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diff --git a/old/54396-h/54396-h.htm b/old/54396-h/54396-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 0c029ec..0000000 --- a/old/54396-h/54396-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1868 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 21, November 21, 1840, by Various. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; - margin-left: 27.5%; - margin-right: 27.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - width: 40em; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.gap4 { - margin-top: 4em; -} - -.irish { - font-family: "Duibhlinn", "Uncial Antiqua", uncial, cursive; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - -.poetry .verse { - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.poetry .indent2 { - text-indent: -1em; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: smaller; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 21, -November 21, 1840, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 21, November 21, 1840 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: March 20, 2017 [EBook #54396] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 21.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1840.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/dalkey.jpg" width="500" height="370" alt="Dalkey Sound and Island" /> -</div> - -<h2>THE SOUND AND ISLAND OF DALKEY, COUNTY OF DUBLIN.</h2> - -<p>The little rocky island of Dalkey forms the south-eastern -extremity of the Bay of Dublin, as the bold and nearly insulated -promontory of Howth forms its north-eastern termination. -It is separated from the mainland of the parish from -which it takes, or to which, perhaps, it gives its name, by a -channel called Dalkey Sound, which is about nine hundred -yards long, three hundred and eight yards wide at its south -entrance, and two hundred and nine yards wide at its north -entrance; the soundings in mid-channel varying from ten to -five fathoms. This channel was anciently considered a tolerably -safe and convenient harbour, and was the principal anchorage -for ships frequenting the little castellated seaport town -of Dalkey, from which merchandise was transferred to Dublin, -as well by boats as by cars. Hence also the harbour of Dalkey -was frequently used in former times on state occasions for -the embarkation or landing of the Irish viceroys and other -state officers. The Lord Deputy Philip de Courtney landed -here in 1386, and Sir John Stanley, the deputy of the Marquis -of Dublin, in the following year. In 1414, Sir John Talbot, -then Lord Furnival, and afterwards the renowned Earl of -Shrewsbury, landed here as Viceroy of Ireland; and in 1488, -Sir Richard Edgecombe embarked at this harbour for England, -after having taken the homage and oaths of fidelity of -the nobility who had espoused the cause of Lambert Simnel. -Here also landed Sir Edward Bellingham, Lord-Lieutenant in -1548, and Sir Anthony St Leger in 1553; and it was from -this harbour that the Earl of Sussex, in 1558, embarked a -large body of forces to oppose the Scottish invaders at the isle -of Rathlin; and lastly, again, it was here that the unfortunate -Sir John Perrot landed as viceroy in 1584. The conversion -of this sound into an asylum harbour was at one time contemplated -by government, and a plan for the purpose was proposed -by the Committee of Inland Navigation; but from certain -objections which were made to it, the project was abandoned. -The situation would certainly have been a more imposing and -magnificent one than that ultimately chosen.</p> - -<p>The island of Dalkey is of a nearly oval form, having a -very irregular surface, in part rocky, and in part consisting -of a fertile salt marsh, very valuable for the cure of sick cattle, -who by feeding on it quickly recover and fatten. It is -five hundred and twenty-eight yards long from north to -south, and three hundred and eight yards wide from east to -west, and comprises about twenty-nine acres of pasture. Its -shore is rocky, and in some parts precipitous, and it commands -the most beautiful views of the bays of Dublin and Killiney. -Among several springs of fresh water on it, one on its south-west -side has long been considered to possess sanative properties, -and was formerly much resorted to for the cure of -scurvy and other diseases. On the same side there are the -roofless walls of an ancient church dedicated to St Benet or -Benedict, the patron of the parish; and at its south-eastern -extremity there is a battery, and a Martello tower which differs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> -from all the other structures of this class erected on the -Irish coast, in having its entrance not at the side but on its -top. It is traditionally stated that during the remarkable -plague which visited Dublin in 1575, many of the citizens fled -to this island for safety.</p> - -<p>Dalkey island has several smaller ones contiguous to it, one -of which, denominated Lamb Island, is covered with grass, -while the others present a surface of bare granite. Of the -latter islets one is called Clare Rock, and another the Maiden -Rock, an appellation derived from a tradition said to be of -twelve hundred years’ antiquity, that twelve young maidens -from Bullock and Dalkey having gone over to this rock to -gather <i lang="ga">duilisk</i>, they were overtaken by a sudden storm so -violent as to prohibit assistance from the larger island, and all -miserably perished. To the north of these islands is situated -the group of rocks called the Muglins, extending one -hundred and thirty-two yards in length, and seventy-one in -width. On those rocks, in 1765, the pirates Mac Kinley and -Gidley were hanged in chains for the murder of Captain Glass.</p> - -<p>Most of the features we have thus noticed, together with a -portion of the adjacent shore of the bay, are exhibited in our -prefixed illustration; and to the older citizens of our metropolis, -as well as to many others of our countrymen, they must, -we think, awaken many stirring recollections of the striking -changes in the appearance of the scenery in many districts -adjacent to the city, as well as in the character of the citizens -themselves, which have taken place within the present century. -It does not, indeed, require a very great age for any -of us Dublinians to remember when the country along the -southern shore of our beautiful bay, from Dunleary to the -land’s-end on Dalkey common, presented a nearly uniform -character of wildness and solitude—heathy grounds, broken -only by masses of granite rocks, and tufts of blossomy -furse, without culture, and, except in the little walled villages -of Bullock and Dalkey, almost uninhabited. The district -known as the Commons of Dalkey, which extended from the -village to the eastern extremity of the bay, “the Sound,” or -channel lying on its north-east, and the rocky hill of Dalkey -on its south—this in particular was a locality of singularly -romantic beauty, a creation of nature in her most sportive -mood, and wholly untouched, as it would appear, by the hand -of man. Giant masses of granite rocks, sometimes forming -detached groups, and at others arranged into semicircular -and even circular ledges, gave the greatest variety and -inequalities of surface, and formed numerous dells of the -greenest sward, so singularly wild and secluded that the elves -themselves might justly claim them as their own. To these -natural features should be added those of the rocky iron-bound -coast, with its little coves, commanding from its cliffs -the most delightful views of Killiney Bay, the Sound, the -Island of Dalkey, and the Bay of Dublin. These latter features -still remain, and can never change; but of all the others -which we have noticed, what is there left? Scarcely a vestige -that would remind the spectator of what the locality had -been. The rocks have been nearly all removed, or converted -into building materials for an assemblage of houses of all kinds -of fantastic construction, surrounded for the most part by -high and unsightly stone walls; and, except in the views obtained -from some spots in it, the picturesque beauty of Dalkey -common is gone for ever.