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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..545159f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54287 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54287) diff --git a/old/54287-0.txt b/old/54287-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 103961f..0000000 --- a/old/54287-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9380 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The life and times of George Villiers, duke -of Buckingham, Volume 2 (of 3), by Katherine Thomson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The life and times of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, Volume 2 (of 3) - From original and authentic sources - -Author: Katherine Thomson - -Release Date: March 6, 2017 [EBook #54287] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE, TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS, VOL 2 *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, MWS, Bryan Ness and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s Note: - -This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. -Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as ‘_italic_’. - -The footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs in which they are -referenced. - -Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please -see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding -the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation. - - THE LIFE AND TIMES - OF - GEORGE VILLIERS - DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM. - - - FROM ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES. - - - BY MRS. THOMSON, - AUTHOR OF - “MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH,” - “LIFE OF SIR WALTER RALEGH,” - “MEMOIRS OF SARAH, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH,” - &c., &c. - - - - - IN THREE VOLUMES. - - VOL. II. - - LONDON: - HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS, - SUCCESSORS TO HENRY COLBURN, - 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. - - 1860. - - _The right of Translation is reserved._ - - - - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY R. BORN, GLOUCESTER STREET, - REGENT’S PARK. - - - - - CONTENTS OF VOL II. - - CHAPTER I. - - Anxiety felt in England about the Spanish Treaty--Charles I. - the first Male Heir for whom a Treaty of Marriage had been - set on foot since Henry VIII.--Qualities of the - Infanta--Called the Rare Infanta--Charles’s Personal - Excellence and Elegance--Alliance received with Interest - as Concerning the Palatinate--Question of the - Dispensation--The Obstacles--Difficulty in fitting out a - Fleet to bring the Prince back--James’s - Apprehensions--Letter from Lord Kensington--Preparations - at Southampton for the Reception of the Prince and - Infanta--Attempts made in Spain to Convert Charles--His - Firmness, and that of the Duke--Buckingham’s Impatience to - return to England--Letters of Endymion Porter from - Spain--The Romantic Adventure of Prince Charles in a - Garden--His Short Interview with the Infanta accompanied - by Endymion Porter--Hopes of the Treaty being - fulfilled--The Betrothal fixed for St. James’s Day, but - not accomplished--The Fool Archy’s Speech--Buckingham’s - Pecuniary Difficulties--His - Boldness--Unpopularity--Insanity of his Brother, Lord - Purbeck--Amiable Conduct of the Duchess of - Buckingham--Grand Entertainment given at Madrid--The Fuego - de Cannas--Quarrels between Buckingham and - Olivares--Bristol’s Despatches Unfavourable to the - Prince--Preparations for the Prince’s Departure--The - Infanta’s Marriage Deferred--Original Letter from - Bristol--Leave-Taking at the Escurial--The Prince reaches - Segovia--Valladolid--St. Andero--Perils in Returning from - the Fleet to the Shore--Voyage Home--Touches at the Scilly - Isles--Arrives at Portsmouth--At York House--At - Royston--Public Rejoicings--Charles termed "England’s Joy" 1 - - CHAPTER II. - - Indisposition of the Duchess of Buckingham--The King’s - Regard for her and her Child--Archbishop Laud’s Encomium - on her Character--Queen Anne’s Chain presented to the - Duchess of Lennox--Effrontery of the Countess of - Buckingham--The Duke’s Deportment on his Return from - Spain--More dignities conferred upon him--King James and - the Clergy--The Royal Instructions for the Performance of - Divine Service in Spain--Public Prejudice against the - Spanish Match--The Wallingford House Cabal pronounce in - Favour of a French Alliance--Popular Indignation against - the Spanish Ambassador--Competition for Precedence between - the Ambassadors of France and Spain--Character of the Lord - Keeper Williams--His Opposition to the Proceedings of - Buckingham--The Countess of Buckingham embraces the - Catholic Faith--Controversy between the Dean of Carlisle - and the Jesuit Fisher--Breach between Buckingham and - Williams--The King manifests his Displeasure