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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2), February,
-1914, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2), February, 1914
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: July 9, 2017 [EBook #55081]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DELINQUENT, FEBRUARY 1914 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Craig Kirkwood, and the
-Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-(This book was produced from images made available by the
-HathiTrust Digital Library.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:
-
-Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
-
-Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-VOLUME IV, No. 2. FEBRUARY, 1914
-
-
-
-
-THE DELINQUENT
-
-
-  (FORMERLY THE REVIEW)
-
-  A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID
-  ASSOCIATION AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.
-
-  THIS COPY TEN CENTS. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR
-
-  T. F. Garver, President.
-  Wm. M. R. French, Vice President.
-  O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor The Delinquent.
-  Edward Fielding, Chairman Ex. Committee.
-  F. Emory Lyon, Member Ex. Committee.
-  W. G. McLaren, Member Ex. Committee.
-  A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.
-  E. A. Fredenhagen, Member Ex. Committee.
-  Joseph P. Byers, Member Ex. Committee.
-  R. B. McCord, Member Ex. Committee.
-
-  Entered as second-class mail matter at New York.
-
-
-
-
-KATHERINE BEMENT DAVIS New York City’s Commissioner of Correction
-
-
-BY MARY GARRETT HAYES
-
-[Reprinted from the Jamestown, N. Y., Post]
-
-It is significant of the liberalizing sentiment which is the outgrowth
-of the sixty years or more of campaigning which the suffragists have
-carried on in New York State and all over the country, not for the vote
-alone, but for the recognition of women as co-workers with men in the
-affairs of the world, that a woman is for the first time in history a
-member of the cabinet of the Mayor of New York City, and is at the head
-of one of the most important departments of municipal administration.
-
-Dr. Katherine Bement Davis, the new Commissioner of Correction, is a
-good suffragist--her family for some generations have been supporters
-of the cause of women--and she is a firm believer in her sex as well as
-a splendid monument herself of feminine achievement. The New Year opens
-most promisingly with such a woman to inspire hope and courage and
-higher ideals in the wayward of this great city.
-
-Buffalo claims the honor of being the birth place of Dr. Davis, who
-was the oldest of five children. She was graduated from the Rochester
-High School, however. Being naturally a student and a thinker, she felt
-that she must have a broader education. Funds were rather scarce at
-home and needs many, so the ambitious young girl set to work and taught
-school until she had earned enough to go to college. She is now one
-of Vassar’s most honored alumnae. Her career there was brief for she
-completed her course in two years, graduating with flying colors and
-winning Phi Beta Kappa honors.
-
-The following year Dr. Davis--she was Miss Davis then--spent at
-Columbia University, studying the chemistry of foods, and the knowledge
-that she acquired was promptly put into practice in a most telling
-manner.
-
-John Boyd Thatcher, one of the prime movers in the Committee of
-Arrangements for the World’s Fair in Chicago, was eager to have a woman
-establish and manage a workingman’s model home. He appealed to Miss
-Davis, who agreed to take charge of the matter. She built the house
-and settled a workingman and his family in it. She looked after every
-detail of the house-keeping herself, did the cooking and fed the family
-on what she believed to be an ideal diet for their needs, the most
-healthful and strength-building. They were pledged to eat nothing away
-from home. Each day the diet was posted for the benefit of visitors.
-That family was taught scientific house-keeping in such an approved
-fashion that the model home proved a most instructive and valuable
-feature of the fair.
-
-Next Miss Davis became the head of the College Settlement in
-Philadelphia, and was one of the charter members of the Civic Club. It
-was not long before she was running for membership in the School Board,
-but at that time Philadelphia had not accepted school suffrage. She was
-beaten by an Italian saloon-keeper. An amusing fact which gives some
-idea of how much a woman of her calibre was really needed in that City
-of Brotherly Love, was that when the vote was counted, it was found
-that her precinct had polled seven more votes than it was entitled to.
-
-Somewhat later Miss Davis held the first woman’s fellowship in the
-University of Chicago, and there she took her Doctor’s degree in
-political economy. She then went abroad, as European fellow of the
-New England Association for the Higher Education of Women, and took
-advanced work in Political Economy and Sociology, in Berlin and Vienna.
-
-Then in January, 1900, Dr. Davis took up her duties as Superintendent
-of the Bedford Reformatory. Even before the buildings were completed
-she moved in, started the machinery going and by May, 1901, was ready
-to welcome and care for wayward girls and women entrusted to her charge
-to open up to them a new existence of hope and efficiency.
-
-After eight busy years at Bedford, Dr. Davis took a five months’ leave
-of absence, and went to Europe. She spent some time in Sicily and was
-at Syracuse at the time of the Messina earthquake. Here just as in her
-own country, she found a real need for her fine broad sympathies and
-splendid executive ability. The people were overcome by the terrible
-disaster. They did not know what to do, and there seemed to be nothing
-to do with. Four thousand refugees had been brought to Syracuse and Dr.
-Davis promptly took the situation in hand. A woman was found who could
-speak English, and with her for an interpreter, Dr. Davis, in what
-seemed an almost miraculous way, succeeded in getting money, materials
-for clothing--many of the survivors were literally naked--also other
-necessities, and meeting the situation most valiantly.
-
-Buildings as well as people she commandeered into service. A little
-chapel was turned into a dressmaker’s establishment and here the women
-were set to work making clothes. Somewhere else shoe-makers were
-gathered together, busily making shoes for the bare-footed fugitives.
-Other men were set to work at road making; one of their constructions
-is still known as the Davis Road. Red Cross aid arrived and Dr. Davis
-was made chief dispenser of it. In the first six weeks, she spent
-$15,000, but she did not pauperize the people; instead she encouraged
-them to help themselves, set them to work and paid them off regularly
-every week. It was that wisely directed, properly compensated work,
-that saved those poor people and gave them a new grip on life.
-
-All sorts of people needed assistance. The Archbishop of Syracuse gave
-up his palace for a hospital and a convalescent home was established
-for those of the upper classes. The men, many of them, were so shaken
-by the calamity that they would frequently give way to fits of
-hysterics, and more than once on such an occasion, Dr. Davis took a man
-by the shoulders and shook him into self-control. At one time a basket,
-full of rescued babies, was brought in to her--twelve in all--but the
-bottom one was dead.
-
-For her splendid work at this time, Dr. Davis was much honored. The
-King of Italy gave her a medal. The Pope of his own accord summoned
-her to an interview, and gave her his blessing. The Italian Red Cross
-Society bestowed a medal upon her, as did the American Red Cross,
-through President Taft.
-
-When the Sicilian earthquake victims were in a position to help
-themselves, Dr. Davis returned home, and quietly resumed her duties as
-mother, confidant and friend of the inmates of the Bedford reformatory.
-She has proved herself to be an all-around friend to those in her
-charge and has entered heartily into all sorts of activities, in
-pleasures as well as in work; she has been known to get up plays, drill
-the actors, paint the scenery, train the orchestra, then go out and
-receive the guests and make a speech. During the thirteen years of her
-service there, she has lost but two days by illness, and that was a
-sore throat.
-
-The International Prison Congress at its meeting in 1910 elected Dr.
-Davis the chief of a section. In a space of twenty years, she was the
-only woman appointed to such a position; she was also the first woman
-to preside over the public meeting. She was also appointed a member of
-the Committee which showed the Congress over this country.
-
-Vassar, too, has been delighted to honor this graduate who has lived up
-so wonderfully to the ideals of her alma mater, and the four thousand
-alumnae have chosen her as one of the twelve members of the Provisional
-Alumnae Council.
-
-New York City is indeed fortunate in having at the head of its
-Department of Correction a woman who has proved herself to be a modern
-penologist, of the most humanitarian order, and has shown such splendid
-knowledge of how best to make her sympathy and understanding help the
-inmates of our prisons; how to individualize the cases and make the
-punishment fit the criminal rather than the crime; to substitute hope
-and courage for despair, and to help the unfortunate to amount to
-something worth while after all.
-
-Surely it is a step forward in civilization, when a woman is chosen to
-an important position like this commissionership, not because she is
-a woman, but because it is felt that she is the right person for the
-place.
-
-
-
-
-CHILD PLAY AND CHILD CRIME
-
-
-[The following important article, from the New York Times of February
-15, brings some of the results of a year’s Study of New York juvenile
-crime, as related to the recreation problem.]
-
-The relation of play to juvenile crime is coming to be more and more
-recognized by the student of juvenile delinquency and the discerning
-social worker. But the problem has not been studied intensively. The
-facts which show how the most celebrated gangster in New York City can
-get his start playing kick-the-can or baseball in the city streets have
-only but been regarded in a general way.
-
-For the past year Edward Barrows, special investigator for the People’s
-Institute, has been making a study of the evolution of the crime of
-children from a purely legal fact to a moral evil, and his report
-on the year’s work represents not only general conclusions but an
-intensive study of 193 individual cases of juvenile arrest.
-
-Mr. Barrows has lived for about three years in the middle west side
-of Manhattan, which is popularly called the Hell’s Kitchen district.
-He was not known as a social worker or an investigator, but as a
-free lance newspaper man and a good fellow generally. He has studied
-juvenile delinquency in the courts, in the streets and the homes, and
-has been an actual member of numerous boys’ gangs. The hundreds of
-adults and children with whom Mr. Barrows became intimate are still
-without an inkling as to his identity. In summing up his report, Mr.
-Barrows says:
-
-  I became aware several years ago that the child life of the New
-  York tenement neighborhoods is a world apart. The middle west side
-  was chosen for investigation, both because it stands high among New
-  York districts for its juvenile crime record, and because it is a
-  relatively old neighborhood, representing the condition toward which
-  the newer congested neighborhoods are developing.
-
-  In the middle west side the child life is organized--yes, definitely
-  and somewhat elaborately organized--into what amounts to a defensive
-  secret league, with tens of thousands of members. This league is
-  made up of small gang units, which are sometimes federated for brief
-  periods, which war on each other, but are united against the common
-  enemy--against the law and its agents, who are aliens, and generally
-  against the adult community as such. This condition means that no
-  investigator who is known as an investigator can find his facts.
-  Still less can an “uplifter” find his facts or do his work if he is
-  known as an “uplifter.”
-
-  Twelve thousand children are arrested annually in New York. These are
-  not exceptional children, and they are not a special problem. Rather,
-  they are typical children. They are mere exhibits drawn from the mass
-  of those children who live in the congested neighborhoods, a small
-  proportion of the children who have done the same things and have not
-  been caught.
-
-  These children are not sub-normal, and they come from homes which are
-  typical of whole enormous population districts. They are arrested for
-  the only thing a child can do on the street, and they have no place
-  but the street in which to do anything. These children represent the
-  child population of half or more of the tenement districts of New
-  York City.
