not been met with in Oregon.</p> - -<p>Their habits and their song are, in general respects, similar to those of the -Goldfinch (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. tristis</i>), but their voice is much weaker, and is higher in its -pitch. Their nests, Dr. Cooper thinks, are placed, in preference, on the live-oaks; -at least, he has never met with them in any other situation. They are -built very much in the style of those of the Goldfinch, but are much smaller, -the cavity measuring only an inch in depth and one and a half in breadth. -The eggs he describes as four or five in number, pure white, and measuring -.80 by .46 of an inch. He adds that they sometimes feed on the ground, on -grass-seeds, as well as on buds and seeds of various weeds and trees. They -were regarded by him as more of a sylvan species than the Goldfinch, and -not so fond of willows and other trees growing along streams and in wet -places. In the Colorado Valley they feed on the seeds of the artemisia. He -did not notice any there after the middle of April. Eggs, in my own cabinet, -from Monterey, identified by Dr. Canfield, are of a uniform greenish-white, -exactly similar to those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. psaltria</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</i>, and measure only -.58 by .45 of an inch, or less in length by .22 than as given by Dr. Cooper.</p> - -<p>Three nests of this species obtained at Monterey, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Dr. Canfield, all -exhibit more or less variations as to material and style of make. They are -all more or less felted, and beautifully wrought, fully equal in artistic skill to -the nests of the Goldfinch. They are about one and a half inches in height -and three in diameter, and the cavity is an inch in depth and one and three -quarters in diameter. The walls of these nests are soft, warm, and thick, -composed of wool, both vegetable and animal, fine stems of grasses, down, -feathers, and other materials, all closely matted together, and lined with -the long hair of the larger animals. One of these nests is made up entirely -of the finer grasses, strongly matted together.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--551.png--><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 480]</span> -<b class="birdname">Chrysomitris pinus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">PINE GOLDFINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pinus</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Two">Am. Orn. II</abbr>, 1810, 133, <abbr title="plate 17, figure">pl. xvii, f.</abbr> 1.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 455; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, -509, <abbr title="plate 180">pl. clxxx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis</i>) <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Observations … -Wilson's">Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 103. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria pinus</i>, <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 115.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib</span>.</abbr> -Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 125, <abbr title="plate 180">pl. clxxx</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris pinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 515.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -425.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 197.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 172.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 290. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">?? Chrysomitris macroptera</i>, -<span class="sc">Dubus</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Esquisses ornithologiques tableau">Esq. Orn. tab.</abbr> 23 -(Mexico).—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 515.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_551.jpg" - width="250" height="165" - alt="Chrysomitris pinus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris pinus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">11096</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail deeply forked. Above brownish-olive. Beneath whitish, every feather -streaked distinctly with dusky. Concealed -bases of tail-feathers and quills, together with -their inner edges, sulphur-yellow. Outer -edges or quills and tail-feathers yellowish-green. -Two brownish-white bands on the -wing. Length. 4.75; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.20. -Sexes alike. <i class="age">Young</i> similar, but the white -below tinged with yellow, the upper parts -with reddish-brown, and there are two pale -ochraceous bands on the wing.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -North America from Atlantic to -Pacific; Vera Cruz, plateau and alpine region (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, I, 550).</p> - -<p>Specimens from all parts of North America appear to be the same, but -there is a great deal of variation among individuals. <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10,225 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort -Tejon, California, and 51,636, Colorado Territory, are almost entirely white -beneath, the streaks being hardly observable. 32,765, Mexico, and 9,524, -Washington Territory, are unstreaked medially. <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 11,096, Fort Bridger, -has the streaks on the sides unusually broad, and very black.</p> - -<p>In autumn and winter a reddish-brown tinge overspreads the upper parts.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Though classed with the Goldfinches of this country, the Pine -Finch, in many respects more nearly resembles, in its habits and nidification, -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodaci</i>. It is found throughout the United States, from the Atlantic -to the Pacific. In the winter it extends its irregular migrations into the Central -States, as far as Northern California on the Pacific, and Southern Pennsylvania -on the Atlantic. It breeds throughout the British Provinces, -Northern Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Michigan, and -thence to Washington Territory, in all the evergreen forests.</p> - -<p>At Calais, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, it is resident throughout the year, and breeds there, but is -much more common in the winter than in the summer. In Western Maine, -Professor Verrill observed it very common, both in the spring and in the -fall, but never found it breeding. He found it very abundant about the -Umbagog lakes in July, where it was evidently breeding. It breeds also -abundantly among the White Mountains.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway first saw the Pine Finch on the East Humboldt Mountains, -<!--552.png--><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 481]</span> -where, through July and August, it was quite common, and where undoubtedly -it breeds, as a young bird unable to fly was obtained. On the Wahsatch -Mountains it was a very abundant species, inhabiting the pines as well as the -groves of aspens in the alpine regions. <a id="chg13" name="chg13"></a>It is gregarious at all times, flying -in roving, screeching flocks. The notes it utters on all occasions resemble -a very peculiar pronunciation of <i class="birdcall">swe-er</i>, given in a very sharp tone. When -the flock suddenly takes to flight, this is changed to a more rattling outcry. -A nest, containing no eggs, was found in an aspen-tree; and another, containing -one egg, similar to those described elsewhere, was found in a fir-tree -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Abies</i>) situated near the extremity of a horizontal branch about twenty feet -from the ground.</p> - -<p>The Pine Finch is also a very common and resident bird in the plateau -of Mexico and in the alpine regions of the State of Vera Cruz. Its common -name there is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dominiguito montero</i>. In the alpine regions Sumichrast states -that it is found to the height of six thousand five hundred feet, and does not, -to his knowledge, descend below three thousand feet. It most especially -frequents the plateau.</p> - -<p>Captain Blakiston met with this species on the plains of the Saskatchewan, -near the Rocky Mountains, August 6, 1858.</p> - -<p>In the eastern portion of Massachusetts it is somewhat irregular in its -movements and appearance, which are supposed to be affected by the abundance -or scarcity of its food elsewhere. Here it feeds chiefly on seeds of -grasses and weeds, probably only after the seeds of the hemlock and other -forest trees have failed it. They are usually most abundant late in the -season and after heavy falls of snow farther north have diminished their -means of subsistence. Mr. Maynard found it very numerous in the winter -of 1859-60, remaining until quite late in the season, and again in the winter -of 1868-69, remaining until the last week in May. In Western Massachusetts, -according to Mr. Allen, it is a regular winter visitant, but never -abundant. It arrives early in October, and may be seen in small flocks from -that time to the third week in May. It sometimes frequents the apple-orchards, -where it feeds on the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphides</i>. According to Dr. Coues, this species -occasionally strays as far to the south as the Carolinas, but it is not -common there.</p> - -<p>Wilson observed these birds near Philadelphia, where they were feeding on -the seeds of the alder. Later in the season they collected in larger flocks -and took up their abode among the pine woods. In one particular locality, -he states, a flock of two or three hundred of these birds regularly wintered, for -many years in succession, where noble avenues of pines furnished them with -abundant food throughout the season. Early in March they all disappeared. -While there, they were so tame as to allow a person to approach within a -few yards. They fluttered among the branches, frequently hanging from the -cones, at the same time uttering notes closely resembling those of the Goldfinch.</p> - -<p><!--553.png--><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 482]</span> -In severe winters Mr. Audubon has met with the Pine Finch as far south -as Henderson, <abbr title="Kentucky">Ky.</abbr>, and Charleston, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, but such visits were always brief. -In August, 1832, he met with flocks of these birds in Labrador. They were -in company with the Crossbill, and were feeding on the seeds of the fir-trees, -and also on those of the thistle. When at the Magdalen Islands he frequently -saw flocks moving from various directions. At Bras d’Or, towards the end of -July, they were in great numbers, and the old birds were accompanied by -their young. They frequented thickets of willows and elders in the vicinity -of water, and were very fearless and gentle. According to his account they -sing while on the wing, and their notes are sweet, varied, clear, and mellow, -and, while somewhat resembling the song of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. tristis</i>, are perfectly distinct -from it. Its flight is exactly similar, both gliding through the air in -graceful and deep curves.</p> - -<p>In Washington Territory Dr. Cooper found this Finch an abundant and -constant resident, migrating to the coast in winter, where it feeds on the seeds -of the alder. In summer they were gregarious, even when occupied with -their nests and young. He has never met with any in California, not even -in the Sierra Nevada, though they have been found by others along its -whole western slope, as far south as Fort Tejon. They feed on the seeds -of both coniferous and deciduous trees.</p> - -<p>Early in May, 1859, a pair of these birds built their nest in the garden of -Professor Benjamin Peirce, in Cambridge, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, near the colleges. It was -found on the 9th by Mr. Frederick Ware, and already contained its full -complement of four eggs, partly incubated. This nest was three inches -in height and four in diameter. The depth of the cavity, as well as its -diameter at the rim, was two inches. The base of this nest was a mass -of loose materials, and the lower portions of the sides were hardly different. -The upper and the inner portions of this fabric were much more compactly -and neatly woven, or rather felted together. The outer layers consisted -of small twigs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thuja</i>, dried stems and ends of pine twigs, -grasses, sedges, stalks of small vegetables, fine roots, bits of wool, and coarse -hair. The whole was very closely lined with fine dry roots of herbaceous -plants and the hair of small quadrupeds.</p> - -<p>The eggs are of an oblong-oval shape, of a light green ground-color, spotted, -chiefly at the larger end, with markings of a light rusty-brown. They measure -.71 by .50 of an inch. They have a marked resemblance to the eggs of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linariæ</i>, but the ground-color is of a slightly lighter shade.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species, found May 15, 1868, at Brunich, Canada, was composed -almost entirely of pine twigs interlaced in a very neat and artistic -manner. Its diameter was three and a half inches, and its height two inches. -It was lined with hair. The cavity was one and a half inches deep and two -inches wide.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--554.png--><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 483]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">LOXIA</b>, <span class="sc">Linnæus</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia, Linnæus</i>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> <abbr -title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10, 758. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia curvirostra</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>)</p> -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Curvirostra</i>, “<span class="sc">Scopoli</span>, 1777.” (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">L. curvirostra</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_554.jpg" - width="250" height="158" - alt="Loxia americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">5803</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Mandibles much elongated, compressed and attenuated; greatly curved -or falcate, the points crossing or -overlapping to a greater or less -degree. Tarsi very short; claws -all very long, the lateral extending -beyond the middle of the -central; hind claw longer than -its digit. Wings very long and -pointed, reaching beyond the middle -of the narrow, forked tail.</p> - -<p class="small">Colors reddish in the male.</p> - -<p>The elongated, compressed, -falcate-curved, and overlapping -mandibles readily characterize this genus among birds. This feature, -however, only belongs to grown specimens, the young having a straight bill, -as in other Finches.</p> - -<p>The United States species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia</i> are readily distinguished by the -presence of white bands on the wing in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</i> and their absence in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>. Neither form, however, is to be considered as specifically distinct -from their European allies. The differences are as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">L. curvirostra.</b> Wings dusky, without white bands.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. Bill from forehead, .74; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.40. Lower mandible much -weaker than the upper. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostra</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_110" id="fnanchor_110"></a><a href="#footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent1">2. Bill from forehead, .80 or more; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.50. Lower mandible -as strong as the upper. Hab. Rocky Mountains of United States, and -mountainous regions of Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. Bill from forehead, .60 or less; wing, 3.30; tail, 2.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> North -America generally<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="birdname">L. leucoptera.</b> Wings deep black, with two broad white bands.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. Body and head pomegranate-red; black of scapulars nearly meeting -across lower back. Hab. Northern North America; “Himalayas”; “Japan”<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. Body, etc., cinnabar-red; back nearly wholly red. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bifasciata</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_111" id="fnanchor_111"></a><a href="#footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--555.png--><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 484]</span> -<b class="birdname">Loxia curvirostra</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">americana</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED CROSSBILL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Curvirostra americana</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Four"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span> <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr></abbr>, 1811, 44, <abbr title="plate 31, figure">pl. xxxi, f.</abbr> 1, 2.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 426.—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, -198.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 281 -(Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 148.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 291. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<span class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, <abbr -title="Monographie">Mon.</abbr> Loxiens, 5, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="tableau">tab.</abbr> vi.—<span -class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> California and Oregon Route, <abbr title="Pacific Railroad Routes -Report Six, four">P. R. R. Rep. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV</span></abbr>, 1857, 87.—<span class="sc"><abbr -title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, <abbr title="Monographie Loxiens">Mon. Lox.</abbr> 5, <abbr title="plate 6">pl. -vi.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia curvirostra</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions -62">Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 23. <abbr title="Audubon Biography Two"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 559; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 511, <abbr title="plate 197">pl. -cxcvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib</span>.</abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, -186, <abbr title="plate 200">pl. cc.</abbr> "<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia pusilla</i>, <span class="sc">Illiger</span>” (<abbr -title="Bonaparte">Bp.</abbr>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia fusca</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>” (<abbr -title="Bonaparte">Bp.</abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="age">Old male</i> dull red (the shade differing in the specimen, sometimes brick-red, -sometimes vermilion, etc.); darkest across the back; wings and tail dark blackish-brown. -<i class="age">Young male</i> yellowish. <i class="sex">Female</i> -dull greenish-olive above, each feather with -a dusky centre; rump and crown bright -greenish-yellow. Beneath grayish; tinged, -especially on the sides of the body, with -greenish-yellow. <i class="age">Young</i> olive above; whitish -beneath, conspicuously streaked above -and below with blackish. Male about 6 -inches; wing, 3.30; tail, 2.25.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_555a.jpg" - width="250" height="221" - alt="Loxia americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern America generally, coming -southward in winter. Resident in the -Alleghany and Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p>There are considerable differences -both in color and size, especially of -bill, in specimens from various parts -of North America, and to a less degree from the same locality. While -those of the Atlantic and Pacific coast have bills of much the same size, in -skins from the mountains of California this member is much stouter; in -this character approaching the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. mexicana</i> of Strickland, -in which the bill presents its maximum of the North -American form.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 150px"> - <img src="images/i_555b.jpg" - width="150" height="347" - alt="Loxia americana" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">18034</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <i class="location">California</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p>It would not probably be far out of the way to consider -the European and all the American common Crossbills as -the same species, differing only as races, and perhaps including -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. himalayana</i>, which is smaller even than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>.</p> - -<p>We have not observed any American Crossbills with two -reddish bands across the wing-coverts, corresponding to the -variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubrifasciata</i> of Europe.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. pytiopsittacus</i> of Europe is much the largest of all the -species, measuring seven inches in length, and with the bill -seven lines high at base.</p> -<!--556.png--><!--Plate 23--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_23.jpg" - width="500" height="324" - alt="Color plate 23" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="23">XXIII</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-1" name="pl_23-1"></a><img src="images/pl_23-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 1, Loxia americana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="Washington Territory">W. Ter.</abbr>, 6442.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-2" name="pl_23-2"></a><img src="images/pl_23-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 2, Loxia leucoptera" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia leucoptera.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="Philadelphia">Philad.</abbr>, 1215.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-3" name="pl_23-3"></a><img src="images/pl_23-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 3, Loxia leucoptera" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia leucoptera.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - Alaska (Yukon), 27360.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-4" name="pl_23-4"></a><img src="images/pl_23-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 4, Loxia americana" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-5" name="pl_23-5"></a><img src="images/pl_23-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 5, Leucosticte griseinucha." - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte griseinucha.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - Unalaska, 54244.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-6" name="pl_23-6"></a><img src="images/pl_23-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 6, Leucosticte littoralis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte littoralis.</span> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Simpson, V. I.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-7" name="pl_23-7"></a><img src="images/pl_23-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 7, Leucosticte campestris" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte campestris.</span> Colorado, 41527.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-8" name="pl_23-8"></a><img src="images/pl_23-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 8, Leucosticte tephrocotis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte tephrocotis.</span> Nebraska, 10225. Winter.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-9" name="pl_23-9"></a><img src="images/pl_23-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 9, Leucosticte tephrocotis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte tephrocotis.</span> Colorado. Summer.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-10" name="pl_23-10"></a><img src="images/pl_23-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 10, Leucosticte arctous" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte arctous.</span> Siberia, 9244.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-11" name="pl_23-11"></a><img src="images/pl_23-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 11, Pyrrhula cassini" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula cassini.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Alaska (Nulato), 49955.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_23-12" name="pl_23-12"></a><img src="images/pl_23-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 23 detail 12, Pyrgita domestica" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita domestica.</span> Europe.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--557.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p><!--558.png--><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 485]</span> -In the intensity, as well as the shade of the red in the males, there is a -great range of variation. Generally it is of a tint almost precisely like -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. curvirostra</i>, though deeper. The most highly colored specimen -is 54,795, Philadelphia (J. H. McIlvaine), which is entirely continuous deep -tile-red, approaching vermilion on the rump. The abdomen and crissum -are light pinkish. In <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 31,459, Fort Rae, April, the red is of a curious -and very unusual purplish wine-red shade.</p> - -<p>The average of western specimens, particularly those from the northwest -coast of the United States, have bills scarcely larger than in the average of -eastern examples; thus, 18,037, Fort Crook, <abbr title="Northern California">N. Cal.</abbr>, has the bill of the same -size as <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 5,803, Philadelphia, while <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,482, East Humboldt Mountains, -has the bill smaller than any other in the collection.</p> - -<p>In color, there are scarcely any tangible differences between the European -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia curvirostra</i> and the two American varieties, the distinctive character -being in the form of the bill and the size; the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicana</i> is the largest of -the three, and the bill is quite peculiar in form, the lower mandible almost -equalling the upper in length, and exceeding it in thickness. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. curvirostra</i> -is slightly smaller, and has the lower mandible much smaller and less, powerful -than the upper, being inferior to it both in length, breadth, and thickness. -The colors also appear to be rather less intense than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicana.</i></p> - -<p>The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i> is in every way, the bill especially, smaller than either -of the preceding. The lower mandible, although but slightly shorter than -the upper, is still much weaker, as in the European bird. The majority of -western birds have the bill but slightly larger than eastern, and most of -those with large bills are only intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana.</i> -In some specimens the bill, although almost equalling in length -that of the latter, has yet the form of the former; on the other hand, there -are specimens with the proportions of the mandibles as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>, while -the size is intermediate.</p> - -<p>The following figures will illustrate the differences in the size of the bills -of the different races.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_558.jpg" - width="400" height="88" - alt="Title or description" - /> - <p class="center small">1 <abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>. 29703 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Mexico.<br /> -2 <abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostra</i>. 17010 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Europe.<br /> -3 <abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>. 18036 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, California.<br /> -4 <abbr title="Variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>. 5803 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Philadelphia.</p> -</div> - -<p>Specimens from the Columbia River region and northwest coast of the -United States appear to have the red more rosaceous and the bill more -slender than the typical style. One specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 31,459, Fort Rae) is altogether -a very peculiar one; the shade of red is different from that of any -other specimen, being a dark maroon-carmine, with a clear ash suffusion on -the back. There are two distinct dusky stripes on the cheek, one over the -<!--559.png--><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 486]</span> -upper edge of the ear-coverts, the other along the lower edge. The lining -of the wing is without any red tinge, seen in all specimens of the true -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</i>; the wings and tail are pure sepia-brown, quite different -from the others; and the feathers show no red margins. The lower -mandible is very much curved. (May not this be like some Siberian style?)</p> - -<p>No 21,868, from Washington Territory, has the bill nearly as slender as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucoptera</i>, but there is nothing else peculiar.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Red Crossbill of America is a bird of very irregular -distribution, abundant in some places at certain seasons, and again rarely -seen for several years. It is a Northern species, found in summer chiefly -in the more northern portions of the United States, and also found throughout -the year in the Alleghanies, in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, to -Georgia. A closely allied variety is also found in the alpine regions of Vera -Cruz and other departments of Mexico.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this species quite abundant at Puget Sound, in certain -seasons. This was especially so in the spring of 1854, though afterwards he -met with but few. He noticed a pair on the ground near a pool of rain-water. -They were very tame, and allowed a near approach. Dr. Cooper found it very -abundant near the coast, where it feeds, in winter, on the seeds of the black -spruce, retiring in summer to the mountains to breed, but returning in September. -He never observed any in the fir forests of the Coast Range. In -the Sierra Nevada, latitude 39<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, Dr. Cooper found these birds in considerable -numbers, September, 1863, and in winter they have been obtained about San -Francisco. They seem to be most attracted to the forests of spruces, cypresses, -and red-woods, the cones of which are most readily broken. They occasionally -descend to the ground, in the Rocky Mountains, in search of the seeds -of small plants, and also for water.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bischoff obtained specimens of this species at Sitka, but it was not -noticed in the territory of the Yukon River by Mr. Dall, or any of his party, -and it was met with by Mr. Ridgway on the East Humboldt Mountains only. -There they were occasionally seen among the willows and small aspens bordering -the streams. Their common note was a fine and frequently repeated -<i class="birdcall">chick-chick-chick</i>, very different from the plaintive notes of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. leucoptera.</i></p> - -<p>In New England they are of somewhat irregular occurrence, though in -Maine and in the northern portions of Vermont and New Hampshire they -are more or less resident. In Eastern Massachusetts they are comparatively -rare, excepting that, at irregular intervals, they come in large flocks during -the winter. This was so to a remarkable degree in the winter of 1832, and -more recently in 1862, when, Mr. Maynard states, they remained until April. -They were then in their summer plumage, and also in full song. In August -1868, they again became quite numerous, and had just before appeared in -large numbers in Western Maine, doing great damage to the oats, and disappearing -as soon as these had been harvested. Mr. Maynard thinks that these -birds were the same with those afterwards so numerous in Massachusetts.</p> - -<p><!--560.png--><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 487]</span> -The same peculiarities of irregular appearance have been observed by Mr. -Allen, in Springfield, where it is often a very abundant visitor, but generally -not so common. In the winter of 1859-60 the pine woods in the -vicinity of that city abounded with them, and in February they were already -in full song. They are at all times gregarious, and are sometimes seen in -large flocks.</p> - -<p>They have, as they fly, a loud, peculiar, and not unmusical cry. This call-note -they do not utter when at rest or when feeding. Their song in the spring -and summer is varied and pleasing, but is not powerful, or in any respect -remarkable. This song is especially noticeable in caged birds, who soon become -very tame, and feed readily from the hand, even when taken at an -adult age. Their manners in confinement are very like those of the Parrots, -clinging to the top of the wires with their claws, hanging with their heads -downward, and, when feeding, holding their food in one claw. On the trees, -their habits and manner are also said to be similar to those of Parrots.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon has found these birds, in August, in the pine woods of Pennsylvania, -and inferred that they breed there. This does not necessarily follow. -They breed so early at the north as to give ample time for their -migrations, even in midsummer, to remote places. Professor Baird, however, -informs me that during a summer spent in the mountains of Schuylkill -County, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>, in the coal region, he saw them nearly every day, moving -about or feeding, in pairs.</p> - -<p>The Crossbills are extremely gentle and social, are easily approached, -caught in traps, and even knocked down with sticks. Their food is chiefly -the seeds of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coniferæ</i>, and also those of plants. Audubon’s statement that -they destroy apples merely to secure the seeds is hardly accurate. They -are extravagantly fond of this fruit, and prefer the flesh to its seeds. Their -flight is undulating, somewhat in the manner of the Goldfinch, firm, swift, -and often protracted. As they fly, they always keep up the utterance of -their loud, clear call-notes. They move readily on the ground, up or down -the trunks and limbs of trees, and stand as readily with their heads downward -as upright.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that in the interior of Pennsylvania this species appears in -large flocks in the winter, and during the prevalence of deep snows they -keep about the doors of dwellings, pick off the clay with which these huts -are plastered, and are exceedingly tame and not easily driven off.</p> - -<p>So far as is known, these Crossbills breed in midwinter, or very early in -the spring, when the weather is the most inclement. The nest and eggs -of this species were procured by Mr. Charles S. Paine, in East Randolph, <abbr title="Vermont">Vt.</abbr>, -early in the month of March. The nest was built in an upper branch of an -elm,—which, of course, was leafless,—the ground was covered with snow, -and the weather severe. The birds were very tame and fearless, refusing to -leave their eggs, and had to be several times taken off by the hand. After -its nest had been taken, and as Mr. Paine was descending with it in his hand, -<!--561.png--><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 488]</span> -the female again resumed her place upon it, to protect her eggs from the -biting frost. The eggs were four in number, and measured .85 by .53 of -an inch. They have a greenish-white ground and are beautifully blotched, -marbled, and dotted with various shades of lilac and purplish-brown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Loxia curvirostra</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">mexicana</b>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MEXICAN CROSSBILL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Strickland</span>, Jardine <abbr -title="Contributions to Ornithology">Contrib. Orn.</abbr> 1851, 43.—<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 365.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib</span>.</abbr> 1864, 174, City of -Mexico.—<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, Ibis, 1866, 193 (Guatemala).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Colors of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>, but red brighter, more scarlet. Bill very large, the -lower mandible nearly or quite equal to the upper in strength and length. Wing, 4.00; -tail, 2.50; bill (from forehead) .82.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mountainous regions of Southern North America, from Guatemala, north into -Rocky Mountains of United States; Mexico, Orizaba.</p> - -<p>This bird is quite as well marked as any of the plain-winged “species,” -differing from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostra</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i> quite as much as they do from each -other.</p> - -<p>All specimens from Mexico, as well as from the Central Rocky Mountains -of the United States, are referrible to this form, though in winter the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i> -may also be found in the latter region, as a migrant from the north.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The occurrence of this well-marked race among the mountainous -districts of Mexico is a very interesting and suggestive fact in regard to -the distribution of birds, demonstrating, as it does, the close connection between -high latitudes and high elevations as favoring similar forms. It was -first described by Strickland from specimens obtained on the plateau near -the city of Mexico. Another specimen is referred to by Mr. Sclater as -having been received from Jalapa, Mexico; and Mr. Sumichrast obtained -also a single specimen of this species at Moyoapam, in the alpine region of -Orizaba, where it is known as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pico cruzado</i>. It was taken at an elevation -of about 7,500 feet. Mr. Sumichrast was unable to determine whether -this bird was resident, or only a migratory visitant in the winter. I can find -no reference to any distinctive peculiarities of habits.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Loxia leucoptera,</b> <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia, leucoptera</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 540.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 467, <abbr title="plate 364">pl. ccclxiv</abbr>.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 190, <abbr title="plate -201">pl. cci</abbr>.—<span class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte and Schlegel">Bon. & Schl.</abbr></span> <abbr -title="Monographie">Mon.</abbr> Loxiens, 1850, 8, <abbr title="plate 9">pl. ix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr -title="Birds Great">B. Gt.</abbr> Britain, <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1864 (killed England, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 17). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Curvirostra leucoptera</i>, <abbr title="Wilson American Ornithology Four"><span class="sc">Wils.</span> Am. -Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 48, <abbr title="plate 31, figure">pl. xxxi, f.</abbr> 3.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 427.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago -Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 281 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 149.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 293. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crucirostra leucoptera</i>, <span -class="sc">Brehm</span>, Naumannia, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1853, 254, fig. 20. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia falcirostra</i>, -<abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> Index, <abbr title="Ornithology One">Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 371.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--562.png--><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 489]</span> -<span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> Bill greatly compressed, and acute towards the point. Male carmine red, -tinged with dusky across the back; the sides of body under the wings streaked with -brown; from the middle of belly to the tail-coverts whitish, the latter streaked with -brown. Scapulars, wings, and tail black; two broad bands on the wings across the ends -of greater and median coverts; white spots on the end of the inner tertiaries. <i class="sex">Female</i> -brownish, tinged with olive-green in places; feathers of the back and crown with dusky -centres; rump bright brownish-yellow. Length about 6.25; wing, 3.50; tail, 2.60.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern parts of North America generally; Greenland (<abbr title="Reinhardt"><span class="sc">Reinh.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1861, -8); England, (September 17, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, Birds Great Britain).</p> - -<p>The white bands on the wings distinguish this species from the preceding, -although there are some other differences in form of bill, feet, -wing, etc. There is less variation in form and color among specimens than -in the preceding. It differs from the European analogue, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. bifasciata</i>, according -to authors, in the more slender body and bill, and in having the -body pomegranate-red, with blackish back, instead of cinnabar-red, as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostra</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>, Bonaparte and Schlegel quote the American -species as occurring in the Himalaya Mountains, and perhaps Japan, but -throw doubts on the supposed European localities.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Both the distribution and habits of this species are probably, in -all essential respects, the same with those of the preceding. It is, if anything, -a more northern bird, and it has not been detected anywhere on the -Pacific coast south of British America. It was found in the Arctic regions -by Sir John Richardson, where the other species was not observed. He -found it inhabiting the dense white-spruce forests of the fur country, feeding -principally on the seeds of their cones. Up to the sixty-eighth parallel he -found them ranging through the whole breadth of the continent. It is supposed -to go as far as these woods extend, though it has not been traced farther -than the sixty-second degree. It was found feeding on the upper -branches, clinging to them when wounded, and remaining suspended even -after death. In September they collected in small flocks, and flew from tree -to tree with a chattering noise. In the depth of winter they retire from the -coast to the thick woods of the interior.</p> - -<p>A few individuals of this species are recorded by Professor Reinhardt as -having been taken in South Greenland.</p> - -<p>In Pennsylvania this species is much more rare than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>, and -Wilson only met with a few specimens. Since his day it has been found -more abundantly, occasionally in the neighborhood of Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall states that these birds were not uncommon near Nulato in the -winter. Several specimens were obtained in February and April. None -were found there in the summer. He speaks of their great expertness in -opening the spruce cones with their curved bills, and extracting the seeds.</p> - -<p>Its appearance in Eastern Massachusetts is much more irregular both as to -numbers and time than that of the other species. In the fall and winter of -1868 and 1869 they were uncommonly abundant, appearing early in the fall, -and remaining until quite late in the spring. They were even more fearless -<!--563.png--><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 490]</span> -and tame than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</i>, and in one instance a pair were taken by the -hand, and afterwards kept in confinement. They appeared around Boston in -large flocks, and remained through April. One was shot in Newton by Mr. -Maynard, June 13. It was found in an apple-tree, and its crop was full of -canker-worms. In Eastern Maine it is resident throughout the year, and, -like the other species, breeds in winter. In Western Maine Professor Verrill -has found it a common winter visitant, but it is not known to be resident.</p> - -<p>Near Springfield Mr. Allen considered this species a much less frequent -visitor than the preceding. In the winters of 1854 and 1860 he found them -very abundant, occurring in large flocks.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon, on his way to Labrador in 1833, found these birds quite -common, in May, among the islands of the Bay of Fundy, evidently migrating, -on their way to more northern regions. I, however, observed none there -during my visits in the summers of 1850 and 1851, although a specimen was -afterwards obtained on the Murre Islands, on the 30th of June.</p> - -<p>So far as they are known, the habits of this species are exactly similar to -those of the preceding. They feed in the same manner and upon like food. -Their flight is undulating and well sustained, and their movements in the -trees are not perceptibly different.</p> - -<p>In the spring of 1869, Mr. Jillson, of Hudson, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, sent me a pair of -these birds which he had captured the preceding autumn. They were very -tame, and were exceedingly interesting little pets. Their movements in the -cage were like those of caged parrots in every respect, except that they -were far more easy and rapid. They clung to the sides and upper wires of -the cage with their feet, hung down from them, and seemed to enjoy the -practice of walking with their head downward. They were in full song, and -both the male and the female were quite good singers. Their songs were -irregular and varied, but sweet and musical. They ate almost every kind of -food, but were especially eager for slices of raw apples. An occasional larch -cone was also a great treat to them. Although while they lived they were -continually bickering over their food, yet when the female was accidentally -choked by a bit of eggshell her mate was inconsolable, ceased to sing, refused -his food, and died of grief in a very few days.</p> - -<p>The White-winged Crossbill was seen more frequently by Mr. Ridgway -among the East Humboldt Mountains than the other species. It was first -noticed on the 12th of August among the cedars on the mountains. Its fine -plaintive cry of “<i class="birdcall">wēēk</i>” was entirely different from the hurriedly uttered -notes of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. americana</i>.</p> - -<p>Several specimens of this Crossbill have been taken in Europe, where -their occurrence is of course accidental, irregular, and rare.</p> - -<p>A nest of this species (<abbr title="Smithsonian Institution">S. I.</abbr>, 13,452), taken at Fredericton, New Brunswick, -by Dr. A. Adams, in 1868, is deeply saucer-shaped, and composed of a rather -thin wall of fibrous pale-green lichens, encased on the outside with spruce -<!--564.png--><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 491]</span> -twigs, and thinly lined with coarse hairs and fine shreds of inner bark. -Its external diameter is a little less than four inches, the rim being almost -perfectly circular; the cavity is an inch and a half deep by two and a half -broad.</p> - -<p>The one egg is pale blue, the large end rather thickly spattered with fine -dots of black and ashy-lilac; is regularly or rather slightly elongate-oval, -the small end rather obtuse. It measures .80 of an inch in length by .56 in -breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">ÆGIOTHUS</b>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Caban.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, not of Bechstein, 1802, nor of <abbr title="Keyserling and Blasius">Keys. & Blas.</abbr> 1840.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1851, 161. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla linaria</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span -class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences -Philadelphia">Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil.</abbr> 1861, 373; 1863, 40; 1869, 180.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_564a.jpg" - width="250" height="171" - alt="Ægiothus linarius." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus linarius.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">39364</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very short, conical, acutely pointed, the outlines sometimes concave; the -commissure straight; the base of the -upper mandible and the nostrils concealed -by stiff, appressed bristly feathers; -middle of the mandible having several -ridges parallel with the culmen. Inner -lateral toe rather the longer, its -claw reaching the middle of the middle -claw; the hind toe rather longer, its -claw longer than the digital portion. -Wings very long, reaching the middle -of the tail; second quill a little longer -than the first and third. Tail deeply -forked.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_564b.jpg" - width="250" height="206" - alt="Ægiothus linarius." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus linarius.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>Difficult as it sometimes is to define with precision the characters of closely -allied species of birds, there are few genera where this is the case more -strikingly than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i>. Leaving out of view the peculiar European -species, it has been a mooted question whether North America, including -Greenland, possesses one, two, or six species, owing to the strictly boreal -distribution of these birds, and the fact -that their summer resorts are seldom invaded -by the naturalist. The necessary -means of determining the proper distribution -of the forms and the variations -with season, locality, and sex, are scarcely -to be met with in any public museum, -that of the Smithsonian Institution, -however, being the most complete in -this respect.</p> - -<p>To Dr. Coues, as quoted above, we owe -the most satisfactory indications of the different species and varieties, his -papers in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences -<!--565.png--><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 492]</span> -(1861, 375; 1863, 40; and 1869, 180) being models of ornithological criticism -and discussion. His labors have enabled us to define with precision the -various forms, both European and American, found in the genus, and have -brought us to satisfactory conclusions in reference to their limitations.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway has lately made a careful revision of the specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i> -in the Smithsonian collection, and with a general concurrence in the -conclusions of Dr. Coues in regard to the differences observable, he suggests, -as an application of the laws more recently verified by him and myself -in our examination of the North American land-birds, that we may best consider -the actual species to be two in number, namely, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>, -ranging the other forms under these, either as geographical races or as seasonal -stages. Bearing in mind the general law that the more boreal or -Greenland-born specimens should be larger than the more southern or Continental, -and that the peculiar dark plumage of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</i> -only occurs in summer breeding specimens, he considers these as identical -with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i>; the winter plumages respectively of the same two -races of one species, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>; the latter race, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i>, being the larger or -Greenland form. If <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i> be darker than summer <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> from Europe, -it is simply another instance of the darker tints of Arctic American -birds as compared with European.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus canescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</i> Mr. Ridgway considers as the Greenland -(larger) and Continental (smaller) races of one species, which perhaps do not -differ so much with season as do those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>. The differences in the -size and proportions of bill, and perhaps of feet, Mr. Ridgway does not think -of much importance, as great variations are observable in this respect in -specimens from the same locality, and the actual differences of the bill are -obscured by the greater length of the bristly feathers around its base in -winter, making it appear considerably shorter. Indeed, Professor Alfred -Newton maintains that the same bird will have the bill considerably longer -in summer, after living on soft insect food, and shorter in winter when worn -down by use on hard seeds. Mr. Ridgway finds, too, that specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> -from Kodiak differ in a much longer and more slender bill than usual, -in this respect resembling Alaska specimens of several other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>.</p> - -<p>The following synopsis expresses Mr. Ridgway’s views as indicated above: -a critical examination of a series of more than two hundred specimens, in -the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, being the basis of his conclusions.—S. F. B.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> <i class="age">Adult.</i> Above streaked with dusky upon a brownish, -or brown and whitish, ground; wing-coverts tipped with whitish or pale brown. -Beneath whitish, streaked on the sides with dusky. An indistinct, lighter superciliary -stripe. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Rump tinged with rose-pink. <i class="sex">Female.</i> Rump not tinged -with pinkish. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Without any red, and with the whole lower parts thickly -streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><!--566.png--><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 493]</span> -<b class="subset">A.</b> Crown with a quadrate patch of crimson, in adult; throat and chin with -a dusky spot; quills and tail-feathers not edged conspicuously with white. -<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> with the breast tinged with red.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname">A. canescens.</b> Rump unstreaked white (both sexes, at all seasons); -the lower tail-coverts with white shafts; the red tinge on the -breast in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, of a delicate pale rosaceous pink tint.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill very short and thick, its height through the base nearly -equalling the length of the culmen. Wing, 3.20; tail, 2.65. Bill: -culmen, .35; height, .30. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Greenland<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill much smaller, more acute, its height through the base much -less than the length of the culmen. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50. Bill: -culmen, .30; height, .22. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Continental arctic America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname">A. linarius.</b> Rump always streaked; lower tail-coverts with dusky -shaft-streaks; the red tinge on the breast of the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> of a rosaceous-carmine -tint.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill about .35 in length by .22 in height; wing, 2.80; tail, -2.40. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Continental arctic and cold temperate North America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">Bill about .40, or more, in length, by .30 in height; wing, 3.20; -tail, 2.60. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Greenland in summer, and Continental arctic and -cold temperate North America in winter<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Crown without any red; throat and chin without any dusky spot; quills -and tail-feathers of adult male edged conspicuously with white. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> without -red tinge on the breast.</p> - -<p class="indent1">3. <b class="birdname">A. flavirostris.</b> Rump rose-pink in the <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, brown streaked with -dusky in <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. No red on crown or breast.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Above umber-brown streaked with dusky; ground-color of -rump light brown; throat and jugulum strongly ochraceous-buff. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Europe<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Above olive-brown streaked with dusky; ground-color of -rump sulphur-yellow; throat and jugulum faintly sulphur-yellow, -tinged with buff. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> North America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">brewsteri</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Ægiothus linarius</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LESSER RED-POLL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla linaria</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 322.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 538, <abbr title="plate 375">pl. ccclxxv</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Acanthis) linaria</i>, <abbr title="Keyserling and Blasius"><span class="sc">Keys. & Blas.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Wirbelthiere Europa">Wirb. Europ.</abbr> 1840, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 115. page -161.—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthis linaria</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> </abbr> Conspectus, -1850, 541. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus linaria</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1851, 161.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 428.—<span -class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences November">Pr. A. N. S. Nov.</abbr> 1861, 382.—<span -class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 198.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 294.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, <abbr -title="Birds Eastern Massachusetts">B. E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 110.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr -title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Chic. Acad. I</abbr>, 1869, 281.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 159. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria minor</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 267.—<abbr title="Audubon -Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 114.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 122, <abbr title="plate 179">pl. clxxix</abbr>. ? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria -holbölli</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>, Vögel Deutschlands. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthis holbölli</i>, <span -class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bp.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, <abbr title="Monographie">Mon.</abbr> Loxiens, 1850, 50, <abbr -title="plate 53">pl. liii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus holbölli</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. Sc.</abbr> 1861, 385. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria americana</i>, <abbr -title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max</span>.</abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Journ. VI</abbr>, 1858, 338. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Ægiothus fuscescens</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences August">P. -A. N. S. Aug.</abbr> 1861, 222 (Labrador; breeding dress).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib</span>.</abbr> <abbr -title="page">p.</abbr> 380. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus rostratus</i>, <span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr -title="Illustrations American Birds One, plate 9">Illust. B. Am. I, pl. ix</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences November">P. A. N. S. Nov.</abbr> 1861, 378 (Greenland).—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, -<abbr title="Illustrations Birds North America One, plate 10">Illust. Birds N. A. I, pl. x.</abbr></p> - -<div class="small"> -<p class="center"><!--567.png--><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 494]</span> -<abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <i class="subset">Spring and Winter Plumage.</i></p> - -<p><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> <i class="age">Adult.</i> Ground-color of the occiput, nape, scapulars, and interscapulars, -brownish-white, each feather with medial streak of dusky-brown; rump and upper tail-coverts -white, with the streaks in sharper contrast. Wings clear brownish-dusky with two -conspicuous white bands, formed by tips of middle and secondary coverts; tertials broadly, -and secondaries narrowly, edged with white; tail-feathers narrowly edged with white, -this broader on inner webs. A narrow frontal band (tinged with brownish), an obscure -superciliary stripe, and the lower parts in general, white; sides streaked with dusky, and -lower tail-coverts each with a medial streak of the same. On the forehead and vertex a -somewhat quadrate patch of intense carmine. Nasal plumuli, lores, and a small, somewhat -quadrate, gular spot, dark silky-brown. Bill yellow, the culmen and gonys black.</p> - -<p><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Throat, jugulum, and breast, rosaceous-carmine (extending upward over the maxillæ, -and backward over the sides almost to the flanks); rump tinged with the same.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> (21,577, Philadelphia). Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.35; bill, .35 and .22; tarsus, -.55; middle toe, .30.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i> (39,263, Quebec). Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40; bill, .42 and .29; tarsus, .60; -middle toe, .37.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli?</i> (52,457, Kodiak). Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40; bill, .47 and .25; tarsus, .55; -middle toe, .35.</p> - -<p><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. No red except on the crown, where its tint is less intense; dusky gular spot larger, -extending farther on to the throat.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> (902, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Penn.</abbr>). Wing, 2.70; tail, 2.30; bill, .32 and .23; tarsus, .55; -middle toe, .32.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i> (39,362, Quebec). Wing, 3.10; tail, 2.50; bill, .42 and .29; tarsus, .61; -middle toe, .39.</p> - -<p>Var <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli?</i> (52,460, Kodiak). Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.30; bill .39 and .23;. tarsus, -.54; middle toe, .32.</p> - -<p class="center"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> <i class="subset">Summer or Breeding Plumage.</i></p> - -<p>The pattern the same as above, but the dark tint intensified and spread so as to almost -entirely obliterate any lighter markings, except the streaks on the rump; the wing-bands -as well as the dorsal streaks obsolete; streaks on the sides broader; frontal band dusky -like the occiput. Red tints slightly intensified. Bill wholly dusky.</p> - -<p><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Throat, jugulum, breast, and tinge on sides and rump, rosy-carmine.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> (type of “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>”). Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.30; bill, .36 and .25; tarsus, -.53; middle toe, .33.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i> (type of “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</i>”). Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.35; bill, .41 and .30; tarsus, -.60; middle toe, .40.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli?</i> (54,477, Kodiak, July). Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.20; bill, .40 and .25; -tarsus, .56; middle toe, .32.</p> - -<p><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. No red except on the crown.</p> - -<p><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> type of “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i>”). Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.30; bill, .35 and .25; -tarsus, .52; middle toe, .34.</p> - -<p><i class="age">Young</i> (first plumage). (54,478, Kodiak, July.) Streaks covering whole head, neck, -and breast; no red (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Circumpolar regions. In North America breeding in the sub-arctic regions, and -in winter descending into the northern United States.</p> -</div><!--end small print section--> - -<p>The two races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. linarius</i> are quite differently colored in summer and -in winter. In the latter season the plumage is softer and more lax, and the -markings better defined, though in autumn with a considerable ochraceous -suffusion. In spring the colors are purer, and the markings most sharply -<!--568.png--><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 495]</span> -defined; in the breeding-season the plumage assumes a burnt appearance, -the dark tints intensify and spread, so that sometimes the upper parts appear -almost uniformly dusky; the bill appears larger, in consequence of the less -development of its basal tufts, than in winter. In this dusky summer condition -these birds form the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. fuscescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. rostratus</i> of Coues, the latter -being the summer plumage of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i>, the former that of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>. -In the series of over two hundred examples examined, all midsummer specimens -are in the plumage of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</i>, while the latter is not -seen in any autumnal, winter, or spring birds.</p> - -<p>Specimens of the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</i> have been received from Quebec, collected -by Mr. W. Couper.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Accepting as variations due either to locality, latitude, or season -the differences already referred to in the plumage of this species, it is not -necessary to consider the question of races in connection with our story of -their habits. We possess but very little information as to their peculiarities -as races in these respects. Treating, then, the Lesser Red-Poll, though appearing -in four differing phases, as one species, we claim it to be common to -the northern portions of both hemispheres.</p> - -<p>It is found throughout northern North America from the Atlantic to the -Pacific, is abundant in the boreal regions of Europe, and probably of Asia -also. On the Pacific coast, Dr. Cooper has observed it only as far south as -Washington Territory. Farther north it is much more abundant. Mr. Bannister -found it common at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michaels, both in summer and in winter. At -Nulato Mr. Dall found this species very common in winter, and very little -less so in summer. He states that the nest is usually lined with hair, and -covered externally with moss, dry grass, and like materials, built in bushes, -near the ground. They begin to build the 15th of May. The eggs are laid -about the 1st of June, and the young are flying near the end of July. -The young of the first year are dark, with a small patch of brown on the -breast. After their second year the males increase the amount of rose-color -on the head and breast, and the very old birds are quite brilliant in the -breeding-season. At <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michaels, where there are no trees and very few -bushes; these birds frequently build their nests in the grass.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall states that this bird has no song, but that their cheerful twittering -and chirping, their fearless and sociable ways, their bright plumage and -elegant nests, are quite enough to make them general favorites.</p> - -<p>Richardson found this neat and hardy little bird one of the few permanent -residents of the fur countries, where it was seen, in the coldest weather, on the -banks of lakes and rivers, hopping among the reeds or clinging to their stalks.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lord found this species a rare bird in British Columbia. It was found -in swampy places, where the alders grew thickly, and where there were large -water-plants. To these it clings, pecking at their seed-pods, or, searching the -remaining flowers, feeds upon any insects they may contain. Their song he -describes as a soft and pretty warble, coming in bursts, the singer perching -<!--569.png--><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 496]</span> -himself boldly on the top of a plant, as if to be more plainly heard by his -companions. In early spring they feed on the catkins of the alder and -hazel. They winter in small flocks in Vancouver’s Island.</p> - -<p>Holböll states that this species is found irregularly distributed over Greenland, -coming always in the first half of April, a little later than the Snow-Bunting. -It migrates to Greenland from America, and is much rarer in Iceland. -In June it is found nesting near the shore, and, contrary to the usual -nature of birds, is very wild, though at all times else it is very fearless. At -this time the male loses its beautiful crimson breast, resembles the female, -and is much less gorgeous than in winter. It nests in birches, alders, or -willows, and lays five bluish-white eggs, spotted with clear brown. Towards -the end of August and in September they are seen in small flocks about the -settlements, the male resuming its red breast, and all, both old and young, -being very fearless. In confinement they soon became very tame, and in a -few days would perch upon his hand and struggle with each other for the -hemp-seed that he held to them, though there was plenty of food in their -cage. They feed on seeds and the tops of lichens. By October they all -disappear, and are not seen in Greenland in the winter.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that, in his day, these birds were very common in Northwestern -New York, where they appeared always with the first deep snow, -and were, on that account, called Snow-Birds. In severe winters they were -occasionally, though very rarely, seen in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, -where they were very fond of the seeds of the common alder, and hung head -downwards while feeding, in the manner of our Goldfinch. They were very -unsuspicious, and permitted a near approach without manifesting any signs -of alarm. Mr. Ord, in a subsequent edition of Wilson, states that these -birds rarely visit Philadelphia, and that it was many years before he could -procure specimens. In the winter of 1813-14 they appeared in a flock of -nearly a hundred, and were so intent in feeding upon the seeds of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atriplex -hastata</i> that they could be closely approached. Their call exactly resembled -that of the Goldfinch. These birds lingered in that neighborhood -until about the middle of April.</p> - -<p>Their migration southward in winter is evidently caused more by want of -food than by the state of the temperature. They remain in high northern -regions in the most inclement weather, and often appear among us in seasons -not remarkably cold, and remain until late in the spring. In 1833, by the -7th of November, the weather still being quite mild, Nuttall states, they appeared -in Massachusetts in considerable flocks. They regularly assembled in -the birch-trees every morning to feed on the seeds, and were so intent on -their employment that it was often possible to approach the slender trees on -which they were feeding, and strike them off, before they would take wing. -They hung on the twigs with great tenacity, and moved about in reversed -positions, in the manner of the Chickadees. They are described by him as -having a quailing call, similar to that of the Goldfinch, and when crowding -<!--570.png--><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 497]</span> -together, in flight, as making a confused chirping, with a rattling noise, and -moving off with a simultaneous twitter. They were attracted to the pines by -the Crossbills, and were busily employed in collecting the seeds, dropped from -the cones as the Crossbills opened them. They at times fed on the buds of -fruit-trees. They were always found to be fat, even on their first arrival, -and there were no obvious reasons for their movements.</p> - -<p>Mr. Boardman speaks of them as common at Calais by the first of the -winter. At Norway, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, Professor Verrill found them very common in fall, -winter, and spring, and most abundant in March and April. In Springfield -they are, according to Mr. Allen, an irregular and occasional visitant, coming -in very large flocks one year, and again not seen for several years. In a -more recent paper (1870) Mr. Allen states that during the preceding five years -these birds have been several times very numerous in Massachusetts, appearing -in quite large flocks.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon met with these birds in Labrador the last of July, and obtained -specimens of different ages. He thinks their notes more like those -of the Siskin of Europe than of our Goldfinch, uttered both when the birds -are on the wing and when they have alighted. They were in small parties of -seven or eight, evidently members of the same family. They were tame and -familiar, and fearlessly returned to the same spot after having been shot -at. They were also remarkably affectionate, and he frequently observed them -passing seeds one to the other in the most loving manner.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues also observed this bird in Labrador, and described it as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. fuscescens</i>. -He found it abundant along the coast, and was struck with its resemblance, -in habits, to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris tristis</i>. It was remarkably unsuspicious -and familiar, and showed no signs of fear even when very closely -approached. It frequented, almost exclusively, the scrubby junipers that -grow everywhere in open places in thick impenetrable patches. He describes -its flight as irregular, rising and falling in curves, and seldom protracted to -any great distance. While passing overhead, it uttered a peculiar rattling -chirp. He thinks it has no song.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kirtland informs me that early in the winter of 1868 his grandson -picked up a wing-broken male Red-Poll, and placed it in his greenhouse. It -began at once to feed on crumbs of bread and hay-seed, and rapidly recovered. -It soon acquired the habit of leaping from shelf to shelf, among the plants, and -was finally seen climbing up some stately <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pelargonium</i> shrubs, and suspending -itself, parrot-like, by its feet from the limbs, capturing aphides. From that -time it took no other food, living exclusively on the parasitic insects of the -plants. So active was it in capturing these, that for two months it was not -necessary to fumigate the greenhouse to destroy them. From day to day a -female Red-Poll hovered over the building, and her calls were responded to -by the invalid. Later in the season he escaped from his confinement, and -was seen to rejoin his faithful mate, which had remained near him all the -winter. As in Europe, this species in the Arctic regions of America has been -found nesting in low trees and bushes, from two to six feet from the ground.</p> - -<p><!--571.png--><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 498]</span> -The habits and appearance of the birds observed in Europe appear identical -with those of our own. Mr. Yarrell states that of all birds these are the -most easily tamed, and can be readily made to breed in confinement. In -Scotland and in parts of England it is resident throughout the year, in the -summer retiring to the bases of the mountains, and there breeding in the underwood -that skirts the banks of the mountain streams. It nests in bushes -or low trees, such as the alder and the willow. These are constructed of -mosses and the stems of dry grasses, intermingled with down from the catkins -of the willow, and lined with the same, making them soft and warm. The -young are produced late in the season, and are seldom able to fly before the -first of July. The parent birds are devoted in their attachment. Pennant -relates that in one instance where this bird was sitting on four eggs, she was -so tenacious of her nest as to suffer him to take her off with his hand, and -after having been released she still refused to leave it. In the winter they -descend to the lower grounds, and there feed on the buds of the birch and -alder, to reach which they are obliged, like the Titmice, to hang from the -ends of the branches, with their backs downward. So intent are they on -their work that they are easily taken alive by means of a long stick smeared -with birdlime. Mr. Selby states that its notes during the breeding-season, -though not delivered in a continuous song, are sweet and pleasing. Captain -Scoresby relates that in his approach to Spitsbergen several of these birds -alighted on his ship. They were so wearied with their long journey as to be -easily caught by the hand. The distance of the nearest point of Norway -renders it difficult to imagine how so delicate a bird can perform this journey, -or why it should seek such a cold and barren country. European eggs are -five in number, of a pale bluish-green, spotted with orange-brown, principally -about the larger end. They measure .65 by .50 of an inch.</p> - -<p>American eggs of this species average .65 by .53 of an inch. Their -color is a light bluish-white, which varies considerably in the depth of its -shading, and this tinge is exceedingly fugitive, it being difficult to preserve -it even in a cabinet. The eggs are generally and finely dotted with a rusty-brown, -and are of a rather rounded oval shape.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Ægiothus canescens</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">MEALY RED-POLL.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria canescens</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, “Birds Europe, <abbr -title="plate 193">pl. cxciii</abbr>.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linota canescens</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthis canescens</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 541.—<span class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, -<abbr title="Monographie">Mon.</abbr> Loxiens, 1850, 47, <abbr title="tableau 51">tab. li.</abbr>—<span -class="sc">Ross</span>, <abbr title="editor Philosophical Journal">ed. Phil. Jour.</abbr> 1861, 163. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Ægiothus canescens</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, -161.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 429.—<span -class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, 388.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 295. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla borealis</i>, <span class="sc">Temminck</span>, 1835. Not of -Vieillot.” Bonaparte. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Fringilla borealis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 87, <abbr title="plate 400">pl. cccc</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">? Linaria borealis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America -Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 120, <abbr title="plate 178">pl. clxxviii</abbr>. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria hornemanni</i>, -<span class="sc">Holböll</span>, Kroyer <abbr lang="da" xml:lang="da" title="Naturhistorie Tidskrift">Nat. Tidskr.</abbr> 1843.” <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus exilipes</i>, <span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences -November">Pr. A. N. Sc. Nov.</abbr> 1861, 385.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations North American Birds, -One, plate 9">Illust. N. Am. Birds, I, pl. ix</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--572.png--><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 499]</span> -<span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> <i class="subset">Autumnal female.</i> Greenland race (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</i>). (23,377, Greenland, Univ. -Zoöl. Mus. Copenhagen.) In general appearance like the corresponding plumage of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. -linarius</i>, but the whole rump immaculate white; frontal band more than twice as wide as -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>, and better defined; lower tail-coverts without streaks, their shafts even being -white. Carmine vertical patch only a little wider than the whitish frontal patch; head -with a strong ochraceous suffusion. Wing, 3.30; tail, 2.90; bill, .35 and .30; tarsus, .60; -middle toe, .32. Wing-formula, 1, 2, and 3.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Greenland. Variations with season probably as in smaller Continental race.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="age">Adult of both sexes in spring.</i> Continental race (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</i>). As described for the Greenland -form, but without the ochraceous suffusion. Sides very sparsely streaked.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male in spring.</i> Breast only tinged with delicate peach-blossom-pink, <em>this extending -farther back medially than laterally</em>,—just the reverse of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. linarius</i>; a very faint tinge -of the same in the white of the rump. Measurements (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 19,686, Fort Simpson, April -30, 1860; <span class="sc">B. R. Ross</span>, <span class="sc">Coues’s</span> type): Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.55; bill, .29 and .25; tarsus, .52; -middle toe, .30; wing-formula, 2, 1, 3, 4.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female in spring.</i> Similar, but lacking all red except that of the pileum, which is less -intense, though not more restricted, than in the male. Measurements (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 19,700, Fort -Simpson, April 28; <span class="sc">B. R. Ross</span>): Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.35; bill, .25 and .22; tarsus, .51; -middle toe, .30.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Both sexes in autumn.</i> (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Fort Rae.) The white of the whole plumage, except on the -rump, overspread by a wash of pale ochraceous, this deepest anteriorly; on the anterior -upper parts a deep tint of ochraceous entirely replacing the white; wing-markings broader -and more ochraceous than in the spring plumage. Wing, 2.85; tail, 2.50; bill, .30 and .25; -tarsus, .51; middle toe, .30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Continental arctic America. In winter south into the United States (as far as -Mount Carroll, Illinois).</p> - -<p>Though <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. canescens</i> is nearly identical with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. linarius</i> in size, these two -species may always be distinguished from each other by certain well-marked -and constant differences in coloration; the principal of these have been mentioned -in the synoptical table, but a few other points may be noted here. In -spring males of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</i> the delicate rosaceous-pink of the breast does not -extend up on to the cheeks, and backward it extends farther medially than -laterally, scarcely tingeing the sides at all; while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. linarius</i> the intensely -rosaceous, almost carmine, tint covers the cheeks, and extends backward -much farther laterally than medially, covering nearly the whole sides.</p> - -<p>Though the weakness, or shortness, of the toes compared with the tarsus, -is a feature distinguishing, upon almost microscopical comparison, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. canescens</i> -in its two races from the races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. linarius</i>, it will not by any means -serve to distinguish <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</i>, since, as will be seen by the measurements -given, the proportion of the toes to the tarsus is a specific, and not -a race, character. (<span class="sc">Ridgway.</span>)</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The history of the Mealy Red-Poll can only be presented with -some doubts and uncertainties. We cannot always determine how far the -accounts given by others may have belonged to this species, and we can only -accept, with some reserve, their statements.</p> - -<p>This form, whether species or race, is known to inhabit Greenland, where, -according to Dr. Reinhardt, it is constantly resident, and I have received its -<!--573.png--><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 500]</span> -eggs from that country, where its identification was apparently complete. -Whether this bird is resident in, regularly migratory to, or only accidental -in, Europe, is as yet a question by no means fully settled. Degland gives -it as resident in Greenland only, and as accidental in Germany, Belgium, -and the north of France. He states that it is known to nest in shrubs -and in low trees, and that, in all essential respects, its manners are identical -with the common Red-Poll. One of these birds was taken alive in a snare -in the vicinity of Abbeville, and kept in a cage, making part of the collection -of M. Baillon.</p> - -<p>Yarrell thought that sufficient evidence existed of its specific distinctness, -but Mr. Gould regarded it as a matter of doubt whether the birds found in -Europe were natives, or only arrivals from northern America. He states that -among the London dealers this bird, called by them the Stone Red-Poll, is -well known, and is considered distinct, but that its occurrence is very rare. -Occasionally, at great intervals, they are said to have been abundant.</p> - -<p>Mr. Doubleday, of Epping, procured several specimens of this bird in Colchester, -in January, 1836, and afterwards obtained a living pair, which he -kept for some time. Their notes were much sharper than those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>. -Its occurrence was most frequent in winter, many specimens having -been obtained in England, and some also in Scotland. Its habits throughout -the year are supposed to be very similar to those of the common Red-Poll. -Its food is said to be chiefly the seeds of various forest trees.</p> - -<p>Mr. Temminck describes what is undoubtedly this species, under the title -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</i>. If this supposition be admitted to be correct, its geographical -distribution becomes much more clearly defined. He states that it is found -during the summer in Norway and Sweden, and is resident of the Arctic -Circle throughout the year, and is also found in Northern Asia, as well as in -America and in other parts of Europe. He has received specimens from -Greenland, and also from Japan, differing in no respect from those found in -Europe.</p> - -<p>Audubon states that he procured four specimens of this bird in Newfoundland. -In their habits he could see no difference between them and the common -Red-Poll, but did observe a noticeable difference in their song. He -also states that one was shot by Mr. Edward Harris near Moorestown, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr></p> - -<p>Mr. John Wolley, in his expeditions to Lapland, found there only one -species of this genus which was clearly referrible to the Mealy Red-Poll, and -was a common resident bird. One of these eggs from Lapland is larger, -and a much lighter-colored egg, than any of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>. The -ground is a greenish-white, sparingly spotted with dark reddish-brown about -the larger end. Its measurement is .80 by .58 of an inch. An egg from -Greenland is not perceptibly different in size, color, or markings.</p> - -<p>Holböll, in his papers on the fauna of Greenland, demonstrates very distinctly -the specific differences between this bird and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>. These -are its stronger and broader bill, the difference in colors at every age, its -<!--574.png--><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 501]</span> -much greater size, its very different notes, and its quite different modes of -life, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</i> being a strictly resident species, and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> being -migratory.</p> - -<p>In the summer this species is found to the extreme north of Greenland, -and has never been known to nest farther south than the 69th parallel. It -is more numerous in North Greenland than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>, which is rare at the -extreme north, while this is very common even at latitude 73<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. This bird -builds its nests in bushes in the same manner with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i>, and its eggs -closely resemble those of that bird. Its notes, he adds, do not at all resemble -those of the Red-Poll, but are like those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis garrulus</i>.</p> - -<p>It is a resident of Greenland throughout the year, and in the winter keeps -on the mountains in the interior, but is much more numerous at latitude 66<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> -than farther south. In February, 1826, Holböll saw many flocks on the -mountains between Ritenbank and Omanak, and in the journey taken in -1830 by a merchant from Holsteinborg into the interior of the country a -great many flocks were observed. They are also frequently met with by -reindeer-hunters, who go far into the interior. It is rarely found in South -Greenland at any time, and never in the summer. In mild winters they -sometimes come about the settlements, as happened in the winter of 1828-29, -and again in 1837-38. In the intervening winters it was not seen at Godhaab, -and in severe winters it is never to be found near the coast, only single -specimens occurring there in spring and autumn.</p> - -<p>Mr. MacFarlane thinks this species spends the winter at Fort Anderson, as -he has met with it as late as December and as early as February, and believes -it to have been present in the vicinity in the interval. It nests in May. -Mr. Harriott found one of its nests on the branch of a tree, about five feet -from the ground. It contained five eggs.</p> - -<p>The egg of this species resembles that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> except in size and its -lighter ground-color. The ground is a bluish or greenish white, dotted with -a tawny-brown. The egg is of a more oval shape, and measures .75 by .60 -of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Ægiothus flavirostris</b>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_112" id="fnanchor_112"></a><a href="#footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></span> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">brewsteri</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BREWSTER’S LINNET.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -General appearance somewhat that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. linarius</i>, but no red on the crown, -and the sides and rump tinged with sulphur-yellow; no black gular spot. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr class="adult" title="adult">ad.</abbr> Ground-color -above light umber, becoming sulphur-yellow on the rump, each feather, even on the -crown, with a distinct medial streak of dusky. Beneath white, tinged with fulvous-yellow -anteriorly and along the sides; sides and crissum streaked with dusky. Wings and -tail dusky; the former with two pale fulvous bands; the secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers -<!--575.png--><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 502]</span> -narrowly skirted with whitish sulphur-yellow. A dusky loral spot, and a rather -distinct lighter superciliary stripe. Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50; tarsus, .50; middle toe, .30. -Wing-formula, 1, 2, 3, etc.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Massachusetts.</p> - -<p>As the present article on <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i> is going to press, we have received, -through the kindness of Dr. Brewer, a specimen of what appears to be a -third species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i>, allied to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. flavirostris</i> of Europe, obtained -in Waltham, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, by Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge. This bird -was killed in a flock of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. linarius</i>, of which five were also shot at the -same discharge. None of the others, nor indeed of any of ninety specimens -prepared by Mr. Brewster during the winter, were at all like the present one, -which is entirely different from anything we have ever seen from North -America.</p> - -<p>The relationship of this bird appears to be nearest to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æ. flavirostris</i> of -Europe, with the <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> of which it agrees in many respects, as distinguished -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</i>. The European bird, however, lacks the sulphur-yellow -tinge (which gives it somewhat the appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris -pinus</i>), has the throat and jugulum strongly reddish-buff, instead of dingy -yellowish-white, and is much browner above; besides which the tail is longer -and less deeply forked, with narrower feathers.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Nothing distinctive was observed by Mr. Brewster in regard to -the habits of the specimen killed by him.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">LEUCOSTICTE</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Fauna <abbr title="Boreali-Americana Two">Bor. Am. -II</abbr>, 1831, 265. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria tephrocotis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_575.jpg" - width="300" height="182" - alt="Leucosticte tephrocotis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte tephrocotis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">19255</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span> Bill conical, rounded, rather blunt at the tip; the culmen slightly convex; -the commissure slightly concave; the nostrils and base of commissure concealed by -depressed bristly feathers; a depressed ridge extending about parallel with the culmen -above the middle of the bill. Another more conspicuously angulated one extending -<!--576.png--><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 503]</span> -forward from the lower posterior angle of the side of the lower mandible, nearly parallel -with the gonys. Tarsus about equal to the middle toe and claw. Inner toe almost the -longer, its claw not reaching beyond the base of the middle one. Hind toe rather longer, -its claw longer than the digital portion. Wings very long; first quill longest; all the -primaries longer than the secondaries. Tail forked.</p> - -<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</i> in the more obtuse and curved bill, the -less development of bristly feathers at the base, the ridge on the lower mandible, -the lateral toe not reaching beyond the base of the middle one, and -possibly a longer hind toe. Its relationship to the other allies will be found -expressed in the synoptical table of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ.</i></p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_576.jpg" - width="250" height="190" - alt="Leucosticte tephrocotis." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte tephrocotis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The number of American species, or at least races, of this genus has been -increased considerably since the publication of Birds of North America, five -now belonging to the American fauna, instead of the three there mentioned. -Of the species usually assigned to the genus, one, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. arctoa</i>, is quite different -in form, lacking the ridge of the mandible, etc., and in having the ends of the -secondaries graduated in the closed -wing, instead of being all on the same -line. The colors, too, are normally -different; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctoa</i> being dusky, -with silvery-gray wings and tail, -without rose tips to the feathers of -the posterior part of body; and in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte</i> proper, the wings and tail -being dark-brown narrowly edged -with whitish, or more broadly, like -the ends of the feathers of the body -behind, with rose-color. For the -present, however, we shall combine the species, not having before us any -American specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. arctoa</i>.</p> - -<p>From the regular gradation of each form into the other—the extremes -being thus connected by an unbroken chain of intermediate forms—it seems -reasonable to consider all the North American forms as referable to one species -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>, 1831) as geographical races. They may be distinguished -as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Body anteriorly chocolate-brown; posteriorly tinged -with rose-red. Wing-coverts (broadly) and quills edged with the same. Head -above light ashy or silvery-gray, as are also the feathers around the base of upper -mandible; the forehead and a patch on crown blackish. Throat dusky.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><i class="subset">Additional Characters.</i> The chocolate-colored feathers and the secondary quills, -sometimes the tail-feathers and greater wing-coverts, edged with pale brownish-white -or fulvous; the interscapulars with darker centres. Rose of rump and -upper tail-coverts in form of transverse bands at end of feathers, that of abdomen -more a continuous wash. Lining of wings and axillars white, tinged with rose -at ends of feathers. Feathers of crissum dark brown, edged with whitish, sometimes -tinged with rose. Bill generally reddish or yellowish, with blackish tip.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--577.png--><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 504]</span> -<b class="subset">A.</b> Auriculars chocolate-brown.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. Whole side of head below the eye, including the auriculars, chocolate-brown. -Chin not bordered anteriorly with ash. In the breeding-season, -head darker and ash wanting. Wing, 4.35; tail, 3.00; bill, .44; -tarsus, .72. Hab. Interior regions of North America.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. Cheeks, lores, and anterior border of the chin ash-color. Wing, 4.00; -tail, 2.80; bill, .44; tarsus, .70. Hab. Colorado and Wyoming Territories<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> Auriculars ash-color.