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diff --git a/old/55182-0.txt b/old/55182-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 509a75a..0000000 --- a/old/55182-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1587 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 41, -April 10, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 41, April 10, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 23, 2017 [EBook #55182] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, APRIL 10, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 41. SATURDAY, APRIL 10, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: KILLYMOON, COUNTY OF TYRONE, THE RESIDENCE OF -LIEUTENANT-COLONEL W. STEWART] - -The subject which we have chosen as an embellishment to our present -number, is a view of one of the most aristocratic residences in the -province of Ulster, or, as we might perhaps say, in all Ireland. It is -therefore deserving of a place in our topographical illustrations from -its own importance; but we confess that it is not on that account only -that we have thus selected it for illustration, and that, even if its -attraction had been less, it would still have paramount claims on our -notice, as the residence, when delicate health permits, of one of the -best of landlords, and most estimable and accomplished gentlemen in his -native province. Such, at least, is the impression made on our mind from -all that we have ever heard of Colonel Stewart’s private character; and -it is only, therefore, in harmony with what might be expected of such -a proprietor, that the enjoyment of the beauty and magnificence which -nature and art have conjointly contributed to create at Killymoon should -not be restricted to himself or friends, but be freely extended without -solicitation to all ranks of the community, whom indeed he may justly and -proudly class under the same denomination. - -Killymoon House, or Castle, as it is popularly called, is situated in the -immediate vicinity of Cookstown, and on the north bank of the Ballinderry -or Kildress river, a beautiful stream which winds through the demesne. It -was erected for the father of the present proprietor by the celebrated -English architect Mr Nash, and cost, it is said, no less a sum than -£80,000. - -Like that of most architectural compositions of Mr Nash, the general -effect of Killymoon is at once imposing and picturesque. Its form is that -of a parallelogram; the north and east sides, which are the principal -architectural fronts, and contain the chief apartments, being but little -broken in their surfaces, and forming two sides of the square; while -the remaining sides, which contain the offices, are of an irregular -ground-plan, and are much hidden by trees. The east, or principal front, -which is that represented in our wood-cut, has a large circular tower -nearly at its centre, and is terminated at its northern angle by an -octagon tower of inferior height, but otherwise equal dimensions; and -the north front, extending from the octagon tower above mentioned, has a -square tower at its west extremity, with which is connected, in a nearly -continuous line, a structure in the style of a Gothic chapel, having -stained glass windows, and buttresses intervening, and a belfry at its -western termination: this portion of the building, however, is used as -a library, and is the only part remaining of the original mansion which -existed on the estate when the ancestor of Colonel Stewart purchased -it from the Earl of Tyrone, and which was subsequently destroyed by an -accidental fire. The north or entrance front is adorned with a porch -leading into a small vestibule, and thence into the hall, which is of -great size, and is terminated by a stone staircase having two return -flights leading to a corridor which communicates with the bed-chambers. -This hall also communicates by doors with the several portions of the -building below, those on the west side leading to the servants’ rooms, -and those on the east to the state apartments, which consist of a -breakfast parlour, dining-room, ante-room, and drawing-room, all of which -are of noble proportions, and their woodwork of polished oak. - -It will be seen from the preceding description that the general character -of this building is that of a castle; and we may add, that the details of -its architecture are for the most part those popularly but erroneously -called Saxon. But, like most modern structures of this kind, it has -but little accurate resemblance to an ancient military fortress, and -its architectural details present that capricious medley of styles of -various ages, ecclesiastical, domestic, and military, so commonly found -in modern buildings of this description. Such an incongruous amalgamation -of styles, however, in an architectural composition, is, it must be -confessed, not very consistent with refined taste, and cannot be too -strongly reprobated; but it has existed for a considerable time, and will -unfortunately continue till architects become skilful antiquaries as -well as tasteful artists, and their employers acquire such an accurate -judgment and knowledge of art as will enable them to form a correct -opinion of the capabilities of those they employ, and not take their -estimate of them, as now, from fashion or popular reputation. - -The demesne attached to this noble residence ranks second to none in -Tyrone in extent, the beauty of many of its features, and the fineness -of its timber. The Kildress river, which passes through it, is crossed -about the centre of the demesne by a picturesque bridge of five arches; -and from this point the most favourable views of the surrounding scenery -are to be had. Looking northwards, the sloping banks of the river, at -the opposite sides of an extensive meadow, are thickly planted with -larch, fir, beech, and ash, from the midst of which, an aged oak is here -and there seen to rise above its younger and less aspiring companions; -and, looking westward, the turrets of the castle overtop the deep -masses of foliage which cluster round it on every side. In like manner, -to the east, the river winds its way through a tract of rich meadow -land, the banks of which are fringed with sallows and thorn trees; and -to the south, the grounds slope gently up from the river, and present -detached groups of elms and oaks of the most luxuriant character. The -views in this demesne are indeed such as might naturally be expected in -conjunction with a mansion of such magnificence, and will, as we are -persuaded, not create a feeling of disappointment in the minds of any, -whether artist or pleasure tourist, who may be led by our remarks to -visit them. - - P. - - - - -THE SPANISH MOTHER. - - -During that dark and ill-recorded period in which Spain was little -more than a field of battle between the Moors and the Christians, the -Sanchos of Navarre held the most conspicuous rank among the peninsular -potentates, and Sanchez “el Mayor” was the most conspicuous of the -Sanchos. Besides the throne of Navarre, he had succeeded to the royalty -of Arragon, and the sovereignty of Castile was the dower of his queen. He -had married the beauteous Elvira Muna early in life; and before he had -reached the full prime of manhood, two of his sons, Garcia and Gonsalo, -were able to bear the panoply of a knight; and a third, Fernando, a boy -of thirteen, was sighing for the day to come when he too should have the -spur upon his heel and the sword upon his thigh. Another son, also, King -Sancho boasted of, but not by Donna Elvira. In his very first battle he -had been taken prisoner by a Moorish captain of high rank, and confined -in a dreary dungeon many days and nights, until at length his escape was -effected by means of the daughter of his conqueror, a maiden of exquisite -beauty named Caya, who had seen him, and fallen in love with him. This -Moorish girl the generous young prince would gladly have married, if the -political or religious laws of Navarre would have permitted him; but -he tried to persuade himself and her, that, under such circumstances, -the tie which bound them together after their flight from her father’s -fortress would be nearly as sacred as if it were a conjugal one. The -offspring of their love was a boy, whom Sancho named Ramiro, and who grew -up with the king’s legitimate children. Caya too--it was the custom of -those days--lived at court, and was paid respect and honour besides, as -the deliverer of the country’s hope. She