with - Buckingham--The Spanish Court and the English - Alliance--Conduct of the Infanta after the Departure of - Charles--Preparations for the Marriage--A Commission - appointed to inquire into the Conditions of the Spanish - Treaty--The Lord Keeper in Favour with the - King--Parliament counsels James to break the Treaty with - Spain--Popular Rejoicings, and Disappointment of the - Catholic Party--The Illness of Buckingham--Painful - Illustration of the Bigoted Spirit of the Age--Inojosa - accuses Buckingham of Treachery against the King--The - Prophecy of Gamaliel Gruys--General Desire for War with - Spain--Proposed Alliance of Prince Charles with Henrietta - Maria of France--Restoration of Buckingham to the King’s - Favour 55 - - CHAPTER III. - - Decline of the King’s Health--Case of Lord - Middlesex--Proceedings in both Houses--Sir Edward Coke’s - Exaggeration--Buckingham’s Participation in the - Affair--Middlesex steals away to Theobald’s, and is - followed by Charles--Found Guilty--Confined--Buckingham’s - Dangerous Illness--Arthur Brett--Death of the - King--Ascribed to Buckingham 133 - - CHAPTER IV. - 1624-1625. - - The Remarks of Sir Henry Wotton upon Buckingham’s - Uninterrupted Prosperity during the Reign of James--His - Most Perilous Time yet to Come--The Character of Charles - Difficult to Manage--His Affections Divided--Request of - the Privy Council Regarding the Late King’s Funeral and - the Young King’s Marriage--Good Taste displayed by Charles - in his Conduct at the Funeral--The Influence of Buckingham - still Paramount--Roger Coke’s Remark upon King James’s - Regret on observing that his Son was overruled by the - Duke--The Three Great Kingdoms of Europe at this Period - ruled by Favourites--The Marriage of Charles and Henrietta - Maria--Motive attributed to Buckingham--Preliminary - Steps--Letter from Lord Kensington to the Duke of - Buckingham detailing his Interview with the - Queen-Mother--Description of the Young Princess--The Duke - prepares for his Journey into France to fetch home the - Bride--The Expense of his Mission objected to by the - Nation--The Two Ambassadors Described--Rich--Lord - Kensington, First Earl of Holland--His Beauty of Person, - Address, and Early Favour at the Court of James--His - resting solely upon Buckingham--His Marriage with the - Daughter of Sir Walter Coke, the Owner of the Manor of - Kensington--The Earl of Holland regarded by some as a - Rival to Buckingham--James Relied more on the Earl of - Carlisle--Character of the Two Noblemen by Bishop - Hacket--Successful Interviews on the Part of Lord Holland - with Mary de Medici--Her Disposition to favour Charles as - a Suitor to her Daughter--Anecdote of Henrietta Maria and - of Charles’s Portrait--Encomiums on Henrietta--The Duchess - de Chevreuse--Her Influence over Anne of Austria--Her - Splendour--Resentment of the Count de Soissons on Account - of the Marriage Treaty with England--The Willingness - evinced by Henrietta Maria to the Marriage--Lord - Kensington’s Flattery of the Queen-Mother--Their - Conversations on the Subject of the Spanish Match--The - Marriage Finally Concluded--Charles’s Conduct to the - Recusants regarded as a Proof of his Aversion to Catholic - Hopes 161 - - CHAPTER V. - - Buckingham’s Embassy to Paris--He despatches Balthazar - Gerbier to select and purchase Pictures--Letter of the - Painter to him--The Magnificence of the French - Court--Buckingham’s Appearance at the Parisian Court--His - Aspiring to the Favour of Anne of Austria--The Manner in - which his Homage was received by Anne, as stated by Madame - de Motteville--The Freedom of Manners, termed by Anne - "L’Honnête Galanterie," permitted by the Queen--The - Dazzling Appearance of Buckingham--Anecdote of the - Jealousy of the French--Point of Etiquette between - Buckingham and the Cardinal Richelieu--Buckingham attends - Henrietta Maria to the Coast--Anne of Austria accompanies - her Sister-in-law to Amiens--Incident there in which - Buckingham betrayed his Mad Passion--He receives a Rebuff - from the Queen--His Love-Suit not checked by her - Reproof--He sheds Tears on parting from Anne--Journeys on - to Boulogne and returns to Amiens--His Interview there - with Anne--He then pursues his Journey to - England--Letters, and Affecting Conduct of his Wife--The - Meeting of Charles and Henrietta Maria--Buckingham retains - his Influence over Charles I. 203 - - CHAPTER VI. - - Unjust Appreciation of Buckingham’s Character--His Energy in - respect to the Navy--Sir Walter Ralegh’s Works on Maritime - Affairs--Prince Henry’s Predilection for them--His - Miniature Ship--His Death--Lord Nottingham’s Neglect and - Venality--His Powers--60,000_l._ yearly allotted for the - Navy--Buckingham’s Efforts--Example set by - Richelieu--Ignorance of Ship-Building in those - Days--Buckingham draws up a Plan of Defence--Fear of the - Spanish Armada--The Duke proposes to form a Company for - the