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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be9181f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54624 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54624) diff --git a/old/54624-0.txt b/old/54624-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b2fc498..0000000 --- a/old/54624-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1570 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 28, -January 9, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 28, January 9, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: April 28, 2017 [EBook #54624] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JAN 9, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 28. SATURDAY, JANUARY 9, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: CASTLE-CAULFIELD, COUNTY OF TYRONE.] - -The subject of our prefixed illustration is one of no small interest, -whether considered as a fine example--for Ireland--of the domestic -architecture of the reign of James I, or as an historical memorial of the -fortunes of the illustrious family whose name it bears--the noble house -of Charlemont, of which it was the original residence. It is situated -near the village of the same name, in the parish of Donaghmore, barony of -Dungannon, and about three miles west of Dungannon, the county town. - -Castle-Caulfield owes its erection to Sir Toby Caulfield, afterwards -Lord Charlemont--a distinguished English soldier who had fought in Spain -and the Low Countries in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and commanded a -company of one hundred and fifty men in Ireland in the war with O’Neill, -Earl of Tyrone, at the close of her reign. For these services he was -rewarded by the Queen with a grant of part of Tyrone’s estate, and other -lands in the province of Ulster; and on King James’s accession to the -British crown, was honoured with knighthood, and made governor of the -fort of Charlemont, and of the counties of Tyrone and Armagh. At the -plantation of Ulster he received further grants of lands, and among them -1000 acres called Ballydonnelly, or O’Donnelly’s town, in the barony of -Dungannon, on which, in 1614, he commenced the erection of the mansion -subsequently called Castle-Caulfield. This mansion is described by Pynnar -in his Survey of Ulster in 1618-19, in the following words:-- - -“Sir Toby Caulfield hath one thousand acres called Ballydonnell [_recte_ -Ballydonnelly], whereunto is added beside what was certified by Sir -Josias Bodley, a fair house or castle, the front whereof is eighty feet -in length and twenty-eight feet in breadth from outside to outside, two -cross ends fifty feet in length and twenty-eight feet in breadth: the -walls are five feet thick at the bottom, and four at the top, very good -cellars under ground, and all the windows are of hewn stone. Between -the two cross ends there goeth a wall, which is eighteen feet high, and -maketh a small court within the building. This work at this time is but -thirteen feet high, and a number of men at work for the sudden finishing -of it. There is also a strong bridge over the river, which is of lime and -stone, with strong buttresses for the supporting of it. And to this is -joined a good water-mill for corn, all built of lime and stone. This is -at this time the fairest building I have seen. Near unto this Bawne there -is built a town, in which there is fifteen English families, who are able -to make twenty men with arms.” - -The ruins of this celebrated mansion seem to justify the opinion -expressed by Pynnar, that it was the fairest building he had seen, that -is, in the counties of the plantation, for there are no existing remains -of any house erected by the English or Scottish undertakers equal to -it in architectural style. It received, however, from the second Lord -Charlemont, the addition of a large gate-house with towers, and also of a -strong keep or donjon. - -From the ancient maps of Ulster of Queen Elizabeth’s time, preserved in -the State Paper Office, Castle-Caulfield appears to have been erected -on the site of a more ancient castle or fort, called Fort O’Donallie, -from the chief of the ancient Irish family of O’Donghaile or O’Donnelly, -whose residence it was, previously to the confiscation of the northern -counties; and the small lake in its vicinity was called Lough O’Donallie. -This family of O’Donnelly were a distinguished branch of the Kinel-Owen, -or northern Hy-Niall race, of which the O’Neills were the chiefs in the -sixteenth century; and it was by one of the former that the celebrated -Shane or John O’Neill, surnamed the proud, and who also bore the cognomen -of Donghailach, or the Donnellian, was fostered, as appears from the -following entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, at the year 1531:-- - -“Ballydonnelly was assaulted by Niall Oge, the son of Art, who was the -son of Con O’Neill. He demolished the castle, and having made a prisoner -of the son of O’Neill, who was the foster-son of O’Donnelly, he carried -him off, together with several horses and the other spoils of the place.” - -We have felt it necessary to state the preceding facts relative to the -ancient history of Ballydonnelly, or Castle-Caulfield, as it is now -denominated, because an error of Pynnar’s, in writing the ancient name as -Ballydonnell--not Ballydonnelly, as it should have been--has been copied -by Lodge, Archdall, and all subsequent writers; some of whom have fallen -into a still more serious mistake, by translating the name as “the town -of O’Donnell,” thus attributing the ancient possession of the locality -to a family to whom it never belonged. That Ballydonnelly was truly, -as we have stated, the ancient name of the place, and that it was the -patrimonial residence of the chief of that ancient family, previously -to the plantation of Ulster, must be sufficiently indicated by the -authorities we have already adduced; but if any doubt on this fact could -exist, it would be removed by the following passage in an unpublished -Irish MS. Journal of the Rebellion of 1641, in our own possession, -from which it appears that, as usual with the representatives of the -dispossessed Irish families on the breaking out of that unhappy conflict, -the chief of the O’Donnellys seized upon the Castle-Caulfield mansion as -of right his own:-- - -“October 1641. Lord Caulfield’s castle in Ballydonnelly (_Baile I -Donghoile_) was taken by Patrick Moder (the gloomy) O’Donnelly.” - -The Lord Charlemont, with his family, was at this time absent from -his home in command of the garrison of Charlemont, and it was not his -fate ever to see it afterwards; he was treacherously captured in his -fortress about the same period by the cruel Sir Phelim O’Neill, and was -barbarously murdered while under his protection, if not, as seems the -fact, by his direction, on the 1st of March following. Nor was this -costly and fairest house of its kind in “the north” ever after inhabited -by any of his family; it was burned in those unhappy “troubles,” and left -the melancholy, though picturesque memorial of sad events which we now -see it. - - P. - - - - -THE LAKE OF THE LOVERS, A LEGEND OF LEITRIM. - - -How many lovely spots in this our beautiful country are never embraced -within those pilgrimages after the picturesque, which numbers -periodically undertake, rather to see what is known to many, and -therefore should be so to them, than to visit nature, for her own sweet -sake, in her more devious and undistinguished haunts! For my part, I -am well pleased that the case stands thus. I love to think that I am -treading upon ground unsullied by the footsteps of the now numerous -tribe of mere professional peripatetics--that my eyes are wandering over -scenery, the freshness of which has been impaired by no transfer to the -portfolio of the artist or the tablets of the poetaster: that, save -the scattered rustic residents, there is no human link to connect its -memorials with the days of old, and, save their traditionary legends, no -story to tell of its fortunes in ancient times. The sentiment is no doubt -selfish as well as anti-utilitarian; but then I must add that it is only -occasional, and will so far be pardoned by all who know how delightful -it is to take refuge in the indulgent twilight of tradition from the -rugged realities of recorded story. At all events, a rambler in any of -our old, and especially mountainous tracts, will rarely lack abundant -aliment for his thus modified sense of beauty, sublimity, or antiquarian -fascination; and scenes have unexpectedly opened upon me in the solitudes -of the hills and lakes of some almost untrodden and altogether unwritten -districts, that have had more power to stir my spirit than the lauded and -typographed, the versified and pictured magnificence of Killarney or of -Cumberland, of Glendalough or of Lomond. It may have been perverseness -of taste, or the fitness of mood, or the influence of circumstance, but -I have been filled with a feeling of the beautiful when wandering among -noteless and almost nameless localities to which I have been a stranger, -when standing amid the most boasted beauties with the appliances of -hand-book and of guide, with appetite prepared, and sensibilities on the -alert. It is I suppose partly because the power of beauty being relative, -a high pitch of expectancy requires a proportionate augmentation of -excellence, and partly because the tincture of contrariety in our -nature ever inclines us to enact the perverse critic, when called on to -be the implicit votary. This in common with most others I have often -felt, but rarely more so than during a casual residence some short -time since among the little celebrated, and therefore perhaps a little -more charming, mountain scenery of the county, which either has been, -or might be, called Leitrim of the Lakes; for a tract more pleasantly -diversified with well-set sheets of water, it would I think be difficult -to name. Almost every hill you top has its still and solitary tarn, and -almost every amphitheatre you enter, encompasses its wild and secluded -lake--not seldom bearing on its placid bosom some little islet, linked -with the generations past, by monastic or castellated ruins, as its -seclusion or its strength may have invited the world-wearied anchorite to -contemplation, or the predatory chieftain to defence. - -On such a remote and lonely spot I lately chanced to alight, in the -course of a long summer day’s ramble among the heights and hollows of -that lofty range which for a considerable space abuts upon the borders -of Sligo and Roscommon. The ground was previously unknown to me, and -with all the zest which novelty and indefiniteness can impart, I started -staff in hand with the early sun, and ere the mists had melted from the -purple heather of their cloud-like summits, was drawing pure and balmy -breath within the lonely magnificence of the hills. About noon, as I was -casting about for some pre-eminently happy spot to fling my length for -an hour or two’s repose, I reached the crest of a long gradual ascent -that had been some time tempting me to look what lay beyond; and surely -enough I found beauty sufficient to dissolve my weariness, had it been -tenfold multiplied, and to allay my pulse, had it throbbed with the -vehemence of fever. An oblong valley girdled a lovely lake on every side; -here with precipitous impending cliffs, and there with grassy slopes of -freshest emerald that seemed to woo the dimpling waters to lave their -loving margins, and, as if moved with a like impulse, the little wavelets -met the call with the gentle dalliance of their ebb and flow. A small -wooded island, with its fringe of willows trailing in the water, stood -about a furlong from the hither side, and in the centre of its tangled -brake, my elevation enabled me to descry what I may call the remnants of -a ruin--for so far had it gone in its decay--here green, there grey, as -the moss, the ivy, or the pallid stains of time, had happened to prevail. -A wild duck, with its half-fledged clutch, floated fearless from its -sedgy shore. More remote, a fishing heron stood motionless on a stone, -intent on its expected prey; and the only other animated feature in the -quiet scene was a fisherman who had just moored his little boat, and -having settled his tackle, was slinging his basket on his arm and turning -upward in the direction where I lay. I watched the old man toiling up -the steep, and as he drew nigh, hailed him, as I could not suffer him to -pass without learning at least the name, if it had one, of this miniature -Amhara. He readily complied, and placing his fish-basket on the ground, -seated himself beside it, not unwilling to recover his breath and recruit -his scanty stock of strength almost expended in the ascent. “We call it,” -said he in answer to my query, “the Lake of the Ruin, or sometimes, to -such as know the story, the Lake of the Lovers, after the two over whom -the tombstone is placed inside yon mouldering walls. It is an old story. -My grandfather told me, when a child, that he minded his grandfather -telling it to him, and for anything he could say, it might have come down -much farther. Had I time, I’d be proud to tell it to your honour, who -seems a stranger in these parts, for it’s not over long; but I have to go -to the Hall, and that’s five long miles off, with my fish for dinner, and -little time you’ll say I have to spare, though it be down hill nearly all -the way.” It would have been too bad to allow such a well-met chronicler -to pass unpumped, and, putting more faith in the attractions of my pocket -than of my person, I produced on the instant my luncheon-case and -flask, and handing him a handsome half of the contents of the former, -made pretty sure of his company for a time, by keeping the latter in my -own possession till I got him regularly launched in the story, when, to -quicken at once his recollection and his elocution, I treated him to an -inspiring draught. When he had told his tale, he left me with many thanks -for the refection; and I descending to his boat, entered it, and with the -aid of a broken oar contrived to scull myself over to the island, the -scene of the final fortunes of Connor O’Rourke and Norah M’Diarmod, the -faithful-hearted but evil-fated pair who were in some sort perpetuated in -its name. There, in sooth, within the crumbled walls, was the gravestone -which covered the dust of him the brave and her the beautiful; and -seating myself on the fragment of a sculptured capital, that showed -how elaborately reared the ruined edifice had been, I bethought me how -poorly man’s existence shows even beside the work of his own hands, and -endeavoured for a time to make my thoughts run parallel with the history -of this once-venerated but now forsaken, and, save by a few, forgotten -structure; but finding myself fail in the attempt, settled my retrospect -on that brief period wherein it was identified with the two departed -lovers whose story I had just heard, and which, as I sat by their lowly -sepulchre, I again repeated to myself. - -This lake, as my informant told me, once formed a part of the boundary -between the possessions of O’Rourke the Left-handed and M’Diarmod the -Dark-faced, as they were respectively distinguished, two small rival -chiefs, petty in property but pre-eminent in passion, to whom a most -magnificent mutual hatred had been from generations back “bequeathed from -bleeding sire to son”--a legacy constantly swelled by accruing outrages, -for their paramount pursuits were plotting each other’s detriment or -destruction, planning or parrying plundering inroads, inflicting or -avenging injuries by open violence or secret subtlety, as seemed more -likely to promote their purposes. At the name of an O’Rourke, M’Diarmod -would clutch his battle-axe, and brandish it as if one of the detested -clan were within its sweep: and his rival, nothing behind in hatred, -would make the air echo to his deep-drawn imprecation on M’Diarmod -and all his abominated breed when any thing like an opportunity was -afforded him. Their retainers of course shared the same spirit of mutual -abhorrence, exaggerated indeed, if that were possible, by their more -frequent exposure to loss in cattle and in crops, for, as is wont to be -the case, the cottage was incontinently ravaged when the stronghold was -prudentially respected. O’Rourke had a son, an only one, who promised -to sustain or even raise the reputation of the clan, for the youth knew -not what it was to blench before flesh and blood--his feet were over -foremost, in the wolf-hunt or the foray, and in agility, in valour, or -in vigour, none within the compass of a long day’s travel could stand -in comparison with young Connor O’Rourke. Detestation of the M’Diarmods -had been studiously instilled from infancy, of course; but although the -youth’s cheek would flush and his heart beat high when any perilous -adventure was the theme, yet, so far at least, it sprang more from -the love of prowess and applause than from the deadly hostility that -thrilled in the pulses of his father and his followers. In the necessary -intervals of forbearance, as in seed-time, harvest, or other brief -breathing-spaces, he would follow the somewhat analogous and bracing -pleasures of the chase; and often would the wolf or the stag--for shaggy -forests then clothed these bare and desert hills--fall before his spear -or his dogs, as he fleetly urged the sport afoot. It chanced one evening -that in the ardour of pursuit he had followed a tough, long-winded stag -into the dangerous territory of M’Diarmod. The chase had taken to the -water of the lake, and he with his dogs had plunged in after in the -hope of heading it; but having failed