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diff --git a/old/54707-0.txt b/old/54707-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 365e801..0000000 --- a/old/54707-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4962 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Going Afoot, by Bayard Henderson Christy - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Going Afoot - A book on walking. - -Author: Bayard Henderson Christy - -Release Date: May 11, 2017 [EBook #54707] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOING AFOOT *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - -GOING AFOOT - - - - -[Illustration: EMBLEM OF THE LEAGUE OF WALKERS] - - - - - GOING AFOOT - - A Book on Walking - - BAYARD H. CHRISTY - - Published for - the League of Walkers - - BY - - ASSOCIATION PRESS - NEW YORK: 347 MADISON AVENUE - 1920 - - - - -ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - -Special acknowledgment is gladly made to the respective publishers for -permission to use the following copyrighted material: - -Quotations from the Journals of Henry D. Thoreau, copyright by Houghton, -Mifflin & Company; “Trees,” by Joyce Kilmer, copyright by George H. -Doran Company; “Uphill,” from “Poems,” by Christina Rossetti, copyright -by Little, Brown & Company, Publishers, Boston; “Overflow,” by John -Banister Tabb, copyright by Small, Maynard & Company; “The Lake Isle of -Innisfree,” by William Butler Yeats, copyright by The Macmillan Company. - -None of the above material should be reprinted without securing -permission. - - COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY - THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF - YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS - - To - GEORGE J. FISHER - AT WHOSE INSTANCE, AND WITH WHOSE - KINDLY AID, THESE PAGES WERE WRITTEN - - - - -CONTENTS - - - I. HOW TO WALK 1 - - Posture--Wearing Apparel--Equipment--Care of - Body and Equipment--Companions. - - II. WHEN TO WALK 39 - - At What Season--The Hours of the Day--Speed - and Distance--Stunt Walking--Championship - Walking--Competitive Walking. - - III. WHERE TO WALK 63 - - Choice of Surroundings--Nature of Country--The - Goal and the Road--Maps--Walking by Compass. - - IV. WALKING CLUBS IN AMERICA 79 - - The Appalachian Mountain Club--The Green Mountain - Club--Wanderlust of Philadelphia--Walking Clubs - of New York--Some Western Clubs--Association of - Mountaineering Clubs. - - V. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF WALKING CLUBS 103 - - The Activities of a Walking Club--Rules - for Hiking--A Club Constitution--Juvenile - Clubs--League of Walkers. - - BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 - - - - -HOW TO WALK - - -I have met with but one or two persons in the course of my life who -understood the art of Walking, that is, of taking walks,--who had a -genius, so to speak, for sauntering, which word is beautifully derived -“from idle people who roved about the country, in the Middle Ages, and -asked charity, under pretense of going _à la Sainte Terre_,” to the -Holy Land, till the children exclaimed, “There goes a Sainte-Terrer,” a -Saunterer, a Holy-Lander. They who never go to the Holy Land in their -walks, as they pretend, are indeed mere idlers and vagabonds; but they -who do go there are saunterers in the good sense, such as I mean. -Some, however, would derive the word from _sans terre_, without land -or a home, which, therefore, in the good sense, will mean, having no -particular home, but equally at home everywhere. For this is the secret -of successful sauntering. He who sits still in a house all the time may -be the greatest vagrant of all; but the saunterer, in the good sense, -is no more vagrant than the meandering river, which is all the while -sedulously seeking the shortest course to the sea. But I prefer the -first, which, indeed, is the most probable derivation. For every walk is -a sort of crusade, preached by some Peter the Hermit in us, to go forth -and reconquer this Holy Land from the hands of the Infidels. - - --Henry D. Thoreau, “Walking.” - - - - -I - -HOW TO WALK - - -Observe the vigorous man as he walks: the stride is long and free; the -feet come surely and firmly to the ground, without twist or jar, toes -pointed straight ahead; the pelvis, swaying easily, carries an erect -body; the arms swing in alternate rhythm with the legs; the head is borne -free over all; breathing is deep and long; the blood courses strongly. -Every member shares in the activity. - - -WEARING APPAREL - -It must be the pedestrian’s ideal, when he comes to consider the matters -of clothing and burden, in the least possible degree to interfere with -these full natural bodily motions: Clothing, while serving its purposes -of protection, must not bind nor rub; it may help to maintain, but it -may not disturb normal circulation. Burdens must be so imposed as to be -sustained with least effort, and to leave the limbs unincumbered. - -_Footgear_ is of first importance. If one is to walk comfortably, -pleasurably, effectively, the muscles of the feet must have free play; -there may be no cramping, straining, nor rubbing; no unnatural position. -In Japan the elegant people toddle along in rainy weather upon blocks of -wood which raise their dainty slippers above the mud; but your rickshaw -runner splashes through the street on soles as pliant as gloves. Shoes -and stockings serve but one purpose--that of protection. If roads were -smooth and clean, people who live in temperate climates would go -barefoot. - -When one walks long and hard, the blood-vessels are distended and the -feet increase appreciably in size. More than that, in the act of walking, -the forward part of the foot is constantly changing in shape: the toes -alternately spread and contract, bend and straighten. The whole supple -member is full of muscular activity. - -The pedestrian accordingly will not advisedly clothe his feet in cotton -stockings and close-fitting shoes, however well made. The consequences -of so doing would be rubbing and blisters, impaired circulation and -lameness. Nor will he put on canvas shoes, nor heelless shoes, nor -rubber-soled shoes, nor shoes with cleats across their soles, such as -football players wear. - -The best material for _stockings_ is wool, and for shoes, leather. The -preference for woolen stockings is not primarily because of warmth--even -in hottest weather they are preferable. It is because the material -is elastic and agreeable to the skin. In winter, warmth is an added -advantage; and, when one’s footgear is soaked through with water, there -is far less danger of taking cold in woolen stockings than in cotton. - -Stockings should be bulky and shoes roomy. The layer of knit wool between -foot and shoe leather is elastic; it gives the exercising foot free -play, cushions the weight of the body, and, by filling all the space, -prevents rubbing. The rough bulky stockings known as lumbermen’s socks -are excellent. If their coarseness is harsh to the skin, finer socks -(of cotton, if preferred) may be worn beneath. If the woolen stockings -available are light, wear two pairs together. Never wear a stocking so -small or so badly shrunken as to draw or constrain the toes. - -_Shoes_ should be roomy. They should when put on over heavy stockings -make snug fit about the heel and beneath the arch of the foot, but -the forward part should be soft and wide, to give the toes full play. -The “sporting” shoes of shops are to be let alone. The army shoes are -excellent, both of the Munson and of the Hermann lasts; they have been -carefully designed for just such service as the pedestrian requires, -and they are most successful. It has just been said that shoes should -be large; they should be considerably larger than the wearer’s ordinary -city shoes, both in length and in width. It is not sufficient to find a -shoe which is comfortable in the shop; the shoe may be wide enough, but -unless there be some allowance in length, one’s toes will, after ten -miles of hard walking, be squeezed till they are tender and blistered. -A man who ordinarily wears a 9 B, for example, should buy a 9½ D. There -should be as much allowance as that, at the least. A roomy shoe, its -looseness well filled (though not packed tight) with bulky, springy, -coarse wool, coarsely knit, is the very best foot covering. An additional -advantage should be mentioned: a tight shoe, retarding circulation, may -in extreme wintry weather increase unduly the danger of frosted feet. -Heavy stockings and roomy shoes are free of that defect. - -There are no water-tight shoes, except in shop windows; and, if -there were, they would at the end of a long walk, have become very -uncomfortable. - -A pair of army shoes should, with proper care, last, without resoling, -for 200 to 300 miles of walking--depending on the roughness of the way, -and whether one is “hard on his shoes.” If one is planning a longer -tour than this, he should provide two pairs of shoes, and wear them on -alternate days--a plan which, but for the added weight, would in any case -be preferable. - -Some men prefer to walk in knickerbockers, others in long trousers (see -below). Most of those who prefer long trousers wear shoes with _high -tops_, reaching to the middle of the calves, and covering and confining -the ends of the trouser legs. Again, bad conditions of footing--such as -deep snow, for instance, or bog land, or low dense growth--may render -high shoetops advantageous. Low shoes are not advisable under any -conditions. For the open road, shoes of ordinary height are best. They -should be laced, not buttoned. - -For certain kinds of service, shoes should be specially adapted. _Rubber -heels_ are excellent on macadam roads, but it should be borne in mind -that on hard wet surfaces rubber slips. The value of rubber heels is -greatest when walking through level, well-settled regions. When they are -worn, it is well to carry an extra pair. - -_Hobnails_ are to be used only when necessary. Any attachment to, -and particularly any excrescence from, the sole of the shoe, is -disadvantageous. Iron hobs add appreciably to the weight; and they -tend to localize a pressure which should be evenly distributed over -the whole sole. For walking in level or in moderately hilly regions, -for such simpler mountaineering as consists in traversing highways and -mounting wooded slopes, one does not require hobnails; the soles of his -shoes should be of plain leather. One should let alone the rubber hobs -and inlays, the small scattered spikes, such as he sees attractively -displayed as part of the golfer’s outfit. To the pedestrian these things -are not worth the fancy prices asked; indeed, they are worth nothing to -him. Hobnails, then, must justify themselves in advantages which outweigh -their disadvantages; this they do in difficult mountaineering. Worse -than useless on the level, they become in the high mountains practically -a necessity. For climbing steep slopes, the rock faces and the dense -short turf of mountain tops, for scaling precipices of “rotten” rock, -for traversing snowfields and icy ledges, one needs to be “rough shod.” -In the Alps the soles of the mountaineers’ shoes are studded all about -their rims with _flügelnägel_--great square-headed hobs of iron, with -“wings” overlying the edges of the soles. Soft iron proves to be the very -best material to give purchase on rock surfaces, whether wet or dry, and -on ice and snow, too, it is best. These _flügelnägel_, known as “edging -nails,” and round hobs for the middle of the sole, called “Swedish -hobnails,” may be had in this country from dealers in sportsmen’s goods. - -For mounting icy slopes, steel spikes in leather carriers, called -_crampons_, are secured to the feet over one’s shoes. These, it is -believed, are not now procurable in this country. - -For snowshoeing a soft-soled shoe is preferable. Deerskin moccasins are -not serviceable for, unless protected by some outer covering, they soon -become water-soaked, and then they are worse than useless. Shoepacks -are good, and “Barker” shoes better. Barker shoes are made with vamp of -rubber and upper of leather. On this subject, see “The Snowshoe Manual,” -compiled by the Snowshoe Section of the Appalachian Mountain Club. - -Special footwear is provided for other particular pursuits: The duck -hunter on the tide-water procures hip-boots of rubber; the ski-runner -wears shoes of special design, and so does the skater. But here we are in -realms of sports other than walking. - -Footgear, then, must be comfortable, durable, adequate. - -Sufferers from weak or falling arches will wisely modify these -suggestions, according to the advice of a reliable orthopedist. Indeed -it is well for any one who goes seriously about walking to have his feet -examined by a competent adviser, that he may guard against latent defects -and prevent difficulty. - -_Clothing_ should afford necessary protection; should be light in -weight, should be loose, and should be so planned that, as one grows -warm in walking, the superfluous may be taken off. It is best that the -temperature of the body be kept as nearly even as possible, and there -is danger of chill, if one stands in cold wind--as on a mountain top, -for instance--while his underclothing is saturated with perspiration. -Ordinarily one’s clothing will (besides shoes and stockings) include -underwear, shirt, trousers, coat, and hat. - -In summer, _underwear_ has no value for warmth; it should be of cotton, -sleeveless, and cut short at the knees. If, however, one is walking in -the mountains, or at a cooler season, he will do well to carry with him a -flannel undershirt, to wear at the end of the day, when resting. In cool -weather light woolen underwear covering both arms and legs is best--and -when the thermometer falls low or one is to endure unusual exposure, -the underwear should be heavier. Some pedestrians will leave cotton -underwear out of account altogether, wearing, by preference, light wool, -and, on a very hot day, none. - -The _shirt_ should be of flannel, light or heavy, according to season. In -milder weather, cotton shirts, such as the khaki-colored ones worn in the -army and procurable at army supply stores, are good. On a summer walking -tour it is well to provide one’s self with one cotton shirt and one of -flannel. The collarband should be large; collar and cuffs should be of -one piece with the shirt. - -In the matter of _trousers_, one man will prefer long ones; another, -short. - -_Knickerbockers_, for summer wear, should be of khaki (or of one of the -various close-woven cotton fabrics which pass under that name; a material -called “cold stream duck” is good), or of jean; for winter, they may be -of corduroy or of woolen goods. The army breeches, narrowed at the knee, -and laced close to the calf of the leg, are riding breeches, really; -and, while fairly good, they are not of best design for walking, since -they restrain somewhat free movement of the knee. Knickerbockers should -be full at the knee, and should end in a band to buckle about the leg -immediately below the knee joint. Such walking breeches may be had of -dealers in sportsmen’s goods. - -_Leggings._ If knickerbockers are worn, the calf of the leg should be -properly covered. In spite of such disadvantages as those incident to -travel on dusty roads and over burr-grown land, long stockings secured -at the knee are best for summer wear, without more. Spiral puttees are -good in cool weather; in summer they are uncomfortably hot, and even -when carefully put on, are somewhat confining. They have one notable -advantage: when used in deep snow they prevent, as no other leggings -can, melting snow from running down the legs and into the shoes. -For ordinary service the canvas puttees worn in the army are better -than the spirals--indeed these canvas puttees are on the whole more -satisfactory to the pedestrian than any other covering applied over -shoes and stockings. Leather puttees are unnecessarily heavy, and their -imperviousness is an actual disadvantage. It is only when traveling -through dense undergrowth and briars that leather puttees are really -serviceable--and that sort of wear is very hard on the puttees. High -shoetops, too, become under such conditions useful, as has already been -noted. - -In wearing breeches laced about the calf, and in wearing spiral puttees, -care should be taken that they do not bind. Many of our soldiers in the -recent war suffered from varicose veins, and this was attributed in part -to the emergency, that many men unused to physical labor had to carry -heavy knapsacks. But it was attributed in part, too, to binding too -tightly the muscles of the legs. - -For one special service heavy leg covering is desired: To the hunter -traversing the swamps and palmetto-grown plains of Florida, there is -some danger of snake bites. Ordinarily, apprehensions about snakes are -to be laughed at. The feet, ankles, and legs to a point two or three -inches above the knees, should be protected. This protection may be -effective either by being impenetrable, or by being bulky and thick, -or by virtue of both these characteristics. One expedient, now on the -market, consists of leggings having an interlining of wire gauze. Another -may be improvised: a bulky wrapping of quilted material, incased in tough -leggings of leather or canvas. Care must be taken to protect the ankles -below the reach of an ordinary pair of puttees. Any covering such as here -suggested must in the nature of the case be heavy and uncomfortable, -and will not be worn unnecessarily. One can only say for it, that it is -better than a snake bite. - -_Long trousers_ should be of smooth close-woven material, not easily torn -by thorns, and, for winter wear particularly, resistant to penetration -by wind. The legs of the trousers should be confined within shoetops or -leggings. Long stockings are not required, only socks. In long trousers, -the knee movement is quite free. This rig is particularly good for rough -work. - -Some men prefer to wear a _belt_; others, _suspenders_. The drag of long -trousers is greater than of knickerbockers, and, generally speaking, the -man who wears knickerbockers will prefer a belt; and the man who wears -long trousers, suspenders. The belt, when worn, should not be drawn very -tight. The best belt is the army belt, of webbing; it should not be -unnecessarily long. - -In summer a _coat_ is needed only when resting, or as protection from -rain. On one summer tour, the writer found himself comfortable without -a coat, but in its place a _sweater_ and a short _rubber shirt_, -fitting close at neck and wrists and with wide skirts, to cover man and -knapsack together. Such a rubber shirt, called in the supply houses a -“fishing shirt,” may be had of willow green color, or white or black. -A sweater is so convenient to carry, and so comfortable, as to be all -but indispensable; but, as protection from rain, the rather expensive, -and for all other purposes useless, fishing shirt is by no means a -necessity; a canvas coat or the coat of an old business suit will -answer well. One does not walk far in a downpour, and the slight wetting -of a passing summer shower will do no harm. In the Tyrol where, before -the War, walking as recreation was developed as nowhere else, many -pedestrians carried neither coat nor sweater, but a long full _cape_ of -heavy, close-woven, woolen material; when not needed, the cape is carried -hanging over the knapsack. Such a cape serves, in some degree, the -purposes of a blanket. - -A convenient mode of carrying a coat is described by Mr. William Morris -Davis, in “Excursions around Aix-les-Bains” (see Bibliography). Mr. Davis -says: - - “Clothing should be easy fitting, so that discomfort shall not - be added to fatigue. Even in warm weather, a coat will often - be wanted on a ridge crest, or mountain top: it can be best - carried as follows:--Sew the middle of a 30- or 35-inch piece - of strong tape inside of the back of the collar; sew the ends - of the tape to the bottom of the arm holes: pass the arms - through the loops of the tape, and let the coat hang loosely on - the back; it will thus be held so that nothing will fall from - the pockets and the arms and hands will be free.” - -For winter wear, one will dispense with any such garment as a fishing -shirt, but will require both coat and sweater. The sweater should be a -warm one, and the coat should be, not heavy nor bulky, but windproof -rather. - -A valuable garment for cold weather is the Alaska “parka,” a shirt-like -frock, light, windproof, and it may be made storm-proof. Made of heavy -denim or of khaki cloth and worn over a sweater, the parka is very -satisfactory. Description in detail will be found in _Appalachia_, Vol. -XI, No. 3, page 287. - -The _hat_ should shield a man’s head from a driving rain, and, if it be a -bald head, from the sun. If the man wears spectacles, the brim of the hat -should shield the glass from rain and from the direct rays of the sun. -The hat should be small enough and soft enough to be rolled up and tucked -away when not needed. An old soft felt hat will do; the crown should be -provided with ventilation holes of generous size; a leather sweatband -is uncomfortable, particularly in hot weather, and may sometimes cause -bothersome infection of a sunburned and abraded brow. The writer has -found a white duck hat, its brim faced with green underneath, very -serviceable in summer. In tropical countries the familiar pith helmet is -an almost necessary protection. - -One who wears eyeglasses should be careful to provide himself with -_spectacles_, preferably metal-rimmed, and on a long tour will advisedly -carry a second pair, and even the prescription. See further regarding -spectacles, under the caption, “Colored glasses,” page 22. - -The choice of _clothing for cold weather_ may be governed by these few -simple rules: (1) The objective is maximum warmth with minimum weight. -(2) The trunk of the body--the spine, particularly--the upper arms, -and the thighs should be most warmly protected. (3) Let the clothing -be soft and bulky within (of wool chiefly), and externally let it be -substantially windproof. The hoods worn by the Eskimos are made of the -skins of water-fowl, worn feathered side in. (4) Have no crowding of -clothing under the arms. (5) Do not wear long coat-skirts; let the coat -be belted at the waist. (6) Protect the ears, when necessary, with -a knitted “helmet,” or with a cap having an ear-flap which, when not -needed, folds across the crown. (7) Woolen gloves or, better still, -mittens should be worn, and, outside of these, if it be very cold, -loosely fitting leather mittens. (8) Except in extremely cold weather, do -not wear leather garments, nor fur. Even a fur cap is intolerable when -one becomes warm in walking. - -The _color_ of clothing is not unimportant. Whether as naturalist or -sportsman one desires to be inconspicuously clad, or as a mere wayfarer -on dusty roads he wishes to conceal, so far as may be, the stains of -travel, he will choose khaki color, or the olive drab made familiar -nowadays in the uniforms of the navy aviators. Gray flannel trousers, a -white sweater, a bright-colored necktie, for wear in the evenings, are -good as part of the equipment. But to that subject the next chapter will -be devoted. - -In planning an extended hike one will ordinarily have to reckon on some -railway traveling. City clothes may be sent by express to the point -where walking ends. Then the return journey may be made comfortably and -inconspicuously. - -The foregoing notes for men will be found sufficient to indicate what -is a suitable _costume for women pedestrians_. With a woman’s needs -particularly in mind, it should be said that skirts should be short, -hanging at least six inches clear of the ground; shoetops may be -accordingly higher; and all garments should be loose. When walking in -remote regions, many women will prefer to wear knickerbockers rather than -skirts, and in mountaineering knickerbockers are requisite. Even bloomers -are objectionable. In such case a woman’s costume more nearly approaches -that of men. - -A girl, writing of a tour upon the Long Trail in Vermont (see page 84), -says: “Khaki riding breeches are best, as they are of light weight and -briars do not catch on them. I can’t picture any one taking the Trail in -a skirt.” - -The Appalachian Mountain Club prescribes a climbing outfit for women in -the New England mountains, as follows: High laced boots with Hungarian -nails; woolen stockings and underwear, light weight; woolen or khaki -waist, skirt, and bloomers; felt hat; leather belt. - -And the Alpine Club of Canada publishes this among other notes upon -women’s costume: “It is the dropping of the waist line down to the hips -that is the secret of a woman’s wearing her knickerbockers gracefully. -The top of the knickerbockers should hang on the point of the hips, with -the belt as loose as possible. This makes discarding corsets, which of -course is absolutely necessary, most comfortable.” - -These notes on costume are intended to cover the subject, and to serve -as reminder and advice to those contemplating walking tours of all -sorts. But the practice of walking as an art and recreation does not by -any means require such elaborate preparations. Otherwise, the devotees -would be few. For an extended tour, or even for a holiday excursion, one -may well give consideration to these many matters; but for a Saturday -afternoon walk, it will suffice to put on proper footgear, leave one’s -overcoat at home, carry a sweater if need be, use forethought about -details, and be ready to betake one’s self from office to highway, with -assurance of comfort and enjoyment. And beyond this, there still remains -to be spoken of the daily round of walking from home to work and back -again, from office to restaurant at noon. This daily regimen of walking -requires no special costume--admits of none, indeed. It may be that as -one is thoughtful to take more steps on the routine path of life, he will -give more careful attention to the shoes he buys and to clothes. But -let no one close his mind to the subject with the too hasty conclusion -that walking requires an impossible amount of special clothing. Any one -who cares to, can make any needed modification of his ordinary business -costume, without making himself conspicuous, and probably with gain in -comfort and consequent well-being. - - -EQUIPMENT - -On a one-day excursion, a man will walk unburdened; and, on exceptional -longer trips, pack-horses may carry the baggage from one camping ground -to another; but, ordinarily, on a tour continuing day after day, one will -carry on his own back all that he requires. Should his route lie through -settled country, where shelter and bed are to be found in farmhouse or -wayside inn, the man will travel with lighter load, and with greater -freedom and enjoyment; if he must carry his blanket, too, walking becomes -harder work. It may be that one will spend his vacation in the woods, -and journey partly afoot, partly by canoe. In that case, a good part of -his walking will be the arduous toting of _impedimenta_ (canoe included) -across portages, from one lake or stream to another. Proportionately as -his burden is heavier, the sojourner in the wilderness will be disposed -so to plan his trip that he may stop for successive nights at favorite -camping places. From these he will make shorter trips, and, unencumbered, -climb mountains, perhaps, or explore other parts of the country about. - -The bulk of what is carried should be borne on the back. Drinking cup -may be hung to the belt; knife, watch, money, and various other small -articles will be carried in pockets; map-case, field glasses, or fishing -rod may be slung by straps from the shoulders or carried swinging in -one’s hand, ready for use; but, for the rest, everything should be -carried in the