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diff --git a/old/54631-0.txt b/old/54631-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index bb763f1..0000000 --- a/old/54631-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3102 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by -Natt Noyes Dodge - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color - -Author: Natt Noyes Dodge - -Release Date: April 29, 2017 [EBook #54631] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: Title page] - - - - - 100 _Desert Wildflowers_ - in natural color - - - _Photography & Text_ - Natt N. Dodge - - SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION - - -Copyright 1963 by the Southwestern Monuments Association. All rights -reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without -permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may -quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or -newspaper. - - Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-13471 - First Printing, 1963—20,000 - Second Printing, 1965—20,000 - Third Printing, (revised) 1967—20,000 - - Printed in the United States of America - W. A. Krueger Co., Tyler Div. · Phoenix, Arizona - - - - - Contents - - - Hints for Flower Photographers 1 - Introduction 1 - The Desert 1 - Why and When Do Deserts Bloom? 1 - Identifying Desert Wildflowers 3 - Spring gives an Evening Party 4 - 1. Longleaf ephedra 5 - 2. Common reed 5 - 3. Prairie spiderwort 6 - 4. Desertlily 6 - 5. Mariposa 7 - 6. Golden mariposa 7 - 7. Desert mariposa 8 - 8. Soaptree yucca 8 - 9. Joshua-tree 9 - 10. Torrey yucca 9 - 11. Giant yucca 10 - 12. Sacahuista 10 - 13. Sotol 11 - 14. Agave 11 - 15. Parry agave 12 - 16. Lechuguilla 12 - 17. Canaigre 13 - 18. Trailing-four-o’clock 13 - 19. Sand-verbena 14 - 20. Mexican goldpoppy 14 - 21. Pricklepoppy 15 - 22. Evening-primrose 15 - 23. Spectaclepod 16 - 24. Bladderpod 16 - 25. Western-wallflower 17 - 26. False-mesquite 17 - 27. Catclaw-acacia 18 - 28. Mescat-acacia 18 - 29. Honey mesquite 19 - 30. Senna 19 - 31. Blue palo-verde 20 - 32. Bird-of-Paradise-flower 20 - 33. Lupine 21 - 34. Adonis lupine 21 - 35. Smoke-thorn 22 - 36. Dalea 22 - 37. Tesota 23 - 38. Woolly loco 23 - 39. Heron-bill 24 - 40. Creosotebush 24 - 41. Arizona-poppy 25 - 42. Desert-mallow 25 - 43. Five-stamen tamarisk 26 - 44. Yellow mentzelia 26 - 45. Rock-nettle 27 - 46. Night-blooming cereus 27 - 47. Saguaro 28 - 48. Organpipe cactus 28 - 49. Claretcup echinocereus 29 - 50. Strawberry echinocereus 29 - 51. Rainbow echinocereus 30 - 52. Yellow pitaya echinocereus 30 - 53. Barrel cactus 31 - 54. Fishhook cactus 31 - 55. Beavertail cactus 32 - 56. Engelmann pricklypear 32 - 57. Jumping cholla 33 - 58. Pencil cholla 33 - 59. Whipple cholla 34 - 60. Walkingstick cholla 34 - 61. Evening-primrose 35 - 62. Ocotillo 35 - 63. Field bind-weed 36 - 64. Santa Fe phlox 36 - 65. Starflower 37 - 66. Phacelia 37 - 67. Nama 38 - 68. Buffalobur 38 - 69. Silverleaf nightshade 39 - 70. Sacred datura 39 - 71. Tree tobacco 40 - 72. Ceniza 40 - 73. Desert beardtongue 41 - 74. Palmer penstemon 41 - 75. Paintbrush 42 - 76. Owl-clover 42 - 77. Desert-willow 43 - 78. Trumpet-bush 43 - 79. Louisiana broomrape 44 - 80. Coyote-melon 44 - 81. Snake-weed 45 - 82. Desertstar 45 - 83. Mohave aster 46 - 84. Fleabane 46 - 85. Broom baccharis 47 - 86. Desert zinnia 47 - 87. Brittle-bush 48 - 88. Silverleaf enceliopsis 48 - 89. Crown-beard 49 - 90. Douglas coreopsis 49 - 91. Paperflower 50 - 92. Desert baileya 50 - 93. Goldfields 51 - 94. Chaenactis 51 - 95. Douglas groundsel 52 - 96. New Mexico thistle 52 - 97. Desert dandelion 53 - 98. Malacothryx 53 - 99. White cupfruit 54 - 100. Prickly sowthistle 54 - Suggestions for Additional Reading 56 - Index 58 - - - - - _Hints for Flower Photographers_ - - -If your interest in desert flowers includes a desire to obtain beautiful -photographs of them, the following “tips” may be helpful. - - -MOTION is a major hazard in still photography, and flowers, especially -those on long, slender stems, seem to be constantly in motion stimulated -by the ever-present desert breeze. The practical solution to this -problem is to take your photographing jaunts, if possible, in the early -morning when the air is most likely to be motionless. A flower picture -blurred by motion is a complete flop! - -Except for motion, nothing will irritate you more often than the abrupt, -frequent, and marked CHANGES IN LIGHTING due to small clouds passing -over the sun. Again, early morning has an advantage in normally -cloudless desert skies. Clouds may be expected after 10 o’clock on many -days. - - -DEPTH OF FIELD is highly important in flower photography, and you will -be gratified with the results if you take pains to have all parts of the -picture, except the background, in sharp focus. This desirable objective -has become less difficult to attain with the advent of “faster” films -which enable you to use the required small diaphragm “stop” without too -greatly reducing the shutter speed, and still obtain adequate exposures. - - -Too many flower photographers fail to get really CLOSE UP PICTURES. A -single blossom or a small cluster of blossoms provides a much more -attractive and significant picture than an entire plant. One blossom -with, perhaps, a bud, one fruit, and a trace of foliage, if well -composed, is tops among flower pictures. This objective requires camera -equipment with the ability to focus on objects close to the lens. Also -it complicates the goal of getting all parts of the picture into sharp -focus. - - -UNCLUTTERED BACKGROUNDS are a “must” in flower pictures. You might -consider joining the flower photographers who carry with them plain gray -or variously tinted background cards or light-weight boards. Such a card -or board of contrasting color, when placed behind the blossom, will -accomplish wonders in giving prominence to the flower. One method of -obtaining a dark background is to ask someone (if you are a -contortionist you can do it yourself) to stand in such a position as to -cast a shadow on the ground or foliage behind the subject. The sky makes -an excellent background, and you will find it useful whenever you can -set your camera below the level of the subject. - - -With the foregoing points in mind, study the pictures in this booklet -with the aim of trying to surpass them in quality. By exercising care -and patience, you should be able to do so. - - - - - _Introduction_ - - - _The Desert_ - -When Webster defined a desert as a “dry, barren region, largely treeless -and sandy” he was not thinking of the 50,000 square mile Great American -Desert of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Most of it -is usually dry and parts may be sandy, but as a whole, it is far from -barren and treeless. Heavily vegetated with gray-green shrubs, small but -robust trees, pygmy forests of grotesque cactuses and stiff-leaved -yuccas, and myriads of herbaceous plants, the desert, following rainy -periods, covers itself with a blanket of delicate, fragrant wildflowers. -Edmund C. Jaegar, author of several books on deserts, reports that the -California deserts alone support more than 700 species of flowering -plants. - -The late Dr. Forrest Shreve, for many years Director of the Desert -Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution near Tucson, Arizona, defined a -desert as “a region of deficient and uncertain rainfall.” He divided the -Great American Desert into four major sections: (1) _Chihuahuan_ -(chee-WAH-wahn), including the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Coahuila -(coa-WHEE-lah), southwestern Texas, and south-central New Mexico; (2) -_Sonoran_, including Baja California, southwestern Arizona, and -northwestern Sonora; (3) _Mojave_ (moh-HAH-vee), Colorado, including -south-eastern California and extreme southern Nevada; (4) _Great Basin_, -including Nevada, Utah, southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. - -Since the steppes and mesas of the Great Basin Desert have generally -lower temperatures, higher elevations, and greater precipitation than -the other three sections, we are not including its flowers in this work. - - - _Why and When Do Deserts Bloom?_ - -The Great American Desert produces, when conditions are favorable, a -gorgeous exhibition of wildflowers. Trees, shrubs, and herbs all -contribute to the splendor of the display. Soil composition, slope and -exposure, suitable temperatures, and adequate moisture are essential to -plant growth and flower production. - -Moisture is the uncertain factor, and years may pass without enough -rainfall to stimulate plant growth. Rain of less than 0.15 inch is -wasted as far as desert plants are concerned, for the moisture -evaporates before penetrating the soil. Some annuals produce seeds -having water-soluble germination inhibitors in their coverings, hence -fail to sprout, even after rain, unless the moisture totals at least -half an inch. - -When soil moisture from December and January rainfall is enough to -support potential plants it dissolves the seed coats, and the desert -floor is soon carpeted with eager green seedlings. When winter rains are -scant, as is so often the case, the dormant seed population fails to -germinate and the spring flower display doesn’t appear. There is no sure -way to forecast a spectacular blossom year, for a sudden cold wave or -period of drying winds may literally nip in the bud a potential season -of brilliant bloom. A great flower year may occur only once in a decade. - -Perennials are more dependable than annuals, since some of them, -particularly cactuses and other succulents, have water storage tissues -in their stems or roots. These perennials may be counted on to blossom -each year, but with much less abandon than after winters of above normal -precipitation. Many perennials have surprisingly extensive root systems. -Fascinating are the ways by which plants manage to thrive under severe -conditions of desert heat and drought. As we have seen, most annuals lie -dormant as seeds until suitable moisture and temperature occur. Then -they grow very rapidly, to bloom and mature seeds while the soil still -has moisture. Winter rains produce spring-blooming ephemerals, and -summer showers produce summer “quickies.” - -Another group of plants, including the ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh), slows -down life processes to become dormant during dry periods, even to -dropping all leaves. When rains come they put on new leaves, several -times a year if necessary. - -Cactuses and other succulents gorge themselves with water when the soil -is wet, releasing moisture very sparingly from storage tissues during -the “long dry.” Some have discarded or reduced foliage, or have covered -leaf surfaces with varnish or wax, to decrease to a minimum the loss of -vital moisture through transpiration. - - - _Identifying Desert Wildflowers_ - -Unless you are a botanist, identification of flowers by measuring and -counting their various parts, as described in technical keys, is -generally too complicated to be practical. Several years ago, -recognizing this problem, I authored a book, _Flowers of the Southwest -Deserts_, illustrated by Jeanne R. Janish and published by the -Southwestern Monuments Association, designed to aid the wildflower -fancier in plant identification by color-grouping the flowers. With Mrs. -Janish’s superb illustrations pointing out each plant’s most obvious -characteristics, it has proved an excellent field guide. However, the -demand for natural color flower portraits could not go unheeded, and -this book is the result. The two books complement each other, although -each fills a need in its own right. Used together, they make you more -positive of some identifications. - -Probably the best way to become acquainted with a flower is to be -introduced to it by someone. But there is one catch to this method—one -plant may be known by many aliases. - -When the Spaniards came into the Southwest over 400 years ago they found -Indians had names for some flowers in their own languages. The Spaniards -added their names, and later the Americans added English names. Some of -these names were of