had abjured, at least outwardly, -her Moslem creed, and, for the sake of her son, whom she tenderly loved, -conformed in all respects to the customs of her adopted one. In truth, -however, she was a quiet, unpretending creature, who never said or did -anything to the injury of anyone with malice prepense, and not being -feared, was not hated. Even Elvira herself, hateful to Caya for giving -her no reasonable cause for jealousy since her marriage with Sancho -(which was a mere matter of state policy), made the Moorish woman the -confidante of most of her joys and sorrows. And many were the sorrows -of that gentle queen. Sancho had ever been indifferent towards her, -though she repaid his coldness with devoted attachment. He was, besides, -continually away at the wars, in imminent danger from the chances of -battle, while she, at home, was ever mourning over the neglect of her -lord and the disobedience of her children. Garcia had made, before his -twentieth year, no fewer than three different attempts to excite a revolt -in Ribagorza during the absence of the king, impatient as he was to seize -the reins of command. Gonsalo, cunning as a fox, and darkly-working as -a mole, was continually endeavouring, by secret machinations, to render -the people of Navarre discontented with the government of his mother -and her councillors; and even the child Fernando had exhibited signs -of a rebellious nature, and was but too apt to listen to the dangerous -instructions of his brothers. Elvira, therefore, was greatly to be -pitied, debarred, as she thus found herself, from all the joys which she -naturally yearned for as a wife and a mother. If Caya was an ambitious -woman, as most of her nation were, or if she had cherished, under an -outward show of meekness and contentedness, thoughts and purposes of -bringing about by means of her opportunities the establishment of the -Moorish dynasty in Christian Spain, she might have drawn hope of success -in her schemes from the dissensions of the royal family; at least she -might have sought in them some excuse for making her darling Ramiro a -sharer in one of those arbitrary partitions of the Spanish kingdoms which -the barbarous notions of the times rendered of frequent recurrence. But -Caya was gifted with too noble a mind to seek any advantage, however -tempting, by unworthy means. She still fondly loved the chivalrous -prince with whom she fled from a cruel father’s roof, and with whom, for -a few happy, happy years, she had forgotten the pleasant olive groves -of Grenada, under the wild pine forests and glaciers of the Pyrenees. -She sincerely compassionated the sorrows of Elvira, and therefore the -afflicted queen had a safe and steady friend in her generous rival. Let -the reader “judge with knowledge” these two women in their affection for -one another-- - - In those old, romantic days, - Mighty were the soul’s commandments - To support, restrain, or raise! - -Their rivalry was of the forbearing kind which existed between the two -wives of that old crusader mentioned in the Orlandus of Kenelin Henry -Digby, and which the first poet of our day[1] has thought it worth his -while to embalm for all eternity in his “Armenian Lady’s Love.” But -Elvira had another trusty friend in Sancho’s “master of the horse,” whom -he was wont to leave behind him as deputy when he went to the wars. Don -Pedro Sesse was a faithful minister and a merciful viceroy. A gallant -soldier in his youth, he was an enemy to treachery and to everything that -tended to infringe the laws of chivalry. He it was who had frustrated the -designs of Garcia and Gonsalo, and had therefore earned their hatred. -Elvira looked to him as her best guide and protector amidst the sorrows -of her lot. - -In this state was the kingdom of Navarre, when the news came of a great -victory gained by Sancho over the Moors of Corduba, a place at that time -the metropolis of Moorish Spain. As this event was considered a decisive -blow to the hopes entertained by the Moors of obtaining possession of -Castile, which was their principal object, Sancho’s speedy return, after -an absence of several years, was anticipated at home, and great were the -preparations made for his triumphal entry to the fortress of Najara, -where was the royal palace and the residence of the chief nobility. In -the midst of these preparations, however, matters took place which turned -the palace into a scene of mourning and dismay. - -Don Pedro had a beautiful daughter named Blanca, whom the unprincipled -Garcia had long but vainly tried to influence by his dishonourable -proposals. The virtuous Blanca repelled his advances with proper scorn; -and when at length he found that he could not obtain her willing consent, -he determined to carry her off by violence. An opportunity soon arrived. -Blanca was sitting alone one day in her garden, enjoying the loveliness -of the prospect that stretched from the terrace-foot to the summits of -the distant mountains, when Garcia, who had been waiting for a favourable -moment, seized her in his arms, and bore her away towards a spot where he -had horses and attendants ready for the accomplishment of his villanous -project. Before the maiden was out of the reach of aid from such as might -be disposed to assist her, her shrieks were heard by Ramiro, who happened -to be sauntering near the place. He was at her side in an instant with -his drawn sword in his hand. - -“Ruffian, desist!” exclaimed he, with wrath in his voice and eye, as, -passing his left arm round the waist of Blanca, he waved his armed right -hand before the ravisher’s face; “though thou bearest my father’s blood -in thy degenerate veins, it shall dye the turf at our feet, if thou -loosest not hold of this maiden.” - -“Away! base-born hound--half-Spaniard, away! and dare not to thwart me in -my pleasure,” cried Garcia, foaming with rage and disappointment. - -Ramiro answered not, but, freeing the frighted girl by a dexterous -manœuvre from the grasp of Garcia, and placing himself between them, he -struck the latter with the flat side of his weapon, as if he thought him -unworthy of a severer blow, though the fire of his royal blood tingled in -his cheeks at the insult. - -Garcia quailed before the lofty scorn of Ramiro, and he shouted to his -attendants to come to his aid. - -“Now, for my father’s kingdom I would not let thee escape, dastard as -thou art!” said Ramiro, as he strode up to Garcia and forced him to -defend himself. In a moment Ramiro was standing over his prostrate and -bleeding antagonist with his sword lifted for the death-blow. As he was -about to strike in self-defence, hearing the rapid step of Garcia’s -assistants, he saw that they were already panic-struck at the sight of -their fallen master, and were turning back in flight. Staying his hand, -he said, - -“Rise, Garcia--for thy father’s sake I spare thee. Thou wilt henceforth -avoid the son of the Moorish Caya.” Then taking the lady Blanca, who was -fainting with the effects of her terror, once again in his arms, he bore -her into the house of Don Pedro, and left the vanquished ravisher in pain -of body and mortification of heart. - -“Tell me, lady,” said Ramiro, as he leant over the form of the reviving -Blanca, “how art thou? Assure me that I leave thee well and happy.” - -“Leave me not yet, noble Ramiro,” said Blanca sweetly. “How can I -sufficiently repay thee for thy valiant protection?