-
-  I made an intensive study of 193 out of the 12,000 arrests for the
-  past year--all of them typical cases. All these arrests fall within
-  the middle west side region. They were made on the following direct
-  charges:
-
-  Assault, attempt at burglary, begging, bonfires, burglary, disorderly
-  conduct, destruction of property, fighting, playing football on
-  the streets, gambling, intoxication, jumping on cars, kicking the
-  garbage can, loitering, picking pockets, pitching pennies, playing
-  ball, playing with water pistol, putting out lights, selling papers,
-  playing shinney, shooting craps, snowballing, stealing, subway
-  disturbances, throwing stones, trespass, truancy.
-
-  It is clear at the very start that the punishment, as far as the law
-  goes, has little relation to the alleged crimes as listed above. The
-  same section of the Penal Code punishes baseball and burglary, and
-  both of these acts are punishable under several other sections of
-  the Penal Code. Frequently the arrest brings out a series of acts,
-  committed in previous days or weeks, which bear little relation to
-  the direct cause of the arrest. We find cases of children arrested
-  for playing ball, but whose story in court reveals stealing, assault
-  and burglary. Again, we find a child rearrested under three or four
-  different sections of the Penal Code for the same repeated act, be
-  it the kicking of a garbage can or assault and battery. We find in
-  the court records the most indiscriminate blending of arrest and
-  punishment for innocent play with arrest and punishment for deviltry
-  or perverse crime of a serious nature.
-
-  To make the case specific rather than general, a few typical
-  instances may be given:
-
-  John C. was arrested for creating a disturbance. This is a nuisance
-  and, from the standpoint of the adult, a moral offense in a crowded
-  city. Special inquiry developed that John C. was one of a number of
-  boys who gathered in front of a tenement home late one evening and
-  sang in chorus. Incidentally only one of the several malefactors was
-  caught.
-
-  Charles C. was arrested for violating Penal Code Section 675,
-  relating to disorderly conduct and committing nuisance. His act
-  consisted in throwing a baseball on a public street.
-
-  William C., arrested for disorderly conduct, was charged with playing
-  football on the street. The record showed that he was an athletic
-  enthusiast, and there was no other football field but the street. In
-  contrast with this fact, it should be mentioned that the New York
-  Board of Education maintains an elaborate and costly organization for
-  encouraging the athletic spirit among boys.
-
-  George C. was arrested for throwing stones. The record showed that
-  George C. had been one of a group engaging in a street fight, the
-  street fight being a typical form of vigorous play among children of
-  this district.
-
-  Thomas C. was arrested for throwing stones. He had thrown a stone
-  in revenge and with murderous intent at an unsuspecting enemy. His
-  motive was wholly different from that of George C., but they were
-  classified together in law.
-
-  The figures in the Children’s Courts are of almost no value as
-  showing the quantity of law-breaking, innocent or otherwise, on the
-  part of the city’s children. Nathan A., for instance, was arrested
-  for crap-shooting. There was no other arrest. Similarly with Joseph
-  B., William C. was arrested for playing baseball, and the rest of his
-  team are not mentioned. George C. was arrested for fighting with no
-  mention of his fellow-combatant or combatants.
-
-  The acts which lead children to arrest are nearly always games. They
-  are games which are against the law only because they are played
-  on the street, and games which through their nature involve an
-  infraction of the penal code. In the first class we find baseball,
-  football, jackstones, singing, and marbles. In the second we find
-  stealing, fighting, destruction of property, and similar violations
-  of the code of social procedure.
-
-  But the point which is overlooked by the law, and in a large measure
-  by the law enforcer, is that both these forms of play are to the
-  child merely or mainly play, representing a perfectly normal childish
-  instinct which has, in many of the cases of arrest, been distorted
-  through a morbid street environment.
-
-  The following is an analysis of 170 of the cases here being
-  considered:
-
-  Total arrests for moral but illegal play:
-  Bonfires                                                 19
-  Disorderly conduct (shouting and harmless disturbances)  13
-  Football                                                  4
-  Baseball                                                 22
-  Snowballing                                               2
-  Throwing various missiles                                24
-                                                           --
-  Total                                                    84
-
-  Total arrests for immoral and illegal play:
-  Assault                     8
-  Disorderly conduct          6
-  Burglary                   12
-  Putting out street lights   2
-  Stealing                   42
-  Throwing various missiles  16
-                             --
-  Total                      86
-
-  The attitude of the law with reference to the innocent class of
-  acts leading to arrest is suggested by the wording of the charges
-  preferred against various children:
-
-  Charged with annoying and interfering with others and endangering
-  their safety and property by playing with a hard ball on a public
-  street.
-
-  Charged with playing game called baseball on the public street,
-  thereby interfering with free use by persons of that street.
-
-  Charged with another ... with playing on the sidewalk of the public
-  street a game called pitching pennies, thereby obstructing the
-  sidewalk and interfering and annoying persons on the public street.
-
-  Charged with another boy with obstructing the sidewalk while playing
-  a game called pitching pennies. (Note that while in the previous case
-  the boy was charged with pitching pennies and thereby obstructing the
-  sidewalk, in this case he is charged with obstructing the sidewalk
-  while pitching pennies.)
-
-  Charged with playing a game called craps on the public street to the
-  annoyance of persons thereon. (Note that this arrest also was for
-  obstructing the street and not for gambling.)
-
-  The law deals with the child from one standpoint only--the annoyance
-  he causes the adult passerby, and the store windows he breaks.
-
-  You can see why the moral aspects of the deeds for which children are
-  arrested must generally be hazy to the little wrong-doers themselves.
-  Gambling is a case in point. Public opinion classes gambling as a
-  vice and a crime ranking with theft and sexual immorality. Yet the
-  tenement streets of New York are infested with adult and juvenile
-  gamblers, who gamble usually through shooting crap or pitching
-  pennies. Street gambling is hardly less common than baseball or any
-  of the other street games. The unwritten law of the streets has
-  sanctioned gambling for many child-generations, until gambling has
-  lost all moral significance to the children of New York. As for the
-  law, we have seen how it adds to the confusion of moral values.
-  The law treats crap shooting as being identical in terms both of
-  punishment and of why the punishment is given, with chalk games, or
-  ring-around-the-rosy, or kick-the-can. The arrests for gambling and
-  for chalk games alike are treated as cases of street obstruction.
-
-  But strangely enough, one offense is particularly singled out in law
-  to be prohibited on the streets. This offense is baseball. Baseball
-  is no sin and the children know it. They merely know that they will
-  be arrested if they play baseball. They know that if they are going
-  to play ball they must send out pickets to announce the coming of the
-  policeman.
-
-  So much for the innocent group of child offenses. The vicious group
-  includes the many organized games which have been developed by street
-  conditions. They involve acts which the children know to be immoral,
-  but which gang standards allow.
-
-  An example of this type of child crime is the widely popular sport
-  of gang stealing. Gang stealing is recognized as a sport and game by
-  unknown thousands of children in New York.
-
-  A band of boys, from three to six or seven in number, will go from
-  tenement to tenement on Saturday evenings, taking orders from the
-  housewives for fruits, vegetables, groceries, light hardware and
-  clothing, just as though they were delivery clerks. When they think
-  they have a sufficient number of orders they go out on the street and
-  by a series of organized raids secure the goods which the housewives
-  have ordered.
-
-  These goods are sold on a regularly established scale of prices,
-  which in most parts of the city is arbitrary, with no relation to the
-  market value of the stolen articles. After the boys have their money
-  they retire to their “hang-out,” where the money is divided into
-  equal parts and the possessors shoot craps until one of them has it
-  all. This boy divides the winnings into two parts, one of which he
-  spends in treating the other members of the gang. The other half he
-  is permitted to keep and spends for himself.
-
-  This is a regularly organized form of amusement, which has existed to
-  the writer’s personal knowledge for a decade or more on the middle
-  west side. As far as the boys themselves are concerned, it is a game
-  and nothing more. The crimes committed are incidental to the game.
-  The elements the boys are striving for are the dramatic adventure in
-  obtaining stolen goods, the excitement of gambling, which to them is
-  no crime, and the physical joys of the soda water, cigarettes, motion
-  picture shows, etc., which follow the game.
-
-  These boys start out to seek adventure, excitement, and a “treat.”
-  Unguided and irresponsible, and with a tradition of lawlessness based
-  upon the hostile indifference of their elders, they have gone after
-  their ends without regard to consequences, with the result that
-  before their game is over they will have obtained money under false
-  pretenses, committed larceny, and gambled; for any one of which acts
-  they are criminally liable. Yet punishment for any one of these acts
-  leaves the zest for adventure, the lust of gambling, and the tastes
-  for sweets and cigarettes as strong as ever.
-
-  A child is arrested for burglary and is tried on the specific charge
-  of “entering an inhabited dwelling in the night season with intent
-  to commit a felony.” Yet this may have been simply an unguided
-  expression of the child’s dramatic play instinct. The boys may have
-  organized into a gang of robbers and may, for the game of the thing
-  only, have committed the burglary. Thus there was no criminal intent
-  on the part of the marauders.
-
-  Gang fighting, another common and serious offense, is a product of
-  the complex gang organization which is the basis of all boy life in
-  the streets of New York. It has its sources either in gang rivalry or
-  in the infliction of a wrong by one gang upon another, which results
-  in a long series of retaliatory fights, sometimes extending through
-  many months. From being simply physical contests between gang and
-  gang, these fights often become neighborhood feuds in which small
-  boys are maimed and on rare occasions killed outright, windows are
-  broken, and all kinds of neighborhood outrages are perpetrated.
-
-  There is a great distinction between these organized gang fights and
-  the smaller misunderstandings which result in fights between two
-  small boys. Gang fights are a part of the traditional play life of
-  the New York boys. Except among the older boys they are carried out
-  in the spirit of play, and the theft, destruction of property, and
-  mayhem which accompany them are regarded as incidental.
-
-  When we trace back to their source even the fights for revenge, we
-  generally find a play motive there also. Two years ago the small boys
-  on West Fiftieth Street and West Fifty-third Street, near Eleventh
-  Avenue, were celebrating election night with bonfires on their
-  respective streets. The Fiftieth Street boys had more material than
-  the Fifty-third Street boys. When the Fifty-third Street boys ran
-  out of material they raided Fiftieth Street, extinguished all the
-  bonfires, routed the celebrants, and triumphantly carried the bonfire
-  material to their own street.
-
-  This was the beginning of a feud which lasted over a year between the
-  denizens of the two streets, during which time a score of boys were
-  jailed, a number seriously maimed, and hundreds of dollars’ worth of
-  property destroyed. Yet, despite the number of arrests on the charge
-  of fighting, disorderly conduct and destruction of property, the feud
-  itself continued unabated, until a compromise was arrived at by the
-  boy leaders themselves.