knapsack. - -In case the pedestrian is traveling in settled country and is not obliged -to carry a blanket (and such is by far the freest, pleasantest way to -go afoot), the best _knapsack_ to be found is of a kind in general use -in the Tyrol. It goes under its native German name, _rucksack_. It is -a large, square-cornered pocket, 20-24 inches wide and 16-18 deep, -made of a light, strong, closely woven, specially treated fabric, of -a greenish-gray color, and all but water-proof. The pocket is open at -the top, slit a few inches down the outer face, is closed by a drawing -string, and a flap buckles down over the gathered mouth. Two straps -of adjustable length are secured, each at one end to the upper rim of -the sack at the middle point, and at the other end to one of the lower -corners. When the filled knapsack is in place, the supporting straps -encircle the shoulders of the wearer, the closed mouth lies between the -shoulder blades, the bottom corners extend just above the hips, while -the weight of the burden, hanging from the shoulders, rests in the curve -of the back. Genuine Tyrolean knapsacks are, since the War, no longer -procurable in this country; good copies of them are, however, to be had -in our sporting-goods shops. The army knapsack is fairly good. - -In case the pedestrian makes his tour in some remote region, where -lodging places are not certainly to be found, he will be obliged to carry -his blanket, and probably some supply of food. In such case, he will -choose a larger knapsack. The sack known as the “Nessmuk” is a good one; -and another, somewhat larger, is the “Gardiner.” These sacks are neither -of them large enough to contain both blanket and the other necessary -articles of camping equipment; the blanket should then be rolled and -the roll arched upon and secured to the knapsack after the latter has -been packed. Grommets sewed to the knapsack afford convenient means -for securing the blanket roll in place. A still larger (and heavier) -knapsack, large enough to contain one’s camp equipment, blanket and all, -is called the “Merriam Back Pack.” It is recommended by an experienced -camper, Mr. Vernon Bailey, chief field naturalist of the U. S. Biological -Survey. - -In hot weather the knapsack becomes uncomfortably wet with perspiration. -_Wicker frames_, sometimes used to hold the sack away from the back to -allow circulation of air beneath, are bothersome and uncomfortable. - -For carrying heavier burdens short distances, as when making portage on -a camping trip, a _pack harness_ is used. Its name sufficiently explains -its nature. An additional device, called a _tump line_, may, if desired, -be bought and used with the pack harness. The tump line is a band which, -encircling the load on one’s back, passes over the forehead. With its use -the muscles of the neck are brought into play, aiding the shoulders and -back in carrying. It is astonishing, what an enormous burden a Canadian -Indian can manage with the aid of harness and tump line. These articles -may be bought at sportsmen’s stores, and at the posts of the Hudson’s Bay -Company, in Canada. - -The equipment for a summer walking tour, on which one is not obliged -to carry a blanket, should weigh from ten to twenty pounds, according -as one carries fewer or more of the unessentials. It is impossible to -draw up lists of what is essential and what merely convenient, and -have unanimity; one man will discard an article which to another is -indispensable; the varying conditions under which journeys are taken will -cause the same man to carry different articles at different times. The -ensuing lists are intended to be suggestive and reasonably inclusive; for -any given walk each individual will reject what he finds dispensable. - -_Requisites carried in one’s pockets_: Watch; knife; money; compass; -matches; handkerchief. - -_Requisites carried in the knapsack_: Change of underclothes, stockings, -and handkerchiefs; toilet articles; mending kit; grease for shoes. - -_Articles which, though not necessary, are altogether to be desired_: -Second outer shirt; second pair of walking shoes, particularly if the -tour be a long one; sweater; pair of flannel trousers, light socks and -shoes (gymnasium slippers are good), and necktie for evening wear; -medicaments; notebook and pencil; postcards or stamped envelopes; a book -to read. - -_Articles which may be requisite or desired, according to season or -circumstance_, to be carried in pocket or knapsack or, some of them, -slung from the shoulders ready for use: Colored glasses; pajamas; head -net, as protection against mosquitoes; woolen underclothing; gloves or -mittens; knitted helmet; naphtha soap, for washing woolens; map case; -canteen; culinary articles; whistle; clothes brush; flashlight. - -An indefinitely long list might be made of articles which a man will -choose, according to taste and inclination. A bird-lover will carry -a pair of binoculars; a collector, his cases; the fisherman, rod and -fly-book. Some member of almost every walking party will carry a camera. - -Notes upon some of the articles thus far enumerated will be useful: - -The _pocketknife_ should be large and strong, with one or two blades; -leave in the showcase the knife bristling with tools of various kinds; -see that the blades are sharp. - -Let the _watch_ be an inexpensive one; leave the fine watch at home; do -not wear a wrist watch, particularly not in warm weather. At the wrists -perspiration accumulates and the circulating blood is cooled. Any surface -covering at that point, and particularly a close-fitting band, is in -hot weather intolerable. But, regardless of season, a wrist watch is in -the way, and is sure soon or late to be damaged. For the pedestrian its -disadvantages greatly outweigh the small convenience it affords. - -The best _moneybag_ is a rubber tobacco pouch; a leather bill-folder and -its contents will soon be saturated with perspiration. - -A _compass_ is a requisite in the wilderness, but not elsewhere. -Regarding compasses, see further pages 75 and 116. - -_Matches_ should be carried in a water-tight case. - -_Toilet articles_ will include, at a minimum, soap, comb, toothbrush and -powder. A sponge or wash-rag is desirable. A man who shaves will, unless -journeying in the wilderness, carry his razor. The soap may be contained -in a box of aluminum or celluloid; the sponge in a sponge bag; the whole -may be packed in a handy bag or rolled in a square of cloth and secured -with strap or string. - -_Towel_ and _pajamas_ are not indispensable; because of weight, they -should be classed as pedestrian luxuries. - -The _mending kit_ will include thread, needles, and buttons, and here -should be set down safety pins, too, an extra pair of shoestrings, -and--if one wears them--an extra pair of rubber heels. A small -carborundum whetstone may be well worth the carrying. - -The best dressing for leather is mutton tallow. Various _boot greases_ -of which tallow is the base are on the market; one, called “Touradef,” -is good. There are lighter animal oils, more easily applied; a good one -is called “B-ver” oil. Mineral oils are not so good; “Viscol,” the most -widely used of these, is sold in cans of convenient size and shape. - -_Medicaments_ should be few; a disinfectant (permanganate of potassium in -crystalline form, or tablets of Darkin’s solution), a cathartic (cascara -is best--it may be had in tabloid form, called “Cascaral Compound”), -iodine, a box of zinc ointment, a roll of adhesive tape, and a small -quantity of absorbent cotton will suffice for casual ailments. If one -is going into the wilderness, he may well take a first-aid kit--with -knowledge, how to use it--and medicine to deal with more violent -sickness; ipecac and calomel. In malaria-infested regions, one should -carry quinine, with directions for administering. Talcum powder and -cocoa butter are, in proper time, soothing. Citronella is a defense -against mosquitoes; another repellent is a mixture of sweet oil or castor -oil, oil of pennyroyal, and tar oil; spirits of ammonia is an antidote to -their poison. - -As to _reading matter_, each will choose for himself. The book carried -may be the Bible, it may be “The Golden Treasury,” it may be “The Three -Musketeers.” Again, it may be a handbook of popular science or a map of -the stars. - -Regarding _map_ and _map case_, see page 75. - -_Colored glasses._ On snowfields, on the seashore, where light is -intense, the eyes should be screened. The best material, carefully worked -out for this purpose, is Crooks glass. Its virtue lies in this: that it -cuts out both the ultra-violet rays and the heat rays at the opposite -end of the spectrum. Crooks glass may be had in two grades: Shade A and -Shade B. Shade A, having the properties just described, is itself almost -colorless; Shade B is colored, and cuts out, in addition, part of the -rays of the normal spectrum. Goggles may be had of plain sheets of Crooks -glass, and these will serve merely as a screen; but, if one wears glasses -anyway, since two pairs worn at once are difficult to manage, it is well -to have one’s prescription filled in Shade A, and (if one is going to -climb snow peaks or walk the seabeach) then a second pair in Shade B. -Ordinary colored glasses will serve a passing need; amethyst tint is best. - -A _canteen_ is requisite in arid regions and when climbing lofty -mountains; elsewhere it is sometimes a justified convenience. - -The writer well recalls the amazement of two Alpine guides some years ago -when, on the top of a snow peak, hot coffee was produced from a thermos -bottle. He hastens to add that the thermos bottle was not his; he regards -such an article as a sure mark of the tenderfoot. - -Even though one be traveling light, the pleasures of a summer holiday may -be widened by providing one meal a day and eating it out of doors. In -order to accomplish this, one needs to carry a few _culinary articles_: A -drinking cup, of course--that is carried in any case, conveniently hung -to the belt. Then one should have plate, knife, fork, spoon, a small -pail, perhaps a small frying pan, canisters of salt and pepper, a box of -tea, a bag of sugar, a receptacle for butter. Most of these articles, -and some toilet articles as well, may be had made of aluminum. Do not -carry glassware, it is heavy and breakable. Don’t carry anything easily -broken or easily put out of order. But even here make exceptions. For -example, a butter _jar_ is better than a butter _box_. The writer, for -one, despises an aluminum drinking cup; when filled with hot coffee it is -unapproachable, when cool enough not to burn the lips the coffee is too -cold to be palatable; he, therefore, in spite of its weight, chooses to -carry an earthenware cup. - -A _whistle_ will have value chiefly for signaling between members of a -party. - -A party of two, three, or four will carry more conveniences than a man -journeying alone. For illustration, in the party, one camera is enough, -one map case, one pail, one butter jar; and these may be distributed, so -that, while carrying only part, each member of the party may enjoy all. -With a camera in the party, a supply of films will be stowed away in a -knapsack; a light, collapsible tripod may be worth the taking, if one -cares to secure pictures under poor conditions of light. - -Two usual items of an amateur equipment, better left at home, are a -_hatchet_ and a _pedometer_. A hatchet is of no value, except in the -wilderness, and not always is it worth carrying even there. Ordinarily a -stout, sharp knife will answer every purpose. When one is on a camping -trip on which he makes long stops, he will care for something better than -a hatchet--a light axe. Regarding the uses of a pedometer see page 116. - -If the contemplated tour lies through the wilderness, and accommodations -for the night are not to be had under roofs along the way, one must carry -his _blanket_. The blanket should be selected with lightness and warmth -in view. The army blankets are fair, but softer, lighter, warmer ones may -be had. Blankets should be of generous dimensions. A large double blanket -should not exceed eight pounds in weight, and single blankets should -weigh half as much. The Hudson’s Bay blankets are justly famous. - -A blanket enveloped in a windproof _blanket cloth_ is very much warmer -than if not so shielded. Herein lies the virtue of a sleeping bag. -Similarly, a tent--particularly a small one, for one or two men--keeps -out wind and retains warm air. With the use of a tent, the weight of -blankets may be less. The blanket cloth serves both to keep the wind from -penetrating the blanket and also to keep the blanket dry. It prevents -penetration of moisture from the ground; and, if one is not otherwise -protected, it shields one from dew and from light rain. The blanket -cloth, too, must be of the least weight consistent with service. Because -of weight, rubber blankets and oiled ponchos are out of the question. -Better light oilcloth, or, better still, the material called “balloon -silk” (really finely woven, long-fiber cotton) filled with water-proofing -substance. “Tanalite” is the trade name for a water-proof material of -this sort of a dark brown color. A tarpaulin seven feet square made of -tanalite is, all things considered, the most serviceable blanket cloth. -With blanket and tarpaulin, one’s pack should not exceed 25-30 pounds in -weight. A mode of rolling blanket and tarpaulin and of securing the roll -to the knapsack is suggested on page 18. - -_Blanket pins_ are worth carrying. By using them one may keep himself -snug, nearly as well as in a sleeping bag. - -A small cotton bag, useful in a pack, may be stuffed with clothing and -serve as a pillow. - -A satisfactory _sleeping bag_ will hardly be found in the shops; those -that are serviceable are too heavy for the pedestrian. And yet the idea -embodied in the sleeping bag, the idea of attaining maximum warmth from -the materials used, jumps precisely with the pedestrian’s needs. - -The difficulty with the sleeping bags on the market is that they are -made for gentlemen campers, and not for those who take up their beds and -walk. For one thing, the gentleman camper has abundance of clothing, with -changes of all kinds. But the pedestrian sleeps in his clothes. Of course -he does. It would be folly for him to carry in his pack the equivalent -of what he wears on his back. His day clothes should be serviceable -as night clothes, too. All he need carry is the additional protection -required when he is resting on the ground in the colder night hours. -And, in addition, he will have a change of the garments which lie next -his skin; but no more. If when sleeping a man is not wearing all that he -carries, then he is carrying more than is necessary. He may, indeed, have -stuffed in his pack woolen underclothes, for night wear only. For another -thing, in making choice between one material and another, the weight of -the material is important in far greater degree to the walker than to -the gentleman camper. With these considerations in mind, the pedestrian -contrives his sleeping bag of the lightest material available to serve -the ends in view. - -Essentially, a sleeping bag is a closed covering of two layers: an inner -layer of heat-insulating material, and an outer layer of water-tight, -wind-tight material. Even the gentleman camper, scornfully referred to -above, chooses the lightest, warmest blankets he can find; the pedestrian -can do no better. However, he does not take so many. But, respecting the -outer covering, the pedestrian refuses the heavy water-proofed duck of -the ordinary sleeping bag, and selects instead water-proofed balloon silk. - -The simplest sleeping bag may be made by folding a six by six wool -blanket within a cover of water-proofed balloon silk and sewing together -the bottom edges, and the side edges, too, from the bottom upward, to -within a foot or so of the top. The bag measures approximately three feet -by six, and should not weigh more than five and one half pounds. - -Instead of the blanket, other material may be used. Men differ in the -amount of covering they require; and then there are the inequalities of -climate and season to be reckoned with. A suitable material, lighter than -wool and affording less warmth, is sateen; a somewhat warmer, somewhat -heavier, substitute for the wool blanket is a down quilt. When still -greater warmth is needed the blanket may be double, or blanket and down -quilt may be combined. - -A rectangular bag, such as that just described, may be criticized in -two particulars: for one thing, it is not long enough for a man of good -stature, and, for another thing, there is waste material in it. It would -be just as warm and just as serviceable if, instead of being three feet -wide at the bottom, it were at that point only two feet wide. - -The specifications of an excellent sleeping bag for pedestrian use -are given in a pamphlet published by the Appalachian Mountain Club, -“Equipment for Mountain Climbing and Camping,” by Allen H. Bent, Ralph -Lawson, and Percival Sayward, and with the courteous assent of the -designers, are here incorporated. - -A bag made on the dimensions given is suitable for a man five feet eleven -inches tall. - -A strip of the material for the inner layer is cut to the pattern -indicated below. It is 87 inches long, and at its widest point 32½ -inches across. The widest point is 45 inches from the foot. At the foot -the strip is 20 inches wide, and at the head, 21 inches. The sides are -outwardly curved. This is the _under_ strip. - -[Illustration] - -A second _upper_ strip is, in over-all dimensions, a duplicate of the -first, but for the fact that it is 9 inches shorter. From the foot up and -for a length of 78 inches it is identical with the first strip, but at -that point it is cut short. A face opening is cut in the upper edge of -the second strip, 10 inches across and 11 inches deep. - -[Illustration] - -These two strips are superposed and their overlying edges are sewed -together. All edges are properly hemmed or bound. - -As the user lies in the bag, his feet just reaching the bottom, his face -is encircled in the face opening. The excess length of the under strip -then becomes a flap, to fold over his head. Buttons and buttonholes may -be provided, as indicated in the drawings, to secure the flap in such -position. - -The material for the outer layer is cut to the same pattern, with -sufficient enlargement of dimensions to allow the outer bag to contain -the inner bag and cover it smoothly. - -The outer material will preferably be water-proofed balloon silk -(“tanalite”); the inner material may be sateen, or blanketing, or down -quilt. The designers suggest still another material: Australian wool -wadding, encased in sateen. They say, “a brown sateen material is the -best covering, as a very finely woven goods is necessary to keep the wool -from working through. The bag does not need to be quilted, but should be -‘tied through’ about every six inches.” - -The balloon silk outer bag should weigh about one and one-quarter pounds; -the bag of sateen should weigh about two and one-quarter pounds. C. -F. Hovey Co., 33 Summer St., Boston, and the Abercrombie & Fitch Co., -Madison Ave. and Forty-fifth St., New York, have made bags to these -specifications. - -It remains only to add a word respecting the outer cover of balloon silk. -Balloon silk, which in reality is a fine-woven cotton, is, relatively -speaking, a delicate material, and furthermore it is not perfectly -water-tight. The great advantage of lightness justifies its use. But the -bag must be carefully handled, and after hard service the cover must be -renewed. - -Dr. Charles W. Townsend, of Boston, an experienced camper, writes: - - “The sleeping bag is a home-made affair, that takes up only - a small part of the room in a rucksack, and weighs four - pounds. It is made of lamb’s wool wadding, lined with sateen, - and covered with flannel. It is about six and one-half feet - long and tapers, so as to be wider at the mouth than at the - foot. With ordinary clothing, I have slept warm in it with a - temperature of forty degrees. I have also a balloon-silk cover, - which can be arranged to guy-ropes, to make a lean-to tent over - my head, and gauze curtains for insects. I think that weighs - two and one-half pounds.” - -A _tent_ will be carried when the route lies through unsettled country. -In a sparsely settled region, one will run the risk of heavy rain for -a night or two, rather than bother with a tent; but in the wilderness, -a tent is a necessity, for even such a tarpaulin as has been described -as a suitable blanket cover, is not perfectly water-tight. One cannot -sleep out in a driving rain storm. At a pinch, of course, one can make -shift, and perhaps under rock ledge or shelter of boughs keep fairly -dry; but after a wet night in the open, one needs assured protection the -second night. The lightest tents are made of balloon silk; they weigh -four pounds and upwards. Two men traveling together will have a tent in -common and will distribute and equalize their burdens. As has been said, -a tent affords warmth (particularly when carefully pitched, with a view -to making it wind-tight) and, accordingly, blankets need not be so heavy. -Though water-proofed balloon silk is not perfectly water-tight, one may -keep perfectly dry in a balloon silk tarpaulin or sleeping bag, within a -balloon silk tent. - -A note on _sleeping out_ is proper. In summer, when there is no rain, -one should sleep under the open sky; he should choose as his sleeping -place an exposed ridge, high and dry. In such a situation he will suffer -least annoyance from mosquitoes, and, if the night be cool, he will be -warmer than in the valley. Seldom in temperate climates is the night too -warm for sleeping out of doors; but even on such a night the air on the -hilltop is fresher. If it be windy, a wind-break may be made of boughs or -of cornstalks (on a cool night in autumn a corn-shock may be made into a -fairly comfortable shelter.) In case the evening threatens rain, one may -well seek a barn for protection; if one is in the wilderness, he will -search out an overhanging rock, or build a lean-to of bark or boughs. -Newspaper is a good heat insulator, and newspapers spread on the ground -where one is to lie make the bed a warmer, drier one. Newspaper will -protect one’s blanket from dew. Be careful when lying down to see that -shoes and clothing are under cover. If the night proves to be colder than -one has anticipated and one’s blanket is insufficient (or if, on another -tour, the days are so hot that walking ceases to be a pleasure--though -they have to be _very_ hot for that), it may be expedient, at a pinch, to -walk by night and rest by day. - -Such _food_ as must be carried will be selected to save weight, so far -as is consistent with nutriment. Rolled oats are excellent; so also -is soup powder (put up in “sausage” form, imitating the famous German -_erbswurst_), and dried fruits and vegetables, powdered eggs, and -powdered milk. The value of pemmican is known. All these articles may be -obtained at groceries and at sportsmen’s stores. Seldom, however, will -one wander so far as to be for many days beyond the possibility of buying -food of more familiar form. Shelled nuts, raisins, dried fruit, malted -milk tablets, and lime juice tablets are good to carry on an all-day -excursion. _Food bags_ of “paraffined” cotton fabric will prove useful. -It is well to bear in mind that food may be distributed along the way, -sent in advance by mail, to await at post offices one’s coming. - -The special equipment of the mountaineer--alpenstock, ice axe, rope, -_crampons_, _scarpetti_, etc.--need only be mentioned. They are not -needed in climbing the mountains of eastern America, but only on giddy -peaks, snowfields, and glaciers. Those interested will consult the works -on mountaineering mentioned in the Bibliography. - -From the pages of a pamphlet of the Appalachian Mountain Club this note -is taken: - - “Equipment does not end with the purchase of proper food, - clothing, climbing and camping outfit. The prospective climber - should give some thought to his physical and mental equipment. - A strong heart, good lungs, and a reasonable amount of physical - development and endurance are among the requisites and so, - too, are courage, caution, patience and good nature. If in - addition he is interested in topography, geology, photography, - animal or plant life, by so much the more is his equipment, and - consequently his enjoyment, increased.” - - -CARE OF BODY AND EQUIPMENT - -As to speed of walking and distance, see below, page 51; as to -preliminary walking, in preparation for a tour, see page 53. - -One hardly needs the admonitions, eat plain food, sleep long, and keep -body and clothing clean. The matter of _food_ becomes complicated when -one has to carry the supply of a day or two or of several days with him. -Be careful to get, so far as possible, a large proportion of vegetable -food--fresh vegetables and fruit. - -When walking, the system requires large amounts of water, and, generally -speaking, one should _drink_ freely. If one stops by a roadside spring -on a hot day, he should rest a few minutes before drinking, and, if the -water be very cold, he should drink sparingly. It is refreshing before -drinking, and sometimes instead of drinking, to rinse mouth and throat -with spring water. In the Alps the guides caution one not to drink snow -water. In settled regions, drink boiled water only, unless assured of the -purity of the source. Beware of wells. It is a matter of safety, when -traveling, to be inoculated against typhoid fever. Practice restraint in -the use of ice cream, soda water, sweets, coffee, and tea. - -The pedestrian should be careful to get as much _sleep_ as normally -he requires at home, and somewhat more. He may not be so regular in -hours, for he will find himself inclined to sleep an hour at midday, -and at times to walk under the starlight, to be abroad in the dawn. And -a walking tour would be a humdrum affair, if he did not yield to such -inclination. - -A _bath_ at the end of the day--a sponge bath, if no better offers--is -an indispensable comfort. While on the march one will come upon inviting -places to bathe. Bathe before eating, not immediately after. If the water -is very cold, it is well to splash and rub one’s body before plunging in. -If much bathing tends to produce lassitude, one should limit himself to -what is necessary. - -Don’t overdo; on the march, when _tired out_, stop at the first -opportunity--don’t keep going merely to make a record. Don’t invite -fatigue. If, in hot weather, free perspiration should fail, stop -immediately and take available measures to restore normal circulation. - -_Lameness_ in muscles is due to the accumulation of waste matter in the -tissues; elimination may be aided and lameness speedily relieved by -drinking hot water freely and by soaking one’s body in a warm bath: the -internal processes are accelerated, in freer blood circulation, while -much is dissolved out through the pores of the skin. At the end of a long -hard walk, the most refreshing thing is a drink--not of ice water, not of -soda water, but a pint or so of hot water. Rubbing oil as a remedy for -lame muscles is hardly worth carrying; alcohol is a mistake. Bruised -muscles should be painted lightly with iodine. - -_Care of feet._ Always wash the feet thoroughly at the end of a tramp, -and dry carefully, particularly between the toes. If the skin cracks and -splits between the toes, wash at night with boric acid and soften with -vaseline. It is better to allow toenails to grow rather long, and in -trimming cut them straight across. - -When resting at noon take off shoes and stockings, and, before putting -them on again, turn the stockings inside out. If the weather be mild, -let the feet remain