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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..226c06e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54289 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54289) diff --git a/old/54289-h.zip b/old/54289-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2062245..0000000 --- a/old/54289-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54289-h/54289-h.htm b/old/54289-h/54289-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 2f758b9..0000000 --- a/old/54289-h/54289-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1550 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> - -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Three Days on the Ohio River, by Father William. - </title> - <style type="text/css"> - - p { margin-top: .75em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - - p.bold {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} - p.bold2 {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - } - h1 span, h2 span { display: block; text-align: center; } - #id1 { font-size: smaller } - - - hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; - } - - hr.smler { - width: 15%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 42.5%; - margin-right: 42.5%; - clear: both; - } - - body{margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - - table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: right;} - - .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - text-indent: 0px; - } /* page numbers */ - - .center {text-align: center;} - .smaller {font-size: smaller;} - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - .space-above {margin-top: 3em;} - .right {text-align: right;} - .left {text-align: left;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Three Days on the Ohio River, by William A. Alcott - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Three Days on the Ohio River - -Author: William A. Alcott - -Release Date: March 6, 2017 [EBook #54289] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE DAYS ON THE OHIO RIVER *** - - - - -Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="center"><a name="cover.jpg" id="cover.jpg"></a><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" /></div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"><a name="i002.jpg" id="i002.jpg"></a><img src="images/i002.jpg" alt="A WESTERN STEAMBOAT" /></div> - -<p class="bold">A WESTERN STEAMBOAT.</p> - -<p class="center">See page <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THREE DAYS<br />ON THE<br />OHIO RIVER.</h1> - -<p class="bold space-above"><span class="smcap">By</span> FATHER WILLIAM.</p> - -<p class="bold space-above">New-York:<br />PUBLISHED BY CARLTON & PHILLIPS.<br /> -SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 200 MULBERRY-STREET.<br />1854.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="center">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by</p> - -<p class="center">CARLTON & PHILLIPS,</p> - -<p class="center">in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern<br /> -District of New-York.</p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<table summary="CONTENTS"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="left"><span class="smaller">CHAPTER</span></td> - <td><span class="smaller">PAGE</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>I.</td> - <td class="left">—PRELIMINARY REMARKS</td> - <td><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>II.</td> - <td class="left">—THE STEAMBOAT</td> - <td><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>III.</td> - <td class="left">—BEGINNING THE VOYAGE</td> - <td><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>IV.</td> - <td class="left">—SAILING UP THE RIVER</td> - <td><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>V.</td> - <td class="left">—MAYSVILLE</td> - <td><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>VI.</td> - <td class="left">—IN THE CABIN</td> - <td><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>VII.</td> - <td class="left">—THE FOUR INDIANS</td> - <td><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>VIII.</td> - <td class="left">—THE COAL COUNTRY</td> - <td><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>IX.</td> - <td class="left">—THE VARIETY OF FACES</td> - <td><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>X.</td> - <td class="left">—BLENNERHASSET'S ISLAND</td> - <td><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>XI.</td> - <td class="left">—THE ANCIENT MOUNDS</td> - <td><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>XII.</td> - <td class="left">—A SUSPENSION BRIDGE</td> - <td><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>XIII.</td> - <td class="left">—LOGAN, THE MINGO CHIEF</td> - <td><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>XIV.</td> - <td class="left">—THIRD NIGHT ON THE RIVER</td> - <td><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>XV.</td> - <td class="left">—ARRIVAL AT PITTSBURG, WITH REFLECTIONS</td> - <td><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<table summary="CONTENTS"> - <tr> - <td class="left">A WESTERN STEAMBOAT </td> - <td><a href="#i002.jpg">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">POMEROY COAL-MINES</td> - <td><a href="#i035.jpg">35</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> - -<p class="bold2">THREE DAYS ON THE OHIO.</p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER I.</span> <span class="smaller">PRELIMINARY REMARKS.</span></h2> - -<p>I was once in the city of Cincinnati, and wished to go to Pittsburg by -way of the river. Not that this was the nearest way, or the swiftest, or -the cheapest; but I desired very much to see the country through which -the river runs: for, as I had read in the histories of the United -States, and particularly in the accounts of our wars with the Indians, -much about the Ohio River, with many of its towns and villages, my -curiosity was very active; and I was determined to behold it.</p> - -<p>It was Monday, the 29th of March, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> a most lovely morning, too, when -I went on board the steamboat Pittsburg, bound for the city of the same -name. I was careful to set out early in the week, so as, if possible, to -reach Pittsburg before Sunday.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER II.</span> <span class="smaller">THE STEAMBOAT.</span></h2> - -<p>Were you ever on board a Western river steamboat? As some of you may not -have had the opportunity, I will give you a short account of one.</p> - -<p>Some of these boats are very large indeed. They would seem to you like a -little world of themselves.</p> - -<p>The Pittsburg is about two hundred and eighty feet in length by sixty in -breadth. This boat, if placed in a field, would cover nearly half an -acre of land.</p> - -<p>These boats are high as well as long. Besides the hold, as they call -it—a kind of cellar into which they stow away much of their heavy -freight—they have two or three other stories or decks for freight and -passengers.</p> - -<p>The one next above the hold is where they keep their cattle and horses -and hogs, if they have any on board; also their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>common freight. Here, -too, in some instances, they have at one end a clumsy kind of cabin -called the forecastle, or steerage.</p> - -<p>This forecastle is occupied, for the most part, by the poorer -passengers, especially emigrants. They have berths or shelves to recline -on, but no bed-clothing; and their accommodations are generally very -inferior.</p> - -<p>On the next floor above are the cabins for the passengers in general. -They are usually in two great—rather long—rooms, one at each end. One -of them is used at meals as the dining-room. The berths or sleeping -places are at their sides. They, too, are mere broad shelves, but they -have bed-clothing and curtains.</p> - -<p>On the upper deck the cabins are still more ample, as well as better -furnished. There, instead of shelves at the sides, there are small rooms -connected with the shelves, called state-rooms.</p> - -<p>Were it not that the cabins on those upper decks are unusually long in -proportion to their breadth, and did you not feel the motion of the boat -while occupying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> them, the traveler would hardly know that he was not in -a large and comfortable hotel or dwelling-house.</p> - -<p>There is still another deck or promenade above all these, but passengers -are not usually allowed to occupy it. The helmsman of the boat is -stationed here, and a crowd of people around him might obstruct his -view.</p> - -<p>I have thus described five stories or rows; but there is a difference in -boats in this particular, even in the large ones. Some have only four -stories—that is, three besides the hold. In the latter case, the lower -or freight deck is at one end of the boat, formed into a cabin which -communicates only by means of a stairway with the next deck above it.</p> - -<p>The best cabins are carpeted as nicely as our best parlors, and the -furniture is often as costly. The state-rooms are also well furnished, -and sometimes well ventilated. The beds are narrow. But the beds on -board the Pittsburg, though narrow, were quite comfortable. The -passenger reclines on a mattress, which rests<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> on coils of elastic wire, -like some of our sofas and carriage seats; and the beds are almost as -soft as feather beds.</p> - -<p>The rules and regulations in many steamboats are exceedingly strict. In -some instances they are printed and hung up at the sides of the cabins -and elsewhere, in conspicuous places. They relate to the treatment of -furniture, the hours of rising, meals, retiring to rest, &c.</p> - -<p>No person, for example, is allowed to let his chair, while sitting, rest -against the wall, or to put his feet on the cushions of the chairs or -sofas. No lights are permitted in the state-rooms—cases of severe -sickness or other extremity alone excepted.</p> - -<p>The female passengers have every reasonable convenience for washing, -dressing, &c., in their state-rooms. For the rest of the passengers -there is a common washroom, with which the barber's room is also -sometimes connected.</p> - -<p>Thus you see that the art and ingenuity of man have converted these -great prisons on the water into so many magnificent hotels. Some -inconveniences and even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> privations there are, and must be. As a general -rule, the traveler may be very comfortable in them, and, if he chooses, -quite self-indulgent.</p> - -<p>This word self-indulgent refers to the articles of food on the tables. -These are just what is to be expected when it is considered what the far -greater part of our travelers place their chief happiness in—what they -most think of and talk of, at least when they have little else to do.</p> - -<p>In this respect, the steamboat is about on a par with the hotel. If -there be any difference, it seems to me to consist in this: that the -dishes at the table on board the steamboat are more complicated and more -costly, and at the same time more unhealthy, than those of the hotel.</p> - -<p>But enough of description, for the present. We will now return to the -narration of my adventures.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER III.</span> <span class="smaller">BEGINNING THE VOYAGE.</span></h2> - -<p>The distance from Cincinnati to Pittsburg, following the course of the -river, is four hundred and seventy-seven miles; the distance by land -being, as I suppose, on the shortest road, about three hundred and -fifty.</p> - -<p>The Ohio River is very crooked. It turns to nearly every point of the -compass. In one instance, in going up it, for example, I well remember -that after going for some time in a northerly and then in a -north-westerly direction, we suddenly turned to the west, as if we were -going back again to Cincinnati.</p> - -<p>The hour at which the steamer was to sail, according to the -advertisement in the papers, was ten o'clock. Most of the passengers -were on board before this time. There was, however, a large amount of -freight to come on board afterward. There<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> was also delay from another -and very different cause.