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diff --git a/old/55104.txt b/old/55104.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6559005..0000000 --- a/old/55104.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,740 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Colony Treatment of the Insane and Other -Defectives, by Patrick Livingston Murphy - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Colony Treatment of the Insane and Other Defectives - -Author: Patrick Livingston Murphy - -Release Date: July 12, 2017 [EBook #55104] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONY TREATMENT OF THE INSANE *** - - - - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MFR, David E. Brown, -University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - Colony Treatment - - OF THE - - Insane and Other Defectives - - --BY-- - - DR. P. L. MURPHY - MORGANTON, N. C. - - Read Before the Meeting of the N. C. Medical Association - June, 1906, Charlotte, N. C. - - (REPRINT FROM CAROLINA MEDICAL JOURNAL.) - - - - -Colony Treatment of the Insane and Other Defectives - - -The subject of this paper might be called "Employment as a means of -treating and caring for the insane and other defectives" the colony -being the means of finding agreeable and profitable work for the -inmates. - -To many of you a description of what is meant by the "colony treatment" -is needed to fully understand the subject. - -As the expression is used in this paper, and as it is generally -understood, it means the erection of buildings some distance from the -central hospital plant and placing farm working patients there, to be -under the control and management of the hospital officers. - -[Illustration: FIRST BUILDING AT THE COLONY] - -Without discussing the origin of the idea, and with no reference to -Gheel, it is sufficient to say it was begun in Germany in the sixties, -and that it has slowly found its way into other countries. - -[Illustration: THE COLONY BUILDINGS] - -Such a colony was established in connection with the Morganton Hospital -three years ago, or rather it was ready for occupancy about that time. -It took several years of talk to get the idea adopted, and as many more -to get the colony built. The plan of conducting it by the hospital -authorities was largely experimental, and was made to suit the people -of Western North Carolina, but it is, after all, a modification of the -original German conception. - -The first building was for 30 men with rooms for a man and his family, -the man to have general supervision of the place and the wife to cook -and do the household work. Afterwards a small cottage was built for -the manager and his family, and his rooms were used for patients and -later still another building was erected so that now 75 patients can be -accommodated. It would have been much better to have limited the rooms -to 30 as first intended. No single colony plant for the insane should -much exceed that number. As many colonies as are needed may be had if -land is sufficient, the number depending on the size of the hospital, -as only a certain proportion of patients, about 25 per cent., can thus -be cared for, or at the outside 40 per cent. - -[Illustration: PATIENTS WORKING RASPBERRIES] - -The colony buildings, outhouses and surroundings at the Morganton -colony were made as near as possible like the farm houses in this -section of the State. This was done to give it a home-like appearance, -and the management has been such as to make each patient feel at home; -they are free to sit on the porches and the lawn in the summer, in -the sitting room before open fires in the winter. They smoke, have -games, read or do what pleases them during these hours of recreation. -They have their own garden, orchard, vineyard, berry patches, poultry, -pigs and cows, which they attend to. Every effort is to make each one -feel that these things are his own, he can gather berries, pull the -fruit when he wants it or as he pleases. Every one is expected to do -something if no more than pick up chips for the cook. - -[Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF COLONY] - - -EARLY EXPERIMENTS. - -The first party of patients sent to the colony, about 15, were -quiet, industrious men who were expected to be the nucleus of the -organization. After these became accustomed to their new surroundings, -others who were quiet and who had some remnant of mind left, but who -did little or no work were tried. These readily dropped into the ways -of those who preceded them and who set the pace. Further experiment -was made by sending those who seemed incurably demented, incapable by -reason of their weakened minds of doing any kind of work. Most of the -last mentioned had been residents of the hospital for years and years -in whom the last vestige of hope for any improvement had long vanished. -Strange as it may seem to you, as it did to us, acquainted with these -men and their disease, they immediately went to work and are to-day -profitably employed. They have gained in health and self-confidence, -they are happier because they feel there is yet something in life for -them. - -[Illustration: SNAP SHOT--COLONY PATIENTS CULTIVATING STRAWBERRIES] - -It may occur to some to ask why these men had not been sent out to work -before and given an opportunity. It has been the invariable custom -since the hospital opened to try to induce every one to engage in some -kind of employment and it had been tried repeatedly with these very men -with complete failure. To conjecture why they were willing to work in -one place and not in another might be profitless, it is sufficient to -know it is true. - -[Illustration: RESTING AFTER THE DAY'S WORK] - -After the work was well under way, it was strange to see the -development of the different fancies of the different men. Each one -was allowed, so far as possible, to follow his own inclination and to -select his own