</p> - -<p>The common of Dalkey is now a place of life—a suburb, as -we might say, of the city; but at the period to which we have -alluded, it was ordinarily a scene of the most desert solitude. -A few cottages stretching from the village along its -southern boundary, and a solitary cabin originally built by -miners, and which still remains, were the only habitations to -be seen. But though thus uninhabited, it was not at all times -a scene of loneliness. On Sundays and other holidays its rocks -and dells were peopled with numerous pic-nic or sod parties -of the middle class of the citizens. The song went round, -and the echoes were startled by the merry notes of the fiddle -or the flute, to which the several groups of happy dancers -footed the Irish jig and country dance. Nor were such pic-nics -confined exclusively to the citizens of the middle class—the -sporters of jaunting cars and jingles. Parties of the -higher ranks occasionally assembled here on week days, and -had their rural fetes on a larger and more magnificent scale. -It was our own good fortune to be an invited guest to one of -these, of which we may be permitted to give some account, as -an example of a state of manners and usages of society in Ireland -now no longer to be found in persons of the class to -which we refer. It was a pic-nic party given by the Alexanders, -the Armits, and the present popular and deservedly honoured -veteran the Commander of the Forces in Ireland—then -lieutenant-colonel of the 18th or Royal Irish Fusileers, -which were at the time quartered in Dublin. On the morning -of as beautiful a day in June as ever came, the inhabitants of -the leading thoroughfares of the city, and those along the road -side from Dublin to Dunleary, were surprised by the unusual -crowds of open carriages of all kinds conveying the youth and -beauty of the aristocracy of the metropolis to the chosen -scene; and when the fine band of the Fusileers, in their magnificent -full-dress uniforms of blue and gold, were seen to pass -along on the same route, innumerable parties of the inferior -ranks of the inhabitants of the city and south-eastern suburbs -were hastily formed to follow in their wake. At noon, or a -little after, not only the majority of the original party were -assembled in a beautiful and extensive green amphitheatre, -surrounded by rocky cliffs, but those cliffs were themselves -covered by a crowd of smaller parties—tributary stars around -the more splendid galaxy that occupied the centre of the brilliant -scene.</p> - -<p>Two splendid marquees were erected at an early hour in -the morning—one for the accommodation of the ladies, the -other for the dinner party; and two beautiful pleasure-yachts -which conveyed a portion of the invited to the scene, rested -at anchor in the Sound, and with their white sails and coloured -streamers contributed their share of life and beauty to the -landscape. Let the reader then imagine what a spectacle was -presented when the groups of quadrille-dancers—the beauty -and gallantry of the metropolis and its vicinity—commenced -dancing on the greensward to the music of one of the finest of -military bands—what a delight to the happy multitude of spectators -who looked on at the graceful and tempered gaiety of -high life! The mind of the accomplished painter Watteau, in -his finest pictures of the <i lang="fr">fetes champetres</i> of the French, never -conceived any thing so exquisitely beautiful and romantic.</p> - -<p>This party did not disperse till after sunset. After an early -dinner, dancing was again resumed; and it is worthy of remark -that throughout the day there was not a single instance of -rudeness or indecorum on the part of the uninvited spectators—no -attempt even to approach beyond the natural rocky -boundary which they had chosen for themselves—and that the -festivities were concluded with mutual pleasure to all the parties -who had participated in them. Alas! of the gay party -then assembled—the gentle maidens in all the bloom of youthful -beauty, the frank young soldiers, the men of fortune, the -delighted parents—of all these how many now lie low! More, -reader, than you could possibly imagine! Nor can we avoid -exclaiming again, alas that such scenes of rational pleasure, -in which the higher and the humbler classes came together in -healthful and innocent enjoyment, are not now to be seen in -our country as they were heretofore!</p> - -<p>But while our memory with changeful feelings of pleasure -and of pain fondly lingers on the brilliant scene we have -attempted to sketch, we must not forget that our subject -requires of us a notice of festivities of a very different character -of which Dalkey was in former times the scene—when Dublin -and its suburbs poured forth their crowds to enjoy the fun and -drolleries of the crowning of Dalkey’s insular king!—when -Dalkey, its Common, its Sound, and its Island, on a June -day annually for several years, presented a spectacle of life, -gaiety, good-humour, and enjoyment, such perhaps as was -rarely ever exhibited elsewhere. What a glorious day was -this for the Dunleary, Bullock, and Dalkey boatmen! Generous -fellows! they would take over his majesty’s lieges to -his empire for almost nothing—frequently for nothing; but, -being determined enemies to absenteeism, they would not allow -them to depart on the same terms, but would mulct those with -taxes <i lang="la">ad libitum</i> who desired to abandon their country. And -again, what a glorious day was this for the jingle-drivers of -the Blackrock, the noddy-drivers, and the drivers of all other -sorts of hired carriages in Dublin! Has it never occurred to -the Railroad people to revive these forgotten frolics? What -a harvest they might reap! But what do we say? The -thing is impossible. The mirthful temperament, the thoughtless -gaiety, the wit and humour that characterised the citizens -in those days, are gone for ever. The Dublinians have become -a grave, thoughtful, and serious people—we had almost said, -a dull one. Their faces no longer wear a cheerful and happy -look; the very youths of our metropolis seem to be ignorant -of what merriment is, or at best to suppose that it consists in -puffing tobacco smoke!</p> - -<p>Ah! very different were the notions of their predecessors,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> -the nobility and gentry of his Majesty the King of Dalkey! -Smoking would not at all have suited their mercurial temperament: -it would have been the last thing that they would -have thought of to have had their tongues tied and their -mouths contorted into ugliness in the ridiculously serious effort -to hold a cigar between the lips, and look absurdly important! -These fellows thought that mouths were given for -a very different purpose—to sing the manly song, to throw -forth, not clouds of tobacco smoke, but flashes of wit and humour; -and we are inclined to think they were right.</p> - -<p>We are not about to describe the annual ceremony of the -coronation of the Dalkey king, though we should gladly do so -if we had the power, for the memory of it, as an interesting -illustration of the character of Irish society in days not very -remote, should not be allowed to die. We have indeed been -an eye-witness of some of these brilliant follies, but we were -young at the time, and our memory only retains a general -impression of them. We can recollect that the green island -figured in our woodcut, as well as the common, presented -one mass of living beings, gaily dressed and arranged into -groups of happy parties, each with its own musicians. We can -recollect also that the dress of the ladies was almost invariably -white, with green silk bonnets—a costume that gave a singularly -brilliant effect to the scene. A large marquee was -erected about the centre of the island for the use of his Majesty -and attendant nobles, and a cordon was drawn around -it, within which none others were permitted to enter. There -was a military band in attendance upon the royal party; and -while the noblemen and ladies of the court danced upon the -sod within the bounds, to the music of the state minstrels, the -subjects of the monarch danced outside.</p> - -<p>But these were only the evening festivities. The day was -devoted to graver purposes—the landing of his Majesty and -nobles from the royal barge under a salute of twenty-one -guns, the band playing “God save the King,” and the assembled -multitude rending the air with their acclamations! Then -the ceremony of his coronation, and afterwards his journey -through his dominions, attended by his nobles! At an early -hour the monarch with his court proceeded in ludicrously solemn -procession from the palace to the church—the roofless -ruin figured in our cut—in which the ceremony was performed -with a mock gravity which was, however thoughtlessly profane, -still irresistibly humorous. The nobles, with painted -faces and a profuse display of stars and ribbons, had their titles -and appropriate badges of office. There was the grand -chamberlain, with his bunch of old rusty keys—the archbishop -with his paper mitre and his natural beard of a month’s -growth! The very titles of these great personages were conferred -in a spirit of drollery, and made characteristic of the -peculiarities of the individuals who bore them. Thus there -was a Lord of Ireland’s-eye—a grave-looking gentleman who -had lost one of his visual organs; a Lord Posey—a gentleman -who was remarkable for his habit of carrying a bunch of flowers -at his breast; and so on. All the nobility were wits, orators, -and generally first-rate vocalists, and the royal visitors -were similarly gifted. Charles Incledon, the prince of ballad-singers -of his time, here sang his “Black-eyed Susan” and -other charming ditties, and John Philpot Curran, the greatest -wit of the world, set the table in a roar with his meteor flashes. -But the prime spirits of the court were his Majesty himself, -Stephen Armitage, his Lord High Admiral Luke Cassidy, -and his archbishop —— Gillespy. The long coronation sermon -of the latter was one of the richest treats of the day, -and produced effects such as sermon never produced before.