-
-  This feud was a typical instance of the play spirit expressing itself
-  through rivalry, without any attempt to check it as such. Of the
-  thirty or forty boys who were arrested as a direct outcome of these
-  fights, not one but was arrested as an individual criminal without
-  reference to the motive of his wrong doing. The result was that after
-  his arrest the boy responded to the same motive as promptly as if he
-  had never been arrested. Again we are brought to the serious question
-  of whether or not all this destruction to property and morals
-  could not have been avoided had there been proper facilities and a
-  leadership to have turned the spirit of rivalry into legitimate play
-  channels.
-
-A summary of the record of Mr. Barrow’s 193 cases shows that 188 of
-them, or all but nine, can be traced directly to a play motive, normal
-or perverted. Of the nine, two were acts of personal revenge and seven
-showed an economic motive.
-
-According to Mr. Barrows these 193 cases did not include a single one
-where mental deficiency was the predominant cause. He says:
-
-  To conclude, child crime in New York is built on play--wholesome,
-  educational play--which the law treats as crime and which street
-  conditions gradually pervert until innocent play becomes moral crime.
-
-  Child crime begins with the attempt to play on streets in violation
-  of law, and in forbidden places under conditions of trespassing. The
-  first arrest is normally a punishment for the attempt to play, and to
-  play in ways which are intrinsically good.
-
-  This condition presses on the child life of all the tenement
-  districts of New York City. It is a uniformly operating cause which
-  results in a fairly uniform method of resistance on the part of the
-  children. Not only are the statutory crimes of fighting and stealing
-  regarded as play by the children, but the more innocent kinds of
-  play, like baseball, are in law regarded as crimes and are so
-  punishable.
-
-  This is not, on the one hand, a defect of child character, nor on the
-  other hand a mere stupidity of law, but is a real condition, inherent
-  in the fact that the street, with its traffic, and the street front,
-  with its stores and windows, are the only playground of 95 per cent.
-  or more of the city’s children.
-
-  The result is a fundamental schism between the child community and
-  the adult community. The child community is a nuisance. The adult
-  community is a tyrant. Neither is to blame. Our laws, our court
-  procedure and our probation system, imperfect though they be, are
-  not to blame. The blame rests with the city which has not provided
-  play space and which does not intelligently use even the little play
-  space that is provided. Juvenile crime is a play problem not only in
-  the sense that play is an alternative to crime--a cure for crime: but
-  in a more specific sense, namely, in the streets of New York, under
-  present conditions, play is crime and crime is play.
-
-  And play is crime all over New York, not merely in the middle west
-  side. The city’s total juvenile crime rate is growing.
-
-  What is to be done about it? Provide outlets. Consider specifically
-  that west side district. The remedies are at hand. For instance:
-
-  Public school buildings in the middle west side are used to as small
-  an extent of their capacity as is the case in the city at large. This
-  means a 40 per cent. non-use or more.
-
-  There is a large recreation pier at West Fiftieth Street, where the
-  activities could be multiplied.
-
-  The DeWitt Clinton Park, at Fifty-ninth Street and the North River,
-  is unused during the evenings and very inadequately used during the
-  day. It is one of the finest playgrounds in the world.
-
-  There are at least ten city blocks in the middle west side which
-  could if the city government desired it, be devoted to playground
-  uses for at least several hours of every day. Apparatus would not be
-  needed, and the only supervision required would be police supervision.
-
-
-
-
-SHOULD JUDGES GO TO JAIL?
-
-
-[The idea is not so revolutionary as it might be. Recently Mr. T. M.
-Osborne tried a week’s self-incarceration at Auburn Prison, New York.
-As a result the general public, reading of his experiences, has a
-knowledge to-day of the more common methods of prison administration
-than it would have learned, or have been willing to learn in any other
-way. Now the Boston (Mass.) Globe comes along with a more radical
-suggestion, which we herewith summarize.]
-
-“One advocate of the practice of making judges investigate the prisons,
-an ex-magistrate of New York City, made the assertion that ‘every judge
-ought to be sentenced to 30 days in jail before he is permitted to send
-a prisoner there.’
-
-“‘What does an ordinary judge know of prison? What method can he have
-of judging a proper punishment for an offender, if he does not know
-what the punishment is like?’ asks this authority.
-
-“The policy of imposing upon judges the obligation of a personal
-acquaintance with the conditions of the institutions to which they
-sentence defendants is not to be lightly condemned as impractical or
-inexpedient. Judges to-day depend primarily for such information as
-they require upon those whose public duty it is to oversee the prisons,
-and the courts are also governed by the law in committing prisoners.
-
-“It might be expedient to give judges a wider discretion in disposing
-of persons convicted of crime, and then require them to make sufficient
-investigation of every public institution to enable them to use their
-discretion wisely.
-
-“The average judge is a man of keen perception, and if he has been long
-on the bench, he has acquired in his experience an accurate conception
-of the criminal mind, and an idea of how it may be most effectively
-influenced.
-
-“Doubtless if one of the judges of the Superior Court passed a few days
-at any one of the penal or corrective institutions of the State, he
-could see things that had escaped the notice of those who have grown
-familiar with conditions, either by association or by brief visits.
-Some very valuable suggestions for improvement might result.
-
-“We have many investigators who are concerned with the boy and man in
-confinement. The Board of Parole, a new commission, was created for the
-purpose of securing to the deserving a conditional release from prison.
-
-“The Executive Council, when passing on the question of pardon, goes
-carefully into the prisoner’s past, the circumstances of the crime for
-which he was sentenced, his conduct in prison, and then weighs the
-chances of his becoming a law-abiding and industrious member of the
-community if liberated. Few men so released have again offended.
-
-“It is logical that if the body authorized to grant a pardon is so
-zealous in the interest of the prisoner and the community alike, the
-judicial authority who fixes the penalty and indicates the institution
-of punishment in specific instances should be equally well informed
-of the possible consequences of the sentence to the prisoner. The
-administration of strict justice might be aided by a more intimate
-acquaintance with the character of our jails on the part of the
-judges.”
-
-
-
-
-THE INDETERMINATE SENTENCE AND PAROLE LAW IN INDIANA
-
-
-AMOS W. BUTLER, SECRETARY BOARD OF STATE CHARITIES
-
-For the crimes of treason and of murder in the first degree, the
-sentence in this State is either death or life imprisonment. For
-persons convicted of felony for the third time (habitual criminals) and
-those found guilty of murder in the second degree or of rape upon a
-child under ten years of age, the punishment is life imprisonment. All
-other persons convicted of felony are subject to the provisions of the
-indeterminate sentence and parole law of 1897 and its amendments. This
-law applies to men over 16 years of age and women over 17. While it is
-called “indeterminate,” it is in reality limited by the minimum and
-maximum terms prescribed by statute for specified crimes.
-
-The law is in force in the State Prison at Michigan City, the
-Reformatory at Jeffersonville and the Woman’s Prison at Indianapolis.
-In the Woman’s Prison the parole board includes the superintendent and
-the physician in addition to the board of trustees; in the State Prison
-and Reformatory it is made up of the members of the board of trustees
-only. The parole boards are “prohibited from entertaining any other
-form of application or petition for the release upon parole or absolute
-discharge of any prisoner” than the application of the prisoner
-himself. They may parole prisoners who have served their minimum term
-and are believed capable of becoming law-abiding citizens. In granting
-paroles, the boards take into consideration not only the applicant’s
-record as a prisoner, but his ability to maintain himself if free and
-the sentiment of the community from which he came. The boards are
-allowed a wide latitude in granting paroles and in withdrawing paroled
-prisoners from liberty. All their acts are guided by what they believe
-to be the best welfare both of the prisoner and of society.
-
-Ordinarily paroled prisoners remain under supervision for at least one
-year. This is an adopted rule and not a requirement of law. They are
-visited frequently by the parole agents and are required to report
-regularly. No one is permitted to leave the institution until a place
-of employment has been found for him.
-
-Sixteen years’ experience shows that out of every 100 prisoners, 57
-fulfill their obligations and are discharged from supervision, 26
-violate their parole, 2 die, the sentence of 6 expires during the
-parole period and they are automatically discharged; the remaining 9
-are under supervision at a given time, reporting regularly.
-
-The percentage of parole violators varies but little in the three
-institutions: 765 out of 2,916, or 26.2 per cent. at the State Prison;
-1,198 out of 4,670, or 25.6 per cent. at the Reformatory; 61 out of
-213, or 28.6 per cent. at the Woman’s Prison.
-
-The financial report of the paroled prisoners makes an interesting
-showing. Their earnings during the time they reported, up to September
-30, 1913, amounted to $2,142,253.31; expenses, $1,774,672.42; savings,
-$367,580.89. In other words, these men and women, instead of costing
-the State an average of $172.00 a year each (the average per capita
-cost of maintenance in the two State prisons and the reformatory for
-the year 1913), have been released under supervision and have earned
-their own living and at the time they ceased reporting had on hand or
-due them savings averaging nearly $50.00 each. This is not regarded as
-the most important result of the system, but it certainly is a highly
-valuable feature.
-
-Taking up the institutions separately, the records show that the State
-Prison has paroled 2,916 men since the law went into effect, of whom
-1,688 have been discharged, the sentence of 134 expired during the
-parole period, 515 violated their parole and were returned to prison,
-250 parole violators are at large, 51 died and 278 are reporting.
-Their financial reports indicate earnings amounting to $823,136.69;
-expenses, $629,800.69; savings, $193,336.00.
-
-The Reformatory Reports 4,670 men paroled, of whom 2,666 have been
-discharged, the sentence of 295 expired during the parole period, 609
-violated their parole and were returned to prison, 589 parole violators
-are at large, 78 died and 433 are reporting. Their financial reports
-indicate earnings amounting to $1,315,642.76; expenses, $1,143,078.54;
-savings, $172,564.22.
-
-The Woman’s Prison reports 213 women paroled, of whom 105 have been
-discharged, the sentence of 23 expired during the parole period, 35
-violated their parole and were returned to prison, 26 parole violators
-are at large, 7 died and 17 are reporting. Their financial reports
-indicate earnings amounting to $3,473.86; expenses, $1,793.19; savings,
-$1,680.67.
-
-
-
-
-STATE INSTITUTION FARMS IN NEW YORK[1]
-
-
-BY H. B. WINTERS, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
-
-The State of New York now owns 41 farms. Twenty of these are connected
-with the charitable institutions, 14 with the State hospitals and 7
-with the prisons.