bare until about to set out again; if there be water -available, bathe the feet immediately on stopping. If, on the march, the -arch of the foot should grow tired, consciously “toe in.” - -If there is rubbing, binding, squeezing, with consequent tenderness at -any point, stop at once, take off shoe and stocking, and consider what is -to be done. It may suffice to protect the tender spot, applying a shred -of absorbent cotton secured with a strip of adhesive tape; perhaps the -thickness of the stocking may be changed, or the lacing of the shoe be -eased or tightened. By _tighter_ lacing sometimes the play of the foot -within the shoe may be diminished and undesirable rubbing or squeezing -overcome. Talcum powder sprinkled on the foot will help to relieve -rubbing, and soap rubbed on the stocking outside, above the tender place, -is efficacious. - -Sometimes, in spite of forethought, one may find one’s self walking in -ill-fitting shoes; for example, the shoes though broad enough may be too -short, and one’s toes in consequence may be cramped and squeezed in the -toe of the shoe--particularly on down grades--until they become tender -and even blistered. If then other expedients fail, one has to examine -his shoe carefully, determine precisely where the line of binding strain -lies, and then--remembering that the shoe as it is, is worthless to -him--slit leather and lining through, in a line transverse to the line of -strain. - -Should a blister, in spite of care, develop, let it alone, if possible. -Don’t interfere with nature’s remedial processes. But, if one must go on -walking with the expectation that the blister unless attended to will -tear open, then one should drain it--not by pricking it through, however. -Take a bright needle, sterilize it in the flame of a match, and run it -under the skin from a point to one side, and so tap the blister. Then -cover the area with adhesive tape. If there is abrasion, paint the spot -with iodine, or apply a few crystals of permanganate of potassium and a -drop or two of water, then cover with absorbent cotton and adhesive tape. - -Be careful, on setting out in the morning, that any soreness or lameness -of the preceding day has been met by the measures described. - -Corns are caused by wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes. If one has a -corn, he should get rid of it before attempting distance walking, and -should thereafter wear shoes such as to assure him immunity. - -For _sunburn_, use talcum powder or cocoa butter. Do not expose large -areas of the body to sunburn. - -A _cramp_ in the side may easily be relieved by drawing and retaining a -deep breath, and bending over. - -The _bowels_ should be kept open, and will be, if one orders his food -aright. Constipation is to be carefully guarded against. One may, in -spite of himself, after hard walking in hot weather, find difficulty. A -harmless emergency relief is an enema of a few ounces of the colorless -inert oil now sold under such names as “Russian” oil and “Nujol” (the -Standard Oil Company’s preparation). - -_Medicines_ are to be used only in emergency: cascara for constipation, -or, in case of a sudden violent onset of illness, calomel; capsicum -plaster for internal inflammation. But hot water within and without -will generally relieve distress, and is the best remedy. But _do not -experiment_; if a physician is available, call him. - -Ammonia is an antidote for insect stings. - -Snake-bites are, newspaper reports to the contrary, very, very rare. The -bite of a poisonous serpent (rattlesnake or copperhead) requires heroic -treatment. Suck the wound, cut it out immediately with a sharp knife, -fill the incision with permanganate of potassium crystals and drop water -upon the permanganate. - -_Care of clothing._ Underclothes and stockings worn today may be washed -tomorrow at the noon hour. Shirt, trousers--and underclothing too--should -go to the tub every few days, as opportunity offers. - -Shoes should be cleaned each day, washed in cold water and greased. -If wet they should be carefully dried in gentle heat. Leather is -easily ruined by scorching; never dry a shoe in heat unendurable to -the hand. Shoes packed in newspaper overnight will be measurably dried -by absorption. Keep the leather pliant with grease or oil, but not -saturated. If one is going to walk through bogs, or in shallow water, -then his shoes should be copiously oiled, but ordinarily one should oil -his shoes with sparing hand. - - -COMPANIONS - -Dr. Finley, President of the University of the State of New York, and -Commissioner of Education, finely says:[1] “It is figurative language, -of course, to speak of God’s ‘walking’ with man. But I do not know where -to find a better expression for the companionship which one enjoys when -walking alone on the earth. I should not speak of this if I thought it -was an experience for the patriarchs alone or for the few. A man does not -know one of the greatest satisfactions of life if he has not had such -walks.” - -The prophets of the cult--Hazlitt and Stevenson--are quite eloquent on -the point, that the first joys of walking are reserved for those who -walk alone; even Emerson cynically observes that a dog may on occasion -be better company than a man. But the solitary Thoreau admits that he -sometimes has a companion, while sociable Lawrence Sterne prettily says, -“Let me have a companion of my way, were it but to remark how the shadows -lengthen as the sun declines.” - -Ordinarily, we prefer--most of us--to walk in company; if the tour is -an extended one, continuing through many days, we certainly do. And -nothing is more important than the choice of companions. A mistake here -may be a kill-joy. Daily, hourly intercourse rubs individuality upon -individuality, till every oddity, every sensitive point, is worn to the -quick. Be forewarned, then, and be sure of one’s companions. Conversely, -let a man be sure of himself, resolutely refusing to find offense, or to -lose kindliness, good humor, and good will. “’Tis the best of humanity,” -says Emerson, “that goes out to walk.” - -A common interest in things seen, stimulated perhaps by reading matter -carried along, may be the selective process in making up a party; but -friendship underlies all. - -A proved company of two, three, or four is best. With greater numbers, -the party loses intimacy and coherence; furthermore, if dependent on -hospitality by the way, difficulties arise. A housewife who willingly -provides for two, may hesitate to entertain six. - -If there be one in the party who has an aptitude for it, let him keep -a _journal_ (in the form of letters home, perhaps). Such a record, -illustrated by photographs, is a souvenir to afford long-continued -delight. - -When walking in out-of-the-way places it is the part of prudence always -to have a companion; for, otherwise, in case of mishap, a man might be in -sorry plight, or even in actual danger. - - - - -WHEN TO WALK - - -THE VAGABOND[2] - - Give me the life I love, - Let the lave go by me, - Give the jolly heaven above - And the byway nigh me. - Bed in the bush with stars to see, - Bread I dip in the river-- - There’s the life for a man like me, - There’s the life for ever. - - Let the blow fall soon or late, - Let what will be o’er me; - Give the face of earth around - And the road before me. - Wealth I seek not, hope nor love, - Nor a friend to know me; - All I seek the heaven above - And the road below me. - - Or let autumn fall on me - Where afield I linger, - Silencing the bird on tree, - Biting the blue finger. - White as meal the frosty field-- - Warm the fireside haven-- - Not to autumn will I yield, - Not to winter even! - - Let the blow fall soon or late, - Let what will be o’er me; - Give the face of earth around - And the road before me. - Wealth I ask not, hope nor love, - Nor a friend to know me. - All I ask the heaven above - And the road below me. - - Robert Louis Stevenson. - - - - -II - -WHEN TO WALK - - -Any day--every day, if that were possible. Says Thoreau, “I think that I -cannot preserve my health and spirits, unless I spend four hours a day at -least [in the open]”; and, again, he says of himself that he cannot stay -in his chamber for a single day “without acquiring some rust.” - -Recall Thoreau’s Journals. Their perennial charm lies largely in this, -that he is abroad winter and summer, at seedtime and at harvest, in sun -and rain, making his shrewd observations, finding that upon which his -poetic fancy may play, finding the point of departure for his Excursions -in Philosophy. - - -AT WHAT SEASON - - “The first care of a man settling in the country should be to - open the face of the earth to himself by a little knowledge of - Nature, or a great deal, if he can; of birds, plants, rocks, - astronomy; in short, the art of taking a walk. This will draw - the sting out of frost, dreariness out of November and March, - and the drowsiness out of August.” - - --Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Resources.” - -_The Daily Walk._ Walking is to be commended, not as a holiday pastime, -merely, but as part of the routine of life, in season and out. -Particularly to city-dwellers, to men whose occupations are sedentary, -is walking to be commended as recreation. Will a man assert himself too -busy?--his neighbor plays a game of golf a week; he himself, perhaps, if -he will admit it, is giving half a day a week to some pastime--may be a -less wholesome one. - -It is worth a man’s while to reckon on his walking every day in the week. -It may well be to his advantage, in health and happiness, to extend -his daily routine afoot--perhaps by dispensing with the services of a -“jitney” from the suburban station to his residence, perhaps by leaving -the train or street car a station farther from home, perhaps by walking -down town to his office each morning. - -_The Weekly Walk._ The environs of one’s home can scarcely be -too forbidding. A range of ten miles out from Concord village -satisfied Thoreau throughout life. Grant the surroundings of Concord -exceptional--Thoreau’s demands were exceptional. Those who will turn -these pages will be for the most part city folk; the resident of any -of our cities may, with the aid of trolley, railway, and steamboat, -discover for himself a dozen ten-mile walks in its environs--many of -them converging to his home, some macadam paved and so available even in -the muddy season, and any one of them possible on a Saturday or a Sunday -afternoon. - -What could a pedestrian ask more? A three-hour walk of a Saturday -afternoon--exploring, perhaps, some region of humble historic interest, -studying outcroppings of coal or limestone, making new acquaintance with -birds, bees, and flowers, and enjoying always the wide sky, the sweep of -the river, the blue horizon. No other recreation is comparable to this. - -It is pleasurable to walk in fair, mild weather; but there is pleasure -on gray, cold, rainy days, too. To exert the body, to pit one’s strength -against the wind’s, to cause the sluggish blood to stream warm against -a nipping cold, to feel the sting of sleet on one’s face--to bring all -one’s being to hearty, healthful activity--by such means one comes to the -end, bringing to his refreshment gusto, to his repose contentment. - -The consistent pedestrian will score to his credit, every week throughout -the year, ten miles of vigorous, sustained tramping. Five hundred miles -a year makes an impressive showing, and is efficacious: it goes far to -“slam the door in the doctor’s nose.” - -_The Walking Tour._ Apart from, or, better, in addition to the perennial -weekly walking about one’s home, there is the occasional walking tour: a -two or three-day hike, over Labor Day, perhaps, or Washington’s Birthday; -and then there is the longer vacation tour of two or three weeks’ -duration. - -With important exceptions, we, in our northern latitudes, arrange our -walking tours in summer time. And, so far as concerns the exceptions, it -will here suffice to remind ourselves of mountain climbing on snowshoes -in winter, of ski-running and skating, and of the winter carnivals of -sport held in the Adirondacks, in the Alps, and in the Rocky Mountains. -In our southern states, however, no disadvantage attaches to winter; to -the contrary, over a great part of that region, winter is the pleasanter -season for the pedestrian. But summer is the season of vacations, and is, -generally speaking, the time of good roads, fair skies, and gentle air. -Then one can walk with greatest ease and freedom. - -The choice of the particular fortnight for the “big hike” may be governed -by all sorts of considerations; if the expedition be ornithological, -and there is free choice, it will be taken in May or June, or perhaps -in September; if to climb Mt. Ktaadn, it will preferably be in August. -Again, one’s employer may, for his own reasons, fix the time. It is well, -therefore, to formulate general statements, helpful in making choice of -place, when once the season has been fixed. - -In early summer, from the time the snow melts till mid July, the north -woods are infested with buzzing, stinging, torturing mosquitoes; to -induce one to brave these pests, large countervailing inducements must -needs appear. Mountaineering in temperate latitudes is less advisable -in the early summer than later; there is more rain then, and nights -are cold, and, in the high mountains, soft snow is often an impedance. -Throughout much of our country, June is a rainy month. In May and June, -accordingly, and early July, one should by preference plan his walk in -open settled country, in the foothills of mountain ranges, or across such -pleasant regions as central New York or Wisconsin. - -Late July, August and September are, for the most part, hot and dusty. At -that season, accordingly, the great river basins and wide plains should -be avoided; one should choose rather the north woods, the mountains, or -the New England coast. - -For the pedestrian September in the mountains and October everywhere are -the crown of the year; the fires of summer are then burning low, storms -are infrequent, the nip in the air stirs one to eagerness for the wide -sky and the open road. - - “The world has nothing to offer more rich and entertaining - than the days which October always brings us, when after the - first frosts, a steady shower of gold falls in the strong south - wind from the chestnuts, maples and hickories: all the trees - are wind-harps, filling the air with music; and all men become - poets, and walk to the measure of rhymes they make or remember.” - - --Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Country Life.” - -If one is so fortunate as to have his holiday abroad, he will find the -Italian hills or the Riviera delightful either in early spring or in -late autumn; he will find the Alps at their best in midsummer; and, at -intermediate seasons, there remain the Black Forest and the regions of -the Seine, the Rhine, and the Elbe. As for Scotland and Ireland, no one -has ventured to say when the rains are fewest. - - -THE HOURS OF THE DAY - - “Can you hear what the morning says to you, and believe _that_? - Can you bring home the summits of Wachusett, Greylock, and the - New Hampshire hills?” - - --Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Country Life.” - -It is well, and altogether pleasantest, on the hike, to be under way -early in the morning; and sometimes--particularly if the day’s march -be short--to finish all, without prolonged stop. Ordinarily, it is -preferable to walk till eleven or twelve o’clock, then to rest, wash -clothing, have lunch, read, sleep, and, setting out again in the middle -of the afternoon, to complete the day’s stage by five or six o’clock. -Afterward come bath, clean clothes, the evening meal, rest, and an early -bed. - -But one’s schedule should not be inflexible; one should have acquaintance -with the dawn, he should know the voices of the night. One forgets how -many stars there are, till he finds himself abroad at night in clear -mountain air. An all-night walk is a wonderful experience, particularly -under a full moon; and, in intensely hot weather, a plan to walk by night -may be a very grateful arrangement. - -Dr. John H. Finley, of the University of the State of New York, writes in -the _Outlook_[3] reminiscently of walking by night: - - “But the walks which I most enjoy, in retrospect at any rate, - are those taken at night. Then one makes one’s own landscape - with only the help of the moon or stars or the distant lights - of a city, or with one’s unaided imagination if the sky is - filled with cloud. - - “The next better thing to the democracy of a road by day is the - monarchy of a road by night, when one has one’s own terrestrial - way under guidance of a Providence that is nearer. It was in - the ‘cool of the day’ that the Almighty is pictured as walking - in the garden, but I have most often met him on the road by - night. - - “Several times I have walked down Staten Island and across - New Jersey to Princeton ‘after dark,’ the destination being - a particularly attractive feature of this walk. But I enjoy - also the journeys that are made in strange places where one - knows neither the way nor the destination, except from a map - or the advice of signboard or kilometer posts (which one reads - by the flame of a match, or, where that is wanting, sometimes - by following the letters and figures on a post with one’s - fingers), or the information, usually inaccurate, of some other - wayfarer. Most of these journeys have been made of a necessity - that has prevented my making them by day, but I have in every - case been grateful afterward for the necessity. In this - country they have been usually among the mountains--the Green - Mountains or the White Mountains or the Catskills. But of all - my night faring, a night on the moors of Scotland is the most - impressive and memorable, though without incident. No mountain - landscape is to me more awesome than the moorlands by night, or - more alluring than the moorlands by day when the heather is in - bloom. Perhaps this is only the ancestors speaking again. - - “But something besides ancestry must account for the others. - Indeed, in spite of it, I was drawn one night to Assisi, where - St. Francis had lived. Late in the evening I started on to - Foligno in order to take a train in to Rome for Easter morning. - I followed a white road that wound around the hills, through - silent clusters of cottages tightly shut up with only a slit of - light visible now and then, meeting not a human being along the - way save three somber figures accompanying an ox cart, a man at - the head of the oxen and a man and a woman at the tail of the - cart--a theme for Millet. (I asked in broken Italian how far - it was to Foligno, and the answer was, ‘_Una hora_’--distance - in time and not in miles.) Off in the night I could see the - lights of Perugia, and some time after midnight I began to see - the lights of Foligno--of Perugia and Foligno, where Raphael - had wandered and painted. The adventure of it all was that when - I reached Foligno I found that it was a walled town, that the - gate was shut, and that I had neither passport nor intelligible - speech. There is an interesting walking sequel to this journey. - I carried that night a wooden water-bottle, such as the Italian - soldiers used to carry, filling it from the fountain at the - gate of Assisi before starting. Just a month later, under the - same full moon, I was walking between midnight and morning in - New Hampshire. I had the same water-bottle and stopped at a - spring to fill it. When I turned the bottle upside down, a few - drops of water from the fountain of Assisi fell into the New - England spring, which for me, at any rate, has been forever - sweetened by this association. - - “All my long night walks seem to me now as but preparation for - one which I was obliged to make at the outbreak of the war - in Europe. I had crossed the Channel from England to France, - on the day that war was declared by England, to get a boy of - ten years out of the war zone. I got as far by rail as a town - between Arras and Amiens, where I expected to take a train on - a branch road toward Dieppe; but late in the afternoon I was - informed that the scheduled train had been canceled and that - there might not be another for twenty-four hours, if then. - Automobiles were not to be had even if I had been able to pay - for one. So I set out at dusk on foot toward Dieppe, which was - forty miles or more distant. The experiences of that night - would in themselves make one willing to practice walking for - years in order to be able to walk through such a night in whose - dawn all Europe waked to war. There was the quiet, serious - gathering of the soldiers at the place of rendezvous; there - were the all-night preparations of the peasants along the way - to meet the new conditions; there was the pelting storm from - which I sought shelter in the niches for statues in the walls - of an abandoned château; there was the clatter of the hurrying - feet of soldiers or gendarmes who properly arrested the - wanderer, searched him, took him to a guard-house, and detained - him until certain that he was an American citizen and a friend - of France, when he was let go on his way with a ‘_Bon voyage_’; - there was the never-to-be-forgotten dawn upon the harvest - fields in which only old men, women, and children were at work; - there was the gathering of the peasants with commandeered - horses and carts in the beautiful park on the water-front at - Dieppe; and there was much besides; but they were experiences - for the most part which only one on foot could have had.” - -In answer to a request for a contribution to this handbook, Dr. Finley -replies generously, and to the point: - - “I have never till now, so far as I can recall, tried to set - down in order my reasons for walking by night. Nor am I aware - of having given specific reasons even to myself. It has been - sufficient that I have enjoyed this sort of vagrancy. But since - it has been asked, I will try to analyze the enjoyment. - - “1. The roads are generally freer for pedestrians by night. - One is not so often pushed off into the ditch or into the - weeds at the roadside. There is not so much of dust thrown - into one’s face or of smells into one’s nostrils. More than - this (a psychological and not a physical reason) one is not - made conscious by night of the contempt or disdain of the - automobilist, which really contributes much to the discomfort - of a sensitive traveler on foot by day. I have ridden enough - in an automobile to know what the general automobile attitude - toward a pedestrian is. - - “2. Many landscapes are more beautiful and alluring by - moonlight or by starlight than by sunlight. The old Crusader’s - song intimates this: ‘Fair is the sunlight; fairer still the - moonlight and all the twinkling starry host.’ And nowhere in - the world have I appreciated this more fully than out in Asia - Minor, Syria, and Palestine, where the Crusaders and Pilgrims - walked by night as well as by day. But I have particularly - agreeable memories, too, of the night landscapes in the Green - Mountains. - - “3. By night one is free to have for companions of the way whom - one will out of any age or clime, while by day one is usually - compelled, even when one walks alone, to choose only from the - living and the visible. In Palestine, for example, I was free - to walk with prophet, priest, and king by night, while by day - the roads were filled with Anzacs and Gurkhas and Sikhs, and - the like. Spirits walk by day, but it takes more effort of - the imagination to find them and detach them. One of my most - delightful night memories is of a journey on foot over a road - from Assisi that St. Francis must have often trod. - - “4. There is always the possibility of adventure by night. - Nothing can be long or definitely expected, and so the - unexpected is always happening. I have been ‘apprehended’--I do - not like to say ‘arrested’--several times when walking alone - at night. Once, in France, I was seized in the street of a - village through which I was passing with no ill intent, taken - to a guard-house and searched. But that was the night of the - day that war was declared. Once, and this was before the war, I - was held up in Rahway, toward midnight, when I was walking to - Princeton. I was under suspicion simply because I was walking, - and walking soberly, in the middle of the road. - - “5. By day one must be conscious of the physical earth - about one, even if there is no living humanity. By night, - particularly if one is walking in strange places, one may take - a universe view of things. Especially is this true if the stars - are ahead of one and over one. - - “6. Then it is worth while occasionally to see the whole circle - of a twenty-four hour day, and especially to walk into a dawn - and see ‘the eye-lids of the day.’ I had the rare fortune to be - on the road in France when the dawn came that woke all Europe - to war. And I was again on the road one dawn when the war was - coming to its end out in the East. - - “7. There are as many good reasons for walking by night as by - day. But no better reason than that one who loves to walk by - night can never fear the shadow of death. - - “You will ask if I have any directions to give. I regret to - say that I have not. I seldom walk with else than a stick, a - canteen of water, and a little dried fruit in my pocket--and a - box of matches, for sometimes it is convenient to be able to - read signboards and kilometer posts even by night.” - - -SPEED AND DISTANCE - -Stevenson speaks contemptuously of “the championship walker in purple -stockings,” and indeed it is well to heed moderate counsel, lest, in -enthusiasm for _walking_, one misses after all the supreme joys of a -_walk_. At the same time, there is danger of too little as well as of -too much. To loiter and dilly-dally (to borrow again Stevenson’s phrase) -changes a walk into something else--something more like a picnic. - -Really to walk one should travel with swinging stride and at a good round -pace. Ten or twenty miles covered vigorously are not half so wearying to -body nor to mind as when dawdled through. One need not be “a champion -walker in purple stockings” covering five miles an hour and fifty miles a -day. - -If one is traveling without burden, he should do three and a half to -four miles an hour; if he carries twenty pounds, his pace should be not -more than three and a half; and if he carries thirty, it should be three -miles an hour, at most. When traveling under a load, one has no mind to -run; on an afternoon’s ramble, one may run down gentle grades “for the -fun of it,” but on the hike it is best always to keep one foot on the -ground. The perennial, weekly, conditioning walk should require about -three hours; and the distance covered should be at least ten miles. On -a tour, continued day after day, one should ordinarily walk for five, -six, or seven hours a day, and cover, on the average, fifteen to twenty -miles. With three weeks to spare, one has, say, ten to fifteen walking -days--rain may interfere, there are things to be seen, one does not want -to walk every day. At the average rate of twenty miles a day--which one -can easily do under a fifteen-pound pack--the distance covered should be -200 to 250 miles. If one carries thirty pounds, he travels more slowly, -and makes side trips, and covers a stretch of say a hundred miles of -country. - -The figures given are applicable to walking in comparatively level -regions; in mountain climbing, of course, they do not hold. To ascend -three thousand feet in elevation, at any gradient, is at the least a -half-day’s work; it may be much more. Furthermore, in mountaineering at -great and unaccustomed altitudes--8,000 feet and upwards--great care must -be taken against over exertion. One who has had experience in ascending -Alpine peaks will remember that, under the leadership of his guides, he -was required to stop and rest for fifteen minutes in each hour, to eat an -Albert biscuit, and to drink a swallow of tea mixed with red wine. - -Professor William Morris Davis, in “Excursions around Aix-les-Bains,” -gives the following notes upon speed in mountain-climbing: - - “While walking up hill, adopt a moderate pace that can be - steadily maintained, and keep going. Inexperienced climbers are - apt to walk too fast at first and, on feeling the strain of a - long ascent, to become discouraged and “give it up”; or if - they persist to the top, they may be tempted to accept bodily - fatigue as an excuse for the indolent contemplation of a view, - the full enjoyment of which calls for active observation. Let - these beginners remember that many others have shared their - feelings, but have learned to regard temporary fatigue as - a misleading adviser. There is no harm done if one becomes - somewhat tired; exhaustion is prevented by reducing the pace - when moderate fatigue begins. Let the mind rest on agreeable - thoughts while the body is working steadily during a climb; - when the summit is reached, let the body rest as comfortably - as possible while the mind works actively in a conscious - examination of the view. Avoid the error of neglecting the view - after making a great effort in attaining the view point. - - “An ascent of 400 or 475 m. [1300-1550 feet] an hour may - ordinarily be made on a mountain path; where paths are wanting, - ascent is much slower; where rock climbing is necessary, slower - still. Descent is usually much shortened by cutoffs at zigzags - in the path of ascent: the time of descent may be only a half - or a third of that required for ascent.” - -One should not set out on any tour, whether in the mountains or -elsewhere, and, without preparation, undertake to do twenty miles a day. -During the weeks preceding departure, one should be careful not to miss -his ten-mile weekly hike; and he should, if possible, get out twice a -week, and lengthen the walks. - -In planning his itinerary, he will not fix the average distance and walk -up to it each day. Let him go about the matter gradually--fifteen miles -the first day, twenty the second; on the third day let him lie by and -rest, and on the fourth do twenty again. With the fourth day he will find -his troubles ended. The second day is, usually, the hardest--ankles -tired, feet tender, shoulders lame from the burden of the knapsack; but, -by sticking at it bravely through the afternoon, the crest of difficulty -will be overpassed. - -In this matter of speed and distance, figures are to be accepted with -freedom. Individuals vary greatly in capacity. The attempt has been made -to give fair estimates--a rate and range attainable by a fairly vigorous, -active man, with clear gain. The caution should be subscribed, “Do not -try to do too much.” - - -STUNT WALKING - -These are tests of endurance in speed, in distance, or in both; the play -of the habitual pedestrian. Discussion of the matters of _speed_ and -_distance_ gives opportunity for the introduction, somewhat illogically, -of this and the following sections. - -There is, in the environs of a certain city, a walk of ten miles or -better, a favorite course with a little company of pedestrians. No month -passes that they do not traverse it. Normally, they spend two hours and -a half on the way; if some slower-footed friend be of the party, it -requires an hour more; their record, made by one of their number, walking -alone, is two hours and twelve minutes. - -Fired by the example of a distinguished pedestrian, who in the newspapers -was reported to have walked seventy-five miles on his seventy-fifth -birthday, one of the company just mentioned essayed to do the like--a -humbler matter in his own case. He is, however, so far advanced into -middle age that he won with a good margin the trophy of the League of -Walkers, given to every member who covers thirty miles afoot in a single -day. - - -CHAMPIONSHIP WALKING--WORLD’S RECORDS - - EVENT TIME HOLDER NATION DATE - - 1 mile--6m. 25 4-5s. G. H. Goulding Canada June 4, 1901 - 2 miles--13m. 11 2-5s. G. E. Larner England July 13, 1904 - 3 miles--20m. 25 4-5s. G. E. Larner England Aug. 19, 1905 - 4 miles--27m. 14s. G. E. Larner England Aug. 19, 1905 - 5 miles--36m. 1-5s. G. E. Larner England Sept. 30, 1905 - 6 miles--43m. 26 1-5s. G. E. Larner England Sept. 30, 1905 - 7 miles--50m. 50 4-5s. G. E. Larner England Sept. 30, 1905 - 8 miles--58m. 18 2-5s. G. E. Larner England Sept. 30, 1905 - 9 miles--1h. 7m. 37 4-5s. G. E. Larner England July 17, 1908 - 10 miles--1h. 15m. 57 2-5s. G. E. Larner England July 17, 1908 - 15 miles--1h. 59m. 12 3-5s. H. V. Ross England May 20, 1911 - 20 miles--2h. 47m. 52s. T. Griffith England Dec. 30, 1870 - 25 miles--3h. 37m. 6 4-5s. S. C. A. Schofield England May 20, 1911 - 1 hr.--8 miles 438 yards. G. E. Larner England Sept. 20, 1905 - 2 hrs.--15 miles 128 yards. H. V. L. Ross England May 20, 1911 - - -COMPETITIVE WALKING - -Mr. George Goulding, the Canadian world’s champion, has generously -contributed the following paragraphs on Competitive Walking. The -definition of a “fair gate,” taken by Mr. Goulding for granted, is, “one -in which one foot touches the ground before the other leaves it, only one -leg being bent in stepping, namely, that which is being put forward.” - - “In the present mad scramble of the business world, men forget - the need of exercise; they are intent on rapid transit, but - give little thought to walking. Walking is the natural mode of - travel, it is one of the best forms of exercise, and should be - engaged in by everyone, and by most people in larger degree. - - “If ordinary walking for health and recreation has fallen - into disuse, so has speed walking in competition. There are, - however, still a few of the old school left, in Weston, - O’Leary, Ward, and others, who remind us of the time when the - art of fast walking was more highly esteemed in the athletic - world. - - “You have asked me to give my ideas on fair heel and toe - walking for competition, or speed walking, and in replying I - ask you at the outset to take Webster’s Dictionary from your - shelf and see what the definition of _walk_ is: ‘To proceed - [at a slower or faster rate] without running or lifting one - foot entirely before the other is set down.’ Based on that - definition, a set of rules has been drawn up to govern the - sport, differentiating a fast walk from a running trot. The - chief thing for the novice just starting is to get thoroughly - acquainted with the rules and stick to them, never violating - them in the slightest. - - “I cannot here make minute comment upon all the rules of - championship walking, but I will do my best to bring out in - a brief way the essentials. To simplify and make vivid what - I have in mind to say, let the reader accompany me to some - athletic track and see with me a bunch of walkers in action. - - “It is a principle of walking which I have set before myself, - to economize effort, to attain maximum speed with minimum - expenditure of strength; but you do not see that principle - carried out by all the walkers before you on the track. One - fellow over there is twisting his body on the back stretch - in an awful contortion, showing he is not a natural walker. - Another, just behind him, is jumping in a jerky way all the - time, owing to the fact that he is not using his hips to - advantage. But look at this young chap just taking the turn, - how smoothly he works! What freedom of action he has! Look at - his hop motion! In order to get a better view, let us step - out upon the track. Now see how his hip is brought well round - at each stride, the right being stretched out a little to the - left, and the left in the next stride to the right, in order - that he can bring his feet, one directly in front of the other. - Notice that he walks in a perfectly straight line. That is to - say, if a direct line were drawn around the track, he would - place each foot alternately upon it. Bear in mind that the - shortest distance between any two points is a straight line. By - this time the walker has passed us, and we get a view of him - from the field. In contrast with the other contestants, he does - not seem to have any hip action. That is because his stride - is perfectly straight, no overlapping; his stride shoots out - right from the waist; he gets into it every possible inch, and - yet there is no disturbance of the smoothness of his action. - And with his perfect stride note how he works his feet to - advantage: the right foot comes to the ground heel first, and - as the left leg is swung in front of the right, the ball of the - right comes down; then, as the right foot rises to the toe - position, the heel of the left strikes the ground and in turn - takes the weight of the body. Notice how one foot is on the - ground all the time; there is no possibility of a lift. A good - test, to judge whether a walker is ‘lifting’ or not, is to note - whether his head moves in a straight line; for, when one lifts, - the head moves up and down. - - “Now notice the difference in the way the different men ‘lock’ - their knees. The knee should be perfectly straight or ‘locked’ - as the foremost foot reaches the ground, and should continue - so through the beginning of the stride. It is easier to reach - forward with a straight knee than with a bent one. As the heel - comes to contact with the ground, the weight of the body is - shifted from the rearward to the forward foot, and the leg - that has just swung forward now begins to propel the body. - The straightened knee is at this instant locked. The ‘lock’ - should be decided and complete. Remember this clearly, that - the knee should be first straight and then locked. A knee bent - throughout the stride is not to be approved. The rules call for - a fair heel and toe walk, with a stiff knee, and we have got to - live up to them. - - “With our walkers still in view as they go around the track, - let us study their arm motion. Notice how that fellow is - slashing away across his chest. That is not necessary. Neither - is the action of the man just ahead of him, who is throwing his - arms away out laterally from the hips. Now look at the fellow - with the freedom of action we have already noted. His arms are - fairly low, they do not rise higher than the breast. On the - forward swing of his arm the elbow does not pass the hip, and - on the backward swing the hand does not pass the hip. The man - does not carry corks. (The less concentration of mind upon the - action of muscles the better.) - - “I think I have illustrated the chief points involved in - walking according to the rules laid down. Perhaps a summary of - the rules for fair heel and toe walk will be useful: - - “_Hip motion_: Just enough twist or curve given to bring the - feet alternately in one straight line. - - “_Leg action_: Below the waist shoot the leg out in a straight - clean drive to its full, natural limit: hip locked, knee - locked, and free play given the foot. - - “_Foot action_: The heel of the right foot strikes the ground - first. As the left leg is swung in front of the right, the foot - of the right comes down flat, then, as it is raised to toe - position, the heel of the left strikes the ground and in turn - takes the weight of the body. - - “_Carriage of the body_: To be perfectly upright, with the - center of gravity on the heels, the head all the time traveling - in a straight line. - - “_Knee action_: Knee to be straight at first and afterwards - locked. - - “_Arm action_: Arms act with the shoulders to give good - balance. Keep them fairly low, not ascending any higher than - the nipples; good even swing; hand and elbow alternately - reaching the hips. - - “_Hands_: Recommended to be kept loose, corks not necessary. - - “Having pointed out to you wherein individuals differ, and - having indicated what constitutes a fair heel and toe walk, a - few hints on training may be helpful. My first advice to any - athletic aspirant is to undergo a medical examination, in order - to find out if he is strong enough constitutionally to risk - strenuous track work without injury to his health. I would - further suggest that such an examination be an annual affair. - - “What is the purpose of training? We train to gain efficiency - in whatever branch of sport we enter. To train properly one - must concentrate attention upon whatever pertains to his - particular sport. Through such attention one strengthens - the muscles and nerves, gains knowledge of the strength he - possesses, so that he can use it in the right way and at the - right time, to attain the maximum amount of speed with the - minimum amount of effort. Training increases strength of mind, - self-confidence, strong nerves, patience, thinking power, and - character. - - “The amount of track work needed to prepare for a walking-match - will depend upon the individual, but remember that staying in - bed and reading a set of rules will not do. There is a lot of - hard work ahead. To start with, I would never think of entering - a race without at least three months’ preparation, be it daily - or three times per week. A long and careful training is far - better than a short and severe one, and so I would recommend - easy work for the first month, with a gradual increase of speed - as one goes along. Do not bother with a stop watch until the - second month at the earliest. - - “Let me also suggest that one do a little morning calisthenics. - These exercises should focus on developing alertness and - endurance; consequently, light, rapid movements that give the - muscles tone and firmness are the qualities to seek in such - individual exercise. - - “I have always found deep breathing a great help when training - for a contest. I always practice deep breathing when out for a - street walk, inhaling through about eight steps, exhaling for a - like period. - - “One of the things I learned early in my career was the value - of sun baths. The blood needs light, and one needs pure blood - to win a race. The direct rays of the sun on one’s body will - give it. Of course one should use discretion in taking a sun - bath. - - “One should not forget that he needs a lot of sleep--eight - full hours of it. Sleep is necessary for resting not the body - only; it should also be a rest for the mind and the nervous - system. Remember that sleep is not mere rest in the sense of - inaction; sleep is a vital process in repairing and rebuilding - used-up nerve and brain cells, so you see it is essential that - the brain be at rest in order to gain full recuperation. - - “As one becomes more advanced in the sport he will realize how - large a part the mind plays in a race. Mental action has a - great deal to do with winning. A man should not be bluffed; let - him make up his mind he is going to win, and that he must not - get rattled; let him have his thoughts well collected, and he - will be all right.” - - - - -WHERE TO WALK - - -TREES - - I think that I shall never see - A poem lovely as a tree. - - A tree whose hungry mouth is prest - Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast; - - A tree that looks at God all day - And lifts her leafy arms to pray; - - A tree that may in Summer wear - A nest of robins in her hair; - - Upon whose bosom snow has lain; - Who intimately lives with rain. - - Poems are made by fools like me, - But only God can make a tree. - - Joyce Kilmer. - - - - -III - -WHERE TO WALK - - -Anywhere. Surely the pedestrian may claim for his recreation this -advantage: it may be enjoyed when one will and wherever one may be. But -this does not mean that there is no choice, no preference. Says Thoreau -again, “If you would get exercise, go in search of the springs of life. -Think of a man’s swinging dumb-bells for his health, when those springs -are bubbling up in far-off pastures unsought by him!” And Emerson has -this fresh, breezy comment: - - “The true naturalist can go wherever woods or waters go; almost - where a squirrel or a bee can go, he can; and no man is asked - for leave. Sometimes the farmer withstands him in crossing his - lots, but ’tis to no purpose; the farmer could as well hope to - prevent the sparrows or tortoises. It was their land before it - was his, and their title was precedent.” - -Stevenson would make the surroundings a matter of small import; the -landscape, he says, is “quite accessory,” and yet, within a page after, -he rallies Hazlitt, and playfully calls him an epicure, because he -postulates “a _winding_ road, and three hours to dinner.” - - -CHOICE OF SURROUNDINGS - -There is the region about home, the region one knows best. For -muddy weather, macadam; but, when they are at all negotiable, then -always country roads by preference. The macadam road is all that is -unpleasant--hard, dry, glaring, straight, monotonous; overrun with -noisy, dusty, evil-smelling machines, with their curious and often -unpleasant occupants. It is bordered, not with trees, as a road should -be, but with telephone poles; a fine coating of lime dust lies like a -death pallor on what hardy vegetation struggles to live along its margin; -it is commercial, business-like, uncompromising, and unlovely. But the -country road belongs to another world--a world apart--and is traveled -by a different people. It, too, has its aim and destination, but it is -deliberate in its course; it neither cuts through the hills nor fills the -valleys, but accommodates itself to the windings of streams and to the -steepness of slopes. It is soft underfoot, shaded by trees; it finds and -follows the mountain brooks; rabbits play upon it, grouse dust themselves -in it, birds sing about it, and berries hang from its banks black and -sweet. The people who live in the country travel upon it; it is instinct -with the life of a hundred years. - -If the day be clear, seek the hilltops; if not, the wooded valleys. The -pedestrian learns the by-paths, too, and the short cuts across lots. He -can find the arbutus in its season, the blackberries and the mushrooms -in theirs. Here is a suggestive page from Thoreau’s Journal (August 27, -1854): - - “Would it not be well to describe some of those rough all-day - walks across lots?--as that of the 15th, picking our way over - quaking meadows and swamps and occasionally slipping into - the muddy batter midleg deep; jumping or fording ditches - and brooks; forcing our way through dense blueberry swamps, - where there is water beneath and bushes above; then brushing - through extensive birch forests all covered with green lice, - which cover our clothes and face; then, relieved, under larger - wood, more open beneath, steering for some more conspicuous - trunk; now along a rocky hillside where the sweet-fern grows - for a mile, then over a recent cutting, finding our uncertain - footing on the cracking tops and trimmings of trees left by - the choppers; now taking a step or two of smooth walking - across a highway; now through a dense pine wood, descending - into a rank, dry swamp, where the cinnamon fern rises above - your head, with isles of poison-dogwood; now up a scraggy hill - covered with scrub oak, stooping and winding one’s way for - half a mile, tearing one’s clothes in many places and putting - out one’s eyes, and find[ing] at last that it has no bare - brow, but another slope of the same character; now through - a corn-field diagonally with the rows; now coming upon the - hidden melon-patch; seeing the back side of familiar hills - and not knowing them,--the nearest house to home, which you - do not know, seeming further off than the farthest which you - do know;--in the spring defiled with froth on various bushes, - etc., etc., etc.; now reaching on higher land some open - pigeon-place, a breathing-place for us.” - -Another page, too, is worth quoting (July 12, 1852): - - “Now for another fluvial walk. There is always a current of air - above the water, blowing up or down the course of the river, - so that this is the coolest highway. Divesting yourself of all - clothing but your shirt and hat, which are to protect your - exposed parts from the sun, you are prepared for the fluvial - excursion. You choose what depths you like, tucking your toga - higher or lower, as you take the deep middle of the road or - the shallow sidewalks. Here is a road where no dust was ever - known, no intolerable drouth. Now your feet expand on a smooth - sandy bottom, now contract timidly on pebbles, now slump in - genial fatty mud--greasy, saponaceous--amid the pads. You scare - out whole schools of small breams and perch, and sometimes a - pickerel, which have taken shelter from the sun under the pads. - This river is so clear compared with the South Branch, or main - stream, that all their secrets are betrayed to you. Or you meet - with and interrupt a turtle taking a more leisurely walk up the - stream. Ever and anon you cross some furrow in the sand, made - by a muskrat, leading off to right or left to their galleries - in the bank, and you thrust your foot into the entrance, which - is just below the surface of the water and is strewn with - grass and rushes, of which they make their nests. In shallow - water near the shore, your feet at once detect the presence of - springs in the bank emptying in, by the sudden coldness of the - water, and there, if you are thirsty, you dig a little well in - the sand with your hands, and when you return, after it has - settled and clarified itself, get a draught of pure cold water - there.… - - “I wonder if any Roman emperor ever indulged in such luxury as - this,--of walking up and down a river in torrid weather with - only a hat to shade the head. What were the baths of Caracalla - to this?” - -It might seem that all the joys of walking are rural; but it is not so; -the city dweller knows as well as his country cousin how to make his -surroundings serve his need. Doctor Finley, veteran pedestrian though he -be, delighting to walk to the ends of the earth, has no word of disdain -for the streets of the city of his home. The following passage is taken -from a paper of his which appeared in the _Outlook_ and from which -quotation has already been made: - - “My traveling afoot, for many years, has been chiefly in busy - city streets or in the country roads into which they run--not - far from the day’s work or from the thoroughfares of the - world’s concerns. - - “Of such journeys on foot which I recall with greatest pleasure - are some that I have made in the encircling of cities. More - than once I have walked around Manhattan Island (an afternoon’s - or a day’s adventure within the reach of thousands), keeping - as close as possible to the water’s edge all the way round. - One not only passes through physical conditions illustrating - the various stages of municipal development from the wild - forest at one end of the island to the most thickly populated - spots of the earth at the other, but one also passes through - diverse cities and civilizations. Another journey of this - sort was one that I made around Paris, taking the line of the - old fortifications, which are still maintained, with a zone - following the fortifications most of the way just outside, - inhabited only by squatters, some of whose houses were on - wheels ready for ‘mobilization’ at an hour’s notice. (It was - near the end of that circumvallating journey, about sunset, - on the last day of an old year, that I saw my first airplane - rising like a great golden bird in the aviation field, and a - few minutes later my first elongated dirigible--precursors of - the air armies.)… - - “About every city lies an environing charm, even if it have no - trees, as, for example, Cheyenne, Wyoming, where, stopping for - a few hours not long ago, I spent most of the time walking out - to the encircling mesas that give view of both mountains and - city. I have never found a city without its walkers’ rewards. - New York has its Palisade paths, its Westchester hills and - hollows, its ‘south shore’ and ‘north shore,’ and its Staten - Island (which I have often thought of as Atlantis, for once - on a holiday I took Plato with me to spend an afternoon on - its littoral, away from the noise of the city, and on my way - home found that my Plato had stayed behind, and he never - reappeared, though I searched car and boat). Chicago has its - miles of lake shore walks; Albany its Helderbergs; and San - Francisco, its Golden Gate Road. And I recall with a pleasure - which the war cannot take away a number of suburban European - walks. One was across the Campagna from Frascati to Rome, when - I saw an Easter week sun go down behind the Eternal City. - Another was out to Fiesole from Florence and back again; - another, out and up from where the Saone joins the Rhone - at Lyons; another, from Montesquieu’s château to Bordeaux; - another, from Edinburgh out to Arthur’s Seat and beyond; - another from Lausanne to Geneva, past Paderewski’s villa, - along the glistening lake with its background of Alps; and - still another, from Eton (where I spent the night in a cubicle - looking out on Windsor Castle) to London, starting at dawn. One - cannot know the intimate charm of the urban penumbra who makes - only shuttle journeys by motor or street cars.” - - -NATURE OF COUNTRY - -When it comes to the matter of choosing the region for a walking -tour, all sorts of considerations enter in. This has been indicated -already; your naturalist will fix upon some happy hunting ground where -flowers or birds are abundant, or fossil trilobites or dinosaurs are -to be discovered; the fisherman will seek out the mountain brooks; the -antiquarian, some remote rural region, perhaps, or scene of battle; the -genealogist will visit the graves of his ancestors. But, leaving for the -moment such special and individual considerations out of account, what -should influence the average pedestrian in his choice of locality? - -The choice of locality with relation to season has already been -considered, page 43 above. - -The choice will not fall upon a flat, undiversified region, particularly -if the season be hot and the roads much traveled and dusty. Emerson, in a -passage extolling the pedestrian advantages of his native Massachusetts, -observes: - - “For walking, you must have a broken country. In Illinois, - everybody rides. There is no good walk in that state. The - reason is, a square yard of it is as good as a hundred miles. - You can distinguish from the cows a horse feeding, at the - distance of five miles, with the naked eye. Hence, you have the - monotony of Holland, and when you step out of the door can see - all that you will have seen when you come home.” - -Having said so much, Emerson adds, in order to put the Illinoian in good -humor again: - - “We may well enumerate what compensating advantages we have - over that country, for ’tis a commonplace, which I have - frequently heard spoken in Illinois, that it was a manifest - leading of the Divine Providence that the New England states - should have been first settled, before the Western country was - known, or they would never have been settled at all.” - -In Oklahoma, they say, one can look farther and see less than anywhere -else in the world. - -The pedestrian seeks wide horizons, but he seeks more than that. The only -classical walk which the writer now recalls, taken in a level region, -was Thoreau’s tour along the beaches of Cape Cod; but there was the -sea--itself an unending delight and stimulus to imagination--and the sand -dunes, with all the beauties of mountain form in miniature. - -There are, of course, the great recreation grounds of the world: the -Swiss Alps, the Tyrol, and in our own country the Glacier National Park, -the Yellowstone, and the Yosemite. Such a place is the pedestrian’s -paradise. But such a place is, for most of us, far away; ordinarily, the -requirement is of