similar-appearing but quite different flowers they -had known “back East.” Later, scientists studied the desert plants, and -gave them all Latin names. - -To assist in standardizing names of desert flowers, this booklet gives -preference in its headings to scientific and common names found in -_Arizona Flora_, by Kearney and Peebles, Second Edition, 1960. Common -names found in _Texas Plants, A Checklist and Ecological Summary_, 1962, -by F. W. Gould, also have been used. In addition, placed within the -text, are some of the more widely used common names that we have -encountered. Tree names, both common and scientific, follow the -_Checklist of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States_, by -Elbert L. Little, Jr., 1953. - -There are many desert flowers, some quite common, for which there was -not space in this booklet. If you wish to broaden your acquaintance to -include more, we recommend, for added reading publications listed in the -back. - -The author wishes to express here sincere thanks to Mrs. Pauline M. -Patraw, Santa Fe botanist, for assistance in identifying many of the -flowers pictured here. For assistance in checking identifications, the -author is indebted to Miss Barbara Lund, Park Naturalist, National Park -Service; to Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., Curator of the Herbarium, -University of Arizona Tucson; and to Dr. W. B. McDougall, Curator of -Botany, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff. - - - - - _Spring gives an Evening Party_ - - - [Illustration: Spring gives an Evening Party] - - When Paloverde trims her golden gown, - And Deerhorn dons her filaments of white; - When tall Saguaro fits his fragrant crown - In preparation for the party night; - When bats across the ruby sunset dance, - When Ocotillo lights his candle’s flame, - When verdure carpets Desert’s wide expanse, - Then Spring is in the Southwest once again. - - The linnets in their scarlet vests and caps - Are first to answer Spring’s insistent call, - While white-crowned sparrows scan their travel maps, - Discussing details of the coming ball. - Then thrashers practice every morn and eve - The songs they’ll sing upon that night of nights, - While phainopeplas, in their haste to leave, - Dash back and forth in short, impatient flights. - - The desert halls glow bright as time draws near. - Each cactus wears her frilled and perfumed dress. - Ground squirrels, for this joyous time of year, - Sport their best furs. The rabbits do no less. - From far and near the desert folk have come - To wait their hostess, Spring, who, very soon, - Will lift stars o’er the skyline, one by one, - And then turn on the glorious, golden moon. - - - - - 1. Longleaf ephedra - - -Commonly called “Mormon tea,” there are many species of ephedra -(ef-FED-rah) growing throughout the Southwest. This yellow-green, -stringy-stemmed shrub with tiny, scale-like leaves, is usually 3 to 4 -feet tall, but sometimes reaches a height of 12 feet. Its small, -fragrant, springtime flowers grow in dense clusters that attract -insects. Some species provide winter forage for cattle and are said to -be browsed by bighorn sheep. Pioneers brewed a palatable drink from the -dried stems. Certain Indian tribes considered the brew a tonic, -beneficial for treatment of syphilis and other diseases. The drug, -ephedrine, comes from a Chinese member of this genus. - - _Ephedra trifurca_ Jointfir Family - -[Illustration: LONGLEAF EPHEDRA] - - - - - 2. Common reed - - -Somewhat resembling bamboo, carrizo grows in dense thickets in marshes, -along river banks, and in other wet locations. Largest of the grasses, -it sometimes attains a height of 12 feet. The large, tassel-like flower -heads appear from July to October and create a spectacular mass display. -The horizontal rootstalks interlock, crowding out other plants. A single -rootstalk may extend 30 feet. The straight, hollow stems served Indians -as arrowshafts, pipestems, and loom rods. Along the Mexican border the -leaves are woven into mats and the long, sturdy stems are used as -screens and in roofing native houses. - - _Phragmites communis_ Grass Family - -[Illustration: COMMON REED] - - - - - 3. Prairie spiderwort - - -Because of its slender, drooping leaves, this delicate blue-to-violet, -three-petaled flower might easily be mistaken for a lily. Plants grow -from 8 to 18 inches high. A perennial, the spiderwort’s thick, succulent -roots enable it to produce blossoms from April to September. Not -abundant, it is usually found in moist locations in desert mountain -ranges at elevations above 2,500 feet. Flowers form in clusters at the -tip of a plant’s stem, and are pollenized by bumblebees that eat the -pollen. - - _Tradescantia occidentalis_ Spiderwort Family - -[Illustration: PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT] - - - - - 4. Desertlily - - -Limited in its range to the desertlands of southern California and -southwestern Arizona, the desertlily or ajo (AH-hoe) resembles a small -easter lily. During dry seasons the plants do not bloom, but following -wet winters each deeply-buried bulb sends up a vigorous shoot which may -be from 6 inches to 2 feet tall, with a bud cluster at its tip. The -delicately fragrant flowers may appear in late February, with some tardy -bloomers still in evidence in early May. Bulbs were dug and eaten by -Indians and, because of their flavor, were called ajo (garlic) by the -Spanish pioneers. The town of Ajo and a nearby valley and mountain range -in southwestern Arizona were named for this plant. - - _Hesperocallis undulata_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: DESERTLILY] - - - - - 5. Mariposa - - -Similar in appearance to the segolily, State flower of Utah, weakstem -mariposa, sometimes called “straggling butterfly lily,” varies in color -from white to pale purple. The slender stem is not erect, like other -mariposas, of which there are many species, but wanders over the ground -or makes its twisting way among the branches of low shrubs. It grows at -elevations up to 4,000 feet on slopes and benches of mountains of the -Mojave-Colorado Desert, in the Death Valley area, and in the desert -mountains of southern Arizona, blossoming during April and May. Indians -and pioneers ate the bulbs. - - _Calochortus flexuosus_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: MARIPOSA] - - - - - 6. Golden mariposa - - -Considered by some botanists as a distinct species, this mariposa or -“butterfly tulip” is found in the higher mountains of the eastern -Mojave-Colorado Desert and also in the vicinity of the Painted Desert of -northern Arizona. Common in Petrified Forest National Park from May to -July, the bright yellow flowers make an eye-catching display among the -colorful pieces of petrified wood covering the ground. The bulbs can -withstand severe cold, but suffer during winters when there is frequent -freezing and thawing. - - _Calochortus nuttalii aureus_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: GOLDEN MARIPOSA] - - - - - 7. Desert mariposa - - -Brightest of the mariposas, the short-stemmed, flame-like flowers -usually appear singly, but may occur in patches, producing in April a -spectacular display visible from a long distance. Plants growing under -bushes elongate their stems to elevate their blossoms into the sunlight. -Occasional in the Mojave-Colorado Desert, this species is abundant in -the foothills of some of southern Arizona’s mountain ranges, exceeding -even the goldpoppy in the neon-like brilliance of display. _Mariposa_ is -Spanish for butterfly, and the genus name _calochortus_ is Greek for -beautiful grass. - - _Calochortus kennedyi_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: DESERT MARIPOSA] - - - - - 8. Soaptree yucca - - -Common throughout the Southwest, the many species of yuccas (YUH-kuhs) -are of two major groups, the narrow-leaf and the wide-leaf. Called -“soaptree” because of its height (maximum 30 feet) and the fact that its -roots contain saponin, soaptree yucca or _palmilla_ (pahm-EE-yah—“little -palm”) belongs in the narrow-leaf group. From southwestern Arizona -across southern New Mexico, and from west Texas southward into the -Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, this spectacular plant blossoms -in May and June on desert grasslands from 2,000 to 6,000 foot -elevations. Cattle eat the young flower stalks, and Indians used the -leaf fibers for making fabrics, basketry, and other items. The yucca is -the State flower of New Mexico. - - _Yucca elata_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: SOAPTREE YUCCA] - - - - - 9. Joshua-tree - - -Another of the narrow-leaf yuccas and largest of the genus, the -joshua-tree is restricted in its range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, of -which it is the principal indicator. Blossoms, which do not open as wide -as those of other species, grow in tight clusters at the tips of the -branches, appearing in March and April. Joshuas do not blossom every -year, the interval between flowerings depending upon rainfall and -temperature. A small night lizard is dependent upon the joshua-tree, at -least 25 {species of birds find nesting sites in it, and numerous -insects, spiders, and scorpions live in its dried leaves and fallen -branches.} - - _Yucca brevifolia_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: JOSHUA-TREE] - - - - - 10. Torrey yucca - - -Unlike the narrow-leaf soaptrees which produce dry, capsular fruits, the -wide-leaf yuccas bear fleshy fruits which Indians cooked and ate. -Indians also used the leaf fibers in weaving fabrics. Roots contain -saponin and the Indians still cut them up and use the pieces for soap, -especially as a shampoo. The stiff, fleshy leaves with needle-sharp tips -give the plant the name “Spanish bayonet.” Torrey yucca blooms in April -in southeastern New Mexico and west Texas, with similar plants, _Yucca -schottii_ in southern Arizona, and _Yucca schidigera_ in the -Mojave-Colorado Desert. - - _Yucca torreyi_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: TORREY YUCCA] - - - - - 11. Giant yucca - - -Massive and thick-stemmed, the locally-named “giant dagger” is -supposedly limited in its native range in the United States to Brewster -County, Texas. A colony (_Yucca faxoniana_) resembling this species has -been reported recently in McKittrick Canyon in the Guadalupe Mountains. -An extensive forest of these spectacular plants has given the name -Dagger Flat to a broad valley in the Sierra del Carmen of Big Bend -National Park. Usually blossoming in April, the massive, white flower -clusters gracing the crowns of thousands of these majestic yuccas create -a never-to-be-forgotten spectacle. A small night-flying moth is the -yuccas’ pollenizing agent and, in return for this essential service, -lays her eggs in the plants’ ovaries where the young feed on the -developing seeds. - - _Yucca carnerosana_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: GIANT YUCCA] - - - - - 12. Sacahuista - - -Sometimes confused with the yuccas, the several species of “beargrass” -or “basketgrass” have pliant, grasslike leaves, small flowers, and -papery fruits. The plumelike blossom panicles open in May and June. The -plants favor rocky hillsides, and rarely occur on valley floors. Indians -roasted the tender bud stalks for food, and cattle browse the leaves -when other vegetation is lacking. Mexicans, in weaving basketry, use the -entire leaves, which are especially desirable for fashioning basket -handles. - - _Nolina microcarpa_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: SACAHUISTA] - - - - - 13. Sotol - - -Also likely to be confused with the yuccas, sotol has a basal cluster of -pliant, ribbonlike leaves edged with hooked thorns, and a tall flower -stalk bearing at its upper end a dense panicle of small, creamy -(sometimes brown) flowers. Blossoming in May and June, the maturing -flower clusters remain attractive throughout the summer. Mexicans split -the succulent basal crowns and allow the sap to ferment, producing the -fiery alcoholic beverage, sotol (SOH-tole). Desert-dwelling bighorn -sheep are said to browse the tough leaves. The stiff leaf bases, when -pulled from the cluster, form the “desert spoons” sold in some curio -stores. - - _Dasylirion wheeleri_ Lily Family - -[Illustration: SOTOL] - - - - - 14. Agave - - -Many species of agaves (ah-GAH-vees) or “century plants” attract -attention on desert hillsides when they send up their tall blossom -stalks in June and July. The thick, fleshy, sharp-tipped leaves form a -basal rosette. Some of the larger species may require 10 to 20 years to -store enough plant food to produce the sturdy, fast-growing flower -stalk. After blossoming, the exhausted plant dies. _Agave scabra_, one -of the spectacular forms, is limited in its range to the Chisos -Mountains of Big Bend National Park, Texas. - - _Agave scabra_ Amaryllis Family - -[Illustration: AGAVE] - - - - - 15. Parry agave - - -Another of the large “century plants,” Parry agave blooms from June to -August, producing spectacular displays on hillsides in northern Mexico, -southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. Some of the larger agaves are -called mescal (mess-KAHL) because of a potent alcoholic beverage of that -name distilled from the fermented sap derived from the bud stalks. -Tequila (tee-KEEL-ah), the famous native drink of Mexico, also is -distilled from fermented agave juices, and the beerlike pulque -(pool-KAY) has a similar derivation. Indians roasted the bud stalks in -stone-lined pits covered with hot rocks. Some of these pits may still be -seen. - - _Agave parryi_ Amaryllis Family - -[Illustration: PARRY AGAVE] - - - - - 16. Lechuguilla - - -One of the common plants of the Chihauhuan Desert and considered the -principal indicator of that region, lechuguilla (lay-chu-GHE-ah) covers -the ground so densely in some places that it is impossible to walk -through it. The stiff, erect, needle-tipped, banana-shaped leaves are a -hazard to man and beast. The flowering stalk, which blossoms in May and -June, is unbranched and flexible, bending gracefully in the desert -breeze. Deer and cattle nip off the tender buds. Mexicans weave the -tough leaf fibers into coarse fabrics; and the roots, called _amole_, -produce suds when rubbed in water. - - _Agave lechuguilla_ Amaryllis Family - -[Illustration: LECHUGUILLA] - - - - - 17. Canaigre - - -This coarse, herbacious perennial is one of the early spring flowers of -the desert, sometimes blooming along road shoulders and in sandy washes -in late February and March. Commonly called wild rhubarb, its sap and -roots are high in tannin content, and its delicately pink fruits are -more attractive than the blossoms. Indians and Mexicans use the leaves -for greens. Papago Indians of Arizona roast the leaves and use the roots -for treating colds and sore throat. This plant is a close relative of -European dock, several species of which have become naturalized in North -America. - - _Rumex hymenosepalus_ Buckwheat Family - -[Illustration: CANAIGRE] - - - - - 18. Trailing-four-o’clock - - -Blossoming from April to October, trailing allionia, known in some -places as “trailing four o’clock” or “windmills,” is a spreading annual -with small but colorful blossoms on long, trailing stems. The prostrate -branches are sticky, so are often covered with grains of sand and flecks -of mica. What appears to be one blossom is actually three flowers, -giving it the name “pink three-flower.” It is found on dry, sandy -benches throughout desert regions of the Southwest. Fruits are winged. - - _Allionia incarnata_ Four o’clock Family - -[Illustration: TRAILING-FOUR-O’CLOCK] - - - - - 19. Sand-verbena - - -One of the early spring flowers, sand-verbena creates spectacular mass -displays, sometimes alone, usually intermingling with other colorful -early bloomers such as bladderpod and sundrops, which grow on road -shoulders and sandy flats. The flowers are delicately fragrant, -especially at night. Semi-prostrate in habit, sand-verbena leaves are -covered with a dense growth of short, soft hairs which retard the loss -of moisture so essential to desert plants. This annual is common from -southern California and southern Arizona into Sonora. - - _Abronia villosa_ Four o’clock Family - -[Illustration: SAND-VERBENA] - - - - - 20. Mexican goldpoppy - - -Closely related to the orange California-poppy, official flower of the -Golden State, the desert species is a bright yellow annual. Following -warm, wet winters clusters of these glorious blooms dot the hillsides in -late February or early March. By April they may cover the slopes with a -blanket of gold interwoven with the blue threads of lupines and purple -patches of escobita owlclover. When other early spring vegetation is -scarce, cattle graze the plants. Flowers open only during sunny hours, -remaining tightly closed at night and on cloudy days. - - _Eschscholtzia mexicana_ Poppy Family - -[Illustration: MEXICAN GOLDPOPPY] - - - - - 21. Pricklepoppy - - -Not restricted to a desert habitat, this spiny-leafed perennial is -widespread on dry soils from Nebraska to Wyoming and from Texas to -southern California and Mexico. Abundant throughout the summer, the -flowers may be found, in warm climates, during every month of the year. -Copious spines and the acrid yellow sap make the plants distasteful to -cattle, so a heavy growth of pricklepoppy may be an indicator of an -overgrazed range. Also called “thistlepoppy,” a single plant may be -graced by a dozen or more fragile flowers, each ready to be replaced by -one or more prickly buds. The seeds are said to contain a powerful -narcotic. - - _Argemone platyceras_ Poppy Family - -[Illustration: PRICKLEPOPPY] - - - - - 22. Evening-primrose - - -Also known as “yellow cups,” this plant is limited in its range to the -Mohave-Colorado Desert. Having smaller blossoms than the goldpoppy with -which it might be confused, this showy annual blooms March to May in dry -washes and on stony hills below 4,500 feet. The foot-high plants -sometimes form massed displays accented by splashes of bright red where -clumps of beavertail pricklypear mark small, rocky islands, or where -patches of ocotillos wave their scarlet-tipped wands in the spring -breeze. - - _Oenothera brevipes_ Evening-primrose Family - -[Illustration: EVENING-PRIMROSE] - - - - - 23. Spectaclepod - - -Found at elevations above 1,000 feet, spectaclepod is one of the -long-flowering species blooming from February to October. The large -flower heads are pleasantly fragrant, and the peculiar, flat, double -fruits resemble tiny spectacles protruding at right angles to the stem. -This species is found in the Petrified Forest area of northern Arizona, -and Hopi Indians are reported to use the plant in treating wounds. -Another species, California spectaclepod, is often abundant, covering -sandy flats of the lower deserts. This species blooms from February -through April and sometimes again in the fall. - - _Dithyrea wislizenii_ Mustard Family - -[Illustration: SPECTACLEPOD] - - - - - 24. Bladderpod - - -Another early bloomer, February to May, bladderpod is one of the first -spring flowers to spread its yellow carpet across the desert flats. The -small, low-growing plants lift numerous clusters of four-petaled -flowers, forming an understory of color among the taller herbs. In some -localities, bladderpods are called “beadpods” because of the spherical -fruits. The plants afford good forage for cattle. A close relative, with -white to purple flowers, is found from Texas to Arizona and Mexico, -starting to blossom in January during warm winters. - - _Lesquerella gordonii_ Mustard Family - -[Illustration: BLADDERPOD] - - - - - 25. Western-wallflower - - -A showy plant with a large terminal cluster of four-petaled flowers, it -is frequently called “desert wallflower.” When growing under shrubs it -often extends its stems 2 feet or more to reach up into the sunshine. -Usually blossoming in March, some plants may be found blooming at almost -any time during the summer to as late as September. - - _Erysimum capitatum_ Mustard family - -[Illustration: WESTERN-WALLFLOWER] - - - - - 26. False-mesquite - - -With mimosa-like leaves and long-stamened flowers growing in clusters, -false-mesquite, “calliandra,” or “fairy duster” is a small, straggling -bush, quite Japanesy in appearance, from a few inches to 3 feet high. It -blossoms from February to May, and is quite common below 5,000 feet from -west Texas to southern California and northern Mexico. In California it -is especially abundant along the east side of the Chocolate Mountains. -During periods of drought the leaves enter a state of continued wilt, -but revive promptly when rain comes. - - _Calliandra eriophylla_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: FALSE-MESQUITE] - - - - - 27. Catclaw-acacia - - -Also known by such descriptive names as “tear-blanket” and -“wait-a-minute,” catclaw acacia is one of the notoriously thorny shrubs -or small slender trees of the rocky hillsides and borders of desert -washes. Flowers are fragrant and, during the blooming period in May, -attract many insects, including honey bees, which gather and store -nectar that makes high quality honey. The stringbean-like fruits turn -red in late summer and, if abundant, make a spectacular show. These -fruits were ground into meal and used for food by Arizona and Mexican -Indians. Thickets of catclaw acacia provide havens of refuge for birds -and rabbits pursued by hawks or other predators. - - _Acacia greggii_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: CATCLAW-ACACIA] - - - - - 28. Mescat-acacia - - -Armed with long, slender, straight white spines, giving it the name -“white-thorn,” this pretty flowering shrub is abundant over large areas -of dry slopes and mesas from Texas to Arizona and Mexico at 2,300 to -5,000 feet. It is often used as a decorative in landscape plantings -around buildings. Blossoms are fragrant and sometimes continue from May -to August; the shrub occasionally blooming again in November. Cattle and -horses eat the bean-like fruits. - - _Acacia constricta_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: MESCAT-ACACIA] - - - - - 29. Honey mesquite - - -Mesquite (mess-KEET) is a many-branched tree 15 to 23 feet tall, which -flowers from late April to June. It is common bordering desert washes, -often forming dense thickets. The flowers furnish honey bees and other -insects with nectar, and the long, sweet pods ripen in autumn, providing -food for livestock. The fruits have long been a staple in the diet of -desert Indians, who used the trunks, roots, and branches of the trees -for firewood and the dried gum-like sap to mend pottery and as a black -dye. The inner bark provided the Indians with materials for basketry and -coarse fabrics. Roots of mesquite trees have been reported to penetrate -to a depth of 50 to 60 feet to tap sources of ground water. - - _Prosopis juliflora_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: HONEY MESQUITE] - - - - - 30. Senna - - -Blossoming from April to October, this species is common at elevations -between 1,000 and 3,000 feet Nevada to New Mexico, Arizona, California, -and northwestern Mexico. There are fifteen or more other species, many -of which are found in a desert habitat and range in size from -low-growing herbs to small shrubs 3-5 feet high. Senna is sometimes -called “rattlebox” because the nearly ripe seeds rattle in their woody -pods when the plant is stirred, startling the hiker who immediately -thinks “rattlesnake!” A closely related species, _leptocarpa_, is noted -for its foul-smelling foliage. - - _Cassia covesii_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: SENNA] - - - - - 31. Blue palo-verde - - -Perhaps the most dependable of spring bloomers, blue palo-verde trees -cover themselves with masses of yellow blossoms in April and May. -Usually found alongside desert washes, they mark these ephemeral stream -courses as paths of gold threading the open desert. During much of the -year the trees are relatively leafless, the green bark of trunk and -branches taking over the function of leaves. The word _palo-verde_ -(PAH-low-VEHR-dee) means “green stick” in Spanish, referring to the -color of the bark. - - _Cercidium floridum_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: BLUE PALO-VERDE] - - - - - 32. Bird-of-Paradise-flower - - -Not a southwestern desert native, this striking shrub, 3 to 10 feet -high, was introduced from South America and has escaped from cultivation -to establish itself in parts of the desert where conditions are -suitable. The blossoms are showy but ill-smelling, and are popular as -ornamentals about homes, especially in Mexico. The shrub’s principal -advantage in landscape plantings is its long blossoming period, which -sometimes lasts from April to September. - - _Caesalpinia gilliesii_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: BIRD-OF-PARADISE-FLOWER] - - - - - 33. Lupine - - -This is but one of many species of lupine, both annual and perennial, -common throughout the West at nearly all elevations. Perhaps the most -publicized is the “Texas” lupine, or “bluebonnet,” hailed by Texans as -their State flower. Desert species are early bloomers, sometimes -appearing in protected sandy soils and on highway shoulders in January. -In favorable seasons masses of these handsome blue to violet blossoms -color desert hillsides with acres of fragrant bloom. Sometimes growing -in pure stands, often mixed with a variety of other spring flowers, -lupines may usually be found blossoming as late as June. - - _Lupinus sparsiflorus_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: LUPINE] - - - - - 34. Adonis lupine - - -Considered one of the more handsome of the desert perennials, the -“adonis” lupine, as it is known in southern California, is found near -sandy washes in the high desert. It is especially abundant in Joshua -Tree National Monument. The name _adonis_ refers to its great beauty. -The name _lupinus_ is derived from the Latin _lupus_ meaning wolf, -because these plants were at one time thought to be soil predators. -Actually, as with other members of the pea family, lupines are able to -take atmospheric nitrogen and leave it in the ground, thereby increasing -rather than depleting soil fertility. - - _Lupinus excubitus_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: ADONIS LUPINE (by Jaeger)] - - - - - 35. Smoke-thorn - - -Better known as “smoketree,” this silvery-gray, seemingly leafless shrub -grows in and along sandy washes below 1,500 feet, throughout the -Mojave-Colorado Desert. At a distance it resembles a plume of smoke -rising from a campfire. Its small but violet to indigo flowers cover it -with a gorgeous blue blanket in May, making it one of the really -handsome desert shrubs. It requires ample supplies of water, hence is -restricted to washes that carry runoff from both winter rains and summer -downpours. The seeds sprout readily, and the seedlings with their -well-formed leaves look very unlike their parents. Few seedlings survive -the hazards of drought or being smothered by sand carried down the -washes by flash floods following cloudbursts. - - _Dalea spinosa_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: SMOKE-THORN] - - - - - 36. Dalea - - -Noted for its royal purple flowers, this low shrub, less than 3 feet -high with peculiar zig-zag branches, blossoms from April to June. In -common with other daleas (day-LEE-ahs) it is usually called “indigobush” -or “peabush.” It is normally found below 3,000 feet in desert mountain -ranges from southern Utah through Arizona and southeastern California. -There are many species of dalea in the desert, all characterized by deep -blue to indigo and rose-violet flowers, which attract attention by their -beauty. Indians used the extract from twigs for dyeing basketry. - - _Dalea fremontii_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: DALEA] - - - - - 37. Tesota - - -Thriving only in a frost-free climate, this is among the largest and -most beautiful of desert evergreen trees. It is usually found along -sandy washes, mingling with mesquites and paloverdes. It is particularly -susceptible to mistletoe infestation, which has killed or weakened many -fine trees. Blossoming in May and June, the trees are sometimes laden -with lavender, wisteria-like flowers. The wood is extremely hard and -heavy, hence the tree is locally known as “ironwood,” or -_palo-de-hierro_, in Mexico. Indians ate the seeds and used the wood for -tool handles and arrow-points. Its long-burning qualities made it -especially desirable for fuel. As a result, many of the trees have been -cut, making it one of the species threatened with extinction. - - _Olneya tesota_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: TESOTA] - - - - - 38. Woolly loco - - -Many species of “locoweed” ranging in color from deep purple to creamy -white are found throughout the desert at nearly all elevations. They -sometimes create extensive mass displays but are more commonly found -mixed with other flowers. Species with bladder-like pods are called -“rattleweed.” Loco in Spanish means “crazy” and refers to the fact that -a number of species of _astragalus_ contain selenium, which causes a -serious disease among livestock, especially horses, that eat it and as a -result “act crazy.” - - _Astragalus mollissimus_ Pea Family - -[Illustration: WOOLLY LOCO] - - - - - 39. Heron-bill - - -Also called “alfileria,” this species and its close relative, Texas -filaree (_Erodium texanum_) are both early blossoming annuals, often -widespread on plains and mesas, February to May. The flowers, although -abundant, are small and so hidden in low-growing foliage that they -rarely create a mass display. Texas filaree is native to North America, -but alfileria is thought to have come from Europe with the Spaniards, -and is now naturalized throughout the Southwest. Corkscrew-like -appendages of the fruits are tightly twisted when dry, but untwist when -moist, literally screwing the sharp-pointed fruits into the soil. Both -species are excellent spring forage for livestock. - - _Erodium cicutarium_ Geranium Family - -[Illustration: HERON-BILL] - - - - - 40. Creosotebush - - -Often erroneously called “greasewood,” creosotebush is generally -recognized as the most adaptable of all desert plants, and a definite -indicator of the Lower Sonoran Life Zone. The shrubs cover thousands of -square miles, often in pure stands, and flower throughout much of the -year, but most profusely in April and May. Fuzzy white, globular fruits -are almost as spectacular as the flowers. The plant can endure long -periods of drought. Following rains its foliage gives off a musty, -resinous odor, suggestive of creosote, stimulating the Mexican name -_hediondilla_ (little stinker). In Mexico the plant is considered to -have medicinal values and many uses. The Pima Indians boiled the leaves, -using the decoction as an emetic and to poultice sores. They used the -lac, found as an incrustation on the branches, to cement arrow-points -and to mend pottery. - - _Larrea tridentata_ Caltrop Family - -[Illustration: CREOSOTEBUSH] - - - - - 41. Arizona-poppy - - -Often abundant on road shoulders and in low spots where rainwater from -hot-weather showers provides adequate moisture, “caltrop” or -“summerpoppy,” with large blossoms and attractive compound leaves, -decorates the desert when other flowers are noticeable by their absence. -The long, weak stems, usually prostrate, give the plants a vine-like -appearance, but when growing under shrubs they extend upward so that the -shrub is mistakenly thought to be blooming. Superficially resembling the -springtime goldpoppy, Arizona-poppy has five rather than four petals, -and may be found in bloom as late as October. - - _Kallstroemia grandiflora_ Caltrop Family - -[Illustration: ARIZONA-POPPY] - - - - - 42. Desert-mallow - - -Ranging in size from delicate 6-inch annuals to coarse, woody perennials -4 feet high, the globemallows vary in color from creamy white to pink, -rose, peach, and lavender. Desert-mallows flaunt their graceful, -blossom-covered stems along roadsides or on the banks of sandy washes. -Because some people are allergic to them, globemallows are called -“sore-eye poppies” in parts of southern Arizona, and in Lower California -are known as _plantas muy malas_ (very bad plants). - - _Sphaeralcea ambigua_ Mallow Family - -[Illustration: DESERT-MALLOW] - - - - - 43. Five-stamen tamarisk - - -Sometimes confused with tamarack because of the similarity of names, -five-stamen tamarisk, locally called “salt-cedar,” is one of several -small tree species from southeastern Europe and western Asia which have -become naturalized in North America. “Salt-cedar” often forms dense -thickets on alkaline soils along stream and reservoir banks at -elevations below 5,000 feet. Flowers, which vary in hue from deep pink -to white, cover the trees with graceful plumes of color from March to -August. Although valuable in retarding soil erosion, tamarisk requires -large quantities of water, an especially undesirable characteristic in -the arid Southwest. - - _Tamarix pentandra_ Tamarix Family - -[Illustration: FIVE-STAMEN TAMARISK] - - - - - 44. Yellow mentzelia - - -Many species of _mentzelia_, all herbs, occur in the West. Barbed hairs -cover leaves and stems, causing the plant to cling to what it touches, -hence a common name “stick-leaf.” Flowers grow at ends of branches, and -some species open fully only in sunlight. A close relative, _Mentzelia -involucrata_, “sand blazing-star,” is an annual, 4 to 16 inches high, -blooming February through April, found in sandy washes below 3,000 feet -in southwestern Arizona, southeastern California, and northern Sonora. -_Pumila_ grows in dry stream beds and on roadsides from 100 to 8,000 -feet elevation, flowering February to October. It ranges from Wyoming -and Utah to southeastern California and Northern Mexico. - - _Mentzelia pumila_ Loasa Family - -[Illustration: YELLOW MENTZELIA] - - - - - 45. Rock-nettle - - -Also called “stingbush,” this low, rounded bush is usually found growing -from crevices in cliffs. When covered with large blossoms from April to -September the plant has a striking appearance. The pale green leaves are -covered with stinging hairs, strong enough to impale such small -creatures as bats emerging from cave entrances where they grow. -Rock-nettle is common in desert ranges of southeastern California, -especially in the Death Valley area, to western Arizona and southern -Nevada. - - _Eucnide urens_ Loasa Family - -[Illustration: ROCK-NETTLE] - - - - - 46. Night-blooming cereus - - -Easily overlooked, when not in blossom, as a group of slender, fluted, -gray-green stems hidden beneath a shrub, this cactus is truly a glorious -thing when in flower. Beauty and fragrance of its blossoms have earned -it the name, in Mexico, of _reina-de-la-noche_, meaning -“queen-of-the-night.” - -Buds unfold soon after sunset in late June or early July, perfuming the -desert air and attracting night-flying insects. They wilt soon after -sunrise the following morning. The large, tuberous root, which serves as -a water-storage organ, usually weighs from 5 to 15 pounds, but specimens -have been found weighing more than 80 pounds. Indians at one time dug -the tubers for food. The bulbous fruits become red when mature, and are -almost as spectacular as the flowers. This species is found from west -Texas to western Arizona and northern Mexico. - - _Peniocereus greggii_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS] - - - - - 47. Saguaro - - -Largest of the cactuses in the United States, the saguaro (suh-WAR-oh) -is limited in its principal range to southern Arizona and northern -Mexico. Although rarely exceeding 30 feet in height, specimens 50 feet -tall and weighing up to 10 tons, are on record. Blossoms form as huge -bud clusters at the branch tips, opening a few at a time each night, -usually in May, and remain open until mid-afternoon of the following -day. Fruits of the saguaro are eaten by birds and other animals, and at -one time were important in the diet of desert Indians. The state flower -of Arizona and the subject of a US. postage stamp issued in February -1962 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Arizona’s statehood, the -saguaro is also commemorated and protected in the National Monument of -that name near Tucson. - - _Carnegiea gigantea_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: SAGUARO] - - - - - 48. Organpipe cactus - - -Limited in its range to northwestern Mexico and the vicinity of Organ -Pipe Cactus National Monument in southwestern Arizona, this columnar -cactus grows in clumps of spine-covered stems, some of which may be 10 -to 15 feet in height, rarely branching, and with no central trunk. -Blossoms open at or near the stem ends during May nights, and close the -following day. The spine-covered fruits, about the size and shape of a -hen’s egg, have long been harvested by the Papago Indians, who boil the -sweet juice to the consistency of syrup and store the pulp and seeds for -winter food. The fruits are locally called _pitahaya dulce_, or sweet -cactus fruit. - - _Lemaireocereus thurberi_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: ORGANPIPE CACTUS] - - - - - 49. Claretcup echinocereus - - -Not only are there many species of _Echinocereus_, popularly called the -“hedgehog cactuses,” but there are also several varieties of -_Echinocereus triglochidiatus_. One variety sometimes develops into -cushion-like mounds composed of several hundred oblong stems huddled -together with a seemingly precarious foothold in crevices among the -rocks or on rocky slopes of the Mojave desert. Another grows in loose -clusters of cylindrical stems in the higher desert grasslands up to the -oak belt in the mountains of southern New Mexico, Arizona, and northern -Mexico. When blossoming in May and June these clustering “hedgehogs” -create a spectacular display. - - _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: CLARETCUP ECHINOCEREUS] - - - - - 50. Strawberry echinocereus - - -One of the more common species of “hedgehog,” sometimes called -“Engelmann echinocereus,” the strawberry echinocereus grows as 2 to 12 -or more robust, cylindrical stems up to a foot in height, among the -creosote bushes and bur-sages of the Sonoran and Mojave-Colorado -Deserts, flowering from February to May. Flowers close at night and -reopen the following morning. Blossoms vary considerably in color from -purple to lavender. Spines, too, are variable, from gray and yellow to -dark brown. In southeastern California, where it is common, this species -is called “calico cactus” because of its many-colored spines. Fruits of -some varieties (of which there are many) are edible, forming an -important item in the diet of birds and rodents. - - _Echinocereus engelmanii_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: STRAWBERRY ECHINOCEREUS] - - - - - 51. Rainbow echinocereus - - -Far from common but among the more beautiful of the “hedgehogs” is the -rainbow echinocereus, also called “rainbow cactus,” so named because of -the horizontal bands of alternating red and white spines encircling the -single, sturdy stem. It grows in rocky situations in the mountains of -southern Arizona and northern Mexico, blossoming from June to August. -The large flowers, of which there may be from one to four crowding -around the crown of the plant, are often larger than the plant itself. -Spines are small and lie densely flat over the somewhat fluted stem, -which is from 3 to 14 inches high. - - _Echinocereus pectinatus_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: RAINBOW ECHINOCEREUS] - - - - - 52. Yellow pitaya echinocereus - - -Sometimes called “Texas golden rainbow,” the yellow pitaya of the -Chihuahuan Desert is similar in appearance, except for the color of its -blossoms, to the rainbow echinocereus. Quite common in portions of Big -Bend National Park, the Stubby, upright stems usually grow singly but -sometimes occur in small clusters. The term _pitaya_ or _pitahaya_ is -commonly applied along the Mexican border to cactuses bearing edible -fruits. In Texas the term refers to the low-growing floral hedgehogs; in -Arizona to the columnar cactuses. Pricklypear cactuses having soft, -juicy, edible fruit are known as _tunas_. - - _Echinocereus dasyacanthus_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: YELLOW PITAYA ECHINOCEREUS] - - - - - 53. Barrel cactus - - -Massive, cylindrical, and covered with clusters of stout spines, the -central one hook-shaped, these desert giants are often mistaken for -young saguaros. There are several species, all locally called -_bisnagas_, with some quite small and others attaining a height of 5 or -6 feet. The majority produce clusters of orange to red flowers on their -crowns in late summer, but the yellow-flowered California barrel cactus -blossoms in the spring. Their tendency to lean toward the light causes -many of these heavy-bodied plants to tip in a southwesterly direction, -giving them the name “compass cactus.” This group is naively believed by -some people to contain water. Actually the slimy, alkaline sap obtained -by mashing the pulpy flesh might conceivably save someone lost in the -desert from dying of thirst. The pale yellow fruits are not spiney, and -are eaten by birds, rodents, deer, and other desert animals. - - _Ferocactus wislizenii_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: BARREL CACTUS] - - - - - 54. Fishhook cactus - - -There are a number of species of the low-growing, usually dome-shaped -mammillarias, the solitary kinds often so small as to be overlooked -except when blooming, in late spring or early summer. Some are known as -“fishhook cactuses” because of their long, slender, hooked spines, -others as “pin-cushion cactuses” because of the shape of the plants. The -large, colorful blossoms which encircle the stems mature usually to red, -in some species green, nipple-shaped fruits. Members of this genus are -widespread in grasslands or rocky mesas and slopes throughout the -Southwest. - - _Mammillaria microcarpa_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: FISHHOOK CACTUS] - - - - - 55. Beavertail cactus - - -Limited in its principal range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, the -beavertail is a low-growing species with flat joint-pads and -bluish-green stems without spines. In their place are clusters of -brownish spicules set in slight depressions in the wrinkled pads. The -plants blossom in March and April, adding materially to the color of the -spring flower display. The plants thrive in sandy desert soils, at -elevations from 200 to 3,000 feet above sea level, and are found as far -east in Arizona as Wickenburg. Cahuilla Indians cook the fruits with -meat, and Panamint Indians dry the pads and boil them with salt. - - _Opuntia basilaris_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: BEAVERTAIL CACTUS] - - - - - 56. Engelmann pricklypear - - -Most widely distributed of the pricklypears, Engelmann plants are large -and spreading, sometimes forming spiney bushes 3 to 5 feet high and up -to 15 feet in diameter. The branching stems may have from 5 to 12 -pad-joints. Flowering in April and May, the petals at first are yellow -but turn to pink or rose with age. The plants prefer washes and benches -in the desert grasslands, often growing with paloverdes, saguaros, -mesquites, and lechuguilla agaves. Excessive abundance often indicates -an overgrazed range. Fruits, called _tunas_, are purple to mahogany when -mature, and are eaten by many birds and rodents, as well as by desert -Indians. - - _Opuntia engelmannii_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: ENGELMANN PRICKLYPEAR] - - - - - 57. Jumping cholla - - -Also known as “silver cholla” (CHOY-AH) and “teddybear cactus,” this -stocky bush cactus, with a short sturdy trunk and compact, densely -spined crown, is common on hot rocky, south-facing hillsides. Joints are -extremely brittle and the barbed spines catch so easily in the hair of -animals or clothing of persons that the joints appear to jump from the -plant. Joints broken off by the wind fall to the ground and take root in -the sandy soil, gradually developing forests of this striking cactus, -easily recognized by the silvery sheen of the spines. The attractive -flowers which appear from March to May blend inconspicuously with the -spiney joints. - - _Opuntia bigelovii_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: JUMPING CHOLLA] - - - - - 58. Pencil cholla - - -Common along banks of washes and on desert flats, this cholla, also -called “tesajo,” or “Christmas cholla,” is so slender-stemmed and -sprawling in growth habit that it is easily overlooked in a tangle of -vegetation. Its flowers, appearing in May and June, are small and -inconspicuous, but the orange to scarlet fruits about the size and shape -of olives, are striking eye-catchers in the fall and winter months. In -the open the shrubby plants are rarely more than 2 feet high, but in -thickets of northern Mexico some have become almost vinelike, growing up -through mesquite or paloverde trees to a height of 12 feet or more. The -species grows at elevations of 200 to 5,000 feet from Texas to western -Arizona and northern Mexico. - - _Opuntia leptocaulis_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: PENCIL CHOLLA] - - - - - 59. Whipple cholla - - -This low-growing cholla of the higher desert above 3,500 feet, is -characteristic of the plateau grasslands, forming mats of short but -erect stems usually less than 2 feet high. It blossoms in June and July. -The tender young stems and yellow, fleshy fruits are browsed by -pronghorns, and the fruits are also used by the Hopi Indians for food -and as a seasoning. Because of its customary low-growing habit it is -something of a hazard to hikers. It is considered the most widely -distributed cholla in Arizona. - - _Opuntia whipplei_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: WHIPPLE CHOLLA] - - - - - 60. Walkingstick cholla - - -Flowering in May and June and common throughout southwestern New Mexico, -southern Arizona, and northern Mexico, the walkingstick cholla is best -known because of its persistent clusters of yellow fruits. These remain -throughout the winter, giving persons the first-glance impression that -the large shrubby cactus, sometimes 8 feet high, is in bloom. The fruits -are eaten by cattle. This species is typical of desert grasslands and is -most abundant in the open country below the edge of the oak belt in -desert mountains. Stems of the dead plants leave a hollow cylinder of -attractive wooden meshes when the soft tissues decay, and are favored -for making canes, as the stem is long and straight, hence the name -walkingstick cholla. - - _Opuntia spinosior_ Cactus Family - -[Illustration: WALKINGSTICK CHOLLA] - - - - - 61. Evening-primrose - - -Also called “sun-drops,” these plants are particularly welcome because -they bloom early in the springtime. Many species of evening-primrose are -large flowered, abundant along roadsides and sandy flats, and notably -fragrant. White-flowered species are more common, but there are several -with yellow flowers. Blossoms open at night and begin to wilt, turning -pink during the following day. These are among the handsomest of desert -plants and during favorable years make a spectacular spring display, -sometimes growing with goldpoppies and sandverbenas to produce a riot of -color. - - _Oenothera trichocalyx_ Evening-primrose Family - -[Illustration: EVENING-PRIMROSE] - - - - - 62. Ocotillo - - -Common to all of the deserts crossed by the boundary between the United -States and Mexico, ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh) is a spectacular shrub, its -many long, stiff, green-barked and thorn-guarded stems bearing at their -tips clusters of bright red flowers from April to June. Following rains, -the stems cover themselves with clusters of bright green leaves. When -drought comes these leaves are shed, to be renewed again after another -rain. This procedure may be repeated half a dozen times in one year. -Cahuilla Indians eat both flowers and seeds, and make a beverage by -soaking the blossoms in water. When planted as hedgerows the thorny -wands make an impenetrable fence. - - _Fouquieria splendens_ Ocotillo Family - -[Illustration: OCOTILLO] - - - - - 63. Field bind-weed - - -Also known as “wild morning glory,” this naturalized perennial has -become a serious agricultural pest throughout the Southwest. In -California it is considered the State’s worst weed. Once established, -its deep root