</p> - -<p>During this august and imposing ceremony, the church was -not only crowded to excess, and its ruined walls covered with -human beings, but it was also surrounded with a dense mass -of anxious listeners. As to his Majesty himself, he was at -times the gravest and at times the merriest of monarchs, much -of his humour consisting in the whimsical uncertainty of his -movements, for there never was a crowned head more capricious -or changeable in disposition than the King of Dalkey. -He would set out attended by his court on a journey to some -distant region of his dominions, change his mind in a minute -and alter his route elsewhere, and again change it within a -few minutes; and all these mutations of purpose were most -loyally approved of and sympathised in by his majesty’s nobles -and subjects. Another trait in King Stephen’s character was -his love for song; and when the word ran through his empire -that at the royal banquet his majesty had commenced or was -about to commence his favourite “Love is my passion and -glory,” there was scarcely one of his subjects, male or female, -who did not make a rush to get within earshot of him. Peace -be with thee, Stephen! thou wert a king “of infinite jest, of -most excellent fancy;” and though thy reign was short and -thy dominions small, thou madest more of thy subjects truly -happy than many monarchs whose reigns were as much longer -as their possessions were more extensive!</p> - -<p>Imperfect as these recollections of the Dalkey festivities are, -they will perhaps convey to many who have not hitherto heard -of them some slight idea of their character; and they will, we -trust, excite some surviving actor in them to preserve their -memory in a fuller and more graphic record. They were, it -will be seen, a sort of extemporaneous acted drama of the -Tom Thumb kind, admirably preserving the unities of time -and place—the time being one day, and the place—his majesty’s -empire! As to the theatre on which it was acted, it was most -admirably adapted for the spectacle, and had the most abundant -accommodation for the audience. The scenery too was -real scenery—not painted canvass, that required distance to -give it the effect of reality: the greensward, the blue sky and -bluer sea, the rocky islands, the distant hills and mountains, -were painted by the hand of the greatest of all Artists; and -the theatre, instead of miserable foot-lights, had its illumination -from the glorious sun, the greatest of all His visible -works!</p> - -<p>It may be supposed that these annual festivities must have -been productive of scenes of drunkenness and quarrelling, and -we cannot state of our own knowledge whether they were so -or not: but we have been informed that they did not lead to -such results; and the statement would seem true, from the -fact that no accident ever occurred to any of those engaged in -them—a singular circumstance, if we consider the dangers to -which so many persons were exposed in consequence of having -to cross the sound in crowded boats at a late hour in the -evening.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>It was not till after the preceding article had been in type -that we were informed that a notice of the Dalkey festivities -had recently appeared in the preface to the first volume of -the beautiful edition of the poems of our own national poet, -Moore, just published; and as it adds some interesting facts -to those furnished by our own recollections, we gladly present -them to our readers, in the perfect confidence that they will -be read with that intense pleasure which his writings have -rarely failed to afford.</p> - -<p>“It was in the year 1794, or about the beginning of the next, -that I remember having for the first time tried my hand at -political satire. In their very worst times of slavery and -suffering the happy disposition of my countrymen had kept -their cheerfulness still unbroken and buoyant; and at the period -of which I am speaking the hope of a brighter day dawning -upon Ireland had given to the society of the middle class -in Dublin a more than usual flow of hilarity and life. Among -other gay results of this festive spirit, a club or society was -instituted by some of our most convivial citizens, one of whose -objects was to burlesque, good-humouredly, the forms and -pomps of royalty. With this view they established a sort of -mock kingdom, of which Dalkey, a small island near Dublin, -was made the seat; and an eminent pawnbroker named Stephen -Armitage, much renowned for his agreeable singing, -was the chosen and popular monarch.</p> - -<p>Before public affairs had become too serious for such pastimes, -it was usual to celebrate yearly at Dalkey the day of -this sovereign’s accession; and among the gay scenes that -still live in my memory, there are few it recalls with more -freshness than this celebration on a fine Sunday in summer of -one of these anniversaries of King Stephen’s coronation. The -picturesque sea views of that spot, the gay crowds along the -shores, the innumerable boats full of life floating about, and -above all, the true spirit of mirth which the Irish temperament -never fails to lend to such meetings, rendered the whole a scene -not easily forgotten. The state ceremonies of the day were -performed with all due gravity within the ruins of an ancient -church that stands on the island, where his mock majesty bestowed -the order of knighthood upon certain favoured personages, -and among others I recollect upon Incledon the -celebrated singer, who rose from under the touch of the royal -sword with the appropriate title of Sir Charles Melody. There -was also selected for the favours of the crown on that day a -lady of no ordinary poetic talent, Mrs Battier, who had gained -much fame by some spirited satires in the manner of Churchill, -and whose kind encouragement of my early attempts in versification -were to me a source of much pride. This lady, as was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> -officially announced in the course of the day, had been appointed -his Majesty’s Poetess Laureate, under the style and -title of Henrietta Countess of Laurel.</p> - -<p>There could hardly be devised a more apt vehicle for lively -political satire than this gay travestie of monarchical power -and its showy appurtenances so temptingly supplied. The -very day indeed after this commemoration there appeared in -the usual record of Dalkey state intelligence, an amusing -proclamation from the king, offering a large reward in <i lang="ga">cronebanes</i> -(Irish halfpence) to the finder or finders of his Majesty’s -crown, which, owing to his ‘having measured both sides of -the road’ in his pedestrian progress from Dalkey on the preceding -night, had unluckily fallen from the royal brow.”</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">IRISH SUPERSTITIONS—GHOSTS AND FAIRIES.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY WILLIAM CARLETON.</span></h2> - -<h3>(First Article.)</h3> - -<p>We have met and conversed with every possible representative -of the various classes that compose general society, from -the sweep to the peer, and we feel ourselves bound to say that -in no instance have we ever met any individual, no matter -what his class or rank in life, who was really indifferent to the -subject of dreams, fairies, and apparitions. They are topics -that interest the imagination in all; and the hoary head of age -is inclined with as much interest to a ghost-story, as the -young and eager ear of youth, wrought up by all the nimble -and apprehensive powers of early fancy. It is true the belief -in ghosts is fast disappearing, and that of fairies is already -almost gone; but with what new wonders they shall be replaced, -it is difficult to say. The physical and natural we suppose -will give us enough of the marvellous, without having -recourse to the spiritual and supernatural. Steam and gas, -if Science advance for another half century at the same rate -as she has done in the last, will give sufficient exercise to all -our faculties for wondering. We know a man who travelled -eighty miles to see whether or not it was a fact that light could -be conveyed for miles in a pipe under ground; and this man -to our own knowledge possessed the organ of marvellousness -to a surprising degree. It is singular, too, that his fear of -ghosts was in proportion to this capacious propensity to wonder, -as was his disposition when snug in a chimney corner to -talk incessantly of such topics as were calculated to excite it.