-
-The total area of these farms is 22,981 acres, divided as follows:
-
-  Charitable institutions   9,690 acres
-  State hospitals          10,587 acres
-  Prisons                   2,704 acres
-
-The acreage _per capita_ of population, which is a very important item,
-is as follows:
-
-  Charitable farms  .81 acres
-  Hospital farms    .29 acres
-  Prison farms      .45 acres
-
-The total farm investment is $2,331,285.00. The total profits for the
-year ending September 30, 1912, were $305,006. The total profits for
-the year ending September 30, 1910, were $202,826. This shows a gain of
-$102,180 in 1912 over 1910.
-
-The rate of profit made by the farms as a whole, in the year ending
-September 30, 1912, was 13.1 per cent. The rate of profit made by all
-the farms for the year ending September 30, 1910, was 9.4 per cent. The
-greatest rate of profit made by any form increased from 23.2 per cent.
-to 37.5 per cent. during this period.
-
-The State has 30 profitable farms and 2 farms that are losing money.
-It should be noted that the 2 farms which were losing money two years
-ago are now making a profit. One of the farms that lost money last year
-is a new place, which is not yet under good headway; the other farm is
-considering moving to a new location.
-
-These figures are certainly very gratifying and they prove that farming
-at our institutions is very profitable to the State of New York. This
-splendid increase shows what interest in farm work has done. It shows
-that this land is a most valuable investment to the State of New York,
-both from a financial standpoint and for the general good of the
-inmates of the institutions.
-
-We read that only forty per cent. of the consumers’ dollar goes to the
-farmer. On institution farms this is not true. Our people are stirred
-up from one end of the country to the other on account of co-operation.
-Our institution farm work is the best possible type of co-operation.
-We hear our farmers complain of overproduction. On the carefully run
-institution farm this is practically overcome.
-
-Various cold storage laws have been passed to protect our people. If
-the institution farms produce their own food, the cold storage problem
-is reduced to its minimum. I am unable to secure in Albany for my own
-table as good vegetables as I eat at the different institution farms.
-
-While the above may be, and is, gratifying, I cannot resist pointing
-out to you some of the opportunities that are ahead of us. _We are
-still buying $258,711.00 worth of milk per year._ The freight and
-dealers’ profit on this milk is certainly $50,000. If we should take up
-all the items purchased by our institutions that could be produced on
-their own farms, it would total a very large sum.
-
-I believe that a great prison like Auburn should have its own farm,
-and it should be conveniently located. The quality of food would be
-greatly improved, and I feel perfectly sure that out of that great body
-of 1,500 prisoners I could select enough men who could be trusted to do
-the work on this farm under reasonable supervision. The farm would be
-an ornament to that part of the country, a profit to the State and of
-great benefit to the prisoners.
-
-There is a serious problem ahead of us in regard to institutions, or
-institution sites already purchased, that are not making satisfactory
-progress. I refer to the State Training School for Boys at Yorktown
-Heights; Wingdale Prison Site, Wingdale; Mohansic State Hospital,
-Yorktown; Letchworth Village, Thiells, and the State Industrial Farm
-Colony at Stormville. There should be a decided effort to develop
-these institutions along proper lines. Some of us have heard a great
-deal against these properties that is not true. It is high time that
-the different officials interested in these institutions co-operate in
-order that they may be finished as rapidly as possible.
-
-If any of the above sites are not suitable for institutions, they
-certainly would make excellent colony farms. By colony farms, I mean a
-farm that is separated from the main institution by a greater or less
-distance, a farm where we may send inmates as a reward of merit, where
-they can live the simple life of a comfortable farmer.
-
-These colonies should be provided with good plumbing, sufficient heat,
-electric lights and all comforts of up-to-date country life. They are
-not necessarily expensive, and farms of this sort are found in many
-cases to be more than self-supporting.
-
-The possibilities in farm work are very large. Two years ago the garden
-products at the Ward’s Island State Hospital for the Insane amounted
-to $17,299. The profits were $9,360. The profit, after deducting 5 per
-cent. on the investment of $83,809, was $5,170.
-
-Then we thought the high water mark was reached, but this year Ward’s
-Island’s garden products amount to $18,867; the profit was $14,219; the
-profit, after deducting 5 per cent. on the investment, was $10,211.
-Last year Ward’s Island made a profit of 17.7 per cent. on land valued
-at $1,289 per acre. What Ward’s Island is doing can be repeated on many
-institution farms.
-
-The ideal institution farm in the future will grow its own vegetables
-and fruit, canning enough for winter use; it will raise its own pork,
-make its own sausage and smoke its own ham and bacon. It will produce
-its milk, butter, eggs, poultry, veal and a large part of its beef.
-
-This home production will not only furnish fresher and better food,
-but will save large amounts of money in freight, cost of handling, and
-dealers’ profits.
-
-Institution farms should be large enough to use improved machinery,
-properly rotate crops so as to add fertility to the soil, and unlock
-fertility that is already in the land. These farms will then become
-more fertile year by year, and therefore more profitable.
-
-FOOTNOTE:
-
-[1] Read at New York State Conference of Charities and Corrections,
-Buffalo, Nov. 1913.
-
-
-
-
-THE OFFICIAL AND THE PRISONER
-
-
-(Here is an article from “Good Words,” the prison monthly from the
-Federal Prison at Atlanta. It gives an anonymous prisoner’s views on a
-vital subject.)
-
-Inmates of prisons may be regarded as a composite man, for in any
-collection of human beings, from a family to a nation, there is the
-larger man, which organizes itself in human form--with head, trunk,
-limbs, and organs. One group represents the brains, another the
-physical powers; the stomach is figured by the purveyors of food, and
-these analogies may be followed indefinitely; they are not fanciful,
-but actual. He is all here, but is prevented from functioning freely.
-His reaction against this repression of free action--a repression far
-more physical than mental--gives unnatural energy to the faculties and
-tends to lead into certain special channels, such as the falsity of
-human justice, the overpowering desire to be at liberty; emotions of
-resentment, resignation, hope, despair, impulses for antagonism or of
-good-will toward others; moods or irony, cynicism, and even humor; good
-or evil preoccupation of all kinds. In this way large reservoirs of
-human force are collected, which can get no relief from expression, and
-therefore corrode and distort the mind.
-
-But prisoners at that are no different clay from other folks. They
-are, if anything, different in that they are more sensitive, more
-sympathetic, more appreciative, and more trustful, once their
-confidence is gained, than the average person. They love the world
-and wish it well. The average prisoner--even the “old timer” serving
-a third or fourth sentence--will advise against a life of crime with
-all the earnestness and logic he is capable of commanding. But the
-prisoner, with his good qualities, has his faults--many of them. He
-is always looking for the best of it, and, from his standpoint, why
-shouldn’t he get it? He is a convict (the word is not pleasant to
-hear). It carries a stigma of shame and disgrace. It is lasting. He is
-declared unfit to live among his people; his movements are restricted;
-he cannot move or speak without the consent of an official; he is
-stripped of his citizenship; his home a narrow cell; he is helpless;
-has lost all--everything a man values in this world. The prisoner knows
-this full well. To him the best of it is the worst that the free man
-can imagine.
-
-This is the body corporate and the proposition the man or men charged
-with the care, keeping and discipline of prisoners have to contend
-with. The problems to be solved are difficult, and a gigantic task
-confronts the warden of any penitentiary. While the power of most
-wardens is as nearly absolute as mortal power can be, it is necessary,
-if he is expected to accomplish anything. The demands of his position
-are great--greater than any other person in the whole community.
-Upon his say-so depends the hope or despair of the prisoners, but we
-are convinced that the average warden is anxious for the uplift, and
-untiring in promoting the welfare of the men under him.
-
-A great honor is due the prison official who voluntarily treats the
-prisoner with justice and mercy, whose radius of human action is
-circumscribed only by the book of regulations. Harsh traditional
-usages are gradually being eliminated and there are but few who new
-persist in delaying the realization of advanced ideas in the handling
-of law-breakers. But no intelligent reform of abuses can be effected
-until they have been authoritatively acknowledged, and the remedies
-necessary to relieve and cure evils understood. Improvement is slow,
-and gross anachronisms are found side by side with advanced conditions.
-Prisoners often distrust their officials when the latter’s only fault
-may be the oath and obligation to obey regulations long out of date.
-The prisoner sees the better way and, as a rule, will not listen to
-reason. The official knows it too, but is not free to walk in it. From
-this condition of affairs comes that great antagonism between the
-prisoner and the officials which exists in all prisons. The warden to
-do good must bridge the gulf which separates the prisoner and himself.
-He must be the example and precept of right. He will not delay action
-until all difficulties are removed, but is prompt to seize every
-opportunity as it offers itself. He walks where others creep, and
-sees the end where others grope. While sedulous to avoid favoritism,
-he takes into consideration the “personal equation” of each man, and
-gives him the interpretation of the law best suited to the case as it
-may be. In his system of discipline, there is as little as possible
-of the merely mechanical and whatever may be allowable of individual
-consideration. This is not more human than expedient; for most of the
-men are quick to perceive the proper means to deserve good treatment,
-and, instead of sinking into lethargy and indifference, are aroused to
-do what in them lies to meet the warden half-way. Frequently, though,
-regardless of the work of such officials, in this great human body,
-there are developed ideas unfair, and we will find prisoners who will
-resist all efforts of the officials in this direction. They do not mean
-to, but the world has treated them badly, and they cannot help it.
-Kindness is winning them, though, where cruelty would never affect them.
-
-Punishment and abuse may stir and arouse a man so that he will fight
-with a desperation born of despair, but more often he sinks into a
-state of mind, sullen, revengeful and heartless--a condition fatal to
-reformation, and dangerous to Society. Method, discipline, authority,
-are fine things and will accomplish much, but with a prisoner you can
-not force his soul against itself. You must lead him up and out of
-himself; you can not curse him into a better man. The supreme object of
-imprisonment should be to inspire the prisoner to do his best when more
-than his best is needed.
-
-The fight to extirpate the old system is steadily going on, and will
-eventually succeed. The evils of the contract-labor system are already
-becoming known, and it will be blotted out of existence, and when that
-system has become a thing of the past, an immense step in all other
-features of jail amelioration will have been taken. The next step will
-involve the entire principle of prison punishments as a deterrent of
-crime and a means of making better men of prisoners. The State will
-then not take revenge upon the criminal, will not annihilate his
-self-respect or crush out whatever manhood he has in him.
-
-
-
-
-PAROLE WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA
-
-
-BY ALBERT H. VOTAW, SECRETARY, THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY
-
-In the year 1909, the legislature enacted our first law providing for
-the indeterminate sentence and for the parole of prisoners at the
-expiration of their minimum sentence. The minimum sentence was not to
-exceed one fourth of the maximum, and the privilege of parole was to be
-granted according to the decision of the board of inspectors who were
-constituted the board of parole.
