diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-0.txt | 1991 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-0.zip | bin | 35254 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h.zip | bin | 624374 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/54609-h.htm | 2297 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 94015 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/fig_1.jpg | bin | 90085 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/fig_2.jpg | bin | 72211 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/fig_3.jpg | bin | 73322 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/fig_4.jpg | bin | 81101 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/fig_5.jpg | bin | 86066 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/fig_6.jpg | bin | 65528 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54609-h/images/fig_7.jpg | bin | 94303 -> 0 bytes |
15 files changed, 17 insertions, 4288 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e7752f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54609 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54609) diff --git a/old/54609-0.txt b/old/54609-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 759e0bd..0000000 --- a/old/54609-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1991 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, No. -1, November 1915, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, No. 1, November 1915 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: April 26, 2017 [EBook #54609] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, NOV 1915 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - - - - - NOVEMBER, - Volume XVI. 1915 Number 1. - - The Ohio - - Journal of Science - - (Continuation of The Ohio Naturalist) - - Official Organ of the - - OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY - - and of the - - OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE - - COLUMBUS, OHIO - - Annual Subscription Price, $2.00 Single Number, 30 Cents - - Entered at the Post-Office at Columbus, Ohio, as Second-Class Matter. - - - - - THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - - PUBLISHED BY THE - - Ohio State University Scientific Society - - Issued Monthly during the Academic Year, - from November to June (eight numbers). - - OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE - - Subscription Price: $2.00 per Year, payable in advance; - to Foreign Countries, $2.50. - Single Copies, 30 Cents. - - Editor, JOHN H. SCHAFFNER - Associate Editor, JAMES S. HINE - Associate Editor, FREDERICK W. IVES - - - EDITORIAL BOARD - - J. F. LYMAN Agricultural Chemistry - F. W. IVES Agricultural Engineering - A. G. MCCALL Agronomy - F. L. LANDACRE Anatomy - J. H. SCHAFFNER Botany - CARL B. HARROP Ceramic Engineering - JAS. R. WITHROW Chemistry - F. H. ENO Civil Engineering - N. W. SCHERER Forestry - C. S. PROSSER Geology - V. H. DAVIS Horticulture - W. A. KNIGHT Industrial Arts - C. J. WEST Mathematics - HORACE JUDD Mechanical Engineering - JONATHAN FORMAN Pathology - F. C. BLAKE Physics - R. J. SEYMOUR Physiology (General) - CLAYTON MCPEEK Physiology (Medical) - E. R. HAYHURST Public Health & Sanitation - J. S. HINE Zoology and Entomology - -The OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE is owned and controlled by the Ohio State -University Scientific Society. By a special arrangement with the -Ohio Academy of Science, the OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE is sent without -additional expense to all members of the Academy who are not in arrears -for annual dues. - -The first fifteen volumes of the old OHIO NATURALIST may be -obtained at $1.00 per volume. - -Remittances of all kinds should be made payable to the Business -Manager, J. S. HINE. - - Address =The Ohio Journal of Science= Ohio State University, - COLUMBUS - - =Ohio Academy of Science Publications=. - - First and Second Annual Reports Price 30 cts. each - Third and Fourth Annual Reports Price 25 cts. each - Fifth to Sixteenth Annual Reports Price 20 cts. each - Seventeenth Annual Report Price 40 cts. each - - - SPECIAL PAPERS. - - 1. Sandusky Flora. pp. 107. E. L. MOSELEY 60 cts. - 2. The Odonata of Ohio. pp. 116. DAVID S. KELLICOTT 60 cts. - 3. The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio. pp. 75. W. G. TIGHT, - J. A. BOWNOCKER, J. H. TODD and GERARD FOWKE 50 cts. - 4. The Fishes of Ohio. pp. 105. RAYMOND C. OSBURN 60 cts. - 5. Tabanidæ of Ohio. pp. 63. JAMES S. HINE 50 cts. - 6. The Birds of Ohio. pp. 241. LYNDS JONES 75 cts. - 7. Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie. pp. 96. - THOMAS A. BONSER 50 cts. - 8. The Coccidæ of Ohio, i. pp. 66. JAMES G. SANDERS 50 cts. - 9. Batrachians and Reptiles of Ohio. pp. 54. MAX MORSE 50 cts. - 10. Ecological Study of Brush Lake. pp. 20. J. H. SCHAFFNER, - OTTO E. JENNINGS, FRED J. TYLER 35 cts. - 11. The Willows of Ohio. pp. 60. ROBERT F. GRIGGS 50 cts. - 12. Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Ohio. pp. 35. V. STERKJ 50 cts. - 13. The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. F. L. LANDACRE 60 cts. - 14. Discomycetes in the Vicinity of Oxford, Ohio. pp. 54. - FREDA M. BACHMAN 50 cts. - 15. Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory. pp. 122. - JOHN H. SCHAFFNER 75 cts. - 16. The Pteridophytes of Ohio. pp. 41. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER 50 cts. - 17. Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. pp. 65. W. C. MORSE 60 cts. - 18. The Agaricaceæ of Ohio. pp. 116. W. G. STOVER 75 cts. - 19. An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. pp. 138. - FREDERICA DETMERS 75 cts. - - Address: C. W. REEBE, Librarian, Ohio Academy of Science. - Library, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. - - - - -THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - -PUBLISHED BY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY - - VOLUME XVI NOVEMBER, 1915 NO. 1 - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - INTRODUCTORY 1 - LORD—The Making of a Photographic Objective 3 - TRANSEAU—Notes on the Zygnemales 17 - Organization of the Ohio State University Scientific Society 32 - - -INTRODUCTORY. - -Fifteen years ago the Biological Club of the Ohio State University -began publishing THE OHIO NATURALIST. This Journal has had a continuous -existence and has been an important medium in advancing the knowledge -of the natural history of the state. A number of years ago the -NATURALIST became the official organ of the Ohio Academy of Science -and was thus sent to every member of the Academy. At that time the -Ohio Academy was largely composed of Biologists and Geologists, but -has now widened its scope to include Physicists, Mathematicians, and -others. It was, therefore, thought desirable by many that the scope of -the NATURALIST should be enlarged so as to make it representative of -all of the activities of the Academy. In accordance with this desire, -committees were appointed by the various departments interested and a -plan for future publication was proposed which was finally adopted. - -The Ohio State University Scientific Society was thus organized at -the Ohio State University and will take over the control of the new -publication. This Society is to have somewhat the same relationship -to THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE as the Biological Club had to the Ohio -Naturalist. The management of the Journal is under an Editorial Board -made up of representatives of various scientific departments of the -University. This Board elects annually the Editor and two Associate -Editors. - - EDITORIAL BOARD. - -Agricultural Chemistry, J. F. Lyman; Agricultural Engineering, F. W. -Ives; Agronomy, A. G. McCall; Anatomy, F. L. Landacre; Botany, J. -H. Schaffner; Ceramic Engineering, Carl B. Harrop; Chemistry, Jas. -R. Withrow; Civil Engineering, F. H. Eno; Forestry, N. W. Scherer; -Geology, C. S. Prosser; Horticulture, V. H. Davis; Industrial Arts, -W. A. Knight; Mathematics, C. J. West; Mechanical Engineering, Horace -Judd; Pathology, Jonathan Forman; Physics, F. C. Blake; Physiology -(General) R. J. Seymour; Physiology (Medical), Clayton McPeek; Public -Health and Sanitation, E. R. Hayhurst; Zoology and Entomology, J. S. -Hine. - -THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE is to be considered as a continuation of -THE OHIO NATURALIST. It is hoped that with the wider field covered, -it may interest a much larger number of the scientific people of the -state, and be financially supported so that it may soon develop into a -journal of high standard. It is the intention of the present Editors, -with the large field before them, to publish results of research as -well as articles of general interest in the advancement of Science. -On the natural history side the aim at present will be to pay more -especial attention to the biology, geology and geography of Ohio, but -articles dealing with any other region will be acceptable. - - The Editors for the present year are as follows: - John H. Schaffner—Editor. - James S. Hine—Associate Editor (Business). - Frederick W. Ives—Associate Editor (Subscriptions). - - JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. - - - - -THE MAKING OF A PHOTOGRAPHIC OBJECTIVE. - -Being a Description of a Course in Applied Optics Offered at -the Emerson McMillin Observatory of the Ohio State University. - - -H. C. LORD. - -Photography, in its more serious phase, has taken an important place -in almost every field of human activity while in its lighter mood, -through the development of the “Kodak” and the roll film, is giving us -one of our most delightful pastimes. As a condition for the best work, -a high grade lens is a necessity and especially so for those extremely -short exposures required in the photography of rapidly moving objects. -It often happens that some of the most perfect and at the same time -most difficult specimens of optical design are found on cameras so -small that they can be easily carried in one’s coat pocket. These so -called anastigmats furnish to the optician a difficult and yet at the -same time most fascinating problem for mathematical investigation. -Thousands of photographic objectives are placed on the market every -year, yet though almost every branch of engineering is covered by -our technical schools, I know of no place outside of Germany where a -student can be instructed in the design and construction of a simple -photographic objective. Professor Silvanus P. Thompson in his inaugural -address as President of the British Optical Convention held in London -in 1912, states: “In the Universities and Colleges the only people who -are learning Optics are merely taking it as a part of Physics for the -sake of passing an examination for a degree, and care nothing for the -application of Optics in the industries. They are being taught Optics -by men who are not opticians, who never ground a lens or calculated -even an achromatic doublet, who never worked an opthalmoscope or -measured a cylindrical lens.” Further on he speaks as follows: “What -is wanted is an establishment where the whole atmosphere is one of -optical interest; where theory and practice go hand in hand; where the -mathematician will himself grind lenses and measure their performance -on the test bench; where braincraft will be married to handcraft; -where precision, whether in computation or workmanship, will be the -dominating ambition.” - -Some four years before the above quotations were written, the author -started to work up a course in Optics which should aim, not only to -give to the student a knowledge of the fundamental theory of lenses, -but should also apply those principles to the methods of optical design -and thus enable him to compute the curves of the component lenses of a -photographic objective. This has now been fairly well worked out and is -given in the Arts college under the official titles “Astronomy, 107, -108, 109 and 110.” The basis of this course is “A System of Applied -Optics,” by H. Dennis Taylor, the inventor of the Cooke lens. This -splendid volume develops, from the standpoint of geometric optics, a -complete discussion of the formation of an image by a combination of -any number of lenses, but does not apply the methods and formulae there -developed to the actual design of a photographic objective. The writer -of this paper was, therefore, compelled to work out this part of the -theory for himself and, as he had always felt that all mathematics -should ultimately end in arithmetic and that all arithmetic should -ultimately end in doing something, he resolved at the outset that -the course should end in laboratory work in the actual computation, -grinding and polishing of lenses. As to how well this has succeeded, -I will let the illustrations which accompany this article speak for -themselves. Suffice it to say that the half tone cuts were made from -five by seven enlargements from negatives, one and three quarters by -two and one-eighth inches, taken with a lens _designed_ and _built_ -at this observatory and working at an aperture of F six. A peculiar -feature of this lens is that it is composed of four lenses all cut -from the same piece of crown glass. This lens beautifully illustrates -the importance of adding to the theoretical side of the course, the -practical work in the laboratory in construction and testing as this -lens, though in the main satisfactory, has one serious defect and a -defect which is very instructive in that it shows that at a certain -point in the design, the theory was weak and needed to be extended and -enlarged. It should be stated that this theoretical investigation is -now completed and ready to be put to the test of practice. - -This Observatory possesses a well equipped instrument shop, which was -used for the practical side of this work and it has seemed to me that -a description of how we used the ordinary tools of a machine shop, of -what special appliances we were compelled to make, and how we finally -ground and polished our lenses would be of general interest. These -methods do not pretend to be the best, nor those actually employed by -the manufacturer, but they do illustrate how a lens can be made and how -a little ingenuity will enable one if he has the standard tools of a -machine shop to carry out almost any kind of experimental work. - -As a preliminary to this, a brief outline of the problem before the -lens designer may be of interest. A simple lens consists of a piece of -glass bounded by either plane or spherical surfaces as these, except -in large reflecting surfaces, are the only kind that can be made with -sufficient accuracy. Such a lens would have a great many defects or -errors and would be unable to give a sharp image on the photographic -plate unless stopped down to a very small aperture. By changing the -radii of the surfaces, and the thickness of the lens, the designer can -vary these errors, but after all is said and done he can do but little -to improve the single lens. He then combines lenses of different forms -and of different kinds of glass into a single objective, in this way -making the positive errors of some of the lenses balance the negative -errors of the others, until he arrives at a combination which is more -or less perfect according to his skill as a designer. How this is -accomplished is far beyond the limits of this paper, so I will now -proceed to the mechanical side of the problem. - -The first consideration is the glass; of course it must be what is -known as optical glass and its selection is really part of the work of -the designer. Optical glass is nothing more than a very perfect kind -of glass which has been exquisitely annealed. You are all familiar -with the intense green of window glass when seen edgewise; a piece of -white paper will hardly be changed in color when seen through twelve -inches of a good optical crown. The best optical glass is not made in -this country, but must be purchased from either Schott & Gen. of Jena -or Mantois of France. The Jena glass has become very celebrated and -most of the lens makers state that their lenses are made out of it and -as a consequence most people think that Jena glass means a certain -kind, while, as a matter of fact, their catalogue for 1909 shows about -seventy different varieties. These differ in optical qualities and -chemical composition, and cost from about a dollar to five dollars a -pound, with a few special varieties costing as much as fifteen dollars. -This glass comes in slabs, but will be cut by the makers with either a -diamond saw or a sand saw, the purchaser paying for the “saw dust.” - -[Illustration: FIG. 1] - -[Illustration: FIG. 2] - -The slabs that were used here were 2" × 6" × ½" and the first operation -was to cut from these round disks a little larger than the finished -lens. This was accomplished in the following manner and is illustrated -in Fig. 1. In the chuck of a drill speeder on a Barnes drill press was -placed a ¼" steel rod which carried at its lower end a copper tube, -A, which was steadied at the bottom by a steel washer, bored to a -loose fit to the tube, and clamped to the glass as shown. Number 40 -Carborundum was used and lubricated with _plenty of water_. The tube -must be lifted frequently to allow the abrasive to flow to the cutting -edge. This is done so often that it seems almost a continuous motion of -lifting and pressing down again, the tool resting on the glass hardly -more than two or three seconds at a time. The cutting may be done at -such a speed as to allow of a slight heating. As soon as the tube has -cut itself about a sixteenth of an inch into the glass, the guiding -washer may be removed and the glass will then act as its own guide. A -disk about one inch in diameter and a half of an inch thick could be -cut out in a little over a half of an hour. At B Fig. 1 is shown one -of the uncut slabs and at C and D two that are about used up. Though -working rather slowly this proved quite satisfactory though wasteful -of glass as it cut a rather wide scarf, copper must be used; brass was -tried but the wear was so great as to render it almost useless while -the copper shows almost none. - -As these disks are cut out they are not only cone shaped but the edges -are very rough so that the next operation was to grind these to smooth -and true circular disks. This was done on a Wells tool grinder shown -in Fig. 2, which was slowed way down by placing a large pulley on the -counter shaft. The glass to be ground was held by cementing it with -pitch onto a piece of brass rod which in turn was held in the drawing -collet of the head A. A special wheel B, made by the Norton people -for grinding the rims of spectacle lenses, was used and the machine -slowed until the wheel would keep wet when running against a sponge, -C, resting in water. The glass disk was in this way kept dripping and -heating entirely prevented. The grinding was then carried out just as -with any other material and the edge was made beautifully smooth and -true in a few minutes. The beauty of pitch as a cement for holding the -glass is that a slight heating will soften it so that the disk can be -shifted to any position and then a dash of cold water clamps it in -place and at the same time the pitch will slowly yield to the slightest -pressure so that in a few minutes the glass is entirely free from -strain. In manufacturing this sort of work is done with a diamond and -is of course done much more quickly. - -The disks were thick enough to make two lenses each so we sawed them -into two as illustrated in Fig. 3. A is an old polishing head upon -which was mounted a pulley at one end and a copper disk, B, at the -other, the disk being held between large washers. C is a cast iron box -fastened to an arm, D, hinged at E and kept pressed against the copper -disk by a cord passing over two pulleys on the ceiling. This made a -most excellent automatic feed. The glass to be split was fastened to -a block of pine with pitch and the wood held in the iron box, C, with -wedges. Number 40 Carborundum was used with plenty of water and the -glass was cut through faster than a power hack saw would cut through -steel. The glass should be cut half way through and then reversed so -that the final break will come in the middle and thus prevent the edges -from spawling off. The chief defect of this machine was the way it -scattered emery. - -[Illustration: FIG. 3] - -The disks are now ready for the grinding which is done on the machine -on the right of Fig. 3, which consists simply of a vertical spindle -run by a quarter twist belt from the counter shaft against the wall. -The end of this spindle is tapered at the upper end to receive the -grinding tool or laps, shown on the table in Fig. 5 which also shows -the spindle raised so that the grinding lap is seen above the tin box, -C, which surrounds the spindle to catch the abrasive that is thrown off -in grinding. The glass is first smoothed down on a flat lap until it is -of equal thickness at all points as measured by a micrometer when it is -ready to be ground to the proper curves. For this purpose the spherical -laps, shown in Fig. 5, are turned in the special machine illustrated in -Fig. 4. The compound rest of an old Seller’s lathe was removed and in -its place, on the cross slide of the carriage, was mounted the sphere -turning rest. This consists of a base, A, in which the slide, B, is -so mounted that it can be rotated about the center, C, by turning the -milled head, D, which carries a worm at the opposite end. E is the -tool post with the cutting tool T and L the lap to be turned. A hole -was drilled at C into which was fitted a round piece of steel the -upper end being pointed and then half cut away like a center reamer. -This was used in finding the zero; the rod, pointed end up, was placed -in the hole at C and the cutting tool adjusted against the flattened -side. The zero position is then determined by measuring, with an inside -micrometer, the distance from the tool post to a stop placed at the -end of the slide B. By adding to or subtracting from the zero reading -of the micrometer the length of the radius of the grinding lap, the -tool post may be set to the proper position for either a convex or a -concave surface. This, however, is only approximate, for these laps -must be made with the highest possible accuracy. After sufficient cuts -have been taken to give a spherical surface, the radius is carefully -measured with a special spherometer and the error in the radius -corrected by changing the position of the cutting tool by an amount -calculated from the readings of the spherometer. This spherometer we -were compelled to build as we could find none of sufficient accuracy on -the market and it is described in a note at the end of this article. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4] - -[Illustration: FIG. 5] - -In Fig. 4, R is simply a steady rest made with the large overhang -to allow the slide B to swing under it in turning a convex surface. -Two master laps, male and female, must be made and carefully ground -together. Every effort should be taken to make these as accurate as -possible since upon these depends the goodness of our lens. This -special tool is easy to make and leaves nothing to be desired in its -operation. Detail drawings and directions for making it are given in a -note at the end. - -We now come to the grinding or lapping of the lenses themselves. This -is done in a lap turned as above and carefully fitted to the master -laps and which must be trued from time to time as the work progresses. -This lapping of glass is entirely different from the lapping of metals -in that, while in metals the lap is to be kept almost free from the -abrasive, in glass the lap must be freely supplied with emery and water -or deep scratches will result. The best way to apply the emery is with -a paint brush; the brush, saturated with emery, being held in front of -the lens as it is ground. The lens may be held in the hand or cemented -to a disk of brass having a center hole drilled in the back in which is -placed a pointed piece of steel held in the hand, the lens being free -to rotate about the pointed steel holder. Of course where the lens has -to be ground to a definite thickness it must be held by hand. Flour of -emery was used to rough grind though coarser grades would have worked -faster. The final smooth grinding was done with a special fine emery -made for this purpose by Bausch and Lomb. Great care must be taken in -the grinding to keep the lens as nearly centered as possible. A lens is -said to be centered when the line which joins the centers of curvature -of the surfaces passes through the center of figure. Obviously if a -double convex lens could be ground to a knife edge it would be centered -but if this were done the edge would be almost certain to crumble -in the final polishing and deep scratches result. The centering of -a convex lens can be watched by keeping the edge as nearly uniform -of thickness as possible with a concave lens, if the original blank -is made larger than necessary and care is taken to make the sides -parallel, the centering can be watched by keeping a flat edge of _equal -width_ around the concave portion, the lens being placed back on the -flat tool, from time to time, as the work progresses. If care is used -the lens need be made but little larger than the finished size to allow -for the final accurate centering to be described later. - -After being smooth ground the lens is beautifully smooth and velvety -to the touch but is just as much ground glass as ever, that is, it is -absolutely opaque. We now come to the polishing. This is done with -specially prepared rouge and only an excessively small amount of glass -is taken off. Lord Rayleigh in a paper on “Polishing of Glass Surfaces” -read before the British Optical Convention held in 1905, states: “I -started with a finely ground surface, rather more finely ground I think -than is used in practice, and I found that in order to obtain a pretty -good polish it was necessary to remove a weight of glass, corresponding -to a depth of about 6 wavelengths. I do not pretend that such a polish -would satisfy the requirements of commerce; probably the 6 would have -to be raised to 10 or 12 in order to get to the bottom of the deepest -pits.” When it is remembered that a wave length is about the fifty -thousandth part of an inch we realize how very delicate such lapping -must be. For this work the lap is covered with pitch which has been -brought to the proper degree of hardness either by boiling, to harden -it or by adding asfalt varnish to soften it. The proper degree of -hardness is very important and must be adjusted to the temperature of -the room. Obviously if the pitch is too soft it will not hold its shape -and it will be impossible to hold the polishing tool to the proper -radius. I have put three different curves on a lens about an inch in -diameter in a few minutes and it had to go back on the grinding machine -before it could be finished. - -The polishing tool is prepared as follows: A disk of pitch, about ¼" -thick, is cast by pouring it in a mold made by a strip of brass bent -to a circle, the ends clamped with a tool maker’s clamp, and rested on -a piece of cold cast iron which has been planed smooth. This should be -of such size that when bent to the proper shape it can be molded over -a tool similar to the grinding tool but with a radius changed by about -the thickness of the pitch. This tool is then heated and painted with -a stick of pitch, the disk is warmed, and the two pressed together, -when cooled the pitch will stick tight to the iron but will be far from -a smooth surface. This and the master tool of the opposite curvature -are placed in warm water and pressed together and at the same time one -slowly rotated, one about the other. When a good fit is secured they -are cooled and a number of small holes, about 1-8" in diameter, are -drilled all over the pitch to distribute the abrasive, which of course -spoils the surface and the tool must be again pressed. This pressing -to shape must be done repeatedly and requires great care and some -practice in order to have the pitch come to the exact opposite of the -pressing tool. The most important thing is to do the pressing slowly -and in fact in the whole process of this work one must never get in a -hurry. Ritchey, in his memoir on the construction of the great 60" at -Mt. Wilson, recommends covering the pitch with beeswax, and for quicker -and poorer work a cloth polisher may be used, the cloth being a special -felt and cemented to the cast iron tool with a thin layer of pitch. - -The abrasive is rouge or red oxide of iron and its preparation is -fully described in the above mentioned work by Ritchey. We purchased -the anhydrous red oxide of iron from Merck & Co. This was mixed with -plenty of water in the jars shown at E, Fig. 5. The rouge will rapidly -precipitate, the coarse particles falling to the bottom, and leaving -clear water above the precipitated rouge. The upper two-thirds of the -rouge will be almost perfect and will give a beautiful polish when -carefully siphoned off. This should be kept in tightly corked bottles, -one of the best things is a horse radish jar as this has a place for -the handle of the brush in the glass stopper, and all dust and grit -can be easily washed off before the jar is opened. For polishing, the -lens is cemented to a handle at whose end is a piece of brass turned to -fit the lens in the sphere turning machine already described. Even in -a small lens the polishing tool must be run slowly, the speeds of our -machines run from 170 to 300 revolutions per minute and the fastest can -seldom be used. The reason of this is that the lens fits the polisher -so perfectly that almost a perfect vacuum is formed and the lens hugs -the polished so closely that it is impossible to hold it in small sizes -by hand alone and in the case of a convex surface, if the cavity is -carried clear out to the edge of the glass disk, this may be broken -simply by the friction due to this grip of the glass and pitch. Fig. 5 -shows a horizontal polishing head at B and a vertical one at C. There -is little choice except that for convex surfaces B seems the best, as -it can be run faster, while for concave C seems better. - -The lenses are now ready to be centered, that is, the circumference so -turned that the line which joins the centers of curvature of the two -spherical surfaces shall pass through the center of figure. In order -to accomplish this, the lens is first cleaned from the pitch used to -cement it to the handle used in holding the lens for polishing. For a -long time I could find no way of doing this satisfactorily when pitch -was the cement; finally, I laid my troubles before Dr. A. M. Bleile, -Head of the Department of Physiology, and he suggested to first soak -the lens in lard and then wash it in benzol (C_{6}H_{6}). This worked -like magic though the first time I tried it I used some lard that had -been heated with some pitch in it which made the lard very soft in fact -almost as soft as it could be and yet not be an oil, and this same lard -was used over and over again. The action is rather peculiar; the lard -does not apparently effect the pitch at all but after a few minutes in -the benzene it all flakes off and leaves the lens perfectly clean. The -actual centering is then carried out on the grinding machine shown in -Fig. 2; A holder, D, whose front face has been turned in the spherical -turning machine to fit one of the surfaces of the lens, is held in the -head A. If the lens be cemented to this with a thin coat of pitch, -it is obvious that the surface of the lens next to the holder will -have its center of curvature coincide with the axis of rotation of -the spindle of the head, A, but the center of curvature of the other -lens surface will probably fall outside of this axis. A lamp, L, has -a tin chimney with a pin hole in it turned towards the lens, this -pin hole forming a brilliant point of light, an image of which is -formed by each surface and reflected by the total reflecting prism, -P, into the telescope, T, where it is seen through the eyepiece. If -the centers of curvature of both surfaces do not accurately coincide -with the axis of rotation of the head, A, the images of the pin hole -will describe circles as this axis is rotated. The back surface will -of course be centered if the layer of the pitch used as cement is of -uniform thickness which will generally be the case if the work has -been carefully done; but in any case the image formed by it should -be examined. If the front surface is out of center, as it generally -will be, the holder should be warmed and the lens shifted, care being -used to keep it tight against the surface of the holder as it is being -shifted. As soon as both images remain stationary as the head, A, is -rotated, the lens is fed against the wheel, B, and ground true and to -size. This worked beautifully and the tests were wonderfully sensitive. -As soon as the component lenses of the objective have all been thus -centered, they are ready to be assembled in the cell or shutter in -which they are to be used; but as this is simply a matter of careful -machine work, I need not describe it further. - -I know of no literature on the grinding of small lenses though the -following memoirs on the making of large reflecting telescopes should -be in the hands of any one interested in this work: - -=On the Construction of a Five-foot Equatorial Reflecting Telescope.= - By A. A. Common, LL. D., F. R. S. - Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. L., 1890-91. - -=On the Construction of a Silvered Glass Telescope, - Fifteen and a Half Inches in Aperture, and its - Use in Celestial Photography.= - By Henry Draper, M. D., - Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 34. - -=On the Modern Reflecting Telescope and the - Making and Testing of Optical Mirrors.= - By George W. Ritchey. - Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 34. - - -NOTE 1—A SPHEROMETER FOR SHORT RADII. - -[Illustration: FIG. 6] - -In Fig. 6, A is a regular Brown & Sharpe Micrometer Head with the -measuring point ground to an angle of 60° and slightly rounded; B is a -round steel base all machined at one setting in which the micrometer -head is clamped by a set screw not shown. - -Let r be the radius of the spherical surface, MNO, and we will have at -once r = (a^2 + d^2) / 2d. The advantage of this form of spherometer -is that it is very easy to make the point of the micrometer exactly -central with the base and the value of 2a can be accurately determined -by means of an ordinary micrometer calliper. For a convex surface, -2a should obviously be the inside diameter of the base, B. - -In using the instrument, two tables, one for concave and one for -convex surfaces, should be prepared; these tables to give the power in -dioptres for each one thousandth of an inch in the value of d. Using -the American Optical Co.’s Standard Index, namely, μ equal to 1.5000 -and one dioptre as being the power of a lens of 40 inches focus, we -have, for a plano lens, p = 4/f = 40d/(a^2 + d^2) since f = r/(μ-1). - -The advantage of forming the table in dioptres in place of radii -directly is that the tabular differences are small at all parts of the -table so that interpolation can be readily done and this is not the -case in tables which give the radii directly. - -If upon measuring the radius of the tool or lap being turned in the -sphere turning machine, Fig. 4, with this spherometer, the tool is -found to be in error by an amount Δp this may be corrected by changing -the position of the cutting tool by an amount 20 (Δp / p^2). - - -NOTE 2—CROSS SECTION OF THE SPHERE TURNING REST. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7] - -In Fig. 7 is shown a cross section of the sphere turning rest further -illustrated in Fig. 4. In machining this the following suggestions -should be followed. The piece M should be cast with a lug projecting -from the face PQ to chuck it by and all the turning done at one -chucking. It should be made a close fit to R and bolted tight against -DG and ED´ with the bolts S_{3} and S_{4}, clearance being given along -the line HF. To compensate for ware the face DG and ED´ can be releaved -from time to time with a file. The base N, should be planed along AB, -where it fastens to the cross slide of the carriage, then bolted to -a face plate of the lathe and finished, care being used to leave the -setting of the compound rest unchanged between machining the faces CD -and C´D´ of the pieces M and N. The dove tail on R should be first -planed and then this bolted to a face plate and the boss GHFE and the -faces KG and EL turned at one setting. If these directions are followed -almost no hand work will be needed. W is a brass worm wheel held by -screws not shown and J is the sliding tool post clamped at X with the -tool at K´. - - - - -NOTES ON THE ZYGNEMALES.[A] - - -EDGAR NELSON TRANSEAU. - -The following notes principally concerning North American Zygnemales -are based on a study of the specimens accumulated in the course -of eight years collecting in central Illinois; a collection made -by Mr. Charles Bullard, of Cambridge, Mass., in Massachusetts -and New Hampshire; the specimens distributed in the Phycotheca -Boreali-Americana by Collins, Holden and Setchell; the specimens -distributed in American Algae, by Miss Josephine E. Tilden; the -specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium; and small collections sent -me by Professor Farlow, Miss Tilden, Professor A. B. Klugh, Professor -D. S. Johnson and Miss Grace Stone. They have been compared with the -species distributed by Wittrock and Nordstedt in their “Algae Aquae -dulcis exsiccatae,” and other valuable European and South American -specimens sent me by Professors O. Borge and O. Nordstedt. - -In determining almost any species of the Zygnemales it is absolutely -essential that the specimens show both the vegetative cells and the -mature spores. With the exception of a few species of Mougeotia the -spores are colored either yellow, brown, or blue when they are mature. -The characteristic markings of the median spore wall do not develop -usually until this color appears. Consequently it is useless to attach -names to vegetative specimens based on dimensions and number of -chromatophores. Keys based on such characters are not only useless, but -misleading. - -Judging from my experience in Illinois it is highly probable that the -list of North American forms will be considerably augmented, when -intensive studies have been made at localities in the Southern United -States. The most satisfactory method of collecting these forms is to -take samples from the various ponds and streams at regular intervals -of ten days, or two weeks, throughout the growing season. Many of the -species show local variations and considerable experience is needed -before many of the forms can be satisfactorily classified. The writer -has in course of preparation an illustrated key to the group, in which -figures for all of the species will be published. - - -=DEBARYA= Wittrock. - -This genus is in many respects the most generalized of all the -_Zygnemales_. It is distinguished by three important characteristics: -(1) the entire contents of the gametangia enter into the making of the -zygospore; (2) the zygospore is formed in the conjugating tube and -is not cut off from the other parts of the gametangia by partition -walls; (3) as the gametes move toward the tube during conjugation, -their place is taken by a secretion of cellulose, which renders the -gametangia solid and highly refractive. This secretion also occurs when -a vegetative cell forms an aplanospore. - - -=Debarya glyptosperma= Wittrock. - -This species has been recorded for America. It is not uncommon in -Massachusetts and has also been found in Minnesota and Florida. In -P. B.-A. No. 808 from Boswell, California is a somewhat smaller -variety with blue spores associated with _Zygnema peliosporum_ Wittr. -The spores are common in the material and the vegetative cells and -filaments occasional. Following is a diagnosis for this variety: - -Var. =formosa= nov. var. Cellulis vegetativis 7.5-9µ latis; -zygosporis 24-30µ × 30-42µ, caeruleis; ceterum ut in typo. - -Vegetative cells 7.5-9µ in diameter, zygospores 24-30µ × 30-42µ steel -blue, otherwise like the type. - - -=Debarya americana= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 9-12µ × 27-120µ, ad dissepimenta constrictis; -chromatophoris cum pyrenoidibus 2; cellulis fructiferis, -10-14µ × 75-180µ; zygosporis ovoideis vel quadrato-ovoideis, -20-40µ × 30-40µ, angulis rotundatis, productis, vel retusis; -parthenosporis 15-20µ × 20-30µ, oblique ellipticis, cum polis retusis; -mesosporio subtiliter et irregulariter verrucoso, maturitate -luteo-brunneo. - -Vegetative cells 9-12µ × 27-120µ constricted at the end walls, -chromatophore with two pyrenoids; fertile cells 10-14µ × 75-180µ; -zygospores ovoid or quadrately ovoid, 20-40µ × 30-40µ, with angles -rounded, produced, or retuse; parthenospores 15-20µ-× 20-30µ -unilaterally ellipsoid with retuse ends; median spore wall minutely and -irregularly verrucose, yellow-brown at maturity. - -This species was collected by Professor A. B. Klugh, Kingston, Ontario. -It is the material upon which the Ontario record for _Mougeotia -calcarea_ (Cleve) Wittr. is based. Of special interest is the -chromatophore with two pyrenoids, which although an axile plate is -distinctly two-lobed and forms an easy transition to the next species, -in which the chromatophore resembles _Zygnema_. Type in herb. E. N. T. -Collection No. 2950. - - -=Debarya decussata= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 16-20µ × 25-50µ cylindraceis; chromatophoris -asteroidiis duobus, singulis cum pyrenoidibus (ut in Zygnemate); -zygosporis vel ovoideis, vel irregularibus, 24-30µ × 30-48µ cum angulis -vel rotundatis, vel retusis, vel productis; aplanosporis uno latere -ovoideis, 17-25µ × 20-40µ; parthenosporis 15-20µ × 20-30µ; membrana -media sporarum scrobiculata, luteo-brunnea; akinetis ad dissepimenta -constrictis, membrana subcrassa et glabra, 18-20µ × 20-36µ. - -Vegetative cells 16-20µ × 25-50µ cylindrical; chromatophores two, -stellate, each with a pyrenoid (as in Zygnema); zygospores ovoid, -quadrate-ovoid, or irregular, 24-30µ × 30-48µ, with rounded, retuse, -or produced angles; aplanospores unilaterally ovoid, 17-25µ × 20-40µ; -parthenospores 15-20µ × 20-30µ; median spore walls scrobiculate, -yellow-brown; akinetes with smooth heavy walls, 18-20µ × 20-30µ. - -Type in herb, E. N. T. Collections No. 1177, 1939, 1949, 2686 and -2918. I have specimens from several localities in central Illinois; -Williamsport, Pa.; Minnesota; Mackinaw, Mich. and Kingston, Ontario. - -This form is of great interest because of its resemblance, in the -vegetative condition, to _Zygnema decussatum_ (Vauch.) Transeau. -Also because it shows not only the zygospores, but aplanospores and -parthenospores. In all cases the secretion of cellulose accompanies -the process of spore formation. The unilaterally placed aplanospores -are strikingly different from those formed by the Zygnemas. In some -of the Illinois ponds it regularly produces only zygospores, in other -ponds from which I have collections covering a period of several -years it fruited only asexually, producing aplanospores and akinetes. -But several of the collections show all the forms of reproduction in -different cells of the same filament. - -The characteristics of this species suggest that the peculiar _Zygnema -reticulatum_, which was described by Hallas in 1895[B], is in reality -a _Debarya_. The fact that the reproductive cells become filled with -cellulose, that the aplanospores are very irregular in form and that -the vegetative cells contain as high as seven chromatophores, are all -in harmony with this idea. On this basis it is also easy to understand -the most notable peculiarity of the species—that spores derived from -cells with several chromatophores produce two or three sporelings. - -With the addition of the two new American species and this Danish -species =Debarya reticulata= (Hallas) nov. comb. the description -of the genus needs to be modified as follows: - -Vegetative cells cylindrical or constricted at the ends, varying -from 1-16 diameters in length; chromatophore varying from an axile -plate with two or more pyrenoids to stellate chromatophores, each -with a central pyrenoid. Reproduction by zygospores formed of the -complete contents of the gametangia; not cut off from the gametangia -by partition walls; but in the process of conjugation, as the gametes -pass into the conjugating tube, their place is taken by a secretion of -cellulose. Aplanospores occupying only part of the sporogenous cell, -the remainder being filled with cellulose. All spores variable in form. -Parthenospores and akinetes occur not infrequently in some of the -species. The walls of the aplanospores and parthenospores resemble the -zygospores of the same species in their markings. - -There are now eleven described species belonging to this genus. _D. -immersa_ W. West and _D. africana_ G. S. West bear a close resemblance -to _Mongeotia sphaerocarpa_ Wolle. _D. Hardyi_ G. S. West has much -the same appearance as _Mongeotia viridis_ (Kutz) Wittrock. _D. -desmidiodes_ W. & G. S. West, _D. calospora_ (Palla) W. & G. S. West, -_D. reticulata_, _D. americana_, and _D. decussata_ have characters -in common with the Zygnemas. _D. glyptosperma_ has the vegetative -characters common to several of the species, but its spores are quite -unique among the _Zygnemales_. - - -=ZYGNEMA= Agardh. - -=Z. pectinatum= (Vauch.) Agardh. - -This is probably common in the eastern half of the United States at -least. In Illinois along with the type occurs the variety _conspicuum_ -(Hass.) Kirchner, and a variety with large spores. This latter variety -in fact is more common than the type. - -var. =crassum= nov. var. Cellulis vegetativis 30-40µ × 20-80µ; -zygosporis 40-55µ × 50-60µ, ceterum ut in typo. - -Vegetative cells 30-40µ × 20-80µ; zygospores 40-55µ × 50-60µ, otherwise -like the type. Type in herb. E. N. T. Collections No. 2350, 2392, 2660, -2685. - - -=Z. ericetorum= (Kütz) Hansgirg. - -Professor G. S. West has studied the reproduction of this species and -finds that it is a true Zygnema and that the description and figure by -De Bary, which shows the cutting off of two special gametangia before -the union of the gametes is at fault, consequently there is no longer -any need of maintaining the genus _Zygogonium_ Kützing. - - -=Z. peliosporum= Wittrock. - -Specimens of this species have been distributed under the name of _Z. -chalybeospernum_ Hansgirg, in P. B.