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. Wing, 4.30; tail, 3.00; bill, .40; tarsus (?). Chocolate of the breast, -etc., light, exactly as in tephrocotis; rose beneath restricted to the abdomen; -lores and chin light ash. Hab. Northwest coast from Kodiak to -Fort Simpson, east to Wyoming Territory<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. Wing, 4.60; tail, 3.40; bill, .40; tarsus, .78. Chocolate very dark, -inclining to sepia; rose extending forward on to the breast; lores blackish; -chin dusky gray. Hab. Aleutian Islands (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George’s, Unalaschka, -and Kodiak)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</i>.</p> - -<p>A closely allied species<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_113" id="fnanchor_113"></a><a href="#footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></span> -from Kamtschatka and the Kurile Island differs -mainly in having the nasal feathers as well as the head blackish, but without -distinct patch on the top, and the nape rusty, in contrast with the back. -It is about the size of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i>. This species may yet be detected in -the westernmost Aleutians.</p> - - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Leucosticte tephrocotis</b>,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_114" id="fnanchor_114"></a><a href="#footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></span> <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GRAY-CROWNED FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-America Two">F. Bor. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 255, <abbr title="plate 1">pl. -1.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte tephrocotis</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837.—<abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus">Bon. Consp.</abbr> 1850, 536.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Stansbury’s Salt Lake, 1852, 317.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 430.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> -1, 164. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrospiza tephrocotis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr -title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 176, <abbr title="plate 198">pl. cxcviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla tephrocotis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>. 1839, 232, <abbr title="plate 424">pl. ccccxxiv</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 19,255.) <i class="sex">Male in winter.</i> General color dark chocolate-brown or -umber, lighter and more chestnut below; the feathers to a considerable degree with paler -edges (most evident in immature specimens), those of back with darker centres. Nasal -bristly feathers, and those along base of maxilla, and the hind head to nape ash-gray, this -color forming a square patch on top of head, and not extending below level of eyes. A -<!--578.png--><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 505]</span> -frontal blackish patch extending from base of bill (excepting the bristly feathers immediately -adjacent to it), and reaching somewhat beyond the line of the eyes, with convex -outline behind, and extending less distinctly on the loral region. Chin and throat -darker chestnut, not grayish anteriorly. Body behind dusky; the feathers of abdomen -and flanks washed, and of crissum, rump, and upper tail-coverts tipped, with rose-red; -wing-coverts, and to some extent quills, edged with the same; otherwise with white. -Bill yellowish, with dusky tip; feet black. Length before skinning, 6.50; extent, 11.50. -Skin: Length, 6.50; wing, 4.30; tail, 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Pattern of coloration as in the adult of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i>; ash similarly restricted, -but with the black frontal patch badly defined. The brown of the plumage, however, is -of an entirely different shade from that of adult specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i>, being of a blackish-sepia -cast, much darker, even, than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</i>; each feather also broadly bordered -terminally with paler, these borders being whitish on the throat and breast, brownish on -the nape and back, and light rose (broadly) on the scapulars. The whole abdomen, -flanks, and crissum are nearly continuously peach-blossom pink, which, with that of the -lesser and middle wing-coverts and rump, is of a finer and brighter tint than in adults. -The other edgings to wings are pale ochraceous; under side of wing pure white. Bill dull -yellow, dusky toward tip. Wing, 4.20; tail, 3.80. (60,638, Uintah Mountains, Utah, -September 20, 1870; <span class="sc">Dr. F. V. Hayden</span>.)</p> - -<p>The young specimen described was obtained during the summer of 1871 -in the Uintah Mountains; and were it not unmistakably a bird of the year, -it would be considered almost a distinct species, so different is it from -adult specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the history and habits of this well-marked and strikingly -peculiar bird, but little is known. It was first described by Swainson from -a single specimen, obtained on the Saskatchewan Plains, in May, by Dr. -Richardson’s party. Specimens were afterwards procured in Captain Stansbury’s -expedition, near Salt Lake City, Utah, in March, 1850. Dr. Hayden -found them very abundant on the Laramie Plains during the winter season, -and Mr. Pearsall obtained numbers about Fort Benton. Dr. Cooper has also -seen one specimen brought from somewhere east of Lake Tahoe, in Washoe, -by Mr. F. Gruber. They were said to be plentiful there in the cold winter -of 1861-62. Dr. Cooper thinks it probable that they visit the similar -country east of the northern Sierra Nevada, in California.</p> - -<p>A single flock of what is presumed to have been this species was seen by -Mr. Ridgway, on the 5th of January, in the outskirts of Virginia City, Nevada. -<!--579.png--><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 506]</span> -The flock was flitting restlessly over the snow in the manner of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i>.</p> - -<p>Nothing has been ascertained, so far as we are now informed, as to its nest, -eggs, or general distribution during the breeding-season.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. K. Lord states that he met with a flock of these rare and beautiful -birds on the summit of the Cascade Mountains. It was late in October, and -he observed a flock of nine or ten birds pecking along the ground, and feeding -somewhat in the manner of Larks. Puzzled to know what birds they -could be at such an altitude so late in the year, he fired among them and -secured three, a female and two males in fine plumage. (Perhaps <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i>.)</p> - -<p>In July of the following summer, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, -near the Kootanie Pass, he again saw these birds feeding on the ground. He -shot several, but they were all young birds of the year. It is therefore rendered -probable that these Finches breed on the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, -in both at about the same altitude, or seven thousand feet, coming -into the lowlands during the winter, as it is not likely that they could endure -the cold of the summits, or find there a sufficiency of food, the winter being -very severe, and the snow three feet, or more in depth.</p> - -<p>Mr. Charles N. Holden, a promising young ornithologist of Chicago, who -observed these birds among the Black Hills, near Sherman, at an altitude -of eight thousand feet above the sea, has furnished me with interesting -observations in regard to them. He informs me that he did not meet with -these birds there in summer. They came in small flocks in the coldest part -of winter. Their food consisted of small seeds and insects. In some instances -he found the crops so distended with seeds as to distort their shape. -They become very fat, and are excellent eating. In one specimen, a young -male, the plumage was almost black, as described at the beginning of this -article. These birds were quite numerous, and nearly forty specimens were -secured. He was not able to learn anything in reference to their breeding-places. -Except by dissection, he found it difficult to distinguish between a -young male of the first year and a female.</p> - -<p>If the specimen referred to in the foot-note at the beginning of this article -as collected by Mr. Allen on Mount Lincoln be really this species, an important -advance in its history will have been reached, showing that their -summers are spent in the high mountain summits, and that the rest of the -year is passed lower down on the plains.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--580.png--><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 507]</span> -<b class="birdname">Leucosticte tephrocotis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">campestris</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE GRAY-CHEEKED FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte campestris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 163, 1870.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Body light chocolate-brown, the feathers edged with paler, those of the -back with rather darker centres. Feathers of anal region, flanks behind, crissum, rump, -and upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, and primary quills, edged with rose-red; secondary -quills and tail-feathers with pale fulvous; little or no trace of rose on under wings. Forehead -and patch on crown blackish; the hind head to nape, cheeks immediately under the -eye (but not including the auriculars, except, perhaps, the most anterior) and base of -lower mandible all round, ashy-gray. Throat dusky. Bill yellowish, with dusky tip. -Legs dusky.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 41,527, near Denver City, Col., January, 1862 (<span class="sc">Dr. C. Wernigk</span>). Length, 7.00; -wing, 4.00; tail, 3.00; exposed portion of first primary, 3.10. Bill from forehead, .60; -from nostril, .40; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .80; claw alone .24; hind toe and -claw, .80; claw alone, .37.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Colorado Territory (<span class="sc">Dr. Wernigk</span>); Wyoming Territory (<span class="sc">Mr. H. R. Durkee</span>).</p> - -<p>This form bears a close resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i>, and may, indeed, be -a variety of it; but as it differs in the characters that appear generally to be -those most constant in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte</i>, and as, in fifty skins of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i> -from one locality, we have seen nothing like it, we are inclined to consider -them distinct. The size and general appearance are much the same, the -difference being that in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i> the whole cheeks are chocolate below the -level of the eye, the chin without any gray; while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</i> the sides -of head below the eye, but not including the ears, with a narrow border of -the chin, are of this color.</p> - -<p>From <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i> this form may be distinguished by the less extent of ash -on the cheeks, which in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i> covers the whole ears, and extends back -farther on the head all round. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. griseinucha</i> is marked like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i>, and -is much larger than either. Possibly it may be well to entertain the idea -of its being a hybrid between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i> or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</i>.</p> - -<p>The specimen described was presented to the Smithsonian Institution by -Dr. Wernigk, and at the time was supposed to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i>.</p> - -<p>Of this form, nothing as to its habits is known with certainty. It probably -does not differ in any important respect from the allied races.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Leucosticte tephrocotis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">littoralis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HEPBURN’S FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte griseinucha</i>, <span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations Birds America Ten">Illust. Birds Am. X</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte littoralis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Transcriptions Chicago Academy of Sciences, One">Tr. Ch. -A. S. I</abbr>, 1869, 318, <abbr title="plate 28, figure">pl. xxviii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 282.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 162.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Body chocolate-brown, the feathers narrowly margined with paler, those of -the back with rather darker centres. Abdomen, flanks, crissum, rump, upper tail-coverts, -<!--581.png--><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 508]</span> -wing-coverts, and quills edged with rose-red, more or less continuous (least so on the -rump); the outer edges of secondaries and tail-feathers pale fulvous, the latter with a rosy -shade. Head silvery-gray; the forehead and patch on crown black; the chin gray, continuous -with that of cheek; the throat dark brown, shading into the chocolate of breast. -Bill yellowish, the extreme tip dusky. Nasal feathers white. Length, 7.10; wing. 4.30; -tail, 3.10; exposed portion of first primary, 3.40. Length of bill from forehead, .60; from -nostril, .35. Tarsus, .76.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Kodiak (<span class="sc">Bischoff</span>); Sitka (<span class="sc">Bischoff</span>); Fort Simpson, British Columbia (<span class="sc">Hepburn</span>); -Gilmer, Wyoming (<span class="sc">Durkee</span>).</p> - -<p>This race, which we believe to be the Southern coast representative of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</i>, -bears much resemblance to that bird, but is considerably smaller; the -colors are brighter and lighter, more like those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i>, and the bill is -shorter and more conical, the dark patch on the head more restricted, the chin -more ashy, and the brown of the head not so far forward. From <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</i> -it is distinguished by the extension of the ash of head below the eye; and from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</i> by having the ear-coverts ashy, instead of the anterior portion of -the cheeks only; and there is apparently a greater extent of gray on the chin.</p> - -<p>Specimens obtained at Kodiak in February are distinguishable from specimens -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</i>, obtained with them at the same place, only by their -much smaller size, and lighter chocolate tints. The occurrence of both these -races at the same place, at the same time, is a subject for speculation. A -perfectly typical specimen (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 59,906) is in the collection from Gilmer, -Wyoming Territory, obtained by Mr. H. R. Durkee, a frequent contributor -to the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, and sent by him along with -numerous specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i>, with which it appears to have been -mixed.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Leucosticte tephrocotis</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">griseinucha</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE GRAY-EARED FINCH.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer arctous</i>, <abbr title="variation gamma">var. γ</abbr>, <span -class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr title="Zoögraphica Rosso-Asiatica Two">Zoög. Rosso-Asiat. II</abbr> (1831), 23. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Linaria) griseinucha</i>, <span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Bulletin Academy Saint">Bull. Acad. -St.</abbr> Petersburg, <abbr title="November">Nov.</abbr> 1841, 36. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Montifringilla (Leucosticte) -griseinucha</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte and Schlegel Monographie"><span class="sc">Bon. & Schl.</span> Mon.</abbr> Loxiens (1850), -35, <abbr title="plate 41">pl. xli</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte griseinucha</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 430.—<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><span class="sc">Kittlitz</span>, -Denkwürdigkeiten</span> (1858), <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 291.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr -title="Transactions Chicago Academy of Sciences One">Tr. Ch. Ac. Sc. I</abbr>, 1869, 282.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 317, <abbr title="plate 28">pl. xxviii</abbr>, <abbr -title="figure">f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations American Birds, plate 11">Illust. Am. B. -pl. xi</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 161. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Leucosticte griseigenys</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Voyage">Voy.</abbr> Sulphur.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Description of specimen <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 54,246: General color dark brownish-chocolate -anteriorly, the feathers of back rather darker in the centre, and with paler edges. -Forehead and crown black; rest of the head, including the cheeks and ears, of a rather -silvery gray; throat blackish, shading off insensibly into the chocolate of breast. Feathers -of abdomen (and hinder part of breast to a less degree), flanks and crissum, with the rump -and upper tail-coverts, and lesser and middle wing-coverts, tipped with dark pomegranate -or rose-red, allowing more or less of thin dusky bases to be seen, especially above, where -there is an appearance of bars. Wing and tail feathers brown, nearly all, including the -greater wing-coverts, edged with pale yellowish-gray with only a faint tinge of rose. Bill -dusky; darkest at tip. Legs black.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--582.png--><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 509]</span> -Dimensions: Total length, 7.50; wing, 4.80; tail, 3.50. Exposed portion of first primary, -3.50. Bill, from forehead, .69; from nostril, .42. Legs: tarsus, .95; middle toe -and claw, .92; claw alone, .35; hind toe and claw, .69; claw alone, .38.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Aleutian Islands (<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George’s and Unalaschka).</p> - -<p>This is considerably the largest of the American species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte</i>, and -has a longer bill. It also has the chocolate and rose color darker, and the -rose extending farther forward on the breast than in other species. It could -only be confounded with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. littoralis</i> as to color, both having the head above, -and on the sides, ashy, covering the whole ear-coverts; but the dusky patch -on the crown is more extended, the ash of chin more restricted, and the -throat darker. The rose extends farther along the breast, and the tints are -different. The size is much larger.</p> - -<p>A specimen, apparently young, perhaps a female, differs in duller tints, -and a tinge of ochreous-yellow on the middle of the abdomen and crissum. -The lining of the wings is without any rose-color.</p> - -<p>Bonaparte and Schlegel describe the young of this species as without rose-color.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this bird were obtained at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George’s Island, with the eggs -(which are white), by Mr. W. H. Dall. Dr. Minor found it at Unalaschka.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Gray-eared Finch is the largest species of this remarkable -genus known to inhabit North America. Thus far, except in one instance, it -has been met with only in the Aleutian Islands and Unalaschka. In the latter -place they were met with by Dr. T. T. Minor, and in the former by Mr. Dall.</p> - -<p>Mr. R. Brown (Ibis, 1868, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 432) states that a single specimen of this -very rare bird was taken at Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island, in June, 1862, -by Mr. P. M. Compton, the officer in charge of that station. This, however, -may have belonged to the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall states that they abound on the Pribylow and the other Aleutian -Islands. A number of specimens were obtained on the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George’s in August, -though at that time they were moulting. At that season this bird -had no song except a clear chirp, sounding like <i class="birdcall">wéet-a wèet-a-wée-weet</i>. It -was on the wing a great part of the time, rarely alighting on the ground, but -darting rapidly in a series of descending and ascending curves. At one time -it would swing on the broad top of an umbelliferous plant, and at another -alight on some ledge of the perpendicular bluff, jumping from point to point, -as if delighting to test its own agility. Mr. Dall adds that its nest is a -simple hollow on one of the ledges, provided with a few straws or a bit of -moss. They deposit their eggs in May, and these are four in number. In -August their young were fully fledged.</p> - -<p>They feed on the seeds of grasses and other small plants, but in the crop -of one Mr. Dall found two or three small beetles. They were also received -from Kodiak, through Mr. Bischoff.</p> - -<p>Their eggs are of a grayish-white, with a slight tinge of yellowish, and -measure .95 by .70 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--583.png--><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 510]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PLECTROPHANES</b>, <span class="sc">Meyer</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i>, <span class="sc">Meyer</span>, “Taschenbuch, 1810.” Agassiz. -(Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza nivalis</i>.)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>, <span lang="de" -xml:lang="de"><abbr title="Entwickelungsgeschichte der europäischen">“Entw. Gesch. Europ.</abbr> Thierwelt</span>, 1829.” -Agassiz. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">E. lapponica</i>.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill variable; conical; the lower mandible higher than the upper; the -sides of both mandibles (in the typical species) guarded by a closely applied brush of -stiffened bristly feathers directed forwards, and in the upper jaw concealing the nostrils; -the outlines of the bill nearly straight, or slightly curved; the lower jaw considerably -broader at the base than the upper, and wider than the gonys is long. Tarsi considerably -longer than the middle toe; the lateral toes nearly equal (the inner claw largest), and -reaching to the base of the middle claw. The hinder claw very long, moderately curved -and acute, considerably longer than its toe; the toe and claw together reaching to the middle -of the middle claw, or beyond its tip. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching -nearly to the end of the tail; the first quill longest; the others rapidly graduated; the -tertiaries a little longer than the secondaries. Tail moderate, about two thirds as long as -the wings; nearly even, or slightly emarginated.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <img src="images/i_583a.jpg" - width="300" height="194" - alt="Plectrophanes nivalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes nivalis.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">19632</b></p> -</div> - - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_583b.jpg" - width="250" height="177" - alt="Plectrophanes nivalis" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes nivalis.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The species of this genus are essentially boreal and cosmopolitan, although -America possesses four species -not found, like her two others, -in the Old World. They are -all ground-birds, collecting in -large flocks, in autumn and -winter, on prairies and plains, -some of the species passing far -to the southward. There is -much variation in the color, and -in the details of structure of -bill and feet. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nivalis</i> -alone is the fringe of bristly -feathers along the side of the bill very distinct. The gonys also is exceptionally -short, being less than half the length of the culmen.</p> - -<p><!--584.png--><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 511]</span> -The females are less strongly marked than the males, lacking the distinct -patches of black (which, however, are nearly always faintly indicated), and -other characters, and are streaked like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Prevailing color white.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">P. nivalis.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Back, scapulars, ends of tertials, alula, terminal half of -primaries and the middle tail-feathers, deep black; otherwise pure white. -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. The black replaced by grayish with black spots; crown grayish -spotted with black. Young considerably tinged with ochraceous. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Circumpolar regions; south in winter into the United States.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Above brown, spotted with black. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown black.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Six to ten middle tail-feathers almost wholly black; the rest without -black ends. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> with a nuchal collar of rufous or buff, and without rufous -on the wings.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">P. lapponicus.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head, all round, and jugulum, deep black; a -post-ocular stripe, running downward behind the black jugular patch, -and entire lower parts from the jugulum, white. Nuchal collar chestnut-rufous. -<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> with the black areas merely indicated by a dusky clouding, -and merely a tinge of rufous round the nape. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Circumpolar -regions; south in winter into the United States.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">P. pictus.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Head above and laterally deep black, bordered -anteriorly and below with white; a post-ocular stripe, and an ovate -auricular spot of the same. Nuchal collar and entire lower surface -bright buff. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Pale grayish-buff, darker above; above distinctly, and -on the jugulum obsoletely, streaked with black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Interior plains -of North America, north to Arctic Ocean.</p> - -<p class="indent2">4. <b class="birdname">P. ornatus.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Head above, and whole breast and abdomen, -black; a superciliary stripe, side of head, chin, throat, anal region and -crissum, white; nuchal collar rufous. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> hardly distinguishable from -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pictus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">a.</i> Lesser wing-coverts brownish-gray; black feathers of breast, -etc., without rufous edges. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Interior plains of United States.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><i class="subset">b.</i> Lesser wing-coverts black; black feathers of breast, etc., with -rufous edges. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Southern plains of North America, and table-land -of Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanomus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Only two middle tail-feathers almost wholly black; the rest with black -ends. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> without a nuchal collar of rufous or buff, and with rufous on the -wings.</p> - -<p class="indent2">5. <b class="birdname">P. maccowni.</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. Crown, and a broad crescent on the jugulum, -black; rest of head and neck ashy, approaching white on the throat -and over the eye; beneath white, above grayish-brown, streaked with -black; middle wing-coverts rufous. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. Above yellowish-umber, beneath -yellowish-white; thickly streaked above, unstreaked beneath. -No rufous on wings, and no black on head or jugulum. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Plains, -from Texas, northward.</p> - -<p>There seems to be no special reason for subdividing this genus, although -this has been done,—<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nivalis</i> being alone retained in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i>; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. -maccowni</i> forming the type and sole member of the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhyncophanes</i> -<!--585.png--><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 512]</span> -(Baird, 1858), and the rest coming under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes</i> (Kaup). The characters -upon which these are based are very trivial, being mainly the varying -degree of size of the bill and length of the hind claw. In this latter respect -there is too much individual variation in the same species to admit of this -being available as a specific, much less as a subgeneric character, while the -size of the bill is not of more than specific importance.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Plectrophanes nivalis</b>, <span class="sc">Meyer</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SNOW-BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza nivalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 308 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla nivalis</i>, <abbr -title="Linnæus">L.</abbr>).—<span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62">Phila. Trans. -LXII</abbr>, 1772, 403.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 86, -<abbr title="plate 21">pl. xxi</abbr>.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 575; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 496, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 189. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza (Plectrophanes) nivalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Observations"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> -Obs.</abbr> 1825, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 89. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes nivalis</i>, <span -class="sc">Meyer</span>.”—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon -Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 103.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 55, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 155.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal 6">Cab. J. VI</abbr>, 1858, 345 (Spitzbergen).—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 432.—<span class="sc">Newton</span>, Ibis, 1865, -502.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy of Sciences, One">Tr. Ch. A. S. -I</abbr>, 1869, 282 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -177.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 296. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza montana</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr -title="Systema One">Syst. I</abbr>, 1788, 867, 25. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza mustelina</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema One">Syst. I</abbr>, 1788, 867, 7. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza glacialis</i>, <span -class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 398.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Colors, in spring plumage, entirely black and white. Middle of back -between scapulars, terminal half of primaries and tertiaries, and two innermost tail-feathers, -black; elsewhere pure white. Legs black at all seasons. In winter dress white -beneath; the head and rump yellowish-brown, as also some blotches on the side of the -breast; middle of back brown, streaked with black; white on wings and tail much more -restricted. Length about 6.75; wings, 4.35; tail, 3.05; first quill longest. <i class="sex">Female.</i> -Spring, continuous white beneath only; above entirely streaked, the feathers having -blackish centres and whitish edges; the black streaks predominate on the back and -crown. <i class="subset">Young.</i> Light gray above with obsolete dusky streaks on the back; throat and -jugulum paler gray, the latter with obsolete streaks; rest of lower parts dull white. -Wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers broadly edged with light ochraceous-brown.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern America from Atlantic to Pacific; south into the United States in -winter, as far as Georgia and Southern Illinois.</p> - -<p>Specimens from North America and Europe appear to be quite identical; -there is, however, a great amount of variation among individuals.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Snow Bunting is found throughout northern North -America to the shores of the Arctic Sea, and in the winter months extends -its migrations into the United States as indicated above.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall states that in Alaska, when observed, they went altogether in -flocks. It was at times excessively common, and at others entirely absent. -It builds its nests on the hillside, generally on the ground, under the lee of -a stone. He obtained a large number of these birds at Nulato, in the winter -of 1867-68. It was much more common there than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lapponicus</i>, which -was only seen in the spring, while this bird was there all the year round. Mr. -Dall also met with these birds on <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> George’s Island, and Mr. Bischoff obtained -them at Sitka. According to Mr. Bannister’s observations it was -altogether less abundant than the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lapponicus</i>, and seemed to prefer rather -<!--586.png--><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 513]</span> -different situations. On <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s Island he never saw one of this species -far from the shore, while the other species was abundant everywhere in -the interior of the island. During the summer he never saw more than one -or two of these birds at once, nor anywhere except on rocky points or on -small rocky islands near the shore. These localities they seemed to share -with the Ravens and Puffins. In the autumn they are more gregarious, but -still seem to prefer the vicinity of water. Mr. Bannister also observed this -bird at Unalaklik, where it is common.</p> - -<p>Wilson was of the opinion that these birds derive a considerable part of -their food from the seeds of certain aquatic plants, and this he supposed one -of the principal reasons why they prefer remote northern regions intersected -with streams, ponds, lakes, and arms of the sea, abounding with such plants. -On Seneca River, near Lake Ontario, in October, he met with a large flock -feeding on the surface of the water, supported on the close tops of weeds that -rose from the bottom. They were running about with great activity, and -the stomachs of those he shot were filled not only with the seeds of that -plant, but also with minute shell-fish that adhered to the leaves.</p> - -<p>Richardson states that this species breeds in the most northern of our -Arctic islands, and on all the shores of the continent, from Chesterfield’s Inlet -to Behring Strait. The most southerly of its breeding-places known to him -was Southampton Island, in the <abbr title="sixty-second">62d</abbr> parallel, where Captain Lyons found -a nest on the grave of an Esquimaux child. Its nest was usually made -of dry grass, neatly lined with deer’s hair and a few feathers, and is generally -fixed in the crevice of a rock, or in a loose pile of timbers or stones. -The eggs are described as of a greenish-white, with a circle of irregular -umber-brown spots round the larger end, with numerous blotches of subdued -lavender-purple. July 22, in removing some drift timber on a beach at -Cape Parry, he discovered a nest on the ground, containing four young Snowbirds. -Care was taken not to injure them, and while they were seated at -breakfast, at a distance of only two or three feet, the parent birds made frequent -visits to their offspring, each time bringing grubs in their bills. The -Snowbirds are in no apparent haste to leave for the South on the approach -of winter, but linger about the forts and open places, picking up seeds, until -the snow becomes too deep. It is not until December or January that they -retire to the south of the Saskatchewan. It returns to that river about the -middle of February, by April it has reached the 65th parallel, and by the -beginning of May it is found on the shores of the Polar Sea. At this period -it feeds on the buds of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxifraga oppositifolia</i>, one of the earliest of the -Arctic plants. The young are fed with insects.</p> - -<p>The Snow Bunting is also an inhabitant, during the breeding-season, of -the Arctic regions of Europe and Asia, and the islands of the Arctic Sea. -Scoresby states that it resorts in large flocks to the shores of Spitzbergen, and -Captain Sabine includes it among the birds of Greenland and the North -Georgian Islands, where it is among the earliest arrivals. Mr. Proctor, who -<!--587.png--><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 514]</span> -visited Iceland in 1837, found the Snowbird breeding there in June. He -found their nests placed among large stones or in the fissures of rocks, composed -of dry grass lined with hair and feathers. The eggs were from four -to six in number. The male attends the female during incubation. Mr. -Proctor states that he has seen this bird, when coming from the nest, rise up -in the air and sing sweetly, with its wings and tail spread in the manner of -the Tree Pipit. Linnæus, in his Tour in Lapland, mentions seeing these birds -in that country about the end of May, and also in July. He also mentions -that this bird is the only living thing that has been seen two thousand feet -above the line of perpetual snow in the Lapland Alps. This bird also breeds -on the Faroe Islands. Mr. Hewitson found its nest in Norway. It contained -young, and was built under some loose stones. Young birds have also been -noticed early in August among the Grampians, in Scotland, rendering it probable -that they breed in that locality, and perhaps in considerable numbers. -As the severity of winter increases, they leave the heaths where they have -fed upon the seeds of grasses, and descend to the lowlands, frequenting the -oat-stubbles, and, when the snow is deep, approaching the coast. Their call-note -is pleasing, and is often repeated during their flight, which they make -in a very compact body. Before settling on the ground they make sudden -wheels, coming almost into collision with each other, uttering at the same -time a peculiar guttural note. They run on the ground with all the ease of -Larks, and rarely perch. Temminck states that they are very abundant in -winter along the sea-coast of Holland.</p> - -<p>Their appearance in Massachusetts is usually with the first heavy falls of -snow, in December and January. They are most abundant in the open -places near the sea-coast, and formerly were very numerous in the marshes -between Boston and Brookline. A wounded male in full adult plumage was -taken by me, in 1838, and kept some time in confinement. It would not -accustom itself to a cage, and a large box was prepared in which it could -run more at large. It fed readily on grain and cracked corn, delighted to -bathe itself several times in the day, but would not be reconciled to my near -presence. On my approach it would rush about its prison, uttering its -peculiar call-notes, blending with them a loud guttural cry of alarm. As the -spring approached, it warbled occasionally a few notes, but uttered from time -to time such mournful cries, as if bewailing its captivity, that it would have -been released, had its crippled condition permitted it to take care of itself. -It was given in charge of a friend, but did not live through the heat of the -ensuing summer.</p> - -<p>It is stated that a nest of this bird was found among the White Mountains -by Mr. Kirk Boott, of Boston, in the summer of 1834. It contained -young birds. This, if the identification was correct, was probably an accidental -occurrence. None have been noticed there since, nor have I ever been -able to find any of the permanent residents among the mountains that have -met with these birds in that region, except in winter.</p> - -<p><!--588.png--><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 515]</span> -The only authenticated nest and eggs (10,433) in the Smithsonian collection -were received from Mr. R. MacFarlane, with the parent, taken on the -Arctic coast east of Fort Anderson, and having on the label, “Nest situated -in a cave in a sand-bank.” The nest is deeply saucer-shaped, and composed -of wiry grass-stems, with a few feathers in the lining; external diameter -3.75 inches, internal about 3.00; depth, 2.50 externally and 1.50 internally. -The eggs, five in number, are of a dull white, with perhaps a faint bluish -cast, sprinkled and spattered with dilute yellowish-rufous, the markings most -numerous toward the larger end; they measure .95 of an inch in length by .64 -in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Plectrophanes lapponicus</b>, <span class="sc">Selby</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LAPLAND LONGSPUR.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging">“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla lapponica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -Fauna Suecica, 1761, <abbr title="subparagraph">sp.</abbr> 235.”—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 317. <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr -title="Philosophical Transactions 62">Phil. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 404. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza (Plectrophanes) -lapponica</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. Am. II</abbr>, -1831, 248, <abbr title="plate 48">pl. xlviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza lapponica</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Four">Orn. Biog. IV</abbr>, 1838, 473, <abbr -title="plate">pl.</abbr> 365. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes lapponicus</i>, “<span class="sc">Selby</span>,” <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1839, 98.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, -1841, 50, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 152.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 433.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy of Sciences, One">Tr. Ch. A. -S. I</abbr>, 1869, 283 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, -178.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 300. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes lapponicus</i>, <span class="sc">Kaup</span>, -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Entwickelungsgeschichte der europäischen Thierwelt">Entw. Gesch. Europe Thierw.</abbr> -1829.”—<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 127. “<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla calcarata</i>, <abbr title="Pallas"><span class="sc">Pall.</span></abbr> Itin. 710, <abbr title="subparagraph">sp.</abbr> 20,” French <abbr title="edition Three">ed. III</abbr>, 1793, 464, <abbr -title="plate 1">pl. i</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes calcaratus</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, List <abbr -title="Genera">Gen.</abbr> 1841, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> 1842, 11.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Head all round, and neck black, extending on the jugulum in a -crescentic patch; a broad line from above and behind the eye, sides of neck, a patch -in the black of hind head, and whole under parts, white; the sides of body streaked -broadly with black. A broad half-collar of chestnut on back of neck, separated from -the hood narrowly, and from the auriculars and throat broadly, by the white stripe from -the eye. Above brownish-black, the feathers sharply edged with brownish-yellow. Outer -tail-feathers white, except the basal portion of inner web, and a shaft streak at end; -next feather with a white streak in end, rest black. Legs black; bill yellow, tipped with -black. In winter plumage the black and other markings overlaid by rusty and fulvous; -beneath by whitish. <i class="sex">Female</i> with the black feathers -of head edged with yellowish-rusty; the throat -white, bordered on the sides and behind by blackish; -feathers edged with grayish-white, the rufous of nape -obscure, and streaked with blackish. Length of male, -6.25; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.80.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_588.jpg" - width="250" height="160" - alt="Specimen 19647" - /> - <p class="center small"><b class="specimen-number">19647</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northern portions of the Old and the New -World; breeding in arctic and subarctic regions, and -in winter descending southward, as far at least as New York, Southern Illinois, and Fort -Garland, New Mexico.</p> - -<p>Autumnal specimens, of both sexes, differ in having the pattern of coloration -obscured by ochraceous borders to the feathers, and a general rusty cast -to the plumage.</p> - -<p>There appears to be no difference between North American and European -specimens of this bird.</p> - -<p><!--589.png--><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 516]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Lapland Longspur is an Arctic resident, belonging equally -to the two continents, rarely descending even in winter to temperate regions, -and then chiefly in its immature plumage. In Europe, according to Yarrell, -only a few specimens have been found in the British Islands, and these -were single individuals, mostly found in company with Larks. They have -also been taken in France, in Belgium, and in different parts of Germany. -Degland states that these birds are occasionally snared on the coast at Dunkirk, -and in the neighborhood of Antwerp, but these are always young -males in their winter plumage.</p> - -<p>Pennant states that it is found in Siberia, and near the Ural Mountains, -migrating in the winter as far south as Switzerland; and, according to -Necker, they have also been taken, always in company with Larks, in the -vicinity of Geneva. It inhabits Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Spitzbergen, -Iceland, and Greenland, in the summer.</p> - -<p>Richardson mentions that the Lapland Bunting is common in the fur regions, -wintering on the coast of Hudson’s Bay. During its stay it feeds on -grass-seed, the fruit of the juniper, and the pines. As he never met with -these birds during the winter, he suspects that their principal retreats are on -the borders of Lakes Huron and Superior, and the country westward. In -1827 they appeared on the plains, at the Carlton House, about the middle -of May, in very large flocks, in company with Shore Larks and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. picta</i>, -frequenting the open spots where the fires had destroyed the grass. In -the same season they came a few days later to the Cumberland House, and -kept constantly about the furrows of the new-ploughed fields. The year -before they had been, in smaller flocks, in the vicinity of Fort Franklin, -latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, in the beginning of May. Their crops were found filled with -seeds of the alpine arbutus.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon met with them in enormous flocks in Kentucky, about February -15, 1819. They were in company with the Shore Larks and the Snow -Buntings. None of these were in perfect plumage.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway cites this as a common winter visitant in Southern Illinois, -abundant in unusually severe winters, either in large flocks by itself, or a -few individuals mixed up in flocks of Shore Larks.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall gives May 12 as the date of the first arrival of these birds at -Nulato, and adds that it is not at any time a very common bird. He was -not able to find its nest at Nulato, but was informed by the Indians that it -builds on the bare hillsides, in hillocks of grass, and that it does not leave the -nest when any one approaches, but sits perfectly still, and thus often escapes -detection. He considers it a very fine singer. Specimens were received from -Sitka, obtained by Bischoff. To this account Mr. Bannister adds that it is -by far the most abundant of the land-birds found at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s. It appeared -on that island about the 6th of May, and from that time until about -the middle or latter part of September they were observed in great numbers -all over the island. He, too, was not successful in finding its nest, though -<!--590.png--><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 517]</span> -the birds were started up by hundreds on every walk over the island. From -this he infers that they must be very carefully concealed. He often searched -for them, but always with the same result. Mr. Bannister regarded this -species as decidedly the best songster of its family.</p> - -<p>In the far North it is an extremely abundant species from one ocean to -the other, in the winter moving farther south, to the United States, in large -flocks. It has not been found in California, but in the central and eastern -regions has been obtained as far south as Leavenworth, Kan., Racine, <abbr title="Wisconsin">Wis.</abbr>, -Boston, and New York. It is stated by different observers, that, like the -Lark, it sings only while in motion in the air, or while suspended, and that -its notes are agreeable and melodious.</p> - -<p>According to Richardson, they breed in moist meadows on the shores of -the Arctic Sea, the nest being placed in a small hillock, among moss and -stones. It is composed externally of dry stems of grass, interwoven to a -considerable thickness, and lined very neatly and compactly with deer’s hair. -The eggs, seven in number, he describes as pale ochre-yellow, spotted with -brown. Sir James Ross found them by no means numerous in the higher -northern latitudes, and obtained one nest, containing five eggs, in July.</p> - -<p>According to Holböll, this bird is common along the shores of both North -and South Greenland. They reach Godhaab in the beginning of May, and -Godhaven a month later. Their migrations do not take place all at once, -but they are constantly arriving during the month. It remains in South -Greenland until the beginning of September, and longer if the deep snows -do not drive it away. This bird is never met on shipboard until the vessels -are in Davis Strait, proving that their migrations must be from America. -The Greenlanders call it Narksamatak (inhabitant of the plains),—an appropriate -name, as it only lives on the lowlands near the sea-shore, where it -builds its nest in the manner of the Lark, in the grass, or among the lichens. -Its five eggs, of a dirty olive-color spotted with brown, are smaller than those -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nivalis</i>. The song of the male bird, as it hovers in the air or rocks on -a swaying twig, is very clear and melodious. It is even known as the Greenland -Nightingale. Its food is seeds, and it is not known to seek insect-larvæ -on the houses of the Greenlanders, as does the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nivalis</i>. In their -winter dress they all resemble the female in her summer plumage, only in -the male some black is seen in the head-feathers.</p> - -<p>Fabricius describes its eggs as five or six in number, of a reddish-gray -with brownish spots. Degland describes their ground-color as an ashy-gray, -covered with spots of light brown, with lines and spots of deep brown, and -also of clear black.</p> - -<p>Eggs from Anderson River exhibit great variations in their appearance, -more from the difference in the distribution of their spots than from variations -in colors. Where distinctly visible, the ground-color appears to be of -yellowish-gray, frequently so thickly spotted as not to be recognizable. The -blotches are of various shades of brown, with shadings of olive, purple, or -<!--591.png--><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 518]</span> -red, and at times almost black. In some, fine olive-brown dots cover the egg -so completely as to make it appear as of one uniform deep color. In others -the brown is lighter and more of a reddish hue, and again in others the -markings are in irregular distribution, and of different shades. They measure -.80 by .60 of an inch.</p> - -<p>Nest with eggs (7414), collected on Anderson River, Franklin Bay, June -27, by R. MacFarlane, was built on the ground, and is deeply saucer-shaped, -measuring 3.75 in external and 2.30 in internal diameter; the depth 2.75 -exteriorly and 1.50 interiorly. It is composed of coarse wiry grass-stems, -and softly lined with feathers of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lagopus</i>. The eggs, five in number, have -the ground-color light umber-drab, this faintly blotched with deeper livid -slate, and with a few straggly black lines, much as in certain <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i> and -in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes</i>. They measure .86 of an inch in length by .63 in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Plectrophanes pictus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SMITH’S BUNTING; PAINTED LONGSPUR.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 250, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> -49 (spring).—<abbr title="Nuttall Manual Two"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span> Man. II</abbr>, 589. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes pictus</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 99.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 52, <abbr title="plate -153">pl. cliii</abbr> (Richardson’s specimen).—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 434.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy of Sciences One">Tr. Ch. A. S. -I</abbr>, 1869, 283 (Alaska). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza picta</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 91, <abbr title="plate 400">pl. cccc</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Centrophanes pictus</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1851, 127. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes smithi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Seven">Am. VII</abbr>, 1844, 337, <abbr title="plate 487">pl. cccclxxxvii</abbr> (winter).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Spring. Top and sides of head black. A line from bill over the -eye, lores, lower and posterior border of the black cheeks, ears (encircled by black), and a -small patch in the nape, white. Entire under parts, and extending round neck to nape -(where it bounds abruptly the black of head), buff or light cinnamon-yellow; the under -tail-covert paler; the inside of wings, white. Feathers of upper surfaces black, edged -with yellowish-gray; shoulders or lesser coverts and the greater black; middle white, -forming a conspicuous patch. Quills edged externally with white, this involving the -whole outer web of outermost primary. Whole of outer and most of second tail-feather -white. Bill dusky; lower mandible and legs yellowish. Length, 5.50; wing, 3.50; -tail, 2.75; bill, .45.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> The markings of male faintly indicated, but the black and buff wanting. -Head above brown, streaked centrally with paler. A narrow dark line on each side the -throat, and brownish streaks across the jugulum, and along sides of body. Traces visible -of the white marks of the head. Bill and feet as in the male.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Prairies of Illinois and Missouri Plains, in winter; in summer north to the -Arctic Ocean.</p> - -<p>This species is quite similar in form to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lapponicus</i>, although with slenderer -bill, and perhaps longer hind claw. While the colors of adult males -are very different, the females have a decided resemblance; they may, however, -be distinguished in all stages by the black or dusky legs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</i> -and the yellow of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</i>, and perhaps by the more dusky upper mandible of -the latter.</p> - -<p><!--592.png--><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 519]</span> -<span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first obtained by Sir John Richardson’s party, -and described by Swainson in the <cite>Fauna Boreali-Americana</cite>. It was observed -associating with the Lapland Buntings on the banks of the Saskatchewan, -but no information was obtained in regard to its breeding-habits. No -specimens in the mature plumage are known to have been obtained in the -United States, but birds in the immature plumage are not unfrequent, in -early spring, throughout Illinois. Mr. Audubon, in company with Mr. Harris -and Mr. Bell, obtained specimens of these birds near Edwardsville, and -described them as a new species. Mr. Bell states, in regard to these birds, -that he found them very abundant on the low prairie near a lake, a few miles -from Edwardsville. They were generally in large flocks, and when once -on the ground they began to separate. They ran very nimbly, in a manner -resembling that of the Grass Finch, and when they arose, which they rarely -did unless they were nearly approached, they uttered a sharp click, repeated -several times in quick succession, and moved with an easy undulating motion -for a short distance and then alighted very suddenly, seeming to fall perpendicularly -several feet to the ground. They preferred the spots where the -grass was shortest. When in the air they flew in circles, to and fro, for a few -minutes, and then alighted, keeping up a constant chirping or call, somewhat -like that of the Red-Poll.</p> - -<p>These birds were observed in large numbers at Fort Anderson, and on the -Lower Anderson River, by Mr. MacFarlane, and a large number of their -nests obtained. These were all on the ground, and usually in open spaces, -but also in the vicinity of trees. The usual number of eggs found in a nest -appears to have been four. The nests, for the most part, were constructed -of fine dry grasses, carefully arranged, and lined with down, feathers, or finer -materials similar to those of the outer portions. In a few there were no feathers; -in others, feathers in different proportions; and in a few the down and -feathers composed the chief portion of the nest, with only a few leaves as a -base to the nest. They were sometimes sunk in excavations made by the -birds, or placed in a tussock of grass, and, in one instance, placed in the -midst of a bed of Labrador tea.</p> - -<p>They were also obtained at Fort Yukon, at the mouth of Porcupine River, -by Strachan Jones. They were much more abundant in the Mackenzie River -district.</p> - -<p>Specimens of this bird, in the fall plumage, were obtained from Fort -Simpson, where Mr. B. R. Ross states that it appears on its way north in -May. They resort to the fields around the fort in search of grain. Although -these birds keep entirely apart from the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nivalis</i>, Mr. Ross has frequently -observed several <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. lapponicus</i> associating with them.</p> - -<p>When their nests are approached, the female quietly slips off, while the -male bird may be seen hopping or flying from tree to tree in the neighborhood -of the nest, and will at times do all he can to induce intruders to withdraw -from the neighborhood.</p> - -<p><!--593.png--><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 520]</span> -The eggs, five in number, have a light clay-colored ground, are marked -with obscure blotches of lavender and darker lines, dots, and blotches of -dark purplish-brown. They measure .80 by .65 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Plectrophanes ornatus</b>, <span class="sc">Towns</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHESTNUT-COLLARED BUNTING; BLACK-BELLIED LONGSPUR.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes ornatus</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal -Academy Natural Sciences Seven">J. Ac. Nat. Sc. VII</abbr>, 1837, 189.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Narrative, 1839, 344.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 99.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 53, <abbr title="plate -154">pl. cliv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr -title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 537.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> -1858, 435. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza ornata</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Five"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 44, <abbr title="plate 394">pl. cccxciv</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes ornatus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, <abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> -1851, 127.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill dark plumbeous. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Crown, a narrow crescent on the side of the -head, with a line running into it from behind the eye, entire breast and upper part of -belly all round, black; throat and sides of the head, lower part of belly and under tail-coverts, -with bases of the tail-feathers, white. The white on the tail-feathers runs forward -as an acute point. A chestnut band on the back of the neck extending round on -the sides. Rest of upper parts grayish-brown, streaked with darker. Middle coverts -with a white patch. Lesser wing-coverts like the back. Legs dusky, bill blue, darker at -tip. Length about 5.25 inches; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.30; tarsus, .75.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> lacking the black and chestnut colors; the black of the breast indicated by -dusky streaks and a line of streaks each side of the throat.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Plains of the Upper Missouri. San Antonio, Texas, spring (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, -486).</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered by Mr. Townsend, who procured -a single specimen, a male, on the Upper Missouri River. He describes -it as by no means a common bird, keeping in pairs and living exclusively on -the ground. It was remarkably shy, and Mr. Townsend was not able to procure -more than a single specimen.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall states that he met with this bird early in May, on the wide -grassy plains of the Platte. The birds were already paired for the season. -He heard them utter no notes other than a chirp, as they kept busily foraging -for their subsistence.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen (American Naturalist, May, 1872) speaks of this bird and -the Lark Bunting as by far the most interesting species seen by him in -Western Kansas. They were not only characteristic of the region, but were -also among the few birds strictly confined to the arid plains. They were -quite abundant, but were only met with on the high ridges and dry plateaus, -where they seemed to live somewhat in colonies. At a few localities they -were always numerous, but elsewhere would be frequently not met with in -a whole day’s drive. They were very wary and tenacious of life, often flying -a long distance after having been shot through vital parts. Most of the -specimens had to be killed on the wing, at a long range. They are strong -fliers, and seem to delight in flying in the strongest gales, when all the other -birds appear to move with difficulty, and to keep themselves concealed among -the grass. This bird sings while on the wing.</p> - -<p><!--594.png--><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 521]</span> -Mr. H. E. Dresser, in his paper on the birds of Southern Texas, mentions -finding the Chestnut-collared Bunting in flocks early in the spring, on the -prairies near San Antonio, but it was not a common bird there.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse found this species quite rare in the Indian Territory, where -he was only able to secure a single specimen.</p> - -<p>Captain Blakiston met with this species on the Saskatchewan Plains on -the 15th of May, 1858,—a higher range than has been noticed by any one -else.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, while on a trip to the Rocky Mountains in 1843, met with -this species in small flocks and pairs, scattered over the prairies of the Platte -River, and was so fortunate as to meet with one of its nests. It was built -on the ground, and was made of an interweaving of fine grasses and lined -with hair. He describes the eggs, which were four in number, as having a -white ground, with black lines at the larger end, and a few faint blotches of -a neutral tint scattered over their whole surface.</p> - -<p>This description does not quite correspond with the eggs collected by Mr. -Audubon on the Upper Missouri. These have a clay-colored ground with the -slightest possible tinge of green, and are marked with fine dots of purplish-brown, -and larger markings, blotches, and short lines of dark brown. They -measure .70 by .55 of an inch, and have a strong resemblance to the eggs of -both <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. pictus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maccowni</i>.</p> - -<p>Five eggs of this species, obtained at Fort Hays, Kansas, June 1, 1871, by -Mr. J. A. Allen, measure .75 of an inch in length by .58 in breadth. They -are small in proportion to the bird, and are somewhat pointed at one end. -Their ground is a gray or grayish-white shade of stone-color, and this is -somewhat sparingly marked with blotches of dark brown, almost black, and -lighter markings of purplish-brown. The nest was placed on the ground, and -was composed altogether of fine stems of grasses.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Plectrophanes ornatus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">melanomus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-SHOULDERED LONGSPUR.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes melanomus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 436, <abbr title="plate 74, figure">pl. lxxiv, f.</abbr> 2.—<span class="sc">Heermann</span>, <abbr -title="Ten">X</abbr>, c, 13.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill yellowish, dark brown along the culmen. <i class="sex">Male.</i> Crown, a short stripe -behind the eye, and a short crescent behind the ear-coverts, entire breast as far back as -the thighs, and the lesser wing-coverts, black. The black on the breast margined with -dark cinnamon. Sides of head, chin, throat, and region behind the black of the belly, -white. A broad half-collar of dark cinnamon-brown on the back of the neck. Tail-feathers -mostly white; the innermost tipped with dark brown; the white ending in an -acute angle. Length, 5.30; wing, 3.40; tail, 2.60. (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 6,290.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, Mexico, on the table-lands, north to -Upper Missouri. Orizaba (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, 1860, 251); San Antonio, Texas, spring (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, -Ibis, 1865, 486); Fort Whipple, Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1866, 84); Vera Cruz, -plateau, breeding (<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 551).</p> - -<p><!--595.png--><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 522]</span> -As already stated, this bird is very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ornatus</i>. It appears to -be a very little larger, or, at any rate, with considerably longer wings. -The bill, however, is shorter and stouter; the hind claw decidedly longer. -The chestnut of the back of the neck is darker. The white on the outer -web of the tertiaries and secondaries is much purer and wider. The -rufous margins of the pectoral feathers we have never seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ornatus</i>. -The most striking peculiarity, however, is in having the shoulders black, -instead of brown like the rest of the wing-feathers, edged with paler. Both -have the white posterior row of lesser wing-coverts.</p> - -<p>An immature male (6,291) has the black of the head mixed with brown, -and a maxillary series of spots on each side of the throat. A female has a -similar series of spots; the under parts generally being brownish-white, the -shafts across the breast and along the sides streaked with brown, the concealed -portions of the feathers light brown, fading out to the whitish exterior. -There is no black on the shoulder, nor chestnut on the nape.</p> - -<p>Fully mature specimens of this bird and of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</i> are so rare in collections -as to render it difficult to decide positively as to their true relationship. -It is by no means impossible that they merely represent different conditions -of plumage of one species, but for the present, at least, we prefer to consider -them as distinct. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. melanomus</i> is resident on the table-lands of -Mexico.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Of the habits and general history of this species, very little -is known. Its close resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ornatus</i> is suggestive of its probably -equally close similarity in nesting, eggs, and manner of feeding. Specimens -have been received from Mexico, from Fort Thorn, from New Mexico, Pole -Creek, and the Black Hills. From the last-named places they were obtained -in August and September.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann, in his Report on the birds observed in Lieutenant Parke’s -route near the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d</abbr> parallel, mentions having met with these birds, which -he calls the Black-shouldered Longspur, at a large prairie-dog village some -miles west of Puerto del Dado. They were in flocks, and were associated -with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. maccowni</i>. From that point to the Rio Grande he found both of -these species abundant wherever they struck isolated water-holes, these being -the only places for miles around where drink can be procured. When shot -at, they rise as if to go away, but are forced to return, after describing a few -curves, to the only spot where they can procure their necessary drink. They -may thus be killed in great numbers. Dr. Heermann states that he has seen -from a hundred to a hundred and fifty thus brought down in four or five -discharges of a gun.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser states that on the 4th of April a small flock of what was -at first supposed to be the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. ornatus</i> was noticed near the town of San -Antonio. They were pursued, and found on the banks of the San Pedro. -They were not very shy, and specimens were procured which proved to be -of this species. This is the only time that they have been observed in -<!--598.png--><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 523]</span> -that part of the country, though they may have been mistaken for other -species.</p> -<!--596.png--><!--Plate 24--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_24.jpg" - width="500" height="303" - alt="Color plate 24" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="24">XXIV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-1" name="pl_24-1"></a><img src="images/pl_24-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 1, Plectrophanes maccowni" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes maccowni.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Dakota, 35951.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-2" name="pl_24-2"></a><img src="images/pl_24-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 2, Plectrophanes nivalis." - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes nivalis.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Resolution, B. A., 19632.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-3" name="pl_24-3"></a><img src="images/pl_24-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 3, Plectrophanes ornatus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes ornatus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Union, Dakota, 1907.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-4" name="pl_24-4"></a><img src="images/pl_24-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 4, Plectrophanes pictus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes pictus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Simpson, B. A., 19659.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-5" name="pl_24-5"></a><img src="images/pl_24-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 5, Plectrophanes pictus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes pictus.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> 19664.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-6" name="pl_24-6"></a><img src="images/pl_24-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 6, Plectrophanes melanomus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes melanomus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Dakota, 35359.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-7" name="pl_24-7"></a><img src="images/pl_24-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 7, Plectrophanes lapponicus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes lapponicus.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Ft. Resolution, B. A., 19647.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-8" name="pl_24-8"></a><img src="images/pl_24-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 8, Passerculus savann" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</span> D. C., 10145.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-9" name="pl_24-9"></a><img src="images/pl_24-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 9, Passerculus sandwichensis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus sandwichensis.</span> Washington <abbr title="Territory">Ter.</abbr>, 6343.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-10" name="pl_24-10"></a><img src="images/pl_24-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 10, Passerculus anthinus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus anthinus.</span> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> (Petaluma), 5555.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-11" name="pl_24-11"></a><img src="images/pl_24-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 11, Passerculus alaudinus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus alaudinus.</span> Utah, 53483.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_24-12" name="pl_24-12"></a><img src="images/pl_24-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 24 detail 12, Passerculus rostratus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus rostratus.</span> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> (San Diego), 6340.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--597.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p>Dr. Coues mentions the taking of a single specimen of this species, October -17, on the open grassy plains of Arizona.</p> - -<p>This species is also given by Mr. Sumichrast as a resident throughout the -year of the great plains of the plateau of Mexico. From them it occasionally -descends to the distant intervals, as far as Orizaba, or at the elevation, -above the gulf-level, of 1,220 metres.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Plectrophanes maccowni</b>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED LONGSPUR; MACCOWN’S BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes maccowni</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New -York Lyceum Five">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V</abbr>, <abbr title="September">Sept.</abbr> 1851, 122. Western Texas.—<span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One, eight">Illust. I, viii</abbr>, 1855, 228, <abbr title="plate 39">pl. -xxxix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 13.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 437.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_598.jpg" - width="250" height="194" - alt="Plectrophanes maccownii" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes maccownii</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence">Lawr.</abbr><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6282</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male in spring.</i> Top of head, a broad stripe each side the throat from -lower mandible, and a broad crescent on jugulum, -black; side of head including lores and band above -the eye, throat, and under parts, ashy-white; ear-coverts -bordered above and behind by blackish, running -out at the maxillary stripe. Breast just behind the -black crescent and sides, showing dark bases of feathers. -Upper parts ashy, tinged with yellowish on the -mandible, and streaked with dusky; least so on nape -and rump. Lesser wing-coverts ashy; median chestnut-brown, -with blackish bases sometimes evident; -the quills all bordered broadly externally with whitish, becoming more ashy on secondaries. -Tail-feathers white except at the concealed bases and the ends, which have a transverse -(not oblique) tip of blackish; the outermost white to the end; the two central like the -back. Bill dark plumbeous; legs blackish. In winter the markings more or less -obscured; the bill and legs more yellowish.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female</i> lacks the black markings, which, however, are indicated obsoletely as in other -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i>; there is no trace of chestnut on the wings, no streaks on the breast. -Length, 5.50; wing, 3.60; tail, 2.50; bill, .46.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern slopes of Rocky Mountains, from Texas to Upper Missouri.</p> - -<p>This species varies considerably in markings, but is readily recognized -among other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i> in all stages by short hind toe, very stout bill, -and the transverse dark bar at the end of all tail-feathers except the inner -and outer.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Maccown’s Lark Bunting is yet another of the various species -of our birds whose history is very little known, and in regard to which the -most we are able to state, at present, is that they appear in different parts -of the interior plains of the United States, between the Rocky Mountains -and the Missouri River and the lower tributaries of the Mississippi, -extending from New Mexico and Texas northward, during the breeding-season, -<!--599.png--><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 524]</span> -to the northern boundary of the United States. It was first discovered -by Captain Maccown, who obtained it in Texas, where he found it -in company with a flock of Shore Larks, and where it winters in considerable -numbers. Mr. Dresser afterward met with it in small flocks, early in -April, on the prairies near San Antonio. It was not very common, and he -was only able to obtain two specimens during his stay in that section.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this species congregated in large flocks, in company -with the Black-shouldered Bunting. They were engaged in gleaning the -seeds from the scanty grass, on the vast arid plains of New Mexico. Insects -and berries formed also a part of their food; in search of these they showed -great activity, running about with celerity and ease. In the spring, large -flocks were seen at Fort Thorn, having migrated thither from the North -the previous fall. With the return of mild weather they again departed -for the North for the purposes of incubation. Among these large flocks Dr. -Heermann noticed also the Shore Lark, but they formed only a small proportion -of the whole number.</p> - -<p>In a letter to Mr. Cassin, Dr. Heermann states that he found this species -congregated with large numbers of other birds about the isolated water-holes -in the barren plains of New Mexico.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. A. Allen states (<abbr title="American Naturalist">Am. Nat.</abbr>, May, 1872) that, during a few weeks’ stay -near Fort Hays in midwinter, he found Maccown’s Longspur tolerably frequent -in that vicinity.</p> - -<p>An egg of this species, in the collection of the late Dr. Henry Bryant, -measures .80 by .60 of an inch. Its ground-color is a light bluish clay-color, -marbled, dotted, blotched, and lined with light neutral tints of lavender and -darker markings of purplish and reddish brown. The nest was placed on -the ground, and is composed entirely of coarse grass-stems (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 3,521, J. -Pearsall, Fort Benton).</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">PYRGITINÆ</b></span>.</p> - -<p>The introduction into the United States, at so many distant points, of the -European House Sparrow (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita domestica</i>) renders it necessary to introduce -it with any work treating of the birds of North America, although -totally different in so many features from our own native forms. I follow -Degland and Gerbe in placing the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita</i> in a separate subfamily -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitinæ</i>, see page 446), without any distinct idea of its true -affinities, as it does not come legitimately within any of the subfamilies -established for the American genera. In some respects similar to certain -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</i>, in the short tarsi and covered nostrils, the wings are shorter -and more rounded, the sides of the bill with stiff bristles, etc. The much -larger, more vaulted bill, weaker feet, and covered nostrils, distinguish it from -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--600.png--><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 525]</span> -<span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PYRGITA</b>, <span class="sc">Cuvier</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita</i>, <span class="sc">Cuvier, R. A.</span> 1817. (Type, <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla domestica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithologie">Orn.</abbr> 1760. Same type. <span class="sc">Degland & Gerbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" -title="Ornithologie Européenne 1">Orn. Europ. I</abbr>, 1867, 239.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill robust, swollen, without any distinct ridge; upper and under outlines -curved; margins inflexed; palate vaulted, without any knob; nostrils covered by sparse, -short, incumbent feathers; side of bill with stiff, appressed bristles. Tarsi short and stout, -about equal to or shorter than the middle toes; claws short, stout, and considerably curved. -Wings longer than tail; somewhat pointed. Tail nearly even, emarginated, and slightly -rounded.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Pyrgita domestica</b>, <abbr title="Cuvier"><span class="sc">Cuv.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">THE HOUSE SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla domestica</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 12th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 323, 1766. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita -domestica</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Cuvier Règne Animal"><span class="sc">Cuv.</span> Reg. An.</abbr> <abbr -title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr> (1829), <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 439. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer domesticus</i>, <span -class="sc">Degland & Gerbe</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologie Européenne 1">Ornith. Europ. I</abbr>, 1867, -241.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_600.jpg" - width="250" height="224" - alt="Pyrgita domestica." - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita domestica.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">18788</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -<i class="sex">Male.</i> Above chestnut-brown; the interscapular feathers streaked by black -on inner webs; the top of head and nape, lower -back, rump, and tail-coverts plain ashy; narrow -frontal line, lores, chin, throat, and jugulum -black; rest of under parts grayish, nearly white -along median region. A broad chestnut-brown -stripe from behind eye, running into the chestnut -of back; cheeks and sides of neck white; -outside of closed wing, pale chestnut-brown, -with a broad white band on the middle coverts, -and behind showing the brown quills; -the lesser coverts dark chestnut like the head -stripe. Tail dark brown, edged with pale -chestnut. Bill black; feet reddish. Iris -brown.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Female.</i> Duller of color, and lacking the black of face and throat; breast and abdomen -reddish-ash; cheeks ashy; a yellow-ochre band above and behind the eyes, and across -the wings. Head and neck above brownish-ash; body above reddish-ash, streaked longitudinally -with black.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="sex">Male in winter.</i> The colors generally less distinct. Length, 6.00; wing, 2.85; tail, -2.50; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .60.</p> - -<p>The House Sparrow of Europe has been introduced into so many parts -of the United States as to render it probable that at no distant day it -will have become one of our most familiar species. Brought over to the -New World within a comparatively few years, it has commenced to multiply -about the larger cities, especially in the environs of New York, as also -about Portland, Boston, Newark, and Philadelphia. The first effort made to -naturalize it about Washington failed in consequence of the death of three -hundred individuals imported by the Smithsonian Institution. A second, -<!--601.png--><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 526]</span> -however, in 1871, was more successful. One thousand birds were let loose -in the public squares of Philadelphia in the spring of 1869. In and about -Havana it is said to be common, as also about Great Salt Lake, where it -was recently introduced by the Mormons, according to Mr. J. A. Allen.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_601.jpg" - width="250" height="182" - alt="Pyrgita domestica" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita domestica.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common House Sparrow of Europe has, within the past few -years, achieved a right to a place in the -avi-fauna of North America by its complete -introduction, and its reproduction in -large numbers, in various parts of the -country, from Portland, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, to Washington -City, as also about Salt Lake.</p> - -<p>The first attempt to introduce these -birds, within my knowledge, was made -by a gentleman named Deblois, in Portland, -<abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr>, in the fall of 1858. Six birds -were set at liberty in a large garden in the central part of the city. -They remained in the neighborhood through the winter, and in the sheltering -porch of a neighboring church they found places of shelter and -security. In the following spring three nests were built in dwarf pear-trees -in the garden in which they were first set at liberty. One, at -least, of these nests, was successfully occupied, and six young birds were -reared from it. A second nest, with four young, was also hatched by the -same pair. Neither of these nests was globular in shape, but open and -coarse, built of hay and straws. These nests were taken, after their use, and -came into my possession. Since then I have been informed that these birds -increased and multiplied, and for a while were quite abundant in that portion -of the city, and a large colony of this Sparrow appeared in the winter of -1871 in Rockland, <abbr title="Maine">Me.</abbr></p> - -<p>Two years later, Mr. Eugene Schieffelin, of New York, imported and set -at liberty, near Madison Square, in that city, twelve of these birds, and this -he repeated for several successive summers. In 1864, fourteen birds were -set at liberty in Central Park, by the Commissioners. Other birds were also -brought from England, by different parties, in the Cunard steamers, and released -at Jersey City. These have increased very largely, and have spread -to the adjoining cities, until these birds have become familiar and social residents -in all the large cities and towns within an extended area around New -York, as well as in all parts of that city.</p> - -<p>They were introduced into Boston by the City Government in 1868. Two -hundred birds were purchased in Germany, but unfortunately all died on -their passage except about a score. These were set at liberty in June, but, -weakened by their sea-voyage, several of them were found dead in the deer-park, -and the rest disappeared. The following summer more were imported, -but all died except ten. These were well cared for, and only released -when in excellent condition. For some months nothing was seen of these -<!--602.png--><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 527]</span> -birds, and the experiment was supposed to be a failure, when it was ascertained -that they had betaken themselves to the vicinity of stables in the -southern part of the city, had increased and multiplied in large numbers, -reappearing in the winter to the number of one hundred and fifty. They -were regularly fed by the city forester each day in the deer-park, and roosted -at night in the thatch of the roofs of the buildings. Since then they have -very largely increased. About twenty, that same summer, were set at liberty -in Monument Square, Charlestown.</p> - -<p>In 1869 about one thousand birds were imported, by the City Government, -into Philadelphia. Fortunately they came in good condition, and being -released early in May immediately separated into scattered parties and prepared -for themselves new homes. Some appeared in Morristown and other -distant towns in New Jersey. Others wandered to Germantown, and the -remoter suburbs of Philadelphia, where they found the cherry-trees in full -blossom, and where their exploits in stripping the blooms from the trees -gave a not very favorable first impression of these new-comers.</p> - -<p>It has been exceedingly interesting to watch the manners and habits of -these strangers in their new homes. They have become quite tame, are fearless -and gentle, and as they have been very kindly treated live in a condition -of semi-domestication. At first they built their nests, and passed their winters, -in New York, among the thick ivies that cover the walls of so many -churches, in such cases building globular nests. As soon, however, as suitable -boxes were prepared for them in sufficient quantities, these were taken -possession of in preference to anything else.</p> - -<p>At the time of their introduction the shade-trees in the parks and squares -of New York, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, Newark, and other places, were greatly -infested with the larvæ of the measure-worms that destroyed their foliage. -Since then these worms have almost entirely disappeared. A doubt has -been expressed whether the Sparrows destroy these insects. That they -eat them in the larvæ form I do not know, but to their destruction of the -chrysalis, the moth, and the eggs, I can testify, having been eye-witness -to the act.</p> - -<p>Apprehensions have been expressed lest these new-comers may molest and -drive away our own native birds. How this may be when the Sparrows -become more numerous cannot now be determined, but so far they manifest -no such disposition. Since their introduction into Boston the Chipping -Sparrows appear to have increased, and to associate by preference with their -European visitors, feeding with them unmolested. I have been unable to -detect a single instance in which they have been molested, in any manner, -by their larger companions. Their predatory aggressions, however, upon the -rights of the common Robin have been noticed, and deserve mention. The -Sparrows appear to be extravagantly fond of earthworms, but not able to -hunt for them themselves. They have learned to watch the Robin as it -forages for these worms, keeping around, at a respectful distance, and as soon -<!--603.png--><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 528]</span> -as one, with much toil, has dragged a worm from its place of concealment, -down swoops the bird and impudently carries it off. The poor bewildered -and plundered Robin essays a late and vain attempt to protect its food. -The Sparrow is too nimble, and the worm is gone before its rightful owner -can turn to face the robber.</p> - -<p>The Sparrows endure the severest of the winter weather without any -apparent inconvenience, appearing as cheerful, contented, and noisy with the -thermometer at zero as at any other time. They are quite fearless, especially -in New York, running about under the feet of the passers-by with perfect -indifference and confidence. In Boston I have noticed their nests in convenient -places, a few feet above crowded sidewalks. In winter they come -regularly about the houses to be fed.</p> - -<p>The House Sparrow has also been introduced into Australia, where it has -become acclimated, and was, at the last accounts, rapidly increasing in that -quarter. It is likewise very common about Havana, Cuba.</p> - -<p>In the Old World this bird has a widely extended area of distribution, and -is resident wherever found. It is very abundant in the British Islands and -throughout the northern and central portions of Europe. In Spain and in -Italy it is replaced by two closely allied species or races. This bird, however, -is also found in North Africa, in the Levant, at Trebizonde, and among -the mountains of Nubia. Specimens have also been received from the Himalayas, -from Nepaul, and the vicinity of Calcutta.</p> - -<p>Both in Europe and in this country the Sparrows pair early in the season. -I have known them sitting on their eggs, in Boston, in March. They are -very prolific, have broods of five, six, and even seven at a time, three or four -times in a season. They are full of life and animation, somewhat disposed -to brief and noisy quarrels, which are always harmless.</p> - -<p>Their great attachment and devotion to their young is dwelt upon by all -English writers as quite remarkable. They evince a great partiality for -warmth, and even in midsummer line their nests with all the feathers they -can pick up. In New York it is a favorite amusement with the children to -carry with them to the public parks quantities of feathers, which they throw, -one by one, to the Sparrows, to witness their amusing contests for possession.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this bird are oval in shape, pointed at one end, with a ground -of a light ashen color, blotched, dotted, and streaked with various shades of -ashy and dusky brown. They measure from .85 to .95 of an inch in length, -and from .60 to .65 in breadth.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Subfamily</span> <span class="ls"><b class="birdname">SPIZELLINÆ.</b></span>—<span class="sc">The Sparrows.</span></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Bill variable, usually almost straight; sometimes curved. Commissure generally -nearly straight, or slightly concave. Upper mandible wider than lower. Nostrils -exposed. Wings moderate; the outer primaries not much rounded. Tail variable. -Feet large; tarsi mostly longer than the middle toe.</p> - -<p><!--604.png--><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 529]</span> -The species are usually small, and of dull color, though frequently handsomely -marked. Nearly all are streaked on the back and crown, often on -the belly. None of the United States species have any red, blue, or orange, -and the yellow, when present, is as a superciliary streak, or on the elbow -edge of the wing.</p> - -<p>In the arrangement of this subfamily, as of the others belonging to the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>, we do not profess to give anything like a natural system, but -merely an attempt at a convenient artificial scheme by which the determination -of the genera may be facilitated.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">A.</b> Tail small and short; considerably or decidedly shorter than the wings, -owing either to the elongation of the wing or the shortening of the tail. Lateral -toes shorter than the middle without its claw. Species streaked above and -below. (<b class="birdname">Passerculeæ.</b>)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Thickly streaked everywhere above, on the sides, and across the breast. -Wing pointed; longest primaries considerably longer than the secondaries. -Tail forked.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Centronyx.</b> Hind claw very large; rather longer than its digit. The -hind toe and claw, together, as long as or longer than the middle toe -and claw. Other toes as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>. Claws gently curved. Tertials -shorter than the secondaries. Tail forked, but the lateral feathers -shorter.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Passerculus.</b> Hind claw as long as its digit; the toe equal to the -middle one without its claw; lateral toes falling considerably short of -the middle claw. Wings very long; first primary longest. Tertials as -long as the primaries. Tail forked; feathers acute.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Poocætes.</b> Hind claw shorter than its digit; the whole toe less than -the middle toe without its claw. Lateral toes nearly equal to the -middle one, without its claw. Tertials but little longer than secondaries. -Tail stiffened, forked; feathers acute, outer ones white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Moderately streaked above, on the sides, and on the breast, the latter -sometimes unstreaked; the dorsal streaks broader, the others fainter than in -the last. Wings short, reaching a little beyond the base of the tail. Not -much difference between the primaries and secondaries. Tail short, graduated, -and the feathers lanceolate, acute.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Coturniculus.</b> Bill short; thick. Tertials almost equal to the primaries; -truncate at the end. Claws small, weak; hinder one shorter -than its digit. Outstretched feet not reaching the tip of the tail. Tail-feathers -not stiffened. (In one species tail nearly equal to the wing.)</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Ammodromus.</b> Bill slender, small at base, and elongated. Tertials -not longer than the secondaries; rounded at the tip. Claws large, -hinder one equal to its digit. Outstretched toes reaching considerably -beyond the end of the stiffened, almost scansorial tail.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">B.</b> Tail longer and broader; nearly or quite as long as, sometimes a very little -longer than, the wings, which are rather lengthened. The primaries considerably -longer than the secondaries. None of the species streaked beneath, and the -back alone streaked above. (<b class="birdname">Spizelleæ.</b>)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">a.</i> Tail rounded or slightly graduated.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Chondestes.</b> Tail considerably graduated, not emarginated. Lateral -toes considerably shorter than the middle toe, without its claw. Wings -very long, decidedly longer than the tail, reaching the middle of the -<!--605.png--><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 530]</span> -tail. First quill longest. Head striped. Back streaked. White -beneath. A white blotch on the end of the tail-feathers.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Zonotrichia.</b> Tail moderately graduated. Wings moderate, about as -long as the tail, reaching about over the basal fourth of the tail; first -quill less than the second to fourth. Feet large. Head striped with -black and white, or with brown and ochraceous. Back streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Junco.</b> Tail very nearly equal to the wings, slightly emarginate, and -decidedly rounded. Outer toe rather longer than inner, reaching the -middle claw. No streaks anywhere except in young; black or ash-color -above; belly white; with or without a rufous back and sides. -Outer tail-feathers white.