work. One fancied painting and whitewashing and building -fires under the heating apparatus. He studied economy in the use of -fuel as much as the average head of a family, and is as intelligent -in his work as could be expected of any ordinary man. Another patient -has become greatly interested in poultry and shows more than ordinary -intelligence in following his bent. He reads journals on poultry, and -not only builds coops, box nests, etc., but has actually invented -several useful contrivances. Another hauls wood to the kitchen in a -little wagon he made himself, and so on almost indefinitely. - -[Illustration: PATIENT TENDING BRONZE TURKEYS] - -A brief report of two cases will partly illustrate what has been done. -The following is quoted from a report to the Board last December: "A -boy, J. B., 13 years old, came to the hospital in June, 1895. He had -a form of insanity (Dementia praecox) which rarely improves; indeed, -its tendency is generally to deterioration. This boy was no exception -to the rule and he grew worse and worse until hope for any improvement -had been given up. Three months ago he was sent to the colony, but it -was considered a desperate chance. To the astonishment of everyone -he immediately began to improve, and this has steadily gone on until -to-day he is a strong, vigorous young fellow of 23, full of hope -and energy, whereas when he went there he was dull, indifferent and -listless; he never inquired of his home or home people and seemed to -care for nothing. Recently he has written home telling of his marvelous -improvement and of his joy in life. 'He testified as one risen from -the dead,' after ten years of mental darkness. It is not certain that -the improvement will continue; in fact, it is not expected, but even if -he improves no more, great good has been accomplished in relieving this -young fellow of such suffering as we shudder to think of." Six months -after this report was written this young man has gained but little and -it is probable he is as well as he will ever be. He enjoys life as much -as the average man, taking part and interest in baseball and other -amusements we are able to furnish our people. The second case is of a -man who was committed to the hospital in November, 1898, this being -his second admission. He complained of great discomfort in his head -which he described as being unbearable, so much so, that he begged to -be killed. His appetite was poor, he was anaemic and greatly run down -in health and evidently was a great sufferer. Every effort to relieve -him failed. We were sure if he could be induced to exercise he would -improve, but nothing we could do would cause him to take the slightest -interest in anything. He was finally forced to go out with the working -party, but he would lie on the ground complaining of his head. He was a -few months ago sent to the colony along with nine other men almost as -bad as he. To the amazement of us all, the man went to work, his health -improved, the pain and discomfort disappeared and his face is ruddy -and he gives every evidence of health and vigor. He works cheerfully, -seems perfectly satisfied, never complaining of any bad feeling and is -as comfortable as he can be. These two cases are only two of many as -unpromising, who have been greatly relieved and some few cured by the -colony treatment. - -[Illustration: PATIENTS INTERESTED IN GRAPE GROWING] - -[Illustration: BARNYARD AND POULTRY HOUSES AT COLONY] - -[Illustration: CHICKEN RUNS] - -All this seems so simple and is so obviously the right course that we -wonder why it had not long ago been tried. - -Two ideas are prominent in this system, the first to find agreeable, -healthful employment for the patients and to give them a home. - - -SHOW APPRECIATION. - -This working class, while too defective to take up the burden of life, -are yet appreciative of their surroundings and of most things that -make life happy to the people in the outside world. They require the -minimum amount of care and discipline and with this given they conduct -themselves as well, indeed, better, than the same number of sane men. -Some under this treatment recover that otherwise would not, but the -majority must remain under hospital care, this being their refuge and -their home. How much need therefore that every effort should be put -forth to make it pleasant to these afflicted men. - -In general hospitals, in institutions for children, and in -reformatories we have a different class to deal with. A large number -under one roof is not so objectionable, but these cases of chronic -insanity are not children in whom the desire for a home is small, nor -are they malefactors in prison for punishment. - -You will pardon a little digression, which, after all, leads to this -subject from another and a practical standpoint. - -[Illustration: TWO COLONY BUILDINGS] - -In North Carolina there are not less than 4,000 white insane; of -this number 1,500 are in two hospitals, leaving 2,500 uncared for by -the State. To properly house all these people means the expenditure -of a million dollars, and the annual cost of maintaining them will -be $500,000. It is well then to consider carefully how this burden -on the taxpayers may be lightened. Without discussing the question -of the increase of insanity, there can be no doubt that there is an -increased demand to have these persons cared for and properly so. -All insane persons are dangerous in some degree to their neighbors, -more so to themselves. Insanity is the cause of many suicides, while -sexual crimes, arson, assault, impostures, are often committed by those -mentally deranged. - -[Illustration: PEACH ORCHARD AND GARDEN, SEEN FROM A COLONY PORCH] - -Too often families are ruined by some insane member, the bread winner -having to devote his whole time to the control of wife or child, or a -crime is committed and every energy and the savings of a lifetime must -be devoted to