-A. No. 808 from Boswell, Calif. (N. -L. Gardner); Amer. Alg. No. 156 from Ft. Collins, Colo. (J. H. Cowan); -and Amer. Alg. No. 392 from Vancouver, B. C. (J. E. Tilden). _Z. -chalybeospermum_ has the median wall smooth, but the spores of all of -the above specimens have distinctly scrobiculate median walls. In size -the specimens show a somewhat greater variation in dimensions than has -been recorded for European localities. - - -=Z. cruciatum= (Vauch) Agardh. - -Specimens of this species have been found at Fath Pond, north of -Coffeen, Ill., in which both zygospores and aplanospores occurred in -abundance. The aplanospores fill or slightly enlarge the vegetative -cells as in _Z. Collinsianum_ Transeau,[C] but the ends of the spores -are usually more nearly truncate, 34-50µ × 30-80µ. At Casey, Ill., a -variety with the same dimensions but steel blue spores occurs in the -old Ice Plant Pond. - -var. =caeruleum= nov. var. Cellulis vegetativis et sporis ut -in typo, sed membrana media sporarum caerulea. - -Vegetative cells and spores as in the type, except that the -median spore wall is steel blue. Type in Collection E. N. T. -No. 495. - - -=Zygnema stellinum= (Müller) Agardh. - -The specimen distributed under the name _Z. insigne_ (Hass.) Kütz. in -the P. B.-A. No. 457, from Chestnut Hill, Mass. (G. F. Moore), belongs -to this species as shown by the scattered mature spores. This species -is common everywhere in central Illinois. In the U. S. Natl. Herb, is a -specimen from Baltimore Co., Md., (J. D. Smith). In Amer. Alg. No. 157, -a specimen from St. Paul, Minn., (J. E. Tilden) shows both zygospores -and aplanospores. The aplanospores are cylindric ovoid in form, -occupying the entire cell 30-33µ × 40-88µ, median wall scrobiculate. - - -=Zygnema cylindricum= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 28-33µ × 28-66µ; zygosporis incognitis; -aplanosporis cylindricis vel tumido-cylindricis, 30-33µ × 24-58µ, -sporangia complentibus; membrana media brunnea scrobiculata. - -Vegetative cells 28-33µ × 28-66µ; zygospores unknown; aplanospores -cylindric or tumid-cylindric, 30-33µ × 24-58µ, filling the sporangia, -median wall brown, scrobiculate. Type in Herb. E. N. T. No. 1164, 1177. - -This species is not uncommon in ponds, and pools throughout central -Illinois. It was at first classified as aplanosporic material of _Z. -stellinum_ (Müller) Agardh. On going over the specimens in all my -collections, however, it was found that in no case were the filaments -containing the aplanospores connected with the filaments containing -zygospores. This must be the final test of the identity of the species, -as it occurs in some collections alone, sometimes associated only with -fruiting _Zygnema pectinatum_, and sometimes with _Z. stellinum_. - - -=Zygnema rhynchonema= Hansg. - -In a collection of algae made at the Minnesota Seaside Station, -Vancouver Island, B. C., in 1901, by Professor Tilden, is a form which -perhaps belongs here. The vegetative cells are from 22-28µ in diameter, -and 32-52µ in length, while the European specimens are described as -16-20µ in diameter and 2-6 diameters long. The Vancouver specimens are -producing both aplanospores (globose, 24-26µ in diam.), and zygospores -(ovoid 24-28µ × 36-44µ) by the union of gametes through the partition -wall separating the two gametangia. The specimens show some evidences -of being in an abnormal condition. - - -=SPIROGYRA= Link. - -=S. Juergensii= Kützing. - -The specimen in P. B.-A. No. 510 from Knightsville, R. I., distributed -under the name of _S. longata_ (Vauch) Kütz. with cell diameter 27-30µ, -and ellipsoid spores 30-33µ in diameter, fertile cells enlarged, -evidently belongs to this species. The spores of _S. longata_ are -distinctly ovoid with rounded ends. In the Illinois specimens the -spores of _S. Juergensii_ frequently occur with diameters up to 33µ. - -=S. varians= (Hass.) Kütz. - -The varieties _scrobiculata_ Stockman and _minor_ Teodoresco have not -been reported from America. They both occur rarely in Illinois. The -latter I have also seen in material collected by Mr. Charles Bullard, -at Lynnfield, Mass. The former is characterized by its scrobiculate -spores, the latter by its smaller dimensions throughout. In my -herbarium _S. varians scrobiculata_ is represented in Collections No. -1799, and 1881; and _S. varians minor_ in Collection No. 2951. - -=S. Borgeana= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 30-35µ × 50-200µ, dissepimentis planis, -chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 1.5-5; cellulis -fractiferis altero latere inflatis, altero latere (in quo conjugatio -sequitur) rectis; zygosporis ellipticis, 33-40µ × 54-70µ, membrana -media flava, glabra. - -Vegetative cells 30-35µ × 50-200µ, end walls plane, 1 chromatophore -making 1.5-5 turns; fertile cells inflated on the outer side, straight -on the conjugating side; zygospores ellipsoid 33-40µ × 54-70µ, median -wall yellow, smooth. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 1883, 1890. -Charleston, Illinois. - -This species bears some resemblance to a form of _S. varians_ figured -by Professor Borge.[D] It differs from his figure in that the -conjugating side of the fertile cells is not at all swollen, and the -dimensions are somewhat larger. If this form had been found but once -it would have been passed over as a variation intermediate between _S. -Juergensii_ and _S. varians_. But it has been found several successive -years in a small stream south, and at a small pond west of Charleston, -Illinois. - - -=S. lutetiana= Petit. - -So far as I am aware no specimens of this species have been found in -America. The Illinois record in my list[E] is an error. The P. B.-A. -specimen labelled _S. lutetiana_ is _S. fallax_ (Hansg.) Wille, as -shown by its often replicate cell walls, verrucose spores and the -number of chromotophores. - - -=S. velata= Nordstedt var. =occidentalis= Transeau. - -Specimens of this variety have been distributed in the P. B.-A. No. 96, -under the name of _S. dubia_ Kütz. var. _longiarticulata_ Kütz. from -Oak Bay, Victoria, British Columbia (N. L. Gardner). The spores are for -the most part not mature but they show the characteristic scrobiculate -markings of the median wall. - - -=S. Lagerheimii= Wittrock. - -This species is not uncommon in central Illinois. The -specimen labelled _S. communis_ in P. B.-A. No. 1416, from -Winchester, Mass., has a cell diameter over 30µ, and the -spores are ellipsoid instead of ovoid. The median spore wall -in the mature spores is punctate. Here also belongs the P. B.-A. -specimen No. 365, Falmouth, Mass. Both the vegetative cells -and the spores are considerably below the lower dimensions -for _S. porticalis_. The P. B.-A. specimen No. 1668, _S. porticalis_ -var. _tenuispira_ Collins establishes this name as a synonym of -_S. Lagerheimii_. Professor Farlow has recently sent me a -specimen of this species from Chocorua, N. H. - - -=S. daedalea= Lagerheim. - -This species has recently been found in a pond south of -Coffeen, Ill. The spores show the characteristic markings -and the dimensions are near those of the original collection. -The spores are slightly more rhomboidal than in the type -material, which I have seen. In herb. E. N. T. Collection -No. 2912, 2850. - - -=S. Goetzei= Schmidle. - -This species previously known only from the tropics has been found in -the collection of Mr. Charles Bullard, from Wellfleet, Mass. In herb. -E. N. T. Collection No. 2954. - - -=S. submarina= (Collins) nov. comb. - -This species was described by Collins as a variety of _S. decimina_ -(Müller) Kütz, which it somewhat resembles in the form of the -vegetative cells. The spores, however, are distinctly ellipsoid, while -those of _S. decimina_ are ovoid. The dimensions are much smaller than -those of _S. decimina_. It seems better therefore to recognize this as -a distinct species. It has been collected in Massachusetts, Connecticut -and Bermuda. - - -=E. ellipsospora= Transeau. - -Described originally from Illinois, I have seen specimens during -the past year from Maine, Massachusetts and Minnesota. Professor G. -S. West[F] described about the same time a species from Columbia, -South America, which appears to be a form of this same species. The -vegetative cells are considerably larger, the chromatophores are six -(or five) in number, and the spores are at the upper limit of size of -the North American form. As our specimens all show, a wider range of -dimensions and number of chromatophores, the South American form is -best classified as a variety under the name _S. ellipsospora_ var. -=splendida= (G. S. West) nov. comb. - - -=S. propria= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 60-68µ × 80-150µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris 3, anfractibus arctis .5-1; cellulis fructiferis -cylindricis; zygosporis ellipticis 42-60µ × 80-120µ; membrana media -sporarum scrobiculis irregularis ornata, luteo-brunnea. - -Vegetative cells 60-68µ × 80-150µ, end walls plane; 3 chromatophores -making .5-1 turn in the cell; fertile cells cylindrical; zygospores -ellipsoid, 42-60µ × 80-120µ, median wall irregularly pitted, -yellow-brown. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2666. Coffeen, Illinois. - -This species is very distinct in the form of its spores and their -position in the fertile cells. Lateral conjugation only has been -observed. It is possible that the number of chromatophores is more -variable, but in all the vegetative cells in which they could be -counted there were three. - - -=Spirogyra braziliensis= (Nordstedt) nov. comb. - -Owing to the indefinite and imperfect description of _S. lineata_ -Suring., the variety _Braziliensis_ Nordstedt, of which we have a -perfect description and specimens (W. & N. Alg. aq. dulc. exsicc. No. -360), should be given specific rank. Its connection with _S. lineata_ -is very problematical. - - -=S. fluviatilis= Hilse. - -In all the published descriptions of this species the spores are -described as smooth, and the number of chromatophores is given as -four. I have seen many specimens from Illinois, and collections from -the upper peninsula of Michigan (T. L. Hankinson), Minnesota (J. E. -Tilden), Hawaii (J. E. Tilden), Massachusetts (P. B.-A. No. 1217), -Pennsylvania (E. N. T.) and Guatemala (W. A. Kellerman). In all cases -the mature spores are brown and scrobiculate, and the number of -chromatophores is three or four. - - -=S. nova-angliae= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 50-60µ × 200-350µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris 3-5, anfractibus arctis 2.5-4.5; cellulis fructiferis -non inflatis; zygosporis ovoideis 50-65µ × 80-120µ: membrana media -sporarum reticulata et dense punctata, flava. - -Vegetative cells 50-60µ × 200-350µ, end walls plane; 3-5 chromatophores -making 2.5-4.5 turns; fertile cells not inflated; zygospores ovoid -50-65µ × 80-120µ: median wall reticulate and densely punctate, yellow -in color. - -This species was first found in the collections of Mr. Bullard -from Beaver Dam, Brook Pond, Natick; the pond west of Winter Pond, -Winchester; and the Middlesex Fells, Mass. Recently the same form was -found in a large prairie pond south of Coffeen, Illinois. Its position -in the genus is near _S. malmeana_ Hirn. In herb. E. N. T. Collections -No. 2952, 2953 and 2900. - - -=S. diluta= Wood. - -I first came across this species in Mr. Bullard’s collection from -the pond west of Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass. On going over Wood’s -description, its identity with _S. diluta_ is unmistakable. The -position, color and form of the spore, and the shape of the fertile -cells is perfectly represented in Wood’s figure. The dimensions also -correspond. Wolle is responsible for confusing this species with _S. -nitida_ (Dillw.) Link, but a glance at Wood’s figure is sufficient to -show that it is very different from that species. The P. B. A. specimen -No. 513 (labelled _S. nitida_) from Bridgeport, Conn., belongs here. -Miss Grace Stone also sent me a collection of this species from near -New York City. In the U. S. National Herbarium is another specimen from -Bois Sabbi, Louisiana, April 7th, 1891, (A. B. Langlois). Recently the -species has been collected at Donnelson, Illinois, by Mr. Frank Harris. - -The vegetative cells are usually shorter than in _S. nitida_, the -spores are ovoid, not ellipsoid, and the spore wall is verrucose, or -reticulate-verrucose, chestnut brown in color. In herb. E. N. T. Coll. -No. 2900. - - -=S. crassa= Kützing. - -Var. =formosa= nov. var. Varietas gracilis, cellulis vegetativis -80-95µ × 80-270µ; zygosporis 88-100µ × 120-150µ × 70-90µ; ceterum ut in -typo. - -A small variety, vegetative cells 80-95µ × 80-270µ: zygospores -88-100µ × 120-150µ × 70-90µ; otherwise similar to the type. Type in -herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 1939. This variety occurs in a pond east of -Ashmore, Ill. - - -=S. submaxima= Transeau. - -This species which was described from Illinois has been found with -nearly the same dimensions in the collections from Middlesex Fells, and -South Peabody Station, Mass., sent me by Mr. Chas. Bullard. - - -=S. micropunctata= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 30-36µ × 120-300µ, dissepimentis planis, -chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 3-7; cellulis fructiferis -modo binis vel quaternis inter cellulas vegetativas distributis, -modo continuis, altero latere (in quo conjugatio sequitur) inflatis, -altero rectis; tubo conjugationis plerumque ex cellula mascula emisso; -zygosporis ellipticis 37-42µ × 57-100µ membrana media micropunctata et -lutea. - -Vegetative cells 30-36µ × 120-300µ, end walls plane; 1 chromatophore -making 3-7 turns; fertile cells scattered in twos or fours among -vegetative cells, or continuous, inflated on the conjugating side, -outer side straight; conjugating tubes formed almost wholly by the -male cell, zygospores ellipsoid 37-42µ × 57-70µ, median wall minutely -punctate, yellow. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2470, 2953. - -This species was first found in the West Big Four Pond, east of -Charleston, Illinois. It has since been found in a collection from -Chocorua, N. H., sent me by Mr. Chas. Bullard. It evidently belongs in -the _punctata_ group of the Spirogyras, but in form and markings of the -spore, and the shape of the fertile cells it is amply distinct from its -nearest allies; _S. punctiformis_ Transeau and the next species to be -described. - - -=S. reflexa= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 30-40µ × 120-300µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 3-8 cellulis fructiferis -binis vel quaternis inter cellulas vegetativas distributis, inflatis -et valde reflexis; tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso; -zygosporis ellipticis, 44-54µ × 90-150µ, membrana media glabra et -luteo-brunnea. - -Vegetative cells 30-40µ × 120-300µ, with plane end wall; 1 -chromatophore making 3-8 turns; fertile cells in groups of 2 or 4, -inflated or enlarged and strongly reflexed; conjugating tube formed by -the male cells; zygospores ellipsoid, 44-54µ × 90-150µ, median wall -smooth, yellow-brown. Type in herb. E. N. T. Collection No. 2661, 2664, -2912. - -This species has been under observation for four years and has been -collected from ponds near Casey, Lerna, Coffeen and Donnellson, -Illinois. The large, smooth spores, the reflexed conjugating cells, -and the tube produced wholly by the male cells are the distinguishing -characteristics. - - -=S. hydrodictya= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 75-100µ × 210-360µ, dissepimentis planis, -chromatophoris 7-10, modo subrectis longitudinalibus, modo spiralibus -anfractibus arctis .1-.5; cellulis fructiferis inflatis vel -subinflatis; tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso; zygosporis -lenticularibus vel globoso-lenticularibus, 80-120µ × 110-195µ, membrana -media scrobiculis obsita, brunnea. - -Vegetative cells 75-100µ × 210-360µ, end walls plane, 7-10 -chromatophores, either straight, or spiral making .1-.5 turns; fertile -cells inflated or subinflated; conjugating tube formed by the male -cell; zygospores lenticular or globose-lenticular 80-120µ × 110-195µ, -median wall brown, pitted. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2661, 2665. -Coffeen, Illinois. - -This is one of the most remarkable forms described in this genus. -It combines large size, the lenticular spore form, and the habit of -forming the conjugating tube entirely by the male cell. The conjugating -tube has walls heavier than those of any known species. Conjugation -is both lateral and scalariform, and occurs between scattered cells, -very rarely continuous for 6-8 cells. In the fruiting condition the -filaments form a mesh-work which suggests the specific name. It has -thus far been found only in the Fath Pond, north of Coffeen, Illinois. - - -=S. protecta= Wood. - -A study of American specimens of this species from Massachusetts, -Connecticut, New Jersey, Michigan and Illinois, shows that like _S. -Grevilleana_ there are always some cells with two chromatophores. I -have twice found this species producing aplanospores. - - -=S. tenuissima= (Hass.) Kütz var. =rugosa= Transeau. - -P. B.-A. specimen No. 456, Easton’s Pt., Newport, R. I., belongs to -this variety rather than the type, as shown by the scrobiculate spore -wall. In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are also specimens of the -variety from Pennannock, N. J., and from Spy Pond, Lake St., Arlington, -Mass. - - -=S. Farlowii= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 24-30µ × 70-180µ, dissepimentis replicatis; -chromatophoris singulis, rarius duobus, anfractibus arctis 2.5-6; -cellulis fructiferis inflatis (ad 39-60µ); zygosporis ellipticis, polis -plus minus acuminatis, 32-45µ × 48-93µ, membrana media glabra, lutea. - -Vegetative cells 24-30µ × 70-180µ, end walls replicate; 1 (rarely 2) -chromatophore making 2.5-6 turns; fertile cells inflated to 39-60µ; -zygospores ellipsoid, ends more or less pointed, 32-45µ × 48-93µ, -median wall smooth, yellow. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2955, -2956, 2957. - -In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are specimens of this species from -Lexington, Arlington, and Middlesex Fells, Mass. The P. B.-A. specimen -No. 362, labeled _S. Grevilleana_, from Medford, Mass., belongs here, -rather than to _S. Grevilleana_, in which the spores are distinctly -ovoid with broad rounded ends. - - -=S. groenlandica= Rosenvinge. - -This interesting form is characterized by quadrately inflated fertile -cells, highly refractive cell walls, and unusually long cells and -spores. In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are specimens from Stony -Brook, South Framingham, Middlesex Fells, Wayside Inn, North Eastham, -and Malden Fells, Massachusetts. The P. B.