something humbler. - -Let the choice then be broken country. There is all of New England, the -Adirondacks, the Appalachian region, the Ozarks, and the great mountain -lands of the West. Some fringe of one or another of these regions is -accessible to almost any holiday seeker. In addition to the mountainous -areas, there are the drumlins and lakes of our glaciated northern -states--New York, Michigan, Wisconsin; and, excepting only the prairies, -there is diversity of rolling hills and winding streams everywhere. - - -THE GOAL AND THE ROAD - -It is well to have an objective in a walk, a focus of interest, a climax -of effort: a historical objective--the grave of Washington, perhaps, or -the battlefield of Israel Putnam; or a natural objective--the summit of -Mt. Marcy, or Lake Tahoe, or the Mammoth Cave. - -Do not, however, set out from the point of chief interest; let there be -a gradual approach; if possible, let the hardest work come near the end; -let the highest mountain be the last. - -Search out objects of interest within five hundred miles of home, -choose one of them as the goal--be it mountain, trout stream, or Indian -mound--and let the way lead to it. - -On long tours, seek variety--variety of woods, rivers, mountains. Do not, -by choice, go and return over the same road, nor even through the same -region. Better walk one way and go by train the other. - -In crossing mountain ranges, ascend the gradual slope and descend the -steep. (On precipices, however, there is less danger in climbing up than -down.) - -Walk from south to north, by preference; it is always best to have the -sun at one’s back. - -Avoid macadam roads--except when country roads are muddy, or on a night -walk. By night smooth footing is especially advantageous. Macadam is -wearing to both body and mind--and sole leather; immediately after rain -it is tolerable. Avoid highways, seek byways. Leave even the byways at -times, and travel across country. - - -MAPS - -On map making, see page 111. - -A map is useful, and, on an extended tour, almost necessary. Topographic -maps, showing towns and roads also, of a large part of the United States -are published by the United States Geological Survey. Better maps could -not be desired. Different regions are mapped to different scale, but, for -the greater part, each map or “quadrangle” covers an area measuring 15′ -in extent each way; the scale is 1:62,500, or about a mile to an inch. -Each quadrangle measures approximately 12¾ × 17½ inches and displays an -area of 210-225 square miles, the area varying with the latitude. To -traverse one quadrangle from south to north means, if the country be -hilly and the roads winding, to walk twenty miles or more. - -On these maps water is printed in blue, contour lines in brown, and -cultural features--roads, towns, county lines--in black. A contour line -is a line which follows the surface at a fixed altitude; one who follows -a contour line will go neither uphill nor down, but on the level. The -contour interval, that is, the difference in elevation between adjacent -contour lines, is stated at the bottom of each quadrangle. It is not -uniform for all the areas mapped, and is greater in mountains and less in -level regions. Every fourth or fifth contour line is made heavier than -the others. - -A little experience will teach one to read a contour map at a glance; the -shape of the hills is indicated, and their steepness. In addition, these -maps bear in figures (and in feet) actual elevations above sea level. - -Besides the quadrangles on the unit of area mentioned, the Survey -publishes maps to larger scale, of regions of exceptional importance: -Boston and vicinity, for instance; Washington and vicinity; the -Gettysburg battlefield; the Niagara gorge; Glacier National Park; -industrial regions such as Franklin Furnace, N. J., and vicinity. - -Application may be made to The Director, United States Geological Survey, -Washington, D. C., for an index map of any particular region in which one -is interested; the index map is marked off into quadrangles, and each -quadrangle bears its distinctive name. Information regarding larger maps -is also given. So that, on consulting the index map, one may order by -name the particular quadrangles or larger maps he may desire. The price -of the quadrangles is ten cents each, or six cents each for fifty or -more. The larger maps units are of varying price. - -For remoter regions, not yet mapped by Government, ruder maps may -ordinarily be had. - -Such foreign regions as the Alps are, of course, perfectly mapped. The -maps in Baedeker’s guidebooks are good, and better still may be had, if -one desires. - -It is a good plan to have the maps of one’s home region mounted on linen -and shellaced. - -_Map case._ Maps of small size and constantly in use may be put in form -for carrying by cutting them into sections and mounting them on linen, -with spaces for folding left between the edges of adjacent sections. -A map so mounted may be folded and carried in an oiled silk envelope. -Leather is not a satisfactory material for such a case, for, when carried -in one’s clothing, it becomes wet through with perspiration. - -For a walk on which one has occasion to use a number of maps, it is -preferable to provide oneself with a cylindrical case of sheet tin, -in which the rolled maps may be contained. A suitable case for the -Geological Survey quadrangles measures eighteen inches in length and -two in diameter. A close-fitting lid slips over the open end, and there -are runners soldered to one side, through which a supporting strap may -pass. A small hole in the bottom facilitates the putting on and removal -of the lid. Any tinsmith can make such a case in a short time. It should -be painted outside. It may be suspended by a strap from the shoulders, -and so be easily accessible, or it may, if preferred, be secured to or -carried within the knapsack. - - -WALKING BY COMPASS - -Where roads are many and villages frequent, one may easily find his way, -map in hand. But in the wilderness the map must be supplemented by the -compass. The beginner should go gradually about this matter of traveling -by compass; he should gain experience in small undertakings. For one -acquainted with the art, there is in its practice an alluring element of -novelty and adventure. Most of all, one needs to teach himself to rely on -his compass _implicitly_. - -A few suggestions about walking by compass may be useful. _First_, study -the map, and note the objective points; _second_, on setting out, have -always a definite point in mind and know its exact bearing; refer to the -compass repeatedly, directing one’s course to a tree, rock shoulder, -or other landmark, and on reaching it, appeal to the compass again, to -define a new mark; _third_, in making detours, around bogs or cliffs, use -the wits, and make proper compensation; _finally_, and as has once been -said, but cannot be too often said, trust the compass. - -From a mountain top, if the destination can be seen, one may study the -contour of the land between and, engraving it surely in mind, direct his -course accordingly. But ability to do this is gained only through long -experience. For a novice to attempt it were foolhardy, and might lead to -serious consequences. - -In making mental note of landmarks, one should, so far as possible, get -_two aligned points_ on the course ahead, for by keeping the alignment -deviation may be corrected. - -On a clear day, having laid one’s course, one may follow it by the -guidance of one’s shadow. But here again, some experience is needed, -before trusting one’s ability too far. - -One’s watch may serve as a rude compass, remembering that at sunrise -(approximately in the east and approximately at six o’clock) _the watch -being set to sun time_, if the watch be so placed that the hour hand -points to the sun, the north and south line will lie across the dial, -from the three o’clock index number to nine. And at any succeeding time -of the day, if the hour hand be pointed to the sun, south will lie midway -between the point where the hour hand lies and the index number twelve. -Manifestly, this improvised compass can be exactly right only at equinox, -and only when the watch is set to meridian time. - - - - -WALKING CLUBS IN AMERICA - - -UPHILL - - Does the road wind uphill all the way? - Yes, to the very end. - - Will the day’s journey take the whole long day? - From morn to night, my friend. - - But is there for the night a resting-place? - A roof for when the slow, dark hours begin. - - May not the darkness hide it from my face? - You cannot miss that inn. - - Shall I meet other wayfarers at night? - Those who have gone before. - - Then must I knock, or call when just in sight? - They will not keep you waiting at that door. - - Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak? - Of labor you shall find the sum. - - Will there be beds for me and all who seek? - Yea, beds for all who come. - - Christina G. Rossetti. - - - - -IV - -WALKING CLUBS IN AMERICA - - -The walking clubs of Europe have had a long and useful history. The -favored regions, particularly the Alps, the Bavarian highlands, and the -Black Forest, have, time out of mind, been the holiday land for all the -European peoples. Walking there is in vogue as nowhere else in the world, -unless it be among the English lakes. Before the war it was interesting -to an American visitor in the Tyrol to observe how many people spent -their holidays afoot--and how many sorts of people: men, women, old, -young. Sometimes one met whole families walking together. It was not a -surprising thing to encounter a fresh-cheeked schoolgirl on the peak of -the Wildspitze; and pedestrian bridal tours seemed to be, in some strata -of society at least, quite the thing. But the impressive fact was that -there were hundreds of people--men, women, and children--tramping the -mountains together, and finding the inseparable desiderata, health and -happiness. - -This enthusiasm for walking has expressed itself in walking clubs; they -are part of the “Movement”: The Alpine Club, _Le Club Alpin Français_, -_Il Club Alpino Italiano_, _Die Deutsche und Oesterreiche Alpenverein_, -_Der Schweize Alpenclub_, etc. These clubs lay trails and blaze them, -through chasms, across passes, and to summits. (It is the pedestrian -alone to whom the mountains reveal their extremest beauties.) The clubs -maintain, at comfortable intervals, mountain huts, where one may find -simple food and a clean bed; and they prepare and publish maps and -guidebooks. - -We are followers of the Europeans, and we have this advantage of -followers, that we may see and profit by all that they have done. - -Already there are many walking clubs in America; their memberships -are greatest, as might be expected, in New England and on the Pacific -Coast. Some of these organizations are concerned chiefly with feats of -mountaineering; others with the needs of the greater number of ordinary -people. It is of the clubs of this latter class that some account will -here be given. But at the outset a word of apology is needed. The -data from which this chapter is prepared are in the necessity of the -case casually collected; it cannot be otherwise than that they are -fragmentary; and the result must be faulty and ill proportioned. The -chapter is offered as a provisional one. Organizations not mentioned, but -which might have had place with those which are, are requested to furnish -data respecting themselves; all interested are invited to note mistakes -and give advice of corrections, to the end that a more useful and more -nearly satisfactory chapter may ultimately appear. Communications may be -addressed to the League of Walkers, 347 Madison Avenue, New York. - - -THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN CLUB - -One of the oldest and the most distinguished of the walking clubs of -America, is the Appalachian Mountain Club, of Boston, with its two -outlying “chapters,” in New York, and in Worcester, Mass. Following is -the official statement of the Club’s objects and activities. - - “The Appalachian Mountain Club was organized in Boston in - January, 1876, to ‘explore the mountains of New England - and the adjacent regions, both for scientific and artistic - purposes.’ Its activities are directed not only toward - the preservation of the natural beauty of our mountain - resorts,--and in particular their forests,--but also toward - making them still more accessible and enjoyable through - the building of paths and camps, the publishing of maps - and guidebooks, the collecting of scientific data, and the - conducting of numerous field excursions. - - “In the fulfilment of its main purpose it has built and - maintained over two hundred miles of trails, three stone huts - and nine open log shelters, all in the White Mountains, and - a clubhouse on Three Mile Island in Lake Winnepesaukee. It - has also acquired sixteen reservations, held purely in trust - for the benefit of the public, in New Hampshire, Maine, and - Massachusetts. It annually conducts four long excursions: one - in February for snowshoeing, one in July, one in August, for - those who prefer camp life, and one in early autumn, besides - the same number of shorter trips in February, May, early - September, and at Christmas. These are mainly in New England - and New York. In addition there are Saturday afternoon walks - to various points of interest in the country around Boston - and New York City, the latter under the New York Chapter. - Occasionally there are special walks for those interested in - natural history. Those wishing to go farther afield can obtain - privileges in connection with the annual outings of the western - mountaineering clubs. - - “From October to May monthly meetings are held in Boston and - to these members may invite friends. In connection with these - meetings illustrated lectures are given upon mountain regions - and other outdoor subjects of interest. - - “Clubrooms are maintained in the Tremont Building [in Boston], - where committee meetings and small informal gatherings are - held, and where the fine library, many maps, and a large - collection of photographs are kept.… - - “Members are kept informed of the activities of the Club by - a monthly Bulletin, and at least once a year an illustrated - magazine, entitled _Appalachia_, is published.… In addition the - Club has published a ‘Guide to Paths in the White Mountains - and Adjacent Regions’ ($2.00), a ‘Bibliography of the White - Mountains’ ($1.00), ‘Walks and Rides about Boston’ ($1.25), a - booklet ‘Equipment for Climbing and Camping’ (10 cents), and a - ‘Snowshoe Manual’ (10 cents). - - “In January, 1919, there were about 2300 members (the New - York Chapter numbers 145). Membership in the Club costs eight - dollars for the first year and four dollars a year thereafter. - No climbing qualification is necessary, but candidates must - be nominated by two club members, to whom they are personally - known, and approved by the Committee on Membership. Application - blanks and further information may be had by addressing the - Corresponding Secretary, 1050 Tremont Building, Boston.” - - -THE GREEN MOUNTAIN CLUB - -The Green Mountain Club, of Vermont, was organized March 11, 1910, with -the object of making the remotest and wildest regions of the Green -Mountains accessible to pedestrians. As rapidly as its income permits, -it is building the Long Trail, which when completed will be a “skyline” -trail for walkers, following the mountain ridges and ascending the -peaks, throughout a course of about 250 miles, from the Canadian line to -Massachusetts. - -Two portions of the trail have already been built and are in use: one, -a stretch of thirty miles, extending north and south near Rutland; -the other, a continuous section of sixty-seven miles, extending from -Middlebury Gap, fourteen miles east of Middlebury, northward, to -Smugglers’ Notch, on the east side of Mount Mansfield. It requires eight -days to cover this section of the Trail. There is a cabin of the Club, or -a clubhouse, farmhouse, or hotel available at the end of each day’s hike. -It is better to carry food and blankets, though blankets may be hired and -food sent in under arrangements made in advance. There is good prospect -that by the end of the summer (of 1919) new trails will be built, -connecting the two portions mentioned, and extending the northern stretch -some miles further, to Johnson. The Club will then have built and brought -under its care 130 miles of continuous trail. - -Some account of walking the Long Trail may be found in “Vacation Tramps -in New England Highlands,” by Allen Chamberlain. - -The dues of the Club are $1.00 a year; the membership exceeds 600. -There are several sections or branches, each of which has charge of the -construction and maintenance of a section of the Long Trail. - -The Burlington Section in the course of the year holds a number of -outings in the vicinity of Burlington, and conducts two or three trips -into the mountains. On Washington’s Birthday, each year it makes a trip, -either to Mount Mansfield or to the Couching Lion. - -The New York Section, organized in 1916, has 212 members. It conducts -many half-day, full-day, and week-end outings in the vicinity of New York -City, and an occasional excursion to the Green Mountains. During the year -1918-1919, in addition to the activities indicated, it gave three social -reunions with camp fire suppers, four illustrated lectures, conducted a -pilgrimage to the home of John Burroughs, and held a membership dinner at -a New York hotel. - -For information regarding the Long Trail, advice about shelters, for -maps, and for suggestions regarding particular hikes, write to the -Corresponding Secretary, 6 Masonic Temple, Burlington, Vt. - - -THE AMERICAN ALPINE CLUB - -The American Alpine Club requires the highest qualifications for -membership of any walking club. Its one hundred members come from all -parts of the country. An annual dinner is given in Boston, New York, or -Philadelphia. The address of the secretary is 2029 Q St., Washington, D. -C. - - -WALKING CLUBS OF NEW YORK - -Mr. Albert Handy is the historian of the walking clubs of New York, and -his account of them is, with his generous permission, here given. It -appeared first in the New York _Evening Post Saturday Magazine_, for May -6, 1916, and has been revised for the purposes of this handbook. - - “The first walking club in America of which any record is found - was the little Alpine Club organized by some of the professors - at Williamstown, Mass., which came into being about 1863 and - went out of being a few years later. But before its demise Mr. - and Mrs. Henry E. Buermeyer and William B. (better known as - ‘Father Bill’) Curtiss had formed the habit of exploring the - wilds of Staten Island or the highlands of the Hudson--there - were no developments then, and it was a wilderness--on Sundays. - ‘Father Bill’ Curtis was the premier athlete of America and the - founder of the New York Athletic Club. Mrs. Buermeyer was one - of the first women to ride a bicycle in this country, and Mr. - Buermeyer was a noted swimmer. - - “This little group constituted the beginnings of the Fresh Air - Club, which is today the oldest walking club in New York, and - which can alone contest the claim of the Appalachian Mountain - Club to the premiership of the United States. Shortly after its - foundation the winged-foot organization sent a score of its - members on these walks and Mrs. Buermeyer dropped out. Later - some members of the old American Athletic Club, in conjunction - with others from the Manhattan Athletic Club, developed a - walking cult, and for a time pedestrianism seemed destined to - become a popular pastime. In this group was E. Berry Wall, - whose name is associated with dancing rather than athletics in - the minds of the majority of New Yorkers. - - “Then interest diminished gradually until each organization - furnished but a negligible number of walkers. Followed - something in the nature of a renaissance, the two groups - consolidated, and the present Fresh Air Club came into being. - - “In the early eighties interest in athletics increased, there - were organized baseball clubs, tennis clubs, cricket clubs, but - for a long period the Fresh Air Club was the only organization - devoted to walking, with the exception of the Westchester - Walking Club, otherwise known as the Westchester Hare and - Hounds (whose members were recruited from the then prosperous - but long since defunct Harlem Athletic Club), which rose, - flourished, and decayed, leaving its spirit and traditions to - be carried by the Fresh Air Club, which in February, 1890, was - incorporated. - - “What the Appalachian Mountain Club did for New Hampshire the - Fresh Air Club did for the country within a fifty-mile radius - of New York; there is not a section of northern New Jersey, or - of Rockland, Westchester, or Orange County, which has not been - explored by some of its members. On Friday of each week during - the tramping season ‘Father Bill’ who was official pathfinder, - would go over the route of the walk projected for the following - Sunday, when necessary blazing a trail, so that the party might - proceed without any delay or casting about for the right road, - until finally the paths up Storm King, Bear Mountain--there - wasn’t any Interstate Park then--Anthony’s Nose, and the - highlands of the Hudson became as familiar to him as the path - to his own door.… - - “Today the Club has about seventy-five members, of whom some - forty are active. Its walking season extends from October to - December and from March to June, and walks are scheduled for - all Sundays and holidays, to a few of which women friends - of members are invited. During the winter months skating - excursions, when weather conditions are favorable, are - substituted for walking. The Fresh Air Club does not seek an - increase in membership; in fact, a member remarked to the - writer that it did not desire publicity or even a considerable - amount of inquiry from would-be candidates for membership. Its - bulletin states: - - “‘That its constitution, by-laws, and rules have not been, and - will not be, published; that it accepts no members who are not - good cross-country walkers, and that membership can be obtained - only after personal acquaintance and such participation in the - excursions of the Club as is needed to prove the candidate’s - fitness and ability.… Participation by non-members in the - excursions of the Club is by invitation only.’ - - “As a veracious chronicler it becomes incumbent upon me - to here set down that during its long existence of nearly - half a century it has exercised practically no influence - and has never attained a place in the sun as a constructive - factor in the encouragement of general walking, although its - object, according to its certificate of incorporation, is the - ‘encouragement and promotion of outdoor sport for health and - pleasure.’ - - “The year 1911 was momentous in the history of walking. - Outdoor life was enjoying a popular boom; for this condition - the motor car and the country club were in large measure - responsible. The open-air enthusiast found a ready hearing, - his preachments falling upon fertile ground. In this year a - little group of about ten walkers organized the Walkers’ Club - of America, and almost simultaneously Charles G. Bullard, of - the Appalachian Mountain Club, established a New York branch - of that organization, the membership being drawn principally - from the members of the Boston Club residing in or near this - city. Prominent among the organizers of the Walkers’ Club was - James H. Hocking, one of the most enthusiastic pedestrians in - this country, and one who believes that walking will cure most - of the ills to which mind and body are heir. This organization - was opposed to hiding its light under a bushel; its conception - of its functions was thoroughly democratic; its primary purpose - was to induce the largest number of people possible to use - their legs in the way that God intended that they should. - - “Now, while walking could scarcely be said to be attaining - widespread popularity, there was in the ensuing year or two - a steady growth in interest. A walking organization was - formed by some of the members of the Crescent Athletic Club - in conjunction with the Union League Club, also of the ‘city - of homes and churches,’ and a programme of Sunday walks was - prepared. But it was in 1913 that the actual recrudescence - in walking occurred, when the _Evening Post_ and the _Times_ - gave considerable space to articles on walking. In the late - winter of that year, too, there began to appear inconspicuous - paragraphs on the sporting pages of the Monday morning papers - to the effect that on the previous day members of the Walkers’ - Club had hiked from City Hall to Coney Island, or perhaps from - St. George to New Dorp or from Columbus Circle to Hastings. - - “The schedule time of the Coney Island walk, for the novice - squad, to be completed before noon, was about two hours and a - half. And the average New Yorker, who regards a long sleep and - a good breakfast on Sunday mornings as his inalienable rights, - gazed gloomily at these items, and then turned to an account - of a murder or a break in the stockmarket, anything in fact - radiating a more cheerful influence. Even the enthusiastic - golfer sighed to himself as he thanked God that he was not as - some other man. - - “It was in 1913, too, that the Ladies’ Walking Club, affiliated - with the Walkers’ Club of America, was organized, but it - has never had many members or attained any marked degree of - popularity. Prior, however, to its formation, the Alumnæ - Committee on Athletics of Barnard College prepared a programme - of intercollegiate outings for Saturdays, Sundays, and - holidays, which included several pleasant hikes; and these - attracted a much greater number of participants than did the - events of the Ladies’ Walking Club. - - “Under the impetus derived from the Walkers’ Club several of - the evening high schools formed pedestrian organizations which - turned out with the parent body. One of the morning newspapers - offered century medals, which seems to have materially - stimulated interest, and by the beginning of 1915 there were - six or eight schools that sent out their squads of hikers every - Sunday. - - “It was early in 1915 that the Walkers’ Club, with a membership - of over two hundred, was incorporated. Shortly thereafter a - schism arose in its ranks, which resulted in the birth of the - American Walkers’ Association. At a meeting of the Walkers’ - Club, held in June, seven members withdrew. Within a week - twelve men had formed the Walkers’ Association, which was - almost immediately incorporated. Of the split it may be said - that it was deplorable, and beyond that its history must occupy - a blank page in the annals of American walking. - - “The Walkers’ Association immediately began an aggressive - campaign to secure members. It adopted a small emblem which the - majority of the one hundred and twenty men on its rolls wear. - It also adopted the walking associations of most of the evening - high schools, as well as all promising material which it could - discover. Finally it organized a women’s branch with a schedule - of walks of its own. It points with pride to a membership of - over 135, a record of 17,856 miles covered by members on its - hikes, so that if a message had been relayed it might have - crossed the continent five times; to one hike on which 107 men - turned out, and to another--not the same hike--when fifty miles - was covered in a day. - - “The walks of the Walkers’ Club and the Walkers’ Association - invariably start from New York, and up to the present time have - invariably been along the high roads which the pedestrian must - share, in unequal distribution, with