system spreads widely, sending up shoots that grow rapidly -with climbing, vine-like stems and morning glory-like white to pink -flowers that bloom from May to July. In the desert it is usually found -on road shoulders, where it makes an attractive display. The name -_convolvulus_ comes from the Latin and means “to entwine.” A -blood-clotting substance has been found in this plant. - - _Convolvulus arvensis_ Convolvulus Family - -[Illustration: FIELD BIND-WEED] - - - - - 64. Santa Fe phlox - - -Usually found in desert mountain ranges, at elevations between 5,000 and -6,000 feet, this ground-hugging, herbaceous perennial blossoms in May -and June. Flowers are larger than those of the several other desert -species of phlox, most of which have longer flower stems and vary in -color from white to purple. - - _Phlox nana_ Phlox Family - -[Illustration: SANTA FE PHLOX] - - - - - 65. Starflower - - -More commonly known as “gilia” in honor of the eighteenth-century -Italian botanist Felippo Luigo Gilii, the many species of gilias are -common and widespread throughout the deserts of the Southwest at nearly -all elevations. Since the flowers are usually small and range in color -from white to lavender, pink, and yellow, they are not as well known as -more spectacular genera. Some are annuals but there are also many -perennial species. Starflower is found from west Texas and Chihuahua to -western Arizona at elevations from 1,000 to 8,000 feet on dry plains and -mesas, especially on limestone soils. It blossoms from March to October. - - _Gilia longiflora_ Phlox Family - -[Illustration: STARFLOWER] - - - - - 66. Phacelia - - -Known also as “scorpionweed” and “wild heliotrope,” phacelia is a -handsome plant with coarse foliage, somewhat hairy and sticky. Among -other plants it often grows to a height of 18 inches, but on dry, open -desert flats is usually much shorter. Flowers, which may be found from -February to June, are sweet scented, but the foliage has a disagreeable -odor. _Crenulata_, which is one of many species, grows from New Mexico -and southern Utah throughout Arizona to Lower California. It is -conspicuous among the spring-blooming flowers of the desert. The curling -flower heads which bear some resemblance to the erect tail of a scorpion -are responsible for the name “scorpionweed.” - - _Phacelia crenulata_ Waterleaf Family - -[Illustration: PHACELIA] - - - - - 67. Nama - - -In favorable years these ground-hugging plants form broad, colorful -mats, but in dry seasons these annuals may be tiny, each with a single -flower almost as large as the rest of the plant. Flowering from February -to May, bloom is heaviest in March and April. This species, also called -“purplemat,” is common on flat, sandy, open desert soils from -southeastern California and Baja California to southeastern Arizona at -elevations below 3,500 feet. Because of its low-growing habit, nama -requires that you lie prone to examine it closely, hence is one of the -many small desert herbs called “bellyflowers.” - - _Nama demissum_ Waterleaf Family - -[Illustration: NAMA] - - - - - 68. Buffalobur - - -Believed to be the original host of the Colorado potato beetle, this -annual is a pest on rangelands because of its spine-covered stems and -fruits. Spines are long, straight, sharp, and straw-colored. It is -common on desert plains and mesas at elevations from 1,000 up to 7,000 -feet, blooming from June to August. The leaves and unripe fruits of this -and several other species are reportedly poisonous, as they contain an -alkaloid, solanin. - - _Solanum rostratum_ Potato Family - -[Illustration: BUFFALOBUR] - - - - - 69. Silverleaf nightshade - - -Also known as “white horse-nettle,” “bull-nettle” and “trompillo,” -silverleaf nightshade is a showy plant when in blossom May to October -along roadsides and in open fields at elevations from 1,000 to 5,500 -feet from Kansas and Colorado to Arizona, California, and south to -tropical America. It is an agricultural pest in irrigated areas, -difficult to eradicate. Pima Indians used the crushed fruits as an -additive to milk in making cheese. A close relative, _Solanum jamesii_ -is known as wild-potato as it produces small tubers eaten by desert -Indians. - - _Solanum elaeagnifolium_ Potato Family - -[Illustration: SILVERLEAF NIGHTSHADE] - - - - - 70. Sacred datura - - -One of the really striking flowers of the deserts and mesas, the large, -showy, trumpet-shaped blossoms and broad, dark green leaves of the -datura or “western jimson” arouse the curiosity of persons seeing them -for the first time. Quite common along roadsides below 6,000 feet from -California to Texas and Mexico, the white blossoms remain open at night -but close and droop soon after sunrise. The summer-blooming plants often -grow in large clumps with buds, flowers, and maturing fruits all present -at the same time. Indians used the plants for various medicinal -purposes, a dangerous practice, since all parts of the plant contain -various alkaloids, including atropine. Roots are narcotic and were -sometimes eaten by Indians to induce visions. - - _Datura meteloides_ Potato Family - -[Illustration: SACRED DATURA] - - - - - 71. Tree tobacco - - -Sometimes growing to a height of 10 or 12 feet, the graceful swaying -branches of tree tobacco bear at their ends clusters of tubular, -greenish-yellow blossoms 2 to 3 inches long. The leaves contain the -alkaloid anabasine, which is poisonous to livestock. Leaves of the -closely related and much smaller desert tobacco, _Nicotiana -trigonophylla_, contain nicotine and have long been smoked by desert -Indians. The plant is still so used on ceremonial occasions. _Nicotiana_ -was named for Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who introduced -tobacco to France about 1560. - - _Nicotiana glauca_ Potato Family - -[Illustration: TREE TOBACCO] - - - - - 72. Ceniza - - -Although restricted in its range to the Chihuahuan Desert, ceniza, -sometimes called silverleaf, is so spectacular when in blossom that it -invariably attracts attention and arouses interest. The small, abundant, -ash-gray leaves give this 3- to 4-foot shrub a distinguished appearance -throughout the year, but when it suddenly bursts into bloom, usually in -September, it becomes a thing of rare beauty. It is so sensitive to -moisture that it may blossom a few hours after a soaking rain, which -gives rise to the popular belief that it can forecast wet weather and in -consequence it is sometimes called “barometer bush.” - - _Leucophyllum frutescens_ Figwort Family - -[Illustration: CENIZA] - - - - - 73. Desert beardtongue - - -Penstemons, or “beard-tongues,” of various species are numerous on the -desert as well as throughout the higher, moister parts of the Southwest. -This one blooms in spring and early summer below 6,000 feet from -southwestern New Mexico to southern California. It, and the similar -Parry Penstemon, are among the more noticeable desert species because of -their showy flowers covering the clumps of erect stems two to four feet -tall. Both are fairly common on mesa slopes and mountain canyons with -individuals well scattered, hence not contributing to the mass flower -displays of the desert springtime. - - _Penstemon pseudospectabilis_ Figwort Family - -[Illustration: DESERT BEARDTONGUE] - - - - - 74. Palmer penstemon - - -Known in southern California as “scented penstemon” because of its -fragrance, this regal “beardtongue” comes to the height of bloom in May. -However, it may be found in flower from March to September. When the -tall, flower-covered stems grow in abundance, as often occurs in -gravelly washes at elevations between 3,500 and 6,500 feet, the sight is -remarkable. This species prefers limestone soils in both the -Mojave-Colorado and Sonoran Deserts. The sweet nectar attracts bees. - - _Penstemon palmeri_ Figwort Family - -[Illustration: PALMER PENSTEMON] - - - - - 75. Paintbrush - - -Paintedcups, or “Indian paintbrushes” as they are more widely known, are -found from desert lowlands to snow-capped mountain tops. _Castilleja -linariaefolia_ is the State flower of Wyoming. The northwestern -paintbrush, known in southern California as “desert paintbrush,” has an -extremely wide range. The flash of red among other desert plants is -actually due to the brightly colored floral bracts, as the flowers -themselves are small and inconspicuous. This species blossoms in early -spring in rocky or gravelly locations between 2,000 and 7,000 feet, on -dry plains and hillsides. - - _Castilleja augustifolia_ Figwort Family - -[Illustration: PAINTBRUSH] - - - - - 76. Owl-clover - - -Owl-clover is one of the short-stemmed desert spring annuals which, in -favorable seasons, carpet the desert floor with a beautiful, colorful -mass display. Sometimes growing in pure stands, at others mixed with -goldpoppies, lupines, or other spring flowers, it is found throughout -southern Arizona, southern California, and Baja California, at -elevations between 1,500 and 4,500 feet, blossoming from March to May. -Cattle and sheep graze it extensively. The Spanish name _escobita_ means -“little broom.” Individual flowers are not conspicuous, but their -clusters intermixed with the colorful bracts produce a pretty, feathery -effect. - - _Orthocarpus purpurascens_ Figwort Family - -[Illustration: OWL-CLOVER] - - - - - 77. Desert-willow - - -More properly called “desert catalpa,” this tall shrub or small tree, 6 -to 15 feet high, has willow-like leaves, spreading branches, and a -short, crooked, black-barked trunk. The violet-scented flowers usually -appear from April to August, often after the start of summer rains. They -are replaced by long, slender seed pods that remain dangling from the -branches for months. Mexicans make from the dried flowers a tea that -they believe has considerable medicinal value. Desert-willow is usually -found along desert washes below 4,000 feet from west Texas to southern -California and northern Mexico. It is frequently cultivated as an -ornamental because of its attractive orchid-like flowers. - - _Chilopsis linearis_ Bignonia Family - -[Illustration: DESERT-WILLOW] - - - - - 78. Trumpet-bush - - -A glossy-leafed shrub with golden, trumpet-shaped flowers, the -trumpet-bush blooms from May to October on dry, rocky hillsides between -elevations of 3,000 and 5,000 feet. It is not common, but occurs from -western Texas through southern New Mexico and Arizona southward into -tropical America. Trumpet-bush is cultivated as an ornamental in -southern parts of the United States and in Mexico. The roots are used -medicinally and in making a beverage. Stems and leaves contain small -quantities of rubber. The shrubs, which occasionally reach a height of 6 -feet, are browsed by bighorn sheep and probably by deer. - - _Tecoma stans_ Bignonia Family - -[Illustration: TRUMPET-BUSH] - - - - - 79. Louisiana broomrape - - -Lacking chlorophyll and parasitic on the roots of bur-sage and other -desert composites, broomrape is so unusual in appearance as to attract -immediate attention. Although fairly common in low-elevation deserts -from west Texas and Mexico to southern California, it is occasionally -found as far north as southern Utah and Nevada and at elevations up to -7,000 feet. The rather inconspicuous flowers appear from February to -September. Navajo Indians made a decoction of the plant as a treatment -for sores. Desert Indians ate the tender stems in springtime. - - _Orobanche ludoviciana_ Broomrape Family - -[Illustration: LOUISIANA BROOMRAPE] - - - - - 80. Coyote-melon - - -Restricted to western Arizona, southern California, and Lower -California, _palmata_ has similar-appearing relatives with much wider -distribution. Their large leaves and vine-like growth attract attention -along roadsides at elevations up to 7,000 feet. Most widespread of these -strikingly coarse perennials is _Cucurbita foetidissima_, the -buffalo-gourd or calabazilla. This rank-growing, ill-smelling vine-like -plant may have prostrate stems up to 20 feet long. The globular fruits, -of tennis ball size, were cooked by Indians or dried for winter -consumption. Seeds were boiled to form a pasty mush. California pioneers -used the crushed roots as a cleansing agent