-A. specimen No. 363 labelled -_S. inflata_, Orange, Conn., belongs to this species. - - -=S. fallax= (Hansgirg) Wille. - -This species is one of several forms near _S. insignis_ (Hass.) -Kützing. If Wille’s description is correct and identical with -Hansgirg’s material, then _S. inconstans_ Collins becomes a synonym -of _S. fallax_. Hansgirg’s figure suggests that the filaments in his -material are homosexual. While Wille’s description and figure suggests -that the filaments are reflexed and that conjugation does not regularly -occur between parallel filaments, with the spores all in one filament. -It is difficult to decide just where these rough-spored forms belong -as the earlier authors did not pay much attention to spore markings. -In this connection the note by Professor Nordstedt in connection with -specimen No. 958 in Wittrock and Nordstedt’s Algae Exsiccatae is of -interest. Until these forms have been clearly separated by a study -of the original collections it seems best to use _S. fallax_ for _S. -inconstans_, of which the type is P. B.-A. No. 1568. Here also belongs -P. B.-A. No. 1570, Middlesex Fells, Mass., and P. B.-A. No. 1571, -Wakefield, Mass. - - -=S. floridana= nov. sp. - -Cellulis vegetativis 56-66µ × 120-335µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris 4-5, subrectis vel anfractibus arctis .5; cellulis -conjugatis abbreviatis, inflatis (ad 135µ) et geniculatis; canalis -conjugationis brevis et latis; zygosporis ellipticis, 75-105µ × 95-135µ -membrana media glabra, lutea. - -Vegetative cells 56-66µ × 120-335µ, end walls plane; 4-5 -chromatophores, nearly straight or making a half turn; conjugating -cells geniculate, shortened; fertile cells inflated up to 135µ; -conjugating tube very short and broad; zygospores ellipsoid, 75-105µ × -95-135µ median wall smooth, yellow. Type in U. S. National Herbarium, -collected by J. D. Smith, in S. W. Florida, March, 1878. - -In its dimensions _S. floridana_ is intermediate between _S. stictica_ -(Eng. Bot.) Wille and _S. ceylanica_ Wittrock. In several publications -the statement is made that _S. ceylanica_ is intermediate between _S. -stictica_ and the common forms of _Spirogyra_. A study of authentic -material of this species has shown that it has not intermediate -characters, but with its spores having a minutely pitted median -wall, it seems to be intermediate between _S. floridana_ and _S. -illinoiensis_ Transeau, the most specialized form in the Sirogonium -group of the genus. - -Throughout the study of these collections the writer has been greatly -assisted by Mr. Hanford Tiffany, now a teacher in the Charleston, -Illinois, High School. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness -to the many collectors who have sent me specimens for study. - - - - -ORGANIZATION OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. - - -As the result of the sentiment expressed at the 1914 meeting of the -Ohio Academy of Science that the official organ of the Academy, “The -Ohio Naturalist,” should be broadened and made more comprehensive in -scope, and feeling that the Ohio State University had no publication -representing the scientific work being done at the institution, -the members of the Biological Club of the University, in whom the -publication of the “Ohio Naturalist” had been vested, called a meeting -of representatives of the various departments interested in science at -the university to discuss the advisability of publishing as successor -to the “Naturalist” a journal to be known as the OHIO JOURNAL OF -SCIENCE. - -The first meeting was held in May, 1915, and committees appointed to -outline preliminary plans. At subsequent meetings the reports of the -committees were discussed, interest in the plan continued to develop, -until at a meeting held October 13 the following self-explanatory -Constitution was adopted. The society as now constituted represents -twenty-four departments of pure or applied science at the university. - - RAYMOND J. SEYMOUR, - Secretary Pro Tem. - - -CONSTITUTION. - - -ARTICLE I—NAME. - -The name of this society shall be the Ohio State University Scientific -Society. - - -ARTICLE II—OBJECT. - -It shall be the purpose of the Society to promote scientific work in -the University by holding meetings for the presentation and discussion -of the results of scientific work; by co-operating with other agencies -in arranging for scientific lectures and in the entertainment of -visiting scientists and scientific societies; by publishing the OHIO -JOURNAL OF SCIENCE and by furnishing opportunity for the discussion -and promotion of any project of scientific interest which may properly -come within the scope of such an organization and, in general, by -furthering in every way possible the interests of scientific work in -the University and the State. - - -ARTICLE III—MEMBERSHIP. - -Any member of the instructional staff in the Ohio State University -interested in scientific work shall upon application be eligible -to election to membership in the Society. Students of the Ohio -State University interested in scientific work shall be eligible to -membership when endorsed by two faculty members of the society. - - -ARTICLE IV—OFFICERS. - -SECTION 1. The officers of the society shall consist of President, -Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer. These officers shall perform -the duties common to such positions. - -SECTION 2. The Executive Committee shall consist of the officers -and the Editor of the OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. It shall have power -to arrange programs for meetings, to represent the society when -co-operating with other organizations and to conduct all affairs of the -society not otherwise provided for. - - -ARTICLE V—EDITORIAL BOARD. - -The Editorial Board shall be responsible for the management of the OHIO -JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. It shall consist of representatives, one from each -department of science in the university represented in the society -membership. This board shall elect annually an Editor and two Associate -Editors. - - -ARTICLE VI—ELECTIONS. - -Election to membership shall be by vote of the Executive Committee. - -The officers shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting in May. -Nominations shall be presented by a nominating committee which shall -consist of the Editorial Board. - -One member of the Editorial Board shall be elected by each department -from among the members of such department represented in the society -and in case any department fails to elect a member for this board the -Executive Committee shall elect for the department. - - -ARTICLE VII—PUBLICATION. - -The Editor and Associate Editors of the OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE shall -have immediate direction of the publication. The department editors -shall be responsible for the approval of papers from their several -departments, and all papers offered for publication shall be submitted -to such department editors. - -The selection for publication from available material shall be -determined by the Editorial Board. - - -ARTICLE VIII—QUORUM. - -A quorum for the transaction of regular business shall consist of at -least fifteen members with a representation of at least one-third of -the departments included in the society. - - -ARTICLE IX—AMENDMENTS. - -Amendments to the constitution may be made by the concurrence of -three-fourths of the members present at a duly called meeting, notice -of such amendment having been given to all members at least one week in -advance. - - -BY-LAWS. - - -ARTICLE I. - -The membership fees of the society shall be twenty-five cents per year -or one dollar for a period of five years and such fee shall entitle the -members to participation in all activities of the society but shall not -include the subscription to the OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. - - -ARTICLE II. - -The subscription price to the OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE shall be -two dollars to non-members, and one dollar and seventy-five cents to -members. - - -ARTICLE III. - -The fiscal year of the society shall coincide with that of the -University—July 1st to June 30th. The publication to be issued during -eight months, beginning with November. - - -ARTICLE IV. - -Regular meetings shall be held on the second Tuesday evening of the -months of October, November, March, April and May. The meeting in -May shall be the annual meeting for the election of officers and -an editorial board. Other meetings may be called by the Executive -Committee, or by the President on petition of five members. - - -ARTICLE V. - -The University Instructional Staff shall be understood to include any -member of the teaching force. - - -ARTICLE VI. - -Amendments to the By-laws may be adopted at any regular meeting by vote -of a majority of the members present, notice of proposed amendment -having been given at time meeting is called. - - - - - The College Book Store - - Reference books in all departments of Higher Education. - - Biological Supplies and Advanced Text Books - new and secondhand. - - OPPOSITE THE UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE. - - COLUMBUS, OHIO. - - - The Bucher Engraving Co., - - COLUMBUS, OHIO - - Scientific Illustrations given extremely - careful attention by highly skilled artisans - using the most modern equipment - - - DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. - - _SPAHR & GLENN,_ - - _PRINTERS and PUBLISHERS_. - - 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. - - - The Ohio State University - - COLUMBUS - - WILLIAM OXLEY THOMPSON, President. - - Ten Colleges and a Graduate School - - College of Agriculture - College of Arts, Philosophy and Science - College of Education - College of Engineering - College of Homeopathic Medicine - College of Law - College of Medicine - College of Dentistry - College of Pharmacy - College of Veterinary Medicine - Graduate School - Summer Session (Eight weeks) - - For general information, catalogue, or special bulletin describing - each college, with fees and announcement of courses - - Address: - L. E. WOLFE, Secretary Entrance Board, - THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[A] Contribution from the Botanical Laboratory of the Ohio State -University, No. 91. - -[B] Hallas, E., Om en ny Zygnema-Art med Azygosporer. Bot. Tidsskrift -20:1-16. 1895. - -[C] See Fig. 3, Plate XXV, Amer. Jour. Bot. 1:301. 1914. - -[D] Borge, O., Beitrage zur Algenflora von Schweden. - -[E] Transeau, E. N., Annotated list of the Algae of Eastern Illinois. -Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. 6:69-89, 1913. - -[F] West, G. S., A contribution to our knowledge of the Freshwater -Algae of Columbia. Memoires de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences -Naturelles 5:1013-1051. Neuchatel, 1914. - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Underscores are also used to designate a subscript. e.g. C_{6} H_{6}. - Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= - in the original text. - Carat symbol “^” designates a superscript. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. - Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations - in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, -No. 1, November 1915, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, NOV 1915 *** - -***** This file should be named 54609-0.txt or 54609-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/0/54609/ - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/54609-0.zip b/old/54609-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f76151f..0000000 --- a/old/54609-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h.zip b/old/54609-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index de3f1da..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/54609-h.htm b/old/54609-h/54609-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index eed1880..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/54609-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2297 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ohio Journal of Science - November, Volume XVI, 1915, Number 1, by Ohio State University. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.covernote {visibility: hidden; display: none;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - - h1,h2,h4 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -h1 {page-break-before: always; } -h2 {page-break-before: avoid; } -h3 { text-align: center; - font-weight: normal; - clear: both; } -h4.left { text-align: left; - font-weight: normal; - clear: both; } -.h_subtitle{font-weight: normal; font-size: smaller;} - -p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em; margin-bottom: .49em; } -p.no-indent { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; margin-bottom: .49em;} -p.author { margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 5%; text-align: right;} -p.indent { text-indent: 1.5em;} -p.f90 { font-size: 90%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f120 { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f150 { font-size: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f200 { font-size: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } - -.space-above1 { margin-top: 1em; } -.space-above2 { margin-top: 2em; } -.space-above3 { margin-top: 3em; } - -.space-below1 { margin-bottom: 1em; } -.space-below2 { margin-bottom: 2em; } -.space-below3 { margin-bottom: 3em; } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%; } -hr.r25 {width: 25%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em; - margin-left: 37.5%; margin-right: 37.5%; } -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} -hr.chap_4 {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; - height: 4px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background-color: gray; } -hr.chap_6 {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; - height: 6px; border-width: 0; color: gray; background-color: gray; } -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%; } - -ul.index { list-style-type: none; } -li.ifrst { margin-top: 1em; } -li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;} -li.isub2 {text-indent: 2em;} -li.isub4 {text-indent: 4em;} -li.isub15 {text-indent: 15em;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - - .tdl {text-align: left;} - .tdr {text-align: right;} - .tdc {text-align: center;} - -.f150_l { font-size: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0em; } - -.pagenum { - visibility: hidden; - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; -} - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.bbox {border: solid 2px;} -.center {text-align: center; - text-indent: 0; } -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - -img {max-width: 100%; height: auto;} - -sup.large {font-size: 110%;} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.ws4 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} -.ws5 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 5em;} - - @media handheld { .pagenum {display:none;} - .covernote {visibility: visible; display: block;} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, No. -1, November 1915, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, No. 1, November 1915 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: April 26, 2017 [EBook #54609] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, NOV 1915 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<h1>The Ohio<br />Journal of Science<br /><br /><span class="h_subtitle">NOVEMBER,<br /> -Volume XVI.    1915    Number 1.</span></h1> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="f90">(Continuation of The Ohio Naturalist)</p> -<p class="f90 space-above3">Official Organ of the</p> - -<p class="center"><b><span class="smcap">Ohio State University Scientific Society</span></b></p> - -<p class="f90 space-above1">and of the</p> -<p class="center"><b><span class="smcap">Ohio Academy of Science</span></b></p> - -<p class="center space-above3"><b>COLUMBUS, OHIO</b></p> -<p class="center">Annual Subscription Price, $2.00    Single Number, 30 Cents</p> -<p class="f90">Entered at the Post-Office at Columbus, Ohio, as Second-Class Matter.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="f200"><b><span class="smcap">The Ohio Journal of Science</span></b></p> -<p class="f90">PUBLISHED BY THE</p> -<p class="center"><b>Ohio State University Scientific Society</b></p> -<p class="center">Issued Monthly during the Academic Year, from November to June (eight numbers).</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Official Organ of the Ohio Academy of Science</span></p> -<p class="center">Subscription Price: $2.00 per Year, payable in advance;   to Foreign Countries, $2.50.</p> -<p class="center">Single Copies, 30 Cents.</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="_" cellpadding="2"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Editor,</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Associate Editor,</td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">James S. Hine</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Associate Editor,    </td> - <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Frederick W. Ives</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><br />EDITORIAL BOARD</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">J. F. Lyman</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Agricultural Chemistry</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">F. W. Ives</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Agricultural Engineering</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">A. G. McCall</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Agronomy</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">F. L. Landacre</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Anatomy</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">J. H. Schaffner</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Botany</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Carl B. Harrop</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Ceramic Engineering</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Jas. R. Withrow</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Chemistry</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">F. H. Eno</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Civil Engineering</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">N. W. Scherer</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Forestry</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">C. S. Prosser</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Geology</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">V. H. Davis</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Horticulture</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">W. A. Knight</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Industrial Arts</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">C. J. West</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Mathematics</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Horace Judd</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Mechanical Engineering</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Jonathan Forman</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Pathology</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">F. C. Blake</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Physics</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">R. J. Seymour</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Physiology (General)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Clayton McPeek</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Physiology (Medical)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">E. R. Hayhurst</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Public Health & Sanitation</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">J. S. Hine</span></td> - <td class="tdr">Zoology and Entomology</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>The <span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span> is owned and controlled by the -Ohio State University Scientific Society. By a special arrangement with -the Ohio Academy of Science, the <span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span> is -sent without additional expense to all members of the Academy who are -not in arrears for annual dues.</p> - -<p>The first fifteen volumes of the old <span class="smcap">Ohio Naturalist</span> may be -obtained at $1.00 per volume.</p> - -<p>Remittances of all kinds should be made payable to the Business -Manager, <span class="smcap">J. S. Hine</span>.</p> - -<p class="no-indent space-above2"><b>Address   <big>The Ohio Journal of Science</big></b></p> -<p class="no-indent"><span class="ws5">Ohio State University, COLUMBUS</span></p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="_" cellpadding="2"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><b>Ohio Academy of Science Publications</b>.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><br />First and Second Annual Reports</td> - <td class="tdr"><br />Price 30 cts. each</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Third and Fourth Annual Reports</td> - <td class="tdr">Price 25 cts. each</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Fifth to Sixteenth Annual Reports   </td> - <td class="tdr">Price 20 cts. each</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Seventeenth Annual Report</td> - <td class="tdr">Price 40 cts. each</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table> - -<table class="space-above2" border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="_" cellpadding="2"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">SPECIAL PAPERS.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td class="tdl">Sandusky Flora. pp. 107. <span class="smcap">E. L. Moseley</span></td> - <td class="tdr">60 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Odonata of Ohio. pp. 116. <span class="smcap">David S. Kellicott</span></td> - <td class="tdr">60 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio. pp. 75. <span class="smcap">W. G. Tight</span>,</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl">   <span class="smcap">J. A. Bownocker</span>, <span class="smcap">J. H. Todd</span> and <span class="smcap">Gerard Fowke</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Fishes of Ohio. pp. 105. <span class="smcap">Raymond C. Osburn</span></td> - <td class="tdr">60 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td class="tdl">Tabanidæ of Ohio. pp. 63. <span class="smcap">James S. Hine</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">6.