--all I can imagine -would be too poor a recompense!” - -“Oh, not too poor, dear Blanca,” said Ramiro passionately, “is the gift -thou canst bestow: give me thy love, if one who hath the stain of Moorish -lineage may hope to deserve it, and I will bless the opportunity that -gave thee to my arms.” - -Blanca only blushed in answer. She knew Ramiro had loved her long before, -and that he was honoured and esteemed by her father. The lovers plighted -their troth to each other that hour, and felt themselves worthy of one -another. - -The ferocious temper and evil heart of Garcia left him no repose until -he had matured a scheme of vengeance to effect the ruin of Ramiro, if -possible, before the return of his father. All the more violent means he -rejected, as he was unwilling to compass so important an event except by -plausible pretexts. He therefore determined to work upon the fears of -Elvira, and as far as possible to arouse her jealousies. Having first -simulated a show of repentance for his past ill treatment, which he -did so well as effectually to deceive the unsuspicious queen, he next -informed her that a secret correspondence had been carried on between -Caya and the king during the whole period of the last expedition, forged -proofs of which he showed her; and insinuated that Caya had succeeded -in making the king promise to put Ramiro in possession of the fairest -portion of his dominions, to the exclusion of Elvira’s offspring. This -latter stratagem did not succeed so well with Elvira, and she openly told -him she had too great faith in Caya’s friendship for her to believe she -would seek to deprive her of her queenly prerogative, or her children of -their just rights. Garcia for a long time continued to follow up his plan -by these insinuations and others of a similar kind, but when he found -he was playing a wrong game, he could no longer conceal his rage, and he -warned Elvira not to oppose him in his attempts to get rid of Ramiro, -with a sincerity which the unhappy woman well knew was unaffected. - -Garcia’s first step was a demand that a council of the nobility should -be held to determine upon a matter to be brought forward by him, at -which council the queen should preside in person. This being granted, he -formally accused Ramiro of having attempted his assassination, exhibited -his wound, and produced his attendants, who had been suborned by him, -to testify to the truth of the accusation. Ramiro was then summoned to -answer to the grave charge of having attempted the life of the heir to -the crown--a crime for which death by torture was the punishment in -Navarre. Ramiro defended himself by narrating the circumstance of his -encounter with Garcia simply as it occurred, along with the cause which -led to it; and the beautiful Blanca shrank not from appearing before the -court and the nobles, to bear witness for her betrothed. Several of the -nobles, however, who were in the interest of Garcia and the abettors of -his projects, declared that the testimony of Blanca was not sufficient -to clear Ramiro of the imputation, and demanded that judgment should be -given against him. Don Pedro, who had been aware of the true facts of the -case, burning as he was with resentment against Garcia, besought of the -queen, for the sake of justice, and as a punishment due to a rebellious -and unnatural son, that Garcia, on the contrary, should be made to plead -against the charge of having offered violence to the daughter of the -king’s vicegerent. Elvira was about to decree that Garcia’s charge had -not been substantiated, when she caught the eye of the accusant fixed -upon her with a look of demoniac malignity which chased the blood from -her cheek, and made her tongue cleave to the roof of her mouth. Her -fortitude was nearly deserting her, and her love of justice giving way to -her fear of Garcia’s cruel revenge, when a stir was heard at the entrance -of the court, and Caya, with disordered dress, dishevelled hair, and eyes -of fire, rushed up to the foot of the tribunal, and throwing herself on -her knees on the marble step, clasped the feet of Elvira, and looked up -into the queen’s face without speaking a word. - -“What does this Moorish devil in our hall of justice?” said Garcia, in a -stern voice: “remove her.” - -No one stirred, for all were intently watching the scene. Caya still -knelt without speaking, looking up to the queen’s face; but now the large -tears were gathering in her eyes, under their jet-black lashes, and now -they rolled down upon her dark cheek, which was no longer lustrous with -the hue which Sancho in his youthful years had loved to look upon. - -Elvira gently stooped her head towards the suppliant, and was about to -speak to her, when Garcia, with increased vehemence in his tone, again -demanded her removal, and Elvira, shudderingly, drew back. - -“Oh, listen not to him!” at length gasped Caya; “heed not his cruel -voice. Thou wilt not give my boy to his bloody vengeance; thou wilt not -put his precious limbs upon the wheel; thou wilt not tear his manly -sinews with red-hot pincers! Oh, queen, give me back my Ramiro!” - -“Nay, Caya, what will become of me?--there is misery before me whichever -way I turn!” said Elvira, as she saw Garcia approaching. - -“Stand back!” shouted Caya, springing to her feet, and speaking to -Garcia; then turning to Elvira, - -“I charge thee let him not touch me--if thou valuest the life of thy son, -admonish him to beware of hurting a hair of the Moorish woman’s head, or -of that of her child: and not of _my_ child alone--of the child of Sancho -of Navarre. And thee, too, Elvira. I charge to beware how thou givest -over to judgment the offspring of thy lord! Hast thou no pity, Elvira? -Look not to Garcia--look to _me_. Dear Elvira (and here Caya ventured to -take the queen’s hand), pity thy poor Caya, thy servant, and Sancho’s -servant, who never willingly offended thee. Thou wilt--I see thou wilt. -I am thy friend once more--thy _sister_!” she whispered, as her tears -flowed upon the neck of the subdued Elvira, and she clasped her to her -bosom. - -The queen, then, confirmed in her decision by the assenting looks and -murmurs of the lord deputy and the majority of the council, declared -Ramiro guiltless of the crime imputed to him, and the assembly broke up. - -“Caya,” said Elvira, as they retired together, “I have done much for -thee this day. I have leaned towards thy child against my own. I have -made an enemy of the fruit of my own womb for the sake of a rival in my -husband’s love.” - -“For the sake of truth and justice thou hast done it,” replied Caya, “and -thou shalt have thy reward.” - -“Thou knowest not what it is to fight against the temptations which -nature puts in our path--pray that thou mayest not know them.” - -“I have had a victory many times over such,” said Caya, “or thou wouldst -not now be queen. Perchance other such temptations may arise--and oh, -Elvira, be sure they shall not overcome me.” - -Caya spoke prophetically, but even _she_ could not have guessed how soon -or to what an extent her constancy was to be tried. - -Garcia left the council maddened with rage, and burning with thoughts of -vengeance, not only against Ramiro, who had supplanted him in his love, -and Pedro, who had been made deputy, principally with the intent that -he should watch and counteract his villanies, but against Elvira and -Caya, and even Blanca. Some faint outlines of a design either to cut off -Sancho himself, and usurp the whole of his father’s possessions, or at -least compel him to share the sovereignty with him, began also to connect -themselves together in his thoughts. In short, he was determined that he -should accomplish the ruin of all, and that some blow should be struck -instantly, for Sancho was already on his way to Navarre. - -A circumstance, of trifling moment in itself, furnished him with -sufficiently plausible means of entering at once upon his plan. Sancho -had taken in fight from a Moorish chieftain a most beautiful horse, -which in a short time became such a favourite with him, that, fearing -some accident would deprive him of the noble steed amidst the perils of -war, he had sent him home to Elvira, with strict injunctions that no -one should be suffered to mount him in his absence. These injunctions -were forgotten by the queen, who suffered Don Pedro to use the animal -occasionally. This fact Garcia laid hold of to sustain him in accusing -the queen of adultery with Don Pedro, and he announced to the nobles his -intention of so doing on the arrival of his father. - -Sancho had been six years away, and had heard of nothing in the interim -from Navarre that was not calculated to diminish the little love he ever -felt for Elvira, and increase the romantic attachment he felt towards -Caya. Ramiro, the offspring of that attachment, he loved beyond all his -sons for his nobleness of nature and person, and he secretly wished for -some excuse for distinguishing him above the others. For those six years -he had been sojourning in the scenes of Caya’s childhood, where every -thing reminded him of her, and of his early amour; and as it would only -have been of a piece with the practices of royalty in even later and -more civilised times to have divorced himself from Elvira, he must not -be over-harshly dealt with if he confessed to himself that he would be -happier to find her dead than living on his return. What his thoughts -were, therefore, may be guessed, when, as the gates of Najara were flung -open for his entrance, he was met with the intelligence that his queen -and