</p> - -<p>Just opposite to Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side, are the villages of -Newport and Covington. In one of the houses, in one of these places, a -thief had entered, during the night, and taken away considerable money -and other property. The officers of justice were in pursuit of him.</p> - -<p>They came to the Pittsburg, and asked permission to search that. This -being granted, they went in company with one of the officers, and made -diligent search everywhere, especially among the emigrants. The thief, -however, was not found, and the search was discontinued.</p> - -<p>At about twelve o'clock we were under weigh, and slowly proceeding up -the river, which is here, as I judged, about a quarter of a mile wide, -and pretty deep. Every passenger, or nearly every one, was now on deck -enjoying the prospect.</p> - -<p>The Pittsburg sailed about eight or ten miles an hour. We were soon out -of sight of Cincinnati. The last portion of it which we saw was -Fulton—which is the name given<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> to a long arm of the city, extending -several miles along in a north-eastern direction.</p> - -<p>I was almost sorry to leave Cincinnati, for it is, in many respects, a -beautiful place. The central or business part is not peculiarly -handsome, I admit; but the Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, and other places, -forming a semicircle, and inclosing it on all sides except on the -south-east and south, are, for the beauties of nature and art, almost unrivaled.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER IV.</span> <span class="smaller">SAILING UP THE RIVER.</span></h2> - -<p>As you proceed up the river, your attention is arrested, from time to -time, by small villages. These are more numerous on the Ohio side than -on that of Kentucky. Whether this is owing to the effects of slavery, or -to other reasons, I am not informed. One thing is certain—that nature -is not at fault in the construction of the country; for never in my life -have I seen a prettier variety of hills and dales than on the Kentucky -side of the Ohio River.</p> - -<p>The water of the river was high, and the boat could stop at nearly every -considerable village. The principal places we passed, for the first -sixty miles, were Columbia, Point Pleasant, Neville, Higginsport, -Ripley, and Aberdeen, in Ohio; and Mechanicsburg, Belmont, Augusta, and -Charleston, in Kentucky.</p> - -<p>Augusta, in Kentucky, is a considerable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> village, and has one or two -important schools. It has also a few antiquities. So full is the earth -of decaying human bones, that they can hardly dig a hole for a post -without finding some of them.</p> - -<p>The water of the Ohio at this season has a turbid or milky appearance. -It is used, on board the steamboats, for all purposes, even for -drinking. To me it was disagreeable; but to some of the passengers it -was more than disagreeable to their taste, for it deranged their -stomachs. This result is probably owing to the lime it contains.</p> - -<p>Most of the passengers were on deck during the greater part of the day, -viewing the country, which I have already told you was beautiful. The -villages, in general, had a sooty appearance, caused by coal smoke.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER V.</span> <span class="smaller">MAYSVILLE.</span></h2> - -<p>Before night we came to Maysville, in Kentucky. This is quite a large -village, with some appearance of thrift and prosperity.</p> - -<p>Here we stopped for two hours or more—partly to take in one hundred and -twenty head of cattle. Our number of passengers was not large—less, I -believe, than one hundred—and probably did not much more than pay -expenses, especially when they kept so extravagant a table. The fare to -Pittsburg was $7. True, there was on board a large amount of freight of -various kinds, which perhaps made up the deficiency.</p> - -<p>But as the grave, according to Solomon, is never satisfied—never says -enough—so the men who are engaged in carrying passengers and freight -seem never satisfied as long as they can carry any more.</p> - -<p>Those who drive large numbers of cattle from Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, -&c., to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> New-York and the Eastern States, find it very tedious to drive -them all the way by land, as well as very expensive; so they sometimes -make a bargain with the superintendents of railroads and the captains of -steamboats to have them transported.</p> - -<p>The price paid for carrying one hundred and twenty cattle from Maysville -to Pittsburg—above four hundred miles by water—was $4 50 each; or, in -the whole, $540.</p> - -<p>The cattle were to be brought upon the lower deck, next to the hold, and -tied with short ropes to the posts and other timbers of the boat. But -how were they to be got on board? I will describe the method.</p> - -<p>The steamboat was brought close to the wharf, from which a broad -platform, made of strong planks, was thrown across to the deck of the -boat, forming a bridge. Still, however, the animals were afraid.</p> - -<p>The difficulty was surmounted in the following manner: One old ox was -procured who had been trained for the purpose, and was not at all -afraid. A rope was attached to his horns, and he was slowly led on -board, while the others, with a little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> urging, followed him. But as -they could not manage more than six or eight at a time, the trained ox -had to be led on board, and brought back again a great many times before -the drove were fairly in their places.</p> - -<p>One poor bullock made them a deal of trouble, after he was taken on -board. Uneasy and restless, he somehow or other got loose, leaped -overboard, and swam down the river about a mile, before a company in the -long-boat could reach and secure him, and drive him back.</p> - -<p>While this embarkation of the cattle was going on, I went on shore and -took a survey of the village. It is the most important place in this -part of Kentucky, containing, as I judged, some four or five thousand -inhabitants, and having considerable trade, with some manufactures.</p> - -<p>This place was formerly called by the characteristic name of Limestone, -and was one of the first-settled places in the state. The famous Daniel -Boone at one time resided here; and an old shattered warehouse is shown -to travelers, which, it is said, he built.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER VI.</span> <span class="smaller">IN THE CABIN.</span></h2> - -<p>It was nearly night when we left Maysville, and most of the passengers -were glad to go below, and remain there. The hour for rest was also -approaching: of this also we were glad; for, to most of us, it had been -a very fatiguing day.</p> - -<p>There was, however, an interval of two or three hours between "tea" and -bedtime; and the question was, how this time should be employed? I say -this <i>was</i> the question; but I mean rather that it <i>should</i> have been: -for I do not suppose, on further reflection, that one person in ten of -those who were on board was in the habit of asking himself any such -question—whether on land or on water, at home or abroad. They took "no -note of time, but by its loss." And they who do not live by system or -rule elsewhere, will not be likely to do so while on board a steamboat.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p><p>In truth, it is very difficult for those who are the most careful, -economical, and systematic in regard to their time, to keep everything -straight while traveling, especially while traveling at the rapid rate -of modern times, and with such crowds. It costs even the most -conscientious—those who fear God the most—quite a struggle.</p> - -<p>Do you ask what the fear of God has to do with matters of this -kind?—and whether we have time to think closely and continuously about -the right and wrong of everything, on board a steamboat?</p> - -<p>My reply is, that some persons do it, in spite of the difficulties. -There were a few on board the Pittsburg who did it, although their -number, as I have already intimated, was very few.</p> - -<p>I have said that some persons try to have a conscience void of offense -toward God and man, not only while at home, but when they travel abroad, -whether in the steamboat, or in the railroad car: they believe that God -sees them there as well as elsewhere: they believe that for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> every -thought, word, and deed—alone or in company, at home or abroad—they -must give account in the day of judgment: they believe that whether they -eat or drink, or whatsoever they do, and whenever they do it, they are -required to do all to the glory of God.</p> - -<p>I saw one or two groups of passengers on board the Pittsburg, in one of -the cabins where there was the most merriment of all kinds, as well as -the most thoughtlessness on the part of many, who had their Bibles in -their hands for a long time, during the progress of the evening, and who -appeared to be reading and studying.</p> - -<p>I know, full well, that all this may be done—sometimes <i>is</i> done—for -mere effect. Some read the Bible that they may appear to be good. Some -read it to keep down the upbraidings of their consciences. Some do it -from mere habit. And some do it in the vain hope that somehow or -other—they know not when or how, but at some <i>time</i> or other—a -blessing will come out of it.</p> - -<p>When I saw those persons reading the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> Bible on board the Pittsburg, I -did not at once set them down as certainly and always religious; I did -not set them down as persons who, if they were religious on occasions, -or at stated times, carried out their religion into dayly and hourly -practice: I mean I did not set them down as <i>necessarily</i> so, or such -merely because they read the Bible.</p> - -<p>But I will tell you what I <i>did</i> think of them then, and what I think of -them still. I have no doubt that they were people who had good purposes, -and who lived by system, and not at random or mere hap-hazard: I have no -doubt that they were church-going people when at home: I doubt not at -all that they were Sabbath-keeping people; and I have very little doubt -that they prayed, at least sometimes.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER VII.</span> <span class="smaller">THE FOUR INDIANS.</span></h2> - -<p>During the progress of the evening, and while at the dinner and supper -table, I had opportunity to survey the crowd, and to recognize in it the -representatives of many distinct and different nations.</p> - -<p>Americans, the lineal descendants of the true European race, of course -predominated. Among the subdivisions of this race were English, Scotch, -Irish, and German.</p> - -<p>Africans, too, were numerous; but were found chiefly among the "hands" -employed on board the steamboat. The waiters at table, the two stewards, -the barber, the cooks,—from first to last, for there was almost an army -of them,—were more or less of African origin. Some of them were jet -black; but the far greater part were of commingled blood. Some were so -light colored, that at first sight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> one would hardly recognize them as -having ever belonged to the race of "Uncle Tom," or "Aunt Chloe."</p> - -<p>Besides, there were with us four American Indians, of the Shawnee tribe. -They were just from their home, among the upper branches of the Arkansas -River, and were on their way to Washington, on business in behalf of -their nation.</p> - -<p>They were dressed in a full American costume, and two of them could -converse in English very well. One of them—a young man—appeared to -have no knowledge of any but his native dialect.</p> - -<p>With one of the elder of these men I had some conversation myself. He -answered my questions very readily and frankly, but seldom, in return, -made any inquiries of me. Yet he was not destitute of curiosity. On -several occasions I saw him looking with interest while mechanical and -manufacturing operations were going on, both on board and on shore.