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Birds of Ohio. pp. 241. <span class="smcap">Lynds Jones</span></td> - <td class="tdr">75 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">7.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie. pp. 96. <span class="smcap">Thomas A. Bonser</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Coccidæ of Ohio, i. pp. 66. <span class="smcap">James G. Sanders</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">9.</td> - <td class="tdl">Batrachians and Reptiles of Ohio. pp. 54. <span class="smcap">Max Morse</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td class="tdl">Ecological Study of Brush Lake. pp. 20. <span class="smcap">J. H. Schaffner</span>,</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl">   <span class="smcap">Otto E. Jennings</span>, <span class="smcap">Fred J. Tyler</span></td> - <td class="tdr">35 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">11.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Willows of Ohio. pp. 60. <span class="smcap">Robert F. Griggs</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">12.</td> - <td class="tdl">Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Ohio. pp. 35. <span class="smcap">V. Sterkj</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">13.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Protozoa of Sandusky Bay and Vicinity. <span class="smcap">F. L. Landacre</span></td> - <td class="tdr">60 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">14.</td> - <td class="tdl">Discomycetes in the Vicinity of Oxford, Ohio. pp. 54.</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl">   <span class="smcap">Freda M. Bachman</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td class="tdl">Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory. pp. 122. <span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner</span></td> - <td class="tdr">75 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">16.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Pteridophytes of Ohio. pp. 41. <span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner</span></td> - <td class="tdr">50 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">17.</td> - <td class="tdl">Fauna of the Maxville Limestone. pp. 65. <span class="smcap">W. C. Morse</span></td> - <td class="tdr">60 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">18.</td> - <td class="tdl">The Agaricaceæ of Ohio. pp. 116. <span class="smcap">W. G. Stover</span></td> - <td class="tdr">75 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">19.</td> - <td class="tdl">An Ecological Study of Buckeye Lake. pp. 138. <span class="smcap">Frederica Detmers</span></td> - <td class="tdr">75 cts.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><br />Address: C. W. REEBE, Librarian, Ohio Academy of Science.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Library, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="center"><b>THE</b></p> -<p class="f200"><b><span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span></b></p> -<p class="center space-above2">PUBLISHED BY THE<br /><big><span class="smcap">Ohio State University Scientific Society</span></big></p> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Volume XVI</span>   NOVEMBER, 1915   <span class="smcap">No. 1</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="_" cellpadding="2"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><b>TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Introductory</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1"> 1</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Lord</span>—The Making of a Photographic Objective</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3"> 3</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Transeau</span>—Notes on the Zygnemales</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Organization of the Ohio State University Scientific Society </td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> -<h2>INTRODUCTORY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Fifteen years ago the Biological Club of the Ohio State University -began publishing <span class="smcap">The Ohio Naturalist</span>. This -Journal has had a continuous existence and has been an important medium -in advancing the knowledge of the natural history of the state. A -number of years ago the <span class="smcap">Naturalist</span> became -the official organ of the Ohio Academy of Science and was thus sent -to every member of the Academy. At that time the Ohio Academy was -largely composed of Biologists and Geologists, but has now widened -its scope to include Physicists, Mathematicians, and others. It was, -therefore, thought desirable by many that the scope of the <span -class="smcap">Naturalist</span> should be enlarged so as to make it -representative of all of the activities of the Academy. In accordance -with this desire, committees were appointed by the various departments -interested and a plan for future publication was proposed which was -finally adopted.</p> - -<p>The Ohio State University Scientific Society was thus organized at -the Ohio State University and will take over the control of the new -publication. This Society is to have somewhat the same relationship -to <span class="smcap">The Ohio Journal of Science</span> as the -Biological Club had to the Ohio Naturalist. The management of the -Journal is under an Editorial Board made up of representatives of -various scientific departments of the University. This Board elects -annually the Editor and two Associate Editors. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><span class="smcap">Editorial Board.</span></p> - -<p class="blockquot space-below1"> -Agricultural Chemistry, J. F. Lyman; Agricultural Engineering, F. W. -Ives; Agronomy, A. G. McCall; Anatomy, F. L. Landacre; Botany, J. -H. Schaffner; Ceramic Engineering, Carl B. Harrop; Chemistry, Jas. -R. Withrow; Civil Engineering, F. H. Eno; Forestry, N. W. Scherer; -Geology, C. S. Prosser; Horticulture, V. H. Davis; Industrial Arts, -W. A. Knight; Mathematics, C. J. West; Mechanical Engineering, Horace -Judd; Pathology, Jonathan Forman; Physics, F. C. Blake; Physiology -(General) R. J. Seymour; Physiology (Medical), Clayton McPeek; Public -Health and Sanitation, E. R. Hayhurst; Zoology and Entomology, J. S. Hine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Ohio Journal of Science</span> is to be considered as a -continuation of <span class="smcap">The Ohio Naturalist</span>. It is hoped that with -the wider field covered, it may interest a much larger number of the -scientific people of the state, and be financially supported so that it -may soon develop into a journal of high standard. It is the intention -of the present Editors, with the large field before them, to publish -results of research as well as articles of general interest in the -advancement of Science. On the natural history side the aim at present -will be to pay more especial attention to the biology, geology and -geography of Ohio, but articles dealing with any other region will be acceptable.</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">The Editors for the present year are as follows:</li> -<li class="isub2">John H. Schaffner—Editor.</li> -<li class="isub2">James S. Hine—Associate Editor (Business).</li> -<li class="isub2">Frederick W. Ives—Associate Editor (Subscriptions).</li> -<li class="isub15"><span class="smcap">John H. Schaffner.</span></li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>THE MAKING OF A PHOTOGRAPHIC OBJECTIVE.</h2> -<p class="center"><b>Being a Description of a Course in Applied Optics Offered at the<br/> -Emerson McMillin Observatory of the Ohio State University.</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="center space-below1"><span class="smcap">H. C. Lord.</span></p> - -<p>Photography, in its more serious phase, has taken an important place -in almost every field of human activity while in its lighter mood, -through the development of the “Kodak” and the roll film, is giving us -one of our most delightful pastimes. As a condition for the best work, -a high grade lens is a necessity and especially so for those extremely -short exposures required in the photography of rapidly moving objects. -It often happens that some of the most perfect and at the same time -most difficult specimens of optical design are found on cameras so -small that they can be easily carried in one’s coat pocket. These so -called anastigmats furnish to the optician a difficult and yet at the -same time most fascinating problem for mathematical investigation. -Thousands of photographic objectives are placed on the market every -year, yet though almost every branch of engineering is covered by -our technical schools, I know of no place outside of Germany where a -student can be instructed in the design and construction of a simple -photographic objective. Professor Silvanus P. Thompson in his inaugural -address as President of the British Optical Convention held in London -in 1912, states: “In the Universities and Colleges the only people who -are learning Optics are merely taking it as a part of Physics for the -sake of passing an examination for a degree, and care nothing for the -application of Optics in the industries. They are being taught Optics -by men who are not opticians, who never ground a lens or calculated -even an achromatic doublet, who never worked an opthalmoscope or -measured a cylindrical lens.” Further on he speaks as follows: “What -is wanted is an establishment where the whole atmosphere is one of -optical interest; where theory and practice go hand in hand; where the -mathematician will himself grind lenses and measure their performance -on the test bench; where braincraft will be married to handcraft; where -precision, whether in computation or workmanship, will be the dominating ambition.” -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<p>Some four years before the above quotations were written, the author -started to work up a course in Optics which should aim, not only to -give to the student a knowledge of the fundamental theory of lenses, -but should also apply those principles to the methods of optical design -and thus enable him to compute the curves of the component lenses of a -photographic objective. This has now been fairly well worked out and is -given in the Arts college under the official titles “Astronomy, 107, -108, 109 and 110.” The basis of this course is “A System of Applied -Optics,” by H. Dennis Taylor, the inventor of the Cooke lens. This -splendid volume develops, from the standpoint of geometric optics, a -complete discussion of the formation of an image by a combination of -any number of lenses, but does not apply the methods and formulae there -developed to the actual design of a photographic objective. The writer -of this paper was, therefore, compelled to work out this part of the -theory for himself and, as he had always felt that all mathematics -should ultimately end in arithmetic and that all arithmetic should -ultimately end in doing something, he resolved at the outset that -the course should end in laboratory work in the actual computation, -grinding and polishing of lenses. As to how well this has succeeded, -I will let the illustrations which accompany this article speak for -themselves. Suffice it to say that the half tone cuts were made from -five by seven enlargements from negatives, one and three quarters by -two and one-eighth inches, taken with a lens <i>designed</i> and <i>built</i> -at this observatory and working at an aperture of F six. A peculiar -feature of this lens is that it is composed of four lenses all cut -from the same piece of crown glass. This lens beautifully illustrates -the importance of adding to the theoretical side of the course, the -practical work in the laboratory in construction and testing as this -lens, though in the main satisfactory, has one serious defect and a -defect which is very instructive in that it shows that at a certain -point in the design, the theory was weak and needed to be extended and -enlarged. It should be stated that this theoretical investigation is -now completed and ready to be put to the test of practice. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<p>This Observatory possesses a well equipped instrument shop, which was -used for the practical side of this work and it has seemed to me that -a description of how we used the ordinary tools of a machine shop, of -what special appliances we were compelled to make, and how we finally -ground and polished our lenses would be of general interest. These -methods do not pretend to be the best, nor those actually employed by -the manufacturer, but they do illustrate how a lens can be made and how -a little ingenuity will enable one if he has the standard tools of a -machine shop to carry out almost any kind of experimental work.</p> - -<p>As a preliminary to this, a brief outline of the problem before the -lens designer may be of interest. A simple lens consists of a piece of -glass bounded by either plane or spherical surfaces as these, except -in large reflecting surfaces, are the only kind that can be made with -sufficient accuracy. Such a lens would have a great many defects or -errors and would be unable to give a sharp image on the photographic -plate unless stopped down to a very small aperture. By changing the -radii of the surfaces, and the thickness of the lens, the designer can -vary these errors, but after all is said and done he can do but little -to improve the single lens. He then combines lenses of different forms -and of different kinds of glass into a single objective, in this way -making the positive errors of some of the lenses balance the negative -errors of the others, until he arrives at a combination which is more -or less perfect according to his skill as a designer. How this is -accomplished is far beyond the limits of this paper, so I will now -proceed to the mechanical side of the problem.</p> - -<p>The first consideration is the glass; of course it must be what is -known as optical glass and its selection is really part of the work of -the designer. Optical glass is nothing more than a very perfect kind -of glass which has been exquisitely annealed. You are all familiar -with the intense green of window glass when seen edgewise; a piece of -white paper will hardly be changed in color when seen through twelve -inches of a good optical crown. The best optical glass is not made in -this country, but must be purchased from either Schott & Gen. of Jena -or Mantois of France. The Jena glass has become very celebrated and -most of the lens makers state that their lenses are made out of it and -as a consequence most people think that Jena glass means a certain -kind, while, as a matter of fact, their catalogue for 1909 shows about -seventy different varieties. These differ in optical qualities and -chemical composition, and cost from about a dollar to five dollars a -pound, with a few special varieties costing as much as fifteen dollars. -This glass comes in slabs, but will be cut by the makers with either a -diamond saw or a sand saw, the purchaser paying for the “saw dust.” -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <a name="FIG_01" id="FIG_01"></a> - <img src="images/fig_1.jpg" alt="_" width="300" height="458" /> - <p class="f120"><b>Fig. 1</b></p> -</div> -<hr class="r25" /> -<div class="figcenter"> - <a name="FIG_02" id="FIG_02"></a> - <img src="images/fig_2.jpg" alt="_" width="300" height="452" /> - <p class="f120"><b>Fig. 2</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The slabs that were used here were 2" × 6" × ½" and the first -operation was to cut from these round disks a little larger than the -finished lens. This was accomplished in the following manner and is -illustrated in <a href="#FIG_01">Fig. 1</a>. In the chuck of a drill -speeder on a Barnes drill press was placed a ¼" steel rod which carried -at its lower end a copper tube, A, which was steadied at the bottom -by a steel washer, bored to a loose fit to the tube, and clamped to -the glass as shown. Number 40 Carborundum was used and lubricated with -<i>plenty of water</i>. The tube must be lifted frequently to allow the -abrasive to flow to the cutting edge. This is done so often that it -seems almost a continuous motion of lifting and pressing down again, -the tool resting on the glass hardly more than two or three seconds -at a time. The cutting may be done at such a speed as to allow of a -slight heating. As soon as the tube has cut itself about a sixteenth -of an inch into the glass, the guiding <span class="pagenum"><a -name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> washer may be removed and the -glass will then act as its own guide. A disk about one inch in diameter -and a half of an inch thick could be cut out in a little over a half of -an hour. At B <a href="#FIG_01">Fig. 1</a> is shown one of the uncut -slabs and at C and D two that are about used up. Though working rather -slowly this proved quite satisfactory though wasteful of glass as it -cut a rather wide scarf, copper must be used; brass was tried but the -wear was so great as to render it almost useless while the copper shows -almost none.</p> - -<p>As these disks are cut out they are not only cone shaped but the -edges are very rough so that the next operation was to grind these to -smooth and true circular disks. This was done on a Wells tool grinder -shown in <a href="#FIG_02">Fig. 2</a>, which was slowed way down by -placing a large pulley on the counter shaft. The glass to be ground -was held by cementing it with pitch onto a piece of brass rod which in -turn was held in the drawing collet of the head A. A special wheel B, -made by the Norton people for grinding the rims of spectacle lenses, -was used and the machine slowed until the wheel would keep wet when -running against a sponge, C, resting in water. The glass disk was in -this way kept dripping and heating entirely prevented. The grinding was -then carried out just as with any other material and the edge was made -beautifully smooth and true in a few minutes. The beauty of pitch as a -cement for holding the glass is that a slight heating will soften it so -that the disk can be shifted to any position and then a dash of cold -water clamps it in place and at the same time the pitch will slowly -yield to the slightest pressure so that in a few minutes the glass is -entirely free from strain. In manufacturing this sort of work is done -with a diamond and is of course done much more quickly.</p> - -<p>The disks were thick enough to make two lenses each so we sawed them -into two as illustrated in <a href="#FIG_03">Fig. 3</a>. A is an old -polishing head upon which was mounted a pulley at one end and a copper -disk, B, at the other, the disk being held between large washers. C is -a cast iron box fastened to an arm, D, hinged at E and kept pressed -against the copper disk by a cord passing over two pulleys on the -ceiling. This made a most excellent automatic feed. The glass to be -split was fastened to a block of pine with pitch and the wood held -in the iron box, C, with wedges. Number 40 Carborundum was used with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -plenty of water and the glass was cut through faster than a power hack -saw would cut through steel. The glass should be cut half way through -and then reversed so that the final break will come in the middle and -thus prevent the edges from spawling off. The chief defect of this -machine was the way it scattered emery.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <a name="FIG_03" id="FIG_03"></a> - <img src="images/fig_3.jpg" alt="_" width="500" height="622" /> - <p class="f120"><b>Fig. 3</b></p> -</div> - -<p>The disks are now ready for the grinding which is done on the -machine on the right of <a href="#FIG_03">Fig. 3</a>, which consists -simply of a vertical spindle run by a quarter twist belt from the -counter shaft against the wall. The end of this spindle is tapered at -the upper end to receive the grinding tool or laps, shown on the table -in <a href="#FIG_05">Fig. 5</a> which also shows the spindle raised so -that the grinding lap is seen above the tin box, C, which surrounds the -spindle to catch the abrasive that is thrown off in grinding. The glass -is first smoothed down on a flat lap until it is of equal thickness at -all points as measured by a micrometer when it is ready to be ground -to the proper curves. For this purpose the spherical laps, shown -in <a href="#FIG_05">Fig. 5</a>, are turned in the special machine -illustrated in <a href="#FIG_04">Fig. 4</a>. The compound rest of an -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -old Seller’s lathe was removed and in its place, on the cross slide of -the carriage, was mounted the sphere turning rest. This consists of a -base, A, in which the slide, B, is so mounted that it can be rotated -about the center, C, by turning the milled head, D, which carries a -worm at the opposite end. E is the tool post with the cutting tool T -and L the lap to be turned. A hole was drilled at C into which was -fitted a round piece of steel the upper end being pointed and then -half cut away like a center reamer. This was used in finding the zero; -the rod, pointed end up, was placed in the hole at C and the cutting -tool adjusted against the flattened side. The zero position is then -determined by measuring, with an inside micrometer, the distance from -the tool post to a stop placed at the end of the slide B. By adding to -or subtracting from the zero reading of the micrometer the length of -the radius of the grinding lap, the tool post may be set to the proper -position for either a convex or a concave surface. This, however, is -only approximate, for these laps must be made with the highest possible -accuracy. After sufficient cuts have been taken to give a spherical -surface, the radius is carefully measured with a special spherometer -and the error in the radius corrected by changing the position of -the cutting tool by an amount calculated from the readings of the -spherometer. This spherometer we were compelled to build as we could -find none of sufficient accuracy on the market and it is described in a -note at the end of this article.