her alleged paramour were conspiring against his honour, his kingdom, -and his life! - -Sancho could imagine no possible motive by which Garcia might be actuated -in preferring his accusation, ignorant as the king was of what had lately -occurred, so he at once ordered the queen to be arrested, and to be -brought to trial in the Cortes of the kingdom. The unhappy Elvira was -not allowed even to see her lord on his return, but was thrown into a -dungeon, as was also Pedro, until the preparations for the trial were -complete. - -When the day arrived, Elvira and Pedro were led prisoners into that -hall of justice in which they had so lately sat as judges. Elvira cast -a mournful and reproachful look towards Sancho, who sat cold and severe -upon his chair of state, but he did not notice her. She was so thin, and -pale, and wretched-looking, that the very officials of the court wept -at the sight of her; while those to whom she had been kind and merciful -in her day of power, groaned audibly as they surmised the event of the -trial. She was placed on a seat in the centre of the hall, and the -preliminaries were at once proceeded with. - -Garcia first came forward, and repeated his accusation, adding a tissue -of circumstances calculated to confirm his statement. When he had -finished, an officer desired the queen to defend herself against his -testimony. - -“If I had been unfaithful to Sancho,” said she, “it was before thy birth, -Garcia; for neither a gleam of Sancho’s goodness, nor a feature of his -face, has descended to thee! Some devil betrayed me in my dreams, and -left me his image to nurse at my bosom, and bring up at my knee.” - -“Is this thy answer?” said Garcia, with a bitter smile; “this reviling of -the first-born of thy king will not save thee from the stake.” - -“The stake!” shrieked Elvira, “and is it to this thou bringest me?” And -then rising, and standing before Garcia, she continued--“Man--for son I -cannot call thee now--how canst thou be so cruel? Is there no voice in a -mother’s misery to touch thy heart?” - -Garcia answered not, but desired the officer to proceed and summon the -next witness. The officer called out the name of Gonsalo! - -Not alone Elvira, but the whole court were surprised to see the king’s -second son presenting himself as his mother’s accuser. Gonsalo had a -new series of alleged facts to produce. He had been allured by the -promises of Garcia, and his avarice and love of power outweighed whatever -feelings of reluctance he might otherwise have experienced. His courage -failed him, however, as he perceived those looks of aversion among -the spectators which it required more firmness than he possessed to -disregard; and having closed his testimony, he was slinking away, in -order to escape the glance of Elvira, when she called him back, and -catching his hand, addressed him:-- - -“What have I done to thee, Gonsalo, that thou shouldst blast my fame and -take away my life? I would not injure a hair of _thy_ head! Three times -I snatched thee from the grave before thy childhood was past, when thou -wert ailing. I lost strength and sleep and beauty while bending over thy -cradle. I would I had been in my grave before thou sawest the light! I -will not curse thee--I will not even beg thy pity; but when thou hast -children of thine own, thou mayest guess what thou hast made me suffer, -and that will be curse enough--go!” - -“The infante Don Fernando, appear!” cried the officer. - -A pang, as if her brain had been pierced with a fiery needle, smote -the wretched mother as the boy answered to his name. A loud buzz of -disapprobation ran through the assembly, and Sancho himself seemed as -if he could bear the unnatural scene no longer; but intense curiosity -now prevailed with all, and overcame every other feeling. A dead silence -ensued while Fernando stood confronting the queen. - -He was a pale, light-haired lad, with exceedingly soft blue eyes, which -he inherited from the pure stock of the Gothic sovereigns of Spain, -descending to him unbroken from that glorious time when Pelayo swayed -the strongest European sceptre, before Tarik led his conquering bands -from Africa. His ringlets streamed down his shoulders as he bent his -head and crossed his small white hands upon his breast in token of -reverence towards the king. As he appeared there in the graceful dress -suited to his years, he looked more like a creature of dreams, when holy -imaginations colour them, than a false witness against his own mother. -Elvira looked at him for full a minute without moving or speaking, until -at length his innocent-looking beauty gave birth to some vague confidence -in her that he was not coming to destroy her, but perhaps the contrary. -The moment this feeling took possession of her, she bounded forward -with a shriek of delight, and flinging herself on the ground before -him, she clasped his knees, and letting her head sink between her arms, -she endeavoured to stay so, while she wept for the first time since she -entered the hall. Fernando, however, drew back violently, and disengaged -himself from her embrace. The queen looked up at him half-vacantly as he -did so; and then she arose, and in a solemn though flattering voice she -said, - -“What art thou going to do or to say, Fernando? They may take me away -to the stake and burn me, if thou beliest me now, for thy crime will be -worse torture to me than any they can inflict!” - -“Speak, Fernando,” said the king. - -Fernando trembled and hesitated, but a motion from Garcia caught his eye -and emboldened him to go on. He told that he had seen Elvira giving to -Don Pedro Sesse, from the royal stables, that favourite steed which the -king had ordered should be ridden by none but himself. - -Sancho’s brow flushed with sudden anger when he heard this. “Elvira! -Pedro!” said he, “is this true?” - -“It is true,” said Elvira, “but I alone am guilty! Pedro knew not of thy -command. As I live, he did not. Let me suffer, oh, Sancho, for this one -fault, but pardon the innocent!” - -“She prays for pardon for her paramour!” cried Garcia, exultingly; “what -other proof is needful?” - -“Hast thou aught more to declare?” said the king to Fernando, in a tone -of displeasure. - -Again the boy trembled, and looked towards Garcia, whose eagle eye was -like a guilty spell upon him. - -“Let him look at the queen as he speaks,” said Sancho. - -The boy turned towards his mother, but his cheek reddened as he did so, -and he cast his eyes towards the ground without speaking. - -“Speak on!” said the king. - -“He will not speak!” said Elvira; “he will not make a liar of Nature, who -is telling the truth for him in his cheeks and eyes! Look, monsters, the -tears are coming to his eyes. Oh holy drops, ye should be treasured among -saintly relics--ye shall be balm to these parched and thirsty lips!” And -here the queen bent to the earth, and _kissed_ the tear-drops on the -ground, which had fallen from Fernando’s eyes. - -“Fernando, speak!” said Garcia. - -In a voice broken by sobs and terror, Fernando began to say that he had -seen Don Pedro stealing by night to the queen’s chamber, when he was -interrupted by Elvira, who again clung to him with frantic earnestness. - -“Thou sawest it not! Oh, say thou sawest it not! My boy, the heavy wrath -of God will fall upon thee if thou dost not unsay this fearful falsehood. -I am not cursing thee, but I would avert the curse. Thou MUST unsay it. -It is not possible mine own flesh could _all_ rebel against me. What is -it has bewitched thee, Fernando, to do what devils would leave undone? -Dost thou know what thou art doing to me? They will burn thy poor mother -in the market-place for an adulteress! Thou wilt give thy mother to die -in the torments of the damned--thy mother, that never crossed thee in thy -ways--that fed thee with the milk of her breasts--that rejoiced in thy -beauty. Oh, my God! oh, my God! have pity upon me, and soften this boy’s -heart!” said she, looking up for a moment, and then coaxingly fawning -upon Fernando, with a faint smile upon her features. She continued--“My -child! my pretty boy Fernando! wilt thou not unsay those wicked words? -Ah, let me kiss thee, and say I forgive thee, and we shall be mother and -son together for the rest of our days in some far off place out of the -ways of these people. I will love thee better than they, Fernando. They -are killing thy soul now, and they will kill thy body after, as they are -killing mine, if thou dost not hearken to me. Oh, that I