-
-In the year 1911, the legislature amended this act because of the
-objections of several judges in the State who were not ready to endorse
-the 1909 law. The length of sentence is now at the option of the court.
-The judges are to impose both a maximum and a minimum sentence with no
-restriction except the maximum is not to exceed the maximum time now
-imposed by law for any offence. A sentence may read “Maximum, 25 years;
-minimum, 24 years”; or “Maximum, 25 years; minimum, one year.”
-
-In 1913 the privilege of parole was extended to all confined in the
-penitentiaries of the State, who were sentenced prior to July, 1911,
-provided they had served one third of the sentence imposed. Under the
-operation of this act, several hundred prisoners in the State prisons
-were entitled to parole provided they could comply with the conditions
-of the board of parole. These conditions, as a rule, include good
-behavior while in prison, suitable employment and a sponsor.
-
-Some editors in the State have rather severely criticised what they
-have termed a general jail delivery. A few of those released have
-violated the terms of their parole and have been returned to the
-penitentiary. These instances are widely published, thus creating in
-the minds of some who are not thoroughly cognizant of all the facts
-in the case that a lot of desperadoes are being turned loose in the
-community.
-
-Close observation of the statistics seem to show that about eighty-five
-to ninety of the paroled men make good. Of those who return the
-number who have again committed crime is a very small percentage. A
-man who is out on parole is liable to be returned for intemperance,
-idleness or failure to report. If we may estimate the number who
-have returned as fifteen per cent. of the entire number released on
-parole, a comparatively small number of this percentage are brought
-back on account of actual crimes committed. It is too early to decide
-with reference to the four or five hundred recently paroled. But a
-comparison with our general experience during the last three years
-would indicate that not more than two or three out of a hundred will be
-brought back on account of crime.
-
-Probably the community is not in as much danger from the paroled men
-as from those who are regularly dismissed after serving their full
-time. It must not be forgotten that many hundreds of prisoners every
-year are released from the penitentiaries and from the county jails
-who have served the full sentence imposed by the court. Whatever their
-state of mind or of morals, their time is up and they go forth without
-any restraints such as assist the paroled prisoner to lead a life
-of rectitude. The prison authorities are often quite well convinced
-that a prisoner is far from “healed,” but there is no recourse. The
-authorities of a hospital would receive just condemnation if they
-allowed a patient to be discharged who was uncured of his typhoid fever
-or of his small pox, but the officers of a penitentiary often turn
-loose a scoundrel to prey upon the community simply because the time of
-confinement deemed right by the lawmakers and by the court has expired.
-
-The men who make application for the privilege of parole are carefully
-studied. That some mistakes have been made is readily admitted. With
-larger experience these errors may largely be eliminated. The work is a
-growth and the efficient officers who are giving careful study to the
-practical workings of the matter are confident of higher results than
-they have hitherto attained.
-
-A purely economic side of the question was somewhat discussed in a
-recent report of the Pennsylvania Prison Society. The annual saving at
-that time by allowing the paroled prisoners to earn their own living
-instead of being maintained in institutions supported by the State was
-estimated last year at about $50,000. The cost of the parole management
-for the same time did not exceed $8,000.
-
-There may come a time when the sentence imposed by the court will be
-wholly indeterminate. The judge may impose a sentence of one year,
-with the additional restriction that he is not to be discharged until
-penological experts shall have pronounced him ready for citizenship.
-
-
-
-
-ENGLISH PRISONS
-
-
-[Reprinted from Boston Transcript of December 5, 1913]
-
-There has been a steady decline in the prison population in England and
-Wales in the last ten years. During the year which ended on March 31
-last there were fewer commitments in those parts of Great Britain than
-in any previous year covered by statistical records. According to the
-deductions made by the editor of The Lancet from the annual reports of
-the Commissioners of Prisons and Directors of Convict Prisons, this
-condition of affairs is to be attributed to several causes: The present
-higher standard of conduct, a more humane tendency in society, general
-prosperity, and a wider choice of alternative penalties.
-
-“In any moral inquisition,” says the editor, “such as is generally
-regarded as one of the most important functions of statistical inquiry
-in the modern state, it is natural that a special degree of interest
-should attach to the statistics of criminality. These statistics
-seem at first sight to offer a direct and positive measure of the
-moral health of the community: and the assumption that they have this
-significance is in fact so commonly made by popular opinion that any
-considerable oscillation in their movement is usually interpreted
-without further question as an index of a corresponding change in
-public morals.
-
-“In connection with criminality, however, there is even more need than
-in the case of other social phenomena to bear in mind the proverbial
-limitations of statistical evidence, especially when drawn from a
-limited area or when they refer wholly to some single one among the
-many aspects of this complex question.
-
-“It may be useful to recall these qualifying considerations in judging
-of the real significance of the remarkable decline in the prison
-population, to which attention is specially drawn in the latest annual
-report of the Commissioners of Prisons and Directors of Prisons. From
-that report it appears that during the year ended March 31, 1913, the
-number of commitments to prison in England and Wales was lower than
-in any year of which there is statistical record. Moreover, as the
-commissioners show by a comparative table giving the numbers of the
-prison population over a series of years, this shrinkage is not due
-to any sudden and exceptional causes operative within the last twelve
-months, but is, on the contrary, a continuation of a downward movement
-which has been evident throughout the last decade.
-
-“Obviously, this steady diminution in the number of persons sent to
-jail is in itself an extremely gratifying fact, and it would, of
-course, be still more satisfactory if we could infer from it that the
-moral tone of the community has been improving in anything like the
-same measure.
-
-“There are, fortunately, good reasons for thinking that in many
-respects the standard of conduct prevalent nowadays is very probably
-higher than it was even in the memory of the present generation, and
-we may perhaps in an indirect way find support for this view in the
-falling numbers of the prison population, in the sense that this
-phenomena is doubtless evidence of a humaner tendency in society, of a
-more careful discrimination in its way of dealing with those who fail
-to conform to its laws.
-
-“To go further, and to assume that these statistics are proof of a
-real decrease in delinquency, is, however, a very different matter,
-and is much more than the evidence will warrant. The statistics of
-imprisonment, it must be remembered, are peculiarly misleading.
-
-“To a greater extent even than is the case with other statistics of
-criminality, the oscillations in the numbers of the prison population
-are affected by fluctuations in economic conditions; for the rise
-or fall in general prosperity influences not merely the number of
-offenses committed, but also the proportion of these offenses which
-will be compensated by the payment of fines. A year, therefore, of
-booming trade, such as last year was in so conspicuous a degree,
-will ordinarily be a year in which the forms of illegality that are
-numerically of most importance, such as crimes of acquisitiveness and
-parasite offences generally, will be fewest, and in which also the
-proportion of petty offenders who pay fines will be highest.
-
-“These two influences, both tending in the same direction, have
-probably been the most important factors in bringing about the decline
-in imprisonment. But their effect has certainly been helped by another
-tendency which the student of sociology will note with interest and
-approval--the tendency, that is to say, to be more sparing than
-formerly in the use of this particular mode of punishment. Public
-opinion has changed considerably within the last few years with regard
-to the value of imprisonment, more particularly in its application
-to certain categories of offenders, and in harmony with these newer
-and better views the law has provided a wider choice of alternative
-penalties.
-
-“As a consequence, some classes of offenders have already ceased to be
-sent to jail, and in the case of several other classes imprisonment
-is merely retained as a violent remedy to be tried only when milder
-and more appropriate methods have proved unsuccessful. The increasing
-use of the probation act and the establishment of Juvenile Courts
-under the children’s act may be specially instanced to illustrate this
-point; these changes in the law have operated powerfully to decrease
-the number of commitments to prison. And it may be presumed that if
-the provisions of the mental deficiency act are used as they ought to
-be in dealing with weak-minded delinquents and drunkards, there will
-be a further decrease in the population of our jails, in which these
-troublesome recidivists have hitherto bulked so largely.
-
-“In the main, then, we may take it that the diminution in the prison
-population, in so far as it is not accounted for by temporary
-variations in the economic factors of crime, is due to a changed
-public opinion which no longer regards the jail as a social panacea.
-Among the influences which have contributed to bring about this saner
-attitude, one of the most important has been the clearer perception of
-what should be the true function of imprisonment, a perception which
-necessarily leads to closer scrutiny of the conditions that determine
-the effective performance of that function; and on these points our
-knowledge has been considerably widened of recent years, thanks to
-the more scientific spirit which has been introduced into the penal
-administration of this country.
-
-“The record of Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise and his colleagues in this
-work of reform should therefore entitle them to speak authoritatively
-regarding the application of this method of treatment which they have
-done so much to render really corrective and reformatory. And they
-will certainly demand that the present abuse of imprisonment shall be
-amended, and that an end shall be made of the futile and pernicious
-system of repeated short sentences for petty offences.
-
-“How great is the extent of this evil may be gathered from the
-commissioners’ statement that of the prisoners received from the
-ordinary courts during last year no less than 121,126 or 80.6 per cent.
-of the total number committed were sentenced to terms of one month or
-under. These amazing figures are certainly sufficient proof that there
-is need of some statutory alteration of the existing laws to prevent
-the continuance of the useless and mischievous practice; and it is
-satisfactory to learn from the commissioners that there is a prospect
-of legislative action on the matter in the near future.”
-
-
-
-
-EVENTS IN BRIEF
-
-
-[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of
-general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the
-delinquent.]
-
-_A Correction._--The _Delinquent_ is convinced that after all there is
-a “printer’s devil” in every office. For in the January _Delinquent_
-there appeared directly following our notice of Miss Davis’s
-well-deserved appointment to the commissionership of correction in New
-York, a little joke, running about eight lines in length and serving
-the printer simply as “filler” on the last page. Unfortunately the dash
-that should have separated the two items was omitted. However, we know
-that Miss Davis will forgive us, and, after all, we have had to find
-fault very seldom with our printer, who from the beginning has given us
-a very low rate and good service.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_For a National Prison Commission._--Rev. Samuel G. Smith, of St.
-Paul, president of the American Prison Association, has announced
-the members of the committee authorized by the Association at its
-last annual session in Indianapolis to wait upon President Wilson and
-Attorney-General McReynolds in an effort to have the Federal Government
-establish a national prison commission.
-
-The members of the commission are Professor Charles R. Henderson,
-of the University of Chicago, and United States Commissioner on
-the International Prison Commission; Frank L. Randall, chairman,
-Massachusetts Prison Commission; Henry Wolfer, warden of the State
-Prison at Stillwater, Minn.; W. H. Moyer, warden of the Federal prison
-at Atlanta, and Joseph P. Byers, secretary of the Association and
-Commissioner of Charities and Corrections of New Jersey.