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <a name="FIG_04" id="FIG_04"></a> - <img src="images/fig_4.jpg" alt="_" width="600" height="469" /> - <p class="f120"><b>Fig. 4</b></p> -</div> -<hr class="r25" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <a name="FIG_05" id="FIG_05"></a> - <img src="images/fig_5.jpg" alt="_" width="600" height="464" /> - <p class="f120"><b>Fig. 5</b></p> -</div> - -<p>In <a href="#FIG_04">Fig. 4</a>, R is simply a steady rest made with -the large overhang to allow the slide B to swing under it in turning -a convex surface. Two master laps, male and female, must be made and -carefully ground together. Every effort should be taken to make these -as accurate as possible since upon these depends the goodness of our -lens. This special tool is easy to make and leaves nothing to be -desired in its operation. Detail drawings and directions for making it -are given in a note at the end.</p> - -<p>We now come to the grinding or lapping of the lenses themselves. This -is done in a lap turned as above and carefully fitted to the master -laps and which must be trued from time to time as the work progresses. -This lapping of glass is entirely different from the lapping of metals -in that, while in metals the lap is to be kept almost free from the -abrasive, in glass the lap must be freely supplied with emery and water -or deep scratches will result. The best way to apply the emery is with -a paint brush; the brush, saturated with emery, being held in front of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -the lens as it is ground. The lens may be held in the hand or cemented -to a disk of brass having a center hole drilled in the back in which is -placed a pointed piece of steel held in the hand, the lens being free -to rotate about the pointed steel holder. Of course where the lens has -to be ground to a definite thickness it must be held by hand. Flour of -emery was used to rough grind though coarser grades would have worked -faster. The final smooth grinding was done with a special fine emery -made for this purpose by Bausch and Lomb. Great care must be taken in -the grinding to keep the lens as nearly centered as possible. A lens is -said to be centered when the line which joins the centers of curvature -of the surfaces passes through the center of figure. Obviously if a -double convex lens could be ground to a knife edge it would be centered -but if this were done the edge would be almost certain to crumble -in the final polishing and deep scratches result. The centering of -a convex lens can be watched by keeping the edge as nearly uniform -of thickness as possible with a concave lens, if the original blank -is made larger than necessary and care is taken to make the sides -parallel, the centering can be watched by keeping a flat edge of <i>equal -width</i> around the concave portion, the lens being placed back on the -flat tool, from time to time, as the work progresses. If care is used -the lens need be made but little larger than the finished size to allow -for the final accurate centering to be described later.</p> - -<p>After being smooth ground the lens is beautifully smooth and velvety -to the touch but is just as much ground glass as ever, that is, it is -absolutely opaque. We now come to the polishing. This is done with -specially prepared rouge and only an excessively small amount of glass -is taken off. Lord Rayleigh in a paper on “Polishing of Glass Surfaces” -read before the British Optical Convention held in 1905, states: “I -started with a finely ground surface, rather more finely ground I think -than is used in practice, and I found that in order to obtain a pretty -good polish it was necessary to remove a weight of glass, corresponding -to a depth of about 6 wavelengths. I do not pretend that such a polish -would satisfy the requirements of commerce; probably the 6 would have -to be raised to 10 or 12 in order to get to the bottom of the deepest -pits.” When it is remembered that a wave length is about the fifty -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -thousandth part of an inch we realize how very delicate such lapping -must be. For this work the lap is covered with pitch which has been -brought to the proper degree of hardness either by boiling, to harden -it or by adding asfalt varnish to soften it. The proper degree of -hardness is very important and must be adjusted to the temperature of -the room. Obviously if the pitch is too soft it will not hold its shape -and it will be impossible to hold the polishing tool to the proper -radius. I have put three different curves on a lens about an inch in -diameter in a few minutes and it had to go back on the grinding machine -before it could be finished.</p> - -<p>The polishing tool is prepared as follows: A disk of pitch, about ¼" -thick, is cast by pouring it in a mold made by a strip of brass bent -to a circle, the ends clamped with a tool maker’s clamp, and rested on -a piece of cold cast iron which has been planed smooth. This should be -of such size that when bent to the proper shape it can be molded over -a tool similar to the grinding tool but with a radius changed by about -the thickness of the pitch. This tool is then heated and painted with -a stick of pitch, the disk is warmed, and the two pressed together, -when cooled the pitch will stick tight to the iron but will be far from -a smooth surface. This and the master tool of the opposite curvature -are placed in warm water and pressed together and at the same time one -slowly rotated, one about the other. When a good fit is secured they -are cooled and a number of small holes, about 1-8" in diameter, are -drilled all over the pitch to distribute the abrasive, which of course -spoils the surface and the tool must be again pressed. This pressing -to shape must be done repeatedly and requires great care and some -practice in order to have the pitch come to the exact opposite of the -pressing tool. The most important thing is to do the pressing slowly -and in fact in the whole process of this work one must never get in a -hurry. Ritchey, in his memoir on the construction of the great 60" at -Mt. Wilson, recommends covering the pitch with beeswax, and for quicker -and poorer work a cloth polisher may be used, the cloth being a special -felt and cemented to the cast iron tool with a thin layer of pitch.</p> - -<p>The abrasive is rouge or red oxide of iron and its preparation is -fully described in the above mentioned work by Ritchey. We purchased -the anhydrous red oxide of iron from Merck & Co. This was mixed -with plenty of water in the jars shown at E, <a href="#FIG_05">Fig. 5</a>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -The rouge will rapidly precipitate, the coarse particles falling to -the bottom, and leaving clear water above the precipitated rouge. The -upper two-thirds of the rouge will be almost perfect and will give a -beautiful polish when carefully siphoned off. This should be kept in -tightly corked bottles, one of the best things is a horse radish jar as -this has a place for the handle of the brush in the glass stopper, and -all dust and grit can be easily washed off before the jar is opened. -For polishing, the lens is cemented to a handle at whose end is a piece -of brass turned to fit the lens in the sphere turning machine already -described. Even in a small lens the polishing tool must be run slowly, -the speeds of our machines run from 170 to 300 revolutions per minute -and the fastest can seldom be used. The reason of this is that the lens -fits the polisher so perfectly that almost a perfect vacuum is formed -and the lens hugs the polished so closely that it is impossible to hold -it in small sizes by hand alone and in the case of a convex surface, -if the cavity is carried clear out to the edge of the glass disk, this -may be broken simply by the friction due to this grip of the glass and -pitch. <a href="#FIG_05">Fig. 5</a> shows a horizontal polishing head -at B and a vertical one at C. There is little choice except that for -convex surfaces B seems the best, as it can be run faster, while for -concave C seems better.</p> - -<p>The lenses are now ready to be centered, that is, the circumference -so turned that the line which joins the centers of curvature of the -two spherical surfaces shall pass through the center of figure. -In order to accomplish this, the lens is first cleaned from the -pitch used to cement it to the handle used in holding the lens -for polishing. For a long time I could find no way of doing this -satisfactorily when pitch was the cement; finally, I laid my troubles -before Dr. A. M. Bleile, Head of the Department of Physiology, and he -suggested to first soak the lens in lard and then wash it in benzol -(<b>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub></b>). This worked like magic though -the first time I tried it I used some lard that had been heated with -some pitch in it which made the lard very soft in fact almost as soft -as it could be and yet not be an oil, and this same lard was used -over and over again. The action is rather peculiar; the lard does not -apparently effect the pitch at all but after a few minutes in the -benzene it all flakes off and leaves the lens perfectly clean. The -actual centering is then carried out on the grinding machine shown in -<a href="#FIG_02">Fig. 2</a>; A holder, D, whose front face has -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -been turned in the spherical turning machine to fit one of the surfaces -of the lens, is held in the head A. If the lens be cemented to this -with a thin coat of pitch, it is obvious that the surface of the lens -next to the holder will have its center of curvature coincide with -the axis of rotation of the spindle of the head, A, but the center of -curvature of the other lens surface will probably fall outside of this -axis. A lamp, L, has a tin chimney with a pin hole in it turned towards -the lens, this pin hole forming a brilliant point of light, an image of -which is formed by each surface and reflected by the total reflecting -prism, P, into the telescope, T, where it is seen through the eyepiece. -If the centers of curvature of both surfaces do not accurately coincide -with the axis of rotation of the head, A, the images of the pin hole -will describe circles as this axis is rotated. The back surface will -of course be centered if the layer of the pitch used as cement is of -uniform thickness which will generally be the case if the work has -been carefully done; but in any case the image formed by it should -be examined. If the front surface is out of center, as it generally -will be, the holder should be warmed and the lens shifted, care being -used to keep it tight against the surface of the holder as it is being -shifted. As soon as both images remain stationary as the head, A, is -rotated, the lens is fed against the wheel, B, and ground true and to -size. This worked beautifully and the tests were wonderfully sensitive. -As soon as the component lenses of the objective have all been thus -centered, they are ready to be assembled in the cell or shutter in -which they are to be used; but as this is simply a matter of careful -machine work, I need not describe it further.</p> - -<p>I know of no literature on the grinding of small lenses though the -following memoirs on the making of large reflecting telescopes should -be in the hands of any one interested in this work:</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"><b>On the Construction of a Five-foot Equatorial Reflecting Telescope.</b></li> -<li class="isub4">By A. A. Common, LL. D., F. R. S.</li> -<li class="isub4">Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. L., 1890-91.</li> -<li class="ifrst"><b>On the Construction of a Silvered Glass Telescope, Fifteen and a Half Inches in Aperture, - and its Use in Celestial Photography.</b></li> -<li class="isub4">By Henry Draper, M. D.,</li> -<li class="isub4">Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 34.</li> -<li class="ifrst"><b>On the Modern Reflecting Telescope and the Making and Testing of Optical Mirrors.</b></li> -<li class="isub4">By George W. Ritchey.</li> -<li class="isub4">Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 34. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></li> -</ul> -<p class="center space-above2"><b><span class="smcap">Note 1—A Spherometer for Short Radii.</span></b></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <a name="FIG_06" id="FIG_06"></a> - <img src="images/fig_6.jpg" alt="_" width="300" height="519" /> - <p class="f120"><b>Fig. 6</b></p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>In <a href="#FIG_06">Fig. 6</a>, A is a regular Brown & Sharpe -Micrometer Head with the measuring point ground to an angle of 60° and -slightly rounded; B is a round steel base all machined at one setting -in which the micrometer head is clamped by a set screw not shown.</p> - -<p>Let r be the radius of the spherical surface, MNO, and we will have at -once r = <sup>(a<sup>2</sup> + d<sup>2</sup>)</sup> ⁄ 2d. The advantage -of this form of spherometer is that it is very easy to make the point -of the micrometer exactly central with the base and the value of 2a can -be accurately determined by means of an ordinary micrometer calliper. -For a convex surface, 2a should obviously be the inside diameter of the base, B.</p> - -<p>In using the instrument, two tables, one for concave and one for -convex surfaces, should be prepared; these tables to give the power in -dioptres for each one thousandth of an inch in the value of d. Using -the American Optical Co.’s Standard Index, namely, μ equal to 1.5000 -and one dioptre as being the power of a lens of 40 inches focus, we -have, for a plano lens, p = <sup class="large">40</sup>⁄<sub>f</sub> = -<sup>40d</sup> ⁄ (a<sup>2</sup> + d<sup>2</sup>) since -f = <sup class="large">r</sup> ⁄ (μ-1).</p> - -<p>The advantage of forming the table in dioptres in place of radii -directly is that the tabular differences are small at all parts of the -table so that interpolation can be readily done and this is not the -case in tables which give the radii directly.</p> - -<p>If upon measuring the radius of the tool or lap being turned in the -sphere turning machine, <a href="#FIG_04">Fig. 4</a>, with this spherometer, the tool is -found to be in error by an amount Δp this may be corrected by changing -the position of the cutting tool by an amount 20 (Δp ⁄ p<sup>2</sup>).</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><b><span class="smcap">Note 2—Cross Section -of the Sphere Turning Rest.</span></b></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <a name="FIG_07" id="FIG_07"></a> - <img src="images/fig_7.jpg" alt="_" width="600" height="469" /> - <p class="f120"><b>Fig. 7</b></p> -</div> - -<p class="blockquot">In <a href="#FIG_07">Fig. 7</a> is shown a cross section of the -sphere turning rest further illustrated in <a href="#FIG_04">Fig. 4</a>. -In machining this the following suggestions should be followed. -The piece M should be cast with a lug projecting from the face PQ to -chuck it by and all the turning done at one chucking. It should be made -a close fit to R and bolted tight against DG and ED´ with the bolts -S<sub>3</sub> and S<sub>4</sub>, clearance being given along the line -HF. To compensate for ware the face DG and ED´ can be releaved from -time to time with a file. The base N, should be planed along AB, where -it fastens to the cross slide of the carriage, then bolted to a face -plate of the lathe and finished, care being used to leave the setting -of the compound rest unchanged between machining the faces CD and C´D´ -of the pieces M and N. The dove tail on R should be first planed and -then this bolted to a face plate and the boss GHFE and the faces KG -and EL turned at one setting. If these directions are followed almost -no hand work will be needed. W is a brass worm wheel held by screws -not shown and J is the sliding tool post clamped at X with the tool at K´.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> -<h2>NOTES ON THE ZYGNEMALES.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></h2> -<p class="center space-below2"><span class="smcap">Edgar Nelson Transeau.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>The following notes principally concerning North American Zygnemales -are based on a study of the specimens accumulated in the course -of eight years collecting in central Illinois; a collection made -by Mr. Charles Bullard, of Cambridge, Mass., in Massachusetts -and New Hampshire; the specimens distributed in the Phycotheca -Boreali-Americana by Collins, Holden and Setchell; the specimens -distributed in American Algae, by Miss Josephine E. Tilden; the -specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium; and small collections sent -me by Professor Farlow, Miss Tilden, Professor A. B. Klugh, Professor -D. S. Johnson and Miss Grace Stone. They have been compared with the -species distributed by Wittrock and Nordstedt in their “Algae Aquae -dulcis exsiccatae,” and other valuable European and South American -specimens sent me by Professors O. Borge and O. Nordstedt.</p> - -<p>In determining almost any species of the Zygnemales it is absolutely -essential that the specimens show both the vegetative cells and the -mature spores. With the exception of a few species of Mougeotia the -spores are colored either yellow, brown, or blue when they are mature. -The characteristic markings of the median spore wall do not develop -usually until this color appears. Consequently it is useless to attach -names to vegetative specimens based on dimensions and number of chromatophores. -Keys based on such characters are not only useless, but misleading.</p> - -<p>Judging from my experience in Illinois it is highly probable that the -list of North American forms will be considerably augmented, when -intensive studies have been made at localities in the Southern United -States. The most satisfactory method of collecting these forms is to -take samples from the various ponds and streams at regular intervals -of ten days, or two weeks, throughout the growing season. Many of the -species show local variations and considerable experience is needed -before many of the forms can be satisfactorily classified. The writer -has in course of preparation an illustrated key to the group, in which -figures for all of the species will be published. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> - -<h3><b>DEBARYA</b> Wittrock.</h3> - -<p>This genus is in many respects the most generalized of all the -<i>Zygnemales</i>. It is distinguished by three important characteristics: -(1) the entire contents of the gametangia enter into the making of the -zygospore; (2) the zygospore is formed in the conjugating tube and -is not cut off from the other parts of the gametangia by partition -walls; (3) as the gametes move toward the tube during conjugation, -their place is taken by a secretion of cellulose, which renders the -gametangia solid and highly refractive. This secretion also occurs when -a vegetative cell forms an aplanospore.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Debarya glyptosperma</b> Wittrock.</h4> - -<p>This species has been recorded for America. It is not uncommon in -Massachusetts and has also been found in Minnesota and Florida. In -P. B.-A. No. 808 from Boswell, California is a somewhat smaller -variety with blue spores associated with <i>Zygnema peliosporum</i> Wittr. -The spores are common in the material and the vegetative cells and -filaments occasional. Following is a diagnosis for this variety:</p> - -<p>Var. <b>formosa</b> nov. var. Cellulis vegetativis 7.5-9µ latis; -zygosporis 24-30µ × 30-42µ, caeruleis; ceterum ut in typo.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 7.5-9µ in diameter, zygospores 24-30µ × 30-42µ steel -blue, otherwise like the type.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Debarya americana</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 9-12µ × 27-120µ, ad dissepimenta constrictis; -chromatophoris cum pyrenoidibus 2; cellulis fructiferis, -10-14µ × 75-180µ; zygosporis ovoideis vel quadrato-ovoideis, -20-40µ × 30-40µ, angulis rotundatis, productis, vel retusis; -parthenosporis 15-20µ × 20-30µ, oblique ellipticis, cum polis retusis; -mesosporio subtiliter et irregulariter verrucoso, maturitate luteo-brunneo. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 9-12µ × 27-120µ constricted at the end walls, -chromatophore with two pyrenoids; fertile cells 10-14µ × 75-180µ; -zygospores ovoid or quadrately ovoid, 20-40µ × 30-40µ, with angles -rounded, produced, or retuse; parthenospores 15-20µ-× 20-30µ -unilaterally ellipsoid with retuse ends; median spore wall minutely and -irregularly verrucose, yellow-brown at maturity.</p> - -<p>This species was collected by Professor A. B. Klugh, Kingston, Ontario. -It is the material upon which the Ontario record for <i>Mougeotia -calcarea</i> (Cleve) Wittr. is based. Of special interest is the -chromatophore with two pyrenoids, which although an axile plate is -distinctly two-lobed and forms an easy transition to the next species, -in which the chromatophore resembles <i>Zygnema</i>. Type in herb. E. N. T. -Collection No. 2950.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Debarya decussata</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 16-20µ × 25-50µ cylindraceis; chromatophoris -asteroidiis duobus, singulis cum pyrenoidibus (ut in Zygnemate); -zygosporis vel ovoideis, vel irregularibus, 24-30µ × 30-48µ cum angulis -vel rotundatis, vel retusis, vel productis; aplanosporis uno latere -ovoideis, 17-25µ × 20-40µ; parthenosporis 15-20µ × 20-30µ; membrana -media sporarum scrobiculata, luteo-brunnea; akinetis ad dissepimenta -constrictis, membrana subcrassa et glabra, 18-20µ × 20-36µ.