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Poospiza.</b> Tail lengthened, slightly graduated; the feathers unusually -broad to the end. Bill slender. Wings about as long as the tail, reaching -but little beyond its external base. Tertials broad, and, with the -secondaries, rather lengthened. Second to fifth quills nearly equal, and -longest. Bill dark lead-color. Tail black. Uniform ashy-brown -above; white beneath. Sides of head with stripes of black and white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><i class="subset">b.</i> Tail decidedly forked; a little shorter than the wing, sometimes a little -longer.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Spizella.</b> Size rather small. Wings long. Lower mandible largest. -Uniform beneath, or with a pectoral spot or the chin black.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">C.</b> Tail lengthened and graduated; decidedly longer than the wings, which are -very short, scarcely extending beyond the external base of the tail. Feet reaching -but little beyond the middle of the tail. Species all streaked above; streaked -or nearly unicolor beneath. No white on wings or tail. Outer lateral toe the -longer. First quill not the shortest of the primaries. (<b class="birdname">Melospizeæ.</b>)</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Melospiza.</b> Culmen and commissure nearly straight. Claws stout; -hinder one as large as its digit. Tail-feathers rather broad. Body -streaked beneath.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Peucæa.</b> Culmen and commissure curved. Claws weak; hinder one -not much curved, decidedly shorter than its digit. Tail-feathers narrow. -Without streaks beneath, excepting a narrow maxillary stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent0"><b class="subset">D.</b> Tail rather short, and much graduated; longer than the wings; the midrib -more median. Culmen curved. Tarsus considerably longer than middle toe. -Outer toe longer. But little difference in the length of the quills; the outer -ones much rounded; even the second quill is shorter than any other primary -except the first.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><b class="birdname">Embernagra.</b> Color, olive-green above.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CENTRONYX</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 440. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza bairdi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill elongated; the lower mandible smaller; outlines nearly straight. -Tarsus lengthened, considerably exceeding the middle toe. Lateral toes equal, not reaching -the base of the middle claw. Hind toe very large; the claw rather longer than its -digit, and in its elongation resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i>, but more curved; the digit and claw -together rather longer than the middle toe and claw. Wings very long, reaching beyond -the middle of the tail, and beyond the end of the coverts. Tertials shorter than the -primaries, and but little longer than the secondaries. Tail short, much less than from the -carpal joint to end of secondaries; little more than two thirds the entire wing. It is -<!--606.png--><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 531]</span> -slightly forked, and moderately rounded laterally; the feathers all acute. Color somewhat -as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>.</p> - -<p>This genus differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>, as stated in the description of the -species farther on. It would be taken for <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i> on account of its -lengthened hind claw, which, however, is more curved than in that genus; -the tarsi are much longer, the tertials less elongated, and the coloration different, -though closely resembling that of the female <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</i>. But one -species has thus far been recognized.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Centronyx bairdi</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BAIRD’S BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza bairdi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Birds of America Seven"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Birds Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, 359, <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> d., <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus -bairdi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1850, 481. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx -bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 441.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_606a.jpg" - width="250" height="177" - alt="Centronyx bairdi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi, Baird.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1885</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> -Somewhat similar in general appearance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</i>. Back -grayish, streaked with dusky. Crown nearly covered by black streaks, but divided by -a broad median band of brownish-yellow. -Eyelids and a faint superciliary stripe yellowish-white. -Beneath white, with a maxillary -blackish stripe and some narrow -streaks on the upper part of the breast, and -sides of the throat and body. Outer edges -and tips of tail-feathers white; the two -outer feathers obsoletely white. Bend of -wing white. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.80; tail, -2.20.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mouth of the Yellowstone River. -One specimen only known.</p> - -<p>This species has somewhat of the general appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus -savanna</i>, but with important differences both of form and color. The bill -is much longer, and more slender in proportion. The wings are quite unusually -long; the primaries more -than half an inch longer than the -tertiaries; the first quill as long as -the fourth, and but little less than -the second and third. The tail is -very short; the feathers narrow -and pointed. The feet are large; -the hind claw very long and considerably -curved, as are the other -claws generally.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_606b.jpg" - width="250" height="169" - alt="Centronyx bairdi" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The species was based by Mr. -Audubon on a skin brought by him from the mouth of the Yellowstone -River, in 1843, in rather defective and worn plumage. This has hitherto -<!--607.png--><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 532]</span> -served as the basis of all the descriptions of the species which is justly -considered one of the rarest in the North American fauna.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> In regard to the habits, distribution, or general history of this -very rare species, but little is known, only one specimen having been met -with. This was procured by Mr. Audubon’s party to the Yellowstone River, -in Dakota, on the last day of July, 1843. That it is a resident where obtained, -certainly during the breeding-season, is a natural inference from the -circumstances of its capture. That it may be a common bird in certain -other portions of the region, immediately north of Dakota, is quite probable. -Its close habits, as described by Mr. Audubon, favor its escaping notice wherever -it may exist.</p> - -<p>The specimen was met with in a wet place, overgrown closely by a kind -of slender rush-like grass, from the midst of which the notes of these birds -were heard, and at first mistaken for those of the Marsh Wren. A search -was immediately instituted for the singers, which Mr. Bell soon ascertained -could not be the Wren in question, the notes being much softer and more -prolonged. Much difficulty was encountered in the endeavor to raise them -from the long close grass to which they closely confined themselves, and -they were several times nearly trodden on before they would take wing, -almost instantaneously realighting within a few steps, and running like mice -through the grass. After a while two were shot while on the wing, and -proved to be adult male and female. The party found this species quite -abundant in all such situations, and there seems to have been no doubt that -it was breeding.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">PASSERCULUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Comp. List Birds, 1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla savanna</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_607.jpg" - width="250" height="188" - alt="Passerculus savanna" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">7108</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span> Bill moderately conical; the lower mandible smaller; both outlines nearly -straight. Tarsus about equal to the middle -toe. Lateral toes about equal, their claws -falling far short of the middle one. Hind -toe much longer than the lateral ones, reaching -as far as the middle of the middle claw; -its claws moderately curved. Wings unusually -long, reaching to the middle of the tail, -and almost to the end of the upper coverts. -The tertials nearly or quite as long as the -primaries; the first primary longest. The -tail is quite short, considerably shorter than -the wings; as long as from the carpal joint -to the end of the secondaries. It is emarginate, -and slightly rounded; the feathers pointed and narrow.</p> - -<p>The essential characters of this well-marked genus lie in the elongated -wings, longer than the tail, the tertiaries equal to the primaries, the first -<!--608.png--><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 533]</span> -quill almost longest. The legs are long, the outstretched toes reaching to -the end of the tail; the lateral toe considerably shorter than the middle, -which is not much longer than the hinder. The tail is short, narrow, and -emarginate; the feathers acute.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> -Above grayish-brown, beneath white; whole upper -surface, as well as the breast and sides, streaked with dusky. A light superciliary -stripe, and a whitish maxillary one, the latter bordered above and below -by stripes of coalesced dusky streaks.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Bill small, the culmen slightly concave in the middle portion; a median -light stripe on the crown.</p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">P. savanna.</b> Superciliary stripe yellow anteriorly; streaks on the -back blackish, sharply defined.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Throat and upper part of abdomen unstreaked; vertex-stripe without -yellow tinge.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill .34 from forehead and .25 in depth at the base; wing, 2.85; -tail, 2.30. Colors deep; outer surface of wing (in spring) decidedly -reddish. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of North America<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">savanna</span></i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill, .32 and .20, or less; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.10. Colors very pale; -outer surface of wing (in spring) pale ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province -of North America, except coast of California, where replaced -by <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</i><span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">alaudinus</span></i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill, .37 and .27, or considerably more; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.40. -Colors as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</i>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Northwest coast of North America.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">sandwichensis</span></i>.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">Throat and upper part of abdomen streaked; vertex-stripe strongly -tinged with yellow.</i></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill, .33 and .19; wing, 2.50; tail, 1.90. Colors darker than <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -savanna, the ground-color more uniform, and the black streaks -heavier and more numerous. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coast of California.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">anthinus</span></i>.</p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">P. princeps.</b> Superciliary stripe white anteriorly; streaks on the -back sandy-brown, badly defined. Wing, 3.25; tail, 2.60; bill, .45 and -.23; tarsus, .95; middle toe, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Massachusetts (northern -regions in summer?).</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> Bill robust, the culmen arched; no median light stripe on the crown. -Superciliary stripe white anteriorly; streaks on the back sandy-brown, -obsolete.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">P. rostratus.</b></p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill, .43 and .30; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.25. Ground-color above -fulvous-gray, beneath white; the streaks, above and below, sandy-brown. -Colors much as in P. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">princeps</i>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Coast of California, -to the mouth of the Colorado River; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas in -winter<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">rostratus</span></i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">Bill, .33 and .22; wing, 2.55; tail, 2.00. Ground-color above -plumbeous-gray; beneath white; streaks blackish-brown. Hab. -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas (resident?)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class="ls">guttatus</span></i>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_609.jpg" - width="250" height="243" - alt="Passerculus savanna" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>A careful examination of the very large series of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i> allied to -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</i> in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, recently made, -<!--609.png--><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 534]</span> -brings us to the same conclusion as that reached in 1858, namely, that, -granting a single species extending over the whole of North America, there -are several geographical races in different -regions. Thus, taking the eastern bird -as the standard, with its dark colors, -reddish wings, and deep yellow superciliary -stripe, and the comparative or -entire absence of spots on the lower part -of breast, we have in the middle province, -and to some extent in the western, -a race rather smaller, with more attenuated -and longer bill, and paler colors; -the wings grayish, the yellow of head -being scarcely appreciable (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</i>). -On the coast of California, another -series of the size and proportions of the last, but with dark yellow -superciliary stripe,—the vertex-stripe even yellowish,—dark colors, and -the lower part of breast, as well as the throat, decidedly streaked, as well -as the jugulum (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</i>); and finally on the northwest coast, from -Puget Sound to Kodiak, a fourth race, much larger than typical <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i>, -but absolutely undistinguishable in color, proportion of bill, etc. (<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</i>). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. anthinus</i> is not found north of California, but the other two -of the western race may occur together at any point of the coast north, -perhaps, of the Columbia River.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Passerculus savanna</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SAVANNA SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla savanna</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 55, <abbr title="plate 22, figure">pl. xxii, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Ibid -Four"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> IV</abbr>, 1811, 72, <abbr title="plate 34, figure">pl. xxxiv, f.</abbr> 4.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 63; <abbr -title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 516, <abbr title="plate 109">pl. cix</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 480.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, -131.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <span class="sc">Birds</span> <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -442.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, -223.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 301. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza savanna</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 103.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America -Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 68, <abbr title="plate 160">pl. clx</abbr>. ? <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla hyemalis</i>, <abbr -title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 922.—<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span -class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> Verzeichniss, 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 250. Gmelin’s description, based on Pennant Arctic -<abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 376 (winter Finch), applies equally well to a large number of species. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Linaria savanna</i>, <span class="sc">Richardson</span>, List, 1837.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Feathers of the upper parts generally with a central streak of blackish-brown; -the streaks of the back with a slight rufous suffusion laterally; the feathers -edged with gray, which is lightest on the scapulars, and forms there two gray stripes. -Crown with a broad median stripe of yellowish-gray. A superciliary streak from the bill -to the back of the head, eyelids, and edge of the elbow, yellow, paler behind. A yellowish-white -mandibular stripe curving behind the ear-coverts, and margined above and -below by brown. The lower margin is a series of thickly crowded spots on the sides of -the throat, which are also found on the sides of the neck, across the upper part of the -breast, and on the sides of body, a dusky line back of the eye, making three on the side -of head (including the two mandibular). A few faint spots on the throat and chin. Rest -<!--610.png--><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 535]</span> -of under parts white. Outer tail-feathers and primaries edged with white. Length, 5.50; -wing, 2.70; tail, 2.10.</p> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Young.</i> Ground-color of the upper parts (except wings and tail) light ochraceous, -more brownish on top of head, upper part of back, and on upper tail-coverts; the streaks -blacker and more conspicuous than in the adult. Beneath with an ochraceous tinge -anteriorly, the streaks broader, and deeper black, than in the adult, though less sharply -defined. The infra-maxillary streak expanded into a broad blackish elongated blotch.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern North America to the Missouri plains, and northwest to Alaska. Cuba, -winter (<span class="sc"><abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four">Cab. Jour. IV</abbr></span>, 6).</p> - -<p>Specimens vary considerably in size, color, and shape of bill, but the -average is as described. Spring birds have the markings sharper and -clearer, the dark streaks with little or no suffusion of rufous.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Savanna Sparrow is an abundant species throughout North -America, from the Atlantic sea-board to the Great Plains. It is, however, -everywhere much less common in the interior than nearer the shore. The -Smithsonian specimens are from points as far south as Georgia and Louisiana, -and as far west as the Black Hills of Wyoming. It passes north through -Massachusetts, from the first to the middle of April, and some remain to breed -in the eastern part of the State. Mr. Maynard speaks of it as a common -summer resident. This, however, is true only of a few restricted maritime -localities, but is not so of the entire eastern portion of the State. It occurs -both in the salt marshes of Charles River and in the vicinity of Fresh Pond, -but I could never trace it in any of the neighboring towns. It is occasionally -met with in inland situations where we would not naturally look for it. -In the summer of 1869, Mr. William Brewster found quite a colony of these -birds in an open field near the Glen House, at the foot of <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Washington. -They had nests with eggs the last of July and the first of August.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts, according to Mr. Allen, it rarely or never stops -to breed. In Western Maine, Mr. Verrill mentions it as a common summer -visitant, and as breeding there in the latter part of May. In the vicinity of -Eastport, and in all the islands of the Grand Menan group, I found these -Sparrows very abundant. They almost invariably built their nests in depressions -on the edge or just under the projecting tops of high bluffs of land -near the sea. They were by far the most abundant of the land-birds, and it -was quite common to find their nests in close proximity one to another. -They arrive there in April, and leave in September, passing slowly south -more in reference to the abundance of their food than the severity of the -season, until the weather becomes very severe, when they all disappear. They -winter in the Southern States, from Virginia to Georgia, and are especially -abundant in the Carolinas. Dr. Coues states that they were very common -about Columbia from October to April, moving in large flocks and associating -with other species. Wilson states that he met with this species, from -Savannah to New York, in all the low country, and regarded it as resident -in those places, but rarely found at a distance from the sea-shore. He found -them especially numerous at Great Egg Harbor, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr></p> - -<p><!--611.png--><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 536]</span> -Dr. Coues, in his visit to Labrador, in 1860, found this Sparrow abundant -in that region in low moist meadows and marshy tracts near the sea-shore, -but never noticed it in any other situations. He frequently observed it there -feeding on the beds of dried eel-grass along the rocky shores, searching for -food in company with the Titlarks and small Sandpipers.</p> - -<p>During my visits to the islands of the Bay of Fundy, in one of which I -remained a number of days, I had a good opportunity to notice these birds. -In many respects their habits undergo noticeable changes during the breeding-season. -As they pass north or south in their migrations, they are not -particularly shy or difficult to approach, but when they had nests they seemed -to become particularly cautious and mistrustful. The male and female sat -by turns upon their eggs, but generally one remained within hailing distance, -and always gave promptly a signal of danger when the nest was approached, -at which the other would glide from the nest, running off on the ground like -a mouse. I found it impossible to identify by shooting the parent on the -nest, and only accomplished its identification by means of snares. When -once lost in the tall grass, it was impossible to find it again, or if it reappeared -it was impossible to tell which of the many chirping Sparrows, all of -them out of reach of shot, and keeping a sharp lookout on my movements, -had any connection with the nest. This manœuvre was gone through with -in every nest I found, but I soon learned to distinguish them without the -need of gun or snare.</p> - -<p>This Sparrow is eminently terrestrial, confining itself almost entirely to -the ground, and rarely alighting on anything even so high as a fence. -Though frequenting low moist grounds, its nest is always in a dry spot and -usually somewhat elevated. The nest is almost always sunk into the ground, -is made very simply and loosely of dry grasses, with a lining of softer materials -of the same. I have never found any other material than this in the -many nests I have examined, although nests of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</i>, in the vicinity -of Fort Anderson, are frequently lined with feathers or deers’ hair, -according to MacFarlane.</p> - -<p>The eggs, five or six in number, vary considerably in their appearance. In -shape they are a rounded oval, one end being much more pointed than the -other. They measure .68 by .55 of an inch. In some the ground-color, -which is of a greenish-white, is plainly visible, being only partially covered -by blotches of brown, shaded with red and purple. These blotches are more -numerous about the larger end, becoming confluent and forming a corona. -In others, the ground-color is entirely concealed by confluent ferruginous -fine dots, over which are darker markings of brown and purple and a still -darker ring of the same about the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--612.png--><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 537]</span> -<b class="birdname">Passerculus savanna</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">alaudinus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus alaudinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> -</abbr> Comptes Rendus, <abbr title="37">XXXVII</abbr>, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1853, 918, California.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Notes Ornithologiques Delattre, 1854, 18 (reprint of preceding).—<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Baird</i>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 446, <abbr title="plate 46">pl. xlvi</abbr>.—<span -class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 197, <abbr title="plate 28, figure">pl. xxviii, f.</abbr> 2.—<span -class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations American Birds Three">Illust. Am. B. III</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Dall & -Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 284 (Alaska).—<span -class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 181. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus -savanna</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. anthinus</i>, <span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions -Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 283, 284.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i>, but smaller; the bill slenderer and more elongated. -Little of yellow in the superciliary stripe (most distinct anteriorly); the rest of the head -without any tinge of the same. General color much paler and grayer than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i>. -Breast with only a few spots. Length, 5.25; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle and Western Provinces of North America; south to Orizaba, north to -Alaska (Kodiak) and the Arctic coast. Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr>); Vera Cruz (winter, <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>).</p> - -<p>This western race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i> is smaller, considerably paler in general -colors, the superciliary stripe with little yellow in it, and the bill more -slender, and longer. In coloration, some Atlantic coast specimens often -exhibit an approximation, especially in the pale tint of the superciliary -stripe; but the bill is always decidedly more attenuated in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</i>.</p> - -<p>The Western Savanna Sparrow is a common species throughout the Western -Province of North America, from the plains to California, and from -Alaska to Mexico. In California it appears to be replaced along the Pacific -coast by the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</i>, a quite different and very local form. In -Alaska, specimens were obtained by the naturalists of the Russian Telegraph -Expedition at various localities, chiefly in the interior, and on the -Yukon it was obtained by Mr. Lockhart. Dr. Cooper found it at Fort -Steilacoom, in Washington Territory, where it was in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. sandwichensis</i>, -in the wet meadows. In California this species inhabits chiefly, -according to Dr. Cooper, the dry plains of the interior of the State. The -statement of the occurrence of this form anywhere along the coast of California -should be received with considerable doubt, since in the large series -of these birds all specimens from this region are of the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</i>, -an exclusively littoral type.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Western Savanna Sparrow was found throughout the Great -Basin, by Mr. Ridgway, in all wet, grassy situations, in which preference it -is like its eastern relative. It was very abundant at Carson City, inhabiting -exclusively the meadows. At Salt Lake City it was also very abundant, -frequenting the wet meadows near the Jordan.</p> - -<p>This bird was also obtained at Sitka by Bischoff, and was found on the -Yukon by Mr. Lockhart. It is the only species found in the Valley of the -Mackenzie, up to the Arctic coast.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper also met with it among the low meadows of Washington Territory, -<!--613.png--><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 538]</span> -where they arrived in March, and remained until late in October. -They were usually found among the grass, from which they rarely rise, -except to sing their faint and lisping trill from a weed or some low bush. -Mr. Ridgway represents this song as corresponding with the syllables <i class="birdcall">witz-witz-wih´-tzull</i>. -This, he states, is uttered in a weak and lisping manner, as -the bird perches on a bush beside the brook, or on a fence, or as it nestles -among the grass on the ground.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper speaks of them as only winter visitants in California, and -there residing only on the dry interior plains, as far south as San Diego, -where they remain in large flocks until April. He has never met with -this bird during the summer months, though some are supposed to remain -and breed in the high prairies. He did not meet with any about the summits -of the Sierra Nevada, in September. They appeared to prefer the dry -rolling prairies to marshes, though they were occasionally found in the -latter.</p> - -<p>This species is also a migratory visitant to the Department of Vera Cruz, -Mexico, where they are said by Sumichrast to pass the winter.</p> - -<p>Their nests are built upon the ground, and are composed almost entirely -of the dry stems of grasses, and are lined with finer materials of the same. -Their eggs measure .75 of an inch in length by .52 in breadth, have a -greenish-white ground, over which are distributed numerous markings, spots, -and blotches of various sizes, of a light purplish-brown and a deeper red-brown, -confluent about the larger end, where they form a crown.</p> - -<p>Near Fort Anderson nests were found in great numbers, no less than two -hundred and four having been obtained during four summers in that locality. -These nests were all taken on the ground, under low grass, in dry spots in -a large marshy prairie, and it is stated that they were never found in any -other situation or locality.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Passerculus savanna</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">sandwichensis</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">NORTHWESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza sandwichensis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> -I</abbr>, 1788, 875. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza arctica</i>, <span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus -One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 414. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla arctica</i>, <span class="sc">Vigors</span>, <abbr -title="Zoölogy">Zoöl.</abbr> of Blossom, 1839, 20 (perhaps one of the smaller species).—“<span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" -title="Icones avium Rossico">Icon. Ross.</abbr> 2, 6.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza arctica</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bp.</span> </abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 469. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia arctica</i>, <span -class="sc">Finsch</span>, 1872. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza chrysops</i>, <span class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr -title="Zoographica Rosso-Asiatica Two">Zoög. Rosso-As. II</abbr>, 1811, 45, tab. <abbr title="48">xlviii</abbr>, fig. 1 (Unalaska). <i -class="birdname">Sandwich Bunting</i>, <abbr title="Latham Synopsis Two"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> Syn. II</abbr>, 1783, 202. <i -class="birdname">Unalaska Bunting</i>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 363, 320, -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 229.(not of <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 364, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 233). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Passerculus sandwichensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -444.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, -284.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 180. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</i>, <span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. -Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 283.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Almost exactly like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i>, but half an inch longer, with much larger -bill. Length, 6.12 inches; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.55. Bill above, .50; below, .36; gape, .56; -depth, .27.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Northwestern coast from the Columbia River to Russian America.</p> - -<p><!--614.png--><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 539]</span> -Specimens of this race from Sitka are absolutely undistinguishable from -eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i> except in size; the colors and proportion of bill being -the same. A young bird (from Kodiak) differs from that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</i> in -larger size, and a bright reddish-fulvous tinge to upper parts, and a deep -yellowish-fulvous tinge on jugulum and along the sides.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This variety is the northwest-coast form of the common Savanna -Sparrow, and is found during the summer from Oregon to Alaska. Dr. -Suckley states that he found this species an abundant spring visitor at Fort -Steilacoom. Dr. Cooper, in his Zoology of Washington Territory, states it to -be only a passenger through that section, migrating northward, at the end of -April, in pairs, and not returning until the end of September. They come -back in flocks, and frequent the shores and prairies along the sea-coast. Their -plumage seems to be the same at all seasons. Nothing is known of their -note. They are supposed to spend their winters in Southern Oregon and -California, though their actual presence has not been detected in either State. -They do not remain during the summer near the Columbia, but pass to the -north, or to the interior plains east of the Cascade Range. Dr. Cooper states -that their habits closely resemble those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. anthinus</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall states that two specimens of this species were taken at Sitka by -Mr. Bischoff.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Passerculus savanna</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">anthinus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">CALIFORNIA SHORE SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus anthinus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Comptes Rendus, <abbr title="27, December">XXVII, Dec.</abbr> 1853, 919, Russian America.<span -class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_115" id="fnanchor_115"></a><a href="#footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></span>—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Notes <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Ornithologiques">Ornith.</abbr> Delattre, -1854, 19.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> -445.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 183.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i>, but smaller. Beneath tinged with reddish. Breast -and upper part of belly thickly spotted with sharply defined sagittate brown spots, -exhibiting a tendency to aggregation on the middle of the belly. Superciliary stripe and -one in the middle of the crown decided greenish-yellow, the head generally tinged with -the same, as also the back and sides of the neck. Under tail-coverts somewhat streaked. -Length, 5.00; wing, 2.66; tail, 2.24.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast of California, near San Francisco; “Russian America, Kodiak” (<span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>).</p> - -<p>This is the most strongly marked of the several races of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i>, differing -from all the others in several important respects. The markings beneath -are more generally dispersed, extending back upon the lower part of -the breast, and forward over the throat; the lower tail-coverts have distinct -medial blackish streaks, though they are somewhat concealed. The median -stripe on the crown is decidedly greenish-yellow, not pale ashy; the whitish -edges to the interscapular feathers, so conspicuous in the other races, are more -concealed, presenting a more uniformly brown surface above, with broader -<!--615.png--><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 540]</span> -black stripes. The broad lateral stripes of the crown are deep olive or hair-brown, -with narrow, sharply defined, intense black streaks, instead of pale -grayish as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</i> (spring dress), or light brown as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</i> (spring), -with broader, less deep, black streaks.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Shore Sparrow of California is said to be, to a remarkable -degree, the peculiar marsh species of the Pacific coast of that State. Dr. -Cooper states that he very rarely met with these birds out of the salt marshes, -where they lie so close and run so stealthily among the weeds that they are -flushed with difficulty. They rise only to fly a few rods, and drop again -into their covert. They are not at all gregarious, except when migrating, and -are found singly or by pairs. They are abundant about San Francisco in the -winter, though Dr. Cooper is not sure that any are found so far south in the -summer. Near San Diego, in February, they had already begun to utter -their short and pleasant song, as they perched on the top of some tall weed. -Dr. Cooper observed them in that neighborhood into April, but did not -succeed in finding any of their nests, nor was he ever able to meet with this -species at San Pedro in summer.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues speaks of (Ibis, 1866, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 268) finding three species of the difficult -group of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculi</i>, and all of them very abundant, in Southern California -in November. These were <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rostratus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. alaudinus</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. anthinus</i>. -The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</i> seemed confined to the moist salt grass and sedgy weeds of the -sea-shore itself. It was flushed with great difficulty, and then its flight was -very rapid and irregular. It would alight again almost immediately, and run -with great celerity among the roots of the thick grasses, and was therefore -exceedingly difficult to procure. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. alaudinus</i> was common two or three -miles away from the coast, but Dr. Coues did not find one mixing with -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. anthinus</i>. It was a brush and weed, rather than a grass, species, associating -with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia coronata</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Passerculus princeps,</b> <span class="sc">Maynard</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">IPSWICH SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi</i>, <span class="sc">Maynard</span>, Naturalist’s Guide, 1870, 117, -frontispiece (Ipswich, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus princeps</i>, <span -class="sc">Maynard</span>, American Naturalist, 1872.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill small, exactly the same in form and size as that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi</i>; -but proportionally smaller; tertials scarcely exceeding the secondaries; tail emarginate, -the feathers acute, the intermediæ attenuated terminally. Outstretched feet reaching -about half-way to the end of the tail. In color almost exactly like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rostratus</i>, but different -in markings. Above light ashy, the dorsal feathers light sandy-brown centrally, -producing an obsoletely spotted appearance; shafts of dorsal feathers black. Outer surface -of the wings pale sandy-brown, the feathers darker centrally; tertials with their -outer webs whitish, and with a conspicuous black central area. Crown becoming darker -brown anteriorly, where it is divided by a rather indistinct line of ochraceous-white; an -indistinct superciliary stripe, and a very conspicuous maxillary stripe of the same; the -latter bordered above, from the rictus to the end of the auriculars, by a narrow stripe of -<!--616.png--><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 541]</span> -dusky; lores and sub-orbital region like the superciliary stripe; auriculars pale brownish -like the crown, bordered along the upper and lower edge with a dusky narrow stripe. -Beneath white, slightly tinged with ashy on the flanks; sides of the throat, whole breast, -sides, and flanks, with narrow streaks of sandy-brown, more blackish toward the shaft; -abdomen, crissum, and lining of the wing, immaculate; throat with a few minute specks, -but along each side bordered by a “bridle” of suffused streaks.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>. (Collector’s <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1,744, Ipswich, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 4, 1868; C. J. Maynard.) Wing, -3.25; tail, 2.60; culmen, .45; tarsus, .95; middle toe, .80; hind claw, .40.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>. (Collector’s <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 6,245, Ipswich, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 15, 1871; C. J. M.) Wing, 2.90; tail, 2.40; -culmen, .50; tarsus, .85; middle toe, .65; hind claw, .30.</p> - -<p class="small">(Collector’s <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 6,224, Ipswich, <abbr title="October">Oct.</abbr> 14, 1871; C. J. M.) Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.30; culmen, -.50; tarsus, .85; middle toe, .60; hind claw, .30.</p> - -<p>The specimens described above were at first supposed to be <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx -bairdi</i>, having several points of resemblance to that species, a comparison -with the type in Professor Baird’s collection at first failing to establish a difference, -as it was in faded and much worn summer plumage, while the Massachusetts -specimens were in perfect, blended fall dress, so that a satisfactory -comparison was almost impossible. A more recent examination, however, -with the advantage of two additional specimens of the Massachusetts bird, has -fully convinced Mr. Maynard that his specimens are not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi</i>, -and that, indeed, they are referrible in all respects to the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>.</p> - -<p>In carefully examining the type of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi</i>, it is seen that its -characteristic features are the following: Outstretched feet reaching beyond -the end of the tail; hind claw as long as its digit, and much curved;—whereas -in Mr. Maynard’s specimens the outstretched feet reach to only about the -middle of the tail, while the hind claw is much shorter than its digit, and -only slightly curved. With a wing .10 to .45 of an inch longer, they have the -tarsus not any longer, and proportionally more slender. In coloration they are -still more different. The most striking feature in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i> is a broad and -very conspicuous median stripe of ochraceous-buff on the crown, bordered on -each side by an aggregation of black streaks, which form the predominating -color of the lateral stripes; of this median stripe there is scarcely any trace -in the specimens under consideration, while the crown generally is grayish-brown, -with small dusky streaks; <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i> has broad, conspicuous, black -stripes on the back, while <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. princeps</i> has obsolete sandy-brown ones; in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i> there are only a few small streaks of black across the jugulum -and along the sides and flanks, while in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. princeps</i> the whole breast, as -well as the sides and flanks, are thickly streaked with broader marks of -sandy-brown.</p> - -<p>In point of coloration, as well as in the feet, there is in reality a much -closer resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus rostratus</i>; but in this the very different -bill and different arrangement of markings are sufficient distinctive characters.</p> - -<p>Upon the whole, therefore, there can be little doubt that the present birds -are well entitled to the name which Mr. Maynard has given them; for after -<!--617.png--><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 542]</span> -making all possible allowance for seasonal differences in coloration, we have -found it impossible to reconcile them with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i>.</p> - -<p>In this species there is a slight superficial resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</i>; -but upon comparison it will be found to be entirely different: thus, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gramineus</i> lacks the median light stripe on the crown, has the lesser wing-coverts -rufous and the lateral tail-feathers white, while the streaks are all -blackish and the ground-color different; the generic details, too, are quite -different.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species has been obtained only in Eastern Massachusetts, -where, in the neighborhood of Ipswich, it was found among the sand-hills by -the sea-shore. The place where the individuals taken were met with is a -rather remarkable tract, three miles in length and nearly one in breadth. It -is as treeless as the Great Plains, and as bleak and barren, with no vegetation -except a scant growth of coarse grass. Mr. Maynard obtained his first specimen -early in December, 1868. Although others were seen, yet this was all -he was then able to obtain. He has since taken others in the same place -and season. Nothing is known as to its habits. It uttered, as it rose, a short -chirp of alarm.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Passerculus rostratus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SAN DIEGO SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza rostrata</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Six">Pr. A. N. Sc. VI</abbr>, 1852, 348. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodramus rostratus</i>, <span -class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations One">Ill. I</abbr>, 1855, 226, <abbr title="plate 38">pl. xxxviii</abbr>. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus rostratus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -446.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 1870, 184.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very long (.55 of an inch above). Whole upper parts and sides of -head and neck pale brownish-gray (almost fulvous), nearly every feather with a darker -central blotch, darkest along the shaft. A scarcely appreciable central stripe in the -crown, an obscure yellowish-white superciliary, and a whitish maxillary one. Under -parts pure white; streaked on the breast and the sides of throat and body with dark -brown (the streak paler externally). Under tail-coverts unspotted white. Tail and -wing feathers and wings margined with the color of the back; the edges of tertiaries -rather paler. Length, 5.30; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Coast of California, south to Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; mouth of Colorado River (<span class="sc">Dr. -Palmer</span>).</p> - -<p>The bill of this species is very long and conical, the cutting edge nearly -straight. The wings are rather long, the tertiaries nearly as long in the -closed wing as the primaries; the second, third, and fourth quills longest, -the first rather longer than the fifth. The tail is short and emarginate, the -feathers narrow, acute, and moderately stiff. The tarsi are long; the claws -little curved.</p> - -<p>This species resembles the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</i> rather more than any of -the other sparrows with spotted breasts; the bill is, however, very much -longer and larger, exceeding any of our American species of its size, the -upper outline more convex. Its colors are much paler, and it lacks the -<!--618.png--><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 543]</span> -yellow on the head and wing. The much shorter tail and entire absence of -rufous distinguish it from the spotted <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizas</i>. In shape the bill is like -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus caudacutus</i>, but it is larger; the head lacks the yellow, -etc.</p> - -<p>In some specimens the streaks on the back are almost obsolete.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> So far as is known, this bird seems to have a somewhat restricted -habitat, being apparently confined to the sea-coast of Southern California. -There it was first met with by Dr. Heermann, in the neighborhood of San -Diego, and was described by Mr. Cassin as an <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus</i>, with which -genus of birds it seemed to have many peculiarities in common. Dr. Heermann -first met with this bird in 1851, on the shores of the bay of San Diego, -in company with other species, apparently in search of grass-seed. Afterwards, -in the Pacific Railroad Survey, with Lieutenant Williamson, he again -met with these birds in considerable numbers at Santa Barbara and San Pedro. -In all the places in which he met with it he found it frequenting low -sandy beaches, and the heavy sedge-grass which abounds on the shores. On -the former it seemed to be feeding on marine insects and seeds thrown up -by the tide, and in the latter to find places for easy and immediate concealment -when alarmed or pursued. Naturally it appeared to be a quiet and -unsuspicious bird. He heard it utter no other note than a short sharp chirp.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper thinks this species has a much greater affinity to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodrami</i> -than to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculi</i>, both in its bill and claws, as well as in its -habits. He found them very abundant, both at San Pedro and San Diego, -at all seasons, and he does not think that they migrate at all from those -localities. He found them frequenting the shores of the bays and the sea-beaches. -They also came confidently and familiarly about the buildings near -the water, feeding on any seeds or insects they could find. On the beach -they run along the sand, in the rows of drifted sea-weeds, seeking their -food, and rarely take to flight unless surprised, and then only fly a short -distance. Dr. Cooper has never known them to alight on any bush, nor does -he think that they have any song. The only note he has ever heard them -utter is a short chirp. At San Pedro he saw them, in July, feeding their -young, but he has never found a nest that he was certain belonged to this -species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this bird abundant in Southern California, where it kept -among the thick weeds of the dry plain, and was much on the ground, where -it ran as easily as a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>, often flying up into the bushes and resting there -quietly. They were to be seen also in great numbers sunning themselves -and catching flies on the piles of lumber on the wharf, so tame as to be almost -liable to be struck by a cane.</p> - -<p>It is a winter resident at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, where Mr. Xantus found them -abundant. They were not seen there in summer, though it is probable they -reside on the shores in its neighborhood. Their nest and eggs remain -unknown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--619.png--><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 544]</span> -<b class="birdname">Passerculus rostratus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">guttatus</b>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ST. LUCAS SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus guttatus</i>, <span class="sc">Lawrence</span>, <abbr title="Annals New -York Lyceum Eight">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII</abbr>, 1867, 473.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 185.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above plumbeous-gray; the feathers of the back with dusky centres and -paler edges; the top of head also streaked with dusky and with an almost inappreciable -median stripe of lighter. Upper tail-coverts slightly darker in the centre. No rufous -edgings to the feathers. Head with a pale yellowish-white band from bill over the eye; -and a mandibular one, nearly white, bordered above and below by the dusky line of -other <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>. Under parts white, thickly streaked on jugulum, breast, and flanks -with dusky, faintly on under tail-coverts. Bill and legs rather dusky; iris brown. Length, -5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 1.95; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .75; bill above, .51; gape, -.56; greatest height, .25.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas (Dec., 1859).</p> - -<p>This bird, of which a single specimen only is so far known, is very closely -related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rostratus</i>, though very easily distinguished from it. It is considerably -smaller than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</i>, the bill more slender, the upper parts much -darker, being plumbeous, not sandy-colored; the stripes beneath darker; the -bill and legs more dusky. These differences may not indicate a distinct -species, but as the specimen here described differs entirely from all the specimens -of a large number of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. rostratus</i>, it is yet entitled to consideration as -a marked variety,—probably the resident race at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, where the -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</i> is merely a winter visitor.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas Finch is a new species, in regard to the habits -of which nothing whatever is as yet known. It was obtained at San José, -in Lower California, by Mr. John Xantus, in December, 1859. It was found -in company with a flock of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus rostratus</i>, and the presumption is that -its habits may resemble those of that little-known species.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">POOCÆTES</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 447. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla graminea</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span -class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill rather large; upper outline slightly decurved towards the end, lower -straight; commissure slightly concave. Tarsus about equal to the middle toe; outer toe -a little longer than the inner, its claw reaching to the concealed base of the middle claw; -hind toe reaching to the middle of the middle claw. Wings unusually long, reaching to -the middle of the tail as far as the coverts, and pointed; the primaries considerably longer -than the secondaries, which are not much surpassed by the tertiaries; second and third -quills longest; first little shorter, about equal to the fourth, shorter than the tail; the outer -feathers scarcely shorter; the feathers rather stiff; each one acuminate and sharply pointed; -the feathers broad nearly to the end, when they are obliquely truncate. Streaked -with brown above everywhere; beneath, on the breast and sides. The lateral tail-feather -is white. Shoulder chestnut-brown.</p> - -<!--620.png--><!--Plate 25--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_25.jpg" - width="500" height="295" - alt="Color plate 25" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="25">XXV</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-1" name="pl_25-1"></a><img src="images/pl_25-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 1, Passerculus guttatus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus guttatus.</span> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 26615.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-2" name="pl_25-2"></a><img src="images/pl_25-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 2, Passerculus princeps" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus princeps.</span> Ipswich, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr> (Type.)</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-3" name="pl_25-3"></a><img src="images/pl_25-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 3, Centronyx bairdii" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdii.</span> <abbr title="Fort">Ft.</abbr> Union, Dakota, 1885.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-4" name="pl_25-4"></a><img src="images/pl_25-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 4, Coturniculus passerinus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus passerinus.</span> <abbr title="Georgia">Ga.</abbr>, 22405.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-5" name="pl_25-5"></a><img src="images/pl_25-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 5, Coturniculus henslowi" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus henslowi.</span> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> <abbr title="Southern Illinois">S. Ill.</abbr>, 61191.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-6" name="pl_25-6"></a><img src="images/pl_25-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 6, Coturniculus lecontei" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus lecontei.</span> Texas, 50222.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-7" name="pl_25-7"></a><img src="images/pl_25-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 7, Ammodromus caudacutus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus caudacutus.</span> <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, 609.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-8" name="pl_25-8"></a><img src="images/pl_25-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 8, Ammodromus maritimus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus maritimus.</span> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr></p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-9" name="pl_25-9"></a><img src="images/pl_25-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 9, Zonotrichia leucophrys" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia leucophrys.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, 817.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-10" name="pl_25-10"></a><img src="images/pl_25-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 10, Zonotrichia leucophrys" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia leucophrys.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="adult" title="adult">ad.</abbr> <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1506.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-11" name="pl_25-11"></a><img src="images/pl_25-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 11, Zonotrichia gambeli" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia gambeli.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="adult" title="adult">ad.</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53505.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_25-12" name="pl_25-12"></a><img src="images/pl_25-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 25 detail 12, Zonotrichia gambeli." - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia gambeli.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr> <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, 53500.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--621.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p><!--622.png--><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 545]</span> -The essential character of the genus consists in the long and pointed wings, -longer than the tail and without long tertials; and the rather stiff, forked -tail, with its acute feathers. But one species is recognized at present.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Poocætes gramineus</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GRASS SPARROW; BAY-WINGED BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">gramineus</b>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla graminea</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 922.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 473; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 502, <abbr title="plate 90">pl. -xc</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza graminea</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology -Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 51, <abbr title="plate 31, figure">pl. xxxi, f.</abbr> 5.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 102.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America -Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 65, <abbr title="plate 159">pl. clix</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal six">Cab. Jour. vi</abbr>, 1858, 342. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</i>) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">graminea</i>, <span -class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 254. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia graminea</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 478. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</i>, <span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 447.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 303.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_622.jpg" - width="250" height="163" - alt="Poocætes gramineus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">11123</b> <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Tail-feathers rather acute. Above light yellowish-brown; the feathers -everywhere streaked abruptly with -dark brown, even on the sides of the -neck, which are paler. Beneath yellowish -(sometimes reddish) white; -on the jugulum and sides of neck -and body streaked with brown. A -faint light superciliary and maxillary -stripe; the latter margined above -and below with dark brown: the upper -stripe continued around the ear-coverts, -which are darker than the -brown color elsewhere. Wings with -the shoulder light chestnut-brown, -and with two dull whitish bands along the ends of the coverts; the outer edge of the -secondaries also is white. Exposed portion of outer tail-feather, and edge and tip of the -second, white. Length, about 6.20; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.50; bill, .33 from frontal feathers -to point, by .33 in depth at base; tarsus, .72. Bill yellow, dusky above; legs yellow. -(Measurement of <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 10,147 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, Washington, D. C.)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of United States.</p> - -<p class="p2 center small"><abbr title="variation">Var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">confinis</b>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">confinis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, <abbr -title="page">p.</abbr> 448 (in text under <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gramineus</i>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes -gramineus</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 200.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology -California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 186.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gramineus</i>, but colors paler, the dark streaks narrower. -Bill more slender, tarsi longer. (Measurement of 40,803 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Fort Whipple, Arizona: -Bill, .36 from point of frontal feathers by .25 in depth through base; tarsus, .78; wing, -3.35; tail, 2.80).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western and Middle Provinces of United States, south into Mexico; Oaxaca -(<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 379; March).</p> - -<p>This species is readily identified by the absence of a median stripe on the -head, the chestnut-brown of the shoulder, and the white lateral tail-feathers. -The young birds have the ground-color above more whitish, the streaks -blacker, in sharper contrast; the streaks on jugulum, etc., less sharply defined; -<!--623.png--><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 546]</span> -the general appearance, however, is not different from the adult. Sometimes -there is a decided cinnamon wash beneath. Western specimens (var. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</i>) appear to be paler, with longer wings, and longer and more slender -bills, in this respect resembling other Finches (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i>, etc.).</p> - -<p>All specimens from west of the Rocky Mountains are to be referred to -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</i>.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_623.jpg" - width="250" height="190" - alt="Poocætes gramineus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Bay-winged or Grass Finch is a very abundant species -wherever found, and has a very extended -distribution. Accepting as -one species the slightly variant -races above indicated, this bird -extends from Florida and Mexico, -on the south, to the 57th parallel -of latitude, and from the eastern to -the western shores. It was found by -Richardson frequenting the plains -of the Saskatchewan, where it arrives -early in May and leaves in -September, and where it nests -abundantly in the short withered grass of that sterile region. Richardson -did not trace it farther north than the 57th parallel, and it was not obtained -on the Yukon or Anderson Rivers by Mr. MacFarlane or Mr. Lockhart. It -breeds from Northern Virginia north.</p> - -<p>In the Middle States it is partially resident, a portion remaining all the -winter. South of Washington it is chiefly migratory, only found, in any -numbers, from November to March, and probably but few remaining to breed. -Audubon states that he never saw any of this species in any portion of Louisiana, -Missouri, Kentucky, or Ohio. Mr. Dresser, on the other hand, found -them common about San Antonio in August and September, and also in May -and June, and had no doubt that some remain to breed.</p> - -<p>It is very abundant throughout New England, arriving in some seasons as -early as March 11, and remaining until quite late in the fall, often through -November. It is found chiefly in dry open fields and pastures, where it -nests, with no pains at concealment, on the ground, in depressions made by -its own work. It is an unsuspicious and fearless species, neither seeking -nor avoiding the companionship of man. It does not usually build near -houses, yet is not unfrequently known to do so. It may be often found -perched on fences along the roadside, chanting its simple and pleasing lay, -and quite as frequently in the road feeding and dusting itself. The latter -operation it is very fond of practising, and almost any day in the summer -these birds may be found in such situations.</p> - -<p>West of the Great Plains is found a marked variety of this species, differing -in many respects from the eastern. The western species or race of this -Finch, Mr. Ridgway states, is an abundant summer bird in all the elevated -<!--624.png--><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 547]</span> -grassy portions of the West. It is especially characteristic of the higher -grassy slopes of the elevated mountains, particularly in the Rocky Mountain -regions, and its sweet and simple song is one of the pleasant associations of -those regions. It descends, in the autumn, to the lower districts, having been -observed during September in the greatest abundance among the “rye-grass” -meadows of Senot Valley, at the northern end of the East Humboldt Range. -It nests on the ground in grassy banks, in various situations.</p> - -<p>Dr. Suckley found this bird abundant on the Nisqually Plains, about -Puget Sound; and Dr. Cooper says it is common, in summer, on the prairies -of the interior of Washington Territory. Dr. Cooper also found it wintering -in the Colorado Valley, in considerable numbers, but all disappeared in -April. He thinks they breed in Northern California, though he has never -found them doing so. Dr. Newberry states that they are common in the -Sacramento Valley, both in the summer and in the fall. It was found by -Mr. Boucard, in winter, near Oaxaca, Mexico.</p> - -<p>Their song is a very simple and pleasant succession of soft notes, resembling -that of the Canary, but thinner and feebler. It is begun early in the -morning and continued a few hours, and then renewed at sunset and kept up -often until after dark. It is also not unlike the song of the Song Sparrow, -but is neither so varied nor so loud and strong. It continues to sing until -late in the season.</p> - -<p>They feed in the road, eating insects, seeds, and grain. They are fond of -searching also in ploughed fields, and keep principally upon the ground, exclusively -so when they are searching for their food.</p> - -<p>Although as unsuspicious as the Song Sparrow or the Chipping Sparrow, -this Finch rarely, like them, comes about the house for crumbs of bread, but -seems to prefer to forage for itself in the fields and by the roadside. Taken -from the nest, these birds may be readily tamed, and soon become very interesting -and familiar little pets, though Nuttall states that where several -are thus kept they become very jealous of each other, and quarrelsome.</p> - -<p>Their nest is always placed upon the ground, and is very simply constructed -of dry stems of grasses, with no other lining than soft fine materials -of the same. They have two, and sometimes three, broods in a season. -When their nest is approached, they make use of various artifices to draw -away the intruder, and often vary their devices in a very striking manner. -In May, 1836, crossing a field within a few rods of my home in Roxbury, I -nearly stepped upon a female sitting upon her nest. She immediately tumbled -forward towards me, counterfeiting the most extraordinary lameness, -so much so that I supposed that I had really stepped upon and severely -injured her. I stooped to pick up what I supposed to be a wounded bird, -and found her nest and four eggs. Visiting her nest again, as I approached -she flew from it quietly and silently, and immediately began the same manœuvres, -at some little distance from her nest, which she discontinued as -soon as she noticed that I was examining her treasures. These devices she -<!--625.png--><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 548]</span> -varied several times in a very remarkable manner. In Massachusetts I have -known this species to have its complement of eggs by the 15th of April.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species are usually five, often four, and rarely six in -number. They are of an oblong-oval shape, the smaller end but slightly -more pointed than the other. They vary greatly in size, ranging from .90 to -.80 of an inch in length, and averaging about .65 in breadth. Their ground-color -is a pale greenish-white, marked with spots, lines, dots, and blotches -of various shades of reddish and purplish brown. In some eggs the spots -are few and small, chiefly confluent in a ring about the larger end, while the -ground-color is very plainly distinguishable. In others the ground is nearly -concealed by the abundance of the spots.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">COTURNICULUS</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Geographical"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span> -Geog.</abbr> List, 1838. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla passerina</i>, <abbr title="Wilson"><span -class="sc">Wils.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_625.jpg" - width="250" height="214" - alt="Coturniculus passerinus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus passerinus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">38741</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very large and stout, (except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. lecontei</i>); the under mandible -broader, but lower than the upper, which is decidedly -convex at the basal portion of its upper -outline. Legs moderate, apparently not reaching -to the end of the tail. The tarsus appreciably -longer than the middle toe; the lateral toes equal, -and with their claws falling decidedly short of the -middle claw; the hind toe intermediate between -the two. The wings are short and rounded, -reaching to the base of the tail; the tertiaries -almost as long as the primaries; not much difference -in length in the primaries, although the -outer three or four are slightly graduated. The -tail is short and narrow, shorter than the wing -(except in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. lecontei</i>), graduated laterally, but slightly emarginate; the feathers all lanceolate -and acute, but not stiffened, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus</i>.</p> - -<p>This genus agrees with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</i> in the short and narrow tail. The -wings are much shorter and more rounded; the feet shorter, especially the -middle toe, which is not as long as the tarsus. The tail-feathers are more -lanceolate. The bill is much larger, and more swollen at the base.</p> - -<p>The essential characters of this genus consist in the swollen convex bill; -the short toes, compared with the tarsus; the short and rounded wings; and -the very small, narrow, slightly graduated tail, with its lanceolate acute -feathers (except in the South American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. manimbe</i>).</p> - -<p>In some respects there is a resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus</i>, in which, however, -the bill is very much more slender; the wings still shorter, and more -rounded; the tail-feathers much stiffer, and even more lanceolate; the toes -extending beyond the tip of the tail; the middle toe rather longer than the -tarsus, instead of considerably shorter.</p> - -<p><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. lecontei</i> has the same general form, but a much smaller bill.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><!--626.png--><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 549]</span> -<b class="birdname">Synopsis of Species.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Crown and back streaked with black upon an ashy, olive, or -chestnut ground; beneath whitish, tinged across the breast with ochraceous or ashy, -plain, or with blackish streaks on the breast. A light superciliary stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Tail-feathers attenuated, acute at ends, much graduated. On the crown -a median light stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> A dusky streak on each side of the throat, and one above the light -ochraceous maxillary stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname">C. henslowi.</b> Bill very robust, .35 along culmen by .30 deep -at base. Wing, 2.25; tail, 2.20. Head ochraceous or greenish -olive, lighter on the throat; a blackish stripe on each side of the -crown. Breast streaked with black at all ages. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern -Province of United States.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> No dusky streak on side of throat nor above the maxillæ.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname">C. lecontei.</b> Bill very narrow, only .16 broad by .20 deep at -base. Median stripe of the crown ochraceous for anterior third, -the remaining part ashy-white; superciliary stripe wholly ochraceous; -edge of wing white; breast sparsely streaked in the adult. -Wing, 2.15; tail, 2.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Plains west of the Missouri, from -Texas to Dakota.</p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname">C. passerinus.</b> Bill robust, .23, or more, broad, by .24, or more, -deep at base. Median stripe of the crown ochraceous throughout; -superciliary stripe yellow anteriorly, ashy posteriorly; edge -of wing bright yellow, breast unstreaked in the adult, streaked in -the young, in which the head stripes are ashy, with no yellow on -wing or over lore.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Colors dark, the black markings predominating above. <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr> -Anterior lower parts deep buff at all seasons. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Dusky -streaks on breast very distinct. Bill, .33 and .30; wing, 2.60; -tail, 1.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province of United States, and -West Indies<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Colors pale, the light markings predominating above. <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr> -Buff of the breast scarcely observable in summer. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Dusky -streaks on breast scarcely appreciable. Bill, .33 and .24; wing, -2.60; tail, 1.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province of United States<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> Tail-feathers broad, rounded at ends; only slightly rounded. Crown not -divided by a median stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname">C. manimbe.</b> Head clear ashy, whitish on throat; crown uniformly -streaked with black. Supra-loral streak and edge of wing -bright yellow. No streaks on breast in adult.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Breast tinged with ashy; black streaks on upper parts much -narrower than the intervening ones of the ashy ground-color; -dorsal feathers rufescent-umber medially, edged with ashy, and -with a shaft-streak of black. Wing, 2.35; tail. 2.00. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Brazil<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">manimbe</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Breast tinged with ochraceous; black streaks on upper parts -much broader than the ashy ones of the ground-color; dorsal -feathers black, edged with ashy; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.90. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Buenos Ayres and Uruguay<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--627.png--><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 550]</span> -<b class="birdname">Coturniculus henslowi,</b> <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HENSLOW’S BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza henslowi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 360, <abbr title="plate 77">pl. lxxvii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 104.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 75, <abbr title="plate 163">pl. clxiii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, <abbr title="Appendix">App.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus -henslowi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 481.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -451.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, Birds <abbr title="Eastern Massachusetts">E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 117.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 306. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla henslowi</i>, -<span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 571.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_627.jpg" - width="250" height="292" - alt="Coturniculus passerinus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus passerinus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts yellowish-brown, the hood, neck, and upper parts of back -tinged with greenish-yellow. Interscapular feathers -dark brown, suffused externally with bright brownish-red; -each feather with grayish borders. Tertiaries, -rump, and tail-feathers abruptly dark chestnut-brown, -darkest centrally, paler externally, and narrowly margined -with gray. Crown with a broad black spotted -stripe on each side; these spots continued down to the -back. Two narrow black mandibular stripes and one -post-ocular on each side of the head, and an obscure -black crescent or spot behind the auriculars. Under -parts light brownish-yellow, paler on the throat and -abdomen. The jugulum, upper part of the breast, and -the sides of the body, conspicuously streaked with -black. Edge of wing yellow. A strong tinge of -pale chestnut on the wings and tail. The median -tail-feathers and upper coverts chestnut or rufous -brown, with sharply defined shaft-streaks of black. Length, 5.25; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.15.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States as far north as Massachusetts; westward to the Loup -Fork of Platte.</p> - -<p>This species is related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. passerinus</i>, but readily distinguished by the -well-marked stripes on breast and sides, the greenish-yellow, not chestnut-brown, -of head and nape, and the two mandibular dusky stripes. The middle -tail-feathers are reddish with only a very narrow sharply defined median -shaft-streak of black, instead of having the greater portion of the centre -dusky with scalloped edges. I have not seen young birds, but they probably -differ little from the adults.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The history and general distribution of Henslow’s Bunting is -still somewhat imperfectly known. Mr. Audubon first met with it, in 1820, -in Kentucky, nearly opposite to Cincinnati. It was seen on the ground, -amongst the tall grass, and is said to have exhibited all the peculiarities of -this tribe. He was afterwards informed that this bird is abundant in the -State of New Jersey, and that it breeds there; and in evidence of this he -mentions receiving a specimen from Dr. Trudeau, obtained by that gentleman -himself. Mr. Audubon also mentions that both Dr. Bachman and he -have procured a great number in South Carolina, where they abound, in the -latter part of autumn, and where, also, a portion remain during the winter. -In Florida, Mr. Audubon again met with these birds in the winter. They -<!--628.png--><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 551]</span> -were in great numbers in all the pine barrens of that State, in light and -sandy soil, and in woods but thinly overgrown by tall pines. They never -alight on trees, but spend their time on the ground, running with great rapidity -through the grass, in the manner of a mouse.</p> - -<p>In New Jersey they were found in ploughed fields, where they are presumed -to have been overlooked and mistaken for the Yellow-winged Sparrow. -Mr. Audubon supposed that they were not found farther eastward -than that State.</p> - -<p>Specimens in the Smithsonian collection have been procured in Georgia -in December; in Maryland in July; at Fort Riley, Kansas, Southern Illinois, -and in Nebraska, in June.</p> - -<p>In Massachusetts they are regular summer visitants, though as yet they -have been met with in only a few instances and in a somewhat restricted -locality. They are now met with nearly every year, and several nests have -been taken. Mr. Maynard obtained two specimens, May 10, in a wet -meadow in Newton. Their song-note he describes as like the syllables <i class="birdcall">see-wick</i>, -the first syllable prolonged, the latter given quickly. This bird was -first obtained in Berlin, in that State, by Mr. E. S. Wheeler, who discovered -its nest and eggs. It was mistaken for Bachman’s Finch, and was at first -so placed on the record, though the error was immediately corrected. Since -then, in that town, and in one or two others in its neighborhood, other nests -have been met with. Mr. William Brewster obtained several specimens in -Lexington, May 14, 1872. It is quite probable that it has been confounded -with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. passerinus</i>, and it is now supposed to be more common in the eastern -part of the State than that bird.</p> - -<p>One specimen of this Bunting was taken near Washington, during the -summer season, from which circumstance Dr. Coues gives it as an exceedingly -rare summer resident of the District of Columbia.</p> - -<p>In 1871, Mr. Ridgway ascertained that, so far from being rare, Henslow’s -Bunting is very abundant on the prairies of Southern Illinois, as well as the -Yellow-winged species, but far exceeding the latter in numbers. Though -entirely similar to that bird in habits and manners, it may be readily distinguished -by its note, which is said to be an abrupt <i class="birdcall">pil-lut</i>, much more like the -common summer-call of the Shore Lark than the lisped grasshopper-like -chirp of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. passerinus</i>, and to be uttered as the bird perches on the summit -of a tall weed, the tail being depressed, and the head thrown back at -each utterance. A number of unidentified eggs were sent to me several -years since, by Mr. Kennicott, from near Chicago. They resembled somewhat -the eggs of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. passerinus</i>, but were not the eggs of that species. I -have now no doubt they belonged to this bird.</p> - -<p>The nest is built in the ground, in a depression, or apparently an excavation -scratched out by the bird itself, and is a well-made structure of coarse, -dry, and soft reeds and grasses, well lined with finer materials of the same -description. The eggs, five or six in number, somewhat resemble those of -<!--629.png--><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 552]</span> -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. passerinus</i>. Their ground-color is a clear bright white, and they are -spotted with well-defined reddish-brown markings, and more subdued tints -of purple. The markings, so far as I have seen their eggs, are finer and -fewer than those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. passerinus</i>, and are distributed more exclusively around -the larger end. The eggs measure .78 by .60 of an inch, and are of a more -oblong-oval than those of the common Yellow-Wing.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Coturniculus lecontei</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LECONTE’S BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza lecontei</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="America Seven">Am. VII</abbr>, 1843, 338, <abbr title="plate 488">pl. cccclxxxviii</abbr>.—<abbr -title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 340. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Coturniculus lecontei</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 481.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 452.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill much more slender than in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henslowi</i>. First quill the longest, the rest -diminishing rapidly. Tail emarginate and rounded, with the feathers acute. Upper parts -light yellowish-red, streaked with brownish-black; the margins of the feathers and -scapulars pale yellowish-white. Tail-feathers dusky, margined with light-yellowish. -Lower parts, with the cheeks and a broad band over the eyes, fine buff. Medial line -yellowish anteriorly, nearly white behind. The buff extending to the femorals and along -the sides, streaked with brownish-black. Throat, neck, and upper parts of the breast, -without any streaks, and plain buff. Length, 4.40; wing, 2.13; bill along ridge, .37; -edge, .50. Legs flesh-color; bill dark blue.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Mouth of Yellowstone, to Texas.</p> - -<p>Since the regret expressed in the Birds of North America (1858) at the -loss of the single specimen known of this species, another has been received -by the Smithsonian Institution from Washington <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, Texas, collected by -Dr. Lincecum. It is in very poor condition, having been skinned for an -alcoholic preparation, and does not admit of a satisfactory description of the -colors. In its unspotted breast, the rufous feathers of the hind neck, the -absence of maxillary stripes, and apparently in the markings of the wings, it -is most like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. passerinus</i>. Although the inner tail-feathers have the narrow -stripe of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</i>, the bill is much smaller, as stated by Audubon, than in -the others, and is apparently bluish, not yellow. The vertical stripe is -deep buff anteriorly, and pale ashy posteriorly, instead of buff throughout, -and the superciliary stripe is continuously buff, instead of yellow anterior to, -and ashy behind, the eye. In the comparative length of wing and tail, it is -most nearly related to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</i>, but the bill is very much narrower than in -either. Upon the whole, there can be no doubt of its actual specific distinctness -from both its allies.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Leconte’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow was procured by Audubon in -his expedition to the Yellowstone. He speaks of its having very curious -notes, which he describes as of a sharp, querulous nature, and a general habit -of keeping only among the long, slender green grasses that here and there -grew up in patches along the margins of the creeks. So closely did it keep -<!--630.png--><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 553]</span> -in the coverts to which it resorted, that it was very difficult to force it to -rise on the wing, when only it could be procured. Mr. Audubon did not -meet with its nest or young, and they remain unknown.</p> - -<p>This type specimen was presented by Audubon to Professor Baird. A -second was sent to the Smithsonian Institution, from Texas, by Dr. <a id="chg14" name="chg14"></a>Lincecum.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Coturniculus passerinus</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">YELLOW-WINGED BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla passerina</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. III</abbr>, 1811, 76, <abbr title="plate 26, figure">pl. xxvi, f.</abbr> 5.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 180; <abbr -title="Five">V</abbr>, 497, <abbr title="plate 130">pl. cxxx</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) passerina</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Observations … Wilson's">Obs. Wils.</abbr> 1825, <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 111. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus passerina</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, -481.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 450.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 305. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza passerina</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America -Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 73, <abbr title="plate 162">pl. clxii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla savanarum</i>, (<abbr -title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, -494.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>) 1840, 570.—(<span -class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 921?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">?? Fringilla -caudacuta</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, -1790, 459.—<abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 505. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Passerina pratensis</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus -tixicrus</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><span class="sc">Localities</span>: Oaxaca, March (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -1859, 379). Guatemala (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> Ibis, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 18). Cuba (winter, -common, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Four"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Journ. IV</abbr>, 7). Costa Rica (<abbr title="Cabanis Journal -Eight"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Journ. VIII</abbr>, 1860, 411; <abbr title="Lawrence Nine"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span> IX</abbr>, -103). Vera Cruz (winter, <abbr title="Sumichrast"><span class="sc">Sum.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Memoires Boston Society One">Mem. -Bost. Soc. I</abbr>, 552).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Feathers of the upper parts brownish-rufous or chestnut-brown, margined -narrowly and abruptly with ash-color; reddest on the lower part of the back and rump; -the feathers all abruptly black in the central portion; this color visible on the interscapular -region, where the rufous is more restricted. Crown blackish, with a central and superciliary -stripe of yellowish tinged with brown, brightest in front of the eye. Bend of the -wing bright yellow; lesser coverts tinged with greenish-yellow. Quills and tail-feathers -edged with whitish; tertiaries much variegated. Lower parts brownish-yellow or buff, -nearly white on the middle of the belly, darkest on the jugulum. The feathers of the -upper breast and sides of the body with obsoletely darker centres, these sometimes -wanting. Sides of breast against bend of wing with a few black streaks, usually concealed. -Length about 5 inches; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States; south to Guatemala; Jamaica, resident; Porto Rico.</p> - -<p>The young of this species have the jugulum and sides of the breast -streaked with black, much more distinct than in the adult, and exhibiting a -slight resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henslowi</i>. The upper parts are less varied.</p> - -<p>Specimens from the Far West have the bill more slender, the reddish of the -back considerably paler, the dark markings of the back restricted, the light -stripe on the head with scarcely any yellow, a decided spot in front of the -eye quite yellow, and little or no ochraceous on the breast.</p> - -<p>The young bird, with streaked jugulum, may be most readily distinguished -from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. henslowi</i> by the grayer plumage without any shade of chestnut or -greenish-yellow, the sparseness of streaks on the side, the absence of the -two mandibular dusky stripes, and the broad dusky centres of the middle -tail-feathers.</p> - -<p>Quite a fine series of specimens from Jamaica and other West India Islands -affords ample material to judge of the validity of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. tixicrus</i> of -<!--631.png--><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 554]</span> -Gosse. It is scarcely possible to distinguish these Jamaican specimens from -examples from the Eastern Province of the United States, though minute -differences are observable. Their size is somewhat smaller, but they are resident -in the region where obtained; and the shades of color are just appreciably -darker. There are, however, no differences sufficient to justify retaining -the name <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">tixicrus</i>, to designate even a variety.</p> - -<p>All the specimens in the collection from Mexico and Guatemala are in -the autumnal or winter dress, so that it is probable that they are not resident -there; they appear to be identical with North American specimens, and -referrible to the variety <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</i> as restricted.</p> - -<p>Between summer and winter specimens great differences are observable; -in the former season the edges of the feathers become worn, so that often the -chestnut spots disappear entirely, while the other markings become poorly -defined, leaving the black blotches predominant.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common Yellow-winged Sparrow appears to be a bird of -irregular and unequal distribution, found in certain localities in great abundance, -and not seen in the intervening districts. According to some writers, -it is partial to sandy places near the sea, and this is certainly true of the -neighborhood of New York City, and also of a large portion of the New -Jersey coast. It is likewise the case in certain portions of Eastern Massachusetts, -as, according to Mr. Maynard, this species is very numerous in -Nantucket, where it breeds abundantly. I have never met with this Sparrow -in Massachusetts, except in a single instance, near Boston, nor in any collections -of eggs have I seen any that I supposed could be those of this species; -yet in the western part of the State, according to Mr. Allen, it is an abundant -summer visitant, arriving there about the first week in May, and leaving -early in September, breeding in dry fields and pastures, and raising two -broods in a season. According to Mr. Boardman, it is an occasional visitant -in the neighborhood of Calais, yet rare; arriving there the first of April, five -weeks earlier than it shows itself in Springfield. Yet that this bird has -ever been met with between Boston and Calais does not appear. It was not -seen in Western Maine by Professor Verrill.</p> - -<p>In the vicinity of Hartford, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, this bird appears also to be a not uncommon -summer resident. In 1860, I received from Mr. T. S. Brandigee -several nests found in that neighborhood. They were all constructed on the -ground, in a field of thin grass, and their tops were all nearly covered over.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann states that he found this bird a not uncommon species, in -the summer season, near San Antonio; and Mr. Dresser also procured a specimen -there in the early summer. Dr. Lincecum mentions it as a common -resident in Washington County, in the same State. He describes it as a -close-hiding Grass Sparrow, running on the ground in the manner of a mouse, -and never seen to alight on trees. Dr. Coues speaks of it as a resident -species in South Carolina, especially abundant during the period of migration.</p> - -<p><!--632.png--><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 555]</span> -It has been found quite common, during the winter months, in Central -America, specimens having been procured there by Señor Constancia, Mr. -Skinner, and Dr. Van Patten. It was also found at Oaxaca, Mexico, by Mr. -Boucard.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall and Mr. Audubon speak of it as occurring in Oregon, but Dr. -Cooper did not meet with it on the Pacific coast. Dr. Kennerly obtained a -single specimen on one of the forks of the Colorado, in February. Mr. Ridgway -met with the western form of this species, in suitable places, in the -Sacramento Valley and the Great Basin, and proposes for it the name of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</i>.</p> - -<p>In the vicinity of Newark, <abbr title="New Jersey">N. J.</abbr>, I have found this species apparently one -of the most abundant in that neighborhood, having obtained there in the -month of June more eggs of this than of any other species.</p> - -<p>In Northfield, <abbr title="Illinois">Ill.</abbr>, near the lake shore, Mr. Robert Kennicott met with -the nests of these birds in great abundance. From these facts I infer that -it is not necessarily or exclusively a bird of the sea-shore, but that in certain -favorable localities it is as abundant in the interior as on the coast, and -that at intervals it may be met with from Texas to Maine, and from the -Atlantic to the interior, nearly or quite to the Pacific coast.