-
-The Association in adopting the resolution for the naming of the
-committee thought that a national prison commission would be of great
-service to the Federal and all the State governments. It is part of the
-scheme to establish a school for the training of prison officials.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Payments to Prisoners._--Dependents of prisoners now serving in the
-Ohio penitentiary received in January the first payments of money
-earned by the inmates of the State prison. Under the prison pay system,
-only those who are employed each day and whose deportment record is
-good receive any compensation for their labors. Men occupied at trades
-are paid the highest.
-
-The prison pay system was installed at the penitentiary in the latter
-part of September, and under its ruling no prisoner can earn more
-than $2.20 each week. The highest amount sent out Thursday by the
-penitentiary chief clerk amounted to $30. This sum went to a woman
-whose husband is serving a long sentence. The woman has three children
-which she is supporting by being employed as a domestic.
-
-A total of $774.72 was mailed out from the prison Thursday, and Friday
-an additional $867.15 was sent out.
-
-In Oregon four wives whose husbands are serving time on the rockpile,
-following convictions of non-support of their families, collected
-$126.25 from the county for their husband’s work during December. The
-law provides that the county shall allow the wife $1 and each child
-up to three 25 cents a day for the convict’s labors. During December
-two wives received an allowance of $1 a day each, and two received the
-maximum allowance of $1.75 a day. Three of those serving the county for
-non-support and whose families were reimbursed by the county are in for
-six months and the fourth is serving a year.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Booher-Hughes Bill in Congress._--“The development of convict
-road work in practically every State of the union will be the natural
-outcome of the passage of the Booher-Hughes bill, now pending before
-Congress,” says L. H. Speare, president of the Massachusetts Automobile
-State Association.
-
-“The bill, which will limit interstate commerce in convict-made goods
-by subjecting such goods to the laws of the State into which they come,
-will strike a fatal blow at the contract system. Under this pernicious
-system great quantities of prison-made goods are annually thrown on the
-open market, and because of the cheapness of their manufacture are sold
-at prices far below those at which similar goods manufactured under
-fair conditions can be sold. A cutting of the selling-price of goods
-manufactured in free factories and a consequent lowering of the wage
-paid free workingmen is the consequence.
-
-“Against this unfair competition organized labor has waged unceasing
-warfare, striving to overcome it by limiting the output of the
-prisons. Laws requiring the branding of convict-made goods and also
-a license for their sale have been written on the statute books of
-New York and a dozen other States. These laws, when tested by the
-courts, have invariably been held unconstitutional on the ground
-that they interfered with interstate commerce. The Booher-Hughes bill
-has therefore been introduced into Congress and is supported by the
-American Federation of Labor and the national committee on prison
-labor. This bill is modelled after the Wilson liquor law, which
-restricts interstate commerce in spirituous liquors, and it is hoped
-in the event of its passage that the State branding and licensing laws
-will be possible of enforcement.
-
-“New York City has long been the dumping ground for convict-made
-goods, and once it is possible to enforce the New York branding laws
-the profits to be derived from prison contracts will be reduced to
-a minimum. So great is the contractor’s fear of the effect of such
-legislation as the Booher-Hughes bill that many contracts contain the
-proviso that on its passage they shall immediately become null and void.
-
-“The destruction of the contract system would necessitate the building
-up of other systems for the employment of convicts. In the constructive
-programme which will be worked out in each of the States, road work,
-endorsed as it is by the national committee on prison labor and other
-agencies for prison reform, would play a large part. The passage of the
-Booher-Hughes convict labor bill is therefore of definite importance
-to all interested in the movement for placing convicts on the public
-roads.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Federal Prison Superintendent Appointed._--Francis H. Duehay, of
-Washington, has been appointed superintendent of prisons by the
-Attorney-General, displacing Robert V. La Dow, who has held that post
-through several administrations during the past eight or ten years. Mr.
-La Dow becomes assistant superintendent of prisons.
-
-In appointing a new man to this office and displacing Mr. La Dow,
-Attorney-General McReynolds gave as his reason the desire to have a
-man of his own selection at the head of prison affairs. He found no
-fault with the administration of Mr. La Dow, and indicated that his
-appreciation of his work was shown by the retention of Mr. La Dow’s
-services and experience in the subordinate position.
-
-The Attorney-General has displayed considerable anxiety to bring
-about better conditions in the administration of prisons. He has made
-it known that he is working on a plan for adequate inspection and
-improvement in the parole system. He considers the care of Federal
-prisoners as one of the important duties placed in his charge, and has
-expressed his desire that the best conditions possible shall prevail.
-
-The problem of what employment to provide for prisoners is one that
-is giving the Attorney-General deep concern. With the objection to
-competition between prison-made goods and the products of free labor
-in mind, he is weighing the possibilities of providing occupation not
-subject to such objection. The necessity of finding some employment
-to fill in the life of the man in prison he appears thoroughly to
-subscribe to. (Washington Star, Jan. 25.)
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Record of “Camp Hope,” Illinois._--In September, 1913, Warden E.
-M. Allen established a camp at Dixon, Ill., the road workers being
-State prisoners.
-
-Of the sixty-five men who have been at the camp in the last four or
-five months, Harry West, who is now clerk of the camp and has ten
-months yet to serve, said:
-
-“The boys are all on the square yet and there isn’t a man who hasn’t
-kept his word of honor with the warden given at Joliet before we
-started for camp.”
-
-The men have worked eight hours every day since they started on road
-building, except Saturday afternoon, Sundays and holidays. The work
-accomplished has been highly satisfactory to the local commissioners
-and the people.
-
-Fifteen of the original party of forty-five men have been released by
-pardon or otherwise. One convict was returned to Joliet because of his
-failure to make good.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Another Step in the Honor System._--Warden Tynan, of Colorado,
-who has been a prominent user of the honor system, plans now a
-six-acre baseball and athletic field, built for and by convicts,
-with accommodations for the general public as well as convicts as
-spectators, to be opened this spring.
-
-“To build up a man mentally and morally,” said Tynan in announcing
-the innovation, “I know from experience you have to build him up
-physically.”
-
-The ballplayers and athletes who are to be allowed to use the field are
-those who cannot be trusted to work in the road gangs, at the prison
-ranches, or to join the fishing parties the warden allows his honor men.
-
-Permission to use the field must be earned by good conduct, which will
-be marked by the presentation of an honor button. The button admits the
-bearer to the field or to the grandstand.
-
-The public will be admitted through one gate and the convict-spectators
-through another. Provision will be made to prevent breaks for liberty.
-
-After the baseball season closes, a football team will use the field,
-and a basketball season will follow.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The “Movies” and Portland Prison._--A London (Eng.) dispatch to
-the Washington (D. C.) Post on January 16 states that the English
-Government has, in the opinion of most observers, gone to ridiculous
-lengths in its opposition to certain moving picture films, showing a
-thrilling escape from Portland prison. “The film has been banned by the
-Home Office after the board had passed it. The company producing the
-film, which is called ‘Five Hundred Pounds Reward,’ has been curtly
-informed that it must not be shown publicly. The pictures were taken in
-a private quarry at Portland.
-
-“It is a well-known fact that no convict ever has escaped from
-Portland, but, in spite of this, the Home Office has threatened to
-confiscate the entire film, which has cost a good deal to produce,
-unless the greater portion of it is cut out.
-
-“It is stated at the office of the British board of film censors that
-all houses, other than government property, in the neighborhood of
-Portland prison and quarries are to be cleared away, and the wall
-surrounding the quarries to be raised twenty feet, the authorities
-being apparently under the impression that the film was taken with the
-aid of a telephoto lens.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Shackles in Tennessee._--A Nashville newspaper states that, “as a
-result of revolting conditions said to have been found on the county
-roads in a tour of inspection, a majority of the members of the
-workhouse board has declared that use of shackles on prisoners must be
-abolished.
-
-“According to the statement of one of the members who inspected the
-camps, the use of shackles on human beings is barbarous, and the
-suffering and inconvenience caused the prisoners by being forced to
-wear the irons could only be realized by seeing a prisoner who wore
-chains which reached from knee to ankle and a cross chain connecting
-each leg.
-
-“Squire Allen, in speaking of the conditions which he found to be
-caused from the use of shackles, said that several of the prisoners’
-legs were almost decayed under the clamps which held the chains. Squire
-Allen said that especially in the cases of long-term men--those who
-were sent up for eleven months and twenty-nine days--the wearing of
-the chains was a horrible thing to think about. He said abolishing
-the custom of wearing the irons would be a great reform in the modern
-method of caring for the county prisoners.
-
-“The shackles are riveted on the legs of the prisoners the day they are
-received at the camps, and the irons are never removed for any purpose
-until the day the prisoner is given his liberty. The prisoner is forced
-to sleep in the chains, it is said, and it is impossible to remove the
-shackles without the aid of a skillful blacksmith.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Moyamensing Prison Investigation._--Philadelphia’s old prison is
-now being investigated. The January grand jury made, among other
-statements, the following:
-
-“No bond of humane feeling existed between the keepers and the
-prisoners.
-
-“The closets in the cells are foul-smelling, germ-breeding holes of
-sickness.
-
-“The old straw mattresses upon which the prisoners sleep are really
-filled with vermin.
-
-“The conditions of the cells of the untried prisoners are worse than
-the cells of those serving a sentence.
-
-“He deserves all he gets, let him have it, is apparently the motto at
-Moyamensing.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Missouri State Prison._--“The Missouri penitentiary at Jefferson
-City is twenty-five years behind the times. It is a source of shame to
-all Missourians.” That is the substance of a statement on the Missouri
-penitentiary by Dr. C. A. Ellwood, professor of sociology in the
-University of Missouri.
-
-Dr. Ellwood says the blame does not rest on individuals so much as the
-system. For fifteen years he has been working to secure an industrial
-reformatory for the State. He also thinks the “contract system” is a
-great force for evil. It makes easier the smuggling of opium, the worst
-curse of a prison. Seventy per cent. of the long term prisoners are
-slaves of the drug, according to a former warden.
-
-Professor Ellwood blames the present and former officials for thinking
-every attack on the system was a personal attack. They resist and make
-impossible every effort which is made to ascertain the real state of
-affairs. This is in contrast with the Kansas officials, where the
-conditions in the penitentiary are just as bad. There the warden and
-his helpers are doing all they can to reform the prison system and
-conditions.
-
-Dr. Ellwood points out that the general knowledge of these conditions
-has done much to defeat the whole aim of criminal law in Missouri.
-Judges and juries are inclined to show undue leniency toward accused
-and convicted persons. They hesitate to send them into such a place.