in washing clothes, but -found that particles clinging to the cloth were a skin irritant. - - _Cucurbita palmata_ Gourd Family - -[Illustration: COYOTE-MELON] - - - - - 81. Snake-weed - - -Common throughout the Southwest, particularly on overgrazed rangelands -and deserted clearings, this plant, also called “matchweed” or -“turpentine-weed,” often occurs in almost pure stands. The resinous -stems burn readily, throwing off black smoke. Most abundant on dry hills -and mesas, 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, this perennial is found from -1,000 to 7,000 feet, blossoming from June to October. Bees obtain nectar -and pollen from the small but densely crowded, yellow flower clusters. -The many stiff, upright branches cause some plants to appear almost -globular in shape and a foot to 2 feet in diameter. Plants of this genus -are reported as poisonous to sheep and goats if eaten in quantity, but -are apparently unpalatable, as they are rarely grazed. - - _Gutierrezia lucida_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: SNAKE-WEED] - - - - - 82. Desertstar - - -Also known as “desert daisy” and “rock daisy,” this dwarf winter annual -grows on sandy or stony mesas at elevations below 3,500 feet, blossoming -from February through April. The short stems spread to form a mat or -rosette, 5 or 6 inches across, growing flat on the sand, and ornamented -with many small flowers, each set off by a small cluster of leaves. -Desertstar grows principally in southern Arizona and southern -California, but has been recorded from southern Utah and Sonora, Mexico. - - _Monoptilon bellioides_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: DESERTSTAR] - - - - - 83. Mohave aster - - -Varying in color from violet and lavender to almost white, flower heads -of the Mohave aster are numerous, sometimes as many as 20 simultaneously -in bloom on one plant. This ornamental perennial prefers dry, rocky -slopes below 6,000 feet in southern Utah, Nevada, western Arizona, and -southeastern California. Characterized by silvery foliage and large -flower heads, the Mohave aster is well worthy of cultivation and does -well in hot, dry locations. Flowers appear from March to May, but with -the coming of summer heat the stems and leaves become twisted, brown, -and unattractive. - - _Aster abatus_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: MOHAVE ASTER] - - - - - 84. Fleabane - - -By no means limited to the deserts, fleabane is common throughout the -Southwest, including parts of Mexico. In some localities it is known as -“wild-daisy.” Six to 15 inches tall, with attractive circular flowers, -fleabane often forms noticeable patches along road shoulders and on dry -open slopes, blossoming from February to October. Flowers may be an inch -in diameter in springtime, but those in summer are usually smaller. The -name arises from an ancient belief that the odor of some species -repelled fleas. - - _Erigeron divergens_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: FLEABANE] - - - - - 85. Broom baccharis - - -Locally called “desert-broom,” or “Mexican broom,” this species of -baccharis is an erect, coarse, evergreen shrub 3 to 6 feet high, -frequently encountered on hillsides and bottomlands at elevations -between 1,000 and 5,500 feet from southwestern New Mexico to southern -and Baja California and northern Mexico. Greening up following summer -rains, the shrubs blossom from September to February. Flowers are -inconspicuous, but the fruits develop as masses of spectacular cottony -threads, giving the shrubs a snow-covered appearance. Among some Indian -tribes the twigs are chewed to relieve toothache. In Mexico the shrub is -called _hierba del pasmo_. - - _Baccharis sarothroides_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: BROOM BACCHARIS] - - - - - 86. Desert zinnia - - -From 3 inches to a foot high, desert zinnia is a dwarf shrub with small, -stiff, dull green leaves and attractive, four-petaled flowers that are -present from April to October. Preferring clayey or rocky, arid soils at -elevations 2,500 to 5,000 feet, this species is found from west Texas to -southern Arizona and Mexico. Although related to the garden zinnia, -which is a native of Mexico, only the large flowered desert species, -_Zinnia grandiflora_, is considered worthy of cultivation. - - _Zinnia pumila_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: DESERT ZINNIA] - - - - - 87. Brittle-bush - - -Sometimes blossoming as early as November and often lingering until May, -brittle-bush is a dome-shaped, winter-flowering bush that brings delight -to desert dwellers in Nevada, Arizona, southern California, and -northwestern Mexico. Stems of the low-growing, silvery-leaved shrub -exude a gum which was chewed by desert Indians and burned as incense by -priests in mission churches, giving the plant the local name, -_incienso_. Strictly a desert shrub, about 3 feet high, brittle-bush -prefers rocky hillsides below 3,000 feet. Growing in masses it often -covers entire slopes with a mass of golden bloom, contributing to the -early spring flower display. Bighorn sheep are reported to rely on this -species for browse. - - _Encelia farinosa_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: BRITTLE-BUSH] - - - - - 88. Silverleaf enceliopsis - - -Restricted in its range to the region in which Utah, Arizona, and Nevada -meet, the “giant sunray,” as it is sometimes called, is spectacular -rather than beautiful. Coarse and weedy, the large clusters of silvery -leaves and long stemmed, sunflower-like blossoms that appear from April -to June invariably attract attention and stimulate curiosity. An even -larger species, _Enceliopsis covillei_, with blossoms up to 6 inches in -diameter, is found in canyons on the west side of the Panamint Mountains -in California. - - _Enceliopsis argophylla_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: SILVERLEAF ENCELIOPSIS] - - - - - 89. Crown-beard - - -Although it is reported from elevations up to 7,000 feet, golden -crown-beard is usually found at much lower levels from Kansas south to -Texas, California, and northern Mexico. Sometimes growing in clusters, -single plants are also common as a weed of roadsides and waste ground. -The all-yellow, sunflower-like blossoms are widespread in the desert -from April to November. Desert Indians and early pioneers are said to -have used the plant to treat boils and skin diseases. The Hopis soaked -the plants in water in which they bathed, to relieve the pain of insect -bites. - - _Verbesina encelioides_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: CROWN-BEARD] - - - - - 90. Douglas coreopsis - - -Also called “tickseed,” wild coreopsis is closely related to cultivated -ornamentals of the same name. The desert species inhabits open locations -at elevations between 1,500 and 2,500 feet in southern Arizona, southern -California, and Baja California. Plants usually bloom between February -and May. The closely related _Coreopsis bigelovii_ is a southern -California annual having somewhat larger flowers, up to 2 inches in -diameter, with orange centers. Flower stems are naked, with the leaves -clustered at their bases. - - _Coreopsis douglasii_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: DOUGLAS COREOPSIS] - - - - - 91. Paperflower - - -At its best in sandy desert soil, paperflower is a compact, shrubby -plant about 1 foot high, with tangled branches. When fully developed it -is symmetrically globular in outline. It prefers mesas and desert plains -at elevations between 2,000 and 5,000 feet from western New Mexico to -southern California and northern Mexico, flowering throughout the year -but most abundantly in springtime. Sometimes called “paper-daisy,” the -flowers are persistent, fading to straw color and turning papery with -age. They may remain on the stems for weeks. - - _Psilostrophe cooperi_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: PAPERFLOWER] - - - - - 92. Desert baileya - - -Commonly called “desert marigold,” baileya blossoms in all seasons, most -heavily from March to November, and is one of the better known flowers -of the Southwest. Each circular blossom occupies the tip of a foot-high -stem. Plants usually have a thrifty, garden-variety appearance. They are -common along roadsides and on well-drained, gravelly slopes up to 5,000 -feet from west Texas to southeastern California and Chihuahua. The large -flower heads are showy and the species is cultivated in California. -Cases are on record of sheep and goats on overgrazed ranges being -poisoned by eating this plant. - - _Baileya multiradiata_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: DESERT BAILEYA] - - - - - 93. Goldfields - - -Covering vast stretches of open desert with a carpet of yellow bloom -following wet winters, goldfields is an appropriately named spring -flower found at elevations below 4,500 feet. The low-growing plant -produces small but attractive blossoms on mesas and plains, March to -May, from central and southern Arizona to California, and Baja -California. Horses graze _Baeria_ avidly, but are annoyed by a small fly -that frequents the fragrant blossoms, giving the plant the name “fly -flower” in some localities. - - _Baeria chrysostoma_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: GOLDFIELDS] - - - - - 94. Chaenactis - - -Probably because it is one of the attractive white desert flowers, -chaenactis is popularly called “morning bride.” A larger, -yellow-flowered species, _Chaenactis lanosa_, found on the California -deserts, is called “golden girls.” Both are spring flowering annuals -and, in common with other members of the genus, sometimes called -“pincushion plants.” “Morning bride” is often found growing about the -bases of creosotebushes, thriving at elevations between 1,000 and 3,500 -feet in southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southeastern California. - - _Chaenactis fremontii_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: CHAENACTIS] - - - - - 95. Douglas groundsel - - -Rarely considered beautiful, the groundsels are common and widespread, -and are readily recognized by the untidy appearance of the large flowers -which are sometimes almost 2 inches in diameter. The rather delicate, -stringy foliage is sometimes covered with cottony threads. One species -is called “ragwort.” Douglas groundsel is a shrubby plant sometimes as -much as 3 feet high, common in sandy washes and on dry foothill slopes. -It occurs from southern Utah and Arizona to California and Mexico, -between 1,000 and 6,000 feet. At lower elevations these plants bloom at -almost any time of year. - - _Senecio douglasii_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: DOUGLAS GROUNDSEL] - - - - - 96. New Mexico thistle - - -Everyone recognizes the thistles with their prickly leaves and stems, -and large flowers ranging in color from white to lavender, pink and -purple. Several species grow in the deserts, the New Mexico species -being widespread at elevations from 1,000 to 6,000 feet in Colorado and -Nevada south through New Mexico and Arizona to California, blossoming -from March to September. Navajo and Hopi Indians are reported to use -thistles medicinally. The nectar of some species is eagerly sought by -hummingbirds. - - _Cirsium neomexicanum_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: NEW MEXICO THISTLE] - - - - - 97. Desert dandelion - - -A very attractive plant, desert dandelion has several flower stalks from -a few inches to a foot tall. Some of the blossoms may be nearly 2 inches -in diameter. This annual is common in open, sandy basins, where it is a -conspicuous contributor to the spring flower spread, blooming from March -through May in the creosotebush belt of Arizona and southern California. -It has been reported from as far north as Idaho and Oregon. Sometimes a -single plant has 10 or 12 flower heads in blossom at the same time. - - _Malacothryx glabrata_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: DESERT DANDELION] - - - - - 98. Malacothryx - - -There are many species of malacothryx native to the western and -southwestern United States. Some are locally called “desert dandelion,” -“snake’s