</p> - -<p>In our opinion, ghosts and fairies will be seen wherever -they are much talked of, and a belief in their existence cultivated -and nourished. So long as the powers of the imagination -are kept warm and active by exercise, they will create -for themselves such images as they are in the habit of conceiving -or dwelling upon; and these, when the individual happens -to be in the appropriate position, will even by the mere -force of association engender the particular Eidolon which is -predominant in the mind. As an illustration of this I shall -mention two cases of apparition which occurred in my native -parish, one of which was that of a ghost, and the other of the -fairies. To those who have read my “Traits and Stories of -the Irish Peasantry,” the first which I shall narrate may possess -some interest, as being that upon which I founded the -tale of the “Midnight Mass.” The circumstances are simply -these:—</p> - -<p>There lived a man named M’Kenna at the hip of one of the -mountainous hills which divide the county of Tyrone from -that of Monaghan. This M’Kenna had two sons, one of whom -was in the habit of tracing hares of a Sunday, whenever there -happened to be a fall of snow. His father it seems had frequently -remonstrated with him upon what he considered to be -a violation of the Lord’s day, as well as for his general neglect -of mass. The young man, however, though otherwise harmless -and inoffensive, was in this matter quite insensible to paternal -reproof, and continued to trace whenever the avocations -of labour would allow him. It so happened that upon a Christmas -morning, I think in the year 1814, there was a deep fall -of snow, and young M’Kenna, instead of going to mass, got -down his cock-stick—which is a staff much heavier at one end -than at the other—and prepared to set out on his favourite -amusement. His father seeing this, reproved him seriously, and -insisted that he should attend prayers. His enthusiasm for the -sport, however, was stronger than his love of religion, for he -refused to be guided by his father’s advice. The old man during -the altercation got warm; and on finding that the son obstinately -scorned his authority, he knelt down and prayed that -if the boy persisted in following his own will, he might never -return from the mountains unless as a corpse. The imprecation, -which was certainly as harsh as it was impious and senseless, -might have startled many a mind from a purpose which was, -to say the least of it, at variance with religion and the respect -due to a father. It had no effect, however, upon the son, who is -said to have replied, that whether he ever returned or not, he -was determined on going; and go accordingly he did. He was -not, however, alone, for it appears that three or four of the -neighbouring young men accompanied him. Whether their -sport was good or otherwise, is not to the purpose, neither am -I able to say; but the story goes that towards the latter part -of the day they started a larger and darker hare than any they -had ever seen, and that she kept dodging on before them bit -by bit, leading them to suppose that every succeeding cast of -the cock-stick would bring her down. It was observed afterwards -that she also led them into the recesses of the mountains, -and that although they tried to turn her course homewards, -they could not succeed in doing so. As evening -advanced, the companions of M’Kenna began to feel the folly -of pursuing her farther, and to perceive the danger of losing -their way in the mountains should night or a snow-storm come -upon them. They therefore proposed to give over the chase -and return home; but M’Kenna would not hear of it. “If -you wish to go home, you may,” said he; “as for me, I’ll never -leave the hills till I have her with me.” They begged and entreated -him to desist and return, but all to no purpose: he -appeared to be what the Scotch call <em>fey</em>—that is, to act as if he -were moved by some impulse that leads to death, and from the -influence of which a man cannot withdraw himself. At length, -on finding him invincibly obstinate, they left him pursuing the -hare directly into the heart of the mountains, and returned to -their respective homes.</p> - -<p>In the mean time, one of the most terrible snow-storms ever -remembered in that part of the country came on, and the consequence -was, that the self-willed young man, who had equally -trampled on the sanctions of religion and parental authority, -was given over for lost. As soon as the tempest became still, -the neighbours assembled in a body and proceeded to look for -him. The snow, however, had fallen so heavily that not a single -mark of a footstep could be seen. Nothing but one wide -waste of white undulating hills met the eye wherever it turned, -and of M’Kenna no trace whatever was visible or could be found. -His father now remembering the unnatural character of his -imprecation, was nearly distracted; for although the body had -not yet been found, still by every one who witnessed the sudden -rage of the storm and who knew the mountains, escape or survival -was felt to be impossible. Every day for about a week -large parties were out among the hill-ranges seeking him, but -to no purpose. At length there came a thaw, and his body -was found on a snow-wreath, lying in a supine posture within -a circle which he had drawn around him with his cock-stick. -His prayer-book lay opened upon his mouth, and his hat was -pulled down so as to cover it and his face. It is unnecessary -to say that the rumour of his death, and of the circumstances -under which he left home, created a most extraordinary sensation -in the country—a sensation that was the greater in -proportion to the uncertainty occasioned by his not having -been found either alive or dead. Some affirmed that he had -crossed the mountains, and was seen in Monaghan; others, -that he had been seen in Clones, in Emyvale, in Fivemiletown; -but despite of all these agreeable reports, the melancholy truth -was at length made clear by the appearance of the body as -just stated.</p> - -<p>Now, it so happened that the house nearest the spot where -he lay was inhabited by a man named Daly, I think—but of -the name I am not certain—who was a herd or care-taker to -Dr Porter, then Bishop of Clogher. The situation of this -house was the most lonely and desolate-looking that could -be imagined. It was at least two miles distant from any human -habitation, being surrounded by one wide and dreary waste of -dark moor. By this house lay the route of those who had -found the corpse, and I believe the door was borrowed for the -purpose of conveying it home. Be this as it may, the family -witnessed the melancholy procession as it passed slowly -through the mountains, and when the place and circumstances -are all considered, we may admit that to ignorant and superstitious -people, whose minds even under ordinary occasions -were strongly affected by such matters, it was a sight calculated -to leave behind it a deep, if not a terrible impression. -Time soon proved that it did so.</p> - -<p>An incident is said to have occurred at the funeral which I -have alluded to in the “Midnight Mass,” and which is certainly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> -in fine keeping with the wild spirit of the whole melancholy -event. When the procession had advanced to a place -called Mullaghtinny, a large dark-coloured hare, which was -instantly recognised, by those who had been out with him on -the hills, as the identical one that led him to his fate, is said to -have crossed the road about twenty yards or so before the -coffin. The story goes, that a man struck it on the side with -a stone, and that the blow, which would have killed any ordinary -hare, not only did it no injury, but occasioned a sound to -proceed from the body resembling the hollow one emitted by -an empty barrel when struck.</p> - -<p>In the meantime the interment took place, and the sensation -began like every other to die away in the natural progress -of time, when, behold, a report ran about like wildfire -that, to use the language of the people, “Frank M’Kenna -was <em>appearing</em>!” Seldom indeed was the rumour of an apparition -composed of materials so strongly calculated to win popular -assent or to baffle rational investigation. As every -man is not a Hibbert or a Nicolai, so will many, until such -circumstances are made properly intelligible, continue to yield -credence to testimony which would convince the judgment on -any other subject. The case in question furnished as fine a -specimen of a true ghost-story, freed from any suspicion of -imposture or design, as could be submitted to a philosopher; -and yet, notwithstanding the array of apparent facts connected -with it, nothing in the world is simpler or of easier solution.</p> - -<p>One night, about a fortnight after his funeral, the daughter -of Daly, the herd, a girl about fourteen, while lying in bed -saw what appeared to be the likeness of M’Kenna, who had -been lost. She screamed out, and covering her head with the -bed-clothes, told her father and mother that Frank M’Kenna -was in the house. This alarming intelligence naturally produced -great terror; still, Daly, who notwithstanding his belief -in such matters possessed a good deal of moral courage, -was cool enough to rise and examine the house, which consisted -of only one apartment. This gave the daughter some -courage, who, on finding that her father could not see him, -ventured to look out, and she <em>then</em> could see nothing of him -herself. She very soon fell asleep, and her father attributed -what she saw to fear, or some accidental combination of shadows -proceeding from the furniture, for it was a clear moonlight -night. The light of the following day dispelled a great -deal of their apprehensions, and comparatively little was -thought of it until evening again advanced, when the fears of -the daughter began to return. They appeared to be prophetic, -for she said when night came that she knew he would appear -again; and accordingly at the same hour he did so. This was -repeated for several successive nights, until the girl, from the -very hardihood of terror, began to become so far familiarised -to the spectre as to venture to address it.</p> - -<p>“In the name of God,” she asked, “what is troubling you, -or why do you appear to me instead of to some of your own -family or relations?”