might have life -and length of days, only to be away with thee where I could look into thy -blue eyes and play with thy golden curls from morning till night. Oh, -child, have mercy upon me!” - -“Mother!” cried Fernando, throwing himself upon the queen’s neck, -“forgive me, and I will unsay all!” - -Elvira wound her arms about the infante’s form, kissed him without saying -a word, and fainted at his feet. - -“Her artifices have prevailed with the boy,” said Garcia, with -ill-dissembled rage, “but the testimony of others is not to be thus -overborne.” - -“Wilt thou enter the lists against her champion, if any dare to defend -her with his sword?” said the king. - -Garcia was silent. - -“If thou wilt not,” said Sancho, “Elvira shall be declared innocent, and -her accusers traitors.” - -“Let her champion appear, then,” replied Garcia. “What my tongue asserts, -my sword shall ever prove. There lies my guage,” and he threw his glove -into the centre of the floor. - -But in all that crowded assembly there was not one who came forward to -take up the guage of Garcia. They all pitied the queen, and believed her -innocent, but the dread of the future tyrant was too powerful a motive to -keep them, so far at least, on his side. - -“At the end of three days,” said the king, “if no champion appear for -the queen, she shall perish by the flames, and with her, her alleged -paramour.” - - * * * * * - -The lists were prepared, and at the noon of the second day a knight in -bright silver armour, whose name was unknown, appeared in the queen’s -defence. His vizor was drawn over his face, and his device gave no clue -to the curious. The whole court was assembled to witness the combat, -and Elvira occupied a seat nearest to the side at which her champion -appeared. The signal was given, and the contest commenced. It was soon -decided. The unknown knight quickly unhorsed his antagonist, and after -a brief struggle with the sword, Garcia fell to the earth desperately -wounded. - -“Confess the innocence of the queen,” said the unknown knight, in a -voice which struck Garcia to the soul, “or thou diest on the spot.” - -“She is innocent!” feebly articulated Garcia, as he writhed in the agony -of his wounds. - -Taking up the sword of his vanquished adversary, the unknown cavalier -brought it to the feet of Elvira, and then, gracefully bending on one -knee, he lifted the vizor from his casque, and for the first time the -queen knew that she had been indebted for life and the preservation of -her fair fame to the son of the king by her Moorish rival. - -“Madam,” said Ramiro, “not to me alone, but to Caya thy friend, thy -thanks are due. Thou hast been a sister to her--let me be a son to thee.” - -Elvira could only weep her thanks. - - * * * * * - -We find in Mariana, and also in Rodrigo of Toledo, that Sancho of -Navarre, at his death, partitioned his kingdom thus:--To his eldest son -Garcia he left Navarre and Biscay; to Gonsalo he left Ribagorza; to -Fernando, Castile; and Arragon to a natural son named Ramiro. This was -that Ramiro of whom mention is made in the preceding narrative. But we -do not find in any of the old authors (and much we wonder that any event -connected with so curious and touching a piece of history could have -escaped them) that this same Ramiro enjoyed the lordship of Arragon with -Blanca, the beautiful and virtuous daughter of the cavalier Don Pedro -Sesse. - - R. M. - -[1] Wordsworth. - - - - -ON THE IMPORTANCE OF SELECTING CLEAN FLAX SEED. - - -In recent numbers of the Penny Journal, Martin Doyle has published -two valuable papers upon the necessity of selecting good seed, and I -would wish to call the attention of the cultivators of flax, who form -so numerous a body amongst the small farmers of the north and west of -Ireland, to the absolute necessity of attending to the seed of that -plant, and not to purchase the cheaper seed that is sometimes offered to -them, in preference to that which, although rather more expensive, is -yet free from the seeds of a very noxious weed which are usually mixed -with the cheaper flax-seed. The weed to which I refer is one of those -curious plants, which, from their peculiar structure, are unable to -draw their nourishment directly from the earth, but are obliged to feed -themselves by sucking the juices of other plants, and thus destroying -them, or weakening them so greatly as to prevent their producing a crop -that will repay the cultivator for his labour and expense. In the case -of the flax, the weed grows from seeds deposited in the earth with the -seed of the flax, and at first appears as a slender pale thread, twisting -about in different directions until it meets with one of the stems of the -flax, when it immediately twists itself round it, and produces curious -little knobs upon its inner side, which pierce the outer coat or bark of -the stalk of the flax, and suck from it the juices which it has drawn -from the ground, and prepared for its own nourishment. The root of the -weed then withers away, but the weed itself commences its most rigorous -growth, for until it had obtained a victim upon which to feed, it had -been unable to produce any thing except the slender fibre that I have -already mentioned, and would have soon died if it had not succeeded -in seizing upon the flax. Its stem then increases in thickness, and, -twisting round all the flax plants that it can reach, it receives enough -of nourishment to produce its flowers, which form pretty little yellowish -white heads, of about half the size of a nut, consisting of numerous -small flowers so placed together as closely to resemble a small mulberry -in form and appearance, although not in colour. This weed is called -Dodder, or by botanists _Cuscuta epilinum_, and is commonly to be found -in flax-fields in several parts of England and Scotland, but is happily -less frequent in Ireland, although I have seen it (in 1840) in the county -of Mayo. In England it often quite destroys the crop, and I understand -that such was the case a few years since in the neighbourhood of Westport -and Newport, county Mayo. - -I have now to point out the way to avoid this pest. It is found that -the seed of flax obtained from America is quite free from it, but that -it is nearly always very plentiful in seed from Odessa and other parts -of Russia. Now, the Russian seed is cheaper than that from America, and -so the poor people are tempted to buy the former in preference to the -latter, although, by following an opposite course, they would escape the -risk of loss which results from the use of seed which is mixed with seeds -of the dodder. - -This I consider as a remarkable proof of the necessity of obtaining clean -seed rather than cheap, and deserves in my opinion to be made generally -known throughout Ireland by means of the Penny Journal. I conclude by -saying to all cultivators of flax, When buying your seed, always ask for -that from America, and do not be tempted by the cheaper but dirty seed -from Russia, as by doing this you will avoid the most destructive weed to -which the crop is liable. - - C. C. B. - - - - -ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES. - -BY JOHN O’DONOVAN. - -First Article. - - -It has for a long time appeared to me a desirable object, as regards -the history of Ireland and the information of the Irish people, -to communicate to the public a correct account of the origin and -signification of the proper names, tribe names, and surnames of the -people of Ireland; more especially as some of the popular writers of the -last century have misled them generally into the most erroneous notions -with regard to these classes of names. The errors of these writers have -not only been adopted by the usually shallow compilers of county surveys, -county histories, and other topographical works down to the present time, -but also to some extent by writers of a higher order and greater learning -and research, as Lanigan and Moore. Indeed, strange as the fact may seem, -it is nevertheless unquestionable that there are very few in the country -whose ideas upon this subject are consonant with the truth; and hence, -upon most occasions on which an Irishman adopts an anglicised form of -his Christian name and surname, the effect of the alteration is such -as completely to conceal, and not unfrequently to misrepresent, their -original orthography and meaning. On this account it becomes unavoidably -necessary for me, before I enter upon the series of articles which I -propose furnishing