in this, and in the hot flush of -a hunter’s blood scorning to turn back, he pressed it till brought down -within a few spear-casts of the M’Diarmod’s dwelling. Proud of having -killed his venison under the very nose of the latter, he turned homeward -with rapid steps; for, the fire of the chase abated, he felt how fatal -would be the discovery of his presence, and was thinking with complacency -upon the wrath of the old chief on hearing of the contemptuous feat, when -his eye was arrested by a white figure moving slowly in the shimmering -mists of nightfall by the margin of the lake. Though insensible to the -fear of what was carnal and of the earth, he was very far from being so -to what savoured of the supernatural, and, with a slight ejaculation half -of surprise and half of prayer, he was about changing his course to give -it a wider berth, when his dogs espied it, and, recking little of the -spiritual in its appearance, bounded after it in pursuit. With a slight -scream that proclaimed it feminine as well as human, the figure fled, and -the youth had much to do both with legs and lungs to reach her in time to -preserve her from the rough respects of his ungallant escort. Beautiful -indignation lightened from the dark eyes and sat on the pouting lip of -Norah M’Diarmod--for it was the chieftain’s daughter--as she turned -disdainfully towards him. - -“Is it the bravery of an O’Rourke to hunt a woman with his dogs? Young -chief, you stand upon the ground of M’Diarmod, and your name from the -lips of her”--she stopped, for she had time to glance again upon his -features, and had no longer heart to upbraid one who owned a countenance -so handsome and so gallant, so eloquent of embarrassment as well as -admiration. - -Her tone of asperity and wounded pride declined into a murmur of -acquiescence as she hearkened to the apologies and deprecations of the -youth, whose gallantry and feats had so often rung in her ears, though -his person she had but casually seen, and his voice she had never before -heard. The case stood similar with Connor. He had often listened to the -praises of Norah’s beauty; he had occasionally caught distant glimpses of -her graceful figure; and the present sight, or after recollection, often -mitigated his feelings to her hostile clan, and, to his advantage, the -rugged old chief was generally associated with the lovely dark-eyed girl -who was his only child. - -Such being their respective feelings, what could be the result of -their romantic rencounter? They were both young, generous children -of nature, with hearts fraught with the unhacknied feelings of youth -and inexperience: they had drunk in sentiment with the sublimities -of their mountain homes, and were fitted for higher things than the -vulgar interchange of animosity and contempt. Of this they soon were -conscious, and they did not separate until the stars began to burn above -them, and not even then, before they had made arrangements for at least -another--one more secret interview. The islet possessed a beautiful -fitness for their trysting place, as being accessible from either side, -and little obnoxious to observation; and many a moonlight meeting--for -the _one_ was inevitably multiplied--had these children of hostile -fathers, perchance on the very spot on which my eyes now rested, and -the unbroken stillness around had echoed to their gladsome greetings or -their faltering farewells. Neither dared to divulge an intercourse that -would have stirred to frenzy the treasured rancour of their respective -parents, each of whom would doubtless have preferred a connexion with -a blackamoor--if such were then in circulation--to their doing such -grievous despite to that ancient feud which as an heirloom had been -transmitted from ancestors whose very names they scarcely knew. M’Diarmod -the Dark-faced was at best but a gentle tiger even to his only child; and -though his stern cast-iron countenance would now and then relax beneath -her artless blandishments, yet even with the lovely vision at his side, -he would often grimly deplore that she had not been a son, to uphold the -name and inherit the headship of the clan, which on his demise would -probably pass from its lineal course; and when he heard of the bold -bearing of the heir of O’Rourke, he thought he read therein the downfall -of the M’Diarmods when he their chief was gone. With such ill-smothered -feelings of discontent he could not but in some measure repulse the -filial regards of Norah, and thus the confiding submission that would -have sprung to meet the endearments of his love, was gradually refused -to the inconsistencies of his caprice; and the maiden in her intercourse -with her proscribed lover rarely thought of her father, except as one -from whom it should be diligently concealed. - -But unfortunately this was not to be. One of the night marauders of his -clan chanced in an evil hour to see Connor O’Rourke guiding his coracle -to the island, and at the same time a cloaked female push cautiously -from the opposite shore for the same spot. Surprised, he crouched among -the fern till their landing and joyous greeting put all doubt of their -friendly understanding to flight; and then, thinking only of revenge or -ransom, the unsentimental scoundrel hurried round the lake to M’Diarmod, -and informed him that the son of his mortal foe was within his reach. -The old man leaped from his couch of rushes at the thrilling news, and, -standing on his threshold, uttered a low gathering-cry, which speedily -brought a dozen of his more immediate retainers to his presence. As he -passed his daughter’s apartment, he for the first time asked himself who -can the woman be? and at the same moment almost casually glanced at -Norah’s chamber, to see that all there was quiet for the night. A shudder -of vague terror ran through his sturdy frame as his eye fell on the low -open window. He thrust in his head, but no sleeper drew breath within; he -re-entered the house and called aloud upon his daughter, but the echo of -her name was the only answer. A kern coming up put an end to the search, -by telling that he had seen his young mistress walking down to the -water’s edge about an hour before, but that, as she had been in the habit -of doing so by night for some time past, he had thought but little of it. -The odious truth was now revealed, and, trembling with the sudden gust of -fury, the old chief with difficulty rushed to the lake, and, filling a -couple of boats with his men, told them to pull for the honour of their -name and for the head of the O’Rourke’s first-born. - -During this stormy prelude to a bloody drama, the doomed but unconscious -Connor was sitting secure within the dilapidated chapel by the side -of her whom he had won. Her quickened ear first caught the dip of an -oar, and she told her lover; but he said it was the moaning of the -night-breeze through the willows, or the ripple of the water among the -stones, and went on with his gentle dalliance. A few minutes, however, -and the shock of the keels upon the ground, the tread of many feet, and -the no longer suppressed cries of the M’Diarmods, warned him to stand on -his defence; and as he sprang from his seat to meet the call, the soft -illumination of love was changed with fearful suddenness into the baleful -fire of fierce hostility. - -“My Norah, leave me; you may by chance be rudely handled in the scuffle.” - -The terrified but faithful girl fell upon his breast. - -“Connor, your fate is mine; hasten to your boat, if it be not yet too -late.” - -An iron-shod hunting pole was his only weapon; and using it with his -right arm, while Norah hung upon his left, he sprang without further -parley through an aperture in the wall, and made for the water. But his -assailants were upon him, the M’Diarmod himself with upraised battle-axe -at their head. - -“Spare my father,” faltered Norah; and Connor, with a mercifully -directed stroke, only dashed the weapon from the old man’s hand, and -then, clearing a passage with a vigorous sweep, accompanied with the -well-known charging cry, before which they had so often quailed, bounded -through it to the water’s brink. An instant, and with her who was now -more than his second self, he was once more in his little boat; but, -alas! it was aground, and so quickly fell the blows against him, that he -dare not adventure to shove it off. Letting Norah slip from his hold, -she sank backwards to the bottom of the boat; and then, with both arms -free, he redoubled his efforts, and after a short but furious struggle -succeeded in getting the little skiff afloat. Maddened at the sight, the -old chief rushed breast-deep into the water; but his right arm had been -disabled by a casual blow, and his disheartened followers feared, under -the circumstances, to come within range of that well-wielded club. But -a crafty one among them had already seized on a safer and surer plan. -He had clambered up an adjacent tree, armed with a heavy stone, and now -stood on one of the branches above the devoted boat, and summoned him to -yield, if he would not perish. The young chief’s renewed exertions were -his only answer. - -“Let him escape, and your head shall pay for it,” shouted the infuriated -father. - -The fellow hesitated. “My young mistress?” - -“There are enough here to save her, if I will it. Down with the stone, or -by the blood----” - -He needed not to finish the sentence, for down at the word it came, -striking helpless the youth’s right arm, and shivering the frail timber -of the boat, which filled at once, and all went down. For an instant -an arm re-appeared, feebly beating the water in vain--it was the young -chief’s broken one: the other held his Norah in its embrace, as was seen -by her white dress flaunting for a few moments on and above the troubled -surface. The lake at this point was deep, and though there was a rush of -the M’Diarmods towards it, yet in their confusion they were but awkward -aids, and the fluttering ensign that marked the fatal spot had sunk -before they reached it. The strength of Connor, disabled as he was by -his broken limb, and trammelled by her from whom even the final struggle -could not dissever him, had failed; and with her he loved locked in his -last embrace, they were after a time recovered from the water, and laid -side by side upon the bank, in all their touching, though, alas, lifeless -beauty! Remorse reached the rugged hearts even of those who had so -ruthlessly dealt by them; and as they looked on their goodly forms, thus -cold and senseless by a common fate, the rudest felt that it would be -an impious and unpardonable deed to do violence to their memory, by the -separation of that union which death itself had sanctified. Thus were -they laid in one grave; and, strange as it may appear, their fathers, -crushed and subdued, exhausted even of resentment by the overwhelming -stroke--for nothing can quell the stubborn spirit like the extremity of -sorrow--crossed their arms in amity over their remains, and grief wrought -the reconciliation which even centuries of time, that great pacificator, -had failed to do. - -The westering sun now warning me that the day was on the wane, I gave but -another look to the time-worn tombstone, another sigh to the early doom -of those whom it enclosed, and then, with a feeling of regret, again left -the little island to its still, unshared, and pensive loneliness. - - - - -ANCIENT IRISH LITERATURE--No. IV. - - -The composition which we have selected as our fourth specimen of the -ancient literature of Ireland, is a poem, more remarkable, perhaps, -for its antiquity and historical interest, than for its poetic merits, -though we do not think it altogether deficient in those. It is ascribed, -apparently with truth, to the celebrated poet Mac Liag, the secretary of -the renowned monarch Brian Boru, who, as our readers are aware, fell at -the battle of Clontarf in 1014; and the subject of it is a lamentation -for the fallen condition of Kincora, the palace of that monarch, -consequent on his death. - -The decease of Mac Liag, whose proper name was Muircheartach, is thus -recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters, at the year 1015:-- - -“Mac Liag, i. e. Muirkeartach, son of Conkeartach, at this time laureate -of Ireland, died.” - -A great number of his productions are still in existence; but none of -them have obtained a popularity so widely extended as the poem before us. - -Of the palace of Kincora, which was situated on the banks of the Shannon, -near Killaloe, there are at present no vestiges. - - -LAMENTATION OF MAC LIAG FOR KINCORA. - -A Chinn-copath carthi Brian? - - Oh, where, Kincora! is Brian the Great? - And where is the beauty that once was thine? - Oh, where are the princes and nobles that sate - At the feast in thy halls, and drank the red wine? - Where, oh, Kincora? - - Oh, where, Kincora! are thy valorous lords? - Oh, whither, thou Hospitable! are they gone? - Oh, where are the Dalcassians of the Golden Swords?[1] - And where are the warriors that Brian led on? - Where, oh, Kincora? - - And where is Morogh, the descendant of kings-- - The defeater of a hundred--the daringly brave-- - Who set but slight store by jewels and rings-- - Who swam down the torrent and laughed at its wave? - Where, oh, Kincora? - - And where is Donogh, King Brian’s worthy son? - And where is Conaing, the Beautiful Chief? - And Kian, and Corc? Alas! they are gone-- - They have left me this night alone with my grief! - Left me, Kincora! - - And where are the chiefs with whom Brian went forth, - The never-vanquished son of Evin the Brave, - The great King of Onaght, renowned for his worth, - And the hosts of Baskinn, from the western wave? - Where, oh, Kincora? - - Oh, where is Duvlann of the Swiftfooted Steeds? - And where is Kian, who was son of Molloy? - And where is King Lonergan, the fame of whose deeds - In the red battle-field no time can destroy? - Where, oh, Kincora? - - And where is that youth of majestic height, - The faith-keeping Prince of the Scots?--Even he, - As wide as his fame was, as great as was his might, - Was tributary, oh, Kincora, to me! - Me, oh, Kincora! - - They are gone, those heroes of royal birth, - Who plundered no churches, and broke no trust, - ’Tis weary for me to be living on the earth - When they, oh, Kincora, lie low in the dust! - Low, oh, Kincora! - - Oh, never again will Princes appear, - To rival the Dalcassians of the Cleaving Swords! - I can never dream of meeting afar or anear, - In the east or the west, such heroes and lords! - Never, Kincora! - - Oh, dear are the images my memory calls up - Of Brian Boru!--how he never would miss - To give me at the banquet the first bright cup! - Ah! why did he heap on me honour like this? - Why, oh, Kincora? - - I am Mac Liag, and my home is on the Lake: - Thither often, to that palace whose beauty is fled, - Came Brian to ask me, and I went for his sake. - Oh, my grief! that I should live, and Brian be dead! - Dead, oh, Kincora! - - M. - -[1] _Coolg n-or_, of the swords _of gold_, i. e. of the _gold-hilted_ -swords. - - - - -COLUMN FOR THE YOUNG. - -Biography of a mouse. - - -“Biography of a mouse!” cries the reader; “well, what shall we have -next?