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 16-20µ × 25-50µ cylindrical; chromatophores two, -stellate, each with a pyrenoid (as in Zygnema); zygospores ovoid, -quadrate-ovoid, or irregular, 24-30µ × 30-48µ, with rounded, retuse, -or produced angles; aplanospores unilaterally ovoid, 17-25µ × 20-40µ; -parthenospores 15-20µ × 20-30µ; median spore walls scrobiculate, -yellow-brown; akinetes with smooth heavy walls, 18-20µ × 20-30µ.</p> - -<p>Type in herb, E. N. T. Collections No. 1177, 1939, 1949, 2686 and -2918. I have specimens from several localities in central Illinois; -Williamsport, Pa.; Minnesota; Mackinaw, Mich. and Kingston, Ontario.</p> - -<p>This form is of great interest because of its resemblance, in the -vegetative condition, to <i>Zygnema decussatum</i> (Vauch.) Transeau. -Also because it shows not only the zygospores, but aplanospores and -parthenospores. In all cases the secretion of cellulose accompanies -the process of spore formation. The unilaterally placed aplanospores -are strikingly different from those formed by the Zygnemas. In some -of the Illinois ponds it regularly produces only zygospores, in other -ponds from which I have collections covering a period of several -years it fruited only asexually, producing aplanospores and akinetes. -But several of the collections show all the forms of reproduction in -different cells of the same filament. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> - -<p>The characteristics of this species suggest that the peculiar <i>Zygnema -reticulatum</i>, which was described by Hallas in 1895<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>, -is in reality a <i>Debarya</i>. The fact that the reproductive cells become -filled with cellulose, that the aplanospores are very irregular in form -and that the vegetative cells contain as high as seven chromatophores, -are all in harmony with this idea. On this basis it is also easy to -understand the most notable peculiarity of the species—that spores -derived from cells with several chromatophores produce two or three sporelings.</p> - -<p>With the addition of the two new American species and this Danish -species <b>Debarya reticulata</b> (Hallas) nov. comb. the description -of the genus needs to be modified as follows:</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells cylindrical or constricted at the ends, varying -from 1-16 diameters in length; chromatophore varying from an axile -plate with two or more pyrenoids to stellate chromatophores, each -with a central pyrenoid. Reproduction by zygospores formed of the -complete contents of the gametangia; not cut off from the gametangia -by partition walls; but in the process of conjugation, as the gametes -pass into the conjugating tube, their place is taken by a secretion of -cellulose. Aplanospores occupying only part of the sporogenous cell, -the remainder being filled with cellulose. All spores variable in form. -Parthenospores and akinetes occur not infrequently in some of the -species. The walls of the aplanospores and parthenospores resemble the -zygospores of the same species in their markings.</p> - -<p class="space-below2">There are now eleven described species -belonging to this genus. <i>D. immersa</i> W. West and <i>D. africana</i> G. S. -West bear a close resemblance to <i>Mongeotia sphaerocarpa</i> Wolle. <i>D. -Hardyi</i> G. S. West has much the same appearance as <i>Mongeotia viridis</i> -(Kutz) Wittrock. <i>D. desmidiodes</i> W. & G. S. West, <i>D. calospora</i> -(Palla) W. & G. S. West, <i>D. reticulata</i>, <i>D. americana</i>, and -<i>D. decussata</i> have characters in common with the Zygnemas. <i>D. -glyptosperma</i> has the vegetative characters common to several of the -species, but its spores are quite unique among the <i>Zygnemales</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> - -<h3><b>ZYGNEMA</b> Agardh.</h3> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Z. pectinatum</b> (Vauch.) Agardh.</h4> - -<p>This is probably common in the eastern half of the United States at -least. In Illinois along with the type occurs the variety <i>conspicuum</i> -(Hass.) Kirchner, and a variety with large spores. This latter variety -in fact is more common than the type.</p> - -<p>var. <b>crassum</b> nov. var. Cellulis vegetativis 30-40µ × 20-80µ; -zygosporis 40-55µ × 50-60µ, ceterum ut in typo.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 30-40µ × 20-80µ; zygospores 40-55µ × 50-60µ, otherwise -like the type. Type in herb. E. N. T. Collections No. 2350, 2392, 2660, 2685.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Z. ericetorum</b> (Kütz) Hansgirg.</h4> - -<p>Professor G. S. West has studied the reproduction of this species and -finds that it is a true Zygnema and that the description and figure by -De Bary, which shows the cutting off of two special gametangia before -the union of the gametes is at fault, consequently there is no longer -any need of maintaining the genus <i>Zygogonium</i> Kützing.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Z. peliosporum</b> Wittrock.</h4> - -<p>Specimens of this species have been distributed under the name of <i>Z. -chalybeospernum</i> Hansgirg, in P. B.-A. No. 808 from Boswell, Calif. (N. -L. Gardner); Amer. Alg. No. 156 from Ft. Collins, Colo. (J. H. Cowan); -and Amer. Alg. No. 392 from Vancouver, B. C. (J. E. Tilden). <i>Z. -chalybeospermum</i> has the median wall smooth, but the spores of all of -the above specimens have distinctly scrobiculate median walls. In size -the specimens show a somewhat greater variation in dimensions than has -been recorded for European localities.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Z. cruciatum</b> (Vauch) Agardh.</h4> - -<p>Specimens of this species have been found at Fath Pond, north of -Coffeen, Ill., in which both zygospores and aplanospores occurred in -abundance. The aplanospores fill or slightly enlarge the vegetative -cells as in <i>Z. Collinsianum</i> Transeau,<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> -but the ends of the spores are usually more nearly truncate, 34-50µ × -30-80µ. At Casey, Ill., a variety with the same dimensions but steel -blue spores occurs in the old Ice Plant Pond. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> - -<p>var. <b>caeruleum</b> nov. var. Cellulis vegetativis et sporis ut -in typo, sed membrana media sporarum caerulea.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells and spores as in the type, except that the -median spore wall is steel blue. Type in Collection E. N. T. No. 495.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Zygnema stellinum</b> (Müller) Agardh.</h4> - -<p>The specimen distributed under the name <i>Z. insigne</i> (Hass.) Kütz. in -the P. B.-A. No. 457, from Chestnut Hill, Mass. (G. F. Moore), belongs -to this species as shown by the scattered mature spores. This species -is common everywhere in central Illinois. In the U. S. Natl. Herb, is a -specimen from Baltimore Co., Md., (J. D. Smith). In Amer. Alg. No. 157, -a specimen from St. Paul, Minn., (J. E. Tilden) shows both zygospores -and aplanospores. The aplanospores are cylindric ovoid in form, -occupying the entire cell 30-33µ × 40-88µ, median wall scrobiculate.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Zygnema cylindricum</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 28-33µ × 28-66µ; zygosporis incognitis; -aplanosporis cylindricis vel tumido-cylindricis, 30-33µ × 24-58µ, -sporangia complentibus; membrana media brunnea scrobiculata.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 28-33µ × 28-66µ; zygospores unknown; aplanospores -cylindric or tumid-cylindric, 30-33µ × 24-58µ, filling the sporangia, -median wall brown, scrobiculate. Type in Herb. E. N. T. No. 1164, 1177.</p> - -<p>This species is not uncommon in ponds, and pools throughout central -Illinois. It was at first classified as aplanosporic material of <i>Z. -stellinum</i> (Müller) Agardh. On going over the specimens in all my -collections, however, it was found that in no case were the filaments -containing the aplanospores connected with the filaments containing -zygospores. This must be the final test of the identity of the species, -as it occurs in some collections alone, sometimes associated only with -fruiting <i>Zygnema pectinatum</i>, and sometimes with <i>Z. stellinum</i>.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Zygnema rhynchonema</b> Hansg.</h4> - -<p class="space-below2">In a collection of algae made at the Minnesota -Seaside Station, Vancouver Island, B. C., in 1901, by Professor -Tilden, is a form which perhaps belongs here. The vegetative cells -are from 22-28µ in diameter, and 32-52µ in length, while the European -specimens are described as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" -id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> 16-20µ in diameter and 2-6 diameters long. -The Vancouver specimens are producing both aplanospores (globose, -24-26µ in diam.), and zygospores (ovoid 24-28µ × 36-44µ) by the union -of gametes through the partition wall separating the two gametangia. -The specimens show some evidences of being in an abnormal condition.</p> - -<h3><b>SPIROGYRA</b> Link.</h3> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. Juergensii</b> Kützing.</h4> - -<p>The specimen in P. B.-A. No. 510 from Knightsville, R. I., distributed -under the name of <i>S. longata</i> (Vauch) Kütz. with cell diameter 27-30µ, -and ellipsoid spores 30-33µ in diameter, fertile cells enlarged, -evidently belongs to this species. The spores of <i>S. longata</i> are -distinctly ovoid with rounded ends. In the Illinois specimens the -spores of <i>S. Juergensii</i> frequently occur with diameters up to 33µ.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. varians</b> (Hass.) Kütz.</h4> - -<p>The varieties <i>scrobiculata</i> Stockman and <i>minor</i> Teodoresco have -not been reported from America. They both occur rarely in Illinois. The -latter I have also seen in material collected by Mr. Charles Bullard, -at Lynnfield, Mass. The former is characterized by its scrobiculate -spores, the latter by its smaller dimensions throughout. In my -herbarium <i>S. varians scrobiculata</i> is represented in Collections No. -1799, and 1881; and <i>S. varians minor</i> in Collection No. 2951.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. Borgeana</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 30-35µ × 50-200µ, dissepimentis planis, -chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 1.5-5; cellulis -fractiferis altero latere inflatis, altero latere (in quo conjugatio -sequitur) rectis; zygosporis ellipticis, 33-40µ × 54-70µ, membrana -media flava, glabra.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 30-35µ × 50-200µ, end walls plane, 1 chromatophore -making 1.5-5 turns; fertile cells inflated on the outer side, straight -on the conjugating side; zygospores ellipsoid 33-40µ × 54-70µ, median -wall yellow, smooth. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 1883, 1890. Charleston, Illinois. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> - -<p>This species bears some resemblance to a form of <i>S. varians</i> figured -by Professor Borge.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> -It differs from his figure in that the conjugating side of the fertile -cells is not at all swollen, and the dimensions are somewhat larger. If -this form had been found but once it would have been passed over as a -variation intermediate between <i>S. Juergensii</i> and <i>S. varians</i>. But -it has been found several successive years in a small stream south, and at -a small pond west of Charleston, Illinois.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. lutetiana</b> Petit.</h4> - -<p>So far as I am aware no specimens of this species have been found in -America. The Illinois record in my list<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> -is an error. The P. B.-A. specimen labelled <i>S. lutetiana</i> is <i>S. -fallax</i> (Hansg.) Wille, as shown by its often replicate cell walls, -verrucose spores and the number of chromotophores.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. velata</b> Nordstedt var. <b>occidentalis</b> Transeau.</h4> - -<p>Specimens of this variety have been distributed in the P. B.-A. No. 96, -under the name of <i>S. dubia</i> Kütz. var. <i>longiarticulata</i> Kütz. from -Oak Bay, Victoria, British Columbia (N. L. Gardner). The spores are for -the most part not mature but they show the characteristic scrobiculate -markings of the median wall.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. Lagerheimii</b> Wittrock.</h4> - -<p>This species is not uncommon in central Illinois. The -specimen labelled <i>S. communis</i> in P. B.-A. No. 1416, from -Winchester, Mass., has a cell diameter over 30µ, and the -spores are ellipsoid instead of ovoid. The median spore wall -in the mature spores is punctate. Here also belongs the P. B.-A. -specimen No. 365, Falmouth, Mass. Both the vegetative cells -and the spores are considerably below the lower dimensions -for <i>S. porticalis</i>. The P. B.-A. specimen No. 1668, <i>S. porticalis</i> -var. <i>tenuispira</i> Collins establishes this name as a synonym of -<i>S. Lagerheimii</i>. Professor Farlow has recently sent me a -specimen of this species from Chocorua, N. H.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. daedalea</b> Lagerheim.</h4> - -<p>This species has recently been found in a pond south of -Coffeen, Ill. The spores show the characteristic markings -and the dimensions are near those of the original collection. -The spores are slightly more rhomboidal than in the type -material, which I have seen. In herb. E. N. T. Collection No. 2912, 2850. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. Goetzei</b> Schmidle.</h4> - -<p>This species previously known only from the tropics has been found in -the collection of Mr. Charles Bullard, from Wellfleet, Mass. In herb. -E. N. T. Collection No. 2954.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. submarina</b> (Collins) nov. comb.</h4> - -<p>This species was described by Collins as a variety of <i>S. decimina</i> -(Müller) Kütz, which it somewhat resembles in the form of the -vegetative cells. The spores, however, are distinctly ellipsoid, while -those of <i>S. decimina</i> are ovoid. The dimensions are much smaller than -those of <i>S. decimina</i>. It seems better therefore to recognize this as -a distinct species. It has been collected in Massachusetts, Connecticut -and Bermuda.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>E. ellipsospora</b> Transeau.</h4> - -<p>Described originally from Illinois, I have seen specimens during -the past year from Maine, Massachusetts and Minnesota. Professor G. -S. West<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> -described about the same time a species from Columbia, South America, -which appears to be a form of this same species. The vegetative -cells are considerably larger, the chromatophores are six (or five) -in number, and the spores are at the upper limit of size of the -North American form. As our specimens all show, a wider range of -dimensions and number of chromatophores, the South American form is -best classified as a variety under the name <i>S. ellipsospora</i> var. -<b>splendida</b> (G. S. West) nov. comb.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. propria</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 60-68µ × 80-150µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris 3, anfractibus arctis .5-1; cellulis fructiferis -cylindricis; zygosporis ellipticis 42-60µ × 80-120µ; membrana media -sporarum scrobiculis irregularis ornata, luteo-brunnea.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 60-68µ × 80-150µ, end walls plane; 3 chromatophores -making .5-1 turn in the cell; fertile cells cylindrical; zygospores -ellipsoid, 42-60µ × 80-120µ, median wall irregularly pitted, -yellow-brown. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2666. Coffeen, Illinois. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> - -<p>This species is very distinct in the form of its spores and their -position in the fertile cells. Lateral conjugation only has been -observed. It is possible that the number of chromatophores is more -variable, but in all the vegetative cells in which they could be -counted there were three.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>Spirogyra braziliensis</b> (Nordstedt) nov. comb.</h4> - -<p>Owing to the indefinite and imperfect description of <i>S. lineata</i> -Suring., the variety <i>Braziliensis</i> Nordstedt, of which we have a -perfect description and specimens (W. & N. Alg. aq. dulc. exsicc. No. -360), should be given specific rank. Its connection with <i>S. lineata</i> -is very problematical.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. fluviatilis</b> Hilse.</h4> - -<p>In all the published descriptions of this species the spores are -described as smooth, and the number of chromatophores is given as -four. I have seen many specimens from Illinois, and collections from -the upper peninsula of Michigan (T. L. Hankinson), Minnesota (J. E. -Tilden), Hawaii (J. E. Tilden), Massachusetts (P. B.-A. No. 1217), -Pennsylvania (E. N. T.) and Guatemala (W. A. Kellerman). In all cases -the mature spores are brown and scrobiculate, and the number of -chromatophores is three or four.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. nova-angliae</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 50-60µ × 200-350µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris 3-5, anfractibus arctis 2.5-4.5; cellulis fructiferis -non inflatis; zygosporis ovoideis 50-65µ × 80-120µ: membrana media -sporarum reticulata et dense punctata, flava.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 50-60µ × 200-350µ, end walls plane; 3-5 chromatophores -making 2.5-4.5 turns; fertile cells not inflated; zygospores ovoid -50-65µ × 80-120µ: median wall reticulate and densely punctate, yellow -in color.</p> - -<p>This species was first found in the collections of Mr. Bullard -from Beaver Dam, Brook Pond, Natick; the pond west of Winter Pond, -Winchester; and the Middlesex Fells, Mass. Recently the same form was -found in a large prairie pond south of Coffeen, Illinois. Its position -in the genus is near <i>S. malmeana</i> Hirn. In herb. E. N. T. Collections -No. 2952, 2953 and 2900. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. diluta</b> Wood.</h4> - -<p>I first came across this species in Mr. Bullard’s collection from -the pond west of Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass. On going over Wood’s -description, its identity with <i>S. diluta</i> is unmistakable. The -position, color and form of the spore, and the shape of the fertile -cells is perfectly represented in Wood’s figure. The dimensions also -correspond. Wolle is responsible for confusing this species with <i>S. -nitida</i> (Dillw.) Link, but a glance at Wood’s figure is sufficient to -show that it is very different from that species. The P. B. A. specimen -No. 513 (labelled <i>S. nitida</i>) from Bridgeport, Conn., belongs here. -Miss Grace Stone also sent me a collection of this species from near -New York City. In the U. S. National Herbarium is another specimen from -Bois Sabbi, Louisiana, April 7th, 1891, (A. B. Langlois). Recently the -species has been collected at Donnelson, Illinois, by Mr. Frank Harris.</p> - -<p>The vegetative cells are usually shorter than in <i>S. nitida</i>, the -spores are ovoid, not ellipsoid, and the spore wall is verrucose, or -reticulate-verrucose, chestnut brown in color. In herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2900.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. crassa</b> Kützing.</h4> - -<p>Var. <b>formosa</b> nov. var. Varietas gracilis, cellulis vegetativis -80-95µ × 80-270µ; zygosporis 88-100µ × 120-150µ × 70-90µ; ceterum ut in -typo.</p> - -<p>A small variety, vegetative cells 80-95µ × 80-270µ: zygospores -88-100µ × 120-150µ × 70-90µ; otherwise similar to the type. Type in -herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 1939. This variety occurs in a pond east of Ashmore, Ill.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. submaxima</b> Transeau.</h4> - -<p>This species which was described from Illinois has been found with -nearly the same dimensions in the collections from Middlesex Fells, and -South Peabody Station, Mass., sent me by Mr. Chas. Bullard.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. micropunctata</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 30-36µ × 120-300µ, dissepimentis planis, -chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 3-7; cellulis fructiferis -modo binis vel quaternis inter cellulas vegetativas distributis, -modo continuis, altero latere (in quo conjugatio sequitur) inflatis, -altero rectis; tubo conjugationis plerumque ex cellula mascula emisso; -zygosporis ellipticis 37-42µ × 57-100µ membrana media micropunctata et lutea. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 30-36µ × 120-300µ, end walls plane; 1 chromatophore -making 3-7 turns; fertile cells scattered in twos or fours among -vegetative cells, or continuous, inflated on the conjugating side, -outer side straight; conjugating tubes formed almost wholly by the -male cell, zygospores ellipsoid 37-42µ × 57-70µ, median wall minutely -punctate, yellow. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2470, 2953.</p> - -<p>This species was first found in the West Big Four Pond, east of -Charleston, Illinois. It has since been found in a collection from -Chocorua, N. H., sent me by Mr. Chas. Bullard. It evidently belongs in -the <i>punctata</i> group of the Spirogyras, but in form and markings of the -spore, and the shape of the fertile cells it is amply distinct from its -nearest allies; <i>S. punctiformis</i> Transeau and the next species to be described.