on this subject, to exhibit and expose the ignorance -of those writers to whom I have alluded, and whose theories have produced -so erroneous an impression upon the minds of the Irish people; and to -this object I purpose to devote the present introductory paper. - -The fallacies which I have to expose were unknown to the Irish people -until towards the close of the last century; the writers of an earlier -period having been too well informed to lead their readers into error. -But their works being for the most part in a dead language, and very -rarely to be met with, they ceased to have an influence on the public -mind, and left the way open for a new race of writers, very ignorant -of the ancient language and history of Ireland, to impose their crude -theories upon the uninstructed reader. A society of such persons, of whom -General Vallancey, Mr Beauford,[2] and Dr Ledwich, were the most active, -was formed for the purpose of giving to the public a series of essays on -the antiquities, ancient literature, and topography of Ireland; and the -result of their joint labours made its appearance in a work published -periodically under the title of “_Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis_,” -and since popularly called Vallancey’s Collectanea. These gentlemen, -however, after a time found that their systems had nothing in common, -each considering the other as insufficiently informed on the subjects -treated of, and I think, with justice; for, as I trust I shall be able -to show on a future occasion, all were alike ignorant of the matters -they professed perfectly to understand. But though the labours of these -gentlemen contributed generally to the propagation of erroneous theories -on the subject, it was a work of Mr Beauford’s, published in No. II of -the Collectanea, which, treating more immediately of this subject, has -had the greatest influence on the popular mind; an influence less owing -to any celebrity attached to his own name than to that of Vallancey, -whose sanction and approbation this work is generally supposed to have -received. With this writer originated the novel theory that the names of -tribes and families in Ireland, as usual among the Saxons and Normans, -were derived from earlier appellations of the territories and localities -which they occupied. To establish this hypothesis he adopts a process of -etymological investigation unparalleled in the annals of antiquarian -research. In the first place, he takes the liberty of dividing the words -into as many parts as he thinks proper; secondly, he makes such changes -in the vocables thus obtained as he finds convenient to his purpose; -thirdly, he gives each of these words new meanings of his own; and -lastly, he places the tribes whose names he thus explains in localities -which many of them never occupied. - -As the errors of this writer, though so long before the public, have -never been sufficiently exposed, I shall here undertake the task, by -the exhibition of a few examples of his process of investigation, taken -without selection, and given as a fair specimen of the whole. It will be -necessary for me, however, in fairness, to quote in the first instance -the author’s own account of the theory which he has put forward to -account, in his novel manner, for the origin of the names of men and -tribes in Ireland. - -“On the increase of population and the introduction of agriculture, these -wandering tribes were under the necessity of confining themselves to -certain permanent districts; which districts were generally denominated -either from their situation or quality of the soil, and from which also -the inhabitants obtained their collective appellation; whence, in the -most ancient Irish poems and histories, we frequently find _clan_ and -_slioght_ added to the _name of the country_, to signify the inhabitants; -as _clan Cuilean_, _slioght Breoghain_, and _slioght Gae_; wherefore _the -children and race of any division_ were the invariable names by which the -ancient Hibernian septs were distinguished from the remotest antiquity, -and not, as frequently asserted, the children and descendants of their -respective leaders.” - -Again, “The chiefs of every district were elected from the elder branches -of the dynasts; and the kings of the principalities from the senior chief -of the subordinate districts, who on their advancement to the dignity -obtained the name of the district or clan over which they presided; it -being an universal custom amongst all the Celtic tribes to denominate -the noblesse, with their other appellations, from the place of their -residence; a custom in some measure yet retained in the Highlands of -Scotland. The variety of names used by the ancient Irish have occasioned -great confusion in their history; for before the tenth century surnames -were not hereditary, and prior to the establishment of the Christian -religion in this country no person was distinguished by one permanent -nomination. It is true, during their pagan state every child at his birth -received a name generally from some imaginary divinity _under whose -protection he was supposed to be; but this name_ was seldom retained -longer than the state of infancy, from which period it was generally -changed for others arising from some perfection or imperfection of the -body, the disposition and qualities of the mind, achievements in war -or the chace, the place of birth, residence, &c. so that it frequently -happened that the same person was distinguished by several appellations. -Our ancient historians, not properly attending to this, have committed -great errors in relating the transactions of early periods, by asserting -the same action to be performed by several different people, which -in reality was performed by one only, thereby throwing their history -and antiquities into too distant a period. A similar error has also -been committed by not considering the dignitary names of the chiefs, -who on their election to the government constantly obtained the name -appertaining to the clan over whom they presided, or rather that of the -district. These dignitary names becoming in the tenth century hereditary -and family distinctions, created new difficulties to genealogists of -latter ages.”--Collectanea, vol. iii, p. 257. - -Now, it will be very easy to prove that these assertions are wholly -erroneous, and are mere conjectures, unsupported either by history -or etymology. In the first place, the three instances above given to -show that the words _clan_ and _slioght_ were prefixed to the names -of territories among the Irish, instead of supporting the author’s -assumption, go to prove the very contrary, for in the first two instances -the names adduced are not names of territories, but of men; and with -regard to the third instance, there was no such name among the ancient -Irish, and it is a pure fabrication of Beauford’s own imagination! As -for his assertion that in the time of paganism every child at his birth -received a name generally from some imaginary divinity under whose -protection he was supposed to be, it is another pure fabrication; there -is no authority in any of our ancient documents that men were called -after their pagan deities, except in three instances, in the darkest -period of Irish history; and even from these it does not appear that -such names were given immediately after the birth of the individuals -referred to, but that they assumed them after having arrived at the age -of maturity. These instances are to be met with in ancient Irish MSS. -concerning the history of the Tuatha De Dananns, a colony said to have -preceded the Scoti in Ireland, at a period now generally believed to be -beyond the reach of authentic history; but granting that what has been -handed down to us concerning this colony is authentic, it does not follow -from any thing stated that even among them every child at his birth -received a name from a divinity under whose protection he was placed; -for the sum of what has been handed down to us on this subject is, that -on the arrival of the Scotic or Milesian colony in Ireland the Tuatha De -Dananns were governed by three kings, who were distinguished by surnames -derived from the names of the gods whom they worshipped. Thus, one of -those kings, whose real name was _Eochy_, was, it is said, usually styled -_Mac Greine_, because he worshipped the sun; the second, whose proper -name was _Eathur_, was called _Mac Cuill_, because he worshipped the -hazel tree, for I