the motorcar and other - vehicles. A speed of four to six miles an hour is maintained - and the walks vary from ten to fifty miles in length. The - walkers are divided into squads, graded according to speed - and the distance to be covered. The hikes of the Fresh Air - Club, on the other hand, start from some point reached by - train, twenty to forty miles from New York, and the trail leads - through the woods and over the hills, through streams and bogs - and over rocks and fallen trees, with an occasional stretch of - road as an incident to the walk. - - “Like the Walkers’ Club it has a schedule, and where the going - is good a speed of four miles or better is maintained. The - walks terminate at a railway station which must be reached - before train time. The Appalachians, however, saunter, they - rarely exceed ten miles on their local tramps, they proceed - leisurely cross country, if they see a hill that appeals - to them they climb it and enjoy the view, or they linger - on the shores of some lake. The Club walks are all held on - Saturday afternoons and holidays, Sunday walking being mildly - disapproved. - - “As a purely constructive factor in the development of - pedestrianism in the eastern United States, the Walkers’ Club - and Walkers’ Association probably lead. Other clubs have - conceived theories--ideals, perhaps--these organizations have - created pedestrians. Their walking season extends from the 21st - of June to the 22nd of December, and from the 22nd of December - to the 21st of June. Both clubs have trained people to walk. An - officer of one of them once remarked to the writer that fifty - per cent of the members did not know how to use their legs. - - “The Walkers’ Club has to its credit an extended list of - activities. It fathered the evening high schools’ walking - movement; it inaugurated a campaign of publicity; it has - through Pathfinder Hocking planned walks of from one day to - one week for individuals and groups; it has done much to raise - pedestrianism from its low estate to an equality with other - sports and the end is not yet. ‘Hocking,’ said a member of a - rival organization, ‘has done more for walking than any other - man in America, but--’ and the rest of the sentence I have - transferred to that unpublished page in the annals of walking - on which the recording secretary spilled his ink. - - “A few years ago the Walkers’ Association mapped out a most - elaborate program. With the consummation of its plans, however, - the war materially interfered. It was intended to create a - large number of walking squads. There was to be a squad for the - ‘tired business man’--that variety of the genus homo of whom we - read much and whom we never see; a cross-country squad, which - would take tramps similar to the hikes of the Fresh Air Club; - an afternoon squad for the man who desired to spend his Sunday - mornings in dreams; and any other kind of squad that anyone - might desire to suggest. - - “It planned the establishment of affiliated clubs in other - cities, and ultimately an organization which would in some - respects resemble the _Wandervogel_, the great national - pedestrian body of Germany. At the present time it has a - prosperous branch at Cleveland with a membership in excess of - five hundred. - - “In the meantime, before a consummation of their more ambitious - plans can be hoped for, much less realized, it were well if a - federation of all the walking clubs in New York was perfected, - with a common headquarters, where maps and data of much value - might be made available to all hikers, and where frequent - gatherings might be held for the interchange of ideas and - experiences. And to the attainment of this object the Walkers’ - Association may well address itself.” - - -WANDERLUST - -“Wanderlust” is the appellative under which Saturday afternoon walks in -the vicinity of Philadelphia are organized. They have been conducted for -now ten years. Schedules of walks are published quarterly in advance, and -the leaflets bear this advertisement: - - “These walks are arranged for the general public. There are no - fees, dues nor other requirements. Everyone is welcome, on one - walk or all. All that is necessary is to be at the starting - place at the time appointed. The only cost is that of carfare. - The walks are all about five miles, and often include some - points of interest, although no special effort is made by the - leaders toward that aim. No fast walking is done, as new people - come each week, and might not be able to keep up. The whole - aim of the walks is to get people out into the open, to learn - how even a simple exercise like walking can mean strength and - health for those who seek it, and pleasure for all.… Copies - [of this announcement] will be mailed only to those who send - a stamped, addressed envelope to any active member of the - Committee, or to the Secretary.” - -The secretary (address 351 East Chelton Avenue, Germantown, Pa.) writes -(June 13, 1919): - - “The Wanderlust goes on about the same as it has done since - 1910, though our numbers have been much smaller during and - since the war. So many of our followers were engaged in war - work, or working overtime, that we noticed their absence very - much. For many years our average was about fifty, but for the - past two years it has been around thirty. - - “We have two classes of walkers, the regulars, many of whom - have been along from the start, and the irregulars, who come - from one to a dozen times, and seem to drop away for no reason - we can learn. Many people come once and never again, probably - disappointed to find the walkers a happy lot, who apparently - need little to satisfy them. That conclusion we arrived at - after hearing their remarks on many occasions. But the critics - were not ‘hikers’ and did not have the spirit. - - “About the permanence of such an undertaking, I can only - say that I feel sure we have lasted so long because we - avoided any form or attempt at organization, and kept it a - free-for-all-come-once-or-always outing party. - - “We profited by the mistakes of some other cities, where they - organized, with the usual factional rivalry, and breaking-up - of the club, and in another case, the growth of an exclusive - club, shutting out many who could not afford to continue. So - we have fought all attempts (on the part of a few) to organize - in any way. Of course that means that someone must head the - committee and volunteer to be the secretary or chairman. Being - an assistant to the Director of Physical Education, I was - asked to take charge of the Wanderlust about eight years ago - and am still a willing secretary, and believe that by keeping - the hike under the Department we are keeping it from breaking - up or changing into a less desirable form. Our aim is to give - an opportunity to grown people to get some of the physical - training and efficiency that the school children get in our - schools, and at the same time to encourage outdoor ‘play’ for - young and old. - - “Unfortunately this year our Board felt unable to bear the - small expense necessary, so we are charging a small sum for the - announcements and so far have been able to be self-supporting. - But it is not in keeping with our ‘free’ policy, and we hope - soon to do away with the charges, small as they are.” - - -THE PITTSBURGH HEALTH CLUB - -This organization, now fifteen years old, conducts weekly walks. The -secretary’s address is 249 Martsolf Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. - - -THE PRAIRIE CLUB - -The Prairie Club, of Chicago, was organized in 1908 by a committee of the -Playground Association of Chicago as “Saturday Afternoon Walks.” It was -incorporated in 1911 as “The Prairie Club.” The objects of the club are: -“The promotion of outdoor recreation in the form of walks and outings, -camping, and canoeing; the encouragement of the love of nature and the -dissemination of knowledge of the attractions of the country adjacent -to the city of Chicago and of the Central West; and the preservation of -those regions in which such outdoor recreation may be pursued.” There -are three kinds of memberships: active, associate, and honorary. The -initiation fee for active membership is $2.00, and the annual dues are -$2.00. The club maintains a Beach House and Camp, situated in the heart -of the Indiana dunes, on the south shore of Lake Michigan, 47 miles from -Chicago, the privileges of which are available to active members of the -club and their guests. The club also publishes an attractive monthly -bulletin. During the year 1918 the club conducted 42 Saturday afternoon -walks, 8 all-day walks, 4 week-end outings, and 1 extended outing. Up to -March, 1919, the club reported 645 active members. - - -THE SIERRA CLUB - -The Sierra Club, of San Francisco, California, is the largest of American -pedestrian clubs, with a membership of more than 2,000. It was founded in -1892, and was further distinguished in having as its president, until his -death (in 1914), John Muir. Its purposes are defined in these words: - -“To explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain regions of the -Pacific Coast; to publish authentic information concerning them; to -enlist the support and cooperation of the people and the Government in -preserving the forests and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada.” - -The annual dues of the Club are $3 (for the first year, $5). The club -headquarters are at 402 Mills Building, San Francisco. A Southern -California Section of the Club exists, and advice concerning it may be -had of its chairman, address 315 West Third Street, Los Angeles. - - -THE MOUNTAINEERS - -The following note has been furnished by the secretary of the -organization: - - “To explore and study the mountains, forests, and water courses - of the Northwest; to gather into permanent form the history - and traditions of this region; to preserve, by protective - legislation or otherwise, the natural beauty of north-western - America; to make expeditions into these regions in fulfilment - of the above purposes; to encourage a spirit of good-fellowship - among all lovers of outdoor life--these were the avowed - purposes for which a group of nature lovers met in Seattle in - January, 1907, and organized The Mountaineers. Since then, the - membership has expanded to over half a thousand, and knows no - geographical bounds. Nearly a hundred men and women contributed - themselves in the recent war, while those at home rendered - active service in collecting sphagnum moss, making surgical - dressings, and otherwise trying to do their part. Branches have - been organized, property acquired, permanent funds established, - and the Club has now become one of the worthwhile organizations - of the Pacific Northwest. - - “Summer outings and the snowshoe trip to Mt. Rainier with which - the Club welcomes in each new year are the most striking - of its activities. For three weeks each summer a hobnailed, - khaki-clad party of from fifty to one hundred men and women - enjoy a well planned hike into some mountainous region, and - usually climb some famous peak. Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams, Mt. - Olympus, Glacier Peak, Mt. Stewart, Mt. St. Helens, and many - others have been climbed once or more. Glacier National Park, - as well as our own Monte Cristo region, has also been visited. - - “With pack trains, hired packers, and professional cooks along, - little of the unpleasant work of camping falls on the members, - yet, with each individual’s dunnage limited to thirty-five - pounds, and with frequent shifting of camps and plenty of snow - and rock work, genuine outing experience is afforded. The - leadership is wholly by members, and every precaution is taken - for the safety of the party. - - “The snowshoe trip to Mt. Rainier in midwinter must be taken to - be comprehended. Paradise Valley in summer is brilliant with - its mountain flowers, but in winter it is enchantingly somber - with its deep-laid snow, through which emerge the conical - trees with their symmetry of drooping branches peculiar to - the snow-laden conifers. Snowshoeing, skiing, tobogganing, - and climbing afford ample exercise, while the hotel (usually - approached through a snow tunnel) with its comfortable beds and - provisions brought up in summer time, relieves the party of the - usual hardships of winter trips. In the evenings, before the - big fireplaces, vaudeville performances, circuses, and other - entertainments rival similar affairs held in the evenings of - the summer outings. - - “Winter and summer trips are taken to Snoqualmie Lodge, a - large log structure built by the Club near the backbone of - the Cascade Range, but easily accessible both to railroad and - highway, as well as to rugged mountains like Chair Peak and - Silver Tip. - - “A wholly different region may be enjoyed at the Club’s - Rhododendron Park, a large area across Puget Sound, brilliant - each May with a profusion of the white and pink of the state - flower. The Club is planning the construction of a cabin in the - mountains near Everett, and also one near Tacoma. - - “Lecturers are procured for monthly meetings, a collection of - slides maintained of the mountains visited by the Club, botany - and other sciences pursued, and the results of each year’s - activities summarized in an annual publication. A bulletin is - also published forecasting each month’s activities. - - “Beneficial as the foregoing may be, the greatest service to - the greatest number is afforded by what are prosaically known - as ‘local walks.’ On each of two or three Sundays of the month - a committee in charge has carefully planned a hike of from - eight to twenty miles by road, trail, or beach. As many as two - hundred persons have sometimes gone on one of these trips. - Stenographers, teachers, clerks, professors, nurses, lawyers, - doctors, men and women, are taken from the cramped atmosphere - of offices, schoolrooms, and hospitals out into the freedom of - the wild, to breathe the fresh sea air, and to acquire that - physical health and hearty mien which are such stimulants to - the growth of character.” - -The secretary’s address is 402 Burke Building, Seattle, Washington. - -Other western mountaineering clubs are the Mazamas, of Oregon, -headquarters, Suite 213-214 Northwestern Bank Building, Portland; and the -Colorado Mountain Club. - - -ASSOCIATED MOUNTAINEERING CLUBS OF NORTH AMERICA - -The Associated Mountaineering Clubs of North America, an organization -effected in 1916, characterizes itself as a _Bureau_. It has brought -into association thirty-one clubs and societies, having an aggregate -membership of 62,000. A list of these follows: - - American Alpine Club, Philadelphia and New York. - - American Forestry Association, Washington. - - American Game Protective Association, New York. - - American Museum of Natural History, New York. - - Adirondack Camp and Trail Club, Lake Placid Club, N. Y. - - Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston and New York. - - Boone and Crockett Club, New York. - - British Columbia Mountaineering Club, Vancouver. - - Colorado Mountain Club, Denver. - - Dominion Parks Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. - - Field and Forest Club, Boston. - - Forest Service, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington. - - Fresh Air Club, New York. - - Geographic Society of Chicago. - - Geographical Society of Philadelphia. - - Green Mountain Club, Rutland, Vermont. - - Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club, Honolulu. - - Klahhane Club, Port Angeles, Washington. - - Mazamas, Portland, Oregon. - - Mountaineers, Seattle and Tacoma. - - National Association of Audubon Societies, New York. - - National Parks Association, Washington. - - National Park Service, U. S. Dept. Interior, Washington, D. C. - - New York Zoological Society, New York. - - Prairie Club, Chicago. - - Rocky Mountain Climbers Club, Boulder, Colorado. - - Sagebrush and Pine Club, Yakima, Washington. - - Sierra Club, San Francisco and Los Angeles. - - Tramp and Trail Club, New York. - - Travel Club of America, New York. - - Wild Flower Preservation Society of America, New York. - -The Bulletin of the Bureau, published in May, 1919, states: - - “Associated by common aims these clubs and societies are - standing for the protection and development of scenic regions, - and for the preservation of tree, flower, bird, and animal - life. We encourage the creation, development, and protection of - National Parks, Monuments, and Forest Reserves, and our members - are being educated by literature and lectures to a deeper - appreciation of our natural wonders and resources. - - “During the past year the Bureau has continued to send to its - members many books on mountaineering and outdoor subjects. The - collection of mountain literature and photographs in the New - York Public Library, 476 Fifth Avenue, has been increased. The - Library has published a selected Bibliography of Mountaineering - Literature, which was compiled by the librarian of the American - Alpine Club, and expects to issue a similar list of the - literature of Wild-life Protection.… The secretary has written - and has published a series of articles on little-known scenic - regions of North America, and he is lecturing before leading - clubs and societies on The National Wonders of the United - States and Canada.… - - “Lantern slides may be borrowed by members of the Association - on application.” - -Note is made in the Bulletin of the International Congress of Alpinists, -which is to be held at Monaco, May 10 to 16, 1920. Relationships -with the several organizations which have to do with the care of and -development of the national parks are explained. A directory of the -constituent organizations is given. - -The secretary is Mr. LeRoy Jeffers, 476 Fifth Avenue, New York City. - - - - -ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF WALKING CLUBS - - -OVERFLOW - - Hush! - With sudden gush - As from a fountain, sings in yonder bush - The Hermit Thrush. - - Hark! - Did ever Lark - With swifter scintillations fling the spark - That fires the dark? - - Again, - Like April rain - Of mist and sunshine mingled, moves the strain - O’er hill and plain. - - Strong - As love, O Song, - In flame or torrent sweep through Life along, - O’er grief and wrong. - - John Banister Tabb. - - - - -V - -ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF WALKING CLUBS - - -Those who live reasonably near the home or field of existing clubs are -urged to relate themselves to them. Don’t organize hastily. Be sure, -first, of two things: that a fair-sized continuing membership is to -be expected, to be advantaged by a club; and, second, that, in the -multiplicity of already existing societies, there is place for another. -Remember that the persons who will be interested and whose interest and -support are desired, will in large part be persons already giving much -time to altruistic activity. Think this matter through, taking advice of -persons of experience and judgment. It may be better, in a given case, to -widen the activities of some existing organization--canoe club, perhaps, -or Audubon Society--than to form a new one. Pedestrianism may well have -place in the program of school, Y. M. C. A., or Boy Scout Troop. But of -this something will be said in the sequel. In a city, however, a walking -club may well stand on its own feet; and, in such a favored region as the -Green Mountains, for example, to organize a walking club comes near to -being a public duty. - - -THE ACTIVITIES OF A WALKING CLUB - -Before opening a discussion of the formalities of organization, it will -be well to consider what the normal activities of a walking club are; -for to the end in view the machinery of organization, simple or complex, -should be adapted. The activities of a club may be regarded as of two -sorts, and, in lieu of better terms, may be designated as primary and -secondary. Primary activities concern the actual business of walking: -development of the pedestrian resources of some particular region, trail -making, map making, publishing of data, maintaining a bureau, conducting -hikes, affording instruction, and contributing seriously to the growing -literature of pedestrianism. Secondary activities consist in conducting -dinners and other social entertainment, in providing illustrated lectures -on travel, popular science, and kindred subjects. There is need of care, -to keep such activities in their proper secondary place. The primary -activities require further consideration. - - -_Development of the Pedestrian Resources of Some Particular Region_ - -This should be an aim of every walking club. The region to be developed -will in many--in most cases, indeed--be the region about home. Clubs in -large cities, however, and clubs situated in regions not suitable for -walking, may well turn attention, wholly or in part, to regions far from -home. The mountainous parts of a continent are the natural recreation -grounds for the whole people, and those who live far away may still -have their proper share in making these parts more readily available. -In the Alps, the pedestrian is pleased to find the lodges where he -stops at night called by the names of distant cities, whose citizens -maintain them--_Breslauerhütte_, for example, or _Dusseldorferhütte_. -In this country, too, the Green Mountain Club (see page 84) has its New -York Section; and to the New York Section it has allotted a certain -portion of the Long Trail (a length of fifty miles). The New York club, -accordingly, while not neglectful of pedestrianism at home, opens, -develops, and maintains its part of the route in Vermont, and conducts -annually a hike in that region. - -The development of a region involves observation and putting into -communicable form the results of observation, and it may and ordinarily -does involve further a greater or less amount of physical preparation. -First of all, the region must be traversed, and that again and again, -under varying conditions of season and climate, and thus thoroughly -known. Maps, if available, must be carefully studied, and particular -attention must be given to distances, steepness of roads, and to the -nature of the footing--whether the way be rough or smooth, hard or -soft, wet or dry. Note should be made of obstructions, such as briars, -fallen trees, and unbridged streams. The possibility of using railways -and trolley lines to widen the available area should not be forgotten. -Hotels should be noted, and restaurants, and farmhouses, where rest and -refreshment may be had; and, in the wilderness, camp sites should be -selected. - -Observation should next be directed to such natural resources as may -engage the attention and interest of the pedestrian: scenery, of course, -hilltops, waterfalls, and such matters; then to plant and animal life, -and that with the interests of sportsmen and lovers of natural science -particularly in mind. Attention should be given to geology and to -mineral deposits. Then the history of the region should be studied, -its traditions learned, and its monuments considered--distinctive and -characteristic matters touching the life of the people, industries, -factories, public works, and buildings. - -All of these matters should be taken into account, with a view to making -the results of observation and study generally available. - - -_Trail Making_ - -“Of trail making there are three stages. There is dreaming the trail, -there is prospecting the trail, there is making the trail. Of the first -one can say nothing--dreams are fragile, intangible. Prospecting the -trail--there lies perhaps the greatest of the joys of trail work. It has -a suggestion of the thrill of exploration. No one of us but loves still -to play explorer. And here there is just a bit of the real thing to keep -the play going. Picking the trail route over forested ridges calls for -every bit of the skill gained in our years of tramping. There is never -time to go it slow, to explore every possibility. Usually there is one -hasty day to lay out the line for a week’s work. For a basis there is the -look of the region, from some distant point, from a summit climbed last -year, perhaps. For a help, there is the compass, but in our hill country -we use it little. Partly we go by imperfect glimpses from trees climbed, -from blow-down edges, from small cliffs--but chiefly we feel the run of -the land, its lift and slope and direction. The string from the grocer’s -cone unwinds behind--an easy way of marking and readily obliterated when -we go wrong. We pay little heed to small difficulties, those are for the -trail makers to solve. Only a wide blow-down, a bad ledge, a mistake in -general direction, cause us to double back a bit and start afresh.… - -“Making trail is the more plodding work; yet has reliefs and pleasures -of its own. Each day, as the gang works along the string line, problems -of detail arise. Ours is no gang of uninterested hirelings. If the line -makes a suspicious bend, the prospectors have to explain or correct.… -Decision made, the gang scatters along the line, each to a rod or two, -for we find working together is not efficient.[4]” - -As has already been said, a club ordinarily will find occasion to do -some work of physical preparation of its pedestrian routes. Highways are -ordinarily beyond control, but byways are not. The opening of trails, -cutting away of briars and windfalls, making the footing sure for a man -under a pack, the building of footways and handrails in dangerous places, -the cleaning of springs and providing water basins and troughs, the -marking of trails--all these matters are such as manifestly should engage -a club’s energies. - -Trail making is by no means a simple matter. The successful trail-maker -(and trails should be successfully made) must be expert in woodcraft; -he must understand topography--the “lay of the land”; he must know from -what side to approach a summit, how best to pass a valley--whether to go -around or through it. With knowledge of these matters, his occupation -is a most interesting one. Irresponsible and unauthorized trail making -should be discouraged. - -A word of caution is, “Do, but don’t overdo.” Particularly is this word -of caution to be carried in mind in the matter of blazing trails. Let -the marks be sufficient, and no more; let them be as inconspicuous as is -consistent with their purpose. In marking trails, don’t blaze trees, nor -deface objects of interest and beauty. The best trail mark is a colored -arrow, affixed to tree trunk or fence post, or painted on a rock face. -Such an arrow may, by color, position, and legends displayed upon it, -afford as much information as may be desired, about route, distance, -elevation, detours, springs, and other matters. - -Resting places may be built; pavilions, perhaps, in the woods, where -walkers may have lunch under protection from rain. Or, when conditions -justify, houses may be built and equipped, to afford food and lodging. In -this connection, the _alpenhütten_ elsewhere mentioned (page 106) will -come to mind. In other places, tents may be erected for the summer, and -caretakers employed. - -In case a club has under its care a wide extent of wilderness--as has -the New York Section of the Green Mountain Club, for example--a ranger -will be employed, and his duties will include the care of trails, -prevention of fires, and protection of property. He may, if expedient, be -constituted game warden also. - - “Some of us have been blessed of the Gods, permitted to make - trail in the timberline country of the Mt. Washington range. - Everyone who has tried it is unhappy till he is doing it again. - That is why there are so many trails there. I came rather late; - my experience in that fascinating country has been little more - than that of the common or idiotic tramper, scuttling from - hut to hut on schedule. Always, summer or winter, I am glad - to be starting for timberline, and content when there. When, - after the long climb, I suddenly realize that the trees are - lowering fast, that underbrush has vanished, that a sensation - of altitude and space is pressing for conscious recognition, I - feel a lift and urge--timberline again! - - “And what is timberline? It is the level at which the mean - annual temperature--yes, but it is the sweep of vast spaces, - the drift of cloud-shadows, the infinite gradations of distant - color. It is the hiss of wind in the firs, the strain against - bitter gusts, the keen concentration to hold the trail through - dense and drifting fog. It is the plod and lift under the pack, - the crunch of creepers, the slow struggle through tangled - scrubs.”