West as well as the East Indies--Plan of - Taxation--Also of Defence on Shore 243 - - CHAPTER VII. - - Unfortunate Result of the Principles early instilled into - Charles I. by his Father--The Affair of the - Palatinate--Its Connection with the Spanish Marriage--Mad - Desire of Charles and Buckingham for a War with - Spain--Letter from the Earl of Bristol--The First - Unfortunate Expedition to Cadiz--Resentment of the - People--Charles assembles a Parliament--The Supplies - Refused--Impeachment of Bristol--Impeachment of - Buckingham--His Thirteen Answers--Rash Conduct of the - King--His Expression of Contempt for the House of - Commons--Sir John Elliot and Sir Dudley Digges sent to the - Tower--The Intolerant Spirit of the Day--Influence of - Laud--Sermon of the Vicar of Brackley--"Tuning the - Pulpits" 273 - - - - - CHAPTER I. - -ANXIETY FELT IN ENGLAND ABOUT THE SPANISH TREATY--CHARLES I. THE FIRST - MALE HEIR FOR WHOM A TREATY OF MARRIAGE HAD BEEN SET ON FOOT SINCE - HENRY VIII.--QUALITIES OF THE INFANTA--CALLED THE RARE - INFANTA--CHARLES’S PERSONAL EXCELLENCE AND ELEGANCE--ALLIANCE - RECEIVED WITH INTEREST AS CONCERNING THE PALATINATE--QUESTION OF THE - DISPENSATION--THE OBSTACLES--DIFFICULTY IN FITTING OUT A FLEET TO - BRING THE PRINCE BACK--JAMES’S APPREHENSIONS--LETTER FROM LORD - KENSINGTON--PREPARATIONS AT SOUTHAMPTON FOR THE RECEPTION OF THE - PRINCE AND INFANTA--ATTEMPTS MADE IN SPAIN TO CONVERT CHARLES--HIS - FIRMNESS, AND THAT OF THE DUKE--BUCKINGHAM’S IMPATIENCE TO RETURN TO - ENGLAND--LETTERS OF ENDYMION PORTER FROM SPAIN--THE ROMANTIC - ADVENTURE OF PRINCE CHARLES IN A GARDEN--HIS SHORT INTERVIEW WITH - THE INFANTA, ACCOMPANIED BY ENDYMION PORTER--HOPES OF THE TREATY - BEING FULFILLED--THE BETROTHAL FIXED FOR ST. JAMES’S DAY, BUT NOT - ACCOMPLISHED--THE FOOL ARCHY’S SPEECH--BUCKINGHAM’S PECUNIARY - DIFFICULTIES--HIS BOLDNESS--UNPOPULARITY--INSANITY OF HIS BROTHER, - LORD PURBECK--AMIABLE CONDUCT OF THE DUCHESS OF BUCKINGHAM--GRAND - ENTERTAINMENT GIVEN AT MADRID--THE FUEGO DE CANNAS--QUARRELS BETWEEN - BUCKINGHAM AND OLIVARES--BRISTOL’S DESPATCHES UNFAVOURABLE TO THE - PRINCE--PREPARATIONS FOR THE PRINCE’S DEPARTURE--THE INFANTA’S - MARRIAGE DEFERRED--ORIGINAL LETTER FROM BRISTOL--LEAVE-TAKING AT THE - ESCURIAL--THE PRINCE REACHES SEGOVIA--VALLADOLID--ST. ANDERO--PERILS - IN RETURNING FROM THE FLEET TO THE SHORE--VOYAGE HOME--TOUCHES AT - THE SCILLY ISLES--ARRIVES AT PORTSMOUTH--AT YORK HOUSE--AT - ROYSTON--PUBLIC REJOICINGS--CHARLES TERMED "ENGLAND’S JOY." - - - - - - LIFE AND TIMES OF - - GEORGE VILLIERS. - - ---------- - - - - - =CHAPTER I.= - - -The English nation continued, during the spring and summer of the year -1623, in anxious expectation of decisive news from Spain. Nothing could -exceed the universal interest which this famous treaty of marriage -between Charles and the Infanta inspired; nor had any subject so -completely engrossed the public mind since the time of Henry the Eighth, -when the ill-omened marriage of that prince with a daughter of Spain was -first concerted. For England, be it observed, had known no male -unmarried heir-apparent since that period, except the youthful and -estimable Edward the Sixth, whose career was closed before he could be -made the subject of political alliances. - -There were many who looked with sentiments which state matters did not -influence upon the proposed marriage of two individuals whose rank was -their least merit. According to report, the Infanta was possessed of -qualities not inferior in excellence to those of Katherine of Arragon, -whilst in other attributes she was infinitely more attractive than that -ill-starred princess. Her beauty, her accomplishments, her piety, had -acquired for her the appellation of the “Rare Infanta;” and hence she -was esteemed to be a fitting consort for one whose elegance of mind, -whose courtesy, and princely grace were transcended by the purity of his -moral conduct, the firmness of his religious opinions, and the -affectionate disposition of his heart. - -In his position as a private individual, Charles was pre-eminently -amiable; and, at that period, the public could only judge of him as they -would of any other irresponsible youth of great expectations. The vital -faults of his heart, and the real weakness of his character, soft and -infirm, yet incrusted with obstinacy and prejudice, were not only not -apparent, but unsuspected. - -The majority of the nation, however, viewed the Spanish alliance with -interest, chiefly as affecting the long agitated question of the -Palatinate, which James pretended, and, perhaps, believed, it was -destined to settle to the satisfaction of the people. - -It was therefore with something like consternation at first, although -the event was afterwards hailed with joy, that the rupture of the treaty -was seen afar off, by signs which appeared at first gradually, and -afterwards plainly, upon the political horizon. - -The question