suppose men generally lived on nuts in his time; and -the third, whose proper name was _Teathur_, was called _Mac Ceachta_, -_i.e._ son of the plough, for he worshipped that useful implement as his -god! We have no instance of men having been named after pagan deities -but these three, and I venture to say that they are not sufficient to -establish Beauford’s hypothesis. But a stronger argument than this can -be urged against his theory, namely, that among all the pagan names of -men which have been preserved by our authentic annalists, not one appears -to be called after a pagan deity; and if it had been a general custom -to call children after such deities, it might be expected that at least -a few of them would have been transmitted. Since, then, they have not -been transmitted, how, I would ask, did Mr Beauford discover that such -a custom had ever existed? It is true that after the establishment of -Christianity in the fifth century, the descendants of the pagan Irish who -entered into holy orders, or into the monastic state, had their pagan -names sometimes changed, as we learn from the lives of the saints of the -primitive Irish church, but no documents now remain to prove, or even -suggest, that such a change had been made previous to the introduction of -Christianity. It is undeniable that cognomens, epithets, or sobriquets, -were frequently added to the first name from some warlike exploit, -or from some perfection or imperfection of body, colour of hair, or -disposition of mind; but this continued to be the custom in Christian -times, and still continues so, but no authority has been discovered -even to suggest that any change of the original pagan name had occurred -previous to the introduction of Christianity; and we find that even long -after that period many distinguished Irish bishops, abbots, and other -ecclesiastics, bore the names of their pagan ancestors. - -It is also a groundless assumption that the chief changed his name for -that of the territory after his election to the government, or that the -names of either the clan or district became surnames or family names in -the tenth century. Can any one believe that Brian was the name of the -territory of the O’Briens before the establishment of the name O’Brien? -Was Donnell the name of the territory of the O’Donnells previous to the -tenth century? Was Niall the name of the principality of the O’Neills? - -So much then for Mr Beauford’s general theory as put forward in the -introduction to his work. I shall now proceed to show the equal fallacy -of the etymological processes by which he attempts to sustain his -theoretical assumptions in the work itself; namely, that the names of -Irish tribes and families were derived from the situations and natural -features of the territories they inhabited. - -1. “CLANN CUILEAN, or the race or children of the corner of the water; -called also _Hy na mor_, or the district of the sea; the chiefs of which -were denominated _Mac na mor aois_, the sons of the elders of the sea, by -contraction Macnamara,” &c. - -Now, what will be thought of all this etymological induction, when it -can be proved from history that _clann Cuileain_ signifies the race of -_Cullen_? - -The _Cuilean_ or Cullen from whom this tribe took their name is found in -the pedigree of Mac Namara, within the authentic period of Irish history, -for he flourished in the eighth century, a period to which our authentic -annals reach with perfect historical certainty. Let us then see how -this meaning “children of the corner of the water” is obtained from the -compound _clann Cuileain_. Apparently by a very simple process, thus; -_clann_ means descendants, _cuil_ means _corner_, and _ean_ water; but -regular as this process appears, it is nevertheless utterly fallacious, -for the word _clann_ means children or descendants relatively to an -ancestor, not to a _locality_; and though the name _Cuileain_ (now -anglicised Cullen or Collins) when cut in two, would apparently make the -words _cuil_ and _ean_, still the word is not compounded of _cuil_, a -corner, and _ean_, water, for the first syllable is short, and the last -syllable is a diminutive termination of the same power with the Latin -_ulus_, as in the compounds _campulus_, _colliculus_, _catulus_; and the -word _cuilean_, whether taken as a common noun substantive or as a proper -name, is synonymous with the Latin _catulus_, or _Catullus_. - -The next assertion above made, that _clann Cuileain_ was also called _Hy -na mor_, is untrue, for the name _Hy na mor_ had never any existence -except in Mr Beauford’s fancy; and even if it had, the meaning given for -it would not be correct, for _hy_ does not properly mean district, nor -does _mor_ mean sea. The assertion that the chiefs of _clann Cuileain_ -were called _Mac na mor aois_ is also untrue, for the name was never so -written by any one except Mr Beauford. They were uniformly called _Mic -Conmara_, as being the descendants of _Cu-mara_, who was chief of the -_clann Cuileain_ in the tenth century; and the name _Cumara_, signifying -_hero of the sea_, was first given to a chief of this family, from his -being an expert seaman, not from his dwelling on the sea, for the _clann -Cuileain_ or Mac Namaras were not located on the sea, or near the sea, -but in an inland territory in the south-east of the county of Clare. - -2. “CINEAL EOGHEAN, or _Cean all Eoghain_, from _cean thuath oll -Eogh-an_, pronounced Connal Owen, or the principal division of the -northern county of the Oll or Bolgæ, an ancient district in the province -of Ulster, comprehending originally the present counties of Tyrone, -Armagh, Donegal, and part of the county of Derry, being the ancient -divisions of Eirgal or Orgall,” &c. - -Here the name _Cineal Eoghain_, which had been translated _genus -Eoghain_, _i.e._, race or progeny of _Eoghan_, by all the early Irish -writers, is made to signify the principal division of the northern -county of the Oll or Bolgæ. Let us examine how this interpretation has -been wrested from _Cineal Eoghain_. In the first place, he spells the -name incorrectly, though we cannot see that he gains any point by doing -so; next he takes asunder what he conceives to be its component parts, -first metamorphosing the word _Cineal_, which is cognate with the Latin -_genus_ and the English _kind_, _kindred_, into _Cean all_, which he -made to signify “principal division,” and resolving _Eoghan_, a man’s -name, into _Eogh-an_, to make it signify I know not what; but as the four -vocables thus obtained would not answer his purpose, he took the liberty -of adding one more of his own coining, thus making five distinct words -of the two original ones. But even allowing that these five vocables are -legitimately obtained from the two original ones, I have still a further -objection to them, for they do not grammatically coalesce, or bear the -meaning he affixes to them, as there is no word among the five to express -_principal division_ or _county_. And granting further that the five -words thus formed could really bear the signification he gives them, it -would not follow that the name _Cineal Eoghain_ is so compounded, while -in opposition to the testimony of all authentic history; and we have -the testimony of all the authentic Irish annals, the lives of the Irish -apostle, and of the most ancient genealogical books, to prove that the -great northern race called _Cineal Eoghain_ took that appellation from -their great ancestor _Eoghan_ (the son of Niall of the Nine Hostages), -who was contemporary with St Patrick, as did a neighbouring race that of -_Cineal Conaill_, from Eoghan’s brother, Conall Gulban. - -But the supporters of Mr Beauford’s system may say that although it may -be true that the _Cineal Eoghain_ took their appellation from their -ancestor Eoghan, still that this EOGHAN may have taken his name from the -territory over which he ruled. I answer, that this does not bear even the -semblance of probability, for we have the authority of Cormac’s Glossary -for asserting that the proper name _Eoghan_ (still used as a man’s name -in every part of Ireland, and anglicised Owen and Eugene) was understood -by the ancient Irish literati to signify the _good offspring_, or the -_goodly born_, and this looks much more probable than the signification -which Mr Beauford wrings from it, for the Irish had many other names -similarly compounded, as _Finghin_ (now Florence), meaning the fair -offspring; _Coemhghin_ (now Kevin), the beautiful