the cost of courts. Whole communities are frequently -terrorized by an insane person and the lives of the women and children -made miserable. - -Only a few recover at once or die, they live on for years not only -imbecile and helpless themselves, but a burden on the family and -community, a severe drain which must tend to weaken the general welfare -of the State. - -There are sufficient reasons for you as physicians, men of standing in -your respective communities, not only to make yourselves familiar with -the disease in order that you may prescribe intelligently for those -suffering from it, but to use your influence, which is great, to see -that proper provision is made for them by the public. - -[Illustration: PATIENTS PLAYING BASEBALL] - -Much insanity is caused by alcohol and drugs. This touches you more -closely, for you are largely responsible for these habits. You may do -something by preventing unwise marriages of those whose heredity is not -good. - -It should be your special province to recognize dangerous symptoms in -time and by prompt action prevent suicides and accidents and to send to -the hospitals at once these patients who have infinitely more chances -to recover when placed under the care of competent alienists. - -[Illustration: MAKING FIRST BASE] - - -2,500 WHITE INSANE UNCARED FOR. - -The conclusions we reach are that 2,500 white insane people in North -Carolina are uncared for, that a great outlay of money will be required -to build for this number and after that the never ending expense of -maintaining them begins. If it can be demonstrated that the colony -system is the best and the cheapest, it should by all means be adopted. - -There is an end to the willingness and even ability of the taxpayers -to provide for the defectives in expensive hospitals and asylums, and -it is clearly the duty of those who have these matters in hand to use -proper economy. What is done by the Legislature will depend on the -demand of the people and the wisdom of the Legislators. It will require -great deliberation and the wisest action to solve this question. - -In North Carolina no more hospitals ought to be built at present, those -now in existence should be enlarged if possible. - -Unfortunately at Morganton no more land can be purchased and that -institution cannot with advantage be greatly increased in size. The -last opportunity to buy land there has been allowed to pass. This is -to be deplored for the plan there has been so successful that much was -hoped for in the judicious extension of these colonies. - -Much more might be said on the general subject of caring for the -insane, but time forbids. Perhaps on some future occasion this will be -taken up and discussed. - -Hospitals for the insane cannot properly care for epileptics or idiots. -I use the term idiot in the sense in which it is defined by the North -Carolina statutes "a person born deficient or who became deficient -before the completion of the twelfth year of age." - -Many of these defectives are capable of doing common labor and can be -made very nearly self-sustaining if properly managed in such a colony -for the insane as has been described. In many of the States where this -is tried, it has been successful. In North Carolina, where we have -such good climate and where land can be purchased cheaply, more can -be done than in other less fortunate communities. I believe in the -cotton and truck section of the State such a colony could be nearly -self-sustaining, but leaving that out of the question, there can be no -doubt it is the best for these people to live outdoor lives with proper -employment. I would like also to enlarge on this feature of my paper, -but time will not permit. - -I trust, gentlemen, that you will become enough interested in these -subjects to give them your hearty support. If you do, then the labors -of those of us who are immediately responsible, will be greatly -lightened and these afflicted fellow citizens will be happier and your -State will be a better State. - -Since this paper was written my attention was drawn to a statement in -a medical journal of the number of insane sent to the hospitals in -Massachusetts during the year 1904. It bears so closely on what has -been said I repeat it and compare it with our State and hospitals. -During that year 2,426 insane persons were admitted into the hospitals -of Massachusetts, none of whom had ever before been inmates of any -hospital for insane. Adding to these the number of re-admissions, -which could not have been less than 600, we see 3,000 persons sent -yearly to the hospitals of that State. Between 7,000 and 8,000 patients -are cared for by the public hospitals. - -As compared with North Carolina the population of Massachusetts is -twice that of the white people of our State. We should have 1,500 -white patients sent to our hospitals every year and we ought to have -accommodation for 4,000. As it is, less than 400 are admitted and only -1,500 can be cared for in our hospitals. There is some differences, -I believe, in the proportion of insane to the population in the two -States, but not that much. Massachusetts gives her insane citizens -proper care. North Carolina does not. - -[Illustration] - - - - - TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: - - Inconsistencies in spelling and punctuation have been standardized. - - Some illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks and may or may - not be on their original page. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Colony Treatment of the Insane and -Other Defectives, by Patrick Livingston Murphy - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONY TREATMENT OF THE INSANE *** - -***** This file should be named 55104.txt or 55104.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/0/55104/ - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MFR, David E. 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