--what can the writer mean by offering such nonsense for our -perusal?” There is no creature, reader, however insignificant and -unimportant in the great scale of creation it may appear to us, -short-sighted mortals that we are, which is forgotten in the care of -our own common Creator; not a sparrow falls to the ground unknown and -unpermitted by Him; and whether or not you may derive interest from the -biography even of a mouse, you will be able to form a better judgment, -after, than before, having read my paper. - -The mouse belongs to the class _Mammalia_, or the animals which rear -their young by suckling them; to the order _Rodentia_, or animals whose -teeth are adapted for _gnawing_; to the genus _Mus_, or Rat kind, and the -family of _Mus musculus_, or domestic mouse. The mouse is a singularly -beautiful little animal, as no one who examines it attentively, and -without prejudice, can fail to discover. Its little body is plump and -sleek; its neck short; its head tapering and graceful; and its eyes -large, prominent, and sparkling. Its manners are lively and interesting, -its agility surprising, and its habits extremely cleanly. There are -several varieties of this little creature, amongst which the best known -is the common brown mouse of our granaries and store-rooms; the Albino, -or white mouse, with red eyes; and the black and white mouse, which is -more rare and very delicate. I mention these as _varieties_, for I think -we may safely regard them as such, from the fact of their propagating -unchanged, preserving their difference of hue to the fiftieth generation, -and never accidentally occurring amongst the offspring of differently -coloured parents. - -It is of the white mouse that I am now about to treat, and it is an -account of a tame individual of that extremely pretty variety that is -designed to form the subject of my present paper. - -When I was a boy of about sixteen, I got possession of a white mouse; the -little creature was very wild and unsocial at first, but by dint of care -and discipline I succeeded in rendering it familiar. The principal agent -I employed towards effecting its domestication was a singular one, and -which, though I can assure the reader its effects are speedy and certain, -still remains to me inexplicable: this was, ducking in cold water; and by -resorting to this simple expedient, I have since succeeded in rendering -even the rat as tame and as playful as a kitten. It is out of my power to -explain the manner in which _ducking_ operates on the animal subjected to -it, but I wish that some physiologist more experienced than I am would -give his attention to the subject, and favour the public with the result -of his reflections. - -At the time that I obtained possession of this mouse, I was residing at -Olney, in Buckinghamshire, a village which I presume my readers will -recollect as connected with the names of Newton and Cowper; but shortly -after having succeeded in rendering it pretty tame, circumstances -required my removal to Gloucester, whither I carried my little favourite -with me. During the journey I kept the mouse confined in a small wire -cage; but while resting at the inn where I passed the night, I adopted -the precaution of enveloping the cage in a handkerchief, lest by some -untoward circumstance its active little inmate might make its escape. -Having thus, as I thought, made all safe, I retired to rest. The moment -I awoke in the morning, I sprang from my bed, and went to examine the -cage, when, to my infinite consternation, I found it empty! I searched -the bed, the room, raised the carpet, examined every nook and corner, but -all to no purpose. I dressed myself as hastily as I could, and summoning -one of the waiters, an intelligent, good-natured man, I informed -him of my loss, and got him to search every room in the house. His -investigations, however, proved equally unavailing, and I gave my poor -little pet completely up, inwardly hoping, despite of its ingratitude -in leaving me, that it might meet with some agreeable mate amongst its -brown congeners, and might lead a long and happy life, unchequered by -the terrors of the prowling cat, and unendangered by the more insidious -artifices of the fatal trap. With these reflections I was just getting -into the coach which was to convey me upon my road, when a waiter came -running to the door, out of breath, exclaiming, “Mr R., Mr R., I declare -your little mouse is in the kitchen.” Begging the coachman to wait an -instant, I followed the man to the kitchen, and there, on the hob, -seated contentedly in a pudding dish, and devouring its contents with -considerable _gout_, was my truant protegé. Once more secured within -its cage, and the latter carefully enveloped in a sheet of strong brown -paper, upon my knee, I reached Gloucester. - -I was here soon subjected to a similar alarm, for one morning the cage -was again empty, and my efforts to discover the retreat of the wanderer -unavailing as before. This time I had lost him for a week, when one -night, in getting into bed, I heard a scrambling in the curtains, and on -relighting my candle found the noise to have been occasioned by my mouse, -who seemed equally pleased with myself at our reunion. After having thus -lost and found my little friend a number of times, I gave up the idea -of confining him; and, accordingly, leaving the door of his cage open, -I placed it in a corner of my bedroom, and allowed him to go in and out -as he pleased. Of this permission he gladly availed himself, but would -regularly return to me at intervals of a week or a fortnight, and at such -periods of return he was usually much thinner than ordinary; and it was -pretty clear that during his visits to his brown acquaintances he fared -by no means so well as he did at home. - -Sometimes, when he happened to return, as he often did, in the -night-time, on which occasions his general custom was to come into bed to -me, I used, in order to induce him to remain with me until morning, to -immerse him in a basin of water, and then let him lie in my bosom, the -warmth of which, after his cold bath, commonly ensured his stay. - -Frequently, while absent on one of his excursions, I would hear an -unusual noise in the wainscot, as I lay in bed, of dozens of mice -running backwards and forwards in all directions, and squeaking in much -apparent glee. For some time I was puzzled to know whether this unusual -disturbance was the result of merriment or quarrelling, and I often -trembled for the safety of my pet, alone and unaided, among so many -strangers. But a very interesting circumstance occurred one morning, -which perfectly reassured me. It was a bright summer morning, about four -o’clock, and I was lying awake, reflecting as to the propriety of turning -on my pillow to take another sleep, or at once rising, and going forth to -enjoy the beauties of awakening nature. While thus meditating, I heard a -slight scratching in the wainscot, and looking towards the spot whence -the noise proceeded, perceived the head of a mouse peering from a hole. -It was instantly withdrawn, but a second was thrust forth. This latter I -at once recognised as my own white friend, but so begrimed by soot and -dirt that it required an experienced eye to distinguish him from his -darker-coated entertainers. He emerged from the hole, and running over -to his cage, entered it, and remained for a couple of seconds within -it; he then returned to the wainscot, and, re-entering the hole, some -scrambling and squeaking took place. A second time he came forth, and on -this occasion was followed closely, to my no small astonishment, by a -brown mouse, who followed him, with much apparent timidity and caution, -to his box, and entered it along with him. More astonished at this -singular proceeding than I can well express, I lay fixed in mute and -breathless attention, to see what would follow next. In about a minute -the two mice came forth from the cage, each bearing in its mouth a large -piece of bread, which they dragged towards the hole they had previously -left. On arriving at it, they entered, but speedily re-appeared, having -deposited their burden; and repairing once more to the cage, again loaded -themselves with provision, and conveyed it away. This second time they -remained within the hole for a much longer period than the first time; -and when they again made their appearance, they were attended by three -other mice, who, following their leaders to the cage, loaded themselves -with bread as did they, and carried away their burdens to the hole. After -this I saw them no more that morning, and on rising I discovered that -they had carried away every particle of food that the cage contained. Nor -was this an isolated instance of their white guest leading them forth to -where he knew they should find provender. Day after day, whatever bread -or grain I left in the cage was regularly removed, and the duration of my -pet’s absence was proportionately long. Wishing to learn whether hunger -was the actual cause of his return, I no longer left food in his box; and -in about a week afterwards, on awaking one morning, I found him sleeping -upon the pillow, close to my face, having partly wormed his way under my -cheek. - -There was a cat in the house, an excellent mouser, and I dreaded lest she -should one day meet with and destroy my poor mouse, and I accordingly -used all my exertions with those in whose power it was, to obtain her -dismissal. She was, however, regarded by those persons as infinitely -better entitled to protection and patronage than a mouse, so I was -compelled to put up with her presence. People are fond of imputing to -cats a supernatural degree of sagacity: they will sometimes go so far -as to pronounce them to be genuine _witches_; and really I am scarcely -surprised at it, nor perhaps will the reader be, when I tell him the -following anecdote. - -I was one day entering my apartment, when I was filled with horror at -perceiving my mouse picking up some crumbs upon the carpet, beneath -the table, and the terrible cat seated upon a chair watching him with -what appeared to me to be an expression of sensual anticipation and -concentrated desire. Before I had time to interfere, Puss sprang from -her chair, and bounded towards the mouse, who, however, far from being -terrified at the approach of his natural enemy, scarcely so much as -favoured her with a single look. Puss raised her paw and dealt him a -gentle tap, when, judge of my astonishment if you can, the little mouse, -far from running away, or betraying any marks of fear, raised himself -on his legs, cocked his tail, and with a shrill and angry squeak, with -which any that have kept tame mice are well acquainted, sprang at and -positively _bit_ the paw which had struck him. I was paralysed. I could -not jump forward to the rescue. I was, as it were, petrified where I -stood. But, stranger than all, the cat, instead of appearing irritated, -or seeming to design mischief, merely stretched out her nose and smelt -at her diminutive assailant, and then resuming her place upon the chair, -purred herself to sleep. I need not say that I immediately secured the -mouse within his cage. Whether the cat on this occasion knew the little -animal to be a pet, and as such feared to meddle with it, or whether its -boldness had disarmed her, I cannot pretend to explain: I merely state -the fact; and I think the reader will allow that it is sufficiently -extraordinary. - -In order to guard against such a dangerous encounter for the future, -I got a more secure cage made, of which the bars were so close as to -preclude the possibility of egress; and singularly enough, many a morning -was I amused by beholding brown mice coming from their holes in the -wainscot, and approaching the cage in which their friend was kept, as if -in order to condole with him on the subject of his unwonted captivity. -Secure, however, as I conceived this new cage to be, my industrious pet -contrived to make his escape from it, and in doing so met his death. In -my room was a large bureau, with deep, old-fashioned, capacious drawers. -Being obliged to go from home for a day, I put the cage containing my -little friend into one of these drawers, lest any one should attempt to -meddle with it during my absence. On returning, I opened the drawer, -and just as I did so, heard a faint squeak, and at the same instant my -poor little pet fell from the back of the drawer--lifeless. I took up -his body, and, placing it in my bosom, did my best to restore it to -animation. Alas! it was to no purpose. His little body had been crushed -in the crevice at the back part of the drawer, through which he had been -endeavouring to escape, and he was really and irrecoverably gone. - - * * * * * - -NOTE ON THE FEEDING, &C., OF WHITE MICE.--Such of my juvenile readers -as may be disposed to make a pet of one of these interesting little -animals, would do well to observe the following rules:--Clean the cage -out daily, and keep it dry; do not keep it in too cold a place; in -winter it should be kept in a room in which there is a fire. Feed the -mice on bread steeped in milk, having first squeezed the milk out, as -too moist food is bad for them. Never give them cheese, as it is apt to -produce fatal disorders, though the more hardy brown mice eat it with -impunity. If you want to give them a treat, give them grains of wheat -or barley, or if these are not to be procured, oats or rice. A little -tin box of water should be constantly left in their cage, but securely -fixed, so that they cannot overturn it. Let the wires be not too slight, -or too long, otherwise the little animals will easily squeeze themselves -between them, and let them be of iron, never of copper, as the animals -are fond of nibbling at them, and the rust of the latter, or _verdigris_, -would quickly poison them. White mice are to be procured at most of the -bird-shops in Patrick’s Close, Dublin; of the wire-workers and bird-cage -makers in Edinburgh; and from all the animal fanciers in London, -whose residences are to be found chiefly on the New Road and about -Knightsbridge. Their prices vary from one shilling to two-and-sixpence -per pair, according to their age and beauty. - - H. D. R. - - - - -THE PROFESSIONS. - - -If what are called the liberal professions could speak, they would -all utter the one cry, “we are overstocked;” and echo would reply -“overstocked.” This has long been a subject of complaint, and yet nobody -seems inclined to mend the matter by making any sacrifice on his own -part--just as in a crowd, to use a familiar illustration, the man who is -loudest in exclaiming “dear me, what pressing and jostling people do keep -here!” never thinks of lightening the pressure by withdrawing his own -person from the mass. There is, however, an advantage to be derived from -the utterance and reiteration of the complaint, if not by those already -in the press, at least by those who are still happily clear of it. - -There are many “vanities and vexations of spirit” under the sun, but this -evil of professional redundancy seems to be one of very great magnitude. -It involves not merely an outlay of much precious time and substance to -no purpose, but in most cases unfits those who constitute the “excess” -from applying themselves afterwards to other pursuits. Such persons are -the primary sufferers; but the community at large participates in the -loss. - -It cannot but be interesting to inquire to what this tendency may be -owing, and what remedy it might be useful to apply to the evil. Now, it -strikes me that the great cause is the exclusive attention which people -pay to the great prizes, and their total inconsideration of the number of -blanks which accompany them. Life itself has been compared to a lottery; -but in some departments the scheme may be so particularly bad, that it is -nothing short of absolute gambling to purchase a share in it. So it is in -the professions. A few arrive at great eminence, and these few excite the -envy and admiration of all beholders; but they are only a few compared -with the number of those who linger in the shade, and, however anxious to -enjoy the sport, never once get a rap at the ball. - -Again, parents are apt to look upon the mere name of a profession as a -provision for their children. They calculate all the expenses of general -education, professional education, and then of admission to “liberty to -practise;” and finding all these items amount to a tolerably large sum, -they conceive they have bestowed an ample portion on the son who has cost -them “thus much monies.” But unfortunately they soon learn by experience -that the elevation of a profession, great as it is, does not always -possess that homely recommendation of causing the “pot to boil,” and that -the individual for whom this costly provision has been made, cannot be so -soon left to shift for himself. Here then is another cause of this evil, -namely, that people do not adequately and fairly calculate the whole cost. - -Of our liberal professions, the army is the only one that yields a -certain income as the produce of the purchase money, But in these “piping -times of peace,” a private soldier in the ranks might as well attempt to -verify the old song, and - - “Spend half a crown out of sixpence a-day,” - -as an ensign to pay mess-money and band-money, and all other regulation -monies, keep himself in dress coat and epaulettes, and all the other et -ceteras, upon his mere pay. The thing cannot be done. To live in any -comfort in the army, a subaltern should have an income from some other -source, equal at least in amount to that which he receives through the -hands of the paymaster. The army is, in fact, an expensive profession, -and of all others the least agreeable to one who is prevented, by -circumscribed means, from doing as his brother officers do. Yet the -mistake of venturing to meet all these difficulties is not unfrequently -admitted, with what vain expectation it is needless to inquire. The usual -result is such as one would anticipate, namely, that the rash adventurer, -after incurring debts, or putting his friends to unlooked-for charges, is -obliged after a short time to sell out, and bid farewell for ever to the -unprofitable profession of arms. - -It would be painful to dwell upon the situation of those who enter other -professions without being duly prepared to wait their turn of employment. -It is recognised as a poignantly applicable truth in the profession of -the bar, that “many are called but few are chosen;” but with very few and -rare exceptions indeed, the necessity of _biding_ the time is certain. -In the legal and medical professions there is no fixed income, however -small, insured to the adventurer; and unless his circle of friends and -connections be very wide and serviceable indeed, he should make up his -mind for a procrastinated return and a late harvest. But how many from -day to day, and from year to year, do launch their bark upon the ocean, -without any such prudent foresight! The result therefore is, that vast -proportion of disastrous voyages and shipwrecks of which we hear so -constantly. - -Such is the admitted evil--it is granted on all sides. The question -is, what is to be done?