</p> - -<p>I found to my surprise that these Indians were not, even when at home, -naked or half-naked savages, ignorant of the arts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> and decencies of -life; but respectable farmers, more than half civilized, and some of -them Christianized. They had cultivated fields and frame houses, with -great numbers of horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs.</p> - -<p>The younger of them even expressed a good deal of religious feeling, and -said by an interpreter that he wished his nation read more in the New -Testament and religious books. Another, who was a half-breed, and was -older, appeared to be a professor of religion. One bad habit, so common -among the whites, they had caught by contact: I mean that of smoking -tobacco; and it is fortunate if they have been contaminated by us in -nothing else.</p> - -<p>But ten o'clock came, the hour when we were expected to retire to our -berths, and it was not long before silence and darkness reigned, except -where it was needful for men to watch and labor to see that the boat -pursued her onward, ascending course.</p> - -<p>Some of us, before retiring, took a short walk upon deck. The moon had -not yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> risen, but it was starlight. The surface of the river, and the -waving outline of the adjacent shores and hills, with here and there a -house, and one or two small villages, were all that we could see. After -taking proper care of my little state-room, to see that the ventilators -were so arranged as to give on the one hand a free circulation, and on -the other to prevent a current of damp night air from falling directly -upon me, and after remembering, too, that there was a God in the heavens -in whom, as the supreme director on the water as well as on the land, I -could trust, I resigned myself to sleep, and did not rise till the day -had dawned, and the moon had reached the middle of the heavens.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER VIII.</span> <span class="smaller">THE COAL COUNTRY.</span></h2> - -<p>During the night we had passed by several important villages, -Manchester, Rome, Rockville, Portsmouth, Wheelersburg, Hanging Rock, -Burlington, and Proctorsville, in Ohio; and Concord, Vanceburg, -Greenupsburg, and Catlettsburg, in Kentucky.</p> - -<p>The face of the country was still interesting, but that of the Kentucky -and Virginia side had become less so than the other. We had lost the -opportunity of seeing the mouths of the Scioto and Big Sandy Rivers, as -well as many other curious and interesting objects.</p> - -<p>But what we regretted most was the loss of Portsmouth. This fine place -at the mouth of the Scioto River we had hoped to pass by daylight. -However, we could not expect to see every place we passed.</p> - -<p>We were now approaching the coal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> country; and this morning we had a -fine opportunity of observing the method by which these huge steamboats -provide themselves with this important article. Some of them, I believe, -use wood for fuel; but not all, by any means.</p> - -<p>They do not go to the wharves of the villages they pass and wait to have -some twenty, or thirty, or fifty tons of coal shoveled into the boat. -They have another and much simpler way, and one which does not hinder -them a moment.</p> - -<p>Long flats or scows, deeply laden with this necessary article, -proceeding from the shore meet the steamer in the middle of the river, -and by means of chains or ropes are immediately lashed to her -sides—usually two of them—one on each side. The men on board the -flats, aided perhaps by the crew of the steamer, immediately fall to -work with their shovels and throw the coal on board when it is wanted.</p> - -<p>When the flats are emptied, the ropes are loosened, and they are set -free to return to their place, now several miles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> down the river. The -steamer is thus supplied for twelve, eighteen, or it may be twenty-four -hours.</p> - -<p>But what most struck me was the facilities which the miners possess for -procuring this coal from the hills: for the reader should know that the -hills between which we were now passing, all contain this useful -mineral.</p> - -<p>This coal is in a layer, somewhat different in thickness in different -places, but varying from four to five feet. In the hills which the -Pittsburg was now passing, the layer, as I was informed, is about four -feet thick.</p> - -<p>This layer, in countries west of the Alleghany, is horizontal, or nearly -so, and this without reference to the shape of the hill that covers it. -At the base of the hills it is usually found pretty near the surface; -but as you proceed inward its distance from the surface increases with -the ascent of the hill.</p> - -<p>In Tallmadge, Ohio, last winter, I penetrated one of these coal mines, -accompanied by the workmen, nearly one thousand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> feet. I found the -stratum of coal at that place not far from four feet thick.</p> - -<p>This coal is split out, by means of drilling and blasting, as in the -case of removing any other rock. They usually proceed in a narrow way at -first, perhaps eight or ten feet broad and as many high. As they go on, -they place props under the incumbent hill; or, what is more common, they -place at suitable distances a framework around the sides to prevent its -falling in.</p> - -<p>When they have penetrated several hundred feet into these coal hills, -and the air does not circulate freely enough, and especially does not -carry away the smoke of their powder far enough, they sometimes dig a -well or hole from the top of the hill directly over the line of the -excavation till it meets it. This serves as a chimney and ventilator, -and is of great and lasting service.</p> - -<p>To carry the coal, they have in general small cars drawn by one horse -each. For this purpose a railroad is made, as far as the excavation -extends.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p><p>When the coal is brought out of the excavation, there are many curious -ways of unloading it; but I have not time to describe them all. In some -instances the coal is slid down an inclined plane a long distance, by -means of ropes and pulleys, and the emptied cars brought back by the -same means.</p> - -<p>I found the bases of the hills on the banks of the Ohio, especially on -the northern side, full of these excavations. The amount of coal which -is dug here yearly must be immense.</p> - -<p>For myself, I can never think of this wonderful provision of God for -human wants without feelings of gratitude. In a few years only, the -native wood in many of these regions would in a natural course be used -up in houses, factories, steamboats, &c.; and what would the people do -then for fuel, had not the great Eternal filled the hills with this -never-failing substitute?</p> - -<p>One region in particular attracted my attention. The villages of -Pomeroy, Coalport, and Sheffield, were so near each other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> as to seem to -form one continuous village, about three miles in length. And here, a -stranger would be apt to think, the people do little else but dig coal -and burn it. The houses were almost as black with soot as the hill-sides themselves.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="center"><a name="i035.jpg" id="i035.jpg"></a><img src="images/i035.jpg" alt="POMEROY COAL-MINES" /></div> - -<p class="bold">POMEROY COAL-MINES.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER IX.</span> <span class="smaller">THE VARIETY OF FACES.</span></h2> - -<p>I was much interested, while on board the Pittsburg, as I have often -been before, in noticing the vast variety in human faces and features.</p> - -<p>Go where you will, on board steamboats, into railroad-cars, public -meetings, &c., where are found assemblages of from one hundred to one -thousand—or even several thousand—persons, and survey narrowly every -face; and will you find any two alike?</p> - -<p>Examine, if you please, the faces of nearest relatives—brothers, -sisters, parents, children, and even twins themselves—and though you -may and sometimes will find a very striking similarity, yet you will, -after all, find a difference in some one or more particulars. No two, in -any assembly or company, look exactly alike.</p> - -<p>Nay, more than all this. If you were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> to travel the world as much as I -have done, and to see, in the course of half a century, several millions -of people, you would find no two, anywhere, with features exactly alike. -In the eight hundred millions which now inhabit our globe there is a -shade of difference, such as would enable a careful eye to distinguish -every one from all others.</p> - -<p>And how is it with the mind that shines out in these varied faces? Is -that as distinguishable on a close acquaintance as the exterior—the -features? Is there any reason why it should not be? I am not quite -certain it is so; but did not the great Creator intend it should be?</p> - -<p>I do not mean to say, of course, that there are not some things alike in -every face. So there are some things which must be expected to be alike -in our mental formation.</p> - -<p>Every one on board this steamboat—every one in the world—resembles his -fellows in the general structure and aspect of his features. Every one -looks forward and upward, and not downward like the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> beasts that perish. -Every one has the projecting brow, with the well-defended eye under it, -the more prominent nose and chin, &c.</p> - -<p>So every one thinks highly of himself, his friends, possessions, home, -&c. Every one, unless by divine grace made a true Christian, is more or -less selfish. Every one loves, and, in his way, seeks happiness, and -hates misery. "Who will show us any good?" is the almost universal cry. -If people do not say it, in so many words, they do so by their actions.</p> - -<p>It is an old maxim that actions speak louder than words; and it is of -high, very high authority, that out of the abundance of the heart (or -<i>mind</i>) the mouth speaketh.</p> - -<p>It is not very difficult, therefore, to guess how the various minds on -board this steamer are occupied. No one is talking about the wants, the -ignorance, or the means of improving the condition of his neighbor. No -one is talking, unless the thought is suggested by another, about the -welfare of the great Jehovah's kingdom.</p> - -<p>But I mean not quite so much. There<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> are a few blessed exceptions to the -apparent severity of this remark. For here, just by my side, sits a -woman some fifty years of age or more, who has, for more than thirty -years, cared for and thought of other people as well as herself.</p> - -<p>She is the wife of Mr. Byington, a famous missionary to the Choctaw -Indians. It is, I believe, nearly thirty years since she and her husband -devoted themselves to the great work of trying to instruct and improve -those poor people, and make Christians of them. Such a person will care -for the good of others, and the honor of God, even on board a steamboat. -Those who have been philanthropists and Christians as long as Mr. and -Mrs. Byington, will not soon or easily forget their former habits and -become selfish like the rest of the world.</p> - -<p>I am greatly afraid that most persons who seem to be religious at home, -forget their religion when they go abroad. Indeed, I have known many who -were given to prayer, watchful over their tongues, mindful of the -Sabbath, and self-denying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> at home, who were none of these when a -thousand miles from home, or even half that distance.</p> - -<p>True, we cannot always know whether people pray or not, when they are -abroad, because most of what deserves the name of prayer is offered -where no eye can reach but that of God. There is an opportunity for -closet prayer everywhere; and it is quite possible that they who break -the Sabbath, indulge their appetites, and do not bridle their tongues, -sometimes pray. Still I must say that, judging as well as I can, the -fear already expressed is but too well grounded.