</p> - -<p>The ghost’s answer alone might settle the question involved -in the authenticity of its appearance, being, as it was, an account -of one of the most ludicrous missions that ever a spirit -was dispatched upon.</p> - -<p>“I’m not allowed,” said he, “to spake to any of my friends, -for I parted wid them in anger; but I’m come to tell you that -they are quarrellin’ about my breeches—a new pair that I got -made for Christmas day; an’ as I was comin’ up to thrace in -the mountains, I thought the ould ones ’ud do betther, an’ of -coorse I didn’t put the new pair an me. My raison for appearin’,” -he added, “is, that you may tell my friends that none -of them is to wear them—they must be given in charity.”</p> - -<p>This serious and solemn intimation from the ghost was duly -communicated to the family, and it was found that the circumstances -were exactly as it had represented them. This of -course was considered as sufficient proof of the truth of its -mission. Their conversations now became not only frequent, -but quite friendly and familiar. The girl became a favourite -with the spectre, and the spectre on the other hand soon lost -all his terrors in her eyes. He told her that whilst his friends -were bearing home his body, the handspikes or poles on which -they carried him had cut his back, and <em>occasioned him great -pain</em>! The cutting of the back also was found to be true, -and strengthened of course the truth and authenticity of -their dialogues. The whole neighbourhood was now in a -commotion with this story of the apparition, and persons incited -by curiosity began to visit the girl in order to satisfy -themselves of the truth of what they had heard. Every -thing, however, was corroborated, and the child herself, without -any symptoms of anxiety or terror, artlessly related her -conversations with the spirit. Hitherto their interviews had -been all nocturnal, but now that the ghost found his footing -made good, he put a hardy face on, and ventured to appear -by daylight. The girl also fell into states of syncope, and -while the fits lasted, long conversations with him upon the -subject of God, the blessed Virgin, and Heaven, took place -between them. He was certainly an excellent moralist, and -gave the best advice. Swearing, drunkenness, theft, and -every evil propensity of our nature, were declaimed against -with a degree of spectral eloquence quite surprising. Common -fame had now a topic dear to her heart, and, never was a -ghost made more of by his best friends, than she made of him. -The whole country was in a tumult, and I well remember the -crowds which flocked to the lonely little cabin in the mountains, -now the scene of matters so interesting and important. -Not a single day passed in which I should think from ten to -twenty, thirty, or fifty persons, were not present at these -singular interviews. Nothing else was talked of, thought of, -and, as I can well testify, dreamt of. I would myself have gone -to Daly’s were it not for a confounded misgiving I had, that -perhaps the ghost might take such a fancy of appearing to -me, as he had taken to cultivate an intimacy with the girl; -and it so happens, that when I see the face of an individual -nailed down in the coffin—chilling and gloomy operation!—I -experience no particular wish ever to look upon it again.</p> - -<p>Many persons might imagine that the herd’s daughter was -acting the part of an impostor, by first originating and then -sustaining such a delusion. If any one, however, was an -impostor, it was the ghost, and not the girl, as her ill health -and wasted cheek might well testify. The appearance of -M’Kenna continued to haunt her for months. The reader is -aware that he was lost on Christmas day, or rather on the -night of it, and I remember seeing her in the early part of the -following summer, during which time she was still the victim -of a diseased imagination. Every thing in fact that could be -done for her was done. They brought her to a priest named -Donnelly, who lived down at Ballynasaggart, for the purpose -of getting her cured, as he had the reputation of performing -cures of that kind. They brought her also to the doctors, -who also did what they could for her; but all to no purpose. -Her fits were longer and of more frequent occurrence; her -appetite left her; and ere four months had elapsed, she herself -looked as like a spectre as the ghost himself could do for the -life of him.</p> - -<p>Now, this was a pure case of spectral illusion, and precisely -similar to that detailed so philosophically by Nicolai the -German bookseller, and to others mentioned by Hibbert. The -image of M’Kenna not only appeared to her in daylight at -her own house, but subsequently followed her wherever she -went; and what proved this to have been the result of diseased -organization, produced at first by a heated and excited -imagination, was, that, as the story went, she could see him -with her eyes shut. Whilst this state of mental and physical -feeling lasted, she was the subject of the most intense curiosity. -No matter where she went, whether to chapel, to fair, or to -market, she was followed by crowds, every one feeling eager -to get a glimpse of the girl who had actually seen, and what -was more, spoken to a ghost—a live ghost.</p> - -<p>Now, here was a young girl of an excitable temperament -and large imagination, leading an almost solitary life amidst -scenery of a lonely and desolate character, who, happening to -be strongly impressed with an image of horror—for surely -such was the body of a dead man seen in association with -such peculiarly frightful circumstances as filial disobedience -and a father’s curse were calculated to give it—cannot shake -it off, but on the contrary becomes a victim to the disease -which it generates. There is not an image which we see in a -fever, or a face whether of angel or devil, or an uncouth -shape of any kind, that is not occasioned by cerebral excitement, -or derangement of the nervous system, analogous to -that under which Daly’s daughter laboured. I saw her several -times, and remember clearly that her pale face, dark -eye, and very intellectual forehead, gave indications of such -a temperament as under her circumstances would be apt to -receive strong and fearful impressions from images calculated -to excite terror, especially of the supernatural. It only now -remains for me to mention the simple method of her cure, -which was effected without either priest or doctor. It depended -upon a word or two of advice given to her father by -a very sensible man, who was in the habit of thinking on these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> -matters somewhat above the superstitious absurdities of the -people.</p> - -<p>“If you wish your daughter to be cured,” said he to her -father, “leave the house you are now living in. Take her to -some part of the country where she can have companions of -her own class and state of life to mingle with; bring her -away from the place altogether; for you may rest assured that -so long as there are objects before her eyes to remind her of -what happened, she will not mend on your hands.”</p> - -<p>The father, although he sat rent free, took this excellent -advice, even at a sacrifice of some comfort: for nothing short -of the temptation of easy circumstances could have induced -any man to reside in so wild and remote a solitude. In the -course of a few days he removed from it with his family, and -came to reside amidst the cheerful aspect and enlivening intercourse -of human life. The consequences were precisely as -the man had told him. In the course of a few weeks the little -girl began to find that the visits of the spectre were like those -of angels, few and far between. She was sent to school, and -what with the confidence derived from human society, and -the substitution of new objects and images, she soon perfectly -recovered, and ere long was thoroughly set free from the fearful -creation of her own brain.</p> - -<p>Now, there is scarcely one of the people in my native parish -who does not believe that the spirit of this man came back -to the world, and actually appeared to this little girl. The -time, however, is fast coming when these empty bugbears will -altogether disappear, and we shall entertain more reverend -and becoming notions of God than to suppose such senseless -pranks could be played by the soul of a departed being under -his permission. We might as well assert that the imaginary -beings which surround the couch of the madman or hypochondriac -have a real existence, as those that are conjured up by -terror, weak nerves, or impure blood.</p> - -<p>The spot where the body of M’Kenna was found is now -marked by a little heap of stones, which has been collected -since the melancholy event of his death. Every person who -passes it throws a stone upon the heap; but why this old custom -is practised, or what it means, I do not know, unless it -be simply to mark the spot as a visible means of preserving -the memory of the occurrence.</p> - -<p>Daly’s house, the scene of the supposed apparition, is now -a shapeless ruin, which could scarcely be seen were it not for -the green spot that was once a garden, and which now shines -at a distance like an emerald, but with no agreeable or pleasing -associations. It is a spot which no solitary schoolboy will -ever visit, nor indeed would the unflinching believer in the popular -nonsense of ghosts wish to pass it without a companion. -It is under any circumstances a gloomy and barren place, but -when looked upon in connection with what we have just recited, -it is lonely, desolate, and awful.