--what is the remedy? Now, the remedy for an -overstocked profession very evidently is, that people should forbear to -enter it. I am no Malthusian on the subject of population: I desire no -unnatural checks upon the increase and multiplication of her Majesty’s -subjects; but I should like to drain off a surplus from certain -situations, and turn off the in-flowing stream into more profitable -channels. I would advise parents, then, to leave the choice of a liberal -profession to those who are able to live without one. Such parties can -afford to wait for advancement, however long it may be in coming, or to -bear up against disappointment, if such should be their lot. With such -it is a safe speculation, and they may be left to indulge in it, if they -think proper. With others it is not so. But it will be asked, what is to -be done with the multitudes who would be diverted from the professions, -if this advice were acted upon? I answer, that the money unprofitably -spent upon their education, and in fees of admission to these expensive -pursuits, would insure them a “good location” and a certain provision -for life in Canada, or some of the colonies; and that any honourable -occupation which would yield a competency ought to be preferred to -“professions” which, however “liberal,” hold out to the many but a very -doubtful prospect of that result. - -It is much to be regretted that there is a prevalent notion among -certain of my countrymen that “trade” is not a “genteel” thing, and -that it must be eschewed by those who have any pretensions to fashion. -This unfortunate, and I must say unsound state of opinion, contributes -also, I fear, in no small degree, to that professional redundancy of -which we have been speaking. The supposed absolute necessity of a high -classical education is a natural concomitant of this opinion. All our -schools therefore are eminently classical. The University follows, as a -matter of course, and then the University leads to a liberal profession, -as surely as one step of a ladder conducts to another. Thus the evil is -nourished at the very root. Now, I would take the liberty of advising -those parents who may concur with me in the main point of over-supply in -the professions, to begin at the beginning, and in the education of their -children, to exchange this superabundance of Greek and Latin for the less -elegant but more useful accomplishment of “ciphering.” I am disposed to -concur with that facetious but shrewd fellow, Mr Samuel Slick, upon the -inestimable advantages of that too much neglected art--neglected, I mean, -in our country here, Ireland. He has demonstrated that they do every -thing by it in the States, and that without it they could do nothing. -With the most profound respect to my countrymen, then, I would earnestly -recommend them to cultivate it. But it may perhaps be said that there is -no encouragement to mercantile pursuits in Ireland, and that if there -were, there would be no necessity for me to recommend “ciphering” and -its virtues to the people. To this I answer, that merchandize offers -its prizes to the ingenious and venturous much rather than to those who -wait for a “highway” to be made for them. If people were resolved to -live by trade, I think they would contrive to do so--many more, at least, -than at present operate successfully in that department. If more of -education, and more of mind, were turned in that direction, new sources -of profitable industry, at present unthought of, would probably discover -themselves. Much might be said on this subject, but I shall not enter -further into the speculation, quite satisfied if I have thrown out a hint -which may be found capable of improvement by others. - - F. - - - - -GEESE. - -BY MARTIN DOYLE. - - -The rearing of geese might be more an object of attention to our small -farmers and labourers in the vicinity of bogs and mountain tracts than it -is. - -The general season for the consumption of fat geese is from Michaelmas to -Christmas, and the high prices paid for them in the English markets--to -which they can be so rapidly conveyed from many parts of Ireland--appear -to offer sufficient temptation to the speculator who has the capital and -accommodation necessary for fattening them. - -A well-organized system of feeding this hardy and nutritious species of -poultry, in favourable localities, would give a considerable impulse to -the rearing of them, and consequently promote the comforts of many poor -Irish families, who under existing circumstances do not find it worth -while to rear them except in very small numbers. - -I am led to offer a few suggestions on this subject from having -ascertained that in the Fens of Lincolnshire, notwithstanding a great -decrease there in the breeding of geese from extensive drainage, one -individual, Mr Clarke of Boston, fattens every year, between Michaelmas -and Christmas, the prodigious number of seven thousand geese, and that -another dealer at Spalding prepares for the poultry butcher nearly as -many: these they purchase in lots from the farmers’ wives. - -Perhaps a few details of the Lincolnshire practice may be acceptable to -some of the readers of this Journal:-- - -The farmers in the Fens keep breeding stocks proportioned to the extent -of suitable land which they can command; and in order to insure the -fertility of the eggs, they allow one gander to three geese, which is a -higher proportion of males than is deemed necessary elsewhere. The number -of goslings in each brood averages about ten, which, allowing for all -casualties, is a considerable produce. - -There have been extraordinary instances of individual fecundity, on -which, however, it would be as absurd for any goose-breeder to calculate, -as it is proverbially unwise to reckon chickens before they are hatched; -and this fruitfulness is only attainable by constant feeding with -stimulating food through the preceding winter. - -A goose has been known to lay seventy eggs within twelve months, -twenty-six in the spring, before the time of incubation, and (after -bringing out seventeen goslings) the remainder by the end of the year. - -The white variety is preferred to the grey or party-coloured, as the -birds of this colour feed more kindly, and their feathers are worth three -shillings a stone more than the others: the quality of the land, however, -on which the breeding stock is to be maintained, decides this matter, -generally strong land being necessary for the support of the white or -larger kind. Under all circumstances a white gander is preferred, in -order to have a large progeny. It has been remarked, but I know not if -with reason, that ganders are more frequently white than the females. - -To state all the particulars of hatching and rearing would be -superfluous, and mere repetition of what is contained in the various -works on poultry. I shall merely state some of the peculiarities of the -practice in the county of Lincoln. - -When the young geese are brought up at different periods by the great -dealers, they are put into pens together, according to their age, size, -and condition, and fed on steamed potatoes and ground oats, in the ratio -of one measure of oats to three of potatoes. By unremitting care as to -cleanliness, pure water, and constant feeding, these geese are fattened -in about three weeks, at an average cost of one penny per day each. - -The _cramming_ system, either by the fingers or the forcing pump, -described by French writers, with the accompanying barbarities of -blinding, nailing the feet to the floor, or confinement in perforated -casks or earthen pots (as is said to be the case sometimes in Poland), -are happily unknown in Lincolnshire, and I may add throughout England, -with one exception--the nailing of the feet to boards. The unequivocal -proofs of this may occasionally, but very rarely, be seen in the geese -brought into the London markets: these, however, may possibly be imported -ones, though I fear they are not so. - -The Lincolnshire dealers do not give any of those rich greasy pellets -of barley meal and hot liquor, which always spoil the flavour, to their -geese, as they well know that oats is the best feeding for them; barley, -besides being more expensive, renders the flesh loose and insipid, and -rather _chickeny_ in flavour. - -Every point of economy on this subject is matter of great moment, on the -vast scale pursued by Mr Clarke, who pays seven hundred pounds a-year -for the mere conveyance of his birds to the London market; a fact which -gives a tolerable notion of the great extent of capital employed in this -business, the extent of which is scarcely conceivable by my agricultural -countrymen. - -Little cost, however, is incurred by those who breed the geese, as the -stock are left to provide for themselves, except in the laying season, -and in feeding the goslings until they are old enough to eat grass or -feed on the stubbles. I have no doubt, however, that the cramp would be -less frequently experienced, if solid food were added to the grass, when -the geese are turned out to graze, although Mr Clarke attributes the -cramp, as well as gout and fever, to too close confinement alone. This -opinion does not correspond with my far more limited observation, which -leads me to believe that the cramp attacks goslings most frequently when -they are at large, and left to shift for themselves on green food alone, -and that of the poorest kind. I should think it good economy to give -them, and the old stagers too, all spare garden vegetables, for loss of -condition is prejudicial to them as well as to other animals. Mr Cobbett -used to fatten his young geese, from June to October, on Swedish turnips, -carrots, white cabbages, or lettuces, with some corn. - -Swedish turnips no doubt will answer very well, but not so well as -farinaceous potatoes, when immediate profit is the object. The experience -of such an extensive dealer as Mr Clarke is worth volumes of theory -and conjecture as to the mode of feeding, and he decides in favour of -potatoes and oats. - -The treatment for cramp and fever in Lincolnshire is bleeding--I know not -if it be hazarded in gout--but as it is not successful in the cases of -cramp in one instance out of twenty, it may be pronounced inefficacious. - -I have had occasion lately to remark in this Journal on the general -disinclination in England to the barbarous custom of plucking geese -alive. In Lincolnshire, however, they do so with the breeding stock three -times in the year, beginning at midsummer, and repeating the operation -twice afterwards, at intervals of six weeks between the operations. - -The practice is defended on the plea, that if the feathers be matured, -the geese are better for it, while it is of course admitted that the -birds must be injured more or less--according to the handling by the -pluckers--if the feathers be not ripe. But as birds do not moult three -times in the year, I do not understand how it should be correctly said -that the feathers _can_ be ripe on these three occasions. How does nature -suggest the propriety of stripping the feathers so often? Where great -numbers are kept, the loss by allowing the feathers to drop on the ground -would be serious, and on this account alone can even one stripping be -justified. - -In proof of the general opinion that the goose is extremely long-lived, -we have many recorded facts; among them the following:--“In 1824 there -was a goose living in the possession of Mr Hewson of Glenham, near -Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, which was then upwards of a century old. It -had been throughout that term in the constant possession of Mr Hewson’s -forefathers and himself, and on quitting his farm he would not suffer -it to be sold with his other stock, but made a present of it to the -in-coming tenant, that the venerable fowl might terminate its career on -the spot where its useful life had been spent such a length of days.” - -The taste which has long prevailed among gourmands for the liver of a -goose, and has led to the enormous cruelties exercised in order to cause -its enlargement by rendering the bird diseased in that organ through high -and forced feeding in a warm temperature and close confinement, is well -known; but I doubt if many are aware of the influence of _charcoal_ in -producing an unnatural state of the liver. - -I had read of charcoal being put into a trough of water to sweeten it for -geese when cooped up; but from a passage in a recent work by Liebig it -would appear that the charcoal acts not as a sweetener of the water, but -in another way on the constitution of the goose. - -I am tempted to give the extract from its novelty:--“The production of -flesh and fat may be artificially increased: all domestic animals, for -example, contain much fat. We give food to animals which increases the -activity of certain organs, and is itself capable of being transformed -into fat. We add to the quantity of food, or we lessen the progress -of respiration and perspiration by preventing motion. The conditions -necessary to effect this purpose in birds are different from those in -quadrupeds; and it is well known that charcoal powder produces such an -excessive growth in the liver of a goose as at length causes the death of -the animal.” - -We are much inferior to the English in the art of preparing poultry for -the market; and this is the more to be regretted in the instance of -geese, especially as we can supply potatoes--which I have shown to be -the chief material of their fattening food--at half their cost in many -parts of England. This advantage alone ought to render the friends of our -agricultural poor earnest in promoting the rearing and fattening of geese -in localities favourable for the purpose. - - - - -IRISH MANUFACTURES. - - -The encouragement of our native manufactures is now a general topic of -conversation and interest, and we hope the present excitement of the -public mind on this subject will be productive of permanent good. We also -hope that the encouragement proposed to be given to articles of Irish -manufacture will be extended to the productions of the head as well as to -those of the hands; that the manufacturer of Irish wit and humour will be -deemed worthy of support as well as those of silks, woollens, or felts; -and, that Irishmen shall venture to estimate the value of Irish produce -for themselves, without waiting as heretofore till they get “the London -stamp” upon them, as our play-going people of old times used to do in the -case of the eminent Irish actors. - -We are indeed greatly inclined to believe that our Irish manufactures -are rising in estimation in England, from the fact which has come to -our knowledge that many thousands of our Belfast hams are sold annually -at the other side of the water as genuine Yorkshire, and also that many -of those Belfast hams with the Yorkshire stamp find their way back into -“Ould Ireland,” and are bought as English by those who would despise -them as Irish. Now, we should like our countrymen not to be gulled in -this way, but depend upon their own judgment in the matter of hams, and -in like manner in the matter of articles of Irish literary manufacture, -without waiting for the London stamp to be put on them. The necessity -for such discrimination and confidence in their own judgment exists -equally in hams and literature. Thus certain English editors approve so -highly of our articles in the Irish Penny Journal, that they copy them -by wholesale, not only without acknowledgment, but actually do us the -favour to father them as their own! As an example of this patronage, we -may refer to a recent number of the Court Gazette, in which its editor -has been entertaining his aristocratic readers with a little piece of -_badinage_ from our Journal, expressly written for us, and entitled “A -short chapter on Bustles,” but which he gives as written for the said -Court Gazette! Now, this is really very considerate and complimentary, -and we of course feel grateful. But, better again, we find our able and -kind friend the editor of the _Monitor_ and _Irishman_, presenting, no -doubt inadvertently, this very article to his Irish readers a few weeks -ago--not even as an Irish article that had got the London stamp upon it, -but as actually one of true British manufacture--the produce of the Court -Gazette. - -Now, in perfect good humour, we ask our friend, as such we have reason to -consider him, could he not as well have copied this article from our own -Journal, and given us the credit of it--and would it not be worthy of the -consistency and patriotism of the _Irishman_, who writes so ably in the -cause of Irish manufactures, to extend his support, as far as might be -compatible with truth and honesty, to the native literature of Ireland? - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Sold by all Booksellers. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -28, January 9, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JAN 9, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 54624-0.txt or 54624-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/2/54624/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 28, January 9, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: April 28, 2017 [EBook #54624] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JAN 9, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 28.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, JANUARY 9, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/castle.jpg" width="500" height="390" alt="Castle-Caulfield" /> -</div> - -<h2>CASTLE-CAULFIELD, COUNTY OF TYRONE.</h2> - -<p>The subject of our prefixed illustration is one of no small -interest, whether considered as a fine example—for Ireland—of -the domestic architecture of the reign of James I, or as an -historical memorial of the fortunes of the illustrious family -whose name it bears—the noble house of Charlemont, of which -it was the original residence. It is situated near the village -of the same name, in the parish of Donaghmore, barony of -Dungannon, and about three miles west of Dungannon, the -county town.