</p> - -<p>In Jamaica, Mr. March states, this species is not uncommon in the savannas -and grass lands near Spanish Town. It is a resident in that island, -and breeds there in considerable numbers, nesting in tufts of grass-roots. -It is only common in certain localities.</p> - -<p>I have never heard its note to know it. Wilson speaks of it as a short, -weak, interrupted chirp. According to Mr. Ridgway, it bears a close resemblance -to the note of a grasshopper. Nuttall says they sing in an agreeable -voice, something like that of the Purple Finch, though less vigorously; and -Audubon characterizes it as an unmusical ditty, composed of a few notes -weakly enunciated at intervals.</p> - -<p>It is terrestrial in its habits, living, nesting, and feeding on or near the -ground. It subsists on larvæ, insects, and the seeds of grasses and small -weeds.</p> - -<p>This bird builds its nest on the ground, usually in a small tuft of grass or -in a cluster of plants. It is made of dry grasses, and is lined with fine bent -and horsehair. The young are said to follow their parents for a short time, -but soon separate, and learn to take care of themselves. This species is not -gregarious, and is never seen in flocks, not even when just about to migrate.</p> - -<p>Wilson and Nuttall describe the eggs as grayish-white, sprinkled with -brown. Audubon says they are dingy-white, sprinkled with brown spots. -This is not accurate. The ground-color is a clear crystalline white, beautifully -dashed and marbled with bold markings of an almost golden brown. -These spots vary in size, are often quite large, and occasionally make a -corona about the larger end. The eggs are of a rounded oval, almost spherical, -shape, measuring .75 by .63 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--633.png--><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 556]</span> -<b class="birdname">Coturniculus passerinus</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">perpallidus</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN YELLOW-WINGED BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus passerinus</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">perpallidus</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, Report of U. S. <abbr title="Geological Exploration 40th -Parallel">Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus passerinus</i>, <span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 189.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Adult (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 58,605 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Antelope <abbr title="Island">I.</abbr>, Great Salt Lake, June 4, 1869; U. S. -<abbr title="Geological Exploration ">Geol. Expl.</abbr> 40th parallel) similar to <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</i>, but the light tints above prevailing, -the ground a pale ash-color, and the chestnut spots in excess of the black ones. Specks -on the nape very minute. Buff tinge to cheeks, throat, and jugulum so faint as to be -scarcely appreciable. Wing, 2.60; tail, 1.90; bill, .33 from frontal feathers by .24 in -depth at base; tarsus, .70. <i class="age">Young</i> (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,942 Ruby Valley, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, July 22, 1868) differing -from young of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</i> in a predominance of the light, instead of the dark, markings -on upper surface, streaks across breast so faint as to be just appreciable, instead of -distinct, and nearly black.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Western Province of United States, from eastern base of Rocky Mountains to -the Pacific.</p> - -<p>This very appreciably different race replaces the restricted <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</i>, -in the Western Province of the United States. In its paler colors and -much more slender bill than its eastern representative, it agrees with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus -alaudinus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes confinis</i>, etc., as compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. savanna</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. gramineus</i>, -etc. It is to this race that the biographical notes in the preceding -article refer, as far as based on western specimens.</p> - -<p class="p2 center">Genus <b class="birdname">AMMODROMUS</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal -Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus caudacutus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span -class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill very long, slender, and attenuated, considerably curved towards the -tip above. The gonys straight. A decided lobe in middle of cutting edge of upper bill. -The legs and toes are very long, and reach considerably beyond the tip of the short tail. -The tarsus is about equal to the elongated middle toe; the lateral toes equal, their claws -falling considerably short of the base of the middle one; the hind claw equal to the -lateral one. Wings short, reaching only to the base of the tail; much rounded; the -secondaries and tertials equal, and not much -shorter than the primaries. The tail is rather -shorter than the wings, and graduated laterally; -each feather stiffened, lanceolate, and acute.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_633.jpg" - width="250" height="192" - alt="Ammodromus caudacutus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus caudacutus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">609</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><i class="subset">Color.</i> Streaked above and across the breast; -very faintly on the sides.</p> - -<p>The essential characters consist in the -slender and elongated bill; the long legs -reaching considerably beyond the tail, -with the lateral claws falling considerably -short of the middle one; and the -very short rounded wings, rather longer than the cuneate tail, with its stiffened -and lanceolate feathers.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><!--634.png--><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 557]</span> -<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Above olivaceous or ashy, the crown washed with -brown laterally, the dorsal feathers darker centrally; beneath white, tinged -across the jugulum with ochraceous or ashy; jugulum streaked; a dusky “bridle” -on each side of throat; above it a maxillary stripe of ochraceous or white.</p> - -<p class="indent1">1. <b class="birdname">A. caudacutus.</b> <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr> Above olive, the dorsal feathers darker and edged -with whitish-ochraceous; superciliary and maxillary stripes deep ochraceous; -jugulum and sides tinged with the same, and sharply streaked with black. -<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Wholly ochraceous, darker above; crown and back streaked with -black, the former divided medially by a pale-brown stripe; breast and sides -streaked with black. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Atlantic coast of United States.</p> - -<p class="indent1">2. <b class="birdname">A. maritimus.</b> <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr> Above ashy, the dorsal feathers obsoletely darker -centrally; superciliary stripe yellowish-ashy, bright yellow over the lores; -maxillary stripe white; jugulum and sides tinged with ashy, the former -obsoletely streaked with dark ashy. <abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr> Above olivaceous, the crown and -back streaked with black, the former not divided by a lighter median line; -breast and sides washed with ochraceous and distinctly streaked with black. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Atlantic coast of United States.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Ammodromus caudacutus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SHARP-TAILED BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus caudacutus</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, -1788, 394.—<span class="sc">Latham</span>, <abbr title="Index Ornithologicus One">Ind. Orn. I</abbr>, 1790, 186 (not <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla caudacuta</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla -caudacuta</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 70, <abbr title="plate -34, figure">pl. xxxiv, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological -Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 281; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 499, <abbr title="plate 149">pl. cxlix</abbr>. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) caudacuta</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1828, 110. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina caudacuta</i>, <span class="sc">Vieillot</span>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodramus -caudacutus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Birds, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1837, 289.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 111.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 108, <abbr title="plate 174">pl. clxxiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 482.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. -Am.</abbr> 1858, 453.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 307. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla littoralis</i>, <span -class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, 1832, 504 (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr> 1840, 590). <i -class="birdname">Sharp-tailed Oriole</i>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, Arctic <abbr title="Zoölogy Two">Zoöl. II</abbr>, 261, New -York.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts brownish-olivaceous. Head brownish, streaked with black on -the sides, and a broad central stripe of ashy. Back blotched with darker; edges of interscapular -feathers and inner secondaries whitish, just exterior to a blackish suffusion. -A broad superciliary and maxillary stripe, meeting behind the ashy ear-coverts, and a -band across the upper breast, buff-yellow. The sides of the throat with a brown stripe; -the upper part of the breast and the sides of the body streaked with black; rest of -under parts whitish. Edge of wing yellowish-white. -Bill yellowish below; dusky -above. The female appears to have more -buff on the breast than the male. Length, -5 inches; wing, 2.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Atlantic coast of the United -States.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_634.jpg" - width="250" height="195" - alt="Ammodromus caudacutus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus caudacutus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The young is of a more yellowish -tinge above and below; the streaks -on the back more conspicuous; the -scapular feathers without the whitish -edging.</p> - -<p>In autumnal and winter specimens the buff tints are much deeper than in -<!--635.png--><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 558]</span> -spring; the sides of the crown, as well as the dark markings on the back, -more intensified, and in greater contrast with the lighter ashy and olive -tints.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Sharp-tailed Finch is one of the most striking and well-characterized -of land-birds, and as peculiar to the sea-shore as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tringæ</i>. -In habits it very closely resembles the whole family of Waders in many -striking respects. Like them it feeds upon small crustaceans and minute -marine insects, keeping about the water’s edge, walking upon the floating -weeds and other substances raised by the tide, preferring this mode of life -to a more inland residence, and only resorting to the uplands to feed upon -the seeds of grasses and sedges when their food fails them at the water’s -edge.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues is of the opinion that this bird does not breed in the neighborhood -of Beaufort, <abbr title="North Carolina">N. C.</abbr>, and that it leaves for the North in May, having -a more northern habitat than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. maritima</i>. He does not coincide with those -who detect a resemblance between the actions of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodrami</i> and of -the Sandpipers. He thinks the manner in which they climb the reeds, slide -up and down, and hang from them in various attitudes, is more like that -of Nuthatches and Titmice. On the ground they seem to him unmistakably -sparrow-like.</p> - -<p>This Sharp-tailed Finch is abundant along the coasts of Connecticut and -Rhode Island, and is also found in Massachusetts, though sparingly, and only -in a few congenial localities. In the marshes of Charles River, near Boston, -this species is occasionally common in the breeding-season. In the summer -of 1869, Mr. H. W. Henshaw found quite a number of their nests. Mr. -Maynard has also taken it among the marshes of Ipswich, which is probably -about its extreme northern limit. It has not, so far as I am aware, been -traced to Maine. In these localities it probably raises two broods in a season, -as it appears there in May, and remains until into October. They are -eminently terrestrial, run on the ground like mice, are difficult to flush, and -can only be shot while on the wing. They lie close to the ground, and conceal -themselves in the grass.</p> - -<p>They are also very numerous in the marshes in the neighborhood of New -York, and especially so in New Jersey, breeding along that coast to Cape -May. How much farther south than this they are found I cannot state, but -I did not meet with any at Cape Charles, where the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</i> was very -abundant.</p> - -<p>In the winter this species is found in large flocks along the shores of South -Carolina and Georgia. Mr. Audubon, however, did not find any in Florida. -In the marshes near Charleston they are found in immense flocks, so much -so that Audubon has known of forty being killed at a single shot. They -search in the sedgy marshes for their food when the tide is out, and, on the -approach of the returning waters, retreat to the higher shores and to the -rice embankments.</p> - -<p><!--636.png--><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 559]</span> -The flight of this species is quite different from that of any other bird, and -by it they may at once be recognized. In flying, they also drop their tails -very low.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon states that during the winter the Sharp-tailed Finch is -furnished with an extra quantity of feathers on the rump, for which he finds -it difficult to account.</p> - -<p>These birds are essentially maritime, are found only in the vicinity of the -sea, and always keep immediately about the water, except when the inclemency -of the weather drives them to the high grass of the uplands for shelter. -They walk and run, or remain feeding on the floating weeds and other substances -raised by the tide, with all the ease and fearlessness with which they -move on the land. They are gregarious in the winter, and in the Southern -marshes are found feeding in companies. During the breeding-season they -keep more in pairs, and are found more isolated. At this time they are also -shy, and difficult to detect. Their usual call-note is only a single <i class="birdcall">tweet</i>, and -in the love-season their series of twitters Mr. Audubon thinks hardly worthy -to be called a song. They feed indiscriminately on seeds, insects, small -crustaceans, and various forms of refuse matter floated or thrown up by the -tides.</p> - -<p>On the coast of New Jersey, where these birds are found in the greatest -abundance, they have at least two broods in a season. Their nest is on the -ground, in a small tussock of grass or sedges, but little removed from the -reach of the tide, and is placed in a depression apparently excavated for the -purpose. They are loosely made of soft and slender grasses, arranged in a -circular form. The nest is large for the bird, spacious and deep, and is softly -lined with finer and similar materials.</p> - -<p>Their eggs, five or six in number, are of a somewhat rounded oval shape, -having an average breadth of .59 of an inch, and vary in length from .78 to -.70. Their ground-color is a light green, occasionally a dull white, with -hardly a perceptible tinge of greenish, thickly sprinkled equally over the entire -egg, with fine rusty-brown dots. These are of various sizes, but all fine. -In a few the larger dots are confluent in a ring around the larger end; in -others, the finer dots are so small as to be only distinguishable under a glass, -concealing the ground-color, and giving to the egg an almost uniform rusty -color. These eggs vary but little in shape, and are nearly equally rounded -at either end, though never entirely so.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--637.png--><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 560]</span> -<b class="birdname">Ammodromus maritimus</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SEASIDE BUNTING.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla maritima</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American -Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, 1811, 68, pl. <abbr title="plate 34, figure">xxxiv, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, <abbr -title="plate 93">pl. xciii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus maritimus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Zoölogical Journal Three">Zoöl. Jour. III</abbr>, 1827, 328.—<abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 482.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, -110.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 103, <abbr -title="plate 172">pl. clxxii</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -454.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 308. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Ammodromus) maritima</i>, <abbr -title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d -ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 592. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla macgillivrayi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Two">Orn. Biog. II</abbr>, 1834, 285; <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr>, -1838, 394; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 1839, 499, <abbr title="plate 355">pl. ccclv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus -macgillivrayi</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Conspectus, 1850, 482.—<abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> -1839.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 106, <abbr -title="plate 173">pl. clxxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Ammodromus) macgillivrayi</i>, <span -class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 593.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above olivaceous ashy-brown; nearly uniform, but with the centres of interscapular -feathers darker and edged faintly with paler; very obsoletely, almost inappreciably -streaked elsewhere, especially on the head, which has a faintly defined median -stripe of purer ashy. Beneath white; the breast and sides and under tail-coverts with -rather indistinct streaks of dark ashy-brown, tending to form a large spot in centre of -breast; an ashy mandibular stripe continued into the ashy sides of neck, and cutting off -and enclosing a white stripe above it. A spot of yellow anterior to eye, continued over -it as an almost inappreciable grayish stripe. Edge of wing sulphur-yellow. Bill lead-color; -feet dusky. Length about 6 inches; wing, 2.50. In autumn the breast and sides -tinged with fulvous; the back with rufous.</p> - -<p class="small">Young birds (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. macgillivrayi?</i>) have markings much more distinct, and closely resemble -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. caudacuta</i>, though larger. They will be most readily distinguished by the absence -of the fulvous superciliary stripe.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Atlantic sea-coast of United States, northward to Long Island Sound.</p> - -<p>The same seasonal differences in coloration are observable in this species -as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. caudacutus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Seaside Finch has very nearly the same distribution, habits, -and manners of life, as the Sharp-tailed species, and the description of -these in one would answer almost equally well for the other. There are, -however, certain shades of difference in several respects to be observed.</p> - -<p>This bird is, if anything, more southern in its distribution than the other, -and does not extend its visits in summer so far north. While the Sharp-tailed -Finch is not an uncommon bird on the shores of the New England -States, as far to the north as Ipswich, the Seaside Finch is comparatively -rare, much more so now than it was formerly. Mr. Maynard states that he -has searched carefully for it from the Merrimack to the extreme southern -shores of Massachusetts without finding any specimens, nor could he find -any on the island of Nantucket, a very natural and congenial locality. Dr. -Coues states that it is abundant on the New Hampshire coast, but recent -endeavors have failed to detect it. In 1836 and 1837 a few isolated pairs -built in the marshes of Stony Brook, near Boston, above tide-water, nesting -not on the ground, but in low bushes. They were identified by Mr. Audubon.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1852 I found this species very abundant on the low -sandy islands of Cape Charles, <abbr title="Virginia">Va.</abbr> There, in every instance, their nests -<!--638.png--><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 561]</span> -were in low bushes, about a foot from the ground. They were the only land-birds -found on these islands.</p> - -<p>Rev. C. M. Jones informs me that at Madison, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, on the coast, the -Seaside and the Sharp-tailed Finches occur in about equal numbers in the -salt marshes. He was not able to observe any specific difference in their -mode of nesting, except that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</i> seemed to be more common in -that part of the marsh nearest the shore, while the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</i> was more -abundant farther back towards the highlands, though this was not the invariable -rule. He sometimes found the nests suspended in the salt grass, the -latter being interwoven with the other materials. In all such cases the entrance -was on the side of the nest, in the manner of the Marsh Wren. At -other times he found the nest placed under a quantity of lodged grass, but -resting on a portion still lower. In such cases it is generally open at the top. -He has also found them on the ground, and, when thus placed, always much -more bulky than when built as above, a considerable quantity of dead grass -being laid down to keep the nest above the wet, though not always with -success. On Cobb’s Island, <abbr title="Virginia">Va.</abbr>, Mr. Jones only found the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</i>, the -nests of which were in bushes, from one foot to eighteen inches from the -ground.</p> - -<p>The call-note of this species is said to be a monotonous chirp, and its song -hardly to deserve that name. The notes of which it is composed are few, -and have neither variety, emphasis, nor attractiveness.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that this Finch begins to sing when mating, and is afterwards, -during the incubating, particularly earnest and persevering about it. -Each pair usually claims some particular copse, and the male usually has his -favorite singing-post, to which it continually resorts. He adds that its -simple song is something like that of the Yellow-shouldered Sparrow, beginning -with a few slow notes, then a rapid trill, finally slurred, till it sounds -like the noise made by some of the grasshoppers.</p> - -<p>These birds are at all times shy and difficult to be approached. When -their nest is visited, the parents leave it and secrete themselves, and cannot -be traced without great difficulty. When thus hidden, they will almost -suffer themselves to be trodden upon before they will fly up.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon thinks they have two broods, their first being hatched out -early in June. Their nests, he states, are usually placed next to the ground, -but not sunk in it. Their food consists of marine insects, small crabs, and -snails, as well as small sand-beetles and seeds. Their flesh has a rank, unsavory -flavor, so much so that, having had some made into a pie, he could -not eat it. He states also that they are resident in the Southern States, and -are found along the Gulf coast as far as Texas.</p> - -<p>The nest is strongly but coarsely woven of dry sedges, stems, and grasses, -and is lined with similar but finer materials. The eggs are five in number, -have a grayish-white ground, and are spotted and blotched with reddish-brown. -The blotches are distributed over the entire egg, and are much -<!--639.png--><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 562]</span> -larger than in the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</i>. There is, indeed, no similarity between the -two eggs. They measure .88 by .68 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">CHONDESTES</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Magazine -One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 435.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Fauna <abbr title="Boreali-Americana -Two">Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes strigatus</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span -class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>, equal to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla grammaca</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>.)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_639.jpg" - width="250" height="186" - alt="Chondestes grammaca" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">5557</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill swollen; both outlines gently curved; the lower mandible as high as -the upper; the commissure angulated -at the base, and then slightly -sinuated. Lower mandible rather -narrower at the base than the length -of the gonys; broader than the -upper. Tarsi moderate, about equal -to the middle toe; lateral toes equal -and very short, reaching but little -beyond the middle of the penultimate -joint of the middle toe, and -falling considerably short of the -base of middle claw. Wings, long, -pointed, reaching nearly to the middle -of the tail; the tertials not -longer than the secondaries; the -first quill shorter than the second and third, which are equal. The tail is moderately -long, considerably graduated, the feathers rather narrow, and elliptically rounded at the -end.</p> - -<p class="small">Streaked on the back. Head with well-defined large stripes. Beneath white, with a -pectoral spot. Only one species recognized.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Chondestes grammaca</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">LARK SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla grammaca</i>, <span class="sc">Say</span>, in Long’s <abbr -title="Expedition Rocky Mountains One">Exped. R. Mts. I</abbr>, 1823, 139.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="American Ornithology One">Am. Orn. I</abbr>, 1825, 47, <abbr title="plate five, figure">pl. -v, f.</abbr> 3.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. -V</abbr>, 1839, 17, <abbr title="plate 390">pl. cccxc</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Conspectus, 1850, 479.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 456.—<span -class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 200.—<span class="sc">Maynard</span>, Birds <abbr title="Eastern Massachusetts">E. -Mass.</abbr> 1870, 112 (Massachusetts).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> -1, 193. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza grammaca</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, -1839, 101.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 63, -<abbr title="plate 158">pl. clviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis -Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 343. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes strigatus</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, -<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Philos. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 435.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Hood chestnut, tinged with black towards the forehead, and with a median -stripe and superciliary stripe of dirty whitish. Rest of upper parts pale grayish-olive, the -interscapular region alone streaked with dark brown. Beneath white, a round spot on the -upper part of the breast, a broad maxillary stripe cutting off a white stripe above, and a -short line from the bill to the eye, continued faintly behind it, black. A white crescent -under the eye, bordered below by black and behind by chestnut, on the ear-coverts. Tail-feathers -dark brown, the outermost edged externally and with more than terminal third -white, with transverse outline; the white decreasing to the next to innermost, tipped -broadly with white. Length, 6 inches; wing, 3.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--640.png--><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 563]</span> -<span class="sc">Hab.</span> From Wisconsin and Illinois (also in Michigan and Ohio) to the Pacific coast; -Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, south to Texas and Mexico. Oaxaca (<abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> 1859, 379); Vera Cruz (winter, -<span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>, 552); Eastern Massachusetts, accidental (<span class="sc">Maynard</span>).</p> - -<p>The colors of the female are duller than in the male, the chestnut less -bright, the black not so intense; the pattern, however, is the same.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_640.jpg" - width="250" height="239" - alt="Chondestes grammaca" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The young bird has the breast and -throat with a good many spots of dark -brown instead of the single large one -on the breast. The other markings are -more obscure.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Lark Finch is found -from Eastern Illinois to the Pacific, and -from Oregon to Texas. Within this wide -area of distribution it is everywhere -abundant in the open prairies and -plains. It is not found in wooded regions. -This bird was described by Say, -and was first met with by Long’s expedition -to the Missouri River. It was not known to either Wilson or Audubon, -and its habits were very imperfectly known to Nuttall.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found this bird very abundant in Texas throughout the summer, -arriving in the neighborhood of San Antonio in March, and leaving -there early in October. He found their nests quite common, and usually -built in a mesquite tree or bush, of fine roots and grasses. Dr. Heermann -also found it abundant in New Mexico. In Arizona, Dr. Coues found it, -chiefly in spring and autumn, a migrant, and, at those seasons, very numerous. -Many remain during the summer to breed, and a few are found in the -winter. It was met with near New Leon, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, but -was not obtained in Vera Cruz by Sumichrast. It was taken near Oaxaca, -Mexico, by Mr. Boucard. A single specimen was obtained at Fort Dalles in -Oregon, by Dr. Suckley, but it was not met with by him west of the Cascade -Mountains. Mr. Townsend states that he also found it in that region.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper did not find this species in the Colorado Valley, though it has -been obtained at Fort Yuma in December; and, as he has met with them in -large flocks in the valleys of San Diego in February, he concludes that they -winter in the southern part of California. They breed from San Diego -throughout California, and as far north as the Columbia, where they arrive -early in May. Dr. Cooper has never found their nest in California, but -has frequently met with it in Kansas and Nebraska in May and June. -He found them on the ground, and their nests were constructed chiefly of -grass.</p> - -<p>He speaks of them as singing very sweetly, and states that in their song -they resemble the Canary more than any other bird. They frequent the -open plains, usually in the neighborhood of trees, upon which they often -<!--641.png--><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 564]</span> -alight in flocks. Their food consists of the seeds of grass and other small -plants, which they collect on the ground.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this bird was shot in Massachusetts in 1845, by Mr. -Samuel Jillson. It was taken in Gloucester, on the coast, where its appearance -was, of course, purely accidental.</p> - -<p>We are indebted to the careful observations of Mr. Ridgway for the principal -portion of our knowledge of the manners and mode of life of this -species, which he has recently ascertained to be an abundant summer resident -in Southern Illinois. It is probably equally abundant throughout the -State, and is found as far east as Ohio, where it becomes rare.</p> - -<p>The Prairie Lark-Finch was found by that accurate observer very abundant -at Sacramento, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, where it frequented alike the oak groves, the cottonwood -and willow copses, and the weedy fields and meadows. At Sacramento it was -eminently arboreal, quite in contrast with its habits as observed in Illinois. It -was also met with in the interior, wherever the locality was suited to it. Near -Salt Lake City it is one of the most numerous of the birds inhabiting the -artemisia grounds, in the outskirts of the town, in company with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza -bilineata</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella breweri</i>. It is called by the Utah boys the Snake-Bird, -from the supposed resemblance of its striped head to that of a snake. At -Sacramento it is greatly prized as a cage-bird, and young birds readily sell -there for four dollars a pair. He states that the delightful song of this bird -has no parallel among the North American <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i>, and claims that in -this respect it is pre-eminently superior to that of all the other members of -this family. As it perches upon the summit of a small tree, on the telegraph -wire, or upon a fence, its notes may be heard throughout the day, in the -morning before those of any others, and late in the evening, when all except -for this irrepressible songster is silence.</p> - -<p>The song of this species is described as composed of regularly divided -parts, almost perfect in compass, in vigor and continuity unsurpassed, if not -unequalled, by any other North American species. It begins with a series -of chants, the style reminding one somewhat of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza cyanea</i>, but -each syllable loud, rich, and clear, and uttered with a peculiar emotional trill, -the whole seemingly delivered in a hurried manner, in one continuous gush -of sprightly silvery notes, each accompanied by a metallic <i class="birdcall">tremolo</i>. As if -exhausted, the singer falters, and the notes become scarcely audible, then -suddenly reviving, as if in great joy, the song is resumed in all its vivacity, -until the bird at last really appears to be overcome by its efforts.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues met with this species in Arizona in the winter. He writes me -as follows: “The most eastern point where I observed this species was at -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, Mo. I saw a good many in the suburbs of that city in May, 1865. -It is one of the most abundant Sparrows about Fort Whipple, particularly -during the migrations; the majority pass northward in April and May, but -many breed in the vicinity, and some pass the winter in sheltered situations. -It is generally seen in companies, frequenting the skirts of woods, the underbrush -<!--642.png--><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 565]</span> -along mountain rivulets, and similar situations, where the seeds of -various plants are procurable; its general habits resemble those of the species -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</i>.”</p> - -<p>The nests were found by Mr. Ridgway in various situations; the larger -number were upon the ground, but several were in trees varying in height -from six to twenty feet from the ground. They were found from the latter -part of May through June. A nest obtained in Southern Wisconsin by Mr. -Thure Kumlien is very homogeneous in structure, consisting entirely of -loosely intertwined stems of dry grasses, sedges, and carices. It was built -on the ground, is nearly flat, and has only a very shallow cavity. Its entire -height is less than two inches, and the depth of its depression not half an -inch. The diameter of the nest is three and a half inches, and that of the -cavity at the rim three inches.</p> - -<p>The maximum number of their eggs is five. Their average measurement -is .85 by .65 of an inch. The ground-color is usually a grayish-white, -rarely a light brown, marbled and streaked with waving lines, and a few dots -of black or a blackish-brown.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">ZONOTRICHIA</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>, Fauna <abbr -title="Boreali-Americana Two">Bor.-Am. II</abbr>, 1831. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza leucophrys</i>.)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_642.jpg" - width="250" height="186" - alt="Zonotrichia leucophrys" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia leucophrys.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">1506</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Body rather stout. Bill conical, slightly notched, somewhat compressed, -excavated inside; the lower mandible rather lower than the upper; gonys slightly -convex; commissure nearly straight. Feet stout; tarsus rather longer than middle toe; -the lateral toes very nearly equal. Hind toe longer than the lateral ones; their claws -just reaching to base of middle one. Inner claw contained twice in its toe proper; -claws all slender and considerably curved. Wings moderate, not reaching to the middle -of the tail, but beyond the rump; secondaries and tertials equal and considerably less -than longest primaries; second and -third quills longest; first about equal -to the fifth, much longer than tertials. -Tail rather long, moderately rounded; -the feathers not very broad.</p> - -<p class="small">Back streaked. Rump and under -parts immaculate, except in young. -Head black, or with white streaks, -entirely different from the back.</p> - -<p>This genus embraces some of -the most beautiful of American -Sparrows, all of the largest -size in their subfamily.</p> - -<p>All the species properly belonging to this genus are North American; -several South American species, have, however, been assigned to it; but -they are none of them strictly congeneric with those given below.</p> - -<p class="comchar"><!--643.png--><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 566]</span> -<span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Feathers of interscapular region blackish centrally, passing -into rufous-brown and edged with paler. Rump and upper tail-coverts -uniform olivaceous-ashy brown. Two white bands on the wings; the tertials -edged with rufous. Beneath without streaks. Head above marked with black, -and generally with white. Cheeks plumbeous.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Black of the crown divided by a median light stripe. Jugulum ashy.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Throat ashy, uniform with the breast.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname">Z. leucophrys.</b> Median stripe of the crown white. A black -stripe from behind the eye, and a white superciliary stripe.</p> - -<p class="indent4"><abbr title="alpha">α</abbr>. A black stripe from the eye to forehead, across lore. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Eastern Province of North America, west throughout Rocky -Mountains; Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas in winter<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent4"><abbr title="beta">β</abbr>. No black streak in front of eye, the lores being wholly -ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Western Province North America, east to Rocky -Mountains<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname">Z. coronata.</b> Median stripe of crown yellow for anterior and -ash for posterior half. Black of crown coming down to eye and -ear coverts, leaving no light superciliary stripe. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific -Province of North America; accidental east of Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Throat pure white, in sharp contrast with the dark ash of cheeks -and jugulum.</p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname">Z. albicollis.</b> Median stripe of crown white. A light superciliary -stripe, yellow anterior to the eye, and white behind it; a -black streak along upper edge of ear-coverts. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province -of North America.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">B.</b> Black of the crown not divided, but continuous. Jugulum white.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname">Z. querula.</b> Lores, forepart of cheeks, with the chin and -throat, deep black; whole side of head behind the eye, ashy. -Lower parts pure white. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Missouri Plains.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Zonotrichia leucophrys</b>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza leucophrys</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical -Transaction 62">Philos. Trans. LXII</abbr>, 1772, 382, 426.—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ -One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 874.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Four">Am. Orn. IV</abbr>, -1811, 49, <abbr title="plate 31, figure">pl. xxxi, f.</abbr> 4. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Zonotrichia) leucophrys</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 255. <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia leucophrys</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 478.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 458, <abbr title="plate 69, figure">pl. lxix, f.</abbr> 2.—<span -class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, 224.—<i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Maynard</i>, Birds <abbr title="Eastern Massachusetts">E. Mass.</abbr> 1870, 118.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, -<abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 196.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 309. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla leucophrys</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Ornithological Biography Two"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Orn. Biog. -II</abbr>, 1834, 88; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 515, <abbr title="plate 114">pl. cxiv</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid Synopsis"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 121.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America -Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 157, <abbr title="plate 192">pl. cxcii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Spizella maxima</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Comptes Rendus">Comp. Rend.</abbr> 1853 -(either this or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>). <i class="birdname">White-crowned Sparrow</i>, <span -class="sc">Pennant</span>.</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging">Figured in <span class="sc">Buffon</span>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux 4">Ois. IV</abbr>, -192, <abbr title="plate 223, figure">pl. ccxxiii, f.</abbr> 2. Winter.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head above, upper half of loral region from the bill, and a narrow line -through and behind the eye to the occiput, black; a longitudinal patch in the middle of -the crown, and a short line from above the anterior corner of the eye, the two confluent -on the occiput, white. Sides of the head, forepart of breast, and lower neck all round, -pale ash, lightest beneath, and shading insensibly into the whitish of the belly and chin; -sides of belly and under tail-coverts tinged with yellowish-brown. Interscapular region -streaked broadly with dark chestnut-brownish. Edges of the tertiaries brownish-chestnut. -Two white bands on the wing.</p> - -<p class="small"><!--644.png--><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 567]</span> -<i class="sex">Female</i> similar, but smaller; immature birds in first winter, with the black and white -stripes on the crown replaced by dark chestnut-brown and brownish-yellow. Length, -7.10 inches; wing, 3.25. <i class="age">Young of the year</i> thickly streaked with dusky on the breast. -The lateral stripes of the crown dull brown, the median one streaked whitish.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_644.jpg" - width="250" height="229" - alt="Zonotrichia leucophrys" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia leucophrys.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -United States from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, where they become -associated with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli.</i> Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas; -Greenland (<span class="sc">Reinhardt</span>, Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 7). Breed in -Wahsatch Mountains (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>The white of the crown separates two -black stripes on either side, rather narrower -than itself. The black line behind -the eye is continued anterior to it into the -black at the base of the bill. The lower -eyelid is white. There are some obscure -cloudings of darker on the neck above. -The rump is immaculate. No white on -the tail, except very obscure tips. The -white on the wings crosses the ends of the middle and greater coverts.</p> - -<p>The character distinguishing the western representative (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>) of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</i> is apparently very trifling, but is very constant.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The White-crowned Sparrow is found from the Rocky Mountains -eastward to the Atlantic, and in all the intervening territory, from the -Southern States to the Arctic regions. In the high meadows of the -Wahsatch Mountains, Mr. Ridgway found this bird very abundant, and one -very characteristic, breeding there quite as numerously as any other species. -In all that region Mr. Ridgway did not meet with a single individual of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. -gambeli</i>, its western representative. At the encampment at Parley’s Park -these birds soon became on very familiar terms with the party. They were -very sociable, and paid frequent visits to the cook’s tent, and picked up, without -the slightest signs of fear, the crumbs from the ground. Their sweet -morning carol was, he states, delightful to the ear, and they were held in -great favor by all. A nest of these birds was found on the ground, at Parley’s -Park, June 26. It was built in a bunch of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geranium</i>. Specimens of this -species were obtained, in winter, at Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, Lower California, by Mr. -Xantus.</p> - -<p>Although an eastern species, passing, in its migrations, through the Southern -Atlantic States to Labrador in the spring and returning in the fall, it is -a rare species in all New England. Mr. Boardman says that it is not common -in Eastern Maine, and Mr. Verrill that it is rare in the western part of -that State. In Eastern Massachusetts it is very rare. Mr. Maynard mentions -obtaining a single specimen, May 27, and regards it as quite a rare -migrant. I have never met with the bird near Boston, and do not believe -that it is found there, except singly and rarely. In the western part of the -State, though less rare, it is very far from being common. It is found there -in the spring, from the 20th to the 30th of May, and in October from the 1st -<!--645.png--><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 568]</span> -to the 15th. Mr. Allen met with it from May 7 to June 6, in 1861, when -these birds were more common than usual. At this period, farther west, in -Ohio, Western Pennsylvania, and New York, these birds are very abundant. -From April 10 to the latter portion of May, in 1852, they were abundant in -the neighborhood of Washington, the Capitol grounds being full of them. -They were familiar and fearless, and seemed to delight to search for food -under the large Norway spruces, branching down to the ground. Their -abundance that spring may have been exceptional, as Wilson appears to have -met with but very few specimens.</p> - -<p>Mr. Audubon found these Sparrows very abundant in Labrador, where -they were apparently late in breeding. It was not until the 6th of July that -he found one of their nests. This was placed among the moss at the foot of -a low fir. It was made externally of dry hypnum mosses, matted in bunches -like the coarse hair of some quadruped, and internally of fine dry grasses, -arranged with great neatness, to the thickness of half an inch, with a full -lining of the delicate yellow fibrous roots of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coptis trifolia</i>. The nest -was five inches in its external diameter, and two in depth, the cavity two and -a quarter wide and one and three quarters deep. The eggs, five in number, -he describes as of a light sea-green color, mottled towards the larger end -with brownish spots and blotches, a few spots of a lighter tint being dispersed -over the whole. All the nests found were placed on the ground or -among the moss, and all were alike in their construction. By the beginning -of August the party met with young that were able to fly. By the middle -of that month they had commenced their southern migrations.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues also found this Sparrow breeding in great numbers along the -entire coast of Labrador. Found in all situations, it seemed to be particularly -fond of deep, thickly wooded, and secluded ravines, surrounded by high -precipitous cliffs, and, when in more open districts, confining itself to tangled -patches of juniper and scrubby firs. He describes it as a very active -and sprightly bird, almost continually in motion. It seldom alights without -rapidly jerking and flirting its tail, and uttering its loud chirpings. While -the female is incubating, the male usually mounts to the top of the cliff or a -neighboring tree, and repeats his loud and not unpleasing, though somewhat -monotonous, notes for the space of half an hour or more. He describes its -song as very similar to that of the White-throated Sparrow, consisting of -two long-drawn syllables with a rising intonation, then three more in a quick, -hurried manner, with a falling cadence,—<i class="birdcall">pēé-dēé-dē-dē-dē</i>; the whole is -delivered in a mellow whistle. If approached while thus engaged, the performer -becomes instantly silent, and dives hastily into the nearest cover. -The nest was always placed on the ground, and usually in little patches of -low heath, abundant wherever the ground was dry. He found a nest on the -<abbr title="twenty-third">23d</abbr> of July, containing young just hatched. The female flutters off in -silence when her nest is disturbed, but the male bird vociferates his angry -remonstrance, flirting his tail and jerking his body in an energetic manner.</p> - -<p><!--646.png--><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 569]</span> -The food of this bird, in Labrador, was found to consist of small coleopterous -insects, grass-seeds, a variety of berries, as well as minute shell-fish, -for which they searched the margins of ponds near the sea-shore. They -were also seen to pursue insects on the wing. Mr. Audubon speaks of its -song as consisting of six or seven notes, and describes it as loud, clear, and -musical, although of a plaintive nature, diminishing in power to the last note. -Its flight he describes as low, swift, and protracted.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues did not find this bird abundant in South Carolina during the -winter, and conjectures that it does not go so far to the south. Its migrations -do not appear to be well defined, and nowhere is it known to be abundant -during this season. Lieutenant Couch met with it at Brownville, Texas, and -Tamaulipes, Mexico, and at Charco Escondido, in March, at which time they -were in flocks, indicating a more southern migration than is generally supposed.</p> - -<p>It extends its northern migrations to the extreme northern and northeastern -portions of the continent, and also to Greenland. On the Yukon and -Anderson Rivers it is replaced by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>. It is not abundant in -Greenland. Holböll obtained a single specimen only in August; and afterwards -met with a flock of young birds. He infers that they breed in the -interior, but are restricted to a very narrow strip of territory.</p> - -<p>Eggs of this species, from Wyoming Territory, measure from .90 to .95 of -an inch in length by .70 in breadth, and are of an oblong-oval shape. The -ground-color is a light greenish-white, thickly marked with reddish-brown -and lighter markings of an obscure purplish-brown. The intensity, depth of -coloring, and size of the darker brown markings, vary. They are principally -disposed about the larger end.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Zonotrichia leucophrys</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">gambeli</b>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WESTERN WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla gambeli</i>, <abbr title="Nuttall"><span class="sc">Nutt.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 556.—<span class="sc">Gambel</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia One">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. I</abbr>, 1843, 262 (California.) <i -lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia gambeli</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences second -series, One">J. A. N. Sc. 2d series, I</abbr>, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1847, 50.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 460, <abbr title="plate 69, figure">pl. lxix, f.</abbr> 1.—<span -class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute four">Pr. R. A. Inst. IV</abbr>, 1864, 119 (British -Columbia).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 201.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr -title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 284 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 195. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia leucophrys</i>, <span -class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route">Zoöl. Cal. & Or. Route</abbr>; <abbr title="Report -Pacific Railroad Routes Seven, four">Rep. P. R. R. VII, iv</abbr>, 1857, 87.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Precisely similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>, but rather smaller; the lores are gray -throughout, this color continuous with a white superciliary stripe along the side of the -head. Length, 6.25; wing, 2.83; tail, 3.08.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, north to Nulato and Fort Kenai, east -through the valley of the Mackenzie River, and south to Jalisco and Mazatlan, Mexico.</p> - -<p>As stated in the previous article, the only appreciable and constant difference -between this race and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i> is found in the character of the -black stripe on the side of the crown. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</i> the black passes down -<!--647.png--><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 570]</span> -over the upper half of the lores, and in front of the eye, to a line continuous -with the cutting edge of the bill, and sends back a short branch to the eye, -which cuts off the white superciliary stripe. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</i> the superciliary -stripe passes continuously forward to the ashy lores, cutting off the black from -the eye. The lower edge of the black anteriorly is much higher than in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</i>, and nearly on a line with the nostrils.</p> - -<p>We cannot give any positive character by which immature specimens of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</i> may be distinguished, unless that the short dark line -from forehead to eye of the former is indicated by a greater amount of dusky -at the base of the feathers of that region.</p> - -<p>The young of this species, like that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</i>, is streaked with blackish -on side of the throat, across the breast, and on the sides of body, instead -of being entirely unmarked beneath, as in the adult.</p> - -<p>One specimen, collected in the West Humboldt Mountains, connects this -form with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</i>, and may possibly be a hybrid. In this there is a -black spot in front of the eye, but separated from the black of the crown by -the usual light superciliary stripe of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</i>.</p> - -<p>Some specimens from the coast region of California have the ash of head -and breast duller, and with a brownish cast, and the spots on the back black -instead of deep dark brown.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Western White-crowned Sparrow is found in great abundance, -from Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, between the Rocky Mountains and -the Pacific. Dr. Suckley found this bird very abundant at Fort Dalles -and at Puget Sound, at both of which places it is a constant summer resident. -It was always found in excellent condition. He states that it makes -its nest in low bushes, among the stalks of lupins and other shrub-like -weeds. Dr. Cooper also mentions that this bird is very abundant in all the -prairie districts of Washington Territory, especially where there are low -bushes. Unlike most of the Sparrows, it was also common on the coast -prairies, where he found it breeding. They arrive at the Straits of Fuca at -the end of March in large numbers, and leave for the South in October. He -afterwards found them at Fort Mohave, in the Colorado Valley, quite common -throughout the winter, some remaining until the 15th of May, but he -does not think that any remain there to breed. They are also abundant, in -winter, from San Francisco south, through all the inhabitable country. In -summer they are found in the Sierra Nevada, to their summits, and are also -plentiful in the regions north of the Columbia. A few remain, during the -summer, in the cool district about San Francisco. In June, 1854, Dr. Cooper -met with its nest near the mouth of the Columbia. It was built in a bush, -about a foot from the ground, formed of neatly interwoven grasses, and -lined with softer materials. He describes its song as loud, but short and -melancholy, heard at intervals during the whole year, and frequently at -night.</p> - -<p>The Western White-crowned Sparrow was first met with by Mr. Ridgway, -<!--648.png--><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 571]</span> -at the Summit Meadows, near the summit of Donner Lake Pass of the Sierra -Nevada, at an altitude of about seven thousand feet. It was there an abundant -and characteristic bird. The males were in full song in all parts of the -meadow, and were nesting in such numbers that on the evening of July 9, -on halting for the night, in a hurried search no less than twenty-seven of -their eggs were obtained within about fifteen minutes. In every instance -the nests were embedded under a species of dwarf-willow, with which the -ground was covered. The birds were extremely unsuspicious, the male often -sitting on a bush within a few feet of the collector, and chanting merrily as -the eggs were being blown. In one instance, having occasion to repass a spot -from which a nest had been taken, the female was found sitting in the cavity -from which its nest had been removed. This species is only a winter visitant -of the lower country, but is there universally distributed, and always found -in bushy localities.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bannister states that this bird was tolerably abundant among the -alder-bushes in certain parts of <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Michael’s Island. Mr. Dall found it -common at Nulato, and especially so at Fort Yukon. It arrived at Nulato -about May 20. Its nests and eggs were obtained from Indians at Nowikakat, -on the Yukon River. Dr. Kennerly met with these birds, in February, -at White Cliff Creek, New Mexico. They were first observed on approaching -the Big Sandy, and from thence to the Colorado they were found in abundance. -They were mostly in flocks, and were generally found among the -bushes, in the vicinity of water. He also met with it in the valley of the -Rio Grande, Corralitos, and Janos Rivers. It seemed to prefer the vicinity -of settlements, where it was always seen in greater numbers than elsewhere.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found these birds common about San Antonio, Texas, during -the winter, arriving late in September. Some may remain and breed, as several -were observed there in June. Dr. Coues also found them abundant in -Arizona, where he first observed them September 15. After this they became -exceedingly numerous, and remained so until January. Later than this only -a few stragglers were seen, until April, when they again became abundant. -By far the greater part left, and proceeded north to breed.</p> - -<p>These Sparrows were found breeding on the Yukon and at Fort Anderson -in great numbers by Messrs. MacFarlane, Lockhart, and Ross. Their nests -were in nearly all cases found upon the ground, often in tufts of grass, -clumps of Labrador tea, or other low bushes. They were composed of hay, -and, in nearly every instance, were lined with deer’s hair, and in a few with -feathers. A few were without any lining. In selecting a situation for their -nests, they seemed generally to give the preference to open or thinly wooded -tracts. The male bird was usually seen, or its note heard, in the immediate -vicinity of the nest. The eggs were obtained from the 4th of June to the -1st of July. Their maximum number was six; the most common, four.</p> - -<p>Mr. B. R. Ross states that this species arrives at the Arctic Circle from -<!--649.png--><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 572]</span> -about the 15th to the 20th of May, and at Slave Lake only a few days -earlier. They are then no longer in flocks, but have already paired. They -commence nesting almost immediately upon their arrival at the Yukon and -at Fort Good Hope. Mr. Ross found nests made as early as May 20 to 25, -while there was still considerable snow upon the ground. They mostly nest, -however, in the first half of June, the young usually hatching between the -15th and 30th, and leaving the nests when less than a month old. They all -leave the Arctic Circle about the middle of September. A few were seen -at Fort Simpson in the latter part of that month. When starting, they -gather in small flocks. The nest is built on high ground, among low, -open bushes, always at the foot of some shrub or bush, and more or less -protected and concealed by grass. It is never placed in the edges of -marshes, like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza lincolni</i>; nor on small prairies, like the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus -savanna</i>; nor in thick woods, as does sometimes the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. albicollis</i>. The nest -is neatly built, is more compact and of finer materials than that of the -latter. It is large and deep, formed externally of coarse grass, and lined -with finer materials.</p> - -<p>When started from her nest, the female flies off a few yards and flutters -silently along the ground to divert attention. If unsuccessful, she flies -about her nest uttering sharp, harsh notes of anxiety. The male is less -bold on such occasions. Their favorite habitat is light open bushes, affecting -neither open plains nor deep woods and never perching so high as -twenty feet from the ground, and usually, in all their movements, keeping -close to the earth.</p> - -<p>Its food, so far as could be observed, consisted almost wholly of seeds, -sought mostly on the ground. It hatches only a single brood in a year.</p> - -<p>Mr. B. R. Boss adds that this is the most abundant Sparrow throughout -the Mackenzie River region, and also the most interesting. Through the -spring and summer its melodious song, which strongly calls to mind the -first notes of the old air, “O Dear! what can the Matter be?” may be -heard from every thicket, both night and day. When sleeping in the -woods, Mr. Boss states that he has often been awakened by several of -these birds singing near him, answering each other, throughout the short -night, when all the other birds were silent. On this account, but for the -richness and melody of its song the bird would have made itself quite -disagreeable.</p> - -<p>The Cree Indians name this Sparrow <i class="birdname">Wah-si-pis-chan</i>, because they think -this resembles its notes, the last of which are supposed to imitate the sound -of running water. It sings long after the breeding-season is past, and its -notes may be heard even into August.</p> - -<p>The eggs measure .85 of an inch in length by .65 in breadth, and have a -ground of a greenish-white marked with a rusty-brown. They are of a -rounded-oval shape.</p> - -<!--650.png--><!--Plate 26--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px"> - <img src="images/pl_26.jpg" - width="500" height="311" - alt="Color plate 26" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">PLATE <abbr title="26">XXVI</abbr>.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-1" name="pl_26-1"></a><img src="images/pl_26-1.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 1, Zonotrichia coronata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">1. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia coronata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">ad.</abbr>, <abbr title="Columbia River">Columb. R.</abbr>, 2780.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-2" name="pl_26-2"></a><img src="images/pl_26-2.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 2, Junco oregonus" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">2. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco oregonus</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">ad.</abbr>, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, 3920.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-3" name="pl_26-3"></a><img src="images/pl_26-3.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 3, Junco caniceps" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">3. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco caniceps</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Utah, 11159.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-4" name="pl_26-4"></a><img src="images/pl_26-4.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 4, Zonotrichia querula" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">4. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia querula.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr title="adult, Fort">ad., Ft.</abbr> Union, Dakota, 1940</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-5" name="pl_26-5"></a><img src="images/pl_26-5.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 5, Junco hyemalis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">5. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco hyemalis.</span> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1287.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-6" name="pl_26-6"></a><img src="images/pl_26-6.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 6, Junco aikeni" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">6. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco aikeni</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> Colorado, 61302</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-7" name="pl_26-7"></a><img src="images/pl_26-7.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 7, Zonotrichia querula" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">7. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia querula.</span> Autumn.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-8" name="pl_26-8"></a><img src="images/pl_26-8.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 8, Poospiza bilineata" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">8. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">ad.</abbr>, <abbr title="New Mexico">N. Mex.</abbr>, 6316.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-9" name="pl_26-9"></a><img src="images/pl_26-9.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 9, Poospiza belli" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">9. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</span>. <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>, - Nevada, 53516.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-10" name="pl_26-10"></a><img src="images/pl_26-10.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 10, Zonotrichia albicollis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">10. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia albicollis</span>. -  <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">ad.</abbr>, <abbr title="Pennsylvania">Pa.</abbr>, 1434.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-11" name="pl_26-11"></a><img src="images/pl_26-11.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 11, Spizella atrigularis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">11. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella atrigularis</span>. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> - <abbr class="adult" title="Adult">ad.</abbr>, Coahuila, <abbr title="Mexico">Mex.</abbr>, 4935.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px"> - <a id="pl_26-12" name="pl_26-12"></a><img src="images/pl_26-12.jpg" - width="80%" - alt="Plate 26 detail 12, Spizella atrigularis" - /> - <div class="caption"> - <p class="center">12. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella atrigularis</span>. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> - <abbr class="juvenile" title="juvenile">juv.</abbr>, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, 23866.</p> - </div> -</div><!--end figure--> - -<!--651.png--><!--blank page--> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--652.png--><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 573]</span> -<b class="birdname">Zonotrichia coronata</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza coronata</i>, <span class="sc">Pallas</span>, <abbr title="Zoögraphica -Rosso-Asiatica Two">Zoög. Rosso-Asiat. II</abbr>, 1811, 44, plate. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia <abbr -title="coronata">c.</abbr></i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 461.—<abbr -title="Heermann Ten"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S</i>, 48 (nest).—<span -class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 201.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago -Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 284 (Alaska).—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. -Cal.</abbr> 1, 197. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza atricapilla</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. V</abbr>, 1839, 47, <abbr title="plate 394">pl. -cccxciv</abbr> (not of <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla atricapilla</i>, <abbr -title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 122.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> -Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 162, <abbr title="plate 193">pl. cxciii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla aurocapilla</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second -edition">2d. ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 555. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia aurocapilla</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 478.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr -title="Zoölogy California and Oregon Route">Zoöl. Cal. & Or. Route</abbr>, <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six, -four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, <span class="muchsmaller">IV.</span></abbr> 1857, 88. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza atricapilla</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin One"><span class="sc">Gm.</span> I</abbr>, 1788, 875 (in part only).—<abbr title="Latham Index"><span -class="sc">Lath.</span> Ind.</abbr> 415. <i class="birdname">Black-crowned Bunting</i>, <span class="sc">Pennant</span>, <abbr -title="Arctic Zoölogy Two">Arc. Zoöl. II</abbr>, 364.—<abbr title="Latham Two, one"><span class="sc">Lath.</span> II, <span -class="muchsmaller">I</span></abbr>, 202, 49, tab. <abbr title="55">lv</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Hood, from bill to upper part of nape, pure black, the middle longitudinal -third occupied by yellow on the anterior half, and pale ash on the posterior. Sides and -under parts of head and neck, with upper part of breast, ash-color, passing insensibly into -whitish on the middle of the body; sides and under tail-coverts tinged with brownish. -A yellowish spot above the eye, bounded anteriorly by a short black line from the eye to -the black of the forehead. This yellow spot, however, reduced to a few feathers in -spring dress. Interscapular region, with the feathers, streaked with dark brown, suffused -with dark rufous externally. Two narrow white bands on the wings. Bill dusky above, -paler beneath; legs flesh-color.</p> - -<p class="small">Autumnal specimens have more or less of the whole top of head greenish-yellow; the -feathers somewhat spotted with dusky; the black stripe of the hood reduced to a narrow -superciliary line, or else to a spot anterior to the eye. Length about 7 inches; wing, -3.30.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast from Russian America to Southern California; West Humboldt -Mountains, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr> Black Hills of Rocky Mountains?</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species, described and figured by Mr. Audubon as the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla -atricapilla</i>, is found in western North America, from Alaska to Southern -California and Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, and is almost entirely confined to the -Pacific Province, being known east of the Cascade Mountains and Sierra -Nevada only as stragglers. In its general habits it is said to greatly resemble -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>. In the vicinity of Fort Dalles, and also in the neighborhood -of Fort Steilacoom, Dr. Suckley found it quite abundant in the summer.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper says that it is only a straggler in the forest regions west of the -Cascade Mountains, but that it probably migrates more abundantly to the -open plains eastward of them. He met with them but once near Puget -Sound, May 10, when they were apparently migrating. Dr. Cooper found a -few of this species wintering as far south as San Diego, associating with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. -gambeli</i>. They were much less familiar, did not come about the houses, but -kept among the dense thickets. They were then silent, nor has he ever -heard them utter any song. He met with none near the summit of the -Sierra Nevada.</p> - -<p>Dr. Newberry found these birds abundant in the vicinity of San Francisco -in winter.</p> - -<p>Mr. Nuttall met with the young birds of this species on the central tablelands -<!--653.png--><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 574]</span> -of the Rocky Mountains, in the prairies. They were running on the -ground. He heard no note from them. He afterwards saw a few stragglers, -in the early part of winter, in the thickets of the forests of the Columbia -River, near Fort Vancouver. He also met with them, in the winter and -until late in the spring, in the woods and thickets of California.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann found this species very abundant in the fall season, generally -associated with the California Song Sparrow and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>. It -resorts to the deep shady thickets and woods, where it passes the greater part -of its time. In the mountainous districts it prefers the hillsides, covered -with dense undergrowth. It occasionally breeds in California, as Dr. Heermann -found its nest in a bush near Sacramento City. It was composed of -coarse stalks of weeds, and lined internally with fine roots. The eggs were -four in number, and are described as having been of an ashy-white ground, -with markings of brown umber, at times appearing almost black from the -depth of their shade. They were marked also with a few spots of a neutral -tint.</p> - -<p>Many of these birds were obtained in Sitka and in Kodiak, by Bischoff, -and also in British Columbia by Elliot.</p> - -<p>Only one specimen of this species was met with by Mr. Ridgway in his -explorations with Mr. Clarence King’s survey. This was taken October 7, -1867, in the West Humboldt Mountains, in company with a flock of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. -gambeli</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Zonotrichia albicollis</b>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla albicollis</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="Systema Naturæ -One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 926.—<span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="American Ornithology Three">Am. Orn. -III</abbr>, 1811, 51, <abbr title="plate 22, figure">pl. xxii, f.</abbr> 2.—<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span -class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss der Doubletten">Verz. Doubl.</abbr> <abbr -title="Number">No.</abbr> 247.(1823). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia albicollis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Conspectus"><span -class="sc">Bp.</span> Consp.</abbr> 1850, 478.—<abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> Mus. -Hein.</abbr> 1851, 132.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 463.—<span -class="sc">Samuels</span>, 311. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer pennsylvanicus</i>, <span class="sc">Brisson</span>, 1760, Appendix, -77. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla pennsylvanica</i>, <abbr title="Latham"><span class="sc">Lath.</span></abbr> Index, <abbr -title="One">I</abbr>, 1790, 445.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography -One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 42; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 497, <abbr title="plate 8">pl. viii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Ibid -Synopsis"><span class="sc">Ib.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, 121.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr -title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 153, <abbr title="plate 191">pl. cxci</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span -class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 276. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla -(Zonotrichia) pennsylvanica</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Fauna Boreali-Americana Two">F. -B. Am. II</abbr>, 1831, 256. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia pennsylvanica</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span -class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Two black stripes on the crown, separated by a median one of white. A -broad superciliary stripe from the base of the mandible to the occiput, yellow as far as the -middle of the eye and white behind this. A broad black streak on the side of the head -from behind the eye. Chin white, abruptly defined against the dark ash of the sides of -the head and upper part of the breast, fading into white on the belly, and margined by a -narrow black maxillary line. Edge of wing and axillaries yellow. Back and edges of -secondaries rufous-brown, the former streaked with dark brown. Two narrow white -bands across the wing-coverts. Length, 7 inches; wing, 3.10; tail, 3.20. Young of the -year not in the collection.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern Province of North America to the Missouri. Breeding in most of the -northern United States and British Provinces, and wintering in the United States almost to -their southern limit. Aberdineshire, England, August 17, 1867 (Zoölogist, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr>, 1869, -1547; <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1857, 52). Scotland (Newton, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1870, 52).</p> - -<p><!--654.png--><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 575]</span> -Female smaller, and the colors rather duller. Immature and winter -specimens have the white chin-patch less abruptly defined, the white -markings on the top and sides of the head tinged with brown. Some -specimens, apparently mature, show quite distinct streaks on the breast and -sides of throat and body.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The White-throated Sparrow is, at certain seasons, an abundant -bird in all parts of North America, from the Great Plains to the Atlantic, -and from Georgia to the extreme Arctic regions. A few breed in favorable -situations in Massachusetts, especially in the extreme northwestern part of -the State. It breeds abundantly in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, -and in all the British Provinces.</p> - -<p>Sir John Richardson states that they reach the Saskatchewan in the middle -of May, and spread throughout the fur countries, as far, at least, as the -66th parallel, to breed. He states that he saw a female sitting on seven -eggs near the Cumberland House, as early as June 4. The nest was placed -under a fallen tree, was made of grass, lined with deer’s hair and a few -feathers. Another, found at Great Bear’s Lake, was lined with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">setæ</i> of -the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bryum uliginosum</i>. He describes the eggs as of a pale mountain-green, -thickly marbled with reddish-brown. When the female was disturbed, she -ran silently off in a crouching manner, like a Lark. He describes the note -of this bird as a clear song of two or three notes, uttered very distinctly, but -without variety,—a very incomplete description.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kennicott states that this species does not extend its migrations as -far to the north as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>, and is even much less numerous on the south -shores of the Slave Lake, where he did not observe half so many of this as -of the other. It also nests later, as he found the first nest observed on the -<abbr title="twenty-second">22d</abbr> of June, with the eggs quite fresh, incubation not having commenced, -and found others after that date. On English River he found two nests with -eggs on the 9th and 17th of July, and one near the Cumberland House on -the 30th of June. Two of these were in low swampy ground among large -trees, the other on high ground among small bushes. They were constructed -on large bases of moss, and lined with soft grasses. When startled from -her nest, the female always crept silently away through the grass.</p> - -<p>He met with this species in considerable flocks, accompanied by small -numbers of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>, on the north shore of Lake Superior, on the 11th of -May. He saw individuals on the 29th of May, near the Lake of the Woods, -and it doubtless breeds as far south as that region. In the fall it was not -seen at Fort Simpson later than the last of September. As it is a much -more eastern bird than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i>, it is probably in greater abundance on the -eastern end of Slave Lake. Its song he regards as by no means so attractive -as that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. gambeli</i> or of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>. Its general habits are very much -like those of the former, and though by no means a strictly terrestrial bird, -it rarely perches high on trees, and generally flies near the ground, except -in its long migratory flights.</p> - -<p><!--655.png--><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 576]</span> -Notwithstanding the slighting manner in which the song of this bird is -spoken of by some writers, in certain parts of the country its clear, prolonged, -and peculiar whistle has given to it quite a local fame and popularity. -Among the White Mountains, where it breeds abundantly, it is known -as the Peabody Bird, and its remarkably clear whistle resounds in all their -glens and secluded recesses. Its song consists of twelve distinct notes, which -are not unfrequently interpreted into various ludicrous travesties. As this -song is repeated with no variations, and quite frequently from early morning -until late in the evening, it soon becomes quite monotonous.</p> - -<p>Among the White Mountains I have repeatedly found its nests. They -were always on the ground, usually sheltered by surrounding grass, and at -the foot of bushes or a tree, or in the woods under a fallen log. In that -region it retained all its wild, shy habits, rarely being found in the neighborhood -of dwellings or in cultivated grounds. But at Halifax this was -not so. There I found them breeding in gardens, on the edge of the city, -and in close proximity to houses, apparently not more shy than the common -Song Sparrow.</p> - -<p>Wilson states that these birds winter in most of the States south of New -England, and he found them particularly numerous near the Roanoke River, -collecting in flocks on the borders of swampy thickets, among long rank -weeds, the seeds of which formed their principal food. He gives the 20th -of April as the date of their disappearance, but I have observed them lingering -in the Capitol grounds in Washington several weeks after that date. -They pass through Eastern Massachusetts from the 10th to the 20th of May, -and repass early in October. A few stragglers sometimes appear at earlier -dates, but irregularly. In Western Maine, where it is quite common, Professor -Verrill states that it sometimes arrives by the middle of April. Near -Springfield, <abbr title="Massachusetts">Mass.</abbr>, Mr. Allen noted their appearance between the last of April -and the 20th of May; in fall, from the last of September through October. -Their favorite haunts are moist thickets. The young males do not acquire -their full plumage until the second spring, but sing and breed in the plumage -of the females, as Mr. Allen ascertained by dissection. Mr. Hildreth -observed a pair near Springfield during three successive summers, and although -he could not find the nest, he saw them feeding their scarcely fledged -young birds.</p> - -<p>At Columbia, <abbr title="South Carolina">S. C.</abbr>, Dr. Coues found these Sparrows very abundant, from -October through April. They sing, more or less, all winter, and during the -last few weeks of their stay are quite musical. Many hundreds pass the -months of March and April in the gardens of that city, though during the -winter they were mostly to be found in thickets and fields, in company with -many other species.</p> - -<p>A single specimen of this bird was killed in Aberdeenshire, August 17, -1867, and a second was lately captured alive near Brighton (<abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">P. Z. S.</abbr>, June -4, 1872).</p> - -<p><!--656.png--><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 577]</span> -Mr. Audubon says that this bird visits Louisiana and all the Southern -districts in winter, remaining from November to March, in great numbers. -They form groups of from thirty to fifty, and live together in great harmony, -feeding upon small seeds. At this time they are plump to excess, and are -regarded as a great delicacy.</p> - -<p>When kept in confinement these birds become quite tame, and in the -spring will sing at all hours of the day or night.</p> - -<p>The nest of this bird is usually, if not always, on the ground, but in -various situations, as I have found them on a hillside, in the midst of low -underbrush, in a swampy thicket, at the foot of some large tree in a garden, -as at Halifax, by the edge of a small pond, or in a hollow and decaying -stump. Their nest is large, deep, and capacious, with a base of moss or -coarse grasses, woven with finer stems above and lined with hair, a few -feathers, fine rootlets of plants or soft grasses. The eggs vary from four -to seven in number. Their ground-color is of a pale green or a greenish-white, -marked over the entire egg with a fox-colored or rusty brown. Occasionally -these markings are sparsely scattered, permitting the ground to be -plainly visible, but generally they are so very abundant as to cover the entire -egg so closely as to conceal all other shade, and give to the whole a deep -uniform rufous-brown hue, through which the under color of light green is -hardly distinguishable. They measure .90 by .68 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Zonotrichia querula</b>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">HARRIS’S SPARROW; BLACK-HOODED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla querula</i>, <span class="sc">Nuttall</span>, <abbr title="Manual One">Man. -I</abbr>, (<abbr title="second edition">2d ed.</abbr>,) 1840, 555 (Westport, <abbr title="Missouri">Mo.</abbr>). <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia querula</i>, <span class="sc">Gambel</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy of Natural Sciences Second Series -One">J. A. N. Sc. 2d Ser. I</abbr>, 1847, 51.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 478.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, -462.—<span class="sc">Allen</span>, <abbr title="American">Amer.</abbr> Naturalist, May, 1872. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla harrisi</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="America Seven">Am. -VII</abbr>, 1843, 331, <abbr title="plate 484">pl. cccclxxxiv</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla comata</i>, <abbr -title="Prinz von Maximilian"><span class="sc">Pr. Max.</span></abbr> Reise <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1841.—<abbr -title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, 1858, 279. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia comata</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> -1850, 479.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Hood and nape, sides of head anterior to and including the eyes, chin, -throat, and a few spots in the middle of the upper part of the breast and on its sides, -black. Sides of head and neck ash-gray, with the trace of a narrow crescent back of the -ear-coverts. Interscapular region of back with the feathers reddish-brown streaked with -dark brown. Breast and belly clear white. Sides of body light brownish, streaked. -Two narrow white bands across the greater and middle coverts. Length about 7 inches; -wing, 3.40; tail, 3.65.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Missouri River, above Fort Leavenworth. Chillicothe, Mo. (<span class="sc">Hoy</span>). Very common -in Eastern Kansas (<span class="sc">Allen</span>). San Antonio, Texas, spring (<span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 488).</p> - -<p>The bill of this species appears to be yellowish-red. More immature -specimens vary in having the black of the head above more restricted, the -nape and sides of the head to the bill pale reddish-brown, lighter on the latter -region. Others have the feathers of the anterior portion of the hood edged -with whitish. In all there is generally a trace of black anterior to the eye.</p> - -<p><!--657.png--><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 578]</span> -This species has a considerably larger bill than <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Z. leucophrys</i>, the mandible -especially.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first described in 1840, by Mr. Nuttall, from -specimens obtained by him near Independence, Mo., near the close of the -month of April. He again met with them on the following 5th of May, -when not far from the banks of the Little Vermilion River, a branch of the -Kansas. He found them frequenting thickets, and uttering, chiefly in the -early morning, but also occasionally at other parts of the day, a long, drawling, -faint, solemn, and monotonous succession of notes, resembling <i class="birdcall">tē-dē-dē-dē</i>.</p> - -<p>Since then but little additional information has been obtained in regard to -their general habits, their geographical distribution, or their mode of breeding, -single specimens only having been taken at considerable intervals in the -valley of the Missouri and elsewhere until 1872. Two specimens were secured -by Mr. Dresser, near San Antonio, in Western Texas, occurring on the -Medina River during their spring migrations. More recently this bird was -taken twice by Mr. H. W. Parker, in Jasper County, Iowa. The latest of -these was secured May 19.</p> - -<p>Professor F. H. Snow, in his List of Kansas Birds, published April, 1872, -enumerates this species as a bird frequently taken in Kansas in the winter, -and probably resident; and Mr. J. A. Allen (American Naturalist, May, -1872) states that Harris’s Finch was, next to the Cardinal, the most abundant -species of the family of Sparrows and Finches in the vicinity of Leavenworth, -as it was also one of the largest and handsomest. He found it almost -exclusively frequenting the damper parts of the woods, associating with the -White-throated Sparrow, much resembling it both in habits and in song. -Nothing has so far been published respecting the nest and eggs.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">JUNCO</b>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, Isis, 1831. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cinerea</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<p class="p0 citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Niphæa</i>, <span class="sc">Audubon</span>, <abbr title="Synopsis">Syn.</abbr> 1839. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza hyemalis</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_657.jpg" - width="250" height="169" - alt="Junco oregonus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco oregonus.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">32411</b> <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill small, conical; culmen curved at the tip; the lower jaw quite as high -as the upper. Tarsus longer than the -middle toe; outer toe longer than the -inner, barely reaching to the base of the -middle claw; hind toe reaching as far as -the middle of the latter; extended toes -reaching about to the middle of the tail. -Wings rather short; reaching over the -basal fourth of the exposed surface of -the tail; primaries, however, considerably -longer than the secondaries and tertials, -which are nearly equal. The second -quill longest, the third to fifth successively -but little shorter; first longer than -sixth, much exceeding secondaries. Tail moderate, a little shorter than the wings; slightly -<!--658.png--><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 579]</span> -emarginate and rounded. Feathers rather narrow; oval at the end. No streaks on the -head or body; color above uniform on the head, back, or rump, separately or on all together. -Belly white; outer tail-feathers white. Young birds streaked above and below.</p> - -<p>The essential characters of this genus are the middle toe rather shorter -than the short tarsus; the lateral toes slightly unequal, the outer reaching -the base of the middle claw; the tail a little shorter than the wings, slightly -emarginate. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco cinereus</i> the claws are longer; the lower mandible a -little lower than the upper.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><b class="species-and-varieties">Species and Varieties.</b></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Prevailing color plumbeous; abdomen, crissum, and -lateral tail-feathers white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Bill entirely light flesh-colored, dusky only at extreme point. Color of -jugulum (deep ash or plumbeous-black) abruptly defined against the pure -white of the abdomen.</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">a.</i> Posterior outline of the dark color of the jugulum convex; sides -pinkish.</p> - -<p class="indent3">1. <b class="birdname">J. oregonus.</b> Back and wings more or less tinged with dark -rusty, in sharp contrast with the black (<abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>) or ash (<abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>) of the head -and neck. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Pacific Province of North America, from Sitka -southward; east across the Middle Province of United States, to -the Rocky Mountains (where mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. caniceps</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_116" id="fnanchor_116"></a><a href="#footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></span>) occasionally -to the Plains (where mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. hyemalis</i><span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_117" id="fnanchor_117"></a><a href="#footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></span>).</p> - -<p class="indent2"><i class="subset">b.</i> Posterior outline of the dark color of the jugulum concave; sides ashy.</p> - -<p class="indent3">2. <b class="birdname">J. hyemalis.</b> Back and wings without rusty tinge.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Wing without any white; three outer tail-feathers only, -marked with white. Bill, .40 and .25; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.80; -tarsus, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Eastern Province North America. Straggling -west to Arizona (<span class="sc">Coues</span>); in the northern Rocky Mountains, -mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. oregonus</i><span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Wing with two white bands (on tips of middle and greater -coverts); four outer tail-feathers marked with white. Bill, .50 -and .30; wing, 3.40; tail, 3.20. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> High mountains of -Colorado (El Paso <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, <span class="sc">Aiken</span>)<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">aikeni</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3">3. <b class="birdname">J. caniceps.</b> Back (interscapulars) rufous; scapulars and wings -uniform ashy. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central Rocky Mountains of United States. -(Along southern boundary mixed with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. cinereus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_118" id="fnanchor_118"></a><a href="#footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></span>)</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--659.png--><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 580]</span> -<b class="subset">B.</b> Bill with the upper mandible black, the lower yellow. Ash of the -jugulum fading gradually into the grayish-white of the abdomen.</p> - -<p class="indent3">4. <b class="birdname">J. cinereus.</b> Whole back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tertials -rufous.</p> - -<p class="indent4">Throat and jugulum pale ash; back bright rufous. Wing, -3.10; tail, 3.00; bill, .34 and .25; tarsus, .80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Tablelands -and mountains of Mexico<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_119" id="fnanchor_119"></a><a href="#footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></span></p> - -<p class="indent4">Throat and jugulum deep ash; back dull, or olivaceous-rufous. -Wing, 3.15; tail, 3.10; bill, .44 and .34; tarsus, .90. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> High mountains of Guatemala<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticola</i>.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_120" id="fnanchor_120"></a><a href="#footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Junco hyemalis</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">SNOWBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla hyemalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, (10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr>,) 1758, 183 (not of <span -class="sc">Gmelin</span> or <span class="sc">Latham</span>).—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Ornithological Biography One">Orn. Biog. I</abbr>, 1831, 72; <abbr title="Five">V</abbr>, 505, <abbr title="plate 13">pl. -xiii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Maximilian"><span class="sc">Max.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Cabanis Journal Six">Cab. Jour. VI</abbr>, -1858, 277. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla (Spiza) hyemalis</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte Synopsis"><span class="sc">Bon.</span> -Syn.</abbr> 1828, 109. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza hyemalis</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1766, 308. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus hyemalis</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 475. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Niphæa hyemalis</i>, <abbr title="Audubon"><span -class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> Synopsis, 1839, 106.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of -America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 88, <abbr title="plate 167">pl. clxvii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco hyemalis</i>, -<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1857, 7.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 468.—<span class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1861, 224.—<span class="sc">Dall & Bannister</span>, <abbr -title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 284.—<span class="sc">Samuels</span>, 314. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla hudsonia</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>, <abbr title="Philosophical Transactions 62">Philos. Trans. -LXII</abbr>, 1772, 428.—<span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1788, 926.—<span -class="sc">Wilson’s</span> Index, <abbr title="Six">VI</abbr>, 1812, <abbr title="plate 13">p. xiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" -xml:lang="la">Fringilla nivalis</i>, <span class="sc">Wilson</span>, <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, 1810, 129, <abbr title="plate 16">pl. -xvi</abbr>, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 6.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Everywhere of a grayish or dark ashy-black, deepest anteriorly; the middle -of the breast behind and of the belly, the under tail-coverts, and first and second -external tail-feathers, white; the third tail-feather white, margined with black. Length, -6.25; wing, about 3. Female paler. In winter washed with brownish. Young streaked -above and below.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Eastern United States to the Missouri, and as far west as Black Hills. Stragglers -at Fort Whipple, Arizona, and mountains of Colorado.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_660.jpg" - width="250" height="253" - alt="Junco oregonus" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco oregonus.</i></p> -</div> - -<p>The wing is rounded; the second quill longest; the third, fourth, and -fifth, successively, a little shorter; the first longer than the sixth. Tail -slightly rounded, and a little emarginate. In the full spring dress there is -<!--660.png--><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 581]</span> -no trace of any second color on the back, except an exceedingly faint and -scarcely appreciable wash of dull brownish over the whole upper parts. -The markings of the third tail-feather vary -somewhat in specimens. Sometimes the -whole tip is margined with brown; sometimes -the white extends to the end; sometimes -both webs are margined with brown; -sometimes the outer is white entirely; -sometimes the brownish wash on the back -is more distinct.</p> - -<p>Some specimens (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 52,702 and 52,701, -males) from Sun River, Dakota, appear to -be hybrids with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>. They have the -general appearance of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>, the back -being nearly uniform with the head (with -a wash of sepia-brown, however), and the head and neck of the same dark -plumbeous; the sides, however, are pinkish, and the plumbeous on the -jugulum has its posterior outline convex, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>. If, as there is -every reason to believe, these specimens are really hybrids, then we have the -two extreme forms of the genus connected by specimens of such a condition; -thus, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i> with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</i> (= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">annectens</i>, -Baird), and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</i> with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</i> -(= <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</i>, Henry). It may perhaps be -considered a serious question whether all (including <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticola</i>) are not, in -reality, geographical races of one species. However, as there is no possibility -of ever proving this, it may be best to consider them as representative -species, and these specimens of intermediate characters as hybrids.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The common familiar Snowbird of the Eastern States is found -throughout all North America, east of the Black Hills, from Texas to the -Arctic regions. Wherever found, it is at certain seasons a very abundant -and an equally familiar bird.</p> - -<p>It nests as far south, in mountainous regions, as Virginia, and thence to -New York and the northern parts of the New England States, breeding only -in the highlands, but descending more and more into the plains as we proceed -north. As it is a very hardy bird, its migrations are irregular and -uncertain. In some seasons I have observed but few at irregular intervals; -and in others, in which the spring was cold and backward, I have met with -them in every month except July and August.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kennicott found but few birds of this species breeding as far south as -Fort Resolution or Slave Lake, and was unable to find any of their nests, -though he met with a few birds that were evidently breeding there. He -found it afterwards nesting in the greatest abundance about latitude 65<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>. -They were very numerous on the Yukon, and Mr. MacFarlane found them -breeding plentifully on the Anderson River, at the edge of the barren-ground -region.</p> - -<p><!--661.png--><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 582]</span> -The nests found by Mr. Kennicott were all on the ground, more or less -concealed in tufts of grass, dry leaves, or projecting roots. Some were in -thick woods, others in more open regions, and were lined with moose-hair.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ross states that this species frequents all the Mackenzie River region -in summer, arriving about the 20th of April, and leaving about the 10th of -October. Besides its call-note, or chirp, it has a very pretty song.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dall also remarks that they were quite common at Nulato in the -spring, not arriving there, however, until about the first of June.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Dresser, it is found occasionally about San Antonio -in winter, and Dr. Woodhouse says that it is also common in the Indian -Territory in fall and winter. According to Mr. Audubon, it makes its -appearance in Louisiana in November, and remains there until early spring. -It is also abundant in South Carolina, arriving there in October and leaving -in April.</p> - -<p>This species was observed by Mr. Aiken in Colorado Territory for about -three weeks following March 20, after which they were seen no more.</p> - -<p>It breeds more or less abundantly in the northern and eastern portions of -Maine. About Calais and in all the islands of the Bay of Fundy, and -throughout New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, I found this by far the most -common and familiar species, especially at Pictou, where it abounded in -the gardens, in repeated instances coming within the outbuildings to build -its nests. In a woodshed connected with the dwelling of Mr. Dawson, my -attention was called to the nests of several of these birds, built within reach -of the hand, and in places where the family were passing and repassing -throughout the day. In Pictou they were generally called the Bluebird by -the common people. On my ride from Halifax to Pictou, I also found these -birds breeding by the roadside, often under the shelter of a projecting bank, -in the manner of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus savanna</i>. I afterward found them nesting -in similar situations among the White Mountains, the roadsides seeming to -be a favorite situation. In habits and notes, at Pictou, they reminded me -of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>, but were, if anything, more fearless and -confiding, coming into the room where the family were at their meals, and -only flying away when they had secured a crumb of sufficient size.</p> - -<p>In Western Massachusetts they breed in all parts of the range of Green -Mountains, from Blandford to North Adams. They appear about Springfield -in October and November, and are for a while abundant, and are then -gone until March, when they return in full song, and remain numerous into -April, and less common until into May. In the eastern part of the State -they are found from October to late in May, with some irregularity and in -varying numbers. Mr. Audubon did not meet with any on the coast of -Labrador, and Dr. Coues did not find them so abundant as he expected, and -did not observe any until the latter part of July, at which time the young -were already hatched, and they were associated in small companies. They -kept entirely in the thick woods, and seemed rather timid.</p> - -<p><!--662.png--><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 583]</span> -Their food is small berries, seeds of grasses and small plants, insects, -and larvæ. They seek the latter on the ground, and in the winter are said -to frequent the poultry-yards, and avail themselves of the services of the -fowls in turning up the earth. On the ground they hop about in a peculiar -manner, apparently without moving their feet. At night and during storms -they shelter themselves in the thick branches of evergreens, and also in -stacks of hay and piles of brushwood.</p> - -<p>During the winter the Snowbird appears to be rather more numerous in -the Middle and Southern States than in New England. In the former they -appear late in October, at first on the borders of woods, searching for food -among the fallen and decaying leaves. Later in the season, as the weather -becomes colder, and the snow deprives them of this means of feeding, -they resort to the roadsides and feed on the seeds of the taller weeds, -and to the farm-houses and farm-yards, and even enter within the limits of -large cities, where they become very tame and familiar. They are much -exposed to attacks from several kinds of Hawks, and the apparent timidity -they evince at certain times and places is due to their apprehensions of -this danger. The sudden rustle of the wings of a harmless fowl will cause -the whole flock to take at once to flight, returning as soon as their alarm is -found to be needless, but repeated again and again when the same dreaded -sounds are heard.</p> - -<p>Neither Wilson, Nuttall, nor Audubon appear to have ever met with the -nests or eggs of this bird, though the first met with them breeding both -among the Alleghanies, in Virginia, and the highlands of Pennsylvania and -New York. In Otsego County, in the latter State, Mr. Edward Appleton -was the first to discover and identify their nest and eggs, as cited by Mr. -Audubon in the third volume of his Birds of America. They were found -in considerable numbers in the town of Otsego. Their nests were on -the ground in sheltered positions, some of them with covered entrances. -Their complement of eggs was four. One of their nests was sent me, and -was characteristic of all I have since seen, having an external diameter of -four and a half inches and a depth of two. The cavity was deep and capacious -for the bird. The base and periphery of the nest were made of slender -strips of bark, coarse straws, fine roots, and horsehair, lined with fine mosses -and the fur of smaller animals. The eggs were of a rounded-oval shape; -their ground-color is a creamy yellowish-white, marked with spots and -blotches of a reddish-brown confluent around the larger portion of the egg, -but rarely covering either end. They measure .75 by .60 of an inch, not -varying in size from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. oregonus</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><!--663.png--><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 584]</span> -<b class="birdname">Junco hyemalis,</b> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">aikeni,</b> <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">WHITE-WINGED SNOWBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Generally similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. hyemalis</i>, but considerably larger, with more robust -bill; two white bands on the wing, and three, instead of two, outer tail-feathers entirely -white. <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 61,302 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, El Paso <abbr title="County">Co.</abbr>, Colorado, December 11, 1871, C. E. Aiken: Head, -neck, jugulum, and entire upper parts clear ash; the back with a bluish tinge; the lores, -quills, and tail-feathers darker; middle and secondary wing-coverts rather broadly tipped -with white, forming two conspicuous bands. Lower part of the breast, abdomen, and -crissum pure white, the anterior outline against the ash of the jugulum convex; sides -tinged with ash. Three lateral tail-feathers entirely white, the third, however, with a -narrow streak of dusky on the terminal third of the outer web; the next feather mostly -plumbeous, with the basal fourth of the outer web, and the terminal half of the inner, along -the shaft, white. Wing, 3.40; tail, 3.20; culmen, .50; depth of bill at base, .30; tarsus, .80.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -El Paso County, Colorado.</p> - -<p>At first sight, this bird appears to be a very distinct species, being larger -than any other North American form, and possessing in the white bands on -the wing characters entirely peculiar. Its large size, however, we can attribute -to its alpine habitat, agreeing in this respect, as compared with <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. -hyemalis</i>, with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. alticola</i> of Guatemala, which we can only consider an -alpine or somewhat local form of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. cinereus</i>. That the white bands on the -wing do not constitute a character sufficiently important to be considered of -specific value is proved by the fact that in many specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. oregonus</i>, -and occasionally in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. hyemalis</i>, there is sometimes quite a distinct tendency -to these bands in the form of obscure white tips to the coverts.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> But little is known as to the habits of this variety; probably -they do not differ from those of its congeners. It was met with by Mr. -C. E. Aiken, near Fountain, El Paso County, in Colorado Territory, in the -winter of 1871-72. They were rare in the early winter, became rather -common during the latter part of February and the first of March, and had -all disappeared by the first of April. During winter only males were seen, -but, in the spring, the females were the most numerous. They were usually -seen singly, or in companies of two or three, and not, like the others, in -larger flocks.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Junco oregonus</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">OREGON SNOWBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla oregona</i>, <span class="sc">Townsend</span>, <abbr title="Journal Academy -Natural Sciences Seven">J. A. N. Sc. VII</abbr>, 1837, 188.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Narrative, -1839, 345.—<abbr title="Audubon"><span class="sc">Aud.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Ornithological Biography Five">Orn. Biog. -V</abbr>, 1839, 68, <abbr title="plate 398">pl. cccxcviii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus oregonus</i>, <abbr -title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr> List, 1838.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr -title="Conspectus">Consp.</abbr> 1850, 475.—<span class="sc">Newberry</span>, <abbr title="Zoölogy California and Oregon -Route">Zoöl. Cal. & Or. Route</abbr>; <abbr title="Report Pacific Railroad Routes Six, four">Rep. P. R. R. VI, iv</abbr>, 1857, -88. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Niphœa oregona</i>, <abbr title="Audubon Synopsis"><span class="sc">Aud.</span> Syn.</abbr> 1839, -107.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Birds <abbr title="of America Three">Am. III</abbr>, 1841, 91, <abbr -title="plate 168">pl. clxviii</abbr>.—<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Museum -Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1851, 134. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco oregonus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1857, 7.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 466.—<span class="sc">Lord</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Royal Artillery Institute Four">Pr. R. -A. Inst. IV</abbr>, 120 (British Columbia).—<span class="sc">Cooper & Suckley</span>, 202.—<span -class="sc">Coues</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Ac.</abbr> 1866, 85 (Arizona).—<span -class="sc">Dall</span> & -<!--664.png--><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 585]</span> -<span class="sc">Bannister</span>, <abbr title="Transactions Chicago Academy One">Tr. Ch. Ac. I</abbr>, 1869, 284.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 199. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla hudsonia</i>, -<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Beitrage zür Fauna">Beit. Faun.</abbr> <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr> in <abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Abhandlung Akademie Wissenschaft">Abh. Akad. Wiss.</abbr> Berlin, for 1838, 1839, 424 (not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">F. -hudsonia</i>, <span class="sc">Forster</span>). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla atrata</i>, <span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Icones Rosso-Asiatica">Icon. Rosso-As.</abbr> tab. ii, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 8” -(<abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Head and neck all round sooty-black; this color extending to the upper -part of the breast, but not along the sides under the wings, and with convex outline -behind. Interscapular region of the back and exposed surface of the wing-coverts and -secondaries dark rufous-brown, forming a square patch. A lighter, more pinkish tint of -the same on the sides of breast and belly. Rest of under parts clear white. Rump -brownish-ash. Upper tail-coverts dusky. Outer two tail-feathers white; the third with -only an obscure streak of white. Bill flesh-color, dusky at tip. Legs flesh-color. Length -about 6.50 inches; wing, 3.00.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Pacific coast of the United States to the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, -and north to Alaska. Stragglers as far east as Fort Leavenworth in winter and Great -Bend of Missouri.</p> - -<p>Sitka and Oregon specimens have the back of a darker rufous than those -from California and the Middle Province, in which this portion of the body, -as well as the sides, is paler, and in more abrupt contrast with the head.</p> - -<p>Immature and the majority of winter specimens do not have the black -of the head and neck so well defined, but edged above more or less with the -color of the back, below with light ashy.</p> - -<p>The Oregon Snowbird in full plumage is readily distinguishable from the -eastern species by the purer white of the belly; the more sharply defined -outline of the black of the head passes directly across the upper part of the -breast, and is even convex in its posterior outline, without extending down -the side of the breast, with its posterior outline strongly concave, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>. -The absence of black or ashy-brown under the wings, with the rufous -tinge, are highly characteristic of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>. The head and neck are considerably -blacker; the rufous of the back and wings does not exist in the other. -The wings and quills are more pointed; the second quill usually longest, instead -of the third, etc. The dusky of the throat reaches in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. oregonus</i> only -to the upper part of the breast; to its middle region in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>.</p> - -<p>Sometimes, in adult males, the middle and greater wing-coverts are faintly -tipped with white, indicating two inconspicuous bands.</p> - -<p>In a large series of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Juncos</i> collected at Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr. -Coues, are several specimens so decidedly intermediate between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. oregonus</i> -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. caniceps</i> as to suggest the probability of their being hybrids; others, -from Fort Burgwyn and Fort Bridger, are exactly like them. With the ashy -head and jugulum, and black lores, as well as bright rufous back, of the latter, -the sides are pinkish as in the former; while, as in this too, the posterior outline -of the ash on jugulum is convex, not concave, and the rufous of the back -has a tendency to tinge the wings, instead of being confined to the interscapulars. -(See foot-note to synoptical table, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 579.)</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Dr. Suckley found this bird extremely abundant in Oregon and -Washington Territory, where it holds about the same position that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i> -<!--665.png--><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 586]</span> -does in the Eastern States. Dr. Cooper states it to be a very common -bird in Washington Territory, especially in the winter, when it comes about -the houses and farms with precisely the same habits as the common Atlantic -species. In the summer it is seen about Puget Sound, in which neighborhood -it breeds. He met with young fledglings as early as May 24. At that season -they were not gregarious, and were found principally about the edges of woods.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ridgway also regards the western Snowbird as, in all appreciable -respects, an exact counterpart of the eastern <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>. In summer he found -it inhabiting the pine woods of the mountains, but in winter descending to -the lowlands, and entering the towns and gardens in the same manner with -the eastern species.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states this species to be numerous in winter in nearly every -part of California. In the summer it resides among the mountains down to -the <abbr title="thirty-second">32d</abbr> parallel. On the coast he has not determined its residence farther -south than Monterey. The coolness of that locality, and its extensive forests -of pines extending to the coast, favor the residence of such birds during -the summer. At San Diego he observed them until the first of April, when -they retired to the neighboring mountains. A few also were found in the -Colorado Valley in the winter. On the Coast Mountains south of Santa -Clara he found them breeding in large numbers in May, 1864. One nest -contained young, just ready to fly, as early as May 13. This was built in a -cavity among the roots of a large tree on a steep bank. It was made of -leaves, grasses, and fine root-fibres. On the outside it was covered with an -abundant coating of green moss, raised above the surface of the ground. The -old birds betrayed the presence of the nest by their extreme anxiety. On -the 20th he found another nest on the very summit of the mountains, supposed -to be a second laying, as it contained but three eggs. It was slightly -sunk in the ground under a fern, and formed like the other, but with less -moss around its edge. It was lined with cows’ and horses’ hair. The eggs -were bluish-white, with blackish-brown spots of various sizes thickly sprinkled -around the larger end, and measuring .74 by .60 of an inch.</p> - -<p>The only song Dr. Cooper noticed, of this species, was a faint trill much -like that of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella socialis</i>, delivered from the top of some low tree in -March and April. At other times they have only a sharp call-note, by which -they are distinguishable from other Sparrows. While some migrate far to -the south in winter, others remain as far north as the Columbia River, frequenting, -in large numbers, the vicinity of barns and houses, especially when -the snow is on the ground. They raise two broods in a season.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this species a very common winter resident in Arizona, -arriving at Fort Whipple about October 10, soon becoming very abundant, -and continuing so until the second week in April. Stragglers were seen until -May 10.</p> - -<p>Dr. Woodhouse also observed numbers of the western Snowbird on the -San Francisco Mountains, in the month of October, where they were very -<!--666.png--><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 587]</span> -abundant. Many specimens were obtained in Sitka by Mr. Bischoff. None -have so far been recorded from the Aleutian Islands.</p> - -<p>Dr. Kennerly frequently saw these birds near the Pueblo of Zuñi in New -Mexico; in the months of October and November they were very abundant -among the cedars to the westward of that settlement as far as the Little -Colorado. Dr. Heermann also met with them near Fort Yuma in December, -having previously noticed them during the fall, migrating in large flocks.</p> - -<p>Mr. Aiken frequently found this species throughout the winter in Colorado. -It was very common during March and the first of April. By May -only a few straggling females were seen, and then they all disappeared.</p> - -<p>The nests of this species have a general resemblance in structure to those -of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>. They are well constructed and remarkably symmetrical, -made externally of mosses and other coarse materials, within which -is very nicely woven an inner nest of fine, bent stems of grasses, lined -with hair. The eggs, four or five in number, resemble those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>, -but are lighter. They have a ground-color of greenish-white, marked about -the larger end with fine dots of reddish-brown. Their measurement is .75 -by .60 of an inch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Junco caniceps</b>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">RED-BACKED SNOWBIRD.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus caniceps</i>, <span class="sc">Woodhouse</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Six">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI</abbr>, <abbr title="December">Dec.</abbr> 1852, 202 (New Mexico -and Texas).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> Sitgreaves’s Report Zuñi & Colorado, 1853, 83, <abbr -title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco caniceps</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 468, <abbr title="plate 72, figure">pl. lxxii, f.</abbr> 1.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 201.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill yellowish; black at the tip. Above ashy (of the same shade before -and behind); the head and neck all round of this color, which extends (paling a little) -along the sides, leaving the middle of the belly and crissum quite abruptly white. Lores -conspicuously but not very abruptly darker. Interscapular region abruptly reddish chestnut-brown, -which does not extend on the wings, and makes a triangular patch. Two -outer tail-feathers entirely white; third with a long white terminal stripe on the inner -web. Young streaked with blackish above and below, except along middle of belly and -behind. Length, 6.00; wing, 3.23; tail, 3.04.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Rocky Mountains; from Black Hills to San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. -Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains (<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>).</p> - -<p>This species is similar to the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. hyemalis</i> in color, though paler; -the tint of the under parts and sides is not quite so dark, and is less abruptly -defined against the white. The conspicuous chestnut patch on the back and -the dusky lores will distinguish them. The edge of the outer web of the -third tail-feather is brown, not white. It differs from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</i> in -having no chestnut on the wings, especially the tertials, and from the former -in the extension of the ash of the neck along the sides and much lighter head.</p> - -<p>Young birds are streaked above and below as in other species; they may -be distinguished from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</i> by the rufous being confined to the -interscapular region, the same as in the adult.</p> - -<p><!--667.png--><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 588]</span> -The type skin of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco dorsalis</i> of Dr. Henry (see foot-note to synoptical -table, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 580) differs mainly in having the whole upper mandible entirely -black, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. cinereus</i>; and, as in the latter, the jugulum is pale ash, fading -gradually into the white of the abdomen, instead of deep ash abruptly defined. -It is very probably, as suggested by Mr. Ridgway, a hybrid with -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. cinereus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> This species was first discovered and described by Dr. Woodhouse -from specimens obtained by him among the San Francisco Mountains -in Arizona. When procured, it was feeding in company with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco oregonus</i> -and various species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</i>. Its habits appeared to be very similar -to those of the western Snowbird, as well as to those of the common <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. -hyemalis</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues states that he found this bird a not very common winter resident -at Fort Whipple, where its times of arrival and departure, as well as its -general habits, were identical with those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. oregonus</i>, with which it very -freely associated. From this we may naturally infer that in New Mexico -and Arizona it appears only as a winter visitant, and that in summer it goes -elsewhere to breed. Its summer resorts, as well as our knowledge of its -breeding-habits, nest, and eggs, remain to be determined, or are only imperfectly -known. It evidently retires to the highlands and to mountain regions -to breed, and probably has a much more extended habitat than that of -which we now have any knowledge. Upon this problem Mr. Ridgway’s -observations have already shed some valuable and suggestive light. He -met with this bird only among the pine woods of the Wahsatch Mountains, -where, however, it was a very common bird, and where it was also breeding. -Its manners and notes were scarcely different from those of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. oregonus</i>. It -is, however, a shyer bird than the latter, and its song, which is only a simple -trill, is rather louder than that of either the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i> or the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues writes me that both “the Gray-head and the Oregon Snowbirds -are common species about Fort Whipple in winter, arriving about the middle -of October, and remaining in numbers until early in April, when they thin -off, although some may usually be observed during the month, and even a -part of the next. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oregonus</i> far outnumbers <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</i>. So far as I could -see, their habits are precisely the same as those of the eastern Snowbird. -During snow-storms they used to come familiarly about our quarters, and I -once captured several of both species, enticing them into a tent in which -some barley had been strewn, and having the flap fixed so that it could be -pulled down with a string in a moment. They always associated together, -and once, on firing into a flock, I picked up a number of each kind, and one -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco hyemalis</i>. The latter can only be considered a straggler in this region, -although I secured three specimens one winter.”</p> - -<p>This species was very rare in Colorado, according to Mr. Aiken, in the -winter of 1871-72, but became common in March, and a few remained up -to the <abbr title="third">3d</abbr> of May. No females of this species were observed by him.</p> - -<p><!--668.png--><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 589]</span> -Mr. J. A. Allen mentions first meeting with this species at an elevation -of seven thousand feet, and from that height it was common, on the slopes -of Mount Lincoln, to the extreme limit of the timber line.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><span class="sc">Genus</span> <b class="birdname">POOSPIZA</b>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>.</p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Wiegmann’s <span lang="de" -xml:lang="de">Archiv</span>, 1847, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 349. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza nigro-rufa</i>, <abbr -title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr>, or <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo personata</i>, <abbr -title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr>)</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_668.jpg" - width="250" height="243" - alt="Poospiza bilineata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="General Characters"><span class="sc">Gen. Char.</span></abbr> -Bill slender, conical, both outlines gently curved. Under jaw with the -edges considerably inflected; not so high as the upper. -Tarsi elongated, slender; considerably longer -than the middle toe. Toes short, weak; the outer -decidedly longer than the inner, but not reaching -to the base of the middle claw. Hind toe about -equal to the middle without its claw. All the -claws compressed and moderately curved. Wings -rather long, reaching about over the basal fourth -of the exposed portion of the rather long tail. -Tertiaries and secondaries about equal, and not -much shorter than the lengthened primaries; the -second to fifth about equal and longest; the first -considerably shorter, and longer than the seventh. -Tail long, slightly emarginate, graduated; the outer -feather abruptly shorter than the others. Feathers -broad, linear, and rather obliquely truncate at the ends, with the corners rounded.</p> - -<p><i class="subset">Color.</i> Uniform above, without streaks. Beneath white, with or without a black -throat. Black and white stripes on the head.</p> - -<p>We are by no means sure that the two North American specimens here -indicated really belong to the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza</i>, but we know no better position -for them. They may be distinguished as follows:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="comchar"><span class="sc">Common Characters.</span> Lores and beneath the eye black, a white orbital ring, -white spot above the lore (in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</i> continued back in a superciliary stripe); -a white maxillary stripe. Lateral tail-feathers, with outer web, and terminal -border of inner, hoary or pure white.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><b class="subset">A.</b> Throat black in adult; sides not streaked.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">A continuous white superciliary stripe.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">1. <b class="birdname">P. bilineata.</b> Black patch of throat covering jugulum, with a -convex outline behind. Crown and back without streaks, concolored. -Wing-coverts without white bands; lesser coverts ash. Wing, 2.75; -tail, 2.85; bill, from nostril, .37; tarsus, .65.</p> - -<p class="centerindent"><i class="subset">No white superciliary stripe.</i></p> - -<p class="indent2">2. <b class="birdname">P. mystacalis.</b> Black patch of throat not extending on jugulum; -its posterior outline truncated. Crown and back with distinct black -streaks. Back scapulars and rump rufous in contrast with the ash of -head and neck. Wing-coverts with two narrow, sharply defined white -bands; lesser coverts black. Wing, 2.80; tail, 3.30; bill, .40; tarsus, -.80. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico.</p> - -<p class="indent1"><!--669.png--><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 590]</span> -<b class="subset">B.</b> Throat white; sides streaked.</p> - -<p class="indent2">3. <b class="birdname">P. belli.</b> No white superciliary stripe. A dusky spot in middle of -the breast. Upper parts ashy, concolored, with indistinct streaks on the -back. Wings somewhat more brownish, the coverts with two indistinct -light (not white) bands.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="alpha">α</abbr>. Wing, 2.50; tail, 2.50; bill, .31; tarsus, .74. Dorsal streaks -obsolete. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> California<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</i>.</p> - -<p class="indent3"><abbr title="beta">β</abbr>. Wing, 3.20; tail, 3.20; bill, .35; tarsus, .76. Dorsal streaks -distinct. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Middle Province of United States.<span class="lock"> … </span><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Poospiza bilineata</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BLACK-THROATED SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza bilineata</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings -Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelpia Five, October">Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. V, Oct.</abbr> 1850, 104, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. -iii</abbr>, Texas.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Illustrations One, five">Illust. I, -v</abbr>, 1854, 150, <abbr title="plate 23">pl. xxiii</abbr>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata</i>, <span -class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1857, 7.—<span -class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 470.—<abbr title="Ibid"><span -class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Mexican Boundary Two">Mex. Bound. II</abbr>, Birds, 15.—<abbr title="Heermann 10"><span -class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, c. 14.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> -1, 1870, 203.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_669.jpg" - width="250" height="209" - alt="Poospiza bilineata" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza bilineata.</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">6316</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Above uniform unspotted ashy-gray, tinged with light brown; purer and -more plumbeous anteriorly, and on sides of head and neck. Under parts white, tinged -with plumbeous on the sides, and with -yellowish-brown about the thighs. A sharply -defined superciliary and maxillary stripe of -pure white, as also the lower eyelid, the -former margined internally with black. Loral -region black, passing insensibly into dark -slate on the ears. Chin and throat between -the white maxillary stripes black, ending on -the upper part of the breast in a rounded -outline. Tail black, the lateral feathers edged -externally and tipped on inner web with -white. Bill blue. Length, 5.40; wing, 2.75; -tail, 2.90. Sexes alike.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle Province of United States -north to 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr>, between Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. (As far west as Janos and -the Mohave villages.) Matamoras (rare at San Antonio; <span class="sc">Dresser</span>, Ibis, 1865, 488).</p> - -<p>This species in external form is very similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. belli</i>, and will probably -fall in the same genus. The cutting edges of the bill are much inflexed. -The first quill is shorter than the sixth. The tail is a good deal rounded; -the feathers broad.</p> - -<p>The white maxillary stripe does not come quite to the base of the under -jaw, which there is black. There is a hoary tinge on the forehead. The -white superciliary stripes almost meet on the forehead.</p> - -<p>In the immature bird the throat is white with a dusky clouding along -each side; the upper part of the breast streaked with brown.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> The Black-throated Sparrow, generically associated with Bell’s -Finch, has several well-marked distinctive peculiarities in habits. Their -eggs are also totally unlike those of the present species, being much more -<!--670.png--><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 591]</span> -like those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa</i> and of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte griseinucha</i>, and, like them, white -and unspotted.</p> - -<p>This species was first described by Mr. Cassin from specimens obtained in -Western Texas by John W. Audubon, and its habitat was at first supposed to -be restricted to the valleys of the Rio Grande and the Gila, but more recent -explorations show it to have a much wider distribution. It is found from -Western Texas through part of Mexico, New Mexico, the Indian Territory, -and Arizona, to Southern California, and towards the north throughout the -region of the Great Basin to an extent not yet fully determined. In portions -at least of this territory it is migratory, and only resident in the summer -months.</p> - -<p>Mr. Dresser found this Sparrow very abundant during July and August in -the mesquite thickets in the town of Matamoras. In December it was -equally common at Eagle Pass, but at San Antonio it was quite a rare bird. -He only observed it on two or three occasions at a rancho on the Medina -River, and late in June a nest and four eggs were obtained. Between Laredo -and Matamoras, after crossing the Nueces, he found these birds very numerous, -and near Laredo met with several nests, some containing young and some -eggs nearly hatched. One taken on the 20th of July contained three fresh -eggs, probably indicating a second laying. This nest was in a low bush, -carefully concealed. It was composed of straws and lined with fine roots. -The eggs, when fresh, were nearly white, with a delicate bluish tinge. On -his journey down the river he found many nests, all empty or containing -young. Some of these were partially lined with cotton. Though not wild, -the birds were so restless that he found it difficult to shoot them. Dr. -Woodhouse obtained one specimen on the Rio Pedro, in Texas.</p> - -<p>In Mexico this Sparrow was found by Lieutenant Couch to be numerous -in parts of Tamaulipas, Nueva Leon, Coahuila, and other States on the -Rio Grande, immediately south and west of the limits of the territory of the -United States. It was first seen at Santa Rosalio, and specimens obtained, -though none were noticed at Brownsville, only twenty miles east, during a -month’s residence. At Charco Escondido, forty miles farther in the interior, -it was very plentiful, and although it was early in March, had already reared -a brood of young, one specimen appearing to be a young bird only a few -weeks old. Its favorite home appeared to be the scattered mesquite, on -the plains east of the Sierra Madre. During the warm hours of the day it -does not seek the shade, but may always be found chirping and hopping from -one bush to another. South of Cadoreita the birds disappeared, but after a -month’s loss of their company he again met with them among some flowering -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leguminosa</i>, between Pesquieria and Rinconada. He thus found it several -times entirely absent from districts of considerable extent, but always reappearing -again throughout his journey. The usual note of this bird, at the season -in which he met with it, was a simple chirp; but on one occasion, having -halted during a norther in Tamaulipas, he heard a “gay little black-throated -<!--671.png--><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 592]</span> -fellow,” regardless of the bitter wind, from the top of a yellow mimosa then -in bloom, give utterance to a strain of sprightly and sweet notes, that would -compare favorably with those of many more famed songsters.</p> - -<p>Dr. Coues found this Sparrow very abundant in the southern and western -portions of Arizona, though rare at Fort Whipple, where the locality was -unsuited to it, as it seemed to prefer open plains, grassy or covered with sagebrush.</p> - -<p>Mr. J. H. Clarke, who met with these birds in Tamaulipas, Texas, and -New Mexico, speaks of them as abundant and widely distributed. He -found them on the lower Rio Grande, but more abundantly in the interior, -seeming to prefer the stunted and sparse vegetation of the sand-hills and -dry plains to the cottonwood groves and willow thickets of the river valleys, -where they were never seen. They would be very inconspicuous did -not the male occasionally perch himself on some topmost branch and pour -forth a continuous strain of music. In the more barren regions they were -the almost exclusive representatives of the feathered tribes.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann first remarked this Finch near Tucson, in Arizona, where he -found it associated with other Sparrows in large flocks. They were flying -from bush to bush, alighting on the ground to pick up grass-seeds and insects. -They were quite numerous, and he traced them as far into Texas as -the Dead Man’s Hole, between El Paso and San Antonio.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper found a few of these birds on the treeless and waterless mountains -that border the Colorado Valley, in pairs or in small companies, hopping -along the ground, under the scanty shrubbery. In crossing the Providence -Range, in May, Dr. Cooper found their nest, containing white eggs.</p> - -<p>Both species of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza</i>, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</i> and the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</i>, according to Mr. -Ridgway, are entirely peculiar in their manners, habits, and notes. Both, he -states, are birds characteristic of the arid artemisia plains of the Great Basin, -and, with the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta</i>, are often the only birds met with on those -desert wastes. The two species, he adds, are quite unlike in their habits and -manners. They each have about the same extent of habitat, and even often -frequent the same locality. While the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. bilineata</i> is partial to dry sandy -situations, inhabiting generally the arid <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">mesa</i> extending from the river valleys -back to the mountains, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. belli</i> is almost confined to the more -thrifty growth of the artemisia, as found in the damper valley portions. -The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. belli</i> is a resident species, and even through the severest winters is -found in abundance. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. bilineata</i> is exclusively a summer bird, one of -the latest to come from the South, and much the more shy of the two; -its manners also are quite different.</p> - -<p>Both birds have one common characteristic, which renders them worthy -of especial remark. This is the peculiar delivery and accent, and the strange -sad tone of their spring song, which, though unassuming and simple, is indeed -strange in the effect it produces. This song, so plaintive and mournful, -harmonizes with the dull monotony of the desert landscape.</p> - -<p><!--672.png--><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 593]</span> -Mr. Ridgway states that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. bilineata</i> is not so abundant as the other -species, and is more retiring in its habits. It principally frequents the desert -tracts and sandy wastes, on which are found only the most stunted forms of -sage-brush. Its song, though quite simple, is exceedingly fine, its modulation -being somewhat like <i class="birdcall">wut´-wut´-ze-e-e-e-e-e</i>, the first two syllables being -uttered in a rich metallic tone, while the final trill is in a lower key, and of -the most liquid and tremulous character imaginable. This simple chant is -repeated every few seconds, the singer being perched upon a bush. He adds -that this bird arrives on the Truckee Reservation about the 13th of May. -The nest is built in sage-bushes, and the eggs are found from the 7th to -the 21st of June. The nests are usually about one foot from the ground, or -thereabouts.</p> - -<p>The eggs vary in size from .70 by .55 of an inch to .75 by .60. They are -of a rounded-oval shape, and of a pure white with a slight tinge of blue, -somewhat resembling the eggs of the Bachman Finch.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Poospiza belli</b>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">BELL’S SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza belli</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy -of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Five, October">Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. V, Oct.</abbr> 1850, 104, <abbr title="plate 4">pl. iv</abbr> (San -Diego, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>). <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr -title="Proceedings Zoölogical Society">Pr. Zoöl. Soc.</abbr> 1857, 7.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North -America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 470.—<abbr title="Heermann 10"><span class="sc">Heerm.</span> X</abbr>, s. <abbr -title="page">p.</abbr> 46. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia belli</i>, <span class="sc">Elliot</span>, <abbr title="Illustrations -Birds North America One, plate 14">Illust. Birds N. Am. I, pl. xiv</abbr>.—<span class="sc">Cooper</span>, <abbr -title="Ornithology California">Orn. Cal.</abbr> 1, 204.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Upper parts generally, with sides of head and neck, uniform bluish-ash, -tinged with yellowish-gray on the crown and back, and with a few very obsolete dusky -streaks on the interscapular region. Beneath pure white, tinged with yellowish-brown on -the sides and under the tail. Eyelids, short streak from the bill to above the eye, and small -median spot at the base of culmen, white. A stripe on the sides of the throat and spot -on the upper part of the breast, with a few streaks on the sides, with the loral space and -region round the eyes, plumbeous-black. Tail-feathers black; the outer edged with white. -Wing-feathers all broadly edged with brownish-yellow; the elbow-joint tinged with -yellowish-green. Bill and feet blue. Length, 5.70; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.90. (Largest -specimen, 6,338 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Cosumnes River).</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Southern California.</p> - -<p>The colors are softer and more blended in the autumn; the young are -obsoletely streaked on the breast.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> Bell’s Finch has apparently a more restricted distribution than -the Black-throated species, and is resident wherever found. It has been met -with at Posa Creek, <abbr title="California">Cal.</abbr>, by Dr. Heermann, at Fort Thorn by Dr. T. C. -Henry, and along the Colorado River by Drs. Kennerly and Möllhausen. -It has likewise been found in Southern California, as far north as Sacramento -Valley, and in the valley of the Gila.</p> - -<p>Dr. Cooper states that all the extensive thickets throughout the southern -half of California are the favorite resorts of this bird. There they -apparently live upon small seeds and insects, indifferent as to water, or -<!--673.png--><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 594]</span> -depending upon what they obtain from dews or fogs. They reside all the -year in the same localities, and were also numerous on the island of San -Nicolas, eighty miles from the mainland. In spring the males utter, as Dr. -Cooper says, a low monotonous ditty, from the top of some favorite shrub, -answering each other from long distances. Their nest he found about three -feet from the ground, composed of grasses and slender weeds, lined with -hair and other substances. The eggs, four in number, he describes as pale -greenish, thickly sprinkled over with reddish-brown dots. At San Diego he -found the young hatched out by May 18, but thinks they are sometimes -earlier. It is also a common bird in the chaparral of Santa Clara Valley, -and also, according to Dr. Heermann, along the Cosumnes River.</p> - -<p>In Arizona, according to Dr. Coues, it is rather uncommon about Fort -Whipple, owing to the unsuitable nature of the locality, but is abundant -among the sage-brush of the Gila Valley, where it keeps much on the -ground, and where its movements are very much like those of a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</i>.</p> - -<p>Drs. Kennerly and Möllhausen met with these Sparrows on the Little -Colorado River, in California, December 15. They were found during that -month along the banks of the river wherever the weeds and bushes were -thick. It was never observed very far from the water, and its food, at that -season, seemed to consist of the seeds of various kinds of weeds. Its -motions were quick, and, when started up, its flight was short, rapid, and -near the earth.</p> - -<p>Dr. Heermann states that in the fall of 1851 he found this species in the -mountains bordering the Cosumnes River, and afterwards on the broad tract -of arid land between Kerr River and the Tejon Pass, and again on the desert -between that and the Mohave River. He often found them wandering to a -great distance from water. With only a few exceptions, these were the only -birds inhabiting the desolate plains, where the artemisia is the almost exclusive -vegetation. When undisturbed, it chants merrily from some bush-top, -but, at the approach of danger, drops at once to the ground and disappears -in the shrubbery or weeds. Its nest he found built in a bush, composed of -twigs and grasses, and lined with hair. The eggs, four in number, he -describes as of a light greenish-blue, marked with reddish-purple spots, differing -in intensity of shade.</p> - -<p class="p2 center"><b class="birdname">Poospiza belli</b>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <b class="birdname">nevadensis</b>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="center smaller"><b class="birdname">ARTEMISIA SPARROW.</b></p> - -<p class="citehanging"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, Report on Birds of 40th Parallel.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Specific Characters"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span></abbr> -Resembling <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. belli</i>, but purer ashy above, with the dorsal streaks very -distinct, instead of almost obsolete. Wing, 3.20 (instead of 2.50); tail, 3.20 (instead of -2.50); bill (from forehead), .35; tarsus, .76. (Type, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 53,516 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, Western Humboldt -Mountains, <abbr title="Nevada">Nev.</abbr>, United States <abbr title="Geological Exploration 40th Parallel">Geol. Expl. 40th Par.</abbr>)</p> - -<p class="small"><!--674.png--><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 595]</span> -<i class="subset">Young.</i> Streaked above, the crown obsoletely, the back distinctly. Whole breast and -sides with numerous short dusky streaks upon a white ground. Markings about the head -indistinct, wing-bands more distinct than in the adult.</p> - -<p class="small"><abbr title="Habitat"><span class="sc">Hab.</span></abbr> -Middle Province of United -States, north to beyond 40<abbr title="degrees">°</abbr> (resident).</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 250px"> - <img src="images/i_674.jpg" - width="250" height="187" - alt="Poospiza belli, variation belli" - /> - <p class="center small"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</i><br /> - <b class="specimen-number">11211</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The difference in size between -the race of the Great Basin and -that of the southern Pacific Province, -of this species, is quite remarkable, -being much greater -than in any other instance within -our knowledge. This may, -perhaps, be explained by the fact -that the former is not migratory, -but resident even in the most northern part of its range; while the California -one is also resident, and an inhabitant of only the southern portion of the -coast region, not reaching nearly so far north as the race of the interior.</p> - -<p>The coloration of the two races is quite identical, though in all specimens -of <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</i> the dorsal streaks are obsolete, sometimes even apparently -wanting, while in the <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</i> they are always conspicuous. The -former appears to be more brownish above than the latter.</p> - -<p><span class="sc">Habits.</span> These birds, Mr. Ridgway states, have a very general distribution, -extending as far west as the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada. At Carson -City, February 27, he heard for the first time their sweet sad chant. A week -later he found the sage-brush full of these birds, the males being in full song -and answering one another from all directions. In walking through the sage-brush -these Sparrows were seen on every side, some running upon the ground -with their tails elevated, uttering a chipping twitter, as they sought to conceal -themselves behind the shrubs. Some were seen to alight upon the tops of -dead stalks, where they sit with their tails expanded almost precisely after -the manner of the Kingbird. The song of this bird is feeble, but is unsurpassed -for sweetness and sadness of tone. While its effect is very like the -song of a Meadow Lark singing afar off, there is, besides its peculiar sadness, -something quite unique in its modulation and delivery. It is a chant, -in style somewhat like the spring warbling of the Shore Lark.</p> - -<p>On the 24th of March, at Carson City, he found these Sparrows very -abundant and everywhere the predominating species, as it was also the most -unsuspicious and familiar. It was even difficult to keep them from under -the feet. A pair would often run before him for a distance of several rods -with their unexpanded tails elevated, and when too nearly approached would -only dodge in among the bushes instead of flying off.</p> - -<p>On the 9th of April, walking among the sage-brush near Carson City, Mr. -Ridgway found several nests of this Sparrow, the female parent in each -<!--675.png--><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 596]</span> -instance betraying the position of her nest by running out, as he approached, -from the bush beneath which it was concealed. With elevated -tail, running rapidly and silently away, they disappeared among the shrubbery. -In such cases a careful examination of the spot was sure to result -in finding an artfully concealed nest, either embedded in the ground or a -few inches above it in the lower branches of the bush. He did not find this -species east of the northern end of Great Salt Lake, nor was it seen in the -neighborhood of Salt Lake City, where the other species was so abundant.</p> - -<p>The eggs of this species differ very essentially from those of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. bilineata</i>. -They are oblong in shape, have a light greenish ground, marked all -over the egg with very fine dots of a reddish-brown, and around the larger -end with a ring of confluent blotches of dark purple and lines of a darker -brown, almost black. They measure .80 by .60 of an inch. They resemble -very closely a not uncommon variety of the eggs of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella pusilla</i>.</p> - -</div><!--family Fringillidæ continues in volume two--> - -<p><!--676.png--><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg 597]</span></p> - -<div class="multifootnote"> - -<p class="p2">Footnotes:</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_1" id="footnote_1"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_1"><span class="muchsmaller">[1]</span></a> -We are indebted to Professor Theodore N. Gill for the present -account of the characteristics of the class of Birds as distinguished -from other vertebrates, pages <span class="muchsmaller"><abbr title="eleven to fifteen">XI-XV</abbr></span>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_2" id="footnote_2"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_2"><span class="muchsmaller">[2]</span></a> -Dr. Coues, in his “Key to North American Birds,” gives an able and -extended article on the general characteristics of birds, and on their -internal and external anatomy, to which we refer our readers. A paper -by Professor E. S. Morse in the “Annals of the New York Lyceum of -Natural History” (<abbr title="ten">X</abbr>, 1869), “On the Carpus and Tarsus of Birds,” is of -much scientific value.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_3" id="footnote_3"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_3"><span class="muchsmaller">[3]</span></a> -Carus and Gerstaecker (<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Handbuch der Zoologie</span>, 1868, 191) present -the following definition of birds as a class:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="footnote"><b class="birdname">Aves.</b> -Skin covered wholly or in part with feathers. Anterior pair of -limbs, converted into wings, generally used in flight; sometimes -rudimentary. Occiput with a single condyle. Jaws encased in horny -sheaths, which form a bill; lower jaw of several elements and -articulated behind with a distinct quadrate bone attached to the -skull. Heart with double auricle and double ventricle. Air-spaces -connected to a greater or less extent with the lungs; the skeleton -more or less pneumatic. Diaphragm incomplete. Pelvis generally open. -Reproduction by eggs, fertilized within the body, and hatched -externally, either by incubation or by solar heat; the shells -calcareous and hard.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_4" id="footnote_4"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_4"><span class="muchsmaller">[4]</span></a> -<cite lang="la" xml:lang="la">Methodi naturalis avium disponendarum tentamen.</cite> Stockholm, -1872-73.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_5" id="footnote_5"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_5"><span class="muchsmaller">[5]</span></a> -This group is insusceptible of definition. The wading birds, as -usually allocated, do not possess in common one single character not -also to be found in other groups, nor is the collocation of their -characters peculiar.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_6" id="footnote_6"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_6"><span class="muchsmaller">[6]</span></a> -Corresponding closely with the Linnæan and earlier Sundevallian -acceptation of the term. Equivalent to the later <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</i> of -Sundevall.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_7" id="footnote_7"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_7"><span class="muchsmaller">[7]</span></a> -As remarked by Sundevall, exceptions to the diagnostic pertinence -of these two characters of hind claw and wing-coverts taken together -are scarcely found. For, in those non-passerine birds, as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Raptores</i> -and some <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Herodiones</i>, in which the claw is enlarged, the wing-coverts -are otherwise disposed; and similarly when, as in many <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pici</i> and -elsewhere, the coverts are of a passerine character, the feet are -highly diverse.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_8" id="footnote_8"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_8"><span class="muchsmaller">[8]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laminiplantares</i> of Sundevall plus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_9" id="footnote_9"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_9"><span class="muchsmaller">[9]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scutelliplantares</i> of Sundevall minus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_10" id="footnote_10"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_10"><span class="muchsmaller">[10]</span></a> -Nearly equivalent to the Linnæan <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picæ</i>. Equal to the late (1873) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Volucres</i> of Sundevall.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_11" id="footnote_11"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_11"><span class="muchsmaller">[11]</span></a> -A polymorphic group, perfectly distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passeres</i> by -the above characters in which, for the most part, it approximates to -one or another of the following lower groups, from which, severally, -it is distinguished by the inapplicability of the characters noted -beyond. My divisions of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picariæ</i> correspond respectively to the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselomorphæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygomorphæ</i>, -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Celeomorphæ</i> of Huxley, from -whom many of the characters are borrowed.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_12" id="footnote_12"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_12"><span class="muchsmaller">[12]</span></a> -Groups G., H., and I. are respectively equal to the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Charadriomorphæ</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pelargomorphæ</i>, -and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geranomorphæ</i> of Huxley.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_13" id="footnote_13"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_13"><span class="muchsmaller">[13]</span></a> -In the true conirostral or fringilliform genera the under -mandible has high strong tomia, bent at an angle near the base; the -corresponding portion of the upper mandible is deep, so that the -nostrils are nearer the culmen than the tomia. The whole bill is more -or less bent in its axis from the axis of the cranial base, so that -the palate curves down, or is excavated or, as it were, is broken into -two planes meeting at an angle,—one plane the anterior hard -imperforate roof of the mouth, the other the back palate where the -internal nares are situate (Sundevall). The single North American -genus of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</i>) is here conventionally ranged on -account of its high nostrils and conic bill, although it does not show -angulation of the tomia. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</i>, with obviously angulated -tomia, shade into the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</i> in shortness and thickness of -bill, and into other families in its length and slenderness.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_14" id="footnote_14"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_14"><span class="muchsmaller">[14]</span></a> -These two genera, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</i>, of the family -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</i>, have naked nostrils, as under <i class="subset">dd</i>, but otherwise show the -characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_15" id="footnote_15"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_15"><span class="muchsmaller">[15]</span></a> -With the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</i> the authors of this work include the Nuthatches -as a subfamily <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittinæ</i>, which I prefer to dissociate and place as a -group of equal grade next to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiidæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_16" id="footnote_16"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_16"><span class="muchsmaller">[16]</span></a> -In the genus <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis</i> and part of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</i> it is so -extremely short as to appear absent, and is displaced, lying concealed -outside the second (apparently first) primary, like one of the primary -coverts; however, it may always be detected on close examination, -differing from the coverts with which it is associated in some points -of size and shape, if not also of color.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_17" id="footnote_17"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_17"><span class="muchsmaller">[17]</span></a> -In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis</i> there is tendency to subdivision of the lateral -plates; in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes</i> the anterior scutella are obsolete.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_18" id="footnote_18"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_18"><span class="muchsmaller">[18]</span></a> -Excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</i>, in which the true hind toe (hallux) is -wanting; the outer or fourth toe being, however, reversed as usual, -and taking the place of the hind toe.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_19" id="footnote_19"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_19"><span class="muchsmaller">[19]</span></a> -Excepting <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyrapicus</i>, in which the tongue is not more -protrusible than in ordinary birds.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_20" id="footnote_20"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_20"><span class="muchsmaller">[20]</span></a> -Our species falls rather in a restricted family <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aridæ</i>, as -distinguished from <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</i> proper.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_21" id="footnote_21"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_21"><span class="muchsmaller">[21]</span></a> -In a perfectly fresh specimen of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus mustelinus</i>, the basal -half of the first phalanx of the inner toe is connected with the first -joint of the middle toe by a membrane which stretches across to within -two fifths of the end of the latter; there appears, however, to be no -ligamentous adhesion. The basal joint of the outer toe is entirely -adherent, and a membrane extends from nearly the basal half of the -second joint to the distal end of the first joint of the middle toe. -When this connecting membrane becomes dried the division of the toes -appears considerably greater.</p> - -<p class="footnote">When the toes are all extended in line with the tarsus, the hind claw -stretches a little beyond the lateral and scarcely reaches the base of -the middle claw.</p> - -<p class="footnote">The plates at the upper surface of the basal joints of the toes are -quadrangular and opposite each other.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_22" id="footnote_22"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_22"><span class="muchsmaller">[22]</span></a> -See Baird, Review American Birds, <abbr title="One">I</abbr>, 1864, 7, 8.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_23" id="footnote_23"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_23"><span class="muchsmaller">[23]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus ocellatus</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1862, -<abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 18, <abbr title="plate 3">pl. iii</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_24" id="footnote_24"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_24"><span class="muchsmaller">[24]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. ardesiacus</i>, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>, -Ibis, <abbr title="Natural Sciences, Three">N. S. III,</abbr> 121, -<abbr title="plate two">pl. ii.</abbr></p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_25" id="footnote_25"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_25"><span class="muchsmaller">[25]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. pallasi</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Temminck Manuel d'Ornithologie, 1"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> -Man. d’Orn. I</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 177.—<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, -Ibis, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>, 1867, 119. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus cinclus</i>, -<abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <span class="sc">Pallas</span>, -<abbr title="Zoögraphica Rosso-Asiatica One">Zoögr. R.-As. I</abbr>, 426.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_26" id="footnote_26"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_26"><span class="muchsmaller">[26]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. azurea</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 62. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">S. azurea</i>, <span class="sc">Swainson</span>.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_27" id="footnote_27"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_27"><span class="muchsmaller">[27]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus meridionalis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 293.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 81.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_28" id="footnote_28"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_28"><span class="muchsmaller">[28]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus sibiricus</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="la" xml:lang="la" title="Systema Naturæ">S. N.</abbr> 1788, -<abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 1013.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_29" id="footnote_29"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_29"><span class="muchsmaller">[29]</span></a> -This remark applies to the Mexican race.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_30" id="footnote_30"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_30"><span class="muchsmaller">[30]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">N. rufa</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda rufa</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 798.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_31" id="footnote_31"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_31"><span class="muchsmaller">[31]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. bogotensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus bogotensis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1855, 109, <abbr title="plate 101">pl. ci</abbr>.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_32" id="footnote_32"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_32"><span class="muchsmaller">[32]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus (Notiocorys) rufus</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1864, 156 -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda rufa</i>, <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr>). -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Isthmus of Panama.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_33" id="footnote_33"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_33"><span class="muchsmaller">[33]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus (Pediocorys) bogotensis</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, -1864, 157 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus bogotensis</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>). -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Ecuador, Colombia.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_34" id="footnote_34"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_34"><span class="muchsmaller">[34]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia pitiayumi</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Nouveau Dictionnaire 2">Nouv. Dict. II</abbr>, 1816, 276. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula <abbr title="pitiayumi">pit.</abbr></i> <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Sclat.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Catalogue">Catal.</abbr> 26, <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> -165.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds One">Rev. Am. Birds, I</abbr>, 1865, 170.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_35" id="footnote_35"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_35"><span class="muchsmaller">[35]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula insularis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum Ten">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. X</abbr>, <abbr title="February">Feb.</abbr> 1871.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_36" id="footnote_36"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_36"><span class="muchsmaller">[36]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula inornata</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds, One">Rev. Am. Birds, I</abbr>, 1865, 171.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_37" id="footnote_37"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_37"><span class="muchsmaller">[37]</span></a> -Or if with white markings, the prevailing color yellow, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. -pinus</i>, in which only the adult <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> has the wing-bands ashy-white.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_38" id="footnote_38"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_38"><span class="muchsmaller">[38]</span></a> -The wing-formula, though varying among individuals, is -nevertheless in a measure characteristic. An average specimen is in -each case chosen.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_39" id="footnote_39"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_39"><span class="muchsmaller">[39]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. gundlachi</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Review <abbr title="American Birds One">Am. B. I</abbr> , 1865, 197.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_40" id="footnote_40"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_40"><span class="muchsmaller">[40]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica petechia</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Review, 199. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla petechia</i>, -<abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> 1766.)</p> - -<p class="footnote">A specimen from Port au Prince is smaller, measuring, wing, 2.50; -tail, 2.10; bill, .31; tarsus, .74. It is perhaps lighter green above -than Jamaican specimens. These features may only be characteristic of -the particular individual.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_41" id="footnote_41"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_41"><span class="muchsmaller">[41]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. ruficapilla</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 201.</p> - -<p class="footnote">A single specimen from Porto Rico differs in some respects from the average of a series from -the other islands named. The chief differences are, less thickly streaked throat, and distinct -shaft-streaks of dark chestnut on the back. However, one or two specimens of true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</i> -from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas have the upper part of the throat streaked, and one of them has the streaks on -the back. In all probability other specimens from Porto Rico would be more like typical species -of this race as seen in the majority of those from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Thomas and -<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Bartholomew.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_42" id="footnote_42"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_42"><span class="muchsmaller">[42]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. aureola</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 194. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola a.</i> -<span class="sc">Gould</span>, Voyage Beagle, 1841, 86.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_43" id="footnote_43"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_43"><span class="muchsmaller">[43]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. capitalis</i>, <abbr title="Lawrence"><span class="sc">Lawr.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phila. Acad.</abbr> -1868, 359. Barbadoes. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 201.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_44" id="footnote_44"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_44"><span class="muchsmaller">[44]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. vieilloti</i>, <span class="sc">Cassin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> -May, 1860, 192. (Panama, Carthagena.)—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 203.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_45" id="footnote_45"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_45"><span class="muchsmaller">[45]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. rufigula</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 204. The habitat as Martinique, -<abbr title="West Indies">W. I.</abbr>, was there queried, but -without any reason for so doing other than that this was the locality of Vieillot’s species, with -which the type described in Review nearly agreed. Should <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vieillot’s</i> -species be really from Martinique, -in all probability the present bird will be found to be different, and therefore not entitled to -the name here given. Provided such is the case, the name “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</i>,” -Cabanis, cannot with propriety be used, as under that head he includes specimens from -Carthagena (true <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</i>), -Costa Rica, and Mexico (the latter <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bryanti</i>).</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_46" id="footnote_46"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_46"><span class="muchsmaller">[46]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. vieilloti</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bryanti</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_47" id="footnote_47"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_47"><span class="muchsmaller">[47]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola eoa</i>, <span class="sc">Gosse</span>, -Birds of Jamaica, 1847, 158; Illustrations Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica eoa</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 195. The true position -of this species is very uncertain, owing to the imperfect -description, or rather the incomplete plumage, of the types. There is no doubt, however, that it -is entirely different from any other, and in its having, as expressly stated, the inner webs yellow, -thus bringing it into close relation with the “Golden Warblers.”</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_48" id="footnote_48"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_48"><span class="muchsmaller">[48]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. pharetra</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 192. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola pharetra</i>, -<span class="sc">Gosse</span>, Birds <abbr title="Jamaica">Jam.</abbr> 1847, 163.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_49" id="footnote_49"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_49"><span class="muchsmaller">[49]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. adelaidæ</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> April, 1865, 212.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_50" id="footnote_50"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_50"><span class="muchsmaller">[50]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">D. pityophila</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 208. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola p.</i> -<abbr title="Gundlach"><span class="sc">Gundl.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Annals New York Lyceum October">Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Oct.</abbr> 1855, 160.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_51" id="footnote_51"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_51"><span class="muchsmaller">[51]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica adelaidæ</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 1865, 212. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Porto Rico.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_52" id="footnote_52"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_52"><span class="muchsmaller">[52]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis rostratus</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History">Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H.</abbr> March, 1867, 67, Inagua.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_53" id="footnote_53"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_53"><span class="muchsmaller">[53]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis melanops</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Review <abbr title="American Birds, One">Am. Birds, I</abbr>, April, 1865, -<abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 222.</p> -<!--I AM HERE--><!--353.png--> -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_54" id="footnote_54"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_54"><span class="muchsmaller">[54]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis æquinoctialis</i> (<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>), -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review One, page">Rev. I, p.</abbr> 224. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla æq.</i> <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, 1788, 972.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_55" id="footnote_55"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_55"><span class="muchsmaller">[55]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis velata</i> (<span class="sc">Cabanis</span>), -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review One">Rev. I</abbr>, 223. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia vel.</i> <abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale 2">Ois. Am. Sept. II</abbr>, -1807, 22, <abbr title="plate 74">pl. lxxiv</abbr>.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_56" id="footnote_56"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_56"><span class="muchsmaller">[56]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis poliocephala</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Review <abbr title="American Birds, One">Am. Birds, I</abbr>, April, 1865, -<abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 225.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_57" id="footnote_57"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_57"><span class="muchsmaller">[57]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis poliocephala</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caninucha</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="footnote">The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. speciosa</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological">P. Z.</abbr> 1858, 447; and <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 1864, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 223), from Mexico, and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. semiflavus</i>, <abbr title="Sclater"><span class="sc">Scl.</span></abbr> -(<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1860, 273, 291.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> I, 1864, 223), from Ecuador, are -species allied to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. trichas</i>, -and possibly referable to it. The original descriptions afford no -tangible distinctive characters. It is barely possible, however, -that they are distinct.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_58" id="footnote_58"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_58"><span class="muchsmaller">[58]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus</i>, <span class="sc">Dubus</span>. -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, -1865, 230. (Type, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">G. venustus</i>, <span class="sc">Dubus</span>.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_59" id="footnote_59"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_59"><span class="muchsmaller">[59]</span></a> -Genera <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioborus</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euthlypis</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiothlypis</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Basileuterus</i>, -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Idiotes</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ergaticus</i>. All Middle -and South America.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_60" id="footnote_60"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_60"><span class="muchsmaller">[60]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta</i> (<span class="sc">Swainson</span>), -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 1865, 256. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa leucomus</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, Texas -Birds. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico and Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_61" id="footnote_61"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_61"><span class="muchsmaller">[61]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga miniata</i> (<span class="sc">Swainson</span>), -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 1865, 256. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa derhami</i>, <span class="sc">Giraud</span>, -Texas Birds. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mexico.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_62" id="footnote_62"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_62"><span class="muchsmaller">[62]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callichelidon</i>) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneoviridis</i> (<span class="sc">Bryant</span>), -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1865, 303. Bahamas. -This species may yet be detected on the Florida coast.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_63" id="footnote_63"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_63"><span class="muchsmaller">[63]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">concolor</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo concolor</i>, -<span class="sc">Gould</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1837, 22 (James <abbr title="Island">I.</abbr>, Galapagos). -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne c.</i> <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1865, 278. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne modesta</i>, <span class="sc">Gould</span>, Birds Beagle, 39, -<abbr title="plate 5">pl. v</abbr>. (Same specimen.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_64" id="footnote_64"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_64"><span class="muchsmaller">[64]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne furcata</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1865, 278. (Chile.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_65" id="footnote_65"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_65"><span class="muchsmaller">[65]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne subis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne elegans</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> -1865, 275. (Vermejo River. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Progne purpurea</i>, <span class="sc">Darwin</span>, -B. Beagle 38 (Montevideo, November), Bahia Blanca, Buenos Ayres, September.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_66" id="footnote_66"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_66"><span class="muchsmaller">[66]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i> var?) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo dominicensis</i>, -<abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gm.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">S. N. I</abbr>, -1788, 1025. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne d.</i> <span class="sc">March</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">P. A. N. S.</abbr> 1863, 295; -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1865, 279.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_67" id="footnote_67"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_67"><span class="muchsmaller">[67]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</i> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i> var?) -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne domestica</i> -(<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr>) <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1865, 282. -(Paraguay and Bolivia.) (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo domestica</i>, -<abbr title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire, 14"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> -Nouv. Dict, xiv</abbr>, 1817, 521.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_68" id="footnote_68"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_68"><span class="muchsmaller">[68]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</i>, (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i> -var?) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne leucogaster</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. B.</abbr> 1865, 280. -(Southern Mexico to Carthagena.) <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne dominicensis</i> and -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. chalybea</i>, <span class="sc">Auch.</span> -(nec <abbr title="Gmelin"><span class="sc">Gmel.</span></abbr>).</p> - -<p class="footnote">From a careful examination of specimens of the above forms, the opinion that they are all local -differentiations of one primitive type at once presents itself. The differences from the typical -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i> are not great, except in the white-bellied group (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i> and its allies), while an -approach to the white belly of these is plainly to be seen in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. cryptoleuca</i>; again, some specimens -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i> have the crissum mixed with blackish, while others have it wholly snowy-white. -While the male of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleuca</i> is scarcely distinguishable, at first sight, from that of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i>, the female is entirely different, but, on the other hand, scarcely to be distinguished from -that of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</i>. Adult males of the latter species are much like adult -females of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</i>, while Floridan (resident) specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</i> approach very decidedly to -the rather unique characters of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</i>. It is therefore extremely probable that all are merely -local modifications of one species.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_69" id="footnote_69"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_69"><span class="muchsmaller">[69]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. cyaneoviridis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>; -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 303 (Bahamas).</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_70" id="footnote_70"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_70"><span class="muchsmaller">[70]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia calidris</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1865, 329. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla calidris</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus">L.</abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> -10th <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 1758, 184.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_71" id="footnote_71"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_71"><span class="muchsmaller">[71]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. calidris</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadense</i>, <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_72" id="footnote_72"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_72"><span class="muchsmaller">[72]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. olivacea</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi. Vireosylvia chivi</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 327. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia chivi</i>, <abbr title="Vieillot Nouveau Dictionnaire 11"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span> Nouv. -Dict. XI</abbr>, 1817, 174.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_73" id="footnote_73"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_73"><span class="muchsmaller">[73]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. flavoviridis</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</i>. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia agilis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 338. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius agilis</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss der Doubletten">Verz. Doubl.</abbr>, 1823, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 526.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_74" id="footnote_74"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_74"><span class="muchsmaller">[74]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. magister</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_75" id="footnote_75"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_75"><span class="muchsmaller">[75]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. gilva</i> <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">josephæ</i>. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia josephæ</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 1865, 344 (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo josephæ</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1859, 137, <abbr title="plate 154">pl. cliv</abbr>). -Comparing typical examples of this “species” with those of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</i> from North America, they appear very widely different indeed, so far as coloration is -concerned, though nearly identical in form. But a specimen from an intermediate locality -(54,262, Orizaba, Mexico, F. <span class="sc">Sumichrast</span>) combines so perfectly all the characters of the two, -that it would be impossible to refer it to one or the other as distinct species. It therefore -becomes necessary to assume that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. josephæ</i> is a permanently resident tropical race of a -species of which <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. gilvus</i> is the northern representative; which theory is strengthened by the -fact that of the latter there are no specimens found south of the United States, indicating that -in winter it does not pass beyond their limit, or at least not far to the southward.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_76" id="footnote_76"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_76"><span class="muchsmaller">[76]</span></a> -The Jamaican bird is <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. calidris</i>, -not <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatulus</i>. In all probability, however, they do not -differ in habits and notes.—R. R.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_77" id="footnote_77"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_77"><span class="muchsmaller">[77]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia propinqua</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Review">Rev.</abbr> 1865, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 348. This appears to be merely a permanent -resident race of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</i>, which itself visits Guatemala only in winter. Closely resembling the -latter, it differs essentially in the respects pointed out above. The difference in coloration is -produced by a shifting, as it were, toward the head of the yellow and olive, leaving the upper -tail-coverts clear ash, and the lower pure white, and encroaching upon the ash anteriorly to the -crown and ear-coverts, and the white alongside of the throat. In the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. plumbeus</i> these tints -are simply almost entirely removed, leaving clear ash and pure white, with a tinge, however, of -olive on the rump and of yellow on the sides. In <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">V. cassini</i> the tints are darkened and browned -by the peculiar influence of the region where found, there being neither clear ash, nor olive-green, -nor pure yellow or white, in the plumage.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_78" id="footnote_78"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_78"><span class="muchsmaller">[78]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo carmioli</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -Review <abbr title="American Birds One">Am. B. I</abbr> , 1865, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 356. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Costa Rica.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_79" id="footnote_79"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_79"><span class="muchsmaller">[79]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla phœnicopterum</i>, -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Temminck Planches Coloriées, 2"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> -Pl. Col. II</abbr>, 1838; <abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 450. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">A. phœnicopterum</i> is -stated by Temminck to have the nasal setæ so short as to leave the nostrils exposed, and to lack -the sealing-wax appendages; the latter condition may, however, result from the immaturity of -the specimen, as it is very common to find the same thing in individuals of the other species.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_80" id="footnote_80"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_80"><span class="muchsmaller">[80]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes obscurus</i> (<abbr title="Lafresnaye"><span class="sc">Lafres.</span></abbr>), -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, 1866, 430. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Mountains of -Mexico to Guatemala and Tres Marias Islands.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_81" id="footnote_81"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_81"><span class="muchsmaller">[81]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes unicolor</i> (<span class="sc">Sclater</span>), -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Review of American Birds">Rev. Am. Birds</abbr>, -1866, 428. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Central Mexico -and Guatemala.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_82" id="footnote_82"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_82"><span class="muchsmaller">[82]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius excubitor</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10, 94.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_83" id="footnote_83"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_83"><span class="muchsmaller">[83]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia flaveola</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> <abbr title="edition">ed.</abbr> 10, 1758, 119.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_84" id="footnote_84"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_84"><span class="muchsmaller">[84]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. flaveola</i>, A. & E. <span class="sc">Newton</span>, -Ibis, 1859, 67. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Croix. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. newtoni</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_85" id="footnote_85"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_85"><span class="muchsmaller">[85]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. flaveola</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</i>, <span class="sc">Bryant</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Boston Society Natural History January">Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. Jan.</abbr> -1866. <span class="sc">Hab.</span> Porto Rico.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_86" id="footnote_86"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_86"><span class="muchsmaller">[86]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla bananivora</i>, <span class="sc">Gmelin</span>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ One">Syst. Nat. I</abbr>, 1788, 951. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bananiste</i>, Buffon, <abbr title="Santo">St.</abbr> Domingo.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_87" id="footnote_87"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_87"><span class="muchsmaller">[87]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola luteola</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> M. H.</abbr> -1851, 96. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. major</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr>; -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. minor</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_88" id="footnote_88"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_88"><span class="muchsmaller">[88]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola bahamensis</i>, <abbr title="Reichenbach Handbuch 1"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> -Handb. I</abbr>, 1853, 253. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. flaveola</i>, -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Birds North America">B. N. A.</abbr>; -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bairdi</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis"><span class="sc">Cab.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_89" id="footnote_89"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_89"><span class="muchsmaller">[89]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. caboti</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Manuscript">MSS</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_90" id="footnote_90"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_90"><span class="muchsmaller">[90]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. martinicana</i>, <abbr title="Reichenbach Handbuch 1"><span class="sc">Reich.</span> -Hand. I</abbr>, 1853, 252. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. albigula</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bon.</span></abbr></p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_91" id="footnote_91"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_91"><span class="muchsmaller">[91]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. dominicana</i>, <span class="sc">Taylor</span>, Ibis, 1864, 167.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_92" id="footnote_92"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_92"><span class="muchsmaller">[92]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. barbadensis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Manuscript">MSS</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_93" id="footnote_93"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_93"><span class="muchsmaller">[93]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. frontalis</i>, <span class="sc">Baird</span>, -<abbr title="Manuscript">MSS</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_94" id="footnote_94"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_94"><span class="muchsmaller">[94]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. bartholemica</i>, <span class="sc">Sundevall & Sparrmann</span>, -<abbr title="Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar">Vetensk. Akad. Förhandl.</abbr> 1869, 622.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_95" id="footnote_95"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_95"><span class="muchsmaller">[95]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. mexicana</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 286.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_96" id="footnote_96"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_96"><span class="muchsmaller">[96]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. peruviana</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Journal"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -Journ.</abbr> 1865, 413? Perhaps different.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_97" id="footnote_97"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_97"><span class="muchsmaller">[97]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. chloropyga</i>, <abbr title="Cabanis Museum Heineanum"><span class="sc">Cab.</span> -M. H.</abbr> 1851, 97. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">C. brasiliensis</i>, -<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bp.</span> </abbr></p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_98" id="footnote_98"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_98"><span class="muchsmaller">[98]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga erythromelæna</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society London">P. Z. S. Lond.</abbr> -1856, 126. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra erythromelas</i>, -<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Preis-Verzeichniss der Säugethiere und Vögel">Preis.-Verz. d. Saüg. u. Vög.</abbr> -<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 69. 1831.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_99" id="footnote_99"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_99"><span class="muchsmaller">[99]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga ardens</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 126. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phœnisoma ardens</i>, <span class="sc">Tschudi.</span> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Wiegmann’s Archiv">Wieg. Archiv</abbr>, -1844, 207.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_100" id="footnote_100"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_100"><span class="muchsmaller">[100]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga bidentata</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Philos. Mag.</abbr> 1827, 428.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_101" id="footnote_101"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_101"><span class="muchsmaller">[101]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga rubriceps</i>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, -<abbr title="Genera of Birds folio, page">Gen. B. fol. p.</abbr> 364, -<abbr title="plate 89">pl. lxxxix</abbr>, 1849.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_102" id="footnote_102"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_102"><span class="muchsmaller">[102]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga erythrocephala</i>, <abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Revue Zoologique">R. Z.</abbr> 1851, 178. -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermagra erythrocephala</i>, -<abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Swains.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine">Phil. Mag.</abbr> 1827, 437.) -Were it not for the small size, one would, without seeing a specimen, be -inclined to suspect this as being a young male of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. æstiva</i>, -which often occurs in very similar plumage.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_103" id="footnote_103"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_103"><span class="muchsmaller">[103]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">? Pyranga azaræ</i>, <abbr title="D'Orbigny"><span class="sc">D’Orb.</span></abbr> -<abbr title="Voyage page">Voy. p.</abbr> 264. <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia">Pr. Ac. N. S. Philad.</abbr> -June, 1869, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 132, fig. 2.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_104" id="footnote_104"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_104"><span class="muchsmaller">[104]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga saira</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, 124. -<span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> -June, 1869, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 131, -fig. 1. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra saira</i>, <span class="sc">Spix</span>, -<abbr title="Avium … Brasiliam 2">Av. Bras. II</abbr>, 48, fig. 1.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_105" id="footnote_105"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_105"><span class="muchsmaller">[105]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga testacea</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater & Salvin</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1868, 388. <span class="sc">Ridgway</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences">Pr. A. N. S.</abbr> June, -1869, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 133, <abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_106" id="footnote_106"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_106"><span class="muchsmaller">[106]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga roseigularis</i>, <span class="sc">Cabot</span>. -(Description from the type.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_107" id="footnote_107"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_107"><span class="muchsmaller">[107]</span></a> -Of this highly colored form, the average length of five -specimens is 7.55; in twelve the average is, wing, 3.67; tail, 2.86; -culmen, .67. The bill appears to be slightly darker than in North -American examples.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_108" id="footnote_108"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_108"><span class="muchsmaller">[108]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes abeillii</i>, <span class="sc">Sclater</span>, -<abbr title="Catalogue American Birds">Catal. Am. B.</abbr> 123 -(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca abeillii</i>, <span class="sc">Lesson</span>).</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_109" id="footnote_109"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_109"><span class="muchsmaller">[109]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus frontalis</i>, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhous</i>, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus hæmorrhous</i>, -<span class="sc">Sclater</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> 1856, -304. (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla hæmorrhous</i>, <abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="de" xml:lang="de" title="Verzeichniss">Verz.</abbr> 1831.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_110" id="footnote_110"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_110"><span class="muchsmaller">[110]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia curvirostra</i>, <abbr title="Linnæus"><span class="sc">Linn.</span></abbr>, -<abbr title="Systema Naturæ">Syst. Nat.</abbr> 299.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_111" id="footnote_111"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_111"><span class="muchsmaller">[111]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia bifasciata</i>, <span class="sc">De Selys-Longchamps</span>, -Faune Beige, 76. <span class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bonap.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, -<abbr title="Monographie">Mon.</abbr> des Loxiens, 7.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_112" id="footnote_112"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_112"><span class="muchsmaller">[112]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla linaria</i>, <abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Temminck Manuel d'Ornithologie"><span class="sc">Temm.</span> -Mass. Orn.</abbr> 1835, 267 (not of Linnæus). “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla rufescens</i>, -<abbr title="Vieillot"><span class="sc">Vieill.</span></abbr> -<abbr lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Faune Française tableau">Faun. Franç. tab.</abbr> 41, -<abbr title="figure">f.</abbr> 1.” <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linota montium</i>, -<span class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bp.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, <abbr title="Monographie des Loxiens">Mon. Lox.</abbr> -1850. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria flavirostris</i>, <span class="sc">Brehm</span>.”</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_113" id="footnote_113"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_113"><span class="muchsmaller">[113]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte brunneinucha. Fringilla (Linaria) brunneinucha</i>, -<span class="sc">Brandt</span>, <abbr title="Bulletin Academy Saint">Bull. Acad. St.</abbr> -Petersburg, 1841, 35. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Montifringilla (Leucosticte) brunneinucha</i>, -<span class="sc"><abbr title="Bonaparte">Bon.</abbr> & Schlegel</span>, <abbr title="Monographie">Mon.</abbr> -Loxiens, 1850, 36, <abbr title="plate 42">pl. xlii</abbr>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_114" id="footnote_114"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_114"><span class="muchsmaller">[114]</span></a> -As this sheet is going through the press, we have been permitted -by Mr. J. A. Allen to examine a series of birds, obtained by him in -July, 1871, on <abbr title="Mount">Mt.</abbr> Lincoln, Colorado, above the timber line, where -they were breeding abundantly. Although very different from winter <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. -tephrocotis</i>, they yet strongly suggest the idea of their being that -species in summer dress. They present the following characteristics:<span class="lock">—</span></p> - -<p class="footnote"><i class="subset">Breeding plumage.</i> Differing from the stage first described above, in -entire absence of any ash about the head, and in deep black, instead -of yellowish bill. <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr> with the red tints intense carmine, instead of -peach-blossom pink, that of the abdomen extending farther forward. <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr> -lacking the red, or with only a tinge of it. Hood dark vandyke-brown, -becoming nearly black on the forehead; rest of head light -chocolate-brown, similar to, but more faded than, that of the winter -plumage; nasal tufts grayish-white.</p> - -<p class="footnote">Ten specimens collected by Mr. Allen all agree in the characters -pointed out, by which they differ from the winter plumage of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. -tephrocotis</i>. Taking into consideration the fact of their black -instead of yellowish bill, more intense red, and generally more dusky -colors, as well as the other points of distinction from the previously -known plumages of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i>, and also that they are identical -in size and proportion, while specimens of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. tephrocotis</i> in the -breeding plumage have not before been seen, it seems very reasonable -to suppose that these specimens represent the breeding plumage of that -species. There is some resemblance to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">L. brunneinucha</i>, which, from -the plate in Bonaparte and Schlegel’s monograph of the -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</i>, seems to differ mainly in being lighter colored. -Mr. Allen says that these birds were breeding abundantly in the -locality where they were found.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_115" id="footnote_115"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_115"><span class="muchsmaller">[115]</span></a> -From the fact that this form is not found in any part of Alaska, -nor, indeed, north of California, it is probable that the localities -of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</i> were transposed in Bonaparte’s original -descriptions.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_116" id="footnote_116"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_116"><span class="muchsmaller">[116]</span></a> -Hybrid between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</i>, -= “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">annectens</i>,” -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, <abbr title="Geological Survey California Ornithology One">Geol. Surv. Cal. Orn. I</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 564.</p> - -<p class="footnote"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Pinkish sides and convex outline to ash of breast, as in <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>, with the bright -rufous back and ashy head, with black lores of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</i>; -a tendency in the rufous of back to tinge the wings, as in -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> -Southern Rocky Mountains. (Fort Whipple, Arizona, -<span class="sc">Coues</span>; Fort Bridger, Wyoming, -<span class="sc">Drexler</span>; Fort Burgwyn, Mountains of Colorado, <span class="sc">Aiken</span>.)</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_117" id="footnote_117"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_117"><span class="muchsmaller">[117]</span></a> -Hybrid between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>.</p> - -<p class="footnote"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Plumbeous back of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>, with pinkish sides of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i>; or else reddish back of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</i> and plumbeous sides of -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</i>, or colors mixed both above and below. -<abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Sun -River, Dakota; McKenzie River District? Fort Whipple, Arizona; and Fort Bridger, Wyoming.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_118" id="footnote_118"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_118"><span class="muchsmaller">[118]</span></a> -Hybrid between <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</i> and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</i>, -= “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</i>,” <span class="sc">Henry</span>, -<abbr title="Proceedings Philadelphia Academy">Pr. Phil. Ac.</abbr> 1858, 117; -<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds <abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 467.</p> - -<p class="footnote"><abbr title="Characteristics"><span class="sc">Char.</span></abbr> -Rufous restricted to interscapular region, as in the former, with black upper mandible, -and pale ash throat of the latter. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Fort Thorn, New Mexico.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_119" id="footnote_119"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_119"><span class="muchsmaller">[119]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco cinereus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, Mexican Snowbird. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla cinerea</i>, <abbr title="Swainson"><span class="sc">Sw.</span></abbr> <abbr title="Synoposis Birds of Mexico">Syn. Birds Mex.</abbr> in -<abbr title="Philosophical Magazine One">Phil. Mag. I</abbr>, 1827, 435. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco cinereus</i>, <span class="sc">Cabanis</span>, -<abbr title="Museum Heineanum">Mus. Hein.</abbr> 1850, 134.—<span class="sc">Baird</span>, Birds -<abbr title="North America">N. Am.</abbr> 1858, 465. “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla rufidorsis</i>, -<abbr title="Lichtenstein"><span class="sc">Licht.</span></abbr>,” <span class="sc">Bonaparte</span>; probably a catalogue name. -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco phæonotus</i>, <span class="sc">Wagler</span>, -Isis, 1831, 526.—<abbr title="Bonaparte"><span class="sc">Bonap.</span></abbr> -Comptes Rendus, <abbr title="37">XXXVII</abbr>, 518.</p> - -<p class="footnote"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> Ash-color above; with a broad quadrate interscapular patch of rufous-chestnut, -this extending over the wing-coverts and inner secondaries. Beneath paler ash, lighter in -middle region below, but without distinct line of demarcation. Lores and anterior region of eye -dusky; in decided contrast. Outer three tail-feathers white, but dusky at base and on outer web -at end; the amount increasing internally. Upper bill entirely black; lower yellow. Length, -6.40; height of bill, .25; culmen, .46. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Table-lands of Mexico.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_120" id="footnote_120"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_120"><span class="muchsmaller">[120]</span></a> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco alticola</i>, <span class="sc">Salvin</span>, -Guatemalan Snowbird. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco alticola</i>, -<span class="sc">Salvin</span>, <abbr title="Proceedings Zöological Society">P. Z. S.</abbr> -1863, 189 (Highlands, Guatemala).—<abbr title="Ibid"><span class="sc">Ib.</span></abbr>. Ibis, 1866, -193.</p> - -<p class="footnote"><span class="sc">Sp. Char.</span> Similar to <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">J. cinereus</i>, -but darker than Mexican species, with less contrast between -the rufous of back and the ash of head. Tail with less white. Bill much larger: height, .34; -culmen, .56. <abbr class="habitat" title="Habitat">Hab.</abbr> Highlands of Guatemala.</p> -</div><!--end footnotes--> - -<p class="p4"><!--676.png--><a name="Page_index_i" id="Page_index_i"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg i]</span></p> -<h3><a id="indextoplates" name="indextoplates"></a>INDEX TO PLATES OF LAND BIRDS.</h3> - -<table summary="index" class="ix a"> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus brewsteri,</span></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_501">501</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td> - <td class="rightix">fig.</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_498">498</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_493">493</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_493">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius gubernator (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 33,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">163,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">159,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub">tricolor (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">shoulder</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">165,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda arvensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">136,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus caudacutus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_557">557</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_560">560</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis cedrorum,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_401">401</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_18-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_396">396</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_18-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antenor unicinctus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">250.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_171">171</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_173">173</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">410,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">417,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">413,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aquila canadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">314.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archibuteo ferrugineus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">300.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">304.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astur atricapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">237.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asturina plagiata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">246.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis heloisa,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">465,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus flaviceps</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  7,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-11">11</a></td></tr> -<!--/A--> -<!--B--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bonasa sabinei</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />454.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">453,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix"> “</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">448,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bubo arcticus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">64.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">65.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">62.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes flava</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_167">167</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buteo borealis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">281.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">286.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">295.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">277.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">292.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">krideri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">284.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">275.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">285.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oxypterus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">266.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">259.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">263.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonocercus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">272.</td></tr> -<!--/B--> -<!--C--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza bicolor,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />61,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callipepla squamata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">487,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte anna,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">454,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub">costæ,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">457,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus principalis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">496,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus affinis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_133">133</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_132">132</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Canace canadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">416,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 59,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">419,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">495.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">422,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">427,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis coccineus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 30,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">103,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a id="chg16" name="chg16"></a>10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr><!--8 and 9 are both contained in illo 8--> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">100,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus californicus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_465">465</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 21,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_465">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_460">460</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_460">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_465">465</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_465">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hœmorrhous</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_465">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_468">468</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_462">462</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_462">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharista atrata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">351.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_139">139</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix"> “</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrocercus urophasianus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 60,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">429,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx bairdi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_531">531</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus aurifrons,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">557,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 52,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">554,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uropygialis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">558,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia americana</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_125">125</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola bahamensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_428">428</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 19,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_19-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle alcyon,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">392,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">396,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura pelagica,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">432,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">435,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa fasciata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_84">84</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  6,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelia passerina,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">389,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes grammaca,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">562,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 31,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles henryi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">404,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4 -<!--679.png--><a name="Page_index_ii" id="Page_index_ii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg ii]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">407.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">406,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris lawrenci,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_478">478</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-14">14</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_478">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-15">15</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_476">476</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-13">13</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_480">480</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-16">16</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_474">474</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_474">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub">tristis (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_471">471</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“ (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_471">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Circus hudsonius</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">214.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus palustris</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_161">161</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  9,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_161">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus americanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">477,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">484,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">482,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes auratus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">575,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 55,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">583,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">582,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">578,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 55,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio borealis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_415">415</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 19,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_19-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_415">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_19-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_421">421</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_19-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_418">418</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_19-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">robustus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columba fasciata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a id="chg17" name="chg17"></a><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">360,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 57,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">366,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">363,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus borealis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">353,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">356,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsonii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">360,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vireus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">357,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2">Conurus carolinensis, (<abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">587,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“ (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus americanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">243,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">234,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">248,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleucus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">242,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">247,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">233,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">251,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus henslowi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_553">553</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leconti</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_552">552</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ochrocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_553">553</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle riparia,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_353">353</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-14">14</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga ani,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">488,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cupidonia cupido</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">440,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidicincta</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">446.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta arizonæ</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">292,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">288,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 40,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">293.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">285,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">292,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 40,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">291,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza amœna,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">84,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">87,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">82,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parellina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">86,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura coronata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 39,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">273,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">279,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 39,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">281,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">277,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyrtonyx massena</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">492,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 64,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<!--/C--> -<!--D--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br />Dendroica æstiva,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_222">222</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_14-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_240">240</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_229">229</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_237">237</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_237">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_235">235</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_235">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_254">254</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_254">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_251">251</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_251">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopareia</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_260">260</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_227">227</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_227">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_276">276</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_240">240</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_243">243</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_272">272</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_232">232</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_271">271</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_258">258</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_266">266</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_273">273</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_245">245</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 13,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_245">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_268">268</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_248">248</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_248">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_13-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_265">265</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_261">261</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx orizyvorus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">149,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<!--/D--> -<!--E--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes migratoria,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a id="chg18" name="chg18"></a><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />368,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 57,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanus leucurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">198.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra rufivirgata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">47,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax acadicus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">374,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">380.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">378,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">383,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">372,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">381,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">366,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">traillii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">369,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila cornuta,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">141,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza americana,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">65,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">68,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr> -<!--/E--> -<!--F--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falco anatum</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />132.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">111.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">144.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">155.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">171.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">113. -<!--681.png--><a name="Page_index_iii" id="Page_index_iii"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg iii]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradora</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">117.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pealei</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">137.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyagrus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">123.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">148.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sacer</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">115.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">169.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">suckleyi</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">147.</td></tr> -<!--/F--> -<!--G--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_52">52</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_3-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx californianus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">492,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 48,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis macgillivrayi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_303">303</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-5">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_303">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_301">301</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_301">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_297">297</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_297">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucidium californicum</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">81.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">85.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca cærulea,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">77,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta cyanocephala,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">260,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 38,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<!--/G--> -<!--H--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Haliaëtus albicilla</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />324.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">326.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus cinereus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  4,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_4-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_47">47</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_4-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_41">41</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_3-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_44">44</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  4,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_4-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_3-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  4,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_4-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_3-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles ludovicianus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">70,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 30,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">73,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica xantusi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">467,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga bachmani,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_194">194</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 11,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span> (<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Cape Lucas),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_204">204</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Florida),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="variation" title="variation">var.</abbr> Rocky <abbr title="Mountains">Mts.</abbr>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_202">202</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2">luciæ,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_200">200</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in spring</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_205">205</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in autumn</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_205">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_196">196</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="variation" title="variation California"><abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> Calif.</abbr>),</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_199">199</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_11-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_190">190</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivorus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona montana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_449">449</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 22,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_449">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_22-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo horreorum,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_339">339</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus pileatus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">550,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<!--/H--> -<!--I--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria longicauda</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><a id="note34" name="note34"></a><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_307">307</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus auduboni,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">186,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">195,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">199,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">193,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">188,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">190,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ictinia mississippiensis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">203.</td></tr> -<!--/I--> -<!--J--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco aikeni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_584">584</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_26-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_587">587</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_580">580</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_584">584</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-2">2</a></td></tr> -<!--/J--> -<!--L--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lagopus albus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />457,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 62,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">464,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">winter</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">462,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">summer</i>),</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo cassini,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_376">376</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 17,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_379">379</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_377">377</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_373">373</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte arctous</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">australis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_507">507</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_508">508</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_507">507</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_504">504</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes atricristatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_90">90</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  6,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_87">87</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wollweberi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_93">93</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx californicus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">479,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 61,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 64,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">482,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia americana,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_484">484</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_484">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_488">488</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_488">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_488">“</a></td></tr> -<!--/L--> -<!--M--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes angustifrons,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />573,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 53,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">564,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">566,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 53,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">561,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 54,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagris gallopavo</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">404.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">410.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melopeleia leucoptera,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">376,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza fallax,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">22,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">27,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">24,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">30,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">31,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">19,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">34,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">29,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micrathene whitneyi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">87.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus forficatus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">311,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">309.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus polyglottus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_49">49</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_3-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus pallescens,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">386,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">13 -<!--683.png--><a name="Page_index_iv" id="Page_index_iv"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg iv]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta varia,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_180">180</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus pecoris,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">154,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla alba</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_165">165</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes townsendi,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_409">409</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_18-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_409">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_18-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus cinerascens,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">337,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencii</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes canadensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_320">320</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_316">316</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_314">314</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_317">317</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_317">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-4">4</a></td></tr> -<!--/M--> -<!--N--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nauclerus forficatus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />192.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys spraguei,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes niger,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">429,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisus cooperi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">230.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">224.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">231.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctale richardsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">40.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">43.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctea scandiaca</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">70.</td></tr> -<!--/N--> -<!--O--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Onychotes gruberi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />254.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis agilis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_290">290</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 15,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_290">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_293">293</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_15-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreopeleia martinica,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">393,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreortyx pictus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">475,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes montanus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_3-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortalida macalli</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><a id="chg19" name="chg19"></a><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">398,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 57,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyx texanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">474,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 63,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">468,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otus brachyotus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">22.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">18.</td></tr> -<!--/O--> -<!--P--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pandion carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />184.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila melanoleuca,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">424,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula americana,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_208">208</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus atricapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_96">96</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  7,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_102">102</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_95">95</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_101">101</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_104">104</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus alaudinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_537">537</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_539">539</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caboti</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_544">544</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">princeps</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_540">540</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_542">542</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_538">538</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_534">534</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella iliaca</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">50,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><a id="megarhyncha" name="megarhyncha"></a>megarrhyncha,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">57,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr><!--9 and 10 are both contained in illo 9--> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">56.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">53,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediœcetes columbianus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">434,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 60,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">436,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus canadensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">299,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">302,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 41,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa carbonata</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_214">214</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 12,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_212">212</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_212">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_12-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon lunifrons,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_334">334</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-13">13</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa æstivalis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">39,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2">arizonæ,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">41.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carpalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">42,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 28,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><a id="note32" name="note32"></a>Phainopepla nitens,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_405">405</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 18,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_18-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_18-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara zena,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">93,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">15</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">16</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste borealis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica hudsonica,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">266,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 38,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">270,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus columbianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">255,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides americanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">532,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">530,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus albolarvatus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">526,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">524,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">512.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">507.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">519.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">521,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">509,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">515,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 50,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">503,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 49,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola enucleator,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_453">453</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 21,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_453">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_21-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo aberti,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">128,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 31,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">127,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">11</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">112.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">119,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">131,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">122,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">109,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">113,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">125,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">116,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes lapponicus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_515">515</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 24,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccowni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_523">523</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanomus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_521">521</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_512">512</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_520">520</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_518">518</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_518">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_24-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila cærulea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_78">78</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  6,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanura</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_6-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polyborus auduboni</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">178.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes gramineus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">545,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza belli</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_593">593</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_590">590</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_594">594</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne cryptoleuca</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_329">329</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_329">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria citrea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_184">184</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 10,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_10-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus melanotis</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_108">108</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  7,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-8">8</a> -<!--685.png--><a name="Page_index_v" id="Page_index_v"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg v]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>,</td> <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_7-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudogryphus californianus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">338.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus morio,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">304,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga æstiva,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_441">441</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 20,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_441">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_444">444</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_444">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_440">440</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_440">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_437">437</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_437">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_435">435</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix3">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_435">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_20-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita domestica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_525">525</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus mexicanus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">387,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 44,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula cassini,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_457">457</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 23,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_23-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">95,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 30,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<!--/P--> -<!--Q--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus æneus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />218.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">221,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrourus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">225,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 36,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">222,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">214,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 37,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<!--/Q--> -<!--R--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus calendula</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_75">75</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_5-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cuvieri</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_75">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinogryphus aura</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">344.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rostrhamus sociabilis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">209.</td></tr> -<!--/R--> -<!--S--> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes obsoletus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_135">135</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br />pl.  8,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_8-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola œnanthe</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_60">60</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis fuscus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">343,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 45,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">340,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">347,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scardafella inca,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">387,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecephalus cyanocephalus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">206,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">203,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scops asio</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">49.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammeola</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">58.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">57.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">53.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">52.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus aurocapillus</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_280">280</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 14,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_287">287</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-13">13</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_283">283</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_14-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus platycercus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">462,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">459,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga picta,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 46,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix" colspan="2"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_322">322</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_322">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia arctica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_67">67</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_65">65</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_62">62</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_5-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta aculeata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  8,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_118">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_114">114</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_114">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_8-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spheotyto hypogæa</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">90.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila moreleti,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">91,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 29,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">17</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus nuchalis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">542,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 51,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">544,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">547,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 56,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">539,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 51,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">545,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella arizonæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">11.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_15">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">13,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 27,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">3,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">11,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">5,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">7,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnas cyanocephala,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">395,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx serripennis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_350">350</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula calliope,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">445,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strix pratincola</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">13.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella magna,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">174,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 34,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">176,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus vulgaris,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">229,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 35,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Surnia ulula</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">75.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnium cinereum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">30.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosum</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">34.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentale</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">38.</td></tr> -<!--/S--> -<!--T--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta bicolor,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_344">344</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 16,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_16-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_347">347</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_16-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias linnæi</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">468.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus berlandieri</span>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_144">144</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  9,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewicki</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_145">145</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_142">142</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus alexandri,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">450,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 47,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">448,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2">Troglodytes ædon,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_149">149</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  9,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alascensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_157">157</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_155">155</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_9-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus aliciæ</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-8">8</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  2,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_2-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-5">5</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliacus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  2,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_2-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_2-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  2,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_2-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_20">20</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr>  1,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_1-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus carolinensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix">316,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 43,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">329,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">319,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">324,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">327,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">5</td></tr> -<!--/T--> -<!--V--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo atricapillus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><a href="#Page_383">383</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 17,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br /><a href="#pl_17-6">6</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_389">389</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-13">13</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huttoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_387">387</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_385">385</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_391">391</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-14">14</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vicinior</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_393">393</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-7">7</a> -<!--687.png--><a name="Page_index_vi" id="Page_index_vi"></a><span class="pagenum">[Pg vi]</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia barbatula,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_360">360</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoriridis</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_368">368</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-3">3</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_363">363</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-2">2</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphica</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_367">367</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_17-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</td></tr> -<!--/V--> -<!--X--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus icterocephalus,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />167,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 32,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 33,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix" colspan="2"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura luxuosa</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">295,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 42,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">1</td></tr> -<!--/X--> -<!--Z--> -<tr><td class="leftix"><br /><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaida amabilis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><br /><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><br />379,</td> - <td class="rightix"><br /><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 58,</td> - <td class="centerix"><br />“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><br />3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidura carolinensis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix">383,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia albicollis,</span></td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_574">574</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_573">573</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>,</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_569">569</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 25,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-11">11</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_569">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-12">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, (<abbr class="juvenile" title="Juvenile">Juv.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_566">566</a>,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-9">9</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_566">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_25-10">10</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftixsub"><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, (<abbr class="adult" title="Adult">Ad.</abbr>)</td> - <td class="centerix"><abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightix"><a href="#Page_577">577</a>,</td> - <td class="rightix"><abbr title="plate">pl.</abbr> 26,</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-4">4</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftix4" colspan="2">“  (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">autumn</i>)</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix"><a href="#Page_577">“</a></td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="centerix">“</td> - <td class="rightiz"><a href="#pl_26-7">7</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<div class="p4 break index"> -<h3>INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.</h3> - -<ul><!--A--> - <li>Ani, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 488.</li> -</ul><!--/A--> -<ul><!--B--> - <li>Bee Martin, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li>Bird of Paradise (Texas), <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 311.</li> - <li>Birds of Prey, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1.</li> - <li>Blackbird, Brewer’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 206. - <ul> - <li>Cow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li>Crimson-shouldered, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 163.</li> - <li>Crow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li>Red and White shouldered, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 165.</li> - <li>Redwing, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li>Rusty, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>Savanna, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 488.</li> - <li>Swamp, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li>Yellow-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Black Warrior, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li> - <li>Bluebird, Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>. - <ul> - <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Bobolink, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li>Bob-White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li>Bull-Bat, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 401.</li> - <li>Bullfinch, Cassin’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> - <li>Bunting, Arctic, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 119. - <ul> - <li>Baird’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</li> - <li>Bay-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - <li>Black-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li>Black-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li>Cañon, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 125.</li> - <li>Chestnut-collared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> - <li>Green-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li>Henslow’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li>Indigo, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li>Lark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li>Leconte’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_552">552</a>.</li> - <li>Long-clawed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 113.</li> - <li>Maccown’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</li> - <li>Painted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li>Seaside, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>.</li> - <li>Sharp-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li>Smith’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</li> - <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 68.</li> - <li>Varied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 86.</li> - <li>Western Yellow-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Burion, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li>Bush-Titmouse, Black-eared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>. - <ul> - <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - <li>Least, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Butcher-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> - <li>Buzzard, Harris’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250. - <ul> - <li>Turkey, <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/B--> -<ul><!--C--> - <li>Cardinal, Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 103. - <ul> - <li>Grosbeak, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 100.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 95.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Catbird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - <li>Cedar-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li>Chacalacca, Texas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li>Chaparral Cock, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - <li>Chat, Long-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>. - <ul> - <li>Yellow-breasted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Chatterer, Bohemian, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - <li>Chewink, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 109. - <ul> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 112.</li> - <li>White-eyed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 112.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Chickadee, Brown-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>. - <ul> - <li>Chestnut-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - <li>Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - <li>Hudson’s Bay, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - <li>Long-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> - <li>White-browed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Chippy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 7.</li> - <li>Chuck-Will’s Widow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 410.</li> - <li>Cock of the Plains, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li> - <li>Condor, California, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li>Cowbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li>Creepers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> - <li>Creeper, Bahama, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>. - <ul> - <li>Brown, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - <li>Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Crossbill, Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>. - <ul> - <li>Red, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Crow, Carrion, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351. - <ul> - <li>Clarke’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 255.</li> - <li>Common, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 243.</li> - <li>Fish, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 251.</li> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 247.</li> - <li>Northwestern Fish, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 248.</li> - <li>White-necked, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 242.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Cuckoos, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 470.</li> - <li>Cuckoo, Black-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 484. - <ul> - <li>Mangrove, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 482.</li> - <li>Yellow-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Curassows, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> -</ul><!--/C--> -<ul><!--D--> - <li>Dipper, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li>Dove, Carolina, or Common, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383. - <ul> - <li>Ground, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li>Red-billed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li>Scaly, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li>Zenaida, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/D--> -<ul><!--E--> - <li>Eagle, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326. - <ul> - <li>Bald, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326.</li> - <li>Caracara, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li> - <li>Golden, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li>Ring-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li>Emerald, Linnæus’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/E--> -<ul><!--F--> - <li>Falcons, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103.</li> - <li>Falcon, American Peregrine, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132. - <ul> - <li>Aplomado, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li>Black Peregrine, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137.</li> - <li>Prairie, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 123.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Finches, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li>Finch, Black-faced, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93. - <ul> - <li>Blanding’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li>California Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li>Cañon, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 122.</li> - <li>Cassin’s Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> - <li>Crimson-fronted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li>Eastern Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li>Gray-cheeked, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li>Gray-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> - <li>Gray-eared, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> - <li>Hepburn’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li>Lazuli, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 84.</li> - <li>Lincoln’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 31.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li>Painted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li>Summer, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li>Yellow-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Flicker, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 575. - <ul> - <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 583.</li> - <li>Hybrid, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 582.</li> - <li>Red-shafted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 578.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Flycatcher, Arkansas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 324. - <ul> - <li>Ash-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li>Buff-breasted Least, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 386.</li> - <li>Canada, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 327.</li> - <li>Crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li>Fork-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309.</li> - <li>Great-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li>Green Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - <li>Hammond’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li>Least, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 372.</li> - <li>Little, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li>Mexican Olive-sided, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 356.</li> - <li>Olive-sided, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li>Red, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li>Shining-crested, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> - <li>Small-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li>Small Green-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 374.</li> - <li>Swallow-tail, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 311.</li> - <li>Traill’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 369.</li> - <li>Western Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 380.</li> - <li>Wright’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 381.</li> - <li>Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 378.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/F--> -<ul><!--G--> - <li>Gerfalcon, Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 117. - <ul> - <li>Iceland, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - <li>McFarlane’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 115.</li> - <li>White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Gnatcatcher, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_80">80</a>. - <ul> - <li>Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - <li>Blue-gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li>Eastern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Goatsuckers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li>Goatsucker, Long-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 401. - <ul> - <li>Short-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 410.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Goldfinch, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_476">476</a>. - <ul> - <li>Arkansas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</li> - <li>Black, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li>Lawrence’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li>Mexican, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li>Pine, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Goshawk, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li>Grakle, Boat-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 222. - <ul> - <li>Bronzed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 218.</li> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 221.</li> - <li>Great-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li>Purple, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Greenlet, Florida, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>. - <ul> - <li>Philadelphia, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - <li>Red-eyed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - <li>Warbling, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - <li>Western Warbling, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Grosbeak, Black-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73. - <ul> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 77.