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4"><span class="irish">Un Ghrain̄eog.</span>—(THE HEDGEHOG.)</h2> - -<p>Some twenty years ago it was not unusual in the south of -Ireland to see boys assembled about a fire of straw, loudly -exulting over a flame-surrounded victim, whose attempts to -escape, rendered nugatory by a timid retraction as it were -into himself, served but to call forth louder shouts of triumph -from his persecutors, who thought they justified their savage -deed by proclaiming its hapless object as a witch, a robber of -orchards, and a sucker of cows. Leaving to our antiquarian -friends to discover whether the cruel act in question was not -a holocaust originating in the mystic rites of Pagan times, it -is for us to vindicate the wronged, and show the absurdity of -the charges by which wrong has been maintained, and at the -same time to indicate such matter as may serve to direct kindness -to that innocent victim of ignorance, the inoffensive Hedgehog. -That it is not a witch according to the old law, may be -proved in a court of justice spite of the popular opinion and -in defiance of the authority of Shakspeare, whose witches in -Macbeth are warned that the proper time had come to commence -their infernal incantations by “thrice and once the -hedge-pig whined.” We have no witness that a hedgehog -ever rode a broomstick or vomited knives, skewers, coals of -fire, or any such like legal proofs of witchcraft; neither, perhaps -you exclaim, is the writer of so much nonsense a witch. -True it is that the creature so named has its place nowhere -in the classification of a zoologist, yet still an undefined idea -of its existence floats in the imagination of the most ignorant, -and it is not <em>extraordinary</em> that an opinion once universal -should still linger in unenlightened minds. In no way do we -consider superstitious prejudices can better be extinguished -than by inducing accuracy of observation of natural phenomena, -which shows that nothing supernatural exists. The -second charge, that the hedgehog is a robber of orchards, is -a very old one. Pliny, as translated by Holland, states—“Hedgehogs -make their provision beforehand of meat for -winter in this wise: they wallow and roll themselves upon -apples and such fruit lying under foot, and so catch them up -with their prickles, and one more besides they take in their -mouth, and so carry them into hollow trees.”</p> - -<p>Now, this has no foundation in fact. True it is that the -hedgehog is very often found in the neighbourhood of orchards; -but then this may be accounted for by the fact that -the fences of such places are usually of exactly the thick and -unfrequented kind the animal best likes to inhabit. Our repeated -experience has never enabled us to discover that a -hedgehog will eat apples; on the contrary, in early youth, -when imbued with the general belief that this fruit was their -diet, we have in more than one or two instances (most cruelly -as we now believe) starved to death unfortunate specimens, -which we shut up in a box with an ample supply of apples, not -one of which they ever ate. That a magpie will steal and -hide silver spoons, or a raven silk stockings, we know, and -may use it as an argument that animals steal what they do -not want; but that a hedgehog steals apples in the way -stated, experiment will at once prove to be untrue, for, from -the varied position of the points of the spines when fixed, it -is impossible to fasten an apple upon them; and when they are -not fixed, they yield at once to the pressure made in the attempt. -Though domesticated hedgehogs can easily be brought -to feed on bread and milk or dressed vegetables, yet all our -observation goes to prove that in a state of nature, or when -permitted to stray in a garden, they never eat any but animal -food. This is at variance with the generally received opinion, -which is supported by the authority of White, who, in -his admirable History of Selborne, complains that hedgehogs -injured his garden by boring with their long snouts under the -plantain that grew in his grass walks, eating off the root upwards, -leaving the tufts of leaves untouched, and defacing his -grounds by making unsightly holes. He then immediately -goes on to prove that these identical animals used beetles as -no inconsiderable portion of their food. Now, it strikes us -that his previous observation was not made with his usual accuracy, -and that the hedgehogs did not eat the roots of plantain, -but dug up where they had been to catch the larvæ of -beetles that had just devoured them. Thus rooks have been -charged with wantonly plucking up grass, while the truth is, -that they only pull up plants attacked at the root by the larvæ -of the cockchaffer or some other of the <i>Phytophagous coleoptera</i> -(as vegetable-eating beetles are called), catch in the fact -the destructive insect, and so stop its ravages; thus rendering -important services to those who, for lack of accurate observation, -falsely accuse and mischievously shoot them. Trusting -we have satisfied you that the hedgehog does not steal apples, -we come to the next charge, that he sucks cows. To -refute this we have the best possible evidence in the animal’s -mouth, the structure of which is completely unsuited to the -accomplishment of such an object. That he will drink milk -with avidity when domesticated, is certain, but this is only a -taste he acquires in common with hundreds of other animals: -there is scarcely one that may not be induced to relish such -diet. Having thus cleared our hero (a name he fully deserves, -as he wins battles by passive resistance) from the charges -brought against him, we proceed to give some anecdotes of -our personal knowledge, and shall finish with a few interesting -facts in his history, for the information of those who take pleasure -in accurate acquaintance with nature’s works.</p> - -<p>We have before mentioned our starving of hedgehogs by -endeavouring to make them eat apples. In one of these cases -we suffered no small retribution. We were at school in these -days, and a practice existed amongst us called “slating.” -It was an innocent imitation of the murderous attacks made -in Dublin by short-sighted combinators on such of their fellow -tradesmen as refused obedience to their mischievous laws. -With us it consisted in waylaying each other in the dark passages, -and striking with the open palms the hats or caps of the -surprised over the eyes. Having been thus treated many -times, we bethought ourselves of turning our starved hedgehog -to account, and proceeded to skin him with the intent of -making a cap; so that when again “slated,” the attacking -party would find reason to call out in the words of Chaucer,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“Like sharpe urchins his hair was growe.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> - -<p>Accordingly, having hanged the animal up against a tree, we -were essaying, by pulling, to effect a solution of continuity, as -a surgeon would call it, between his body and skin, when the -nail gave way, and he came down with considerable force on -our forehead, accupuncturating us most awfully. The pain -at the time was very great, and considerable soreness continued -for several days, so much so that we were induced to -suspect that some poisonous virus existed. We introduce this -story for the purpose of calling attention to the effects of the -spines when brought into action. Though experience induces -us to believe that their punctures are more painful than those -of pins and needles, we have not been able to ascertain why -they should be so. Disabled in our attempt, we abandoned -the skin, and it became common property. It was for some -time used as one of the instruments for initiating the Johnny -Newcomes into the mysteries of school life. Not a few will -recollect how, when chilled by a previous salting or seasoning, -as we called it, of snow crammed into the mouth, eyes, nose, -and down the back, their sense of vitality was aroused, when -escaping to bed they threw themselves on its thorny pre-occupant. -Many, doubtless, then heartily wished themselves again -within the zone of mamma’s apron-string; but the affair usually -ended by storing up vengeance for, and the implement for -executing it on, the next comer. A few years afterwards we -procured another hedgehog, and provided him with earthworms, -which he munged with great gusto. We mixed a few -of them with bread and milk, and thus initiated him into this -new diet. We tried him with frogs, mice, sparrows, and various -other animal matters, of all of which he partook freely, -and he soon became quite domesticated. We provided him a -bed made in an old footstool in the kitchen; in this he remained -during daylight rolled up in a ball of hay, from which it was -quite a troublesome matter to extricate him; he could not be -disentangled from it at all, without picking it carefully from his -spines. Yet when he pleased himself to move, he came forth -quite free, and did not drag a single filament out with him. -He soon acquired a habit of making his appearance when tea -was being served; the hissing of the water in the urn seemed -to be his signal that his only meal was ready, for he regularly -followed the servant who bore it into the tea-room, where he -was indulged with a saucer of bread and milk on the rug before -the fire. Having eaten as much as he desired, he commenced -trotting about the room, taking precisely the same -course round the legs of chairs and tables each time; and so -he continued without a moment’s cessation to the latest hour -the household remained up. Like the Guinea-pig, he seemed -to have the greatest dislike to running across the room. In -the morning he was always found snug in his bed. At length -he disappeared, but previously did good service by devouring -the cockroaches and beetles which infested the house. The -desire of the hedgehog to pursue a beaten track was further -evidenced by one we kept in a garden, which continued for -months the course he first took, though a portion of it consisted -in climbing with difficulty over some tiles, which a few -inches on either side would have avoided. We often put things -in his path, and watched his proceedings: he shrunk at first -on finding the obstruction, and then tumbled over it in the -best way he could.