</p> - -<p>Castle-Caulfield owes its erection to Sir Toby Caulfield, afterwards -Lord Charlemont—a distinguished English soldier -who had fought in Spain and the Low Countries in the reign -of Queen Elizabeth, and commanded a company of one -hundred and fifty men in Ireland in the war with O’Neill, -Earl of Tyrone, at the close of her reign. For these services -he was rewarded by the Queen with a grant of -part of Tyrone’s estate, and other lands in the province of -Ulster; and on King James’s accession to the British crown, -was honoured with knighthood, and made governor of the -fort of Charlemont, and of the counties of Tyrone and Armagh. -At the plantation of Ulster he received further grants of lands, -and among them 1000 acres called Ballydonnelly, or O’Donnelly’s -town, in the barony of Dungannon, on which, in 1614, -he commenced the erection of the mansion subsequently called -Castle-Caulfield. This mansion is described by Pynnar in his -Survey of Ulster in 1618-19, in the following words:—</p> - -<p>“Sir Toby Caulfield hath one thousand acres called Ballydonnell -[<i lang="la">recte</i> Ballydonnelly], whereunto is added beside what -was certified by Sir Josias Bodley, a fair house or castle, the -front whereof is eighty feet in length and twenty-eight feet -in breadth from outside to outside, two cross ends fifty feet -in length and twenty-eight feet in breadth: the walls are -five feet thick at the bottom, and four at the top, very good -cellars under ground, and all the windows are of hewn stone. -Between the two cross ends there goeth a wall, which is -eighteen feet high, and maketh a small court within the -building. This work at this time is but thirteen feet high, -and a number of men at work for the sudden finishing of it. -There is also a strong bridge over the river, which is of -lime and stone, with strong buttresses for the supporting of it. -And to this is joined a good water-mill for corn, all built -of lime and stone. This is at this time the fairest building -I have seen. Near unto this Bawne there is built a town, in -which there is fifteen English families, who are able to make -twenty men with arms.”</p> - -<p>The ruins of this celebrated mansion seem to justify the -opinion expressed by Pynnar, that it was the fairest building -he had seen, that is, in the counties of the plantation, for -there are no existing remains of any house erected by the -English or Scottish undertakers equal to it in architectural -style. It received, however, from the second Lord Charlemont, -the addition of a large gate-house with towers, and also -of a strong keep or donjon.</p> - -<p>From the ancient maps of Ulster of Queen Elizabeth’s time, -preserved in the State Paper Office, Castle-Caulfield appears -to have been erected on the site of a more ancient castle or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> -fort, called Fort O’Donallie, from the chief of the ancient Irish -family of O’Donghaile or O’Donnelly, whose residence it was, -previously to the confiscation of the northern counties; and -the small lake in its vicinity was called Lough O’Donallie. -This family of O’Donnelly were a distinguished branch of the -Kinel-Owen, or northern Hy-Niall race, of which the O’Neills -were the chiefs in the sixteenth century; and it was by one of -the former that the celebrated Shane or John O’Neill, surnamed -the proud, and who also bore the cognomen of Donghailach, -or the Donnellian, was fostered, as appears from the -following entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, at the -year 1531:—</p> - -<p>“Ballydonnelly was assaulted by Niall Oge, the son of Art, -who was the son of Con O’Neill. He demolished the castle, -and having made a prisoner of the son of O’Neill, who was -the foster-son of O’Donnelly, he carried him off, together with -several horses and the other spoils of the place.”</p> - -<p>We have felt it necessary to state the preceding facts relative -to the ancient history of Ballydonnelly, or Castle-Caulfield, -as it is now denominated, because an error of Pynnar’s, in -writing the ancient name as Ballydonnell—not Ballydonnelly, -as it should have been—has been copied by Lodge, -Archdall, and all subsequent writers; some of whom have -fallen into a still more serious mistake, by translating the -name as “the town of O’Donnell,” thus attributing the -ancient possession of the locality to a family to whom it -never belonged. That Ballydonnelly was truly, as we have -stated, the ancient name of the place, and that it was -the patrimonial residence of the chief of that ancient family, -previously to the plantation of Ulster, must be sufficiently -indicated by the authorities we have already adduced; -but if any doubt on this fact could exist, it would be -removed by the following passage in an unpublished Irish -MS. Journal of the Rebellion of 1641, in our own possession, -from which it appears that, as usual with the representatives -of the dispossessed Irish families on the breaking -out of that unhappy conflict, the chief of the O’Donnellys -seized upon the Castle-Caulfield mansion as of right his -own:—</p> - -<p>“October 1641. Lord Caulfield’s castle in Ballydonnelly -(<i lang="ga">Baile I Donghoile</i>) was taken by Patrick Moder (the gloomy) -O’Donnelly.”</p> - -<p>The Lord Charlemont, with his family, was at this time absent -from his home in command of the garrison of Charlemont, -and it was not his fate ever to see it afterwards; he -was treacherously captured in his fortress about the same -period by the cruel Sir Phelim O’Neill, and was barbarously -murdered while under his protection, if not, as seems the -fact, by his direction, on the 1st of March following. Nor -was this costly and fairest house of its kind in “the north” -ever after inhabited by any of his family; it was burned -in those unhappy “troubles,” and left the melancholy, though -picturesque memorial of sad events which we now see it.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE LAKE OF THE LOVERS,<br /> -<span class="smaller">A LEGEND OF LEITRIM.</span></h2> - -<p>How many lovely spots in this our beautiful country are -never embraced within those pilgrimages after the picturesque, -which numbers periodically undertake, rather to see what is -known to many, and therefore should be so to them, than to -visit nature, for her own sweet sake, in her more devious and -undistinguished haunts! For my part, I am well pleased that -the case stands thus. I love to think that I am treading upon -ground unsullied by the footsteps of the now numerous tribe -of mere professional peripatetics—that my eyes are wandering -over scenery, the freshness of which has been impaired by -no transfer to the portfolio of the artist or the tablets of the -poetaster: that, save the scattered rustic residents, there is -no human link to connect its memorials with the days of old, -and, save their traditionary legends, no story to tell of its -fortunes in ancient times. The sentiment is no doubt selfish -as well as anti-utilitarian; but then I must add that it is only -occasional, and will so far be pardoned by all who know how -delightful it is to take refuge in the indulgent twilight of tradition -from the rugged realities of recorded story. At all -events, a rambler in any of our old, and especially mountainous -tracts, will rarely lack abundant aliment for his thus modified -sense of beauty, sublimity, or antiquarian fascination; and scenes -have unexpectedly opened upon me in the solitudes of the hills -and lakes of some almost untrodden and altogether unwritten -districts, that have had more power to stir my spirit than the -lauded and typographed, the versified and pictured magnificence -of Killarney or of Cumberland, of Glendalough or of -Lomond. It may have been perverseness of taste, or the fitness -of mood, or the influence of circumstance, but I have -been filled with a feeling of the beautiful when wandering -among noteless and almost nameless localities to which I have -been a stranger, when standing amid the most boasted beauties -with the appliances of hand-book and of guide, with appetite -prepared, and sensibilities on the alert. It is I suppose -partly because the power of beauty being relative, a high -pitch of expectancy requires a proportionate augmentation of -excellence, and partly because the tincture of contrariety in -our nature ever inclines us to enact the perverse critic, when -called on to be the implicit votary. This in common with -most others I have often felt, but rarely more so than during -a casual residence some short time since among the little celebrated, -and therefore perhaps a little more charming, mountain -scenery of the county, which either has been, or might -be, called Leitrim of the Lakes; for a tract more pleasantly -diversified with well-set sheets of water, it would I think be -difficult to name. Almost every hill you top has its still and -solitary tarn, and almost every amphitheatre you enter, encompasses -its wild and secluded lake—not seldom bearing on -its placid bosom some little islet, linked with the generations -past, by monastic or castellated ruins, as its seclusion or its -strength may have invited the world-wearied anchorite to -contemplation, or the predatory chieftain to defence.</p> - -<p>On such a remote and lonely spot I lately chanced to alight, -in the course of a long summer day’s ramble among the heights -and hollows of that lofty range which for a considerable -space abuts upon the borders of Sligo and Roscommon. The -ground was previously unknown to me, and with all the zest -which novelty and indefiniteness can impart, I started staff -in hand with the early sun, and ere the mists had melted from -the purple heather of their cloud-like summits, was drawing -pure and balmy breath within the lonely magnificence of the -hills. About noon, as I was casting about for some pre-eminently -happy spot to fling my length for an hour or two’s repose, -I reached the crest of a long gradual ascent that had been -some time tempting me to look what lay beyond; and surely -enough I found beauty sufficient to dissolve my weariness, had -it been tenfold multiplied, and to allay my pulse, had it throbbed -with the vehemence of fever. An oblong valley girdled a -lovely lake on every side; here with precipitous impending -cliffs, and there with grassy slopes of freshest emerald that -seemed to woo the dimpling waters to lave their loving margins, -and, as if moved with a like impulse, the little wavelets -met the call with the gentle dalliance of their ebb and flow. -A small wooded island, with its fringe of willows trailing in -the water, stood about a furlong from the hither side, and in -the centre of its tangled brake, my elevation enabled me to -descry what I may call the remnants of a ruin—for so far had -it gone in its decay—here green, there grey, as the moss, the -ivy, or the pallid stains of time, had happened to prevail. A -wild duck, with its half-fledged clutch, floated fearless from -its sedgy shore. More remote, a fishing heron stood motionless -on a stone, intent on its expected prey; and the only other -animated feature in the quiet scene was a fisherman who had -just moored his little boat, and having settled his tackle, was -slinging his basket on his arm and turning upward in the direction -where I lay. I watched the old man toiling up the -steep, and as he drew nigh, hailed him, as I could not suffer -him to pass without learning at least the name, if it had one, -of this miniature Amhara. He readily complied, and placing -his fish-basket on the ground, seated himself beside it, not -unwilling to recover his breath and recruit his scanty stock -of strength almost expended in the ascent. “We call it,” -said he in answer to my query, “the Lake of the Ruin, or -sometimes, to such as know the story, the Lake of the Lovers, -after the two over whom the tombstone is placed inside yon -mouldering walls. It is an old story. My grandfather told -me, when a child, that he minded his grandfather telling it -to him, and for anything he could say, it might have come -down much farther. Had I time, I’d be proud to tell it to -your honour, who seems a stranger in these parts, for it’s not -over long; but I have to go to the Hall, and that’s five long -miles off, with my fish for dinner, and little time you’ll say I -have to spare, though it be down hill nearly all the way.” It -would have been too bad to allow such a well-met chronicler -to pass unpumped, and, putting more faith in the attractions -of my pocket than of my person, I produced on the instant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> -my luncheon-case and flask, and handing him a handsome -half of the contents of the former, made pretty sure of his -company for a time, by keeping the latter in my own possession -till I got him regularly launched in the story, when, to -quicken at once his recollection and his elocution, I treated -him to an inspiring draught. When he had told his tale, he -left me with many thanks for the refection; and I descending -to his boat, entered it, and with the aid of a broken oar contrived -to scull myself over to the island, the scene of the final -fortunes of Connor O’Rourke and Norah M’Diarmod, the -faithful-hearted but evil-fated pair who were in some sort perpetuated -in its name. There, in sooth, within the crumbled -walls, was the gravestone which covered the dust of him the -brave and her the beautiful; and seating myself on the fragment -of a sculptured capital, that showed how elaborately -reared the ruined edifice had been, I bethought me how poorly -man’s existence shows even beside the work of his own hands, -and endeavoured for a time to make my thoughts run parallel -with the history of this once-venerated but now forsaken, and, -save by a few, forgotten structure; but finding myself fail in -the attempt, settled my retrospect on that brief period wherein -it was identified with the two departed lovers whose story I -had just heard, and which, as I sat by their lowly sepulchre, -I again repeated to myself.</p> - -<p>This lake, as my informant told me, once formed a part of -the boundary between the possessions of O’Rourke the Left-handed -and M’Diarmod the Dark-faced, as they were respectively -distinguished, two small rival chiefs, petty in property -but pre-eminent in passion, to whom a most magnificent mutual -hatred had been from generations back “bequeathed from -bleeding sire to son”—a legacy constantly swelled by accruing -outrages, for their paramount pursuits were plotting each -other’s detriment or destruction, planning or parrying plundering -inroads, inflicting or avenging injuries by open violence -or secret subtlety, as seemed more likely to promote their -purposes. At the name of an O’Rourke, M’Diarmod would -clutch his battle-axe, and brandish it as if one of the detested -clan were within its sweep: and his rival, nothing behind in -hatred, would make the air echo to his deep-drawn imprecation -on M’Diarmod and all his abominated breed when any -thing like an opportunity was afforded him. Their retainers -of course shared the same spirit of mutual abhorrence, exaggerated -indeed, if that were possible, by their more frequent -exposure to loss in cattle and in crops, for, as is wont to be -the case, the cottage was incontinently ravaged when the -stronghold was prudentially respected. O’Rourke had a son, -an only one, who promised to sustain or even raise the reputation -of the clan, for the youth knew not what it was to -blench before flesh and blood—his feet were over foremost, in -the wolf-hunt or the foray, and in agility, in valour, or in -vigour, none within the compass of a long day’s travel could -stand in comparison with young Connor O’Rourke. Detestation -of the M’Diarmods had been studiously instilled from infancy, -of course; but although the youth’s cheek would flush -and his heart beat high when any perilous adventure was the -theme, yet, so far at least, it sprang more from the love of -prowess and applause than from the deadly hostility that -thrilled in the pulses of his father and his followers. In the -necessary intervals of forbearance, as in seed-time, harvest, or -other brief breathing-spaces, he would follow the somewhat -analogous and bracing pleasures of the chase; and often would -the wolf or the stag—for shaggy forests then clothed these -bare and desert hills—fall before his spear or his dogs, as he -fleetly urged the sport afoot. It chanced one evening that in -the ardour of pursuit he had followed a tough, long-winded -stag into the dangerous territory of M’Diarmod. The chase -had taken to the water of the lake, and he with his dogs had -plunged in after in the hope of heading it; but having failed -in this, and in the hot flush of a hunter’s blood scorning to -turn back, he pressed it till brought down within a few spear-casts -of the M’Diarmod’s dwelling. Proud of having killed -his venison under the very nose of the latter, he turned homeward -with rapid steps; for, the fire of the chase abated, he -felt how fatal would be the discovery of his presence, and was -thinking with complacency upon the wrath of the old chief on -hearing of the contemptuous feat, when his eye was arrested -by a white figure moving slowly in the shimmering mists of -nightfall by the margin of the lake. Though insensible to -the fear of what was carnal and of the earth, he was very far -from being so to what savoured of the supernatural, and, with -a slight ejaculation half of surprise and half of prayer, he was -about changing his course to give it a wider berth, when his -dogs espied it, and, recking little of the spiritual in its appearance, -bounded after it in pursuit. With a slight scream that -proclaimed it feminine as well as human, the figure fled, and -the youth had much to do both with legs and lungs to reach -her in time to preserve her from the rough respects of his ungallant -escort. Beautiful indignation lightened from the dark -eyes and sat on the pouting lip of Norah M’Diarmod—for it -was the chieftain’s daughter—as she turned disdainfully -towards him.</p> - -<p>“Is it the bravery of an O’Rourke to hunt a woman with -his dogs? Young chief, you stand upon the ground of M’Diarmod, -and your name from the lips of her”—she stopped, for -she had time to glance again upon his features, and had no -longer heart to upbraid one who owned a countenance so handsome -and so gallant, so eloquent of embarrassment as well as -admiration.