offspring, &c. Thus it -appears that Beauford’s derivation of the tribe name of _Cineal Eoghain_ -is a mere etymological phantasy, unsupported by history or etymology. I -have also to mention that the extent he gives to the territory of this -tribe is too great, for it never comprised the one-fourth part of the -present county of Donegal, or any part of Armagh. - -But I am exceeding the space allowed me for this article, and must defer -the remaining examples till next number. - -[2] Let not the reader confound this Beauford with the author of the -ecclesiastical map of Ireland, for the latter was Dr Beaufort, and his -works are distinguished for their accuracy. - - - - -LETHE: AN ALLEGORY. - -BY J. U. U. - - - Has it e’er crossed thy fancy to explore - The mystery of that old forgetful river - In which the Shade, permitted to renew - Its servitude to clay, went down to drink - Oblivion of itself and all it was; - A dread completion of the work of Death! - - Now lend a patient hearing, and I’ll tell thee - --Thou wilt receive it as a wayward dream-- - The course of this old river. Know it glides - Beneath thy steps, with lapse invisible, - For but by glimpses mortals may behold it; - And these seem far too glorious for one thought - Of dull oblivion ever to intrude - On the rapt vision. Not a shadow there - From gloomy Hades clouds the living light - That glances gaily down the rippling stream. - But past description’s power, ’tis loud and bright - With trumpet voices, and with silken sails - Full-blown with Fortune’s breath; while from the bank - Hope lifts her siren strain, and bids them speed - For ever on to happy isles afar. - And every ripple teems with springing thoughts-- - In one sense faithful to the Samian’s creed-- - A constant iteration of old fancies - As if the wise and fools of time came back - With their old dreams; forgetful of experience. - There system swells on system, bubbles gay, - Conventions, empires, powers, authorities, - Song’s intellectual fabric, pictures, modes, - Those myriad lights, the glory and the glitter - Which make that current gaily beautiful. - And so it rolls, in its magnificence - Tumbling and sparkling up into the sun - Like an eternal thing: buoyant and bright - Beneath the airs of Heaven that murmur mirth - And hope, and life, and pauseless interest. - While on its living course no spot is seen - That is not far too bright and glorious - For the approach of grim decay, or that - More mighty and more terrible shadow Death - To find a cave to lurk in… - … Thou wilt say, - This is not Lethe, whose dull waters glide - Sunless among the silent fields of death, - Oblivion’s formless valley. Yet attend-- - Mark well the course of each bright-crested wave:-- - As it rolls by, the gallant barks it bore - Are vanished, and have left no trace, as if - They never had existence. Though for ever - New shadows fast emerge into the Sun - (So like the last, that scarce one notes the change), - And take a look of immortality, - Incredulous of the Past, blind to the Future; - Not knowing whence they come, from what they are, - Or whither tend. Alas, the stream - With all that went before, is lost below - In dim Oblivion’s world: It were a dream - Most fleeting and fantastic, were there not - A chain of awful consequence that binds - What has been, with what must be. Death and Life, - The Past, the Present, and the Future, are - But names bestowed on one perpetual stream, - In different provinces beneath the Crown - Of Him who is the source from whence all comes - And to whom all returns--we see no more - But as the gazer from some narrow bridge - Looks down upon the waters, when beneath - They come from far, and so pass, and are gone. - - * * * * * - -THE DOMESTIC MAN.--There is no being of the masculine gender whom “the -sex” so heartily despise as the domestic man. He is an anomaly--a sort -of half-way house between the sexes--a concentration of weaknesses--a -poor driblet of humanity--a vile caudle-drinker--an auditor of -laundress’s bills--an inquisitor of the nursery--a fellow that likes -his bed warmed, and takes note of the decay of carpets--a reader of -works on “cookery” and a “treatise on teething”--a pill bolter--a man -that buys his wife’s gowns and his children’s dresses--a scolder of -maid-servants--a frequenter of the kitchen--a person who can tell you the -price of treacle, and how long a mop should last--a gazer at butchers’ -windows--a consumer of ginger wine--a slop eater--a market visitor--a -tea maker--Faugh! He looks like the aborigine of a bed-room. He is lean -and bilious--delights in black gaiters and a brown greatcoat. He gives -his little bandy-legged child a walk in the Park, where he is taken for -a brother of one of the nursery maids in delicate health. He entertains -his visitors with his discoveries of the tricks of bakers and the -machinations of grocers--_ennuies_ them to death with long stories about -bad bread, and “coffee without adulteration.” He always knows what is -to be for dinner, what remains in the larder--and employs his gigantic -intellect in considering the best mode of cooking it. He is naturally -fretful and peevish, and in cold weather has a helplessness of aspect -peculiar to himself. These men never look like Englishmen. They never -acquire that manly bluff appearance which is the character of our nation. -God knows what is the matter with them, but they always seem out of -sorts. Their features are sharp--their voices are effeminate, and they -are nearly all of them “troubled with colds.” The business of life with -them is to regulate the affairs of housekeeping--their tastes, habits, -thoughts, and rivalries, are womanish. Their conversation is about “poor -Mrs” this, and “poor Lady” that--antiquated matrons, with whom they -occasionally compare notes in matters of condolence--yet who have enough -of the spirit of their sex in them to despise their male coadjutor, and -in their souls they think “poor Mr” so-and-so the greatest bore alive. -They are always complaining; if not positively unwell themselves--a case -of rare occurrence--some of their family is sure to be so--or, if all -that should fail, then, at least, a dish has been broken, and there is -always a number of standing grievances ready to be produced when occasion -requires. “Well, heaven help them!” as Shakspeare says, “for they are sad -fools.” They live a long time, these fellows, but they die at last--all -the pills and possets in the world will not avert death. The passenger -who sees the hearse and mutes, thinks some rational being has died--the -stranger, who reads the tombstone, thinks that a man moulders below. But -are they deceived? We think so.--COURT GAZETTE. - - * * * * * - -PETRARCH’S OPINION OF MONEY.--He who expends it properly, is its master; -he who lays it up, its keeper; he who loves it, a fool; he who fears it, -a slave; and he who adores it, an idolator. - - * * * * * - -The whole of human virtue may be reduced to speaking the truth always, -and doing good to others. - -Many an acknowledged truth was once a controverted dogma; the basis of -every science has been considered a fundamental error. - -Truth is the most compendious wisdom, and an excellent instrument for the -speedy dispatch of business. It creates confidence in those we have to -deal with, saves the labour of many inquiries, and brings things to issue -in a few words.--_Spectator._ - - * * * * * - -Let us hope the best rather than fear the worst, and believe that there -never was a right thing done, or a wise one spoken in vain, although the -fruit of them may not spring up in the place designated, or at the time -expected. - - * * * * * - -George II., being informed that an impudent printer was to be punished -for having published a spurious King’s speech, replied, that he hoped the -punishment would be of the mildest sort, because he had read both, and -as far as he _understood_ either of them, he liked the spurious speech -better than his own. - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; SLOCOMBE & - SIMMS, Leeds, JOHN MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; & DAVID - ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -41, April 10, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, APRIL 10, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55182-0.txt or 55182-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/8/55182/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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