</p> - -<p>Again we got another, and having heard that he may be at -once tamed by indulging him in whisky, we mixed some -in a saucer with sugar, and dipping his nose into it, he licked -his chops, then ventured to make a lap at the enticing material, -and, “startled at the sound himself had made,” he shrunk -in, but came out again presently and lapped away most eagerly. -The spirit soon showed its power, and like other beasts that -indulge in it, he was any thing but himself; and his lacklustre -leaden eye was rendered still less pleasing by its inane -drunken expression. He staggered towards us in a ridiculously -get-out-of-my-way sort of manner; however, he had -not gone far before his potation produced all its effects; -he tottered, then fell on his side; he was drunk in the -full sense of the word; he could not even hold by the -ground. We could then pull him about by the feet, open his -mouth, twitch his whiskers, &c.: he was unresisting. There -was a strange expression in his face of that self-confidence -which we see in cowards when inspired by drinking. We -put him away, and some twelve hours afterwards found -him running about, and, as was predicted, quite tame, his -spines lying so smoothly and regularly that he could be stroked -down the back, and handled freely. We turned him into the -kitchen to kill the cockroaches, and know nothing further of -him.</p> - -<p>Having given you so much of his manners, let us turn to his -structural peculiarities. He is a small animal, not much larger -than a rat when stripped of his spines and the muscular apparatus -connected with them. It is this that enables him to roll -himself up so as to present a <i lang="fr">chevaux-de-frize</i>-like defence, -impregnable to all ordinary enemies; and as there is much -singularity in it, we will endeavour to describe it. On the -back of the animal, between the skin and ribs, there is a large -oval muscle with thickened edges, partially attached to the -skin and spines. From this spring certain muscular bands, -which are fixed firmly at the other ends to the head, tail, -breast, and other parts of the body. The whole may be -likened to a sort of elastic mantle, kept on the back by straps. -When the owner wishes to roll up, he bends his body, then -tightening the straps, he pulls the edge of the elastic mantle -over, which contracting, draws it in as if it were a running -string in a bag; at the same time the spines are fixed rigidly -for defence by the straining of the muscles. There are many -other interesting points in his anatomy. He possesses, as we -do, well developed clavicles or collar-bones, which only exist -in a rudimentary form in many quadrupeds. The peculiarities -of his structure have exposed him to much, we will not say -wanton cruelty, as its object was the increase of knowledge; -it therefore should not be heavily censured, while so many unmeaning -barbarities exist under the name of sports. It is -stated as a proof of his endurance, that he has died without a -groan under the slow process of zootomy inflicted upon him -while nailed to a table. Such practices are seldom if ever -engaged in at the present time.</p> - -<p>The hedgehog is certainly a very apathetic creature, and at -a low temperature becomes torpid; when in this condition he is -doubtless devoid of feeling. Torpidity in many animals seems -to stand in the place of migration in others, as a necessary -condition when provision of food depends on season: in this case -the fact seems to argue in favour of our position—that the -hedgehog is in a state of nature strictly insectivorous; were -it not so, torpidity would not seem necessary, as roots of vegetables -could be had with facility as well at one season as -the other. The hedgehog while torpid loses weight rather -rapidly, so that the power of its remaining in this state is -limited perhaps to a very few months.</p> - -<p>The French academicians maintained long since that there -were two species of hedgehog in their country. In reference -to this, Ray, with his usual sagacity, after describing the -common species, expresses a disbelief of there being another -in Europe; a doubt since fully confirmed: for the dog and -hog urchin, as the supposed species were called, have no more -existence than the dog and hog badgers of our sportsmen have -as distinct animals. Old authors notice several species under -the name of hedgehog; but it appears by more accurate observation -that but two of the animals mentioned by them are -entitled to this name, viz. the one in question and the long-eared -urchin of Siberia.</p> - -<p>Since 1832, at least three other species have been enrolled -in the records of science. It is said that when hedgehogs are -born, their ears as well as their eyes are closed, and the -former circumstance is noticed as a unique fact; however, -another instance of imperforate ears occurred to us, in the case -of a black bear cubbed at the gardens of the Royal Zoological -Society of Ireland: it lived but a few hours. The ear of -the hedgehog, in the structure of its bony parts, presents some -peculiarities strikingly different from most other quadrupeds.</p> - -<p>The hedgehog is said to feed occasionally on cantharides; a -single beetle of which would occasion death or serious injury -to most animals. If this be true, it is only another example of -what often occurs in nature, illustrating the old proverb -“what is one’s meat is another’s poison.” In addition to the -use of the hedgehog as the destroyer of cockroaches, his skin -was an important monopoly in the time of the Romans, being -used both as a clothes-brush and an instrument for hackling -hemp. His calcined eyes formed part of an ointment which -the ancients tell us had such a wonderful efficacy as to enable -persons using it to see in the dark. His gall was used to take -off hair, his fat to put it on, &c.</p> - -<p>He is still eaten in the south of Europe; but, judging from -his food and appearance, we would not recommend the practice -here. The hedgehog, or urchin, as he is sometimes called, -belongs to the order of Insectivora, and possesses much of the -character and habits of shrews. His scientific name is Erinaceus -Europæus; but we have headed this article with his Irish -appellation, which is perhaps the only one not inserted in our -popular authors.</p> - -<p class="right">B.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">WATERPROOFING OF CLOTH, SILK, &c.</h2> - -<p class="center">TO THE EDITOR OF THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>—I would feel happy should the few remarks I will at -present offer be found worthy of insertion in your columns—it -is on the subject of waterproofing cloth, or other fabrics, -cotton, silk, leather, &c.</p> - -<p>When the matter first came before the public, being determined -if possible to ascertain the secret, after many unsuccessful -experiments I found all the requisite properties to consist -in a concentrated solution of acetate of alumina, which can be -procured at a cheap and a moderate rate, by mixing equal -quantities of sulphate of alum (common alum) and acetate of -lead (sugar of lead), and dissolving them in water: one -pound of each may be purchased for one shilling, which may -be dissolved in one gallon and a half of boiling water, and well -mixed; when cold, the supernatant liquid should be removed -from the sediment, which consists of sulphates of lead, potash, -&c. Any article of dress, no matter how slight the fabric, if -well saturated in it, and allowed to dry slowly, will bear the -action of boiling water, and not permit it to pass through: it -is a remarkable fact, and there are many others connected -with the same solution well worthy of investigation. I -should be glad if some of your learned correspondents would -favour us with the reason why the boiling water will not pass -through, and the steam of the water will. Thinking it a subject -not totally unworthy of examination, I remain, Sir, your -most obedient servant,</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Thomas Irwin</span>,<br /> -Apothecary and Chemist, 48 Cuffe St.