</p> - -<p>Her tone of asperity and wounded pride declined into a murmur -of acquiescence as she hearkened to the apologies and deprecations -of the youth, whose gallantry and feats had so often -rung in her ears, though his person she had but casually seen, -and his voice she had never before heard. The case stood -similar with Connor. He had often listened to the praises of -Norah’s beauty; he had occasionally caught distant glimpses -of her graceful figure; and the present sight, or after recollection, -often mitigated his feelings to her hostile clan, and, to -his advantage, the rugged old chief was generally associated -with the lovely dark-eyed girl who was his only child.</p> - -<p>Such being their respective feelings, what could be the result -of their romantic rencounter? They were both young, -generous children of nature, with hearts fraught with the unhacknied -feelings of youth and inexperience: they had drunk -in sentiment with the sublimities of their mountain homes, and -were fitted for higher things than the vulgar interchange of -animosity and contempt. Of this they soon were conscious, -and they did not separate until the stars began to burn above -them, and not even then, before they had made arrangements -for at least another—one more secret interview. The islet -possessed a beautiful fitness for their trysting place, as being -accessible from either side, and little obnoxious to observation; -and many a moonlight meeting—for the <em>one</em> was inevitably -multiplied—had these children of hostile fathers, perchance on -the very spot on which my eyes now rested, and the unbroken -stillness around had echoed to their gladsome greetings or -their faltering farewells. Neither dared to divulge an intercourse -that would have stirred to frenzy the treasured rancour -of their respective parents, each of whom would doubtless -have preferred a connexion with a blackamoor—if such were -then in circulation—to their doing such grievous despite to -that ancient feud which as an heirloom had been transmitted -from ancestors whose very names they scarcely knew. M’Diarmod -the Dark-faced was at best but a gentle tiger even to his -only child; and though his stern cast-iron countenance would -now and then relax beneath her artless blandishments, yet -even with the lovely vision at his side, he would often grimly -deplore that she had not been a son, to uphold the name and -inherit the headship of the clan, which on his demise would -probably pass from its lineal course; and when he heard of -the bold bearing of the heir of O’Rourke, he thought he read -therein the downfall of the M’Diarmods when he their chief -was gone. With such ill-smothered feelings of discontent -he could not but in some measure repulse the filial regards of -Norah, and thus the confiding submission that would have -sprung to meet the endearments of his love, was gradually refused -to the inconsistencies of his caprice; and the maiden in -her intercourse with her proscribed lover rarely thought of -her father, except as one from whom it should be diligently -concealed.</p> - -<p>But unfortunately this was not to be. One of the night -marauders of his clan chanced in an evil hour to see Connor -O’Rourke guiding his coracle to the island, and at the same -time a cloaked female push cautiously from the opposite -shore for the same spot. Surprised, he crouched among the -fern till their landing and joyous greeting put all doubt of -their friendly understanding to flight; and then, thinking only -of revenge or ransom, the unsentimental scoundrel hurried -round the lake to M’Diarmod, and informed him that the son -of his mortal foe was within his reach. The old man leaped -from his couch of rushes at the thrilling news, and, standing -on his threshold, uttered a low gathering-cry, which speedily -brought a dozen of his more immediate retainers to his presence. -As he passed his daughter’s apartment, he for the -first time asked himself who can the woman be? and at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> -same moment almost casually glanced at Norah’s chamber, to -see that all there was quiet for the night. A shudder of vague -terror ran through his sturdy frame as his eye fell on the low -open window. He thrust in his head, but no sleeper drew -breath within; he re-entered the house and called aloud upon -his daughter, but the echo of her name was the only answer. -A kern coming up put an end to the search, by telling that -he had seen his young mistress walking down to the water’s -edge about an hour before, but that, as she had been in the -habit of doing so by night for some time past, he had thought -but little of it. The odious truth was now revealed, and, -trembling with the sudden gust of fury, the old chief with difficulty -rushed to the lake, and, filling a couple of boats with -his men, told them to pull for the honour of their name and -for the head of the O’Rourke’s first-born.</p> - -<p>During this stormy prelude to a bloody drama, the doomed -but unconscious Connor was sitting secure within the dilapidated -chapel by the side of her whom he had won. Her -quickened ear first caught the dip of an oar, and she told her -lover; but he said it was the moaning of the night-breeze -through the willows, or the ripple of the water among the -stones, and went on with his gentle dalliance. A few minutes, -however, and the shock of the keels upon the ground, the -tread of many feet, and the no longer suppressed cries of the -M’Diarmods, warned him to stand on his defence; and as he -sprang from his seat to meet the call, the soft illumination of -love was changed with fearful suddenness into the baleful -fire of fierce hostility.</p> - -<p>“My Norah, leave me; you may by chance be rudely handled -in the scuffle.”</p> - -<p>The terrified but faithful girl fell upon his breast.</p> - -<p>“Connor, your fate is mine; hasten to your boat, if it be -not yet too late.”</p> - -<p>An iron-shod hunting pole was his only weapon; and using -it with his right arm, while Norah hung upon his left, he -sprang without further parley through an aperture in the wall, -and made for the water. But his assailants were upon him, -the M’Diarmod himself with upraised battle-axe at their head.</p> - -<p>“Spare my father,” faltered Norah; and Connor, with a -mercifully directed stroke, only dashed the weapon from the -old man’s hand, and then, clearing a passage with a vigorous -sweep, accompanied with the well-known charging cry, before -which they had so often quailed, bounded through it to the -water’s brink. An instant, and with her who was now more -than his second self, he was once more in his little boat; but, -alas! it was aground, and so quickly fell the blows against -him, that he dare not adventure to shove it off. Letting -Norah slip from his hold, she sank backwards to the bottom -of the boat; and then, with both arms free, he redoubled his -efforts, and after a short but furious struggle succeeded in -getting the little skiff afloat. Maddened at the sight, the old -chief rushed breast-deep into the water; but his right arm -had been disabled by a casual blow, and his disheartened -followers feared, under the circumstances, to come within -range of that well-wielded club. But a crafty one among -them had already seized on a safer and surer plan. He had -clambered up an adjacent tree, armed with a heavy stone, and -now stood on one of the branches above the devoted boat, and -summoned him to yield, if he would not perish. The young -chief’s renewed exertions were his only answer.</p> - -<p>“Let him escape, and your head shall pay for it,” shouted -the infuriated father.</p> - -<p>The fellow hesitated. “My young mistress?”</p> - -<p>“There are enough here to save her, if I will it. Down -with the stone, or by the blood——”</p> - -<p>He needed not to finish the sentence, for down at the word -it came, striking helpless the youth’s right arm, and shivering -the frail timber of the boat, which filled at once, and all -went down. For an instant an arm re-appeared, feebly beating -the water in vain—it was the young chief’s broken one: -the other held his Norah in its embrace, as was seen by her -white dress flaunting for a few moments on and above the -troubled surface. The lake at this point was deep, and -though there was a rush of the M’Diarmods towards it, yet -in their confusion they were but awkward aids, and the fluttering -ensign that marked the fatal spot had sunk before they -reached it. The strength of Connor, disabled as he was by -his broken limb, and trammelled by her from whom even the -final struggle could not dissever him, had failed; and with -her he loved locked in his last embrace, they were after a -time recovered from the water, and laid side by side upon the -bank, in all their touching, though, alas, lifeless beauty! -Remorse reached the rugged hearts even of those who had so -ruthlessly dealt by them; and as they looked on their goodly -forms, thus cold and senseless by a common fate, the rudest -felt that it would be an impious and unpardonable deed to do -violence to their memory, by the separation of that union which -death itself had sanctified. Thus were they laid in one grave; -and, strange as it may appear, their fathers, crushed and subdued, -exhausted even of resentment by the overwhelming stroke—for -nothing can quell the stubborn spirit like the extremity of -sorrow—crossed their arms in amity over their remains, and -grief wrought the reconciliation which even centuries of time, -that great pacificator, had failed to do.</p> - -<p>The westering sun now warning me that the day was on -the wane, I gave but another look to the time-worn tombstone, -another sigh to the early doom of those whom it enclosed, -and then, with a feeling of regret, again left the little -island to its still, unshared, and pensive loneliness.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ANCIENT IRISH LITERATURE—No. IV.</h2> - -<p>The composition which we have selected as our fourth specimen -of the ancient literature of Ireland, is a poem, more remarkable, -perhaps, for its antiquity and historical interest, -than for its poetic merits, though we do not think it altogether -deficient in those. It is ascribed, apparently with truth, to -the celebrated poet Mac Liag, the secretary of the renowned -monarch Brian Boru, who, as our readers are aware, fell at -the battle of Clontarf in 1014; and the subject of it is a lamentation -for the fallen condition of Kincora, the palace of that -monarch, consequent on his death.</p> - -<p>The decease of Mac Liag, whose proper name was Muircheartach, -is thus recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters, -at the year 1015:—</p> - -<p>“Mac Liag, i. e. Muirkeartach, son of Conkeartach, at this -time laureate of Ireland, died.”</p> - -<p>A great number of his productions are still in existence; -but none of them have obtained a popularity so widely extended -as the poem before us.</p> - -<p>Of the palace of Kincora, which was situated on the banks -of the Shannon, near Killaloe, there are at present no vestiges.</p> - -<h3>LAMENTATION OF MAC LIAG FOR KINCORA.</h3> - -<p class="center irish">A Chinn-copath carthi Brian?</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Oh, where, Kincora! is Brian the Great?</div> -<div class="verse">And where is the beauty that once was thine?</div> -<div class="verse">Oh, where are the princes and nobles that sate</div> -<div class="verse">At the feast in thy halls, and drank the red wine?</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Where, oh, Kincora?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Oh, where, Kincora! are thy valorous lords?</div> -<div class="verse">Oh, whither, thou Hospitable! are they gone?</div> -<div class="verse">Oh, where are the Dalcassians of the Golden Swords?<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></div> -<div class="verse">And where are the warriors that Brian led on?</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Where, oh, Kincora?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And where is Morogh, the descendant of kings—</div> -<div class="verse">The defeater of a hundred—the daringly brave—</div> -<div class="verse">Who set but slight store by jewels and rings—</div> -<div class="verse">Who swam down the torrent and laughed at its wave?</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Where, oh, Kincora?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And where is Donogh, King Brian’s worthy son?</div> -<div class="verse">And where is Conaing, the Beautiful Chief?</div> -<div class="verse">And Kian, and Corc? Alas! they are gone—</div> -<div class="verse">They have left me this night alone with my grief!</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Left me, Kincora!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And where are the chiefs with whom Brian went forth,</div> -<div class="verse">The never-vanquished son of Evin the Brave,</div> -<div class="verse">The great King of Onaght, renowned for his worth,</div> -<div class="verse">And the hosts of Baskinn, from the western wave?</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Where, oh, Kincora?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Oh, where is Duvlann of the Swiftfooted Steeds?</div> -<div class="verse">And where is Kian, who was son of Molloy?</div> -<div class="verse">And where is King Lonergan, the fame of whose deeds</div> -<div class="verse">In the red battle-field no time can destroy?</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Where, oh, Kincora?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And where is that youth of majestic height,</div> -<div class="verse">The faith-keeping Prince of the Scots?—Even he,</div> -<div class="verse">As wide as his fame was, as great as was his might,</div> -<div class="verse">Was tributary, oh, Kincora, to me!</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Me, oh, Kincora!</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">They are gone, those heroes of royal birth,</div> -<div class="verse">Who plundered no churches, and broke no trust,</div> -<div class="verse">’Tis weary for me to be living on the earth</div> -<div class="verse">When they, oh, Kincora, lie low in the dust!</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Low, oh, Kincora!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Oh, never again will Princes appear,</div> -<div class="verse">To rival the Dalcassians of the Cleaving Swords!</div> -<div class="verse">I can never dream of meeting afar or anear,</div> -<div class="verse">In the east or the west, such heroes and lords!</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Never, Kincora!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Oh, dear are the images my memory calls up</div> -<div class="verse">Of Brian Boru!—how he never would miss</div> -<div class="verse">To give me at the banquet the first bright cup!</div> -<div class="verse">Ah! why did he heap on me honour like this?</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Why, oh, Kincora?</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">I am Mac Liag, and my home is on the Lake:</div> -<div class="verse">Thither often, to that palace whose beauty is fled,</div> -<div class="verse">Came Brian to ask me, and I went for his sake.</div> -<div class="verse">Oh, my grief! that I should live, and Brian be dead!</div> -<div class="verse indent12">Dead, oh, Kincora!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse right">M.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i lang="ga">Coolg n-or</i>, of the swords <em>of gold</em>, i. e. of the <em>gold-hilted</em> swords.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">COLUMN FOR THE YOUNG.<br /> -<span class="smaller">Biography of a mouse.</span></h2> - -<p>“Biography of a mouse!” cries the reader; “well, what -shall we have next?—what can the writer mean by offering -such nonsense for our perusal?” There is no creature, reader, -however insignificant and unimportant in the great scale of -creation it may appear to us, short-sighted mortals that we -are, which is forgotten in the care of our own common Creator; -not a sparrow falls to the ground unknown and unpermitted by -Him; and whether or not you may derive interest from the -biography even of a mouse, you will be able to form a better -judgment, after, than before, having read my paper.</p> - -<p>The mouse belongs to the class <i lang="la">Mammalia</i>, or the animals -which rear their young by suckling them; to the order <i lang="la">Rodentia</i>, -or animals whose teeth are adapted for <em>gnawing</em>; to the -genus <i lang="la">Mus</i>, or Rat kind, and the family of <i lang="la">Mus musculus</i>, or -domestic mouse. The mouse is a singularly beautiful little -animal, as no one who examines it attentively, and without prejudice, -can fail to discover. Its little body is plump and sleek; -its neck short; its head tapering and graceful; and its eyes -large, prominent, and sparkling. Its manners are lively and -interesting, its agility surprising, and its habits extremely -cleanly. There are several varieties of this little creature, -amongst which the best known is the common brown mouse -of our granaries and store-rooms; the Albino, or white -mouse, with red eyes; and the black and white mouse, which -is more rare and very delicate. I mention these as <em>varieties</em>, -for I think we may safely regard them as such, from the fact -of their propagating unchanged, preserving their difference -of hue to the fiftieth generation, and never accidentally occurring -amongst the offspring of differently coloured parents.</p> - -<p>It is of the white mouse that I am now about to treat, and it is -an account of a tame individual of that extremely pretty -variety that is designed to form the subject of my present -paper.