of the dispensation was the first known impediment; and the -news from Spain were inauspicious. To the surprise of everyone, almost -the next letter from the Prince and Duke announced their intention to -return home, even should the expected dispensation not arrive before -they could sail; “wherefore,” they wrote, “it was fitting that no time -nor charge should be spared” in sending out the fleet which was to -convey them to England; and begged that it might “be well chosen,” -because they thought that the King, Queen, and all the Court of Spain -would see it. - -This letter was dated on the twenty-third of March, the anniversary of -King James’s coronation. - -“My sweete boyes,” the King wrote, on the following day, “God bless you -both, and reward you for the comfortable news I resaived from you -yesterday[1] (quhiche was my coronation daye), in place of a tilting. My -shippe is readdie to make saile, and onlie stayes for a faire winde; God -send it her! But I have, for the honour of Englande, curtailed the -traine that goes by sea of a number of raskalls.”[2] - -Footnote 1: - - Referring to a former letter, dated the 10th of March. - -Footnote 2: - - Nichols, vol. iv., p. 839. - -There was, meantime, much difficulty, from the inefficient state of the -navy, in furnishing even a small fleet to fetch home the heir-apparent. -Not only ships, but mariners, were wanting; the sailors had gone away, -and hidden themselves. In vain were two proclamations issued to call -them home; for proclamations and commissions had become so frequent that -no one attended to their purport. At length, on the twenty-eighth of -June, a small fleet of ten or twelve ships was equipped, and appeared in -the Downs, ready to depart; but the expense of supporting them, which -exceeded three hundred pounds a day, was loudly complained of by those -at the head of affairs. - -The King, meantime, was harassed with debts, and disturbed by -apprehensions. He begged “his babie” to be as sparing as possible, since -his agents had great difficulty in raising the five thousand pounds -required for his use. The Prince’s “tilting stuff” was to come to three -thousand pounds more, and those employed to get that sum knew not how to -procure it. “God knows,” wrote the King, “how my coffers are alreadie -drained.” He could think of no remedy, he added, except to obtain in -advance the payment of the hundred and fifty thousand pounds promised as -the Infanta’s dower, which he thought “his sweete gossepe, that is now -turned Spaniarde, with his golden keye,”[3] would be able to get, and -then he should have a fine ship speedily to bring him home to his “deare -dade.” - -The tender father was too full of fears lest his “babie” should be hurt -in tilting. He also begged of his “sweete boyes to keep themselfs in use -of dawincing privatlie, though they showlde quhaffsell and sing one to -another, like Gakke (Jack) and Tom, for faulte of bettir musike.” - -Finally, James desired them, even should the dispensation not arrive, to -press the Prince’s suit bravely, and to get him married without it, -since numbers of "Catholic Romans and Protestants married in the worlde -without the Pope’s dispensation," as he had been informed by the -Austrian ambassador. - -Footnote 3: - - Referring to the key presented to the Duke by the King of Spain. - -Meantime, the university of Oxford was vying with the metropolis in -demonstrations of joy for the Prince’s safe arrival in Spain. In the -beautiful church of St. Mary’s, now chiefly appropriated to deep -theological discourses, a sermon was preached in honour of that event, -and an oration to the same effect delivered in the schools.[4] Yet, even -now, the feeling of the country began to appear. It was rumoured, and -only too truly, that things were not going well in Spain; whilst the -enormous sums of money taken out of the treasury and regalia in jewels -excited general indignation. As everything familiar, as well as -important, became, in those times, the theme of preachers, even from -pulpits, the draining of the kingdom of money was blamed. Dr. Everard, -the rector of St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, was committed for “saying too -much;” and another preacher was, in the midst of his unpleasant -strictures on the same subject, “sung down with a psalm before he had -half done his sermon.” - -Footnote 4: - - State Papers, vol. cxi., No. 13. - -On the twenty-sixth of May, the Earl of Rutland, Buckingham’s -father-in-law, received James’s private instructions to have the “ships -sweet, and well provided with victuals, to chuse good captains, and to -defer to the authority of Buckingham as Lord Admiral, should he come on -board; to avoid quarrels, which the King thought very dangerous when -persons were crowded together on shipboard;--in going, to make for the -Groyne, in returning to land at in returning to land at Southampton,”[5] -the high-ways of which