[5] - - -_Map Making_ - -Maps of unmapped regions should be prepared. - -Study a good map--a quadrangle of the U. S. Geological Survey, for -instance. Note what things are represented, and how representation is -made: study the map, until it is thoroughly understood. - -There are three factors with which the map-maker deals: direction, -distance, and elevation. With the first, he must always reckon, and -usually with the second and the third as well. - -Direction is fundamental. Suppose there are three dominant points in the -area to be mapped, relatively situated as here indicated. - -[Illustration] - -The first problem is, to get those points set down on paper accurately, -in proper relative positions. - -The map-maker begins, say, at _B_. He has provided himself with a -_sketching board_, having a sheet of paper tacked upon it, and with a -ruler and a _pencil_. He sets his board up and carefully levels it. He -then marks upon the paper a point _b_ which in the completed map is to -indicate this station _B_ of first observation--the point where he now -stands. Knowing in a general way the area which he wishes to map, and -observing from his station the directions in which the distant objects -_A_ and _C_ lie, he so places point _b_ that his paper will afford space -for the intended map. - -The map-maker then lays his ruler upon the paper, brings its edge close -to point _b_, and sighting from point _b_ on the paper to the distant -object _A_, turns the ruler until its edge coincides with the line of -sight. Then he draws upon the paper a line or “ray” from point _b_ toward -object _A_. In like manner he sets his ruler again and draws a second -ray, from _b_ toward the distant object _C_, thus: - -[Illustration] - -Having fixed point _b_ and drawn the two rays _b-A_ and _b-C_, the -map-maker leaves station _B_ and goes to either of the other points: to -point _C_, say. He there sets his board up again, and levels it carefully -as before. He turns the board until, sighting along the previously drawn -ray _C-b_, the now distant station _B_ is exactly covered. Then he lays -the ruler again upon the paper, and turns it until, sighting along its -edge, distant object _A_ is exactly covered. He then draws a ray along -the edge of the ruler thus: - -[Illustration] - -The points _a_ and _c_, where this ray intersects the two previously -drawn rays, are the presentment of the points _A_ and _C_ in the area -under observation, and a map of the area is begun. - -These three points may be mountain summits, trees, telegraph poles, -chimneys, or any other conspicuous features of the landscape, and they -may be distant one from another 50 miles or 500 yards; they are set down -on paper in their true relative positions; they are _mapped_. - -In the making of the map thus far, one and only one of the three factors -mentioned above has been taken into the reckoning: the factor of -_direction_, namely; and the resulting map is drawn to an unknown scale. -It is drawn to _some_ scale, of course; there is _some_ ratio between its -distances and the distances at which the objects stand apart, but the -ratio is unknown. It may be determined: the distance from _B_ to _C_ may -be measured, and the distance _b-c_ on the map may be measured, and the -ratio of the two distances ascertained. That ratio is the scale to which -the map is drawn. Thus the second factor, that of _distance_, enters in. -It may be reckoned with from the beginning. - -Suppose the two points _B_ and _C_, above mentioned, to be signal towers -on a straight stretch of railway, and the point _A_ to be the chimney of -a house standing by the side of a wagon road which crosses the railroad -at _C_. The map-maker, having at _B_ set down the data described above, -in proceeding to _C_, paces the distance from _B_ to _C_, and finds it to -be, _e.g._, 3,500 feet. He has previously determined what the scale of -his map is to be: say, 1 inch to 1000 feet. He then carefully lays off on -ray _b-C_ 3½ inches from the point _b_, and thus he fixes point _c_. He -then sets up his drawing-board at _C_; but, instead of shifting the ruler -freely upon the paper, he sights from point _c_ to distant object _A_ and -brings the edge of the ruler into coincidence with the line of sight. He -draws along the edge of the ruler the ray _c-A_, which, intersecting the -previously drawn ray _b-A_, gives him the point _a_. - -The railroad from _b_ to _c_ may be indicated thus, - -[Illustration] - -and the highroad from _c_ to _a_ represented by two closely spaced -parallel lines. (The conventional signs for various features of -topography may be found on the back of a U. S. Geological Survey -quadrangle.) On the way from _B_ to _C_ there may be a bridge, crossing -a stream. The map-maker, pacing the distance, will, without stopping or -interrupting the swing of his stride, note the number of paces from _B_ -to the bridge, as well as from _B_ to _C_. He will then have the figures, -and can accurately place the bridge upon his map. - -He now has a map of a length of railroad and of a length of intersecting -highway, drawn to the known scale of 1″ = 1000′. - -And, be it noted, this has been accomplished without visiting the point -_A_ at all. - -Suppose now there be a haystack _D_, and a tree on a hilltop _E_, -situated with respect to the points already considered thus: - -[Illustration] - -They may be mapped in like manner. The map-maker goes successively to -any two of the three points _A_, _B_, and _C_ from which the object to -be plotted (_D_ or _E_) is visible; he sets his board at each place, -levels it, and turns it until the ray on the map from the point where -he stands to another point lies directly in the line of sight to that -other point in the landscape. Having so oriented his board, he draws at -his successive stations rays in the direction of the object to be mapped -(_D_ or _E_.) The point _d_ or _e_ where those rays intersect will be the -mapped location of the object. - -Proceeding thus, the outstanding features of the area may be mapped, one -after another. The intervening details may be filled in, freehand. - -It will have been remarked that only very simple apparatus is required -for map making: the _sketching board_ may conveniently be mounted on -a tripod, with provision for turning it evenly and surely. Boards so -mounted and intended for the very purpose may be had of dealers in -draftsmen’s and surveyors’ supplies. A _level_ should be provided, for -use in setting the board up. The _ruler_ will be graduated to inches and -fractions of inches, if the map is to be drawn to predetermined scale. In -pacing, one must carefully count his strides. A _pedometer_ may be used, -but a pedometer is a sort of toy; it requires to be carefully adjusted to -the stride of the user, and is hardly worth while for any purpose. It may -be convenient in pacing to use a _tally register_, and so relieve one’s -self of the necessity of keeping count. - -The value of a map is vitally dependent on the accuracy with which it -is made. Measurement and observation should be repeated, and errors -eliminated by averaging variant readings. - -Nothing has yet been said about a _compass_, and a compass, though not -necessary, is so serviceable as to be almost indispensable. With a -compass one can not only do, and do more expeditiously, what has thus far -been described; he can do some things which could not otherwise be done. - -A sketching board is ordinarily provided with a compass, set near its -upper margin, and bears also an orientation line passing through the -compass. The board is set up and leveled and then turned until the -orientation line coincides with the line on which the needle points. At -each station the board is oriented, not by sighting along penciled rays, -but always in the manner described, by bringing it to a truly north and -south position. In other respects, the plotting is performed in the -manner already described. - -Orientation by compass is advantageous in this respect: given two points, -as _a_ and _b_, on the map, the map-maker may plot a third point, as -_D_ for example, while standing at _D_, and without being obliged to -go either to _A_ or to _B_. He sets up his board at _D_, levels it, -and orients it; he sights and draws rays through points _a_ and _b_ -in line with the objects _A_ and _B_ as they appear from his point of -observation, _D_. The point _d_ of intersection of the rays will be the -station _D_ plotted. - -A north and south line may be drawn upon the map, and then the user, -wherever he may be in the area, if only he has in view two known points -and can identify them on the map, can “find” himself. He orients the map -by compass, fixes upon the map and in the manner indicated his point of -observation, and may then observe the distance and direction of any other -point in the area, whether visible or not. - -The measurement of distance by _pacing_ has been noted. Practice is -requisite, before one can so measure distance accurately. When the -greatest precision is desired, a bicycle wheel equipped with a cyclometer -may be rolled over the course, or a surveyor’s chain may be used, or even -a tape line. - -The measured line _B-C_ of the map begun as above described is the base -line of the map. It should be carefully chosen, carefully measured, -and carefully plotted; for all the rest of the map will, in accuracy, -be conditioned on the accuracy with which this base line is drawn. In -location it is preferably (though not necessarily) situated near the -center of the area to be mapped; in length, it is best that it be about -one third of the distance across the area. Its terminal points should be -conspicuously marked, and widely visible throughout the area; and, for -ease and accuracy of measurement, it should lie across level ground. A -reach of railroad is an ideal base. - -It will often be the case--generally in mountainous regions--that an -adequate level base cannot be found; the terminals _B_ and _C_ may -be eminences unequal in height, and between may lie mountain slope -or valley. Now the third of the factors mentioned at the outset, -_elevation_, has to be taken into account. It is not the surface distance -between the two points _B_ and _C_ which is to be ascertained, nor -even the distance from one point to the other on an air line, but the -distance projected upon a horizontal plane--for that is what the map is -intended to afford, the _horizontal_ distance from point to point. In -order to determine this distance, if the ground between be other than -substantially level, the distance along the surface must be measured -(keeping a straight course by compass if necessary) and the _slope_ from -point to point must be measured. To determine the angle of slope one -may either use a _slope board_ or a _clinometer_ (an instrument built -on the principle of the sextant). Having measured distance and angle of -slope, one may betake himself to schoolboy trigonometry and a table of -logarithms, to determine the corresponding distance in horizontal plane. - -_Contour lines_ (see page 119) pass through points of equal elevation, -and are spaced apart according to a predetermined plan, to indicate -intervals in elevation of five, ten, or twenty feet, as may be desired. -This predetermined contour interval has no necessary relation to the -scale to which the map is drawn. Two otherwise identical maps of the same -area may be provided with contour lines, one at the interval of five -feet, the other at the interval of twenty-five. - -A skilled map-maker, observing a slope, is able to sketch contour lines, -freehand, with an accuracy sufficient for most purposes. But such skill -is the result of much careful measured work. - -In plotting contour lines it is best to work, not from line to -line--errors of observation then accumulate--but to measure the altitude -and the mean inclination of the whole mountain side, and go from the -over-all measurements to the minutiae. - -In drawing the contour of a mountain, rays may be laid by compass from -the summit along ridges and through valleys, and then minute observations -may be made along those several lines. The sweep of the contour lines -between the points plotted along the rays may be filled in freehand, with -the mountain side spread in view. - -The data necessary for contour lines may be got by the use of the slope -board alone; for, manifestly, at any certain angle, a contour interval -of ten feet means a certain distance between successive contour lines. -But in plotting contour lines, an _aneroid_ is invaluable; with it -one measures directly differences in elevation, and measuring thus -the altitude of a slope, from bottom to top, the _number_ of contour -lines requisite may immediately be known; it remains to determine their -_distribution_. Here observation, calculation, and experience combine to -afford the result. - -An aneroid should be used only under settled conditions of weather; and, -even so, correction should be made, when possible, by taking the average -of many readings of the same range. - -It is not necessary to go afield with sketching board and its -accessories. A map-maker who has taught himself a well-regulated -stride may, when equipped with compass and notebook (and, if conditions -require it, with an aneroid), collect all the necessary data; and then, -subsequently, at home he may draw his map. It should here be said that, -if one is going to gather data for map making after the manner just -suggested, his compass should be one having a delicately mounted needle. -It may advantageously be equipped with sights, and the scale should be -reasonably large and the graduation minute. It should, in short, be a -surveyor’s compass. - -For more explicit instruction, the reader is referred to the manuals on -Military Map Making. One by Major C. O. Sherrill, published by George -Banta Publishing Company of Menasha, Wisconsin, is excellent. It should, -however, be remembered that the ideal military map is one for particular -needs, of maximum accuracy, based on a minimum amount of observation; -timesaving is an important factor. Making proper allowance, the military -manual affords all needed instruction and advice. - - -_Publishing of data_ - -Descriptions of routes should be prepared, illustrated with maps, if -necessary, and should be made available to those who wish to use them, -whether members of the club, visitors from a distance, or the general -public. For a club, rightly conceived, is, within its sphere, a public -benefactor, and its policy should be always to enlarge its usefulness. - -A proper description of a route should give, (1) distances from start to -finish, as well as from point to point along the way; (2) approximate -time requisite to walk each stage. (Here it may be noted that Baedeker’s -famous guidebooks err on the safe side, and give very liberal time -allowance in describing walking tours.) The description should further -give (3) elevations, where range in elevation is appreciable, with -note of steep ascents and descents; (4) the nature of the surface; (5) -stopping places for rest and refreshment and springs; (6) such matters -of caution as the particular route may require, in regard to dangerous -places, heavy roads, obstructions, and the like; (7) objectives and -points of particular interest. Recommendations should be made on such -matters as preferred season, special equipment, need for guides, and -incidental expenses. Descriptions should be concise, easily intelligible, -and should be at once accurate and inviting. - -A handbook of routes of the region may well be prepared, and in such -a handbook descriptions of particular walks may be prefaced by such -general statements regarding topography, science, history, and sport, as -are applicable to the whole region. Such general matters may, however, -be published in leaflet form, and separate leaflets be prepared and -published for the several pedestrian routes in the region. - -An excellent specimen handbook is “Excursions Around Aix-les-Bains,” -mentioned in the Bibliography (page 148). - -It has just been said that the descriptions of routes should be published -and distributed. They may be printed under the imprint of the club, or, -more economically, they may be published in the local newspaper, and -extra copies, separately printed for distribution by the club, may be -procured by arrangement with the printing office. If the club be a small -one and young, and the cost of printing too great, at least typewritten -copies of descriptive matter and blue prints of maps should be available. - -In addition to such descriptions of its own region, a club should -similarly prepare and make available other routes traversed by its -members in other and undeveloped regions. - - -_Maintaining a bureau_ - -A club should have a place where its data are filed, available to those -who wish to consult them. This place should be a distributing point for -the club’s publications. If the region has already been mapped by the -Geological Survey, the club should lay in a supply of the quadrangles -covering the region, sufficient to meet the needs of applicants. - -A _library_ should be maintained, or a _bibliography_ at least, to which -the members of the club may have access, to acquaint themselves with all -that concerns the art of walking, the choice of route, and the sources of -enjoyment along the route chosen. Cooperation in this regard will readily -be accorded by any local public library or museum of natural history. - -In such manner a walking club becomes a source of information for -visiting pedestrians. Out of the wider relationships so established -will come increased membership and livelier interest. Incidentally, -it will have become apparent to one who reads these pages that -the organization--though, by recommendation, kept as simple as -possible--will, in an early stage of development, include an office with -a secretary in charge. The library may be conducted, perhaps in the -secretary’s office, perhaps in the rooms of a general public library. -Club rooms or a club house will be maintained only under exceptional -circumstances. - - -_Conducting hikes._ - -Hikes will be of two or three sorts: first, afternoon hikes, on Saturdays -or Sundays, perhaps weekly throughout the greater part of the year, -perhaps at less frequent intervals, or during spring and fall only--such -matters depend on locality and circumstances. Second, there will be less -frequent overnight hikes--perhaps two or three in the spring and as many -more in the autumn. And, third, there will be the annual tour of two or -three weeks’ duration, in a chosen region. Some observations applicable -to all these are the following: - - -_Rules for hiking_ - -Hikes should be carefully prepared and adequately carried out. - -Don’t walk in a herd; to do so is tiresome; and, when the novelty is -gone, failure is sure to follow. Divide larger companies into groups, -each group numbering preferably not more than six. - -See that strong and feeble walkers are not grouped together. - -Bring together, so far as may be, people of common interests--bird-lovers -in one group, geologists in another, historians or antiquarians in -another. - -Let there be a leader for each group. - -The general outline of the trip, in case the party numbers more than two, -should be determined in advance and adhered to. Otherwise, contradictory -suggestions regarding the route to be followed are likely to arise, and -argument to follow. This is to be avoided. - -The leader should have always in mind the physical endurance of the -weakest member of his party and govern accordingly. One tired and -querulous person may be a kill-joy for all. It is not necessary that -every group traverse the same route, nor that all should walk at equal -speed. - -Don’t allow racing, nor loitering, nor too much picnicking. - -In traversing highways pedestrians will walk two or three abreast; but -when walking single file, as on woodland trails, companions will walk -most comfortably at intervals of two paces. - -Walkers should travel quietly, especially when passing through villages. - -See that property rights are respected; there should be no trespassing on -forbidden land. - -Guard most carefully against fire. Mr. Enos A. Mills says:[6] - -“Since the day of Tike’s Peak or bust,’ fires have swept over more -than half of the primeval forest area of Colorado. Some years ago, -while making special efforts to prevent forest fires from starting, I -endeavored to find out the cause of these fires. I regretfully found -that most of them were the result of carelessness, and I also made a -note to the effect that there are few worse things to be guilty of -than carelessly setting fire to a forest. Most of these forest fires -had their origin from camp-fires which the departing campers had -left unextinguished. There were sixteen fires in one summer, which I -attributed to the following causes: campers, nine; cigar, one; lightning, -one; locomotive, one; stockmen, two; sheep-herders, one; and sawmill, -one.” - -See to it that proper regard is had for public interest and welfare; -lunch boxes, paper, and refuse should be collected and destroyed; -springs should be kept scrupulously clean; the gathering of wild -flowers should be indulged in sparingly; plants and trees should not be -mutilated; nor monuments defaced. The trail should be left unmarred, for -those who follow. - -Do not permit irresponsible trail-blazing. - -Discourage the carrying and use of firearms; they should under no -circumstances be permitted on an organized hike. - -Do not permit the rolling of stones down declivities. - -On the conduct of mountaineering parties, Professor William Morris Davis -writes, in “Excursions around Aix-les-Bains”: - - “Do not make high mountain ascents alone.… Excursions are best - made in small parties of three or five. If a large party sets - out, it should be divided into squads of ten or fewer members. - Those who wish to make the excursion without stopping should - join a separate squad from those who wish to stop frequently - for photographing or sketching. - - “Each squad should, if possible, have an experienced leader; he - should make a list of the members, head the line of march on - narrow paths, and set the proper pace, slow for ascents, faster - for descents; a shrill whistle will aid in summoning his party - together. A marshal should follow in the rear to round up the - stragglers. Before setting out on a long mountain walk, place - the members of each squad in a circle land let each member take - note of his two neighbors, one on his right, one on his left, - for whose presence he is to be responsible whenever the march - begins after a halt: each member will thus be looked for by two - others. Once on the road, keep together; those who wander away - from their squad cause vexatious delays. The marshal’s report, - ‘All present and ready to start,’ is especially important when - a descent begins. If a member wishes to leave his squad after - low ground is reached, he should so report to his leader.” - -Mr. Albert Handy[7] notes another matter, in the following pleasant and -sagacious comment upon walking parties: - - “A writer on walking has suggested that tramping parties - should usually consist of but two or three persons. Having - in mind a much hackneyed quotation concerning the trend of a - young man’s fancy in the spring, and the fact that it seems - to have the same trend in the summer, autumn, and winter, I - can conceive circumstances in which two would be an ideal - number--out of consideration, primarily, not for the two, but - for the remainder of the party. But I set down here another - precept worthy of commendation: ‘twosing’ should be sternly - frowned upon. In the first place, two ‘twosers’ are apt to get - ‘lost’--this in direct proportion to their interest in each - other--that is, separated from the rest of the party; and time - and tempers are likewise lost, permanently, very likely, in - the effort to retrieve the wanderers; while if they happen - to be carrying all the lunch, tragic possibilities present - themselves.” - -_Instruction_ about walking--about posture, gait, clothing, and the -like--may be afforded in talks before groups of pedestrians, or (often -with better effect) individually, by the group leader. Needless criticism -and officiousness will, of course, be avoided; it will suffice to provoke -and then to answer questions. - -_Contributions to the literature of pedestrianism_ will take the form -of description of particular regions in those respects of interest to -pedestrians; it will include descriptions of particular walks, and maps. - -Clubs are invited to relate themselves to the League of Walkers (page -137), which in publishing such material will of necessity give preference -to what is to be commended to widest interest. - - -CLUB POLICY - -With such activities in mind as normal to a pedestrian club, certain -matters of policy may be presented for consideration. - -Two tendencies are sure to manifest themselves in any flourishing club: -the one toward a limited membership of those who qualify by accomplishing -difficult feats; the other toward an indiscriminate membership, including -those who are ready to join anything--providing the rest do. Both -tendencies are bad. The club should on the one hand require of its -members an especial interest in the object of its being, but it should on -the other hand avoid exclusiveness. Emulation may be stimulated in other -and better ways. - -The aim of a club should be to bring home and make available to as -many persons as possible the advantages in health and happiness to be -derived from the pursuit of this recreation. This is a higher and better -aim than to produce phenomenal walkers and mountain climbers--though -such may incidentally be produced. It is a higher and better aim than -a self-adulating company of those who have perched themselves on alps. -Alpine climbing is splendid sport, but the aim mentioned is an ignoble -one. Says one mountaineer,[8] who is incidentally a delightful writer, -with humility: - - “I utterly repudiate the doctrine that Alpine travellers are - or ought to be the heroes of Alpine adventures. The true way - at least to describe all my Alpine ascents is that Michel or - Anderegg or Lauener succeeded in performing a feat requiring - skill, strength, and courage, the difficulty of which was much - increased by the difficulty of taking with him his knapsack and - his employer. If any passages in the succeeding pages convey - the impression that I claim any credit except that of following - better men than myself with decent ability, I disavow them in - advance and do penance for them in my heart.” - -Avoid membership campaigns and such like advertising; a club to be -enduring must rest on interest in the intrinsic thing for which the club -stands. An artificially created interest must be artificially maintained; -genuine natural interest is harmed by artificial interference. - -Dues should not be burdensome, discouraging membership, but should be -adequate to accomplish reasonable ends, and so tend to enlist and to -widen interest. - -Attention should center on the primary activities and upon them chiefly -money should be spent. - -Publications should be sold at cost. - -Adequate charge should be made for the use of property. The Alpine clubs -of Europe fix small membership fees, and give members preference over -non-members in their lodging places. Members enjoy more favorable rates -also for meals and lodging. The ideal of the club here should be a nice -balance of simplicity, comfort, and adequacy; no waste, no extravagance, -no surplus funds. - -Club _emblems_ are often adopted and worn. As in other sports, emulation -may be awakened by the offer of _trophies_. These may be won in -competition, or, as is usually preferred, by walking a certain number of -miles in a day, or by covering a certain distance in a two-weeks’ hike, -or the like. - -In any case, organization should be simple and inconspicuous: the wheels -should turn automatically. - -If acquisition of property is contemplated, incorporation will ordinarily -be desired, and trustees will be chosen. - - -A CLUB CONSTITUTION - -For the benefit of those who may consider organization, a copy of the -by-laws of the Appalachian Mountain Club is, by permission, here inserted. - - -BY-LAWS - - -ARTICLE I - -The Corporation shall be called the APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN CLUB. - - -ARTICLE II - -The objects of the Club are to explore the mountains of New England and -the adjacent regions, both for scientific and artistic purposes; and, in -general, to cultivate an interest in geographical studies. - - -ARTICLE III - -MEMBERSHIP - -1. There shall be three classes of membership, to be known as active, -corresponding, and honorary. - -2. Active members only, except as hereinafter provided, shall be members -of the Corporation. - -3. Elections to active membership shall be made by the Council, and the -affirmative votes of at least four-fifths of the members present and -voting shall be necessary to election.