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">A SCENE AT SEA.</h2> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“I saw the ship go dancing on before the favouring gale,</div> -<div class="verse">And like the pinions of a swan was spread each swelling sail;</div> -<div class="verse">But ere again uprose the sun, rose many a shriek and wail;</div> -<div class="verse">Ere morn the gallant ship was gone—vanished the snowy sail!”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent2">The ship rode far upon the silent main; ’twas night,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">A beautiful, still night; no moon was there,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">But the bright stars were hanging overhead</div> -<div class="verse indent2">In golden clusters; and the breathless sea</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Gave them all back; while the tall vessel seemed</div> -<div class="verse indent2">A fairy home, suspended ’twixt two heavens.</div> -<div class="verse indent2">And there were happy hearts within her then;</div> -<div class="verse indent2">That eve they had descried the distant shore</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Of their own land; and all had gone to rest</div> -<div class="verse indent2">In the dear hope that ere another day</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Their feet would press again their native soil;</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Then the rich merchant dreamed how his gay stores</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Would well reward his exile; and the youth</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Thought of his loved one, and in fancy touch’d</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Already her rose-lips; while the fond sire</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Dreamed of his wife and children, and his hearth</div> -<div class="verse indent2">With their bright faces gathered round, like stars,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">To hearken to the marvels of his voyage.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse center">…</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse indent2">There is a stillness over sea and heaven—</div> -<div class="verse indent2">A placid calm, a holy peace; alas!</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Whence is that sudden cry—that rising flame</div> -<div class="verse indent2">That bursts from the fair vessel? ’Tis no fire</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Of heaven, no angry lightning, that hath struck</div> -<div class="verse indent2">And blasted it! A moment, and the scene</div> -<div class="verse indent2">That was so fair is changed; the heavens above</div> -<div class="verse indent2">And still as ever; but the death-fire glows</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Upon the burnished waters! Groans and prayers</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Rise up all vainly! There’s a sudden shriek,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Like to an earthquake; and the hopes and fears</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Of many hearts, the vessel and its freight,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Are vanished—scattered into nameless things,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">And all is swallowed up and lost!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse right">—<cite>From the Knickerbocker.</cite></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">True Charity.</span>—The lowest order of charity is that which -is satisfied with relieving the immediate pressure of distress -in individual cases. A higher is, that which makes provision -on a large scale for the relief of such distress; as when a nation -passes on from common almsgiving to a general provision -for the destitute. A higher still is, when such provision -is made in the way of anticipation, or for distant objects; as -when the civilization of savages, the freeing of slaves, the -treatment of the insane, or the education of the blind and deaf -and mutes, is undertaken. The highest charity of all is, that -which aims at the prevention rather than the alleviation of -evil. It is a nobler charity to prevent destitution, crime, and -ignorance, than to relieve individuals who never ought to have -been made destitute, criminal, and ignorant.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Employment for the Unhappy.</span>—The unhappy are indisposed -to employment: all active occupations are wearisome -and disgusting in prospect, at a time when every thing, -life itself, is full of weariness and disgust. Yet the unhappy -must be employed, or they will go mad. Comparatively -blessed are they, if they are set in families, where claims and -duties abound, and cannot be escaped. In the pressure of -business there is present safety and ultimate relief. Harder -is the lot of those who have few necessary occupations, enforced -by other claims than their own harmlessness and profitableness. -Reading often fails. Now and then it may beguile; -but much oftener the attention is languid, the thoughts -wander, and associations with the subject of grief are awakened. -Women who find that reading will not do, will obtain -no relief from sewing. Sewing is pleasant enough in moderation -to those whose minds are at ease the while; but it is an -employment which is trying to the nerves when long continued, -at the best; and nothing can be worse for the harassed, and -for those who want to escape from themselves. Writing is -bad. The pen hangs idly suspended over the paper, or the -sad thoughts that are alive within write themselves down. -The safest and best of all occupations for such sufferers as are -fit for it, is intercourse with young children. An infant might -have beguiled Satan and his peers the day after they were -couched on the lake of fire, if the love of children had chanced -to linger amidst the ruins of their angelic nature. Next to -this comes honest, genuine acquaintanceship among the poor; -not mere charity-visiting, grounded on soup-tickets and -blankets, but intercourse of mind, with real mutual interest -between the parties. Gardening is excellent, because it unites -bodily exertion with a sufficient engagement of the faculties, -while sweet, compassionate nature is ministering cure in every -sprouting leaf and scented blossom, and beckoning sleep to -draw nigh, and be ready to follow up her benignant work. -Walking is good, not stepping from shop to shop, or from -neighbour to neighbour, but stretching out far into the country, -to the freshest fields, and the highest ridges, and the -quietest lanes. However sullen the imagination may have been -among its griefs at home, here it cheers up and smiles. However -listless the limbs may have been when sustaining a too -heavy heart, here they are braced, and the lagging gait becomes -buoyant again. However perverse the memory may -have been in presenting all that was agonizing, and insisting -only on what cannot be retrieved, here it is first disregarded, -and then it sleeps; and the sleep of the memory is the day -in Paradise to the unhappy. The mere breathing of the cool -wind on the face in the commonest highway is rest and comfort -which must be felt at such times to be believed. It is -disbelieved in the shortest intervals between the seasons of enjoyment; -and every time the sufferer has resolution to go -forth to meet it, it penetrates to the very heart in glad surprise. -The fields are better still: for there is the lark to -fill up the hours with mirthful music; or, at worst, the robin -and the flocks of fieldfares, to show that the hardest day has -its life and hilarity. But the calmest region is the upland, -where human life is spread out beneath the bodily eye, where -the mind roves from the peasant’s nest to the spiry town, -from the schoolhouse to the churchyard, from the diminished -team in the patch of fallow, or the fisherman’s boat in the -cove, to the viaduct that spans the valley, or the fleet that -glides ghostlike on the horizon. This is the perch where the -spirit plumes its ruffled and drooping wings, and makes ready -to let itself down any wind that heaven may send.—<cite>From -Deerbrook, a Tale, by Harriet Martineau.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Childhood.</span>—Childhood is like a mirror, catching and reflecting -images from all around it. Remember that an impious -or profane thought, uttered by a parent’s lips, may -operate on the young heart like a careless spray of water -thrown upon polished steel, staining it with rust which no -after scouring can efface.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">J. Drake</span>, Birmingham; <span class="smcap">Slocombe & Simms</span>, -Leeds; <span class="smcap">Frazer</span> and <span class="smcap">Crawford</span>, George Street, Edinburgh; and -<span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -21, November 21, 1840, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - -***** This file should be named 54396-h.htm or 54396-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/3/9/54396/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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