</li> - <li>Evening, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> - <li>Pine, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li>Rose-breasted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Ground-Tits, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - <li>Grouse, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414. - <ul> - <li>Canada, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li>Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422.</li> - <li>Franklin’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li> - <li>Oregon, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li>Oregon Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 425.</li> - <li>Pinnated, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li>Richardson’s Dusky, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li>Ruffled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li>Sharp-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li>Shoulder-knot, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li>Spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li>Willow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Gyrfalcon. <i class="see-alt-spelling">See</i> Gerfalcon.</li> -</ul><!--/G--> -<ul><!--H--> - <li>Hang-Nest, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li>Harrier, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li>Hawk, American Sparrow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169. - <ul> - <li>Baird’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li>Band-tail, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li>Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li>Broad-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - <li>California Squirrel, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li>Cooper’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li>Cooper’s Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li>Duck, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li>Fish, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li>Gruber’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li>Harlan’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li> - <li>Marsh, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li>Mexican, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 246.</li> - <li>Mexican Blue-backed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 231.</li> - <li>Pigeon, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 277.</li> - <li>Red-shouldered, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li>Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 281.</li> - <li>Rough-legged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li>Sharp-shinned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224.</li> - <li>Sharp-winged, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li>Swainson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li>Swallow-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Heathcock, Black-spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li>High-Holder, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 575.</li> - <li>Hoot-Owl, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li>House-Finch, California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li>Hummer, Ruffed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li>Humming-Birds, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 437.</li> - <li>Humming-Bird, Anna, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 454. - <ul> - <li>Black-chinned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 450.</li> - <li>Broad-tailed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li>Calliope, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 445.</li> - <li>Costa’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li>Heloisa’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 465.</li> - <li>Ruby-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li>Rufous-backed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 459.</li> - <li>Xantus’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 467.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/H--> -<ul><!--I--> - <li>Indigo-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> -</ul><!--/I--> -<ul><!--J--> - <li>Jackdaw, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li>Jay, Alaskan Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 302. - <ul> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li>Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li>California, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 288.</li> - <li>Canada, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> - <li>Florida, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li>Green, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li>Long-crested, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 281.</li> - <li>Maximilian’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 260.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 302.</li> - <li>Sierra, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 279.</li> - <li>Steller’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277.</li> - <li>Ultramarine, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 293.</li> - <li>Woodhouse’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 291.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/J--> -<ul><!--K--> - <li>Kestrel, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li>Kingbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316. - <ul> - <li>Couch’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 329.</li> - <li>Gray, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 319.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>King-Buzzard, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li> - <li>Kingfishers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391.</li> - <li>Kingfisher, Belted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 392. - <ul> - <li>Green, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 396.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 396.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Kinglet, Cuvier’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>. - <ul> - <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - <li>Ruby-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Kite, Black-shouldered, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198. - <ul> - <li>Blue, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>Everglade, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>Fork-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li>Hook-bill, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>Mississippi, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li>White-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/K--> -<ul><!--L--> - <li>Lanner, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 123.</li> - <li>Lark, Meadow, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 174. - <ul> - <li>Old Field, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 174.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 176.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Linnet, Brewster’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>. - <ul> - <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Log-Cock, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li>Loggerhead, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>. - <ul> - <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Longspur, Black-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_520">520</a>. - <ul> - <li>Black-shouldered, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li> - <li>Chestnut-shouldered, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</li> - <li>Lapland, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li>Painted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/L--> -<ul><!--M--> - <li>Magpie, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 266. - <ul> - <li>Yellow-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 270.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Martin, Cuban, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>. - <ul> - <li>Purple, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li>Sand, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Marsh-Wren, Long-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. - <ul> - <li>Short-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Merlin, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144. - <ul> - <li>Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 147.</li> - <li>Richardson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 148.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Mocking-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - <li>Moose-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> -</ul><!--/M--> -<ul><!--N--> - <li>Night-Hawk, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 401. - <ul> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 406.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 404.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Nonpareil, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li>Nuthatch, Brown-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. - <ul> - <li>Pygmy, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> - <li>Slender-billed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/N--> -<ul><!--O--> - <li>Orioles, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 147.</li> - <li>Oriole, Audubon’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 186. - <ul> - <li>Baltimore, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li>Bullock’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 199.</li> - <li>Hooded, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 193.</li> - <li>Orchard, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li>Red-winged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li>Scott’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 188.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Osprey, American, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li>Owls, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 4.</li> - <li>Owl, American Barn, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13. - <ul> - <li>American Hawk, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li>American Snowy, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li>American Sparrow, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li> - <li>Barred, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li>Burrowing, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li>California Pygmy, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li>Feilner’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 58.</li> - <li>Great Gray, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li>Great Horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li>Kennicott’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 53.</li> - <li>Kirtland’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>Lesser-horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li>Little Red, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li>Long-eared, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li>Marsh, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li>Mottled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li>Red-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li>Richardson’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li> - <li>Saw-whet, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>Short-eared, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li>Spotted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li>Western-barred, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li>Western Great-horned, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li>Western-mottled, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 52.</li> - <li>White-fronted, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>Whitney’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 87.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/O--> -<ul><!--P--> - <li>Paisano, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - <li>Parakeet, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li>Parrots, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li>Parrot, Carolina, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587. - <ul> - <li>Illinois, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li>Orange-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Partridge, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448, 466, 468. - <ul> - <li>Massena, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li>Plumed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li>Scaled or Blue, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li>Spruce, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Pewee, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343. - <ul> - <li>Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li>Say’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li>Short-legged, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li>Western Wood, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li>Wood, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 357.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Pheasant, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li>Phœbe-Bird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li>Pigeons, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li>Pigeon, Band-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360. - <ul> - <li>Blue-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li> - <li>Key West, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li>Passenger, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li>White-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li>Wild, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Pipit, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. - <ul> - <li>European, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - <li>Sprague’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Poor-Will, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 417.</li> - <li>Prairie-Chicken, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li>Prairie-Hen, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440. - <ul> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Ptarmigan, White, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457. - <ul> - <li>Rock, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li>White-tailed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 464.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/P--> -<ul><!--Q--> - <li>Quail, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468. - <ul> - <li>California, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li>Gambel’s, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li> - <li>Mountain, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/Q--> -<ul><!--R--> - <li>Raven, American, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li>Redbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 100. - <ul> - <li>Summer, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Redbreast, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - <li>Red-Poll, Lesser, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>. - <ul> - <li>Mealy, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Redstart, American, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - <li>Red-Tail, Eastern, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282. - <ul> - <li><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 284.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Reedbird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li>Ricebird, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li>Road-Runner, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - <li>Robins, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - <li>Robin, Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. - <ul> - <li>Golden, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li>Ground, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li>Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li>Oregon Ground, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 116.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/R--> -<ul><!--S--> - <li>Sage-Cock, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li> - <li>Sapsucker, Larger, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503. - <ul> - <li>Lesser, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Scissor-Tail, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 311.</li> - <li>Screech-Owl, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li>Sea-Eagle, Gray, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li>Seed-Eater, Little, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 91.</li> - <li>Sharp-Tail, Columbia, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li> - <li>Shore-Lark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 141.</li> - <li>Shrikes, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> - <li>Shrike, Great Northern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_415">415</a>. - <ul> - <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> - <li>White-rumped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Skylark, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136. - <ul> - <li>Missouri, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Snowbirds, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> - <li>Snowbird, Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_584">584</a>. - <ul> - <li>Red-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li>White-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Snow-Bunting, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li>Solitaire, Townsend’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - <li>Sparrows, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</li> - <li>Sparrow, Arizona, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 41. - <ul> - <li>Artemisia, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.</li> - <li>Bachman’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li>Bell’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.</li> - <li>Black-chinned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 15.</li> - <li>Black-hooded, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</li> - <li>Black-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.</li> - <li>Brewer’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li>California Shore, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> - <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 42.</li> - <li>Chipping, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 7.</li> - <li>Clay-colored, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 11.</li> - <li>Field, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5.</li> - <li>Fox-colored, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 50.</li> - <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li>Grass, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - <li>Harris’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</li> - <li>Heermann’s Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 24.</li> - <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</li> - <li>Ipswich, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> - <li>Kodiak Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li>Lark, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.</li> - <li>Little Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5.</li> - <li>Northwest Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</li> - <li>Oregon Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 27.</li> - <li>Rufous-crowned, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 45.</li> - <li>Rusty Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li>Samuel’s Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 26.</li> - <li>San Diego, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> - <li>Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_534">534</a>.</li> - <li>Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 19.</li> - <li>Swamp, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li>Thick-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 57.</li> - <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 53.</li> - <li>Tree, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li>Western Chipping, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 11.</li> - <li>Western Savanna, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.</li> - <li>Western Song, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li>Western White-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.</li> - <li>White-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li>White-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Starlings, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 228.</li> - <li>Starling, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 229.</li> - <li>Swallows, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - <li>Swallow, Aculeated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432. - <ul> - <li>Bank, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li>Barn, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - <li>Chimney, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li>Cliff, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li>Eave, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li>Rough-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</li> - <li>Violet-green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li>White-bellied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Swifts, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 421.</li> - <li>Swift, Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 429. - <ul> - <li>Oregon Chimney, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 435.</li> - <li>White-throated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 424.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/S--> -<ul><!--T--> - <li>Tanagers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li>Tanager, Louisiana, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>. - <ul> - <li>Scarlet, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Thistle-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - <li>Thrasher, Brown, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. - <ul> - <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - <li>Cape <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lucas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - <li>Gray Curve-Bill, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - <li>Leconte’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - <li>Palmer’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> - <li>Red-vented, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - <li>Sage, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Thrushes, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - <li>Thrush, Alice’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>. - <ul> - <li>Dwarf Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - <li>Golden-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - <li>Gray-cheeked, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - <li>Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - <li>Louisiana Water, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain Hermit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - <li>Olive-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - <li>Oregon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - <li>Red-wing, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - <li>Rufous-tailed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - <li>Small-billed Water, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li>Swainson’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - <li>Tawny, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - <li>Varied, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li>Wilson’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - <li>Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Titlark, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li>Titmice, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - <li>Titmouse, Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_96">96</a>. - <ul> - <li>Black-fronted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li>Black-tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - <li>California, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - <li>Gray-tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - <li>Striped-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li>Texas, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - <li>Tufted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li>Wollweber’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Towhees, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li>Towhee, Abert’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 128. - <ul> - <li>Brown, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 122.</li> - <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 127.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Troupial, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li>Turkey-Buzzard, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li>Turkeys, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 402.</li> - <li>Turkey, Mexican, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 410. - <ul> - <li>Wild, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Tyrant Flycatchers, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306.</li> -</ul><!--/T--> -<ul><!--V--> - <li>Vireo, Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_393">393</a>. - <ul> - <li>Bell’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - <li>Black-capped, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - <li>Blue-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> - <li>Cassin’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - <li>Hutton’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - <li>Lead-colored, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - <li>Least, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> - <li>White-eyed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Vultures, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335, 338.</li> - <li>Vulture, Black, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351. - <ul> - <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/V--> -<ul><!--W--> - <li>Wagler, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.</li> - <li>Wagtails, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - <li>Wagtail, White, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. - <ul> - <li>Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Warblers, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> - <li>Warbler, Alaska Willow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>. - <ul> - <li>Arizona, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> - <li>Audubon’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - <li>Bachman’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - <li>Bay-breasted, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - <li>Black and White, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - <li>Black and Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li>Blackburnian, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li>Black-masked Ground, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li>Black-Poll, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li>Black-throated Blue, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li>Black-throated Gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li>Black-throated Green, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - <li>Blue Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - <li>Blue-winged Yellow, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li>Blue Yellow-backed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li>Cærulean, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - <li>Cape May, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - <li>Carbonated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li>Chestnut-sided, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - <li>Connecticut, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - <li>Creeping, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - <li>Golden Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li>Golden-winged, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li>Hooded, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li>Kentucky, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - <li>Kirtland’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - <li>Lucy’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - <li>Macgillivray’s Ground, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - <li>Maryland Yellow-throat, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li>Mourning, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - <li>Myrtle, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li>Nashville, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li>Olive-headed, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li>Orange-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - <li>Orange-throated, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li>Pacific Orange-crowned, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> - <li>Pine-creeping, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li>Prairie, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - <li>Prothonotary, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li>Rocky Mountain, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - <li>Swainson’s Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li>Tennessee, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li>Townsend’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - <li>Virginia’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> - <li>Western, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li>Western Yellow-rump, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - <li>White-throated Blue, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - <li>Worm-eating Swamp, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow Red-poll, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-rump, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li>Yellow-throated Gray, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Water Ouzel, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li>Waxwing, Northern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>. - <ul> - <li>Southern, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Wheat-Ear, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - <li>Whippoorwill, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 413. - <ul> - <li>Nuttall’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 417.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Whiskey-Jack, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> - <li>Woodcock, Black, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li>Woodpecker, Black-backed Three-toed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 530. - <ul> - <li>Brown-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 547.</li> - <li>California, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 566.</li> - <li>Cape, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 519.</li> - <li>Downy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509.</li> - <li>Gairdner’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li>Gila, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 558.</li> - <li>Hairy, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li>Harris’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 507.</li> - <li>Ivory-billed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 496.</li> - <li>Ladder-backed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li>Lewis’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 561.</li> - <li>Narrow-fronted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li>Nuttall’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 521.</li> - <li>Pileated, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li>Red-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - <li>Red-breasted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 544.</li> - <li>Red-cockaded, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 524.</li> - <li>Red-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 564.</li> - <li>Red-naped, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 542.</li> - <li>White-backed, Three-toed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li>White-headed, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 526.</li> - <li>White-rumped, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 564.</li> - <li>Williamson’s, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 545.</li> - <li>Yellow-bellied, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 539, 557.</li> - <li>Yellow-shafted, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 575.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>Wrens, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> - <li>Wren, Alaska, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_157">157</a>. - <ul> - <li>Berlandier’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li>Bewick’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - <li>Cactus, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> - <li>Cañon, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - <li>Cape Cactus, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - <li>Great Carolina, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - <li>House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li>Long-tailed House, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - <li>Parkman’s, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - <li>Rock, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - <li>Western Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - <li>White-throated Rock, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> - <li>Winter, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - <li>Wood, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li>Tit, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/T--> -<ul><!--Y--> - <li>Yellow-Bird, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>. - <ul> - <li>Summer, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/Y--> -</div><!--/index common names--> - - -<div class="p4 break index"> -<h3>INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.</h3> - -<ul><!--A--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aburria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Acanthylis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 435.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Accipiter</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardosiacus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cauda furcata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222, 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco freti hudsonis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco piscator antillarum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falco piscator carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringillarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fringilloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 231.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">milvus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">piscatorius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trinotatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aëtos</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægiothus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brewsteri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilipes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægithaliscus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_107">107</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ægolius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 142. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelainæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 147, 148.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agelaius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 148, 158. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 199.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159, 163.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longipes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 158, 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159, 165.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Agrodoma spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 135; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agrestis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 139, 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arvensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cælipeta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">italica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 171, 174.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">segetum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 136.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alaudidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>; <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr>. 135.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedinidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alcedo alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391, 392. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 396.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 396.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guacu</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 392.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jaguacate</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 392.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rudis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 396.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amazilia xantusi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 467.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ammodromus bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 39. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 45.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 26.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_395">395</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cedrorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœnicopterurn</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Angusticolles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anorthura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antenor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Anthus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">l’herminieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pipiens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reinhardti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinoletta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399, 400, 408.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Antrostomus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 409, 410; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 409.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 409.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 409, 417.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 409, 413.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aphelocoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 282. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 288.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Apternus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 528. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 530.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kamtchatkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aquila</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 312. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313, 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulva</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nobilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifraga</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">piscatrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">valeria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Archibuteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 298, 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 298.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299, 304.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Argyrtria maculata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bubo virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 25.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scops carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astragalinus mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Astur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245, 246.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latissimus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 236, 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225, 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plagiata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245, 246.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striolatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asturina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 244. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Asyndesmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 559. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 561.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Athene cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gnoma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noctua</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 97.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalænoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">whitneyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 86, 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Attagen rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Atthis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438, 439, 464. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 445.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aulanax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 339. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Auriparus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/A--> -<ul><!--B--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Balbusardus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Basileuterus belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">culicivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bathmidurus major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bidens aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blacicus pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Blagrus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bæolophus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bombycilla americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cedrorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœnicopterum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bonasa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 446. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sabini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 447, 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 447, 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446, 448.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 17, 18. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li>cassini (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>.), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23, 102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bubo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 60. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magellanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maximus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinicola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subarcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span> (<i class="plate">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 62, 64, 65, 98, 99, 100, 101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus atlanticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64, 65.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Budytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butaëtes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Butaquila</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strophiata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Buteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 254. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicaudatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albonotatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 281, 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 275, 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costaricensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 277.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineocaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gallinivorus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galapagoensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">krideri</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 258, 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 299, 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leverianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oxypterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadiceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 256, 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249, 250.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonocercus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 257, 272.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/B--> -<ul><!--C--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cacicus alaudarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 174.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cæreba cyanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cærebidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calamospiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 59, 60. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 61.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calandritinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 135.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callichelidon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Callipepla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 487. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strenua</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">venusta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 482.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calliphlox anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calocitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calothorax calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 445. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanopogon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 445.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Calypte</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438, 439, 453. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 453, 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 453, 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floresi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">helenæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 453.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campephilus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 493, 494. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 496.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">imperialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 496.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 494, 496.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Campylorhynchus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneicapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scolopaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Canace</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 416.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421, 425.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421, 422.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422, 427.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caprimulgus albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 410.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 408, 410.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 413.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">exilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macromystax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 409.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 417.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pruinosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 410.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semitorquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 406.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400, 401, 413.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 413.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 413.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Caracara</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardellineæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 60, 99. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 99.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 99.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">igneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 99, 103; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 99.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sinuatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 95.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 99–101.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carduelis lawrenci</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 86.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Carpodacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rhodocolpus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharista</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 350. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 355, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 339, 343, 350. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atratus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">burrovianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falklandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fœtens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficollis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulturinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cathartinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catharus melpomene</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Catherpes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">conspersus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_137">137</a>–139.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrocercus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 428. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centrophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_510">510</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calcaratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centronyx</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 514.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centureæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 492, 553.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Centurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 553. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554, 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 553, 554.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoffmanni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypopolius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 558.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">santacruzi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subelegans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulfureiventer</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 558.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uropygialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554, 558; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceophloeus pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cerchneis sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_124">124</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caroliniana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">familiaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiadæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Certhiola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_425">425</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bananivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bartholemica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caboti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chloropyga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaveola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luteola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">newtoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruviana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 392.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 396.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cabanisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 396.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chætura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422, 427, 431. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereiventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431, 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sclateri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431, 435; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chæturinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422, 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chalcophanes macrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 225. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_83">83</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæadæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 389. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albivitta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">granatina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpelieæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chamæpetes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chelidon thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chloroceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391.</li> - <li>Chlorœnas fasciata, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chondestes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strigatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chordeiles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399, 400. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acutipennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400, 406.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasilianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 406.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henryi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400, 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labeculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">popetue</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400, 401.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saptii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 406.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 400, 406; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 401.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Chrysomitris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbiana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrenci</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macroptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, 470, 474; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ciccaba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cichlopsis nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cinclus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardesiacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mortoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Circus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 212. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frenatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">histrionicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cistothorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">paludicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cladoscopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 535. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 542.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 544.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 539.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cleptes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 270.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccoborus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 76. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæruleus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 77.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustes abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 100.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 100.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccothraustinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccyginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 470.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coccygus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 470, 475. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 476, 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472, 477, 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477, 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">julieni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocoryphus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 476.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 476, 482.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pyrrhopterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 482.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Colaptes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 492, 573. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 575.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ayresii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 582.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocaulosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 575.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 575, 583.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 578.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 582.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 574.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 574, 578, 582.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 574, 578.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collocallia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Collurio</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_412">412</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>–415.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">robustus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 358. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilinea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">araucana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribœa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 381, 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 394, 395.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">denisea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 358, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360, 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hoilotl</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360, 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359, 364.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">livia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 358.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 392.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratoria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 367, 368.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystacea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 359, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trudeaui</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zenaida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 378.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbigallina montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Columbinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Compsothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conirostrum ornatum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Contopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 308, 350. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 352.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 350, 353, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hispaniolensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ochraceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 352.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">punensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 352.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 352, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schotti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 352, 356, 357.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585, 586. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cooperastur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coracias</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coræognathæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coragypys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 350.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corthylio</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corveæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 231.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 231.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 231.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 231, 232. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 243–247.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cacalotl</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 297, 299.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carnivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 233, 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caurinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 233, 248.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 254, 255.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">corone</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 243.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 271, 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 233, 242; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 233, 247, 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucognaphalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 255.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 233.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nasicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 234.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 233, 251.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palliatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 288.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 294.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264–266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 288.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corydalina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 60. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 61.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corythus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_452">452</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Coturniculus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">manimbe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perpallidus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tixicrus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cotyle</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cracinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Craxirex</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 248, 254. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 250.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crotophaga</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 470, 486. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 486–488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lævirostra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rugirostra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 488.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulcirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 487.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Crucirostra leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 469, 470.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuculus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 475, 477. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 573, 575.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 482.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 482.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Culicivora atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœrulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuncuma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cupidonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 439. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 440, 446.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cureus americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Curvirostra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264, 271, 282. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 284, 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 283, 288; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 284, 293.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 283, 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 281.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 284, 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sumichrasti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 283.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 288.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">woodhousei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 283, 291.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanocorax californicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 288. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 260.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanicapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yncas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanogarrulus cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 273. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 293.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanoloxia cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 77.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanospiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 59, 81. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 81, 84.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 81, 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 81, 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leclancheri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 81, 86.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264, 271; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 271, 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">diademata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 272, 279.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galeata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 272.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrolopha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 272, 281.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 272, 277.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyanurus cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 273. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cymindis cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopygus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_326">326</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 421.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422, 423.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypseloides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cypselus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 429.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 424.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 429.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 431.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinicaudus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vauxi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 435.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cyrtonyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 491. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">massena</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/C--> -<ul><!--D--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dædalion</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitidum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 245.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dædalium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendragapus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 421. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 422.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrochelidon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrocopus principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 496. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 539.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendrofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dendroica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">adelaidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albilora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bryanti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœrulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopareia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">decora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 510.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eoa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niveiventris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pharetra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pityophila</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufigula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Despotes tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diplopterus viaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dolichonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 148. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agripennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryobates</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 500, 502. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">homorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">turati</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryocopus pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 496.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 548. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dryotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 548. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 496.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 514. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dyctiopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 514. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dysornithia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/D--> -<ul><!--E--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ectopistes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 367. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratoria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 368.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yetapa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Elanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 196. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœruleus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197, 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scriptus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Emberiza americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 84.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysops</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">glacialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 106.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_552">552</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_565">565</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigro-rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 148, 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 11, 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 50.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 29, 53.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_534">534</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">shattucki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 68.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalaschkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 53.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Embernagra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 46. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blandingiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufivirgata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 47.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidias fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Empidonax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 308, 362. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 365.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 365, 374.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 363, 365.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 352.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachytarsus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 363; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">difficilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 364, 378, 380.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 363.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 364.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 363, 378.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 365.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 365.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 364, 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoxanthus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 378.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magnirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 365.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 364, 372; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 364, 381; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 364.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 365, 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubicundus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 365, 366, 369.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wrighti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 381.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ephialitis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ephialtes asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">choliba</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 52.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eremophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 135, 139. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 140, 141.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 140, 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 140.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 142, 144.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ergaticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythraca arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_67">67</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrophrys</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 475. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 477.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 484.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">seniculus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 482.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Erythrospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 220, 222. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euhierax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euspiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 59, 65. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65, 69.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eustrinx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 10.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Euthlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Eutolmaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> -</ul><!--/E--> -<ul><!--F--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 106, 107, 127. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æruginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142, 148.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicaudus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anatum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquilinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">axillaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonelli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254, 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasiliensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176, 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buffoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254, 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteo</span>, <abbr title="beta">β</abbr>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">buteoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæsius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 111, 112.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candidus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayennensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysætos</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 313.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cineraceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 115.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cœruleus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 197.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143, 144, 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127, 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, ζ, η, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 230.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212, 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">deiroleucus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dubius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">emerillus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">feldeggii</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 154, 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190, 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 190, 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscocœrulescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gabar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 108, 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco norvegicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 207, 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harlani</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 292.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 248, 250.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hinularius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hæmorrhoidalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icthyaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">imperator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">intermixtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142, 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 111, 113, 114.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jugger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradora</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 117.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111, 297, 299, 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 109, 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latissimus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leverianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lithofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lugger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanogenys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 196–198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109, 123.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202, 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 137, 304, 314.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitidus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 244, 245.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">novæhollandiæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orientalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ossifragus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palumbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236, 237.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pealei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129, 137.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225, 259.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127, 128, 132.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plancus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyagrus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109, 110, 123, 137.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pterocles</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 213, 324, 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regulus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 148.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostrhamus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufigularis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129, 130.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rusticolus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sacer</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108, 110, 115.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-johannis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadicens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spadiceus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159, 166, 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subæsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subbuteo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sublanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">suckleyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 143, 147.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">temerarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tharus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thermophilus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thoracicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 130, 155.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tinnunculus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulturinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 103.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Falconinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 106.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ficedula canadensis cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringilla æstiva</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 39. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 37, 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ambigua</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 84.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arborea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 116.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 60, 61, 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blandingiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 77.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calcarata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 1, 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 100.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">catatol</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_578">578</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 27, 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">comata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 122.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 104, 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 19.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 50.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">georgiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graminea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grammaca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">henslowi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_534">534</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 19.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 49, 50.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5, 580.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 31.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mariposa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_560">560</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoxantha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 16, 19.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meruloides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 53.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_548">548</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 153, 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 50.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufidorsis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_532">532</a>, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 1, 7.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 53.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xantomaschalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Fringillidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 1.</li> -</ul><!--/F--> -<ul><!--G--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Galeoscoptes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gallopavo sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 231, 263.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Garrulus cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 282, 288.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sordidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 284.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277, 281.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trachyrrhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 299.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ultramarinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 288, 293.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gennaia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lanarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 109.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geococcyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 470. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 471.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 471, 472; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velox</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 471.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geophilus cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 573. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 573.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 583.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 574.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caninucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanops</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semiflavus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">speciosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>–298; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Geotrygon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glabirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucidium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 79. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81, 83.</li> - <li>ferrugineum (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81, 85, 98–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gnoma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">infuscatum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">siju</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Glaucopteryx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Goniaphea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 69. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 77.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gracula barita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215, 222. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quiscala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 212, 215, 222.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Granatellus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">venustus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gryphinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Guiraca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 59, 76. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 77; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnokitta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 232, 259. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 259, 260.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gymnorhinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 259. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 260.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gypagus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gyparchus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gypogeranidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 2.</li> -</ul><!--/G--> -<ul><!--H--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hadrostomus affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglaiæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hæmorrhous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Haliaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 105, 320. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 323, 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icthyaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 323, 326.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 323.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vocifer</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">washingtoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 327.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harpes redivivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Harporhynchus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmeri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">redivivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_33">33</a>–37, 40, 46, 58; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 505.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hedymeles</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 59, 69. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70, 73.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heleothreptus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliaptex arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helinaia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Heliopædica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438, 440, 466. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneocauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 467.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xantusi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 466, 467.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helminthophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gutturalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lutescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Helmitherus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hemiprocne</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 427. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Henicocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_279">279</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Herpetotheres sociabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperiphona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vespertina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hesperocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieracospiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieraëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hieroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hierofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candicans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gyrfalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 111.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 113.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundinidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hirundo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 429.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 423.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyaneoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">horreorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 428, 429.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">opifex</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelagica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pelasgia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 432.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">respublicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">riparia americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rustica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">serripennis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Holoquiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hybris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydrobata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hydropsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylemathrous ædon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylocichla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hylotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 494, 548. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypacanthus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyphantes abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 184. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 199.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypomorphnus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hypotriorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æsalon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 142.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurantius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 129.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">femoralis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 155.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/H--> -<ul><!--I--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dumecola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velasquezi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterianæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icteridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 147.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterieæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 147, 179.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 179. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agripennis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182, 186.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 183, 195; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 183, 199; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 183, 193; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">emberizoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frenatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graduacauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 186.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 163.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanochrysura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 188.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 183, 188.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">prosthemelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scotti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 188.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 183, 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 165.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 181, 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wagleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182, 188.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icthierax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Icthyætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ictinia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 202. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Idiotes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ispida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 392.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/I--> -<ul><!--J--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jerafalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jeraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jerax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Junco</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aikeni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phænotus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/J--> -<ul><!--K--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Kieneria aberti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 128. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 121, 122.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufipilea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/K--> -<ul><!--L--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 690; <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 456. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachydactylus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 300.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grœnlandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandorum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 464.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">reinhardti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subalpinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lampornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438, 440. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurulentus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mango</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">porphyrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 440.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laniidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanius agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardosiaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">excubitoroides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">garrulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lahtora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316, 319.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lanivireo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Laphyctes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 315. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 327.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leptostoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 470. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longicauda</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lepturus galeatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leuconerpes albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 526.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucospiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 236.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Leucosticte</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">campestris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseigenys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ligonirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linaria americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">holbölli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hornemanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 31.