head,” “yellow saucers,” and “cliff aster.” _Fendleri_ is one -of the smaller species, with stems only 4 or 5 inches long, rising from -a rosette of bluish-green leaves. Blooming from March to June, this -delicate relative of the common dandelion covers with its pale yellow -flowers rocky slopes and sandy plains and mesas, at elevations between -2,000 and 5,000 feet from West Texas to western Arizona. - - _Malacothryx fendleri_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: MALACOTHRYX] - - - - - 99. White cupfruit - - -Also called “tackstem” because of the numerous dark-colored, tack-shaped -glands protruding from the stem, this white-flowered, branching annual -blossoms from March to May at elevations of 500 to 4,000 feet. It is a -conspicuous item of the spring flower display from west Texas to -southern California and northern Mexico. A similar species with yellow -flowers, _Calycoseris parryi_, common at elevations around 3,000 feet, -blooms in March and April. It is found in southwestern Utah, Arizona, -and southern California. - - _Calycoseris wrightii_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: WHITE CUPFRUIT] - - - - - 100. Prickly sowthistle - - -Naturalized from Europe and generally considered a weed, sowthistle is -found in waste grounds and along roadsides from near sea level to 8,000 -feet. It blossoms from February to August, the flowers becoming cottony -seed heads as conspicuous as the blooms. A close relative, _Sonchus -oleraceus_, which blossoms from March to September, produces a gum from -the drying of the sap, reportedly a powerful cathartic. It has also been -used as a treatment for persons suffering from the habitual use of opium -derivatives. - - _Sonchus asper_ Sunflower Family - -[Illustration: PRICKLY SOWTHISTLE] - - - - - _Suggestions for Additional Reading_ - - - Armstrong, Margaret, _Field Book of Western Wild Flowers_, C. P. - Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1915. - - Benson, Lyman, _The Cacti of Arizona_, University of Arizona Press, - Tucson, 1950. - - Benson, Lyman, and Darrow, Robert, _The Trees and Shrubs of the - Southwestern Deserts_, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, - N.M., 1954. - - Dodge, Natt, _Flowers of the Southwest Deserts_, Southwestern - Monuments Association, Globe, Arizona, 1951. - - Hornaday, W. T., _Camp-fires on Desert and Lava_, Charles Scribner’s - Sons, New York, 1909. - - Jaeger, Edmund C., _Desert Wild Flowers_, Stanford University Press, - Stanford, California, 1956. - - Jaeger, Edmund C., _The North American Deserts_, Stanford University - Press, Stanford, California, 1957. - - Lemmon, Robert S., and Johnson, Charles C., _Wildflowers of North - America in Full Color_, Hanover House, Garden City, N.Y., 1961. - - Leopold, A. Starker, _The Desert_, (Life Nature Library) Time Inc., - New York, 1961. - - McDougall, W. B., and Sperry, Omer E., _Plants of Big Bend National - Park_, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1951. - - Shreve, Forrest, and Wiggins, Ira L., _Vegetation and Flora of the - Sonora Desert_, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. - 591, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C., 1951. - - Vines, Robert A., _Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest_, - University of Texas Press, Austin, 1960. - - - - - Index - - - A - - Adonis lupine _Lupinus excubitus_ 34 - Agave _Agave scabra_ 14 - Arizona-poppy _Kallstroemia grandiflora_ 41 - - B - - Barrel cactus _Ferocactus wislizenii_ 53 - Beavertail cactus _Opuntia basilaris_ 55 - Bird-of-paradise-flower _Caesalpinia gilliesii_ 32 - Bladderpod _Lesquerella gordonii_ 24 - Blue palo-verde _Cercidium floridum_ 31 - Brittle-bush _Encelia farinosa_ 87 - Broom baccharis _Baccharis sarothroides_ 85 - Buffalobur _Solanum rostratum_ 68 - - C - - Canaigre _Rumex hymenosepalus_ 17 - Catclaw-acacia _Acacia greggii_ 27 - Ceniza _Leucophyllum frutescens_ 72 - Chaenactis _Chaenactis fremontii_ 94 - Claretcup echinocereus _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_ 49 - Common reed _Phragmites communis_ 2 - Coyote-melon _Cacurbita palmata_ 80 - Creosotebush _Larrea tridentata_ 40 - Crown-beard _Verbesina encelioides_ 89 - - D - - Dalea _Dalea fremontii_ 36 - Desert baileya _Baileya multiradiata_ 92 - Desert beardtongue _Penstemon pseudospectabilis_ 73 - Desert dandelion _Malacothryx glabrata_ 97 - Desertlily _Hesperocallis undulata_ 4 - Desert-mallow _Sphaeralcea ambigua_ 42 - Desert mariposa _Calochortus kennedyi_ 7 - Desertstar _Monoptilon bellioides_ 82 - Desert-willow _Chilopsis linearis_ 77 - Desert zinnia _Zinnia pumila_ 86 - Douglas coreopsis _Coreopsis douglasii_ 90 - Douglas groundsel _Senecio douglasii_ 95 - - E - - Engelmann pricklypear _Opuntia engelmannii_ 56 - Evening-primrose _Oenothera brevipes_ 22 - Evening-primrose _Oenothera trichocalyx_ 61 - - F - - False-mesquite _Calliandra eriophylla_ 26 - Field bind-weed _Convolvulus arvensis_ 63 - Fishhook cactus _Mammillaria microcarpa_ 54 - Five-stamen tamarisk _Tamarix pentandra_ 43 - Fleabane _Erigeron divergens_ 84 - - G - - Giant yucca _Yucca carnerosana_ 11 - Golden mariposa _Calochortus nuttalii aureus_ 6 - Goldfields _Baeria chrysostoma_ 93 - - H - - Heron-bill _Erodium cicutarium_ 39 - Honey mesquite _Prosopis juliflora_ 29 - - J - - Joshua-tree _Yucca brevifolia_ 9 - Jumping cholla _Opuntia bigelovii_ 57 - - L - - Lechuguilla _Agave lechuguilla_ 16 - Longleaf ephedra _Ephedra trifurca_ 1 - Louisiana broomrape _Orobanche ludoviciana_ 79 - Lupine _Lupinus sparsiflorus_ 33 - - M - - Malacothryx _Malacothryx fendleri_ 98 - Mariposa _Calochortus flexuosus_ 5 - Mescat-acacia _Acacia constricta_ 28 - Mexican goldpoppy _Eschscholtzia mexicana_ 20 - Mohave aster _Aster abatus_ 83 - - N - - Nama _Nama demissum_ 67 - New Mexico thistle _Cirsium neomexicanum_ 96 - Night-blooming cereus _Peniocereus greggii_ 46 - - O - - Ocotillo _Fouquieria splendens_ 62 - Organpipe cactus _Lemaireocereus thurberi_ 48 - Owl-clover _Orthocarpus purpurascens_ 76 - - P - - Paintbrush _Castilleja angustifolia_ 75 - Palmer penstemon _Penstemon palmeri_ 74 - Paperflower _Psilostrophe cooperi_ 91 - Parry agave _Agave parryi_ 15 - Pencil cholla _Opuntia leptocaulis_ 58 - Phacelia _Phacelia crenulata_ 66 - Prairie spiderwort _Tradescantia occidentalis_ 3 - Pricklepoppy _Argemone platyceras_ 21 - Prickly sowthistle _Sonchus asper_ 100 - - R - - Rainbow echinocereus _Echinocereus pectinatus_ 51 - Rock-nettle _Eucnide urens_ 45 - - S - - Sacahuista _Nolina microcarpa_ 12 - Sacred datura _Datura meteloides_ 70 - Saguaro _Carnegiea gigantea_ 47 - Sand-verbena _Abronia villosa_ 19 - Santa Fe phlox _Phlox nana_ 64 - Senna _Cassia covesii_ 30 - Silverleaf enceliopsis _Enceliopsis argophylla_ 88 - Silverleaf nightshade _Solanum elaeagnifolium_ 69 - Smoke-thorn _Dalea spinosa_ 35 - Snake-weed _Gutierrezia lucida_ 81 - Soaptree yucca _Yucca elata_ 8 - Sotol _Dasylirion wheeleri_ 13 - Spectaclepod _Dithyrea wislizenii_ 23 - Starflower _Gilia longiflora_ 65 - Strawberry echinocereus _Echinocereus engelmannii_ 50 - - T - - Tesota _Olneya tesota_ 37 - Torrey yucca _Yucca torreyi_ 10 - Trailing-four-o’clock _Allionia incarnata_ 18 - Tree tobacco _Nicotiana glauca_ 71 - Trumpet-bush _Tecoma stans_ 78 - - W - - Walkingstick cholla _Opuntia spinosior_ 60 - Western-wallflower _Erysimum capitatum_ 25 - Whipple cholla _Opuntia whipplei_ 59 - White cupfruit _Calycoseris wrightii_ 99 - Woolly loco _Astragalus mollissimus_ 38 - - Z - - Yellow mentzelia _Mentzelia pumila_ 44 - Yellow pitaya echinocereus _Echinocereus dasyacanthus_ 52 - - -This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park Service - by the - SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION - _which is a non-profit distributing organization pledged to aid in the -preservation and interpretation of Southwestern features of outstanding - national interest._ - -The Association lists for sale many interesting and excellent -publications for adults and children and hundreds of color slides on -Southwestern subjects. These make fine gifts for birthdays, parties, and -special occasions, and many prove to be of value to children in their -school work and hobbies. - -May we recommend, for example, the following items which give additional -information on the Southwest? - - FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of - the most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100 - plates, with descriptive text. 112 pp., color cover, paper - $1.00 - - FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS. Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to - the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau - country of the Southwest. 112 pp., color cover, paper - $1.00 - - FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS. Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions - and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains - and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., - color cover, paper - $1.00 - - MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS (formerly Animals of the Southwest - Deserts). Olin and Cannon. Handsome illustrations, full descriptions, - and life habits of the 42 most interesting and common mammals, members - of the strange animal population of the lower desert country of the - Southwest below the 4,500-foot elevation. 112 pp., 60 illustrations, - color cover, paper - $1.00 - - MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS. Olin and Bierly. Companion - volume to Mammals of Southwest Deserts. Fully illustrated in - exquisitely done line and scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin’s - masterfully lucid style. Gives descriptions, ranges, and life habits - of the better known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. 1961. - - Color cover, paper - $2.00 - - Cloth - $3.25 - - POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT. Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any - person living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects, - snakes, etc., giving treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths - about harmless creatures mistakenly believed poisonous. 48 pp. - $0.60 - - [Illustration: National Park Service and Southwestern Monuments - Association Logos] - - Write For Catalog - SOUTHWESTERN - MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION - Box 1562—Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona - - -Mother Nature’s Cinderella story—flower-time in The desert—unfolds in -this beautiful book. Captured by the magic of the color camera and -described in lucid prose, 100 desert wildflowers are vividly portrayed -here. Every color, from brilliant to delicate, is faithfully reproduced. -This book will be a treasured photo album for those who have known the -desert in bloom and a splendid introduction to the not yet initiated. - -Natt N. Dodge, author of Poisonous Dwellers of The Desert, Flowers of -the Southwest Desert, and co-author of The American Southwest, as well -as contributor to Arizona Highways, New Mexico Magazine, Sunset, and -many other national and regional periodicals, has parlayed an -encyclopedic knowledge of the Southwest and years of photographic -experience into this truly magnificent book. - - [Illustration: Cactus flowers] - - [Illustration: Southwestern Monuments Association Logo] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---Corrected a few palpable typographical errors. - ---Transcribed some text from illustrations, for the sake of the text - versions. - ---Added a Table of Contents based on headings in the text. - ---Added page numbers for convenient reference. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - ---Provided in {curly brackets} a conjectural completion of the truncated - “Joshua Tree” entry, based on information from other published - sources. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by -Natt Noyes Dodge - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS *** - -***** This file should be named 54631-0.txt or 54631-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/3/54631/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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