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. reflexa</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 30-40µ × 120-300µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris singulis anfractibus arctis 3-8 cellulis fructiferis -binis vel quaternis inter cellulas vegetativas distributis, inflatis -et valde reflexis; tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso; -zygosporis ellipticis, 44-54µ × 90-150µ, membrana media glabra et -luteo-brunnea.</p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 30-40µ × 120-300µ, with plane end wall; 1 -chromatophore making 3-8 turns; fertile cells in groups of 2 or 4, -inflated or enlarged and strongly reflexed; conjugating tube formed by -the male cells; zygospores ellipsoid, 44-54µ × 90-150µ, median wall -smooth, yellow-brown. Type in herb. E. N. T. Collection No. 2661, 2664, 2912.</p> - -<p>This species has been under observation for four years and has been -collected from ponds near Casey, Lerna, Coffeen and Donnellson, -Illinois. The large, smooth spores, the reflexed conjugating cells, -and the tube produced wholly by the male cells are the distinguishing characteristics.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. hydrodictya</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 75-100µ × 210-360µ, dissepimentis planis, -chromatophoris 7-10, modo subrectis longitudinalibus, modo spiralibus -anfractibus arctis .1-.5; cellulis fructiferis inflatis vel -subinflatis; tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso; zygosporis -lenticularibus vel globoso-lenticularibus, 80-120µ × 110-195µ, membrana -media scrobiculis obsita, brunnea. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 75-100µ × 210-360µ, end walls plane, 7-10 -chromatophores, either straight, or spiral making .1-.5 turns; fertile -cells inflated or subinflated; conjugating tube formed by the male -cell; zygospores lenticular or globose-lenticular 80-120µ × 110-195µ, -median wall brown, pitted. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2661, 2665. -Coffeen, Illinois.</p> - -<p>This is one of the most remarkable forms described in this genus. -It combines large size, the lenticular spore form, and the habit of -forming the conjugating tube entirely by the male cell. The conjugating -tube has walls heavier than those of any known species. Conjugation -is both lateral and scalariform, and occurs between scattered cells, -very rarely continuous for 6-8 cells. In the fruiting condition the -filaments form a mesh-work which suggests the specific name. It has -thus far been found only in the Fath Pond, north of Coffeen, Illinois.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. protecta</b> Wood.</h4> - -<p>A study of American specimens of this species from Massachusetts, -Connecticut, New Jersey, Michigan and Illinois, shows that like <i>S. -Grevilleana</i> there are always some cells with two chromatophores. I -have twice found this species producing aplanospores.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. tenuissima</b> (Hass.) Kütz var. <b>rugosa</b> Transeau.</h4> - -<p>P. B.-A. specimen No. 456, Easton’s Pt., Newport, R. I., belongs to -this variety rather than the type, as shown by the scrobiculate spore -wall. In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are also specimens of the -variety from Pennannock, N. J., and from Spy Pond, Lake St., Arlington, Mass.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. Farlowii</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 24-30µ × 70-180µ, dissepimentis replicatis; -chromatophoris singulis, rarius duobus, anfractibus arctis 2.5-6; -cellulis fructiferis inflatis (ad 39-60µ); zygosporis ellipticis, polis -plus minus acuminatis, 32-45µ × 48-93µ, membrana media glabra, lutea. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 24-30µ × 70-180µ, end walls replicate; 1 (rarely 2) -chromatophore making 2.5-6 turns; fertile cells inflated to 39-60µ; -zygospores ellipsoid, ends more or less pointed, 32-45µ × 48-93µ, -median wall smooth, yellow. Type in herb. E. N. T. Coll. No. 2955, 2956, 2957.</p> - -<p>In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are specimens of this species from -Lexington, Arlington, and Middlesex Fells, Mass. The P. B.-A. specimen -No. 362, labeled <i>S. Grevilleana</i>, from Medford, Mass., belongs here, -rather than to <i>S. Grevilleana</i>, in which the spores are distinctly -ovoid with broad rounded ends.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. groenlandica</b> Rosenvinge.</h4> - -<p>This interesting form is characterized by quadrately inflated fertile -cells, highly refractive cell walls, and unusually long cells and -spores. In Mr. Bullard’s collection there are specimens from Stony -Brook, South Framingham, Middlesex Fells, Wayside Inn, North Eastham, -and Malden Fells, Massachusetts. The P. B.-A. specimen No. 363 labelled -<i>S. inflata</i>, Orange, Conn., belongs to this species.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. fallax</b> (Hansgirg) Wille.</h4> - -<p>This species is one of several forms near <i>S. insignis</i> (Hass.) -Kützing. If Wille’s description is correct and identical with -Hansgirg’s material, then <i>S. inconstans</i> Collins becomes a synonym -of <i>S. fallax</i>. Hansgirg’s figure suggests that the filaments in his -material are homosexual. While Wille’s description and figure suggests -that the filaments are reflexed and that conjugation does not regularly -occur between parallel filaments, with the spores all in one filament. -It is difficult to decide just where these rough-spored forms belong -as the earlier authors did not pay much attention to spore markings. -In this connection the note by Professor Nordstedt in connection with -specimen No. 958 in Wittrock and Nordstedt’s Algae Exsiccatae is of -interest. Until these forms have been clearly separated by a study -of the original collections it seems best to use <i>S. fallax</i> for <i>S. -inconstans</i>, of which the type is P. B.-A. No. 1568. Here also belongs -P. B.-A. No. 1570, Middlesex Fells, Mass., and P. B.-A. No. 1571, Wakefield, Mass.</p> - -<h4 class="left"><b>S. floridana</b> nov. sp.</h4> - -<p>Cellulis vegetativis 56-66µ × 120-335µ, dissepimentis planis; -chromatophoris 4-5, subrectis vel anfractibus arctis .5; cellulis -conjugatis abbreviatis, inflatis (ad 135µ) et geniculatis; canalis -conjugationis brevis et latis; zygosporis ellipticis, 75-105µ × 95-135µ -membrana media glabra, lutea. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<p>Vegetative cells 56-66µ × 120-335µ, end walls plane; 4-5 -chromatophores, nearly straight or making a half turn; conjugating -cells geniculate, shortened; fertile cells inflated up to 135µ; -conjugating tube very short and broad; zygospores ellipsoid, 75-105µ × -95-135µ median wall smooth, yellow. Type in U. S. National Herbarium, -collected by J. D. Smith, in S. W. Florida, March, 1878.</p> - -<p>In its dimensions <i>S. floridana</i> is intermediate between <i>S. stictica</i> -(Eng. Bot.) Wille and <i>S. ceylanica</i> Wittrock. In several publications -the statement is made that <i>S. ceylanica</i> is intermediate between <i>S. -stictica</i> and the common forms of <i>Spirogyra</i>. A study of authentic -material of this species has shown that it has not intermediate -characters, but with its spores having a minutely pitted median -wall, it seems to be intermediate between <i>S. floridana</i> and <i>S. -illinoiensis</i> Transeau, the most specialized form in the Sirogonium -group of the genus.</p> - -<p>Throughout the study of these collections the writer has been greatly -assisted by Mr. Hanford Tiffany, now a teacher in the Charleston, -Illinois, High School. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness -to the many collectors who have sent me specimens for study.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> -<h2>ORGANIZATION OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY<br />SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>As the result of the sentiment expressed at the 1914 meeting of the -Ohio Academy of Science that the official organ of the Academy, “The -Ohio Naturalist,” should be broadened and made more comprehensive in -scope, and feeling that the Ohio State University had no publication -representing the scientific work being done at the institution, -the members of the Biological Club of the University, in whom the -publication of the “Ohio Naturalist” had been vested, called a meeting -of representatives of the various departments interested in science at -the university to discuss the advisability of publishing as successor -to the “Naturalist” a journal to be known as the <span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of -Science</span>.</p> - -<p>The first meeting was held in May, 1915, and committees appointed to -outline preliminary plans. At subsequent meetings the reports of the -committees were discussed, interest in the plan continued to develop, -until at a meeting held October 13 the following self-explanatory -Constitution was adopted. The society as now constituted represents -twenty-four departments of pure or applied science at the university.</p> - -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Raymond J. Seymour</span>,<br /> -Secretary Pro Tem.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> -<h3><b>CONSTITUTION.</b></h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article I—Name.</span></h4> - -<p>The name of this society shall be the Ohio State University Scientific Society.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article II—Object.</span></h4> - -<p>It shall be the purpose of the Society to promote scientific work in -the University by holding meetings for the presentation and discussion -of the results of scientific work; by co-operating with other agencies -in arranging for scientific lectures and in the entertainment of -visiting scientists and scientific societies; by publishing the -<span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span> and by furnishing -opportunity for the discussion and promotion of any project of -scientific interest which may properly come within the scope of such an -organization and, in general, by furthering in every way possible the -interests of scientific work in the University and the State.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article III—Membership.</span></h4> - -<p>Any member of the instructional staff in the Ohio State University -interested in scientific work shall upon application be eligible -to election to membership in the Society. Students of the Ohio -State University interested in scientific work shall be eligible to -membership when endorsed by two faculty members of the society.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV—Officers.</span></h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The officers of the society -shall consist of President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer. -These officers shall perform the duties common to such positions.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> The Executive Committee shall consist of the -officers and the Editor of the <span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span>. It -shall have power to arrange programs for meetings, to represent the -society when co-operating with other organizations and to conduct all -affairs of the society not otherwise provided for. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article V—Editorial Board.</span></h4> - -<p>The Editorial Board shall be responsible for the management of the -<span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span>. It shall consist of -representatives, one from each department of science in the university -represented in the society membership. This board shall elect annually -an Editor and two Associate Editors.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article VI—Elections.</span></h4> - -<p>Election to membership shall be by vote of the Executive Committee.</p> - -<p>The officers shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting in May. -Nominations shall be presented by a nominating committee which shall -consist of the Editorial Board.</p> - -<p>One member of the Editorial Board shall be elected by each department -from among the members of such department represented in the society -and in case any department fails to elect a member for this board the -Executive Committee shall elect for the department.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article VII—Publication.</span></h4> - -<p>The Editor and Associate Editors of the <span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of -Science</span> shall have immediate direction of the publication. The -department editors shall be responsible for the approval of papers from -their several departments, and all papers offered for publication shall -be submitted to such department editors.</p> - -<p>The selection for publication from available material shall be -determined by the Editorial Board.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article VIII—Quorum.</span></h4> - -<p>A quorum for the transaction of regular business shall consist of at -least fifteen members with a representation of at least one-third of -the departments included in the society.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article IX—Amendments.</span></h4> - -<p>Amendments to the constitution may be made by the concurrence of -three-fourths of the members present at a duly called meeting, notice -of such amendment having been given to all members at least one week in advance.</p> - -<p class="space-below2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<h3><b>BY-LAWS.</b></h3> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article I.</span></h4> - -<p>The membership fees of the society shall be twenty-five cents per year -or one dollar for a period of five years and such fee shall entitle the -members to participation in all activities of the society but shall not -include the subscription to the <span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span>.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article II.</span></h4> - -<p>The subscription price to the <span class="smcap">Ohio Journal of Science</span> shall be -two dollars to non-members, and one dollar and seventy-five cents to members.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article III.</span></h4> - -<p>The fiscal year of the society shall coincide with that of the -University—July 1st to June 30th. The publication to be issued during -eight months, beginning with November.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV.</span></h4> - -<p>Regular meetings shall be held on the second Tuesday evening of the -months of October, November, March, April and May. The meeting in -May shall be the annual meeting for the election of officers and -an editorial board. Other meetings may be called by the Executive -Committee, or by the President on petition of five members.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article V.</span></h4> - -<p>The University Instructional Staff shall be understood to include any -member of the teaching force.</p> - -<h4><span class="smcap">Article VI.</span></h4> - -<p>Amendments to the By-laws may be adopted at any regular meeting by vote -of a majority of the members present, notice of proposed amendment -having been given at time meeting is called.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="f200 space-above2"><b>The College Book Store</b></p> -<hr class="chap_6" /> -<p class="center"><b>Reference books in all departments of Higher Education.</b></p> -<p class="center"><b>Biological Supplies and Advanced Text Books<br />new and secondhand.</b></p> -<hr class="r25" /> -<p class="center">OPPOSITE THE UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE.</p> -<p class="center">COLUMBUS, OHIO.</p> -<hr class="chap_4" /> - -<p class="f200 space-above2"><b>The Bucher Engraving Co.,</b></p> -<p class="center space-below3">COLUMBUS, OHIO</p> -<p class="center u space-above3">Scientific Illustrations given extremely<br /> - careful attention by highly skilled<br /> - artisans using the most modern equipment</p> -<hr class="chap_4" /> - -<p class="center space-below3">DIE STAMPING.     PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING.</p> -<p class="f200 u"><b><i>SPAHR & GLENN,</i></b></p> -<p class="f150 u"><b><i>PRINTERS and PUBLISHERS</i>.</b></p> -<p class="center space-above3">50 EAST BROAD STREET.      COLUMBUS, OHIO.</p> -<hr class="chap_4" /> - -<div class="bbox"> -<p class="f200"><b>The Ohio State University</b></p> -<p class="center"><b>COLUMBUS</b></p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center">WILLIAM OXLEY THOMPSON, President.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="2" summary="_" cellpadding="2"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><p class="f200"><b>Ten Colleges and a Graduate School</b></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">    </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Agriculture</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Arts, Philosophy and Science</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Education</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Engineering</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Homeopathic Medicine</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Law</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Medicine</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Dentistry</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Pharmacy</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>College of Veterinary Medicine</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>Graduate School</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl f150_l"><b>Summer Session (Eight weeks)</b></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>For general information, catalogue, or special bulletin -describing each college, with fees and announcement of courses.</p> - -<p>Address:<br /> -<span class="ws4">L. E. WOLFE, Secretary Entrance Board,</span></p> - -<p class="f150">THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnotes space-above2"><p class="f120 u"><b>FOOTNOTES:</b></p> - -<div class="footnote"><p> -<a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> -Contribution from the Botanical Laboratory of the Ohio State University, No. 91.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p> -<a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> -Hallas, E., Om en ny Zygnema-Art med Azygosporer. Bot. Tidsskrift 20:1-16. 1895.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p> -<a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> -See Fig. 3, Plate XXV, Amer. Jour. Bot. 1:301. 1914.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p> -<a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> -Borge, O., Beitrage zur Algenflora von Schweden.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p> -<a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> -Transeau, E. N., Annotated list of the Algae of Eastern Illinois. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. 6:69-89, 1913.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p> -<a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> -West, G. S., A contribution to our knowledge of the Freshwater Algae of -Columbia. Memoires de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles -5:1013-1051. Neuchatel, 1914.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote bbox space-above2"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber's Notes:</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="indent">The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.</p> -<p class="indent">Uncertain or antiquated spellings or ancient words were not corrected.</p> -<p class="indent">The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up - paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> -<p class="indent">Errors in punctuation and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected - unless otherwise noted.</p> -<p class="indent">Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations - in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XVI, -No. 1, November 1915, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, NOV 1915 *** - -***** This file should be named 54609-h.htm or 54609-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/0/54609/ - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 381071b..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/fig_1.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/fig_1.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 737a50f..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/fig_1.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/fig_2.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/fig_2.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index df94343..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/fig_2.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/fig_3.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/fig_3.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 73780dc..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/fig_3.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/fig_4.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/fig_4.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4553ee5..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/fig_4.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/fig_5.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/fig_5.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7b2d87d..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/fig_5.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/fig_6.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/fig_6.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9c106a8..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/fig_6.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54609-h/images/fig_7.jpg b/old/54609-h/images/fig_7.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b8f64a9..0000000 --- a/old/54609-h/images/fig_7.jpg +++ /dev/null |