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_534">534</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Linota canescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_498">498</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montium</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lithofalco columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galeatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">missouriensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wollweberi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lophortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 478. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479, 482.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Loxia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_483">483</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bifasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_483">483</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 76, 77.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 92, 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 99, 100.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">himalayana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 69, 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pityopsittacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rosea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lurocalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> -</ul><!--/L--> -<ul><!--M--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Macrocercus pachyrhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 586.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaceryle alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 392.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megapicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 494.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megaquiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Megascops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melampicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 559.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melanerpes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 553, 559. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 526.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">angustifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 561, 575.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 560, 564.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 561.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formicivorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 560, 566.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 544.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 545.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatipectus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 561.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 547.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 560, 561.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 545.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagridæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 402.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Meleagris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gallopavo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403, 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 410.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 403.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ocellatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 404.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melittarchus dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 319.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mellisuga heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 465.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melopelia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 376. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 16. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 18, 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gouldi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 26.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 19, 27, 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heermanni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 18, 24.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insignis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 19, 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 19, 31; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 18, 19.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 19, 34; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pectoralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 19, 27, 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">samuelis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 18, 26.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalashkensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Melospizeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Merula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Methriopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micrathene</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 86. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">whitneyi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 87.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Microglaux</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Micronisus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Microptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milans</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 196.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 307, 308. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309, 311.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">violentus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Milvus cenchris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dispar</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 198.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimimæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orpheus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyglottus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mitrephorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 308, 385. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 385, 386.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 385.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotilteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mniotiltidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Molothrus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 148, 153. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Monedula purpurea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Montifringilla brunneinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseinucha</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Morphnus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alba</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bananivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cincta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eques</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicauda</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinguis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">regulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubiginosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yarrelli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Motacillinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 374.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">animosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cantatrix</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 344.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">derhami</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 319.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 311.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 385.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nunciola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 357, 374.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rapax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rex</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">selbyi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semiatra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 369.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309, 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 350, 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Muscicapidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadesteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiadestes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">genibarbis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiarchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 307, 329; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332, 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331, 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">irritabilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lawrencei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 333.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331, 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 333.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigriceps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 333.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pertinax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phæocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 330.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331, 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tristis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332, 333.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tyrannulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 330.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">validus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yucatanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 331.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiobius borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nunciola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stolidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 357.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioborus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myioctonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodiocteæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiodioctes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileolata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myionax crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Myiothlypis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> -</ul><!--/M--> -<ul><!--N--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nauclerus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 190. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forficatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 191, 192.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 191, 192.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spraguei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Neophron iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nephœcetes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 427, 428. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 429; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nertus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Niphæa hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_580">580</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregona</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisastur</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nisus cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 230. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 224, 231.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Noctua aurita minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brodiei</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Notiocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifraga columbiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 255.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nucifrageæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 232.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nudinares</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctale</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 39. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abietum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40, 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">funerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 40.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">planiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39–41, 97–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tengmalmi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctalops stygius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 60, 61. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">candida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivea</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70, 98–102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scandiaca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctibius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nyctidromus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399, 400. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">derbyanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guianensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/N--> -<ul><!--O--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ochthæca sayi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Odontophorus maleagris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Onychotes gruberi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 252–254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oporornis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreopeleia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 392. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreophasinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreophasis derbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 475. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oreoscoptes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriolus baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 195. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costototl</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 202, 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203, 215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 158, 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oriturus wrangeli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 122.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ornismya anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 454. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arsenni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 453, 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 464, 465.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tricolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridissima</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orpheus carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meruloides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortalida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397, 398. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">poliocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyginæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ortyx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466, 467. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cubanensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 469.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">massena</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 491, 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montezumæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">texanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468, 474.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 467, 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Oscines</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 139. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 144.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otocorys alpestris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 143. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysolæma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cornuta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 143.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 142, 144.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 17. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arboreus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 52.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurita</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18, 22, 24.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">communis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europæus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">galopagœnsis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 23.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">italicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">siguapa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stygius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonianus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18, 98–101.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/O--> -<ul><!--P--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pachyramphus aglaiæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pandion</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 182. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alticeps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183, 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fluvialis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">haliætus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">indicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">planiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 183.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Panyptila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 422, 423. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cayanensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 424.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 424; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sancti-hieronymi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 424.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Paroides flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>–209, 259; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">insularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pitiayumi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">annexus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>–96, 100, 102, 103, 105, 128, 157.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>–95, 118.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sibiricus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passer</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_525">525</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctous</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor bahamensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domesticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerculus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 42.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 31.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">princeps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rostratus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sandwichensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savanna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zonarius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 31.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 49; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 27.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliaca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 50.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megarhynchus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 49, 57; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 50.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">schistacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 49, 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 29, 49, 53.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">unalashkensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 53.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerellinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 48.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Passerina</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 81. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 65.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oryzivora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Patagiænas</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 363.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocætes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414, 433. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434, 436, 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennikotti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pediocorys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pendulinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 179. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cucullatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 193.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 188.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavigaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lessoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">portoricensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spurius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelope</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelopina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Penelopinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Percnopterus aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perdicidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perdix borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumifera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 475.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perisoreus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264, 297. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 298, 299.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capitalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 298, 302.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">infaustus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 298.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 298, 302.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissoglossa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Perissura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 381. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrochelidon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lunifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Peucæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 37. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 34, 38, 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 38, 41; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 39.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">botterii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carpalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 41, 42.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lincolni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 31.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">notosticta</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficeps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 38, 45.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phabotypus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænicosoma æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænisoma</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phænopepla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phæthornithinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phasianus columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motmot</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 398.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phileremos</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 139.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phlœotomus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 548.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pholeoptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 88.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phonipara</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 60, 92. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canora</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">omissa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zena</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phrenopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 523. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 524.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllobasileus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllomanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Phyllopneuste</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvicultrix</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trochilus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albiventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 265.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 285.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 265.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chloronota</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 273.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 265.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 265, 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 265, 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">morio</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 303, 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 265, 270.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rusticorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 265.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stelleri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 277.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Piceæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 492, 493.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picicorvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 232, 254. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 255.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 469, 491.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 491, 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pico cruzado</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 494, 529. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529, 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 528, 530.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529, 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">europæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 529.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picolaptes brunneicapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picumninæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 491.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Picus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 493, 500. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 502, 526.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 530.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrothorax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 539.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 575.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurifrons</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bairdi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515, 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 523, 524.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cafer</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 578.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoides</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 583.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrauchen</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 559, 564.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gairdneri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 512; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 523.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gracilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 515, 517.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">harrisi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hirsutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 266.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hybridus aurato-mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 582.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hylocopus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inornatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jardini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lathami</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 578.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leconti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucomelas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 524.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lewisii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 561.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lucasanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 517, 519, 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 500.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">medianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanopogon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 566.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509, 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 578.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 561.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nataliæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 547.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuttalli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 517, 520, 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 564.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">orizabæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 557.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parvus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 515.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phillipsi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pileatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 550.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">principalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 496.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pubescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 501, 502, 509.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querulus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 524.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 544.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubicatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 578.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scalaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 501, 514, 515, 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">septentrionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 503.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">submexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 574.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 535, 547.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 559, 561.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tridactylus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 528, 530.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">turati</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 535, 539.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vieilloti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 524.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">villosus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 500, 503, 520.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 545.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zebra</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 554.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pilumnus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 535. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 544.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 547.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 539.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pinicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipile</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 60, 104. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aberti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 106, 126, 128; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 121, 122.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 121, 122, 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alleni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 108, 112.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arcticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 109, 116, 119.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmani</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 109.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorosoma</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 105.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 106, 131; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 519.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crissalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 121, 122.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrophthalmus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 105, 106, 108, 109; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 106, 121.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 106.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macronyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 105.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 105, 108.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">megalonyx</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 108, 113.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mesoleucus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 121, 122, 125; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 518.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 108, 116.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">superciliosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 106.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 105.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipra polyglotta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pitylus cardinalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 100. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 73.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Planesticus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platypsaris affinis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Platyrhynchus pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 366. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plectrophanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccowni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanomus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ornatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pictus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">smithi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ploceidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plyctolophinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podager</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Podagrinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcile atricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_96">96</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilopternis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lineatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 275.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilornis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pœcilopteryx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 202. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptila</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lembeyi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanura</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polioptilinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Polyborus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 103, 176. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 178.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brasiliensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177, 178.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cheriway</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tharus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 176–178.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 177, 178.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pomatorhinus turdinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pontoaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poocætes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gramineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Poospiza</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bilineata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 106.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystacalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 589.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nevadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 469.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Progne</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">concolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cryptoleuca</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">elegans</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">modesta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">subis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_107">107</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psaltriparus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psarocolius auricollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 199. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baltimore</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 195.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caudacutus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 149.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 206.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 163.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 186.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pecoris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudogryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 338. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338, 355, 356.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pseudoprocne</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 423.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psilorhinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264, 303. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 260.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 304.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">morio</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 304.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittaca carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Psittacus caroliniensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">militaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 586.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pascha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 586.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">strenuus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 586.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 587.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pteroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pterocircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonateæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonatinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonus cinereus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ptilogonys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pipilo rufipileus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pulsatrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pygargus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyranga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ardens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azaræ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bidentata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythrocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythromelæna</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">erythropis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hepatica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">roseigularis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubriceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saira</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">testacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgita</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_525">525</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 119.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitænas passerinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 389.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrgitinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 308, 386. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 387; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 522.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 387.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 513.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coccinea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cruentata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enucleator</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">falcirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 70.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pyrrhuloxia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 60, 95. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sinuata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 95.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/P--> -<ul><!--Q--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 147, 202.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quiscalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 202, 212. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æneus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213, 218.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ænius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 218.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aglæus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213, 221.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">assimilis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">baritus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213, 221.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachypterus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 206.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inflexirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214, 225.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">major</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nitens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peruvianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpuratus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">purpureus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 213–215.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tenuirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 215, 218.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/Q--> -<ul><!--R--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Raptores</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Reguloides proregulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regula calendula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cuvieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mystaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">satrapa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhimamphus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstivus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castaneus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chryseolus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinogryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337, 343. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344, 355, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">burrovianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 344.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinoptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhinostrix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchodon</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 127.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchofalco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 586.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rostrhamus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 104, 207. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hamatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbeus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208, 209.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sociabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 208.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 209.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/R--> -<ul><!--S--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sagræ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Salpinctes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saltator viridis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 46.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcorhamphidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sarcorhamphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 336, 337. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gryphus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 355, 356.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">papa</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 356.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saurothera bottæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californiana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 472.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthe</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">œnanthoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saxicolidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sayornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 307, 339; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aquaticus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latirostris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scaphidurus palustris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scardafella</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 387. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">squamosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 387.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scolecophagus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 202. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 203, 206.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrugineus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 206.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">niger</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 47. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li>asio (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 49, 51, 98–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">enano</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammeola</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 58.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">floridanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 51.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kennicotti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 48, 53, 55.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maccalli</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49, 52.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">semitorques</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 56.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichopsis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 53.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">zorca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotiaptex</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 28, 29. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereum</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29, 30, 98–102.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29, 30.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Scotophilus acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Securirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seirureæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Seiurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gosse</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 511.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sulfurascens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tenuirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Selasphorus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438, 439, 458. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">costæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 459.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">heloisæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 465.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 458, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 459.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scintilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 459.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setirostres</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">miniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricincta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">picta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophageæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Setophaginæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sialia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>–68.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cæruleocollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macroptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 506.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Siphonorhis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sitta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_114">114</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aculeata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 507.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittace</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">militaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 586.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pachyrhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 586.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittacinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sittinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sparvius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cirrhocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platypterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 259.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Speotyto</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 88. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domingensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89, 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89, 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">grallaria</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 89.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guadeloupensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90, 93, 98–101.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spermophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 60, 90. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 91.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">moreletti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 91.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spheotyto hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sphyropicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 494, 535. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuchalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 538, 542.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruber</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 538, 544.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thyroideus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 538, 547.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">varius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 537, 539; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">williamsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 538, 545.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spilocircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spinites</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 1. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 15.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticolus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 7.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiza</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 81. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amœna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 84.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ciris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 87.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_315">315</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">versicolor</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 86.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizacircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizageranus unicinctus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 1. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arizonæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 2, 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atrigularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3, 15.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">breweri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 13; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maxima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 2, 3; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 2, 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinetorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 2.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 2, 5.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">shattucki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">socialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 2, 7; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizelleæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizellinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spiziacircus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 58.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Spizognathæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sporophila</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 90. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">moreletti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 91.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnadeæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Starnœnas</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 394. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanocephala</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 395.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steatornithinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 398.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stegnolæma</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 397.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stelgidopteryx</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">serripennis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stellula</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438, 439, 445. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 445.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stenopsis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 399.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolida lucaysiensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stolidus dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Streptoceryle</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 391. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alcyon</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 392.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stridula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strigiceps</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 212. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">uliginosus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 214.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strigidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 1, 4.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Stringopinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strix</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 10. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43, 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadiensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acclamator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albifrons</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aluco</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64, 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">asio</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47, 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bubo</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">clamata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crassirostris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 88, 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">delicatula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">eluta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 10, 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">freti hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">frontalis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">funerea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">furcata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 12.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 11.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">havanense</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huhula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypogæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">javanica</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macrorhyncha</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maximus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 60, 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nacuruta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nivea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 61, 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 43, 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerinoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 81.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrinator</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perlata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 12, 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalænoides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pratincola</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 11, 13, 98–101.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pygmæa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">scops</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tengmalmi</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 40.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ulula</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 74.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wapacuthu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 64.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Strobilophaga</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Struthus atrimentalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 15. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caniceps</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">oregonus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnella</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 148, 171. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 174.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hippocrepis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 172, 176.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 174.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 172, 174.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">meridionalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 172.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 172.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">neglecta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>. 173, 176.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 228.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sturnus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 228. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinclus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">collaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 174.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">junceti</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 174.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nove-hispaniæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 154.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">prædatorius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vulgaris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 228, 229.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Surnia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 6, 74. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferruginea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 85.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 75.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 49.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 80.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ulula</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 39, 75, 98–102.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvania bonapartei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pumilia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruticilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvia æquinoctialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anthoides</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auricollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">autumnalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">azurea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bifasciata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carbonata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">childreni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">citrinella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">culicivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">domestica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flava</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavicollis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">halseii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">juncorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 5.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lateralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogastra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macropus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magnolia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">missouriensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nashvillei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petasodes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">populorum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rathbonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sialis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sphagnosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tigrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tolmiæi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">troglodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">velata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vigorsii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthopygia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">xanthocoa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicola</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">blackburniæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cærulea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">castanea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chrysoptera</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">formosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephala</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kirtlandi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maritima</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mitrata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palmarum</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pannosa</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pardalina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pensilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">petechia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rathbonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ruficapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">striata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tæniata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">townsendi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vermivora</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicoleæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylvicolinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Svlviidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sylviinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnia nyctea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 70.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Syrnium</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 5, 28. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aluco</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">plate</i>), <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 97.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinereum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 30, 31.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvescens</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 30.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosum</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 29, 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">occidentale</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 28, 29, 38.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sartorii</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 29.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/S--> -<ul><!--T--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachycineta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bicolor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">thalassina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tachytriorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 254.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tænioptynx</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 79.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Talpacota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagra æstiva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbiana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cyanea</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 81, 82.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludoviciana</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mississippiensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubra</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tanagridæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Telmatodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Teraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terestristeæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terestristis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetrao albus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bonasia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 478, 479.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">canadensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 416, 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cristata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 487.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cupido</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 439, 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">franklini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 419.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 492.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 456, 457, 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lagopus islandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lapponicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 464.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandicus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscurus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 415, 421, 423, 425.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 429, 433, 436.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rehusak</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 427.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rupestris</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sabini</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saliceti</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 457.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">togatus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tympanus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbelloides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 453.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">umbellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 448, 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urogallus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 434.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianellus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 436.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urophasianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 428.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 467, 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetraonidæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 414.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tetrastes</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 446.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thalassoaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 320, 322.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thaumatias</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 440, 468. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">linnæi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Theromyias saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryomanes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Thryothorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">berlandieri</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">littoralis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">louisianæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">torquatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tiaris omissa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 93.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tichornis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tinnunculus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 107, 159. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alaudarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 159.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">australis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinnamominus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 168.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">columbarius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 144.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166, 167, 171.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">isabellinus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 166, 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phalœna</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 169.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparveroides</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161, 162.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sparverius</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 161, 166, 167, 169, 171.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tolmaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Toxostoma curvirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lecontei</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">longirostre</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rediviva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vetula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brachydactylus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">macgillivrayi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marilandicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">personatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tephrocotis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tolmiæi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vegata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichoglossinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 585.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 502.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trichopipo</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 502.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tridactylia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 509, 528. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arctica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 530.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dorsalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">undulata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 532.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Triorchis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 182, 297.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 437, 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilinæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trochilus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 438, 439, 447. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alexandri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 450.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anna</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aureigaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calliope</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 445.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">colubris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 448.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 454.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucotis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mango</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 440.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanotus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 466.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">platycercus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 462.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 458.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobaci</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobagensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tobago</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 468.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytes</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ædon</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">alascensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">americanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">arundinaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aztecus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bewickii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">brevirostris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hyemalis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 508.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">latisfasciatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obsoletus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pacificus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">palustris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parkmanni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">spilurus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">stellaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sylvestris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Troglodytidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Trupialis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 148.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tryphæna heloisa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 465.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdinæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turdus</span> (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">subgenus</i>), <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aliciæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aonalaschkæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ater</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182, 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">auduboni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">confinis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">densus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, 15–21.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guttatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hudsonius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iliacus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jamaicensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">jugularis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 182, 190.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">labradorius</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 287.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">merula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">migratorius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>–25, 27, 28, 30, 48.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minimus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minor</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">motacilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 287.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">musicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mustelinus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nævius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nanus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 504.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 22, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 203.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallasi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 4–7, 11, 12, 14–16, 18, 282.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pilaris</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">polyglottus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rufus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">silens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>–13, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>–18, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trichas</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ustulatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">variegatus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">viscivorus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">wilsonii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turtur carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucopterus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyranni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannidæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 306.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula acadica</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 374. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">caribæa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cinerascens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 387.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinita</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flaviventris</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 378.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fusca</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hammondi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minima</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 372.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">obscura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 381.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pallida</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 362, 366, 378.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">richardsoni</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">saya</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannula trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 369. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 357.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannuli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 307.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tyrannus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 307, 314. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">acadicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 374.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">antillarum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atriceps</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">borealis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 315, 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 327.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cooperi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">couchi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 315, 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">crinitus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dominicensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 315, 319.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">forticatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 311.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fuscus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 343.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">griseus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 319.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">intrepidus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucogaster</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ludovicianus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 334.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">matutinus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 319.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melancholicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 315, 329.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mexicanus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 311.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigricans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 340, 353.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœbe</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 332, 360.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pipiri</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 316.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 366.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">savana</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 309.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sayus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 347.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">trailli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 369.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">verticalis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 315, 324.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virens</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 357.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vociferans</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 315, 327; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 521.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/T--> -<ul><!--U--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ulula brachyotus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 22. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cunicularia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 90.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flammea</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 13.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nebulosa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 34.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">otus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 17, 18.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">passerina</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 43.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virginiana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 62.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Uraspiza</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Uroaëtus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urospizia</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 220, 222.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urubitinga unicincta</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 249.</li> -</ul><!--/U--> -<ul><!--V--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivora bachmani</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">celata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fulvicapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nigrescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">peregrina</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">protonotaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">rubricapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vermivoreæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireo</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atricapillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bogotensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carmioli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">huttoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">musicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">noveboracensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivaceus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphicus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusillus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitarius</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vicinior</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vigorsii</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">virescens</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonella</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_382">382</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gundlachi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireonidæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vireosylvia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">agilis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">altiloqua</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbadense</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">barbatula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">calidras</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chivi</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cobanensis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavifrons</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">flavoviridis</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilva</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gilvus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">josephæ</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magister</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">olivacea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 512.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">philadelphica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plumbea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">propinquua</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">solitaria</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">swainsoni</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vultur albicilla</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 324, 327. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atratus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 350, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">audax</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 312.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 343, 344, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aura niger</span>, <abbr title="beta">β</abbr>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">californianus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 338.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gryphus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">iota</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 345, 351.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">papa</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 337.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">urubu</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 351.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vulturinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 335.</li> -</ul><!--/V--> -<ul><!--W--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Wilsonia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">minuta</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pusilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/W--> -<ul><!--X--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 148, 167. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">icterocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">perspicillatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 167.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthornus</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">abeillei</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 184.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">bullocki</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 199.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gubernator</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 163.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melanocephalus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 186.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">parisorum</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 188.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">phœniceus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 159.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xanthoura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 264, 294. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">guatemalensis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">incas</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">luxuosa</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 295.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenocraugus</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 526. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 526.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Xenopicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 502, 526. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albolarvatus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 526.</li> - </ul> - </li> -</ul><!--/X--> -<ul><!--Y--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yunginæ</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 491.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Yphantes</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 179, 183.</li> -</ul><!--/Y--> -<ul><!--Z--> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zebrapicus</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 553. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">kaupii</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 558.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaida</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 378. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amabilis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurita</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">hypoleuca</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucoptera</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 376.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">maculata</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">martinicana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 379.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">montana</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 393.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaideæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidinæ</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 357, 374.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zenaidura</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 375, 381. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">carolinensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382, 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graysoni</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">marginella</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 383.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">yucatensis</span>, <abbr title="Three">III.</abbr> 382.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zonotrichia</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>. - <ul> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">albicollis</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 186, 574.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aurocapilla</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">belli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">boucardi</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 38.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cassini</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 42.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">chlorura</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 131.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">comata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coronata</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fallax</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fasciata</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 22.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">gambeli</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>; <abbr title="Three">III</abbr>. 516.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">graminea</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">leucophrys</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">melodia</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 19.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monticola</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 3.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pennsylvanica</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">plebeja</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 47.</li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">querula</span>, <abbr title="One">I.</abbr> <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Zygodactyli</span>, <abbr title="Two">II.</abbr> 469.</li> -</ul><!--/Z--> -</div><!--/index scientific names--> - - -<div class="break tnote small"> -<p class="center">Transcriber’s Note:</p> - -<p>The index of English names and index of scientific names appear only -in Volume III; they are reproduced at the end of this book for the -convenience of readers.</p> - -<p>Archaic and obsolete spellings were left unchanged, as were variant -spelling of local place names, e.g. Hayti, Alleghany, Wahsatch, -Nenontalik. Also unchanged:</p> - -<p class="p0 tnindent">- Lake ‘Winnipeg’ is spelled ‘Winnepeg’ in several locations<br /> - - Repeated number ‘... 39,849 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, 39,849 <abbr title="male symbol">♂</abbr>, and 39,850 <abbr title="female symbol">♀</abbr>, ...’<br /> - - Figure number is missing in the reference data to Pyranga æstiva, <abbr title="variation">var.</abbr> cooperi.<br /> - - ‘mesquite’ is also spelled ‘mezquite’</p> - -<p>Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the -book, preceding the Index to Plates.</p> - -<p>In the discussion of the Florida Greenlet, the author used a ‘y’ with -a breve above it to describe the song sound. As this character does -not exist in UTF-8, a macron was used instead of a breve.</p> - -<p>Obvious printing errors were corrected, such as duplicate words, -upside down letters, numbers printed backwards, and letters or spacing in the wrong order.</p> - -<p>Missing punctuation was added to ends of sentences and abbreviations. -Unprinted letters and numbers were added, where appropriate. A description of -the illustration on the title page was added.</p> - -<p>Changes for consistency with other entries:</p> -<p class="p0 tnindent"> italics to small caps for <span class="sc">Habitat</span>, and<br /> -various ‘Zoo-’ to ‘Zoö-’</p> - -<p>Spelling changes:</p> -<p class="p0 tnindent">‘swainsonii’ to <a href="#chg1">‘swainsoni’</a>, Plate 1, figure 4<br /> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘ludovicicianus’</i> to <a href="#chg2"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘ludovicianus’</i></a> (caption to illustration ‘7113’)<br /> -‘moves’ to <a href="#chg3">‘move’</a> …They move with rapidity and precision…<br /> -‘Friesch’ to <a href="#Finsch">‘Finsch’</a> (references, Alaska Wren)<br /> -‘Guatamela’ to <a href="#chg4">‘Guatemala’</a> (habitat, Chestnut-sided warbler)<br /> -‘taill’ to <a href="#chg5">‘tail’</a> (Townsend's Warbler)<br /> -‘Totontopec’ to <a href="#chg6">‘Totontepec’</a> …at Totontepec, among the mountains…<br /> -‘fellows’ to <a href="#chg7">‘follows’</a> …They are as follows:…<br /> -‘Lambeye’ to <a href="#Lembeye">‘Lembeye’</a> (references, Barn Swallow) -‘groundcolor’ to <a href="#chg8">‘ground-color’</a> …The ground-color of all is…<br /> -‘subdivison’ to <a href="#chg9">‘subdivision’</a> …tendency to subdivision of…<br /> -‘olivacaceous’ to <a href="#chg10">‘olivaceous’</a> …to the more olivaceous back.…<br /> -‘Phœnicosoma’ to <a href="#chg11">‘Phœnisoma’</a> …Phœnisoma æstiva… (references, Summer Redbird)<br /> -‘Cardueles’ to <a href="#chg12">‘Carduelis’</a> (references, Yellow-bird; Thistle-bird)<br /> -‘Is’ to <a href="#chg13">‘It’</a> …It is gregarious at all…<br /> -‘Linceceum’ to <a href="#chg14">‘Lincecum’</a> …from Texas, by Dr. Lincecum…<br /> -figure number of index entry for Cardinalis igneus from ‘0’ to ‘<a href="#chg16">10</a>.’<br /> -volume number from ‘II’ to <a href="#chg17">‘III’</a> for Columba fasciata, Columba flavirostris, and Columba leucocephala, -Ectopistes <a href="#chg18">migratoria</a>, and Ortalida <a href="#chg19">macalli</a>.</p> -</div><!--end transcriber's note--> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of North American Birds, by -Spencer Fullerton Baird and Thomas Mayo Brewer and Robert Ridgway - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS *** - -***** This file should be named 55191-h.htm or 55191-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/9/55191/ - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by Biodiversity Heritage Library.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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