-
-Yet with this general knowledge, it is hard to arouse the people of the
-State to action because the institution turns thousands of dollars into
-the State treasury every year. The only large opposition has come from
-labor unions. Several years ago a law was passed abolishing the convict
-labor system. It was never enforced and in the last legislature it was
-virtually repealed. The authorities were authorized to renew contracts
-for labor at 75 cents a day for each prisoner.
-
-Thus the system was continued which made it possible to continue
-the traffic in drugs. Also they continue to punish individuals for
-crimes for which the system is responsible. With more than a hundred
-contractors’ agents within the walls, it is clearly impossible to stop
-the smuggling.
-
-The existence of contract labor is not the most serious fault,
-according to Dr. Ellwood. In the Missouri penitentiary, first offenders
-and hardened criminals intermingle. No school exists in the prison.
-Punishment, not reformation, is its dominant note. Several of the
-cell-houses are antiquated in their arrangements.
-
-A warden once said he never knew a man who was benefited by his
-confinement there. A penitentiary physician told Dr. Ellwood there was
-as much dissipation within as outside the walls. The only separation of
-prisoners is for punishment.
-
-A full and thorough investigation of conditions is the remedy. An
-industrial reformatory is a necessity. These are the two things which
-should be done at once by Missouri, says Prof. Ellwood.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_A New Prison for Kansas._--According to the Kansas City Star,
-the commission to investigate and suggest plans for a new Kansas
-Penitentiary at Lansing is to go to work at once.
-
-The commission is to visit all of the new prisons in the country and
-study the plans worked out in those institutions for the humane,
-sanitary and convenient housing of the prisoners. The State architect
-is to accompany the commission to gather ideas for the rebuilding.
-
-The first proposition the commission must decide is whether or not it
-will rebuild the prison on its present site or build on a new site
-adjacent to the prison walls. If that is done it will be a complete
-new prison as far as housing conditions are concerned and the present
-prison will be used entirely as a workshop. If it is decided that the
-new prison should be built on the present site then the commission must
-first decide what is the most pressing need and urge the legislature
-to provide for the most urgent building at once.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Progress in Nebraska._--According to the Lincoln (Neb.) Journal, “one
-year ago Warden Fenton took up his duties at the Nebraska penitentiary.
-During the year he has organized the work at the prison in many ways.
-The honor system has been used among the convicts both in and out
-of the prison. At some times fifty men have been working in various
-parts of Lancaster county, unattended by guards and making no effort
-to escape. Not one prisoner has escaped from the penitentiary itself
-during the year. Baron von Werner was one man who broke his word to
-the prison authorities and since he was recaptured at Woodstock, Ill.,
-has been deprived of the privileges which he previously enjoyed. He
-had been taken to the home of Chaplain Johnson at Tecumseh for a
-visit and escaped from that town. Warden Fenton is pleased with the
-spirit of co-operation which exists between the prison officials and
-the convicts. He says that most of the prisoners are assisting in
-maintaining order and that they realize that every effort to help
-them is being made. The suppression of the dope traffic is one of the
-reforms which Warden Fenton feels has been the most important act of
-his administration.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Commissioner Randall on the Training of Judges._--At the Twentieth
-Century Club in Boston recently, Commissioner Randall urged that the
-great law institutions should have special courses in penology. “The
-law students of to-day become your district attorneys and judges of
-tomorrow. They should have some knowledge of the science which treats
-on public punishments in respect to the public and the sufferer.
-
-“Most lawyers,” he added, “know little or nothing of penology. There
-are 100,000 persons in prison today for felony. More than 12,000
-defectives are freed each year who cannot care for themselves. Thus we
-have an army of defence (meaning soldiers) and an army of offence of
-about equal numbers.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_A Sad Commentary on Prison Labor._--Pieces of wood from almost every
-interesting spot in history, and from practically all of the countries
-of the globe, are contained in a table constructed by John H. Abraham,
-of Percy, while he was a prisoner in the Western Penitentiary.
-
-The table consists of 25,497 pieces and is 56 inches in diameter. In
-the center is a star representing King Solomon, from which radiate
-1,000 pieces of wood, representing his wives. Six Masonic emblems also
-surround the center panel; in another panel is an exact copy of the
-log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born, the wood used having been
-taken from the original cabin in Kentucky. Surrounding the Masonic
-emblems are 48 stars to represent the number of States in the Union.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_A Prison Car for Montreal._--The _Delinquent_ has from time to time
-published accounts of the indignities heaped upon prisoners by public
-transportation in handcuffs or chains in this country. Some European
-countries spare prisoners this humiliation, which is no part of a
-prison sentence.
-
-Now we learn that the Montreal street railway has recently completed
-for the Province of Quebec a 54-passenger car for transportation of
-prisoners twice a day between Montreal and the new prison at Bordeaux,
-7 miles distant.
-
-According to the Electric Railway Journal the car is divided into two
-compartments for the purpose of separating convicted from accused
-persons. The front platform is provided with a cab for the motorman,
-while the rear platform is arranged as a compartment for the prison
-officials who may be required to accompany the prisoners. The guard’s
-place is in front of this compartment on a seat which is elevated so as
-to give him a better view of the prisoners.
-
-The sides of the car are of sheet steel. The windows, of course, are
-placed above the line of vision. The car is run directly into the
-prison yard.
-
-The Montreal Tramways Company is the first in America to build a car
-of this kind. Prison cars have been built by the Great Berlin Street
-Railway. This method of conveying prisoners is cheaper than the use of
-the ordinary patrol wagons, and, furthermore, the inmates are saved a
-great deal of needless humiliation. “The adoption of the trolley-car
-service by the Montreal penal authorities is in harmony with the many
-humane features of the Bordeaux institution, which is a splendid
-example of a modern prison.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_What the New Ohio Penitentiary Will Be._--From the Louisville (Ky.)
-Herald we learn that “the new penitentiary of Ohio is going to be a
-great 1,600-acre farm, modeled after the Cooley farm at Warrensville,
-which is used by Cleveland instead of the orthodox workhouses of other
-cities.
-
-“In this new kind of penitentiary the prisoners will sleep in white
-iron beds--not in cells!
-
-“They will work outdoors without guard!
-
-“They will go to school to learn the interesting things they have never
-heard of!
-
-“They will be taught trades so when they leave they can earn an honest
-living out in the world!
-
-“They will get exercise, medical attention and the best of foods.
-
-“They will get the benefit of all the latest discoveries in scientific
-penology.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Good Doctrine._--The New Bedford Standard says that “no amount of
-kindly sympathy for prisoners can obliterate the truth that in too many
-instances they are in prison because they would not heed their own
-moral responsibilities. They are to be pitied, certainly, and helped,
-of course. But all the pity and all the help will be ineffectual unless
-it leads up to a practical recognition of the truth that to be truly
-free, they must strike the blow themselves.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Women of the Civic Federation and Prison Reform._--The American
-Clubwoman comments upon the growing activity of club women in
-prison reform, a subject in which women always have been especially
-interested. It says:
-
-“Prison reform is occupying the attention of several large
-organizations of women. The women’s department of the National Civic
-Federation, Miss Maude Wetmore, national chairman, will make this one
-of its most important topics during the coming year. This powerful
-organization will not only act as a clearing house to classify and
-prevent duplication of effort, but it will also embrace county
-almshouses and city jails in the scope of its constructive work.
-
-“At its last biennial meeting the General Federation of Women’s Clubs
-adopted resolutions protesting against the contract and convict lease
-system of exploiting the labor of prisoners for the benefit of private
-contractors. It endorsed the plan of paying the prisoner wages that he
-might contribute to the support of his family and have a little fund to
-start life anew when restored to freedom.
-
-“The women of the National Civic Federation also take this advanced
-stand, but the first prison work that women find at hand is the
-investigation of actual conditions in penal institutions. If political
-graft is eliminated from prison management, many reforms may at once be
-carried into effect.
-
-“Good sanitary conditions should be imperative in every public
-institution. Already it is found that Federal prisons, being
-practically free from graft, are the best from a hygienic point of
-view. County almshouses and jails nearly always reveal ghastly abuses.
-The reason is not far to seek. The latter class of institutions are at
-the mercy of the lowest type of political manipulators.
-
-“The moment women begin to investigate, reforms are forthcoming.
-Already the women of the Civic Federation have immensely improved the
-deplorable state of the jail of the District of Columbia. An awful
-condition of affairs had existed there for years, right under the eye
-of the legislators of the Nation. They simply did not take the trouble
-to acquaint themselves with the facts. That, as usual, was left for the
-women to do.
-
-“In a score of States club women have succeeded in improving conditions
-of prisons and in some cases they have secured the appointment of
-women on the visiting boards of prisons and reformatories.
-
-“With the intelligent women of the Nation working together we may
-expect to see great advances in prison management in the next two years.
-
-“This is not sentimentalism. It is good, practical logic. It is
-literally an economy to reform our prisoners and send them back to
-freedom as useful citizens.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Charge Against the Atlanta Federal Prison._--Grave charges have
-been, in recent months, brought against the United States Federal
-Penitentiary at Atlanta by Julian Hawthorne, who was released in
-October, 1913. The Washington (D. C.) Herald of January 22d, 1914,
-prints the following:
-
-  The report of Dr. A. J. McKelway, special agent of the Department of
-  Justice, who investigated the charges against the administration of
-  the Federal prison at Atlanta gathered by Representative W. Schley
-  Howard, of Georgia, and submitted to Attorney General McReynolds,
-  exonerates Warden Moyer and his subordinates and concludes with the
-  declaration that a satisfactory condition exists at the penitentiary.
-
-  As far as the Attorney General is concerned the receipt of the report
-  from Dr. McKelway ends the situation created by the submission of the
-  Howard data. No change in the personnel of the present administration
-  of the affairs of the prison will be made. No change will be ordered
-  immediately in the management of the institution.
-
-  Mr. McKelway began his investigation soon after the publication of
-  the charges made by Julian Hawthorne. He was instructed to look into
-  these as well as other charges and statements that had been made from
-  time to time with regard to the prison. He was in the midst of this
-  investigation when the Howard data was submitted to the department.
-  Summaries of the charges included in this data were forwarded to him
-  by the Attorney General with instructions that they be inquired into
-  carefully.
-
-  The Attorney General did not think it wise to give publicity to the
-  entire report for the reason that many sections of it contained
-  information which he thought should be withheld in the interest of
-  the efficient administration of the prison.
-
-  Dr. McKelway, Mr. McReynolds said, had made an extended series of
-  observations upon the treatment of the prisoners in the penitentiary.