</p> - -<p>When I was a boy of about sixteen, I got possession of a -white mouse; the little creature was very wild and unsocial -at first, but by dint of care and discipline I succeeded in rendering -it familiar. The principal agent I employed towards -effecting its domestication was a singular one, and which, -though I can assure the reader its effects are speedy and -certain, still remains to me inexplicable: this was, ducking -in cold water; and by resorting to this simple expedient, I -have since succeeded in rendering even the rat as tame and -as playful as a kitten. It is out of my power to explain the -manner in which <em>ducking</em> operates on the animal subjected to -it, but I wish that some physiologist more experienced than -I am would give his attention to the subject, and favour the -public with the result of his reflections.</p> - -<p>At the time that I obtained possession of this mouse, I was -residing at Olney, in Buckinghamshire, a village which I presume -my readers will recollect as connected with the names -of Newton and Cowper; but shortly after having succeeded -in rendering it pretty tame, circumstances required my removal -to Gloucester, whither I carried my little favourite -with me. During the journey I kept the mouse confined in -a small wire cage; but while resting at the inn where I passed -the night, I adopted the precaution of enveloping the cage in -a handkerchief, lest by some untoward circumstance its active -little inmate might make its escape. Having thus, as I -thought, made all safe, I retired to rest. The moment I -awoke in the morning, I sprang from my bed, and went to -examine the cage, when, to my infinite consternation, I found -it empty! I searched the bed, the room, raised the carpet, -examined every nook and corner, but all to no purpose. I -dressed myself as hastily as I could, and summoning one of -the waiters, an intelligent, good-natured man, I informed him -of my loss, and got him to search every room in the house. -His investigations, however, proved equally unavailing, and -I gave my poor little pet completely up, inwardly hoping, despite -of its ingratitude in leaving me, that it might meet with -some agreeable mate amongst its brown congeners, and might -lead a long and happy life, unchequered by the terrors of the -prowling cat, and unendangered by the more insidious artifices -of the fatal trap. With these reflections I was just getting -into the coach which was to convey me upon my road, -when a waiter came running to the door, out of breath, exclaiming, -“Mr R., Mr R., I declare your little mouse is in the -kitchen.” Begging the coachman to wait an instant, I -followed the man to the kitchen, and there, on the hob, seated -contentedly in a pudding dish, and devouring its contents with -considerable <i lang="fr">gout</i>, was my truant protegé. Once more secured -within its cage, and the latter carefully enveloped in a -sheet of strong brown paper, upon my knee, I reached -Gloucester.</p> - -<p>I was here soon subjected to a similar alarm, for one morning -the cage was again empty, and my efforts to discover the -retreat of the wanderer unavailing as before. This time I -had lost him for a week, when one night, in getting into bed, -I heard a scrambling in the curtains, and on relighting my -candle found the noise to have been occasioned by my mouse, -who seemed equally pleased with myself at our reunion. After -having thus lost and found my little friend a number of times, -I gave up the idea of confining him; and, accordingly, leaving -the door of his cage open, I placed it in a corner of my -bedroom, and allowed him to go in and out as he pleased. Of -this permission he gladly availed himself, but would regularly -return to me at intervals of a week or a fortnight, and at -such periods of return he was usually much thinner than ordinary; -and it was pretty clear that during his visits to his -brown acquaintances he fared by no means so well as he did -at home.</p> - -<p>Sometimes, when he happened to return, as he often did, in -the night-time, on which occasions his general custom was to -come into bed to me, I used, in order to induce him to remain -with me until morning, to immerse him in a basin of water, -and then let him lie in my bosom, the warmth of which, after -his cold bath, commonly ensured his stay.</p> - -<p>Frequently, while absent on one of his excursions, I would -hear an unusual noise in the wainscot, as I lay in bed, of dozens -of mice running backwards and forwards in all directions, -and squeaking in much apparent glee. For some time I was -puzzled to know whether this unusual disturbance was the result -of merriment or quarrelling, and I often trembled for the -safety of my pet, alone and unaided, among so many strangers. -But a very interesting circumstance occurred one morning, -which perfectly reassured me. It was a bright summer morning, -about four o’clock, and I was lying awake, reflecting as -to the propriety of turning on my pillow to take another sleep, -or at once rising, and going forth to enjoy the beauties of -awakening nature. While thus meditating, I heard a slight -scratching in the wainscot, and looking towards the spot -whence the noise proceeded, perceived the head of a mouse -peering from a hole. It was instantly withdrawn, but a -second was thrust forth. This latter I at once recognised as -my own white friend, but so begrimed by soot and dirt that -it required an experienced eye to distinguish him from his -darker-coated entertainers. He emerged from the hole, and -running over to his cage, entered it, and remained for a couple -of seconds within it; he then returned to the wainscot, and, -re-entering the hole, some scrambling and squeaking took -place. A second time he came forth, and on this occasion -was followed closely, to my no small astonishment, by a brown -mouse, who followed him, with much apparent timidity and -caution, to his box, and entered it along with him. More -astonished at this singular proceeding than I can well express, -I lay fixed in mute and breathless attention, to see what would -follow next. In about a minute the two mice came forth from -the cage, each bearing in its mouth a large piece of bread,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> -which they dragged towards the hole they had previously left. -On arriving at it, they entered, but speedily re-appeared, -having deposited their burden; and repairing once more to -the cage, again loaded themselves with provision, and conveyed -it away. This second time they remained within the -hole for a much longer period than the first time; and when -they again made their appearance, they were attended by three -other mice, who, following their leaders to the cage, loaded -themselves with bread as did they, and carried away their -burdens to the hole. After this I saw them no more that -morning, and on rising I discovered that they had carried -away every particle of food that the cage contained. Nor -was this an isolated instance of their white guest leading -them forth to where he knew they should find provender. Day -after day, whatever bread or grain I left in the cage was regularly -removed, and the duration of my pet’s absence was -proportionately long. Wishing to learn whether hunger was -the actual cause of his return, I no longer left food in his box; -and in about a week afterwards, on awaking one morning, I -found him sleeping upon the pillow, close to my face, having -partly wormed his way under my cheek.</p> - -<p>There was a cat in the house, an excellent mouser, and I -dreaded lest she should one day meet with and destroy my -poor mouse, and I accordingly used all my exertions with those -in whose power it was, to obtain her dismissal. She was, -however, regarded by those persons as infinitely better entitled -to protection and patronage than a mouse, so I was -compelled to put up with her presence. People are fond of -imputing to cats a supernatural degree of sagacity: they will -sometimes go so far as to pronounce them to be genuine -<em>witches</em>; and really I am scarcely surprised at it, nor perhaps -will the reader be, when I tell him the following anecdote.</p> - -<p>I was one day entering my apartment, when I was filled -with horror at perceiving my mouse picking up some crumbs -upon the carpet, beneath the table, and the terrible cat seated -upon a chair watching him with what appeared to me to be -an expression of sensual anticipation and concentrated desire. -Before I had time to interfere, Puss sprang from her chair, -and bounded towards the mouse, who, however, far from being -terrified at the approach of his natural enemy, scarcely so -much as favoured her with a single look. Puss raised her paw -and dealt him a gentle tap, when, judge of my astonishment -if you can, the little mouse, far from running away, or betraying -any marks of fear, raised himself on his legs, cocked his tail, -and with a shrill and angry squeak, with which any that have -kept tame mice are well acquainted, sprang at and positively -<em>bit</em> the paw which had struck him. I was paralysed. I could -not jump forward to the rescue. I was, as it were, petrified -where I stood. But, stranger than all, the cat, instead of -appearing irritated, or seeming to design mischief, merely -stretched out her nose and smelt at her diminutive assailant, -and then resuming her place upon the chair, purred herself -to sleep. I need not say that I immediately secured the mouse -within his cage. Whether the cat on this occasion knew the -little animal to be a pet, and as such feared to meddle with -it, or whether its boldness had disarmed her, I cannot pretend -to explain: I merely state the fact; and I think the reader -will allow that it is sufficiently extraordinary.</p> - -<p>In order to guard against such a dangerous encounter for -the future, I got a more secure cage made, of which the bars -were so close as to preclude the possibility of egress; and -singularly enough, many a morning was I amused by beholding -brown mice coming from their holes in the wainscot, -and approaching the cage in which their friend was kept, as -if in order to condole with him on the subject of his unwonted -captivity. Secure, however, as I conceived this new cage to -be, my industrious pet contrived to make his escape from it, -and in doing so met his death. In my room was a large -bureau, with deep, old-fashioned, capacious drawers. Being -obliged to go from home for a day, I put the cage containing -my little friend into one of these drawers, lest any one should -attempt to meddle with it during my absence. On returning, -I opened the drawer, and just as I did so, heard a faint -squeak, and at the same instant my poor little pet fell from -the back of the drawer—lifeless. I took up his body, and, -placing it in my bosom, did my best to restore it to animation. -Alas! it was to no purpose. His little body had been crushed -in the crevice at the back part of the drawer, through which -he had been endeavouring to escape, and he was really and -irrecoverably gone.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Note on the Feeding, &c., of White Mice.</span>—Such -of my juvenile readers as may be disposed to make a pet of -one of these interesting little animals, would do well to observe -the following rules:—Clean the cage out daily, and -keep it dry; do not keep it in too cold a place; in winter it -should be kept in a room in which there is a fire. Feed the -mice on bread steeped in milk, having first squeezed the milk -out, as too moist food is bad for them. Never give them -cheese, as it is apt to produce fatal disorders, though the -more hardy brown mice eat it with impunity. If you want to -give them a treat, give them grains of wheat or barley, or -if these are not to be procured, oats or rice. A little tin box -of water should be constantly left in their cage, but securely -fixed, so that they cannot overturn it. Let the wires be not -too slight, or too long, otherwise the little animals will easily -squeeze themselves between them, and let them be of iron, -never of copper, as the animals are fond of nibbling at them, -and the rust of the latter, or <em>verdigris</em>, would quickly poison -them. White mice are to be procured at most of the bird-shops -in Patrick’s Close, Dublin; of the wire-workers and -bird-cage makers in Edinburgh; and from all the animal -fanciers in London, whose residences are to be found chiefly -on the New Road and about Knightsbridge. Their prices -vary from one shilling to two-and-sixpence per pair, according -to their age and beauty.</p> - -<p class="right">H. D. R.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE PROFESSIONS.</h2> - -<p>If what are called the liberal professions could speak, they -would all utter the one cry, “we are overstocked;” and echo -would reply “overstocked.” This has long been a subject of -complaint, and yet nobody seems inclined to mend the matter -by making any sacrifice on his own part—just as in a crowd, -to use a familiar illustration, the man who is loudest in exclaiming -“dear me, what pressing and jostling people do keep -here!” never thinks of lightening the pressure by withdrawing -his own person from the mass. There is, however, an -advantage to be derived from the utterance and reiteration of -the complaint, if not by those already in the press, at least by -those who are still happily clear of it.</p> - -<p>There are many “vanities and vexations of spirit” under -the sun, but this evil of professional redundancy seems to be -one of very great magnitude. It involves not merely an outlay -of much precious time and substance to no purpose, but in most -cases unfits those who constitute the “excess” from applying -themselves afterwards to other pursuits. Such persons are -the primary sufferers; but the community at large participates -in the loss.</p> - -<p>It cannot but be interesting to inquire to what this tendency -may be owing, and what remedy it might be useful to apply -to the evil. Now, it strikes me that the great cause is the exclusive -attention which people pay to the great prizes, and -their total inconsideration of the number of blanks which accompany -them. Life itself has been compared to a lottery; -but in some departments the scheme may be so particularly -bad, that it is nothing short of absolute gambling to purchase -a share in it. So it is in the professions. A few arrive at -great eminence, and these few excite the envy and admiration -of all beholders; but they are only a few compared with the -number of those who linger in the shade, and, however anxious -to enjoy the sport, never once get a rap at the ball.</p> - -<p>Again, parents are apt to look upon the mere name of a -profession as a provision for their children. They calculate -all the expenses of general education, professional education, -and then of admission to “liberty to practise;” and finding -all these items amount to a tolerably large sum, they conceive -they have bestowed an ample portion on the son who has cost -them “thus much monies.” But unfortunately they soon learn -by experience that the elevation of a profession, great as it is, -does not always possess that homely recommendation of causing -the “pot to boil,” and that the individual for whom this costly -provision has been made, cannot be so soon left to shift for -himself. Here then is another cause of this evil, namely, that -people do not adequately and fairly calculate the whole cost.</p> - -<p>Of our liberal professions, the army is the only one that -yields a certain income as the produce of the purchase money, -But in these “piping times of peace,” a private soldier in the -ranks might as well attempt to verify the old song, and</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Spend half a crown out of sixpence a-day,”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>as an ensign to pay mess-money and band-money, and all other -regulation monies, keep himself in dress coat and epaulettes, -and all the other et ceteras, upon his mere pay. The thing -cannot be done. To live in any comfort in the army, a subaltern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> -should have an income from some other source, equal -at least in amount to that which he receives through the -hands of the paymaster. The army is, in fact, an expensive -profession, and of all others the least agreeable to one who is -prevented, by circumscribed means, from doing as his brother -officers do. Yet the mistake of venturing to meet all -these difficulties is not unfrequently admitted, with what vain -expectation it is needless to inquire. The usual result is such -as one would anticipate, namely, that the rash adventurer, -after incurring debts, or putting his friends to unlooked-for -charges, is obliged after a short time to sell out, -and bid farewell for ever to the unprofitable profession of -arms.</p> - -<p>It would be painful to dwell upon the situation of those who -enter other professions without being duly prepared to wait -their turn of employment. It is recognised as a poignantly -applicable truth in the profession of the bar, that “many are -called but few are chosen;” but with very few and rare exceptions -indeed, the necessity of <em>biding</em> the time is certain. -In the legal and medical professions there is no fixed income, -however small, insured to the adventurer; and unless his -circle of friends and connections be very wide and serviceable -indeed, he should make up his mind for a procrastinated return -and a late harvest. But how many from day to day, and -from year to year, do launch their bark upon the ocean, -without any such prudent foresight! The result therefore -is, that vast proportion of disastrous voyages and shipwrecks -of which we hear so constantly.</p> - -<p>Such is the admitted evil—it is granted on all sides. The -question is, what is to be done?