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER X.</span> <span class="smaller">BLENNERHASSETT'S ISLAND.</span></h2> - -<p>Nearly every person who knows anything at all about the history of the -United States has heard of Blennerhassett's Island.</p> - -<p>This island is one hundred and ninety miles from Pittsburg, and two -hundred and eighty-seven from Cincinnati. It is a beautiful island; but -has at present an appearance of desolation, that forcibly reminds the -traveler what it once was.</p> - -<p>Blennerhassett, the owner, was a man of great taste, and, till his -connection with Burr, quite an inoffensive man, and a good citizen. But -no one could be long in peace and quiet who had anything to do with the -seditious, ambitious, and treasonable Aaron Burr. It is true he was not -legally convicted of treason, but he was finally ruined in character and -property, as a cause of his evident wrong doing.</p> - -<p>Instead of a beautiful mansion <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>fifty-four feet square, two stories -high, and well proportioned, with two wings, and a charming little -garden, with every delicacy of fruit, vegetables, and flowers which -could be made to grow in that climate, with the most beautiful walks, -and shrubbery—nothing now is seen but a heap of ruins.</p> - -<p>All day long, this second of our days on the river, we were hoping the -boat would reach Blennerhassett's Island before night, or at least -before bedtime. But we were doomed to disappointment. At the latest hour -which it was proper for us to be awake, the boat was some thirty to -fifty miles below.</p> - -<p>We passed the next day the mouths of two beautiful rivers on the -Virginia side, the Big Sandy and the Great Kanawha. It was curious to -see the line formed by the junction or union of the two rivers—the one -with its blue clear waters, the other with its turbid, milky current. -They seemed as if made of entirely different materials. We also passed, -besides the coaling places I have named, several considerable villages, -among which were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> Point Pleasant, Murraysville, and Belleville, -Virginia; and Gallipolis and Millersburg in Ohio.</p> - -<p>We also lost sight, during the night, of Marietta, at the mouth of the -Muskingum River, now quite a large and pleasant village, near which are -several very remarkable ancient fortifications and mounds of earth, -supposed to have been the depositories of the dead, by some now unknown people.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER XI.</span> <span class="smaller">THE ANCIENT MOUNDS.</span></h2> - -<p>The morning of the third day found us passing Sisterville, in Virginia. -Soon afterward we passed New-Martinsville. We saw several mounds. One -was very small. Another was large, but somewhat disfigured by having -been excavated.</p> - -<p>We were now approaching a village on the Virginia side called -Elizabethtown, near which a small stream joins the Ohio, known by the -name of Big Grave Creek. In this village of Elizabethtown is one of the -largest, most perfect, and most beautiful mounds to be found in the -whole Ohio country.</p> - -<p>We were told of this curiosity before we reached the place; so that we -were not taken by surprise. Besides, the boat stopped a few moments at -the wharf, in full sight of it, not a quarter of a mile distant.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p><p>This mound is about one hundred and eighty feet in diameter at its -base, and some seventy or seventy-five feet high. On its top is an old -tower or observatory, around which are several trees, some of them of -considerable age. One, a venerable oak, is four feet in diameter.</p> - -<p>The center of its top is a kind of crater or basin, four feet deep and -eight or ten across it. Elsewhere the top of the mound is perfectly -flat.</p> - -<p>One puzzler to the traveler is, where the earth was obtained for -building such a huge pile; for it is situated almost in the middle of a -large plain, on and near which is no appearance of any former excavation -for this purpose. There are, however, several smaller mounds a little -east of it.</p> - -<p>The country near the Ohio abounds with these mounds. What they were, and -by whom they were formed, is quite uncertain. The general opinion that -they are the graves of some ancient people is sustained by the fact that -they contain human bones, sometimes in considerable numbers.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p><p>A gentleman on board the boat, a man of intelligence, informed me, that -he had seen, in Eastern Tennessee or Western North Carolina, a species -of mounds of a very different description. They were composed -essentially of small stones, between which were layers of bones. And -what made the case very remarkable indeed, there are no stones, of the -kind found in these mounds within many miles of them, and there is no -appearance of there ever having been any.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER XII.</span> <span class="smaller">A SUSPENSION BRIDGE.</span></h2> - -<p>About noon the third day, we came in sight of Wheeling, in Virginia. -This is a considerable place. It contains about ten thousand -inhabitants.</p> - -<p>The boat stopped at Wheeling an hour or more to unload a part of her -freight. This gave us a fine opportunity to go on shore and view the -town. It is well built, but, like most of the places all the way from -Cincinnati to Pittsburg, has quite a sooty appearance, caused by the -dust of the coal, which they burn here in large quantities. Wheeling is, -moreover, a place of considerable manufacture.</p> - -<p>But the greatest curiosity at this place, and one of the greatest I have -ever seen, is the suspension bridge thrown over the Ohio. It must be -something like one thousand feet in length, as broad as most bridges -are, and not far from ninety feet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> above the surface of the river when -the water is low; though much less, of course, at times when the river -rises.</p> - -<p>This bridge is much more remarkable than the suspension bridge first -built over Niagara River; for while that is much higher above the water -than this, it is, in comparison, very narrow indeed. The suspension -bridge at Wheeling is broad enough for several carriages to go side by -side on it; but that below Niagara Falls is only just broad enough for -one.</p> - -<p>I would have visited it; but I was afraid the boat in which I was -traveling would leave the wharf by some means sooner than was expected, -and it would be a sad thing to be left in port, with our trunks all on -board. Many of the company did venture, however, and they returned, too, -in good time.</p> - -<p>Bridgeport, a small but flourishing village, is on the Ohio side of the -river, just opposite Wheeling. This whole region is noted for burnings -and massacres, during the wars of our country with the Indians little -more than fifty years ago.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p><p>One anecdote I will relate very briefly. In March, 1793, about -fifty-nine years ago, as two brothers by the name of Johnson, one of -them twelve, the other nine years of age, were playing by the side of -the river some ten or twelve miles above Wheeling, they were suddenly -seized by two Indians and carried about six miles into the woods. Here -the savages built a fire and halted for the night. When they lay down to -rest, each Indian took a boy on his arm. As may easily be conjectured, -however, the boys did not sleep. Finding the Indians to be very sound -asleep, they concerted a plan, young as they were, for destroying them -and effecting their escape. The plan succeeded. One of the Indians was -shot with his own rifle; the other was killed with a tomahawk. The boys -returned to their own homes the next day in safety.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER XIII.</span> <span class="smaller">LOGAN, THE MINGO CHIEF.</span></h2> - -<p>On board our steamboat was one man, a citizen of Cincinnati, whose -extensive and intimate acquaintance with the country through which we -were traveling made his society both interesting and valuable.</p> - -<p>As we were passing between some very abrupt hills, he took occasion to -remark that all this was once the hunting ground of Logan, the -celebrated Mingo chief, whose sad story is familiar, as I suppose, to -nearly every school-boy in the country.</p> - -<p>Logan was a savage; but he was, at the same time, a man, and had a man's -heart. Indians are men, and have the feelings of men; and one cannot -help pitying them. How greatly to be regretted that they were not -treated, by everybody, as William Penn treated them, in and about -Pennsylvania!</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p><p>The books we had on board, purporting to be travelers' guides—most of -which were doubtless correct—pointed out to us, as did also our -Cincinnati friend, the plain on which Logan resided, as well as the -place where his family was so wickedly murdered. We would have lingered -at the last-mentioned spot, but had only time to drop a tear and hasten on.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER XIV.</span> <span class="smaller">THIRD NIGHT ON THE RIVER.</span></h2> - -<p>Night was once more approaching, and we were, as yet, some sixty-five or -seventy miles from Pittsburg. The last place we saw, by daylight, was -Steubenville, on the Ohio side, a large and flourishing village. We were -anxious to see Wellsville, Ohio, and Beaver and Economy in Pennsylvania; -but it was late at night when we passed the latter two, and too dark to -see much when we passed the former.</p> - -<p>Economy is a neat little place, first settled by the celebrated German -named Rapp. It still bears the marks he made on it, in the appearance of -neatness and thrift which are everywhere visible.</p> - -<p>We were much annoyed during the last two days and nights, especially the -very last, by the cattle on board. Had there been a cow-yard with -contiguous stables that were seldom if ever cleansed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> the air from the -lower deck could hardly have been more offensive.</p> - -<p>I often wondered why the owners of the boat should dare to go in the -face of the public sentiment to an extent like this. Would it not be -reported, by the passengers, that we suffered from this annoyance? And -would not travelers shun the boat in time to come?</p> - -<p>However, we slept well, for the most part, during the night; and it was -well for those of us who were going further than Pittsburg that we did. -A few were distressed with the effects of drinking so much lime water -during the voyage; but the far greater part of us rose in the morning -refreshed, and in fine health and spirits.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHAPTER XV.</span> <span class="smaller">ARRIVAL AT PITTSBURG, WITH REFLECTIONS.</span></h2> - -<p>The morning had come, and we were now approaching Pittsburg. It was just -about sunrise when we came in view of its spires and buildings. The -passengers were scrambling up, now, in every direction.</p> - -<p>Some of the passengers were now at the end of their journey. Others had -to go further; and some of us many hundred miles further. However, we -were all alike glad to get on shore.</p> - -<p>But our trunks—where were they? They had, for the greater part, been -piled together in a certain place on the deck of the boat, under the -care of the steward: they were safe, only it was difficult, at first, to -find them.</p> - -<p>Here is mine. It must be marked for the railroad across the Alleghany -Mountains to Philadelphia. All this was easily disposed of. And now it -is to go with a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> baggage-wagon, and to be taken to the railroad depot.</p> - -<p>On removing the trunk to the baggage-wagon, the steward reminded me that -it was his custom to receive a small sum of each traveler for taking -care of his trunk while on board. I asked him how much. Anything, said -he, you please to give.