--Nominations, in the form of a -recommendation, shall be made in writing by at least two members of the -Club and forwarded to the Recording Secretary. Notice of such nominations -shall be sent to all active members, who shall have two weeks from the -date of mailing in which to express to the Council their objections, and -no person shall be admitted to membership against the written protest of -ten members of the Club. - -4. Corresponding members may be elected from among persons distinguished -in the fields of mountaineering, exploration, and geographical science, -or for public spirit in the conservation of natural resources or in other -interests of which the Club is an exponent. Their election shall be in -the manner prescribed for that of active members, except that the names -of candidates shall first be submitted to a special committee.--Honorary -members, not to exceed twenty-five in number, may be elected in the same -manner from among the Corresponding members.--Corresponding and Honorary -members shall not be members of the Corporation, unless they were such -at the time of their election, and shall not be subject to any fees or -liabilities whatever. - -5. The annual dues shall be four dollars, payable January first. Each -candidate elected to active membership shall pay an admission fee of -eight dollars, and on such payment shall be exempt from the annual dues -of the current year.--The admission fee and annual dues of members under -twenty-one years of age shall be half the above rates.--Members elected -later than September of any year shall be exempt from annual dues of -the year following.--Persons elected to active membership shall pay the -admission fee within two months of their election (which payment shall -be considered to be an assent to these By-laws), otherwise the election -shall be void. - -6. Any person elected to active membership may become a life member -at any time upon payment of fifty dollars, and shall thereafter be -subject to no fees or assessments. Such sum shall include payment of -the admission fee or dues for the current year. Active members who have -completed thirty years of membership, or who have completed twenty years -of membership and have reached seventy years of age, shall become life -members upon giving written notice to the Recording Secretary, or by vote -of the Council. - -7. Bills for annual dues shall be sent to all members on or near January -first, and those whose dues are unpaid on April first shall have notice -of the fact sent them by the Treasurer. He shall send, on May first, to -members whose dues are still unpaid, notice referring to this article, -and those in arrears on June first shall thereupon cease to be members, -which fact, in each case, shall be certified in writing by the Treasurer -to the Recording Secretary, who shall enter it of record; but such -membership may be revived by the Council in its discretion upon payment -of past dues. The President and Treasurer are authorized to remit any fee -_sub silentio_, when they deem it advisable. - -8. If the Council by four-fifths vote shall decide that the name of any -member should be dropped from the roll, due notice shall be sent to such -member, who shall within two weeks have the right to demand that the -matter be referred to an investigating committee of five active members -of the Club, two to be appointed by the Council--but not from its own -number--two to be selected by the member, and the fifth to be chosen by -these four. In the absence of such a demand, or if a majority of this -committee shall approve the decision of the Council, the name of the -member shall be dropped, and thereupon the interest of such person in -the Corporation and its property shall cease. - - -ARTICLE IV - -ADMINISTRATION - -1. The officers of the Club shall be a President, two Vice-Presidents, -Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer, four -Departmental Councillors, and two Councillors-at-Large, and there may be -an Honorary Secretary. These officers shall form a governing board, to -be termed the Council, and this body shall elect new members, control -all expenditures, make rules for the use of the Club’s property, except -as hereinafter provided, and act for its interests in any way not -inconsistent with these By-laws. Five members of the Council shall form a -quorum. - -2. The President shall preside at the meetings of the Club and of the -Council, and shall appoint (with the advice and consent of the Council) -the several standing committees. One of the Vice-Presidents shall act in -the absence or disability of the President. - -3. The Recording Secretary shall be the Clerk of the Corporation, and -shall have charge of the muniments of title and of the corporate seal. -He shall keep a record of all the proceedings of the Club and Council, -give notice to the members of the time and place of meetings, and prepare -each year a report of the Club and Council to be presented at the annual -meeting. - -4. The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the -Club with kindred organizations and with Honorary and Corresponding -members, keeping proper files and records of the same, and shall prepare -a report for the previous year to be presented at the annual meeting. - -5. The Treasurer, under the direction of the Council, shall collect, take -charge of, and disburse all funds belonging to the Club, except such as -are in the hands of the Trustees of Special Funds or by legal restriction -are under separate control. He shall keep proper accounts, and at the -annual meeting, and at other times when required by the Club or Council, -present a report of its financial condition. - -6. The four Departmental Councillors shall represent severally the -departments of Natural History, Topography and Exploration, Art, and -Improvements. It shall be their duty to conserve and foster the interests -of their several departments, and they are authorized to call special -meetings of members interested therein, at which they shall act as -chairmen, and to appoint departmental committees, subject to the control -of the Council. They shall present at the annual meeting reports of their -respective departments for the year. - -7. There shall be a Board of Trustees of Real Estate, consisting of a -member of the Council, to be designated by it, and four other members of -the Club, one being elected annually by ballot to serve four years and -until his successor is chosen.--These Trustees shall elect annually from -their own number a chairman and such other officers as may be required, -and may employ such assistance as they shall find necessary. They shall -administer and manage any real estate which may be held by the Club as -a public trust; subject, however, to the general supervision of the -Council.--Any real estate other than public trust reservations to which -the Club holds title shall be managed under the direction of the Council, -but nothing herein shall be construed to mean that the management of -such property may not be delegated to the said Board of Trustees or to -a standing committee created for the purpose.--No real estate shall be -acquired or title to the same accepted except by vote of the Council upon -the recommendation of this Board.--The Trustees of Real Estate shall -make to the Club at the annual meeting a report in writing relative to -the property committed to their care, together with a statement of the -finances connected with their trust. - -8. There shall also be a Board of Trustees of Special Funds, consisting -of three members of the Club, one being chosen by ballot annually to -serve for three years and until his successor is elected. They shall -choose their own chairman. The Treasurer of the Club shall not be -eligible to election upon this Board.--All permanent endowments and funds -of a permanent or special nature (unless otherwise legally restricted), -as well as the Reserve Fund hereinafter provided, shall be entrusted -to these Trustees, and they shall have power to make, change, and sell -investments.--All moneys received for life membership, and such other -sums as may be received or appropriated for this special purpose, shall -be known and invested separately as the Permanent Fund, of which the -income only shall be expended.--There shall also be a Reserve Fund to and -from which appropriations may be made by not less than five affirmative -votes at each of two meetings of the Council, notice of the proposed -action having been given on the call for the second meeting.--At each -annual meeting, and at such other times as the Club or Council may -request, the Trustees of Special Funds shall make a written statement of -the condition of each of the funds in their hands. - -9. The fiscal year of the Club shall end on December 31. The Council -shall at the close of each year employ an expert accountant to audit the -books and accounts of the Treasurer and of the Boards of Trustees, and -shall present at the annual meeting the written report of his findings; -it may also cause to be audited in the same manner the accounts of other -agents and committees of the Club. - -10. The following Standing Committees shall be appointed: on -Publications; on Field Meetings and Excursions; on Legislation; on -Active Membership; and on Honorary and Corresponding Membership. These -Committees shall consist of not less than five members each, and members -of the Council shall be eligible to appointment thereon. They shall be -vested with such powers as the Council sees fit to delegate to them, -and nothing herein shall be construed as prohibiting that body from -appointing such other committees as may be required. - - -ARTICLE V - -ELECTION OF OFFICERS - -1. The Officers and Trustees shall be chosen by ballot at the annual -meeting, and may be voted for on one ballot They shall hold their offices -until the next succeeding annual meeting, or until their successors are -chosen in their stead; but any vacancy may be filled by the Council, -subject to confirmation by the Club at its next regular meeting.--The -President and Vice-Presidents shall not be eligible for more than two -consecutive terms of one year each, nor the Councillors for more than -three consecutive years; the Honorary Secretary may be elected for life. - -2. A Nominating Committee of at least five active members shall be -appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Council. -No elective officers of the Club shall be eligible to serve on this -committee. The names of said committee and a list of the offices to be -filled shall be announced in the call for the October meeting, with a -request for suggestions for nominations from members of the Club. The -list of candidates nominated by the Committee shall be posted in the Club -Room and published with the notice for the December meeting.--Twenty-five -or more active members desiring to have a candidate or candidates of -their own selection placed upon the official ballot may at any time -prior to December 20 send their nominations, duly signed by them, to -the Recording Secretary, and the names of such candidates, in addition -to those presented by the Nominating Committee, shall be printed on -the call for the annual meeting and upon the ballots. No person shall -be eligible to office unless nominated in accordance with the foregoing -provisions. - - -ARTICLE VI - -MEETINGS - -The Council, or the officers to whom it may delegate this power, shall -call a regular meeting of the Club in Boston in each month except between -June and September inclusive, and special and field meetings at such -times and places as may seem advisable. The January meeting shall be the -annual meeting, and shall be held on the second Wednesday of that month. -Fifty members shall form a quorum. - - -ARTICLE VII - -AMENDMENTS - -These By-laws may be amended by a vote to that effect of at least -three-fourths of the members present and voting at two consecutive -regular meetings of the Club, notice of the proposed change having been -sent to all active members. - - -JUVENILE CLUBS - -What has been said of the conduct of clubs generally will, so far as it -is worth the saying, afford sufficient suggestion to school teachers, -secretaries of young men’s and young women’s Christian associations, -and other welfare workers. Organization is not the important thing. The -important thing is to direct the minds and activities of young people -into wholesome and educative channels. - -In dealing with boys and girls the educational factor in pedestrianism -becomes more important. Lessons in biology, geology, astronomy, and -history are more adequately taught and more thoroughly learned, when -teacher and pupil come face to face with the actual physical objects to -which study is directed. And the way opens wide here, not for natural -and social science, merely, but for seemingly more remote subjects: -surveying, for instance, and cartography; appreciation of architecture -and of other fine arts; sketching and English composition. Incidentally, -powers of observation, memory, thought are quickened, and physical -well-being promoted. - -Even in such minor matters as clothing and shoes, a good deal of folly -among boys and girls may be dissipated, to the substantial benefit of -these same girls and boys when older grown. - -The handbook of the Boy Scouts will be found particularly suggestive and -helpful to those in charge of walking for young people. - -Much wider use is made in Europe than in this country of excursions as a -feature of school life; here as well as over there, excursions afoot may -be encouraged. But teachers must themselves become pedestrians, before -such advantages and enjoyment as walking affords will become available to -school children generally. - - -THE LEAGUE OF WALKERS - -The plans for the League, as thus far developed, are: - -To encourage the organization of walking clubs, and to cooperate with -such organizations, aiding them in making their proposals inviting. - -To maintain a Bureau of Information, where specific advice about -particular walks and particular regions will be preserved and made -available to all applicants. Particular attention will be given to -collecting data concerning scenery, geology, history, and, generally, -matters of interest on particular walks. - -To publish a “blue book” or guidebook for pedestrians. - -To give advice regarding clothing, equipment, training, etc. - -To promote inter-Association and other inter-club walking tours. - -Certificates will be given to walking clubs which enroll in the League. -The cost of enrolment is $1.00, simply to pay for the cost of the -certificate. - -Members of constituent walking clubs may wear bronze buttons or pins -bearing the emblem of the League. These may be procured at a nominal cost -at 347 Madison Avenue, New York. - -A bronze medallion, to be worn as a watch fob, will be awarded to any -one, a member of a constituent walking club, who walks 30 miles in -twenty-four hours, or 150 miles in two weeks, or who makes a mountain -climb of 3,000 feet in a day. An applicant for a medallion will furnish -with his application two letters, in addition to his own, from those best -advised, stating the facts as they know them. The secretary of the club -of which the applicant is a member (it may be of a Y. M. C. A.) should -also write, and his may be one of the two letters required, as just said. -If possible, the letters should be written by persons present, one at the -start and the other at the finish of the feat. The applicants will pay -the cost of the medallion. - -A silver medallion will be awarded, at the expense of the League, one -each year, (1) to the person who sends to the Bureau the best original -essay on walking, based upon actual experience; (2) to the person who -sends to the Bureau the best epitome of a walking tour; and (3) to the -person who sends to the Bureau the best photograph taken on a walk. - -A silver medallion may be awarded to one who performs some notable feat -in walking, or who renders some valuable service in the interest of -walking. - -Special recognition will be given each year to that walking organization -which has rendered the best service to the walking movement. - -The emblem of the League is pictured in the design appearing in the -frontispiece. The design was modeled by Mr. Royal B. Farnum, Specialist -in Industrial Arts in the New York Department of Education, at the -instance of Dr. John H. Finley, President of the University of the State -of New York. - -The desire of the League is to inspire and incite people to get out of -doors, to walk regularly and systematically, to cultivate a love for the -open, and to develop health and vigor and the joy of well-being. - -All organizations interested are requested, for the common good, to -communicate with the New York Bureau all data respecting regions under -cultivation, and respecting particular walks and tours. - -Communications should be addressed to the League of Walkers, 347, Madison -Avenue, New York City. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -THE LAKE ISLE OF INNISFREE - - I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, - And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made; - Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee, - And live alone in the bee-loud glade. - - And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, - Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; - There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, - And evening full of the linnet’s wings. - - I will arise and go now, for always night and day - I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; - While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray, - I hear it in the deep heart’s core. - - William Butler Yeats. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - ON WALKING - - _William Hazlitt_--On Going a Journey. - - _Robert Louis Stevenson_--Walking Tours. - - _Henry David Thoreau_--Walking. Journal for Jan. 7, 1857. - - _Ralph Waldo Emerson_--Country Life. Concord Walks. - - _Bradford Torrey_--An Old Road. - - _John Burroughs_--The Exhilarations of the Road. - --Footpaths. - - _A. H. Sidgwick_--Walking Essays. - - ART OF WALKING - - _C. P. Fordyce_--Touring Afoot. - - _Arnold Haultain_--Of Walks and Walking Tours; an attempt to - find a philosophy and a creed. - - MOUNTAINEERING JOURNALS - - _Alpine Journal_, published by the Alpine Club, of London. - - _Appalachia_, published by the Appalachian Mountain Club, - of Boston. - - _Sierra Club Bulletin_, published by the Sierra Club of San - Francisco. - - _Mazama_, published by the Mazamas, of Portland, Oregon. - - _Canadian Alpine Journal_, published by the Canadian Alpine - Club. - - CAMPING AND WOODCRAFT - - The Boy Scout Handbook. - - _G. W. Sears_--Woodcraft. - - _Charles S. Hanks_--Camp Kits and Camp Life. - - MOUNTAINEERING - - Scribner’s Out-of-Door Library--Mountain Climbing. - - _C. T. Dent_ and others--“Mountaineering” (Badminton Library - of Sports). - - _Frederick H. Chapin_--Mountaineering in Colorado. - - _J. S. C. Russell_--Mountaineering in Alaska. (Bulletins of the - Amer. Geog. Soc.). - - _Hudson Stuck, D.D._--The Ascent of Denali (Mt. McKinley). - - _Belmore Browne_--The Conquest of Mount McKinley. - - _Filippo de Filippi_, Duke of the Abruzzi--The Ascent of Mont St. - Elias (translated by Signora Linda Villari). - - _A. O. Wheeler_ and _Elizabeth A. Parker_--In the Selkirk - Mountains. - - _E. A. Fitz Gerald_--The Highest Andes. - - _Edward Whymper_--Scrambles amongst the Alps. - - _Leslie Stephen_--The Playground of Europe. - - _Professor F. Umlauft_--The Alps. - - _A. F. Mummery_--My Climbs in the Alps and Caucasus. - - _Charles Edward Mathews_--The Annals of Mont Blanc. - - _Guido Rey_--Peaks and Precipices: Scrambles in the Dolomites - and Savoy. - - _Leone Sinigaglia_--Climbing Reminiscences of the Dolomites - (translated by Mary Alice Vials). - - _Harold Spender_--Through the High Pyrenees. - - _Fanny Bullock Workman_ and _William Hunter Workman_--Peaks and - Glaciers of Nun Kun. - - _William Martin Conway_--Climbing and Exploration in the - Karakoram-Himalayas. - - _E. A. Fitz Gerald_--Climbs in the New Zealand Alps. - - ACROSS CONTINENTS - - _Harry A. Franck_--A Vagabond Journey Around the World. - - _Charles F. Lummis_--A Tramp across the Continent (America). - - _John Muir_--A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf. - - NEW ENGLAND - - _Henry D. Thoreau_--The Maine Woods. - --Cape Cod. - --Excursions. - - In “A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers,” under _Tuesday_, - is an account of Climbing Saddleback Mountain (Greylock) in - Massachusetts. - - _Frank Bolles_--Land of the Lingering Snow. At the North of - Bearcamp Water. - - _Bradford Torrey_--Footing It in Franconia. - --Nature’s Invitation. - --The Foot-Path Way. - --A Rambler’s Lease. - - _Allen Chamberlain_--Vacation Tramps in New England Highlands. - - _Thomas Bailey Aldrich_--An Old Town by the Sea. - - Guide to Paths and Camps in the White Mountains and Adjacent - Regions (published by the Appalachian Mountain Club). - - Walks and Rides about Boston (published by the Appalachian - Mountain Club). - - NORTH ATLANTIC STATES - - _Joel T. Headley_--The Adirondacks. - - _John Burroughs_--Locusts and Wild Honey (Chap. “A Bed of Boughs”). - - _T. Morris Longstreth_--The Catskills. - --The Adirondacks. - - For walks in the vicinity of New York city, see “Little Trips - Near-by,” by Albert Handy, a series of eight articles which - appeared in the New York _Evening Post_, Saturday Supplement, - for Nov. 15, Dec. 6, 20, 1913, and Jan. 10, April 18, May 30, - July 25, and Aug. 8, 1914. - - _John Burroughs_--Winter Sunshine (Washington, D. C.) - - _E. P. Weston_--The Pedestrian. (Being a correct journal of - incidents on a walk from the State House, Boston, Mass., to - the U. S. Capitol, at Washington, D. C., performed in ten - consecutive days), 1862. - - CAROLINA MOUNTAINS - - _Horace Kephart_--Our Southern Highlanders. - - _Bradford Torrey_--Spring Notes from Tennessee. - --A World of Green Hills. - - _Margaret W. Morley_--The Carolina Mountains. - - FLORIDA - - _Bradford Torrey_--A Florida Sketch-Book. - - COLORADO - - _Enos A. Mills_--The Spell of the Rockies. - --The Rocky Mountain Wonderland. - --Wild Life on the Rockies. - --Your National Parks. - - (See “Mountaineering.”) - - WYOMING - - _John Muir_--Our National Parks. - - _Enos A. Mills_--Your National Parks. - - _Hiram Martin Chittenden_--The Yellowstone National Park. - - MONTANA - - _Mathilde Edith Holtz_ and _Katharine Isabel Bemis_--Glacier - National Park. - - _Enos A. Mills_--Your National Parks. - - _Walter McClintock_--The Old North Trail. - - ARIZONA - - _George Wharton James_--In and around the Grand Canyon. - - _John Muir_--Steep Trails. - - _Bradford Torrey_--Field Days in California (Chap. “A Bird-gazer - at the Canyon”). - - _Enos A. Mills_--Your National Parks. - - WASHINGTON AND OREGON - - _Enos A. Mills_--Your National Parks. - - CALIFORNIA - - _John Muir_--Steep Trails. - --My First Summer in the Sierras. - --The Mountains of California. - --Our National Parks. - --The Yosemite. - - _J. Smeaton Chase_--California Coast Trails. - --Yosemite Trails. - - _Bradford Torrey_--Field Days in California. - - _Dallas Lore Sharp_--Where Rolls the Oregon. - - _Enos A. Mills_--Your National Parks. - - ALASKA - - _John Muir_--Travels in Alaska. - - _Enos A. Mills_--Your National Parks. - - (See “Mountaineering.”) - - CANADA - - _Lawrence J. Burpee_, Among the Canadian Alps. - - _Enos A. Mills_, Your National Parks. - - (See “Mountaineering.”) - - MEXICO - - _Harry A. Franck_--Tramping through Mexico, Guatemala and - Honduras. - - _William T. Hornaday_--Camp Fires on Desert and Lava. - - HAWAII - - _Enos A. Mills_--Your National Parks. - - SOUTH AMERICA - - (See “Mountaineering.”) - - EUROPE - - _Robert Louis Stevenson_--Travels with a Donkey. - - Baedeker’s Guidebooks. - - (See “Mountaineering.”) - - FRANCE - - _H. H. Bashford_--Vagabonds in Perigord. - - _William Morris Davis_--Excursions Around Aix-les-Bains - (published for Y. M. C. A. Natl. War Work Council by - the Appalachian Mountain Club). - - THE ALPS - - _John Tyndall_--Hours of Exercise in the Alps. - - _F. Wolcott Stoddard_--Tramps through Tyrol. - - (See “Mountaineering.”) - - SPAIN - - _Harry A. Franck_--Four Months Afoot in Spain. - - GREECE - - _Denton J. Snider_--A Walk in Hellas. - - RUSSIA - - _Stephen Graham_--A Tramp’s Sketches. - --A Vagabond in the Caucasus. - - ASIA MINOR - - _Stephen Graham_--With the Russian Pilgrims to Jerusalem. - - _W. J. Childs_--Across Asia Minor on Foot. - - TURKESTAN - - _Stephen Graham_--Through Russian Central Asia. - - PALESTINE - - _John Finley_--A Pilgrim in Palestine. - - BURMA, SIAM, COCHIN CHINA - - _Edmund Candler_--A Vagabond in Asia. - - JAPAN - - _Lucian Swift Kirtland_--Samurai Trails. - - NEW ZEALAND - - (See “Mountaineering.”) - - NEW SOUTH WALES - - _H. J. Tompkins_--With Swag and Billy (issued by the Government - Tourist Bureau, Sidney). - -[Illustration] - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] The _Youth’s Companion_, Aug. 31, 1911. - -[2] From “Poems and Ballads,” by Robert Louis Stevenson; copyright 1895, -1913, by Charles Scribner’s Sons. - -[3] Issue of April 25, 1917. - -[4] Nathaniel L. Goodrich, “The Attractions of Trail Making,” in -_Appalachia_, Vol. XIV, No. 3, page 247. - -[5] Nathaniel L. Goodrich, _ubi supra_. - -[6] “Wild Life on the Rockies,” page 209. - -[7] New York _Evening Post_, July 25, 1914. - -[8] Leslie Stephen, “The Playground of Europe.” - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Going Afoot, by Bayard Henderson Christy - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOING AFOOT *** - -***** This file should be named 54707-0.txt or 54707-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/7/0/54707/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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