-  He had examined the food served them; had sought to inform himself
-  upon whether they are treated humanely, and whether the guards and
-  prisoners have been subjected to a system of favoritism as had been
-  charged. Efforts had been made to ascertain if the business affairs
-  of the prison were administered by the authorities conscientiously
-  and honestly.
-
-  The investigator finally was convinced that Warden Moyer’s
-  administration should be praised instead of blamed. He believes the
-  prison is operated in a manner creditable to the government.
-
-Subsequently Representative Howard expressed himself as satisfied with
-the results of Dr. McKelway’s investigation.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_A Deadly Battle at the Oklahoma Penitentiary._--On January 19, seven
-men were shot to death and three persons wounded when three convicts
-attempted to escape from the State penitentiary of Oklahoma and were
-slain by guards.
-
-No general attempt was made by other convicts to join in the delivery,
-but the three mutineers were encouraged by their less desperate
-followers who cheered the onslaught of the armed prisoners.
-
-Before the escaping convicts fell, however, they had killed four men, a
-guard, a deputy warden, the superintendent of the Bertillon department
-and a visitor, who was formerly a member of Congress and a judge. No
-more desperate break for liberty has ever occurred in an American
-place of confinement, says the Washington (D. C.) Star. How the men
-obtained the weapons with which they were enabled to fight their way
-to the doors and to brief liberty is a mystery, but obviously they
-were smuggled to them by friends. All three of these were “bad” men,
-but only one of them was serving a long sentence. One had two years to
-serve in all and one five years, the third man having been sentenced
-for forty years for manslaughter, probably covering the remainder of
-his life. Doubtless they thought that they could get away, although,
-of course, the chances were heavily against them. Even if they had
-distanced their immediate pursuers they would have been trailed without
-mercy after having taken life so recklessly in their escape.
-
-Such tragedies give pause to the tendency toward a more lenient
-system of punishments, and may discourage those who believe in paroles
-and probations rather than imprisonments. “Men of the type who broke
-from the McAlester prison seem to be absolutely incorrigible. One of
-them, he who was serving the shortest term, had a long record of law
-violations and punishments. Under an habitual criminal’s act he would
-probably have been sentenced for his last offense to a very long term,
-but, of course, this would not have altered his disposition. There
-would still have remained the desire to escape and the willingness
-to kill if necessary to accomplish that end. The shocking slaughter
-points plainly to the necessity of a more rigid watchfulness over the
-desperadoes confined in prison to prevent them from obtaining weapons
-and using them.”
-
-The St. Louis Republic observes that, “to make the better ways of
-prison discipline effective a man is needed in whom are combined
-enthusiasm, sympathy, firmness and knowledge. It happens that the
-Oklahoma penitentiary at this time is the storm center of a political
-quarrel, and the real lesson of the riot and murders is not one of
-reaction, but merely that partisan politics does not lead to the
-discovery of such men.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Responsibility of the Church._--Dr. Frank Moore, superintendent of
-the New Jersey State Reformatory at Rahway, and a clergyman himself, in
-an address before the Y. M. C. A. at Atlantic City declared “crime is
-on the increase in America, and the churches and the ministers are in a
-large measure to blame because they do not get the boys and the men who
-are unfortunate before they are gotten by the police and hauled into
-court and consigned to the reformatories or prisons.” Dr. Moore said
-that in 1910 statistics showed there were 125 arrests in the United
-States for every 100,000 of population. In New Jersey alone there were
-53,000 arrests for crime, exclusive of 9,700 arrests for drunkenness.
-In 12 counties in New Jersey there were 44 murders.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_Socrates on Missouri Prisons._--Here is something in the St. Louis
-Post-Dispatch which is trying to reform prison conditions in Missouri:
-
-Socrates: Very well. Now this is enough of that light topic. What about
-the Missouri prison?
-
-Thrasymachus: We hoped to talk to you about that.
-
-Socrates: Good! It is becoming so easy to get into prison these days
-that one should have some concern for what may become at any time his
-own future state.
-
-Glaucon: Certainly.
-
-Socrates: You will recall how unexpectedly Julian Hawthorne got into
-prison, and how he became interested in prison then for the first time.
-
-Glaucon: Yes.
-
-Socrates: Indeed, none of us has much concern for how other people are
-treated in prison.
-
-Glaucon: It seems not.
-
-Socrates: The thing to do, then, is always to view a penitentiary in
-the humane light of what we would ourselves require if we got into it.
-
-Glaucon: Certainly.
-
-Socrates: Very well. Viewing it, then, in the humane light of what we
-would require for ourselves if we got into it, the average prison is
-unworthy of our present-day civilization.
-
-Thrasymachus: Absolutely.
-
-Socrates: The Missouri prison is so bad that one must question the
-advisability of living in Missouri and running the usual risk of prison
-at all.
-
-Glaucon: Undoubtedly.
-
-Socrates: Probably that is what is the matter with Missouri.
-
-Glaucon: As like as not.
-
-Socrates: Other things being equal, people would rather live in some
-State where the prison facilities are more up-to-date.
-
-Thrasymachus: Of course they would.
-
-Socrates: Good, Thrasymachus! Now let us get up in the stand and see if
-we can’t help our own courage to do some of the things that ought to be
-done.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Construction of a Death House._--The State of Pennsylvania is
-building, at the new Central Prison at Bellefonte, a separate building
-for the housing of condemned prisoners and for executions. In view of
-a movement in a number of States to segregate similarly the condemned
-men, the following detailed description is timely:
-
-The death house, where is to be placed the first electric chair in
-Pennsylvania for the execution of criminals since the passage of the
-law providing for the substitution of electrocution for hanging, is to
-be a long two-story building, 136 feet in length by 29 feet 4 inches
-wide. A cellar under the central portion will contain the heating
-apparatus, and on the first floor will be the gasoline engine for
-generating the electric current.
-
-But it is on the second story of the severely plain structure of
-reinforced concrete and of simple Renaissance type that interest
-centers, for here are the cells for the condemned prisoners, rooms for
-visitors and the sinister death chamber and post mortem room.
-
-The arrangement is on the corridor plan. To the right, and occupying
-nearly half the floor space, are the cell room and cells, six of the
-latter, 7 by 9 feet in size, being arranged in a row at the back of the
-building facing on a well-lighted room and separated from the rear wall
-by what is known as a “pipe corridor.” At the end of the row is a bath
-room, and beyond this a room for visitors, opening into the cell room
-through a gate protected by a grille.
-
-Beyond the visitors’ room is a room known as the “Lock,” access to
-which is had from the first floor by means of a curved stairway, and
-opening into a sort of antechamber to the cell room through a gateway
-and steel door. It may be said that all of the gates, grilles and metal
-doors in the building are to be of “tool-proof” steel.
-
-On the other side of the ante-chamber is the apparatus room, where the
-rheostats and other electrical devices will be placed and where the
-assistants of the chief electrician will be stationed during executions.
-
-Through a solid wood door, in contradistinction to the steel doors used
-elsewhere, entrance is given into the death chamber, which will be a
-spacious room, 26 by 29 feet, lighted by six windows, three on each
-side, all, of course, heavily barred. The door is near the front wall
-of the building, and that sinister piece of furniture, the death chair,
-is close to the door on the right. Behind and to the one side of it is
-the electrical wall cabinet, at which the electrician stands, watching
-the signals given by the physician in charge of the electrocution.
-Running nearly around the other three sides of the room are benches for
-the witnesses required by law.
-
-The last room on the floor, into which a door opens directly from the
-electrocution chamber, is the post mortem room, 19 by 26 feet 8 inches
-in size, and equipped with two operating tables, one of soapstone, the
-other covered with rubber.
-
-The execution chair will be constructed of solid oak, with a high
-back, from the top of which the head electrode, or cap, will project.
-Attached to one of the legs will be a connection for the other
-electrode which is strapped to the calf of the condemned person’s leg.
-Heavy straps will be attached to appropriate parts of the chair for
-securing the body, arms and legs of the criminal.
-
-The design and arrangement of the chair and of the electrical
-apparatus is practically the same as used in all of the States where
-electrocution is prescribed as the death penalty.
-
-The necessity for the erection of the death house as the first of
-the group of the new penitentiary buildings is evident when it is
-remembered that death by hanging is now abolished by law, and that
-at present no person condemned to death can be executed until the
-facilities for electrocution have been provided.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-_The Crucial Period._--A prisoner writes, in “Good Words,” as follows:
-“There is no other situation incident to mortal life more powerfully
-conducive to searching and even creative thought than is enforced
-sojourn in a great prison. This is true of every inmate in his degree;
-but in all prisons there are a number of prisoners who, in the outer
-world, had been accustomed to apply the energy of strong and able
-intellects to dealing with the problems of external life--chiefly,
-of course, such are concerned with wresting wealth and position from
-the world. When these men are suddenly removed from their activities
-and prevented from further use of their faculties on the lines they
-have been pursuing, a phenomenon of singular psychological interest
-takes place. The immense mental energy which the man has hitherto
-been applying to the management of material things, is suddenly and
-violently thrown back upon himself, and it generally creates there,
-at first, a condition of bewilderment and distress. In the majority
-of cases, however, this chaotic state will be of brief continuance: a
-reaction occurs, and the man now directs the force which had been used
-in the ordering and subjugation of concrete matters, to the region of
-the immaterial--that is, of thought. He begins for the first time--and
-he has time to spare--to investigate and dissect the causes of things;
-to determine what are the principles and objects of existence, and of
-his own part in it; to ask himself what is worth doing, and avoiding,
-and why; and to measure and weigh the scope and value of his personal
-abilities and resources. The result of such an investigation must
-be worth; and the benefit of it might be, and should be imparted to
-others, instead of remaining shut up in the man’s private breast.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC. of THE DELINQUENT.
-
-Published monthly at New York, N. Y., required by the Act of August
-24th, 1912.
-
-  NAME OF                         POST OFFICE ADDRESS
-  Editor, O. F. Lewis,            135 East 15th St., New York City.
-  Managing Editor, O. F Lewis,     “    “    “    “      “     “
-  Business Manager, O. F. Lewis,   “    “    “    “      “     “
-  Publisher, The National
-      Prisoners’ Aid Association,  “    “    “    “      “     “
-  Owners,     “     “
-          “       “       “        “    “    “    “      “     “
-
-There are no bondholders, mortgagees, or other security holders.
-
-  O. F. LEWIS, Editor and Business Manager.
-
-Sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th day of September, 1913.
-
-  CHARLES D. IMMEN, JR., Notary Public No. 2, New York County.
-  My Commission expires March 31, 1914.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:
-
-The one footnote has been moved to the end of its article and relabeled.
-
-Punctuation has been made consistent.
-
-Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in
-the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have
-been corrected.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2),
-February, 1914, by Various
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DELINQUENT, FEBRUARY 1914 ***
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