</p> - -<p>I was not satisfied with the charge; for I supposed he had his pay by -the month, or in some such way, and his regular compensation was -sufficient for every purpose: but though a colored man, he was quite a -gentleman, and I could not well refuse him.</p> - -<p>How many little taxes one must pay, in a busy world like this! Well, an -honest, Christian man has no very strong objection to paying them -whenever, in so doing, he does not go contrary to the principles of -right; and these little taxations, as you travel along, by servants and -porters, and stewards, though they are annoyances, seem to me to be of -this description.</p> - -<p>I was at length in Pittsburg. I had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> always heard that it was a smoky -city, and was not, therefore, at all disappointed. In truth, I did not -see it to be more sooty than several other places below it on the river.</p> - -<p>Pittsburg is about half as large as Cincinnati; and is pleasantly -situated, at the junction of two large rivers. It seems to be a very -busy, bustling place; for though it was yet early in the morning—quite -early—the streets were pretty well filled with travelers and carriages.</p> - -<p>Opposite Pittsburg—that is, across the Alleghany River—is Alleghany, -which of itself would make quite a large city. It is at least as large -as New-Haven, or Salem, or, perhaps, Troy.</p> - -<p class="space-above">And now, though I am soon to proceed, yet as the cars are not yet ready, -I have a little time for reflection, and I avail myself of it.</p> - -<p>The world, itself, seems to me like a great steamboat—larger, indeed, -than the Pittsburg, and yet a huge passenger-boat. People are -continually coming on board, and continually leaving it.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p><p>To-day we form an acquaintance with a few of the vast variety of faces -we see; to-morrow, perhaps, they are separated from us, to go, we know -not whither.</p> - -<p>One striking difference there is in the two cases. When the passengers -separated at Pittsburg—and so also of other separations at Wheeling and -other places below—it was not with a certainty that the separation was -final, for this world. There was, at the least, a possibility of meeting -again, somewhere, and at some time.</p> - -<p>But when we separate in the great steamboat of the world at the verge of -eternity, when we step forth upon its immeasurable shore, it is with -positive certainty of meeting no more in this world.</p> - -<p>We <i>may</i> meet again—we shall, most undoubtedly. We shall meet at the -sound, not of the little bell to which we are accustomed on board the -boats of Western rivers, but of the trump of God. We shall meet, but it -will be at the general judgment. We shall meet, but it will be in the -immediate presence of God.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p><p>Will our meeting be a pleasant one? Will it be pleasant to all, or only -to a part? And who will be the happy ones, and who the unhappy? Shall -you, reader, or I, be of the former number; or shall it be our lot to be -of the latter?</p> - -<p>God, in his mercy in Christ, has left the matter to our own choice. This -is right, is it not? He has made us free to choose about other -matters—why not about this? He certainly would not compel us to a -joyful meeting.</p> - -<p>Be it our first business, then, our great business, our only business, -so to conduct while on the passage-boat of life, that whether we are -sailing on the Ohio River, or traveling elsewhere, we may always be -found in the path of duty, and always ready for anything whatever to -which we may be called, here or hereafter.</p> - -<p class="center space-above">THE END.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Three Days on the Ohio River, by William A. 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Alcott - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Three Days on the Ohio River - -Author: William A. Alcott - -Release Date: March 6, 2017 [EBook #54289] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THREE DAYS ON THE OHIO RIVER *** - - - - -Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -THREE DAYS ON THE OHIO RIVER. - -BY FATHER WILLIAM. - -New-York: -PUBLISHED BY CARLTON & PHILLIPS. -SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 200 MULBERRY-STREET. -1854. - - -Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by - -CARLTON & PHILLIPS, - -in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern -District of New-York. - - -[Illustration: A WESTERN STEAMBOAT. See page 9.] - - - - -CONTENTS. - -CHAPTER PAGE - I.--PRELIMINARY REMARKS 7 - - II.--THE STEAMBOAT 9 - - III.--BEGINNING THE VOYAGE 14 - - IV.--SAILING UP THE RIVER 17 - - V.--MAYSVILLE 19 - - VI.--IN THE CABIN 22 - - VII.--THE FOUR INDIANS 26 - -VIII.--THE COAL COUNTRY 30 - - IX.--THE VARIETY OF FACES 38 - - X.--BLENNERHASSET'S ISLAND 43 - - XI.--THE ANCIENT MOUNDS 46 - - XII.--A SUSPENSION BRIDGE 49 - -XIII.--LOGAN, THE MINGO CHIEF 52 - - XIV.--THIRD NIGHT ON THE RIVER 54 - - XV.--ARRIVAL AT PITTSBURG, WITH REFLECTIONS 56 - - -ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -A WESTERN STEAMBOAT 2 - -POMEROY COAL-MINES 35 - - - - -THREE DAYS ON THE OHIO. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -PRELIMINARY REMARKS. - - -I was once in the city of Cincinnati, and wished to go to Pittsburg by -way of the river. Not that this was the nearest way, or the swiftest, or -the cheapest; but I desired very much to see the country through which -the river runs: for, as I had read in the histories of the United -States, and particularly in the accounts of our wars with the Indians, -much about the Ohio River, with many of its towns and villages, my -curiosity was very active; and I was determined to behold it. - -It was Monday, the 29th of March, and a most lovely morning, too, when -I went on board the steamboat Pittsburg, bound for the city of the same -name. I was careful to set out early in the week, so as, if possible, to -reach Pittsburg before Sunday. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THE STEAMBOAT. - - -Were you ever on board a Western river steamboat? As some of you may not -have had the opportunity, I will give you a short account of one. - -Some of these boats are very large indeed. They would seem to you like a -little world of themselves. - -The Pittsburg is about two hundred and eighty feet in length by sixty in -breadth. This boat, if placed in a field, would cover nearly half an -acre of land. - -These boats are high as well as long. Besides the hold, as they call -it--a kind of cellar into which they stow away much of their heavy -freight--they have two or three other stories or decks for freight and -passengers. - -The one next above the hold is where they keep their cattle and horses -and hogs, if they have any on board; also their common freight. Here, -too, in some instances, they have at one end a clumsy kind of cabin -called the forecastle, or steerage. - -This forecastle is occupied, for the most part, by the poorer -passengers, especially emigrants. They have berths or shelves to recline -on, but no bed-clothing; and their accommodations are generally very -inferior. - -On the next floor above are the cabins for the passengers in general. -They are usually in two great--rather long--rooms, one at each end. One -of them is used at meals as the dining-room. The berths or sleeping -places are at their sides. They, too, are mere broad shelves, but they -have bed-clothing and curtains. - -On the upper deck the cabins are still more ample, as well as better -furnished. There, instead of shelves at the sides, there are small rooms -connected with the shelves, called state-rooms. - -Were it not that the cabins on those upper decks are unusually long in -proportion to their breadth, and did you not feel the motion of the boat -while occupying them, the traveler would hardly know that he was not in -a large and comfortable hotel or dwelling-house. - -There is still another deck or promenade above all these, but passengers -are not usually allowed to occupy it. The helmsman of the boat is -stationed here, and a crowd of people around him might obstruct his -view. - -I have thus described five stories or rows; but there is a difference in -boats in this particular, even in the large ones. Some have only four -stories--that is, three besides the hold. In the latter case, the lower -or freight deck is at one end of the boat, formed into a cabin which -communicates only by means of a stairway with the next deck above it. - -The best cabins are carpeted as nicely as our best parlors, and the -furniture is often as costly. The state-rooms are also well furnished, -and sometimes well ventilated. The beds are narrow. But the beds on -board the Pittsburg, though narrow, were quite comfortable. The -passenger reclines on a mattress, which rests on coils of elastic wire, -like some of our sofas and carriage seats; and the beds are almost as -soft as feather beds. - -The rules and regulations in many steamboats are exceedingly strict. In -some instances they are printed and hung up at the sides of the cabins -and elsewhere, in conspicuous places. They relate to the treatment of -furniture, the hours of rising, meals, retiring to rest, &c. - -No person, for example, is allowed to let his chair, while sitting, rest -against the wall, or to put his feet on the cushions of the chairs or -sofas. No lights are permitted in the state-rooms--cases of severe -sickness or other extremity alone excepted. - -The female passengers have every reasonable convenience for washing, -dressing, &c., in their state-rooms. For the rest of the passengers -there is a common washroom, with which the barber's room is also -sometimes connected. - -Thus you see that the art and ingenuity of man have converted these -great prisons on the water into so many magnificent hotels. Some -inconveniences and even privations there are, and must be. As a general -rule, the traveler may be very comfortable in them, and, if he chooses, -quite self-indulgent. - -This word self-indulgent refers to the articles of food on the tables. -These are just what is to be expected when it is considered what the far -greater part of our travelers place their chief happiness in--what they -most think of and talk of, at least when they have little else to do. - -In this respect, the steamboat is about on a par with the hotel. If -there be any difference, it seems to me to consist in this: that the -dishes at the table on board the steamboat are more complicated and more -costly, and at the same time more unhealthy, than those of the hotel. - -But enough of description, for the present. We will now return to the -narration of my adventures. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -BEGINNING THE VOYAGE. - - -The distance from Cincinnati to Pittsburg, following the course of the -river, is four hundred and seventy-seven miles; the distance by land -being, as I suppose, on the shortest road, about three hundred and -fifty. - -The Ohio River is very crooked. It turns to nearly every point of the -compass. In one instance, in going up it, for example, I well remember -that after going for some time in a northerly and then in a -north-westerly direction, we suddenly turned to the west, as if we were -going back again to Cincinnati. - -The hour at which the steamer was to sail, according to the -advertisement in the papers, was ten o'clock. Most of the passengers -were on board before this time. There was, however, a large amount of -freight to come on board afterward. There was also delay from another -and very different cause. - -Just opposite to Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side, are the villages of -Newport and Covington. In one of the houses, in one of these places, a -thief had entered, during the night, and taken away considerable money -and other property. The officers of justice were in pursuit of him. - -They came to the Pittsburg, and asked permission to search that. This -being granted, they went in company with one of the officers, and made -diligent search everywhere, especially among the emigrants. The thief, -however, was not found, and the search was discontinued. - -At about twelve o'clock we were under weigh, and slowly proceeding up -the river, which is here, as I judged, about a quarter of a mile wide, -and pretty deep. Every passenger, or nearly every one, was now on deck -enjoying the prospect. - -The Pittsburg sailed about eight or ten miles an hour. We were soon out -of sight of Cincinnati. The last portion of it which we saw was -Fulton--which is the name given to a long arm of the city, extending -several miles along in a north-eastern direction. - -I was almost sorry to leave Cincinnati, for it is, in many respects, a -beautiful place. The central or business part is not peculiarly -handsome, I admit; but the Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, and other places, -forming a semicircle, and inclosing it on all sides except on the -south-east and south, are, for the beauties of nature and art, almost -unrivaled. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -SAILING UP THE RIVER. - - -As you proceed up the river, your attention is arrested, from time to -time, by small villages. These are more numerous on the Ohio side than -on that of Kentucky. Whether this is owing to the effects of slavery, or -to other reasons, I am not informed. One thing is certain--that nature -is not at fault in the construction of the country; for never in my life -have I seen a prettier variety of hills and dales than on the Kentucky -side of the Ohio River. - -The water of the river was high, and the boat could stop at nearly every -considerable village. The principal places we passed, for the first -sixty miles, were Columbia, Point Pleasant, Neville, Higginsport, -Ripley, and Aberdeen, in Ohio; and Mechanicsburg, Belmont, Augusta, and -Charleston, in Kentucky. - -Augusta, in Kentucky, is a considerable village, and has one or two -important schools. It has also a few antiquities. So full is the earth -of decaying human bones, that they can hardly dig a hole for a post -without finding some of them. - -The water of the Ohio at this season has a turbid or milky appearance. -It is used, on board the steamboats, for all purposes, even for -drinking. To me it was disagreeable; but to some of the passengers it -was more than disagreeable to their taste, for it deranged their -stomachs. This result is probably owing to the lime it contains. - -Most of the passengers were on deck during the greater part of the day, -viewing the country, which I have already told you was beautiful. The -villages, in general, had a sooty appearance, caused by coal smoke. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -MAYSVILLE. - - -Before night we came to Maysville, in Kentucky. This is quite a large -village, with some appearance of thrift and prosperity. - -Here we stopped for two hours or more--partly to take in one hundred and -twenty head of cattle. Our number of passengers was not large--less, I -believe, than one hundred--and probably did not much more than pay -expenses, especially when they kept so extravagant a table. The fare to -Pittsburg was $7. True, there was on board a large amount of freight of -various kinds, which perhaps made up the deficiency. - -But as the grave, according to Solomon, is never satisfied--never says -enough--so the men who are engaged in carrying passengers and freight -seem never satisfied as long as they can carry any more. - -Those who drive large numbers of cattle from Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, -&c., to New-York and the Eastern States, find it very tedious to drive -them all the way by land, as well as very expensive; so they sometimes -make a bargain with the superintendents of railroads and the captains of -steamboats to have them transported. - -The price paid for carrying one hundred and twenty cattle from Maysville -to Pittsburg--above four hundred miles by water--was $4 50 each; or, in -the whole, $540. - -The cattle were to be brought upon the lower deck, next to the hold, and -tied with short ropes to the posts and other timbers of the boat. But -how were they to be got on board? I will describe the method. - -The steamboat was brought close to the wharf, from which a broad -platform, made of strong planks, was thrown across to the deck of the -boat, forming a bridge. Still, however, the animals were afraid. - -The difficulty was surmounted in the following manner: One old ox was -procured who had been trained for the purpose, and was not at all -afraid. A rope was attached to his horns, and he was slowly led on -board, while the others, with a little urging, followed him. But as -they could not manage more than six or eight at a time, the trained ox -had to be led on board, and brought back again a great many times before -the drove were fairly in their places. - -One poor bullock made them a deal of trouble, after he was taken on -board. Uneasy and restless, he somehow or other got loose, leaped -overboard, and swam down the river about a mile, before a company in the -long-boat could reach and secure him, and drive him back. - -While this embarkation of the cattle was going on, I went on shore and -took a survey of the village. It is the most important place in this -part of Kentucky, containing, as I judged, some four or five thousand -inhabitants, and having considerable trade, with some manufactures. - -This place was formerly called by the characteristic name of Limestone, -and was one of the first-settled places in the state. The famous Daniel -Boone at one time resided here; and an old shattered warehouse is shown -to travelers, which, it is said, he built. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -IN THE CABIN. - - -It was nearly night when we left Maysville, and most of the passengers -were glad to go below, and remain there. The hour for rest was also -approaching: of this also we were glad; for, to most of us, it had been -a very fatiguing day. - -There was, however, an interval of two or three hours between "tea" and -bedtime; and the question was, how this time should be employed? I say -this _was_ the question; but I mean rather that it _should_ have been: -for I do not suppose, on further reflection, that one person in ten of -those who were on board was in the habit of asking himself any such -question--whether on land or on water, at home or abroad. They took "no -note of time, but by its loss." And they who do not live by system or -rule elsewhere, will not be likely to do so while on board a steamboat. - -In truth, it is very difficult for those who are the most careful, -economical, and systematic in regard to their time, to keep everything -straight while traveling, especially while traveling at the rapid rate -of modern times, and with such crowds. It costs even the most -conscientious--those who fear God the most--quite a struggle. - -Do you ask what the fear of God has to do with matters of this -kind?--and whether we have time to think closely and continuously about -the right and wrong of everything, on board a steamboat? - -My reply is, that some persons do it, in spite of the difficulties. -There were a few on board the Pittsburg who did it, although their -number, as I have already intimated, was very few. - -I have said that some persons try to have a conscience void of offense -toward God and man, not only while at home, but when they travel abroad, -whether in the steamboat, or in the railroad car: they believe that God -sees them there as well as elsewhere: they believe that for every -thought, word, and deed--alone or in company, at home or abroad--they -must give account in the day of judgment: they believe that whether they -eat or drink, or whatsoever they do, and whenever they do it, they are -required to do all to the glory of God. - -I saw one or two groups of passengers on board the Pittsburg, in one of -the cabins where there was the most merriment of all kinds, as well as -the most thoughtlessness on the part of many, who had their Bibles in -their hands for a long time, during the progress of the evening, and who -appeared to be reading and studying. - -I know, full well, that all this may be done--sometimes _is_ done--for -mere effect. Some read the Bible that they may appear to be good. Some -read it to keep down the upbraidings of their consciences. Some do it -from mere habit. And some do it in the vain hope that somehow or -other--they know not when or how, but at some _time_ or other--a -blessing will come out of it. - -When I saw those persons reading the Bible on board the Pittsburg, I -did not at once set them down as certainly and always religious; I did -not set them down as persons who, if they were religious on occasions, -or at stated times, carried out their religion into dayly and hourly -practice: I mean I did not set them down as _necessarily_ so, or such -merely because they read the Bible. - -But I will tell you what I _did_ think of them then, and what I think of -them still. I have no doubt that they were people who had good purposes, -and who lived by system, and not at random or mere hap-hazard: I have no -doubt that they were church-going people when at home: I doubt not at -all that they were Sabbath-keeping people; and I have very little doubt -that they prayed, at least sometimes. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -THE FOUR INDIANS. - - -During the progress of the evening, and while at the dinner and supper -table, I had opportunity to survey the crowd, and to recognize in it the -representatives of many distinct and different nations. - -Americans, the lineal descendants of the true European race, of course -predominated. Among the subdivisions of this race were English, Scotch, -Irish, and German. - -Africans, too, were numerous; but were found chiefly among the "hands" -employed on board the steamboat. The waiters at table, the two stewards, -the barber, the cooks,--from first to last, for there was almost an army -of them,--were more or less of African origin. Some of them were jet -black; but the far greater part were of commingled blood. Some were so -light colored, that at first sight one would hardly recognize them as -having ever belonged to the race of "Uncle Tom," or "Aunt Chloe." - -Besides, there were with us four American Indians, of the Shawnee tribe. -They were just from their home, among the upper branches of the Arkansas -River, and were on their way to Washington, on business in behalf of -their nation. - -They were dressed in a full American costume, and two of them could -converse in English very well. One of them--a young man--appeared to -have no knowledge of any but his native dialect. - -With one of the elder of these men I had some conversation myself. He -answered my questions very readily and frankly, but seldom, in return, -made any inquiries of me. Yet he was not destitute of curiosity. On -several occasions I saw him looking with interest while mechanical and -manufacturing operations were going on, both on board and on shore. - -I found to my surprise that these Indians were not, even when at home, -naked or half-naked savages, ignorant of the arts and decencies of -life; but respectable farmers, more than half civilized, and some of -them Christianized. They had cultivated fields and frame houses, with -great numbers of horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs. - -The younger of them even expressed a good deal of religious feeling, and -said by an interpreter that he wished his nation read more in the New -Testament and religious books. Another, who was a half-breed, and was -older, appeared to be a professor of religion. One bad habit, so common -among the whites, they had caught by contact: I mean that of smoking -tobacco; and it is fortunate if they have been contaminated by us in -nothing else. - -But ten o'clock came, the hour when we were expected to retire to our -berths, and it was not long before silence and darkness reigned, except -where it was needful for men to watch and labor to see that the boat -pursued her onward, ascending course. - -Some of us, before retiring, took a short walk upon deck. The moon had -not yet risen, but it was starlight. The surface of the river, and the -waving outline of the adjacent shores and hills, with here and there a -house, and one or two small villages, were all that we could see. After -taking proper care of my little state-room, to see that the ventilators -were so arranged as to give on the one hand a free circulation, and on -the other to prevent a current of damp night air from falling directly -upon me, and after remembering, too, that there was a God in the heavens -in whom, as the supreme director on the water as well as on the land, I -could trust, I resigned myself to sleep, and did not rise till the day -had dawned, and the moon had reached the middle of the heavens. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE COAL COUNTRY. - - -During the night we had passed by several important villages, -Manchester, Rome, Rockville, Portsmouth, Wheelersburg, Hanging Rock, -Burlington, and Proctorsville, in Ohio; and Concord, Vanceburg, -Greenupsburg, and Catlettsburg, in Kentucky. - -The face of the country was still interesting, but that of the Kentucky -and Virginia side had become less so than the other. We had lost the -opportunity of seeing the mouths of the Scioto and Big Sandy Rivers, as -well as many other curious and interesting objects. - -But what we regretted most was the loss of Portsmouth. This fine place -at the mouth of the Scioto River we had hoped to pass by daylight. -However, we could not expect to see every place we passed. - -We were now approaching the coal country; and this morning we had a -fine opportunity of observing the method by which these huge steamboats -provide themselves with this important article. Some of them, I believe, -use wood for fuel; but not all, by any means. - -They do not go to the wharves of the villages they pass and wait to have -some twenty, or thirty, or fifty tons of coal shoveled into the boat. -They have another and much simpler way, and one which does not hinder -them a moment. - -Long flats or scows, deeply laden with this necessary article, -proceeding from the shore meet the steamer in the middle of the river, -and by means of chains or ropes are immediately lashed to her -sides--usually two of them--one on each side. The men on board the -flats, aided perhaps by the crew of the steamer, immediately fall to -work with their shovels and throw the coal on board when it is wanted. - -When the flats are emptied, the ropes are loosened, and they are set -free to return to their place, now several miles down the river. The -steamer is thus supplied for twelve, eighteen, or it may be twenty-four -hours. - -But what most struck me was the facilities which the miners possess for -procuring this coal from the hills: for the reader should know that the -hills between which we were now passing, all contain this useful -mineral. - -This coal is in a layer, somewhat different in thickness in different -places, but varying from four to five feet. In the hills which the -Pittsburg was now passing, the layer, as I was informed, is about four -feet thick. - -This layer, in countries west of the Alleghany, is horizontal, or nearly -so, and this without reference to the shape of the hill that covers it. -At the base of the hills it is usually found pretty near the surface; -but as you proceed inward its distance from the surface increases with -the ascent of the hill. - -In Tallmadge, Ohio, last winter, I penetrated one of these coal mines, -accompanied by the workmen, nearly one thousand feet. I found the -stratum of coal at that place not far from four feet thick. - -This coal is split out, by means of drilling and blasting, as in the -case of removing any other rock. They usually proceed in a narrow way at -first, perhaps eight or ten feet broad and as many high. As they go on, -they place props under the incumbent hill; or, what is more common, they -place at suitable distances a framework around the sides to prevent its -falling in. - -When they have penetrated several hundred feet into these coal hills, -and the air does not circulate freely enough, and especially does not -carry away the smoke of their powder far enough, they sometimes dig a -well or hole from the top of the hill directly over the line of the -excavation till it meets it. This serves as a chimney and ventilator, -and is of great and lasting service. - -To carry the coal, they have in general small cars drawn by one horse -each. For this purpose a railroad is made, as far as the excavation -extends. - -When the coal is brought out of the excavation, there are many curious -ways of unloading it; but I have not time to describe them all. In some -instances the coal is slid down an inclined plane a long distance, by -means of ropes and pulleys, and the emptied cars brought back by the -same means. - -I found the bases of the hills on the banks of the Ohio, especially on -the northern side, full of these excavations. The amount of coal which -is dug here yearly must be immense. - -For myself, I can never think of this wonderful provision of God for -human wants without feelings of gratitude. In a few years only, the -native wood in many of these regions would in a natural course be used -up in houses, factories, steamboats, &c.; and what would the people do -then for fuel, had not the great Eternal filled the hills with this -never-failing substitute? - -One region in particular attracted my attention. The villages of -Pomeroy, Coalport, and Sheffield, were so near each other as to seem to -form one continuous village, about three miles in length. And here, a -stranger would be apt to think, the people do little else but dig coal -and burn it. The houses were almost as black with soot as the hill-sides -themselves. - -[Illustration: POMEROY COAL-MINES.] - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -THE VARIETY OF FACES. - - -I was much interested, while on board the Pittsburg, as I have often -been before, in noticing the vast variety in human faces and features. - -Go where you will, on board steamboats, into railroad-cars, public -meetings, &c., where are found assemblages of from one hundred to one -thousand--or even several thousand--persons, and survey narrowly every -face; and will you find any two alike? - -Examine, if you please, the faces of nearest relatives--brothers, -sisters, parents, children, and even twins themselves--and though you -may and sometimes will find a very striking similarity, yet you will, -after all, find a difference in some one or more particulars. No two, in -any assembly or company, look exactly alike. - -Nay, more than all this. If you were to travel the world as much as I -have done, and to see, in the course of half a century, several millions -of people, you would find no two, anywhere, with features exactly alike. -In the eight hundred millions which now inhabit our globe there is a -shade of difference, such as would enable a careful eye to distinguish -every one from all others. - -And how is it with the mind that shines out in these varied faces? Is -that as distinguishable on a close acquaintance as the exterior--the -features? Is there any reason why it should not be? I am not quite -certain it is so; but did not the great Creator intend it should be? - -I do not mean to say, of course, that there are not some things alike in -every face. So there are some things which must be expected to be alike -in our mental formation. - -Every one on board this steamboat--every one in the world--resembles his -fellows in the general structure and aspect of his features. Every one -looks forward and upward, and not downward like the beasts that perish. -Every one has the projecting brow, with the well-defended eye under it, -the more prominent nose and chin, &c. - -So every one thinks highly of himself, his friends, possessions, home, -&c. Every one, unless by divine grace made a true Christian, is more or -less selfish. Every one loves, and, in his way, seeks happiness, and -hates misery. "Who will show us any good?" is the almost universal cry. -If people do not say it, in so many words, they do so by their actions. - -It is an old maxim that actions speak louder than words; and it is of -high, very high authority, that out of the abundance of the heart (or -_mind_) the mouth speaketh. - -It is not very difficult, therefore, to guess how the various minds on -board this steamer are occupied. No one is talking about the wants, the -ignorance, or the means of improving the condition of his neighbor. No -one is talking, unless the thought is suggested by another, about the -welfare of the great Jehovah's kingdom. - -But I mean not quite so much. There are a few blessed exceptions to the -apparent severity of this remark. For here, just by my side, sits a -woman some fifty years of age or more, who has, for more than thirty -years, cared for and thought of other people as well as herself. - -She is the wife of Mr. Byington, a famous missionary to the Choctaw -Indians. It is, I believe, nearly thirty years since she and her husband -devoted themselves to the great work of trying to instruct and improve -those poor people, and make Christians of them. Such a person will care -for the good of others, and the honor of God, even on board a steamboat. -Those who have been philanthropists and Christians as long as Mr. and -Mrs. Byington, will not soon or easily forget their former habits and -become selfish like the rest of the world. - -I am greatly afraid that most persons who seem to be religious at home, -forget their religion when they go abroad. Indeed, I have known many who -were given to prayer, watchful over their tongues, mindful of the -Sabbath, and self-denying at home, who were none of these when a -thousand miles from home, or even half that distance. - -True, we cannot always know whether people pray or not, when they are -abroad, because most of what deserves the name of prayer is offered -where no eye can reach but that of God. There is an opportunity for -closet prayer everywhere; and it is quite possible that they who break -the Sabbath, indulge their appetites, and do not bridle their tongues, -sometimes pray. Still I must say that, judging as well as I can, the -fear already expressed is but too well grounded. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -BLENNERHASSETT'S ISLAND. - - -Nearly every person who knows anything at all about the history of the -United States has heard of Blennerhassett's Island. - -This island is one hundred and ninety miles from Pittsburg, and two -hundred and eighty-seven from Cincinnati. It is a beautiful island; but -has at present an appearance of desolation, that forcibly reminds the -traveler what it once was. - -Blennerhassett, the owner, was a man of great taste, and, till his -connection with Burr, quite an inoffensive man, and a good citizen. But -no one could be long in peace and quiet who had anything to do with the -seditious, ambitious, and treasonable Aaron Burr. It is true he was not -legally convicted of treason, but he was finally ruined in character and -property, as a cause of his evident wrong doing. - -Instead of a beautiful mansion fifty-four feet square, two stories -high, and well proportioned, with two wings, and a charming little -garden, with every delicacy of fruit, vegetables, and flowers which -could be made to grow in that climate, with the most beautiful walks, -and shrubbery--nothing now is seen but a heap of ruins. - -All day long, this second of our days on the river, we were hoping the -boat would reach Blennerhassett's Island before night, or at least -before bedtime. But we were doomed to disappointment. At the latest hour -which it was proper for us to be awake, the boat was some thirty to -fifty miles below. - -We passed the next day the mouths of two beautiful rivers on the -Virginia side, the Big Sandy and the Great Kanawha. It was curious to -see the line formed by the junction or union of the two rivers--the one -with its blue clear waters, the other with its turbid, milky current. -They seemed as if made of entirely different materials. We also passed, -besides the coaling places I have named, several considerable villages, -among which were Point Pleasant, Murraysville, and Belleville, -Virginia; and Gallipolis and Millersburg in Ohio. - -We also lost sight, during the night, of Marietta, at the mouth of the -Muskingum River, now quite a large and pleasant village, near which are -several very remarkable ancient fortifications and mounds of earth, -supposed to have been the depositories of the dead, by some now unknown -people. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -THE ANCIENT MOUNDS. - - -The morning of the third day found us passing Sisterville, in Virginia. -Soon afterward we passed New-Martinsville. We saw several mounds. One -was very small. Another was large, but somewhat disfigured by having -been excavated. - -We were now approaching a village on the Virginia side called -Elizabethtown, near which a small stream joins the Ohio, known by the -name of Big Grave Creek. In this village of Elizabethtown is one of the -largest, most perfect, and most beautiful mounds to be found in the -whole Ohio country. - -We were told of this curiosity before we reached the place; so that we -were not taken by surprise. Besides, the boat stopped a few moments at -the wharf, in full sight of it, not a quarter of a mile distant. - -This mound is about one hundred and eighty feet in diameter at its -base, and some seventy or seventy-five feet high. On its top is an old -tower or observatory, around which are several trees, some of them of -considerable age. One, a venerable oak, is four feet in diameter. - -The center of its top is a kind of crater or basin, four feet deep and -eight or ten across it. Elsewhere the top of the mound is perfectly -flat. - -One puzzler to the traveler is, where the earth was obtained for -building such a huge pile; for it is situated almost in the middle of a -large plain, on and near which is no appearance of any former excavation -for this purpose. There are, however, several smaller mounds a little -east of it. - -The country near the Ohio abounds with these mounds. What they were, and -by whom they were formed, is quite uncertain. The general opinion that -they are the graves of some ancient people is sustained by the fact that -they contain human bones, sometimes in considerable numbers. - -A gentleman on board the boat, a man of intelligence, informed me, that -he had seen, in Eastern Tennessee or Western North Carolina, a species -of mounds of a very different description. They were composed -essentially of small stones, between which were layers of bones. And -what made the case very remarkable indeed, there are no stones, of the -kind found in these mounds within many miles of them, and there is no -appearance of there ever having been any. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -A SUSPENSION BRIDGE. - - -About noon the third day, we came in sight of Wheeling, in Virginia. -This is a considerable place. It contains about ten thousand -inhabitants. - -The boat stopped at Wheeling an hour or more to unload a part of her -freight. This gave us a fine opportunity to go on shore and view the -town. It is well built, but, like most of the places all the way from -Cincinnati to Pittsburg, has quite a sooty appearance, caused by the -dust of the coal, which they burn here in large quantities. Wheeling is, -moreover, a place of considerable manufacture. - -But the greatest curiosity at this place, and one of the greatest I have -ever seen, is the suspension bridge thrown over the Ohio. It must be -something like one thousand feet in length, as broad as most bridges -are, and not far from ninety feet above the surface of the river when -the water is low; though much less, of course, at times when the river -rises. - -This bridge is much more remarkable than the suspension bridge first -built over Niagara River; for while that is much higher above the water -than this, it is, in comparison, very narrow indeed. The suspension -bridge at Wheeling is broad enough for several carriages to go side by -side on it; but that below Niagara Falls is only just broad enough for -one. - -I would have visited it; but I was afraid the boat in which I was -traveling would leave the wharf by some means sooner than was expected, -and it would be a sad thing to be left in port, with our trunks all on -board. Many of the company did venture, however, and they returned, too, -in good time. - -Bridgeport, a small but flourishing village, is on the Ohio side of the -river, just opposite Wheeling. This whole region is noted for burnings -and massacres, during the wars of our country with the Indians little -more than fifty years ago. - -One anecdote I will relate very briefly. In March, 1793, about -fifty-nine years ago, as two brothers by the name of Johnson, one of -them twelve, the other nine years of age, were playing by the side of -the river some ten or twelve miles above Wheeling, they were suddenly -seized by two Indians and carried about six miles into the woods. Here -the savages built a fire and halted for the night. When they lay down to -rest, each Indian took a boy on his arm. As may easily be conjectured, -however, the boys did not sleep. Finding the Indians to be very sound -asleep, they concerted a plan, young as they were, for destroying them -and effecting their escape. The plan succeeded. One of the Indians was -shot with his own rifle; the other was killed with a tomahawk. The boys -returned to their own homes the next day in safety. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -LOGAN, THE MINGO CHIEF. - - -On board our steamboat was one man, a citizen of Cincinnati, whose -extensive and intimate acquaintance with the country through which we -were traveling made his society both interesting and valuable. - -As we were passing between some very abrupt hills, he took occasion to -remark that all this was once the hunting ground of Logan, the -celebrated Mingo chief, whose sad story is familiar, as I suppose, to -nearly every school-boy in the country. - -Logan was a savage; but he was, at the same time, a man, and had a man's -heart. Indians are men, and have the feelings of men; and one cannot -help pitying them. How greatly to be regretted that they were not -treated, by everybody, as William Penn treated them, in and about -Pennsylvania! - -The books we had on board, purporting to be travelers' guides--most of -which were doubtless correct--pointed out to us, as did also our -Cincinnati friend, the plain on which Logan resided, as well as the -place where his family was so wickedly murdered. We would have lingered -at the last-mentioned spot, but had only time to drop a tear and hasten -on. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -THIRD NIGHT ON THE RIVER. - - -Night was once more approaching, and we were, as yet, some sixty-five or -seventy miles from Pittsburg. The last place we saw, by daylight, was -Steubenville, on the Ohio side, a large and flourishing village. We were -anxious to see Wellsville, Ohio, and Beaver and Economy in Pennsylvania; -but it was late at night when we passed the latter two, and too dark to -see much when we passed the former. - -Economy is a neat little place, first settled by the celebrated German -named Rapp. It still bears the marks he made on it, in the appearance of -neatness and thrift which are everywhere visible. - -We were much annoyed during the last two days and nights, especially the -very last, by the cattle on board. Had there been a cow-yard with -contiguous stables that were seldom if ever cleansed, the air from the -lower deck could hardly have been more offensive. - -I often wondered why the owners of the boat should dare to go in the -face of the public sentiment to an extent like this. Would it not be -reported, by the passengers, that we suffered from this annoyance? And -would not travelers shun the boat in time to come? - -However, we slept well, for the most part, during the night; and it was -well for those of us who were going further than Pittsburg that we did. -A few were distressed with the effects of drinking so much lime water -during the voyage; but the far greater part of us rose in the morning -refreshed, and in fine health and spirits. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - -ARRIVAL AT PITTSBURG, WITH REFLECTIONS. - - -The morning had come, and we were now approaching Pittsburg. It was just -about sunrise when we came in view of its spires and buildings. The -passengers were scrambling up, now, in every direction. - -Some of the passengers were now at the end of their journey. Others had -to go further; and some of us many hundred miles further. However, we -were all alike glad to get on shore. - -But our trunks--where were they? They had, for the greater part, been -piled together in a certain place on the deck of the boat, under the -care of the steward: they were safe, only it was difficult, at first, to -find them. - -Here is mine. It must be marked for the railroad across the Alleghany -Mountains to Philadelphia. All this was easily disposed of. And now it -is to go with a baggage-wagon, and to be taken to the railroad depot. - -On removing the trunk to the baggage-wagon, the steward reminded me that -it was his custom to receive a small sum of each traveler for taking -care of his trunk while on board. I asked him how much. Anything, said -he, you please to give. - -I was not satisfied with the charge; for I supposed he had his pay by -the month, or in some such way, and his regular compensation was -sufficient for every purpose: but though a colored man, he was quite a -gentleman, and I could not well refuse him. - -How many little taxes one must pay, in a busy world like this! Well, an -honest, Christian man has no very strong objection to paying them -whenever, in so doing, he does not go contrary to the principles of -right; and these little taxations, as you travel along, by servants and -porters, and stewards, though they are annoyances, seem to me to be of -this description. - -I was at length in Pittsburg. I had always heard that it was a smoky -city, and was not, therefore, at all disappointed. In truth, I did not -see it to be more sooty than several other places below it on the river. - -Pittsburg is about half as large as Cincinnati; and is pleasantly -situated, at the junction of two large rivers. It seems to be a very -busy, bustling place; for though it was yet early in the morning--quite -early--the streets were pretty well filled with travelers and carriages. - -Opposite Pittsburg--that is, across the Alleghany River--is Alleghany, -which of itself would make quite a large city. It is at least as large -as New-Haven, or Salem, or, perhaps, Troy. - - -And now, though I am soon to proceed, yet as the cars are not yet ready, -I have a little time for reflection, and I avail myself of it. - -The world, itself, seems to me like a great steamboat--larger, indeed, -than the Pittsburg, and yet a huge passenger-boat. People are -continually coming on board, and continually leaving it. - -To-day we form an acquaintance with a few of the vast variety of faces -we see; to-morrow, perhaps, they are separated from us, to go, we know -not whither. - -One striking difference there is in the two cases. When the passengers -separated at Pittsburg--and so also of other separations at Wheeling and -other places below--it was not with a certainty that the separation was -final, for this world. There was, at the least, a possibility of meeting -again, somewhere, and at some time. - -But when we separate in the great steamboat of the world at the verge of -eternity, when we step forth upon its immeasurable shore, it is with -positive certainty of meeting no more in this world. - -We _may_ meet again--we shall, most undoubtedly. We shall meet at the -sound, not of the little bell to which we are accustomed on board the -boats of Western rivers, but of the trump of God. We shall meet, but it -will be at the general judgment. We shall meet, but it will be in the -immediate presence of God. - -Will our meeting be a pleasant one? Will it be pleasant to all, or only -to a part? And who will be the happy ones, and who the unhappy? Shall -you, reader, or I, be of the former number; or shall it be our lot to be -of the latter? - -God, in his mercy in Christ, has left the matter to our own choice. This -is right, is it not? He has made us free to choose about other -matters--why not about this? He certainly would not compel us to a -joyful meeting. - -Be it our first business, then, our great business, our only business, -so to conduct while on the passage-boat of life, that whether we are -sailing on the Ohio River, or traveling elsewhere, we may always be -found in the path of duty, and always ready for anything whatever to -which we may be called, here or hereafter. - - -THE END. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Three Days on the Ohio River, by William A. 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