—what is the remedy? Now, -the remedy for an overstocked profession very evidently is, -that people should forbear to enter it. I am no Malthusian -on the subject of population: I desire no unnatural checks -upon the increase and multiplication of her Majesty’s subjects; -but I should like to drain off a surplus from certain situations, -and turn off the in-flowing stream into more profitable channels. -I would advise parents, then, to leave the choice of a -liberal profession to those who are able to live without one. -Such parties can afford to wait for advancement, however -long it may be in coming, or to bear up against disappointment, -if such should be their lot. With such it is a safe speculation, -and they may be left to indulge in it, if they think -proper. With others it is not so. But it will be asked, what -is to be done with the multitudes who would be diverted from -the professions, if this advice were acted upon? I answer, -that the money unprofitably spent upon their education, and -in fees of admission to these expensive pursuits, would insure -them a “good location” and a certain provision for life in -Canada, or some of the colonies; and that any honourable -occupation which would yield a competency ought to be preferred -to “professions” which, however “liberal,” hold out -to the many but a very doubtful prospect of that result.</p> - -<p>It is much to be regretted that there is a prevalent notion -among certain of my countrymen that “trade” is not a “genteel” -thing, and that it must be eschewed by those who have -any pretensions to fashion. This unfortunate, and I must -say unsound state of opinion, contributes also, I fear, in no -small degree, to that professional redundancy of which we -have been speaking. The supposed absolute necessity of a -high classical education is a natural concomitant of this opinion. -All our schools therefore are eminently classical. The -University follows, as a matter of course, and then the -University leads to a liberal profession, as surely as one step -of a ladder conducts to another. Thus the evil is nourished -at the very root. Now, I would take the liberty of advising -those parents who may concur with me in the main point of -over-supply in the professions, to begin at the beginning, and -in the education of their children, to exchange this superabundance -of Greek and Latin for the less elegant but more -useful accomplishment of “ciphering.” I am disposed to -concur with that facetious but shrewd fellow, Mr Samuel -Slick, upon the inestimable advantages of that too much neglected -art—neglected, I mean, in our country here, Ireland. -He has demonstrated that they do every thing by it in the -States, and that without it they could do nothing. With the -most profound respect to my countrymen, then, I would earnestly -recommend them to cultivate it. But it may perhaps -be said that there is no encouragement to mercantile pursuits -in Ireland, and that if there were, there would be no necessity -for me to recommend “ciphering” and its virtues to the people. -To this I answer, that merchandize offers its prizes to the -ingenious and venturous much rather than to those who wait -for a “highway” to be made for them. If people were -resolved to live by trade, I think they would contrive to do -so—many more, at least, than at present operate successfully -in that department. If more of education, and more of mind, -were turned in that direction, new sources of profitable industry, -at present unthought of, would probably discover themselves. -Much might be said on this subject, but I shall not -enter further into the speculation, quite satisfied if I have -thrown out a hint which may be found capable of improvement -by others.</p> - -<p class="right">F.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">GEESE.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY MARTIN DOYLE.</span></h2> - -<p>The rearing of geese might be more an object of attention to -our small farmers and labourers in the vicinity of bogs and -mountain tracts than it is.</p> - -<p>The general season for the consumption of fat geese is from -Michaelmas to Christmas, and the high prices paid for them -in the English markets—to which they can be so rapidly conveyed -from many parts of Ireland—appear to offer sufficient -temptation to the speculator who has the capital and accommodation -necessary for fattening them.</p> - -<p>A well-organized system of feeding this hardy and nutritious -species of poultry, in favourable localities, would give a -considerable impulse to the rearing of them, and consequently -promote the comforts of many poor Irish families, who under -existing circumstances do not find it worth while to rear them -except in very small numbers.</p> - -<p>I am led to offer a few suggestions on this subject from -having ascertained that in the Fens of Lincolnshire, notwithstanding -a great decrease there in the breeding of geese from -extensive drainage, one individual, Mr Clarke of Boston, fattens -every year, between Michaelmas and Christmas, the -prodigious number of seven thousand geese, and that another -dealer at Spalding prepares for the poultry butcher nearly as -many: these they purchase in lots from the farmers’ wives.</p> - -<p>Perhaps a few details of the Lincolnshire practice may be -acceptable to some of the readers of this Journal:—</p> - -<p>The farmers in the Fens keep breeding stocks proportioned -to the extent of suitable land which they can command; and -in order to insure the fertility of the eggs, they allow one -gander to three geese, which is a higher proportion of males -than is deemed necessary elsewhere. The number of goslings -in each brood averages about ten, which, allowing for all casualties, -is a considerable produce.</p> - -<p>There have been extraordinary instances of individual fecundity, -on which, however, it would be as absurd for any -goose-breeder to calculate, as it is proverbially unwise to reckon -chickens before they are hatched; and this fruitfulness is only -attainable by constant feeding with stimulating food through -the preceding winter.</p> - -<p>A goose has been known to lay seventy eggs within twelve -months, twenty-six in the spring, before the time of incubation, -and (after bringing out seventeen goslings) the remainder -by the end of the year.</p> - -<p>The white variety is preferred to the grey or party-coloured, -as the birds of this colour feed more kindly, and their feathers -are worth three shillings a stone more than the others: the -quality of the land, however, on which the breeding stock is -to be maintained, decides this matter, generally strong land -being necessary for the support of the white or larger kind. -Under all circumstances a white gander is preferred, in order -to have a large progeny. It has been remarked, but I know -not if with reason, that ganders are more frequently white -than the females.</p> - -<p>To state all the particulars of hatching and rearing would -be superfluous, and mere repetition of what is contained in -the various works on poultry. I shall merely state some of -the peculiarities of the practice in the county of Lincoln.</p> - -<p>When the young geese are brought up at different periods -by the great dealers, they are put into pens together, according -to their age, size, and condition, and fed on steamed potatoes -and ground oats, in the ratio of one measure of oats -to three of potatoes. By unremitting care as to cleanliness, -pure water, and constant feeding, these geese are fattened in -about three weeks, at an average cost of one penny per day -each.</p> - -<p>The <em>cramming</em> system, either by the fingers or the forcing -pump, described by French writers, with the accompanying -barbarities of blinding, nailing the feet to the floor, or confinement -in perforated casks or earthen pots (as is said to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> -be the case sometimes in Poland), are happily unknown in -Lincolnshire, and I may add throughout England, with one -exception—the nailing of the feet to boards. The unequivocal -proofs of this may occasionally, but very rarely, be seen in -the geese brought into the London markets: these, however, -may possibly be imported ones, though I fear they are not so.</p> - -<p>The Lincolnshire dealers do not give any of those rich -greasy pellets of barley meal and hot liquor, which always -spoil the flavour, to their geese, as they well know that oats -is the best feeding for them; barley, besides being more expensive, -renders the flesh loose and insipid, and rather <em>chickeny</em> -in flavour.</p> - -<p>Every point of economy on this subject is matter of great -moment, on the vast scale pursued by Mr Clarke, who pays -seven hundred pounds a-year for the mere conveyance of his -birds to the London market; a fact which gives a tolerable -notion of the great extent of capital employed in this business, -the extent of which is scarcely conceivable by my agricultural -countrymen.</p> - -<p>Little cost, however, is incurred by those who breed the -geese, as the stock are left to provide for themselves, except -in the laying season, and in feeding the goslings until they are -old enough to eat grass or feed on the stubbles. I have no -doubt, however, that the cramp would be less frequently -experienced, if solid food were added to the grass, when -the geese are turned out to graze, although Mr Clarke attributes -the cramp, as well as gout and fever, to too close confinement -alone. This opinion does not correspond with my -far more limited observation, which leads me to believe that -the cramp attacks goslings most frequently when they are at -large, and left to shift for themselves on green food alone, -and that of the poorest kind. I should think it good economy -to give them, and the old stagers too, all spare garden vegetables, -for loss of condition is prejudicial to them as well as -to other animals. Mr Cobbett used to fatten his young geese, -from June to October, on Swedish turnips, carrots, white -cabbages, or lettuces, with some corn.</p> - -<p>Swedish turnips no doubt will answer very well, but not so -well as farinaceous potatoes, when immediate profit is the -object. The experience of such an extensive dealer as Mr -Clarke is worth volumes of theory and conjecture as to the -mode of feeding, and he decides in favour of potatoes and -oats.</p> - -<p>The treatment for cramp and fever in Lincolnshire is bleeding—I -know not if it be hazarded in gout—but as it is not -successful in the cases of cramp in one instance out of twenty, -it may be pronounced inefficacious.</p> - -<p>I have had occasion lately to remark in this Journal on the -general disinclination in England to the barbarous custom of -plucking geese alive. In Lincolnshire, however, they do so -with the breeding stock three times in the year, beginning at -midsummer, and repeating the operation twice afterwards, at -intervals of six weeks between the operations.</p> - -<p>The practice is defended on the plea, that if the feathers be -matured, the geese are better for it, while it is of course admitted -that the birds must be injured more or less—according -to the handling by the pluckers—if the feathers be not -ripe. But as birds do not moult three times in the year, I do -not understand how it should be correctly said that the feathers -<em>can</em> be ripe on these three occasions. How does nature -suggest the propriety of stripping the feathers so often? -Where great numbers are kept, the loss by allowing the feathers -to drop on the ground would be serious, and on this -account alone can even one stripping be justified.</p> - -<p>In proof of the general opinion that the goose is extremely -long-lived, we have many recorded facts; among them the -following:—“In 1824 there was a goose living in the possession -of Mr Hewson of Glenham, near Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, -which was then upwards of a century old. It had been -throughout that term in the constant possession of Mr Hewson’s -forefathers and himself, and on quitting his farm he -would not suffer it to be sold with his other stock, but made -a present of it to the in-coming tenant, that the venerable -fowl might terminate its career on the spot where its useful -life had been spent such a length of days.”</p> - -<p>The taste which has long prevailed among gourmands for -the liver of a goose, and has led to the enormous cruelties exercised -in order to cause its enlargement by rendering the -bird diseased in that organ through high and forced feeding -in a warm temperature and close confinement, is well known; -but I doubt if many are aware of the influence of <em>charcoal</em> in -producing an unnatural state of the liver.</p> - -<p>I had read of charcoal being put into a trough of water to -sweeten it for geese when cooped up; but from a passage in -a recent work by Liebig it would appear that the charcoal -acts not as a sweetener of the water, but in another way on -the constitution of the goose.</p> - -<p>I am tempted to give the extract from its novelty:—“The -production of flesh and fat may be artificially increased: all -domestic animals, for example, contain much fat. We give -food to animals which increases the activity of certain organs, -and is itself capable of being transformed into fat. We add -to the quantity of food, or we lessen the progress of respiration -and perspiration by preventing motion. The conditions -necessary to effect this purpose in birds are different from -those in quadrupeds; and it is well known that charcoal powder -produces such an excessive growth in the liver of a goose -as at length causes the death of the animal.”</p> - -<p>We are much inferior to the English in the art of preparing -poultry for the market; and this is the more to be regretted -in the instance of geese, especially as we can supply -potatoes—which I have shown to be the chief material of -their fattening food—at half their cost in many parts of England. -This advantage alone ought to render the friends of -our agricultural poor earnest in promoting the rearing and -fattening of geese in localities favourable for the purpose.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">IRISH MANUFACTURES.</h2> - -<p>The encouragement of our native manufactures is now a general -topic of conversation and interest, and we hope the present -excitement of the public mind on this subject will be productive -of permanent good. We also hope that the encouragement -proposed to be given to articles of Irish manufacture -will be extended to the productions of the head as well -as to those of the hands; that the manufacturer of Irish wit and -humour will be deemed worthy of support as well as those of -silks, woollens, or felts; and, that Irishmen shall venture to -estimate the value of Irish produce for themselves, without -waiting as heretofore till they get “the London stamp” upon -them, as our play-going people of old times used to do in -the case of the eminent Irish actors.</p> - -<p>We are indeed greatly inclined to believe that our Irish -manufactures are rising in estimation in England, from the -fact which has come to our knowledge that many thousands -of our Belfast hams are sold annually at the other side of the -water as genuine Yorkshire, and also that many of those Belfast -hams with the Yorkshire stamp find their way back into -“Ould Ireland,” and are bought as English by those who would -despise them as Irish. Now, we should like our countrymen -not to be gulled in this way, but depend upon their own judgment -in the matter of hams, and in like manner in the matter of articles -of Irish literary manufacture, without waiting for the London -stamp to be put on them. The necessity for such discrimination -and confidence in their own judgment exists equally in -hams and literature. Thus certain English editors approve -so highly of our articles in the Irish Penny Journal, that they -copy them by wholesale, not only without acknowledgment, -but actually do us the favour to father them as their own! -As an example of this patronage, we may refer to a recent -number of the Court Gazette, in which its editor has been -entertaining his aristocratic readers with a little piece of -<i lang="fr">badinage</i> from our Journal, expressly written for us, and entitled -“A short chapter on Bustles,” but which he gives as -written for the said Court Gazette! Now, this is really very -considerate and complimentary, and we of course feel grateful. -But, better again, we find our able and kind friend the -editor of the <cite>Monitor</cite> and <cite>Irishman</cite>, presenting, no doubt -inadvertently, this very article to his Irish readers a few -weeks ago—not even as an Irish article that had got the London -stamp upon it, but as actually one of true British manufacture—the -produce of the Court Gazette.</p> - -<p>Now, in perfect good humour, we ask our friend, as such -we have reason to consider him, could he not as well have copied -this article from our own Journal, and given us the credit of -it—and would it not be worthy of the consistency and patriotism -of the <cite>Irishman</cite>, who writes so ably in the cause of Irish -manufactures, to extend his support, as far as might be compatible -with truth and honesty, to the native literature of -Ireland?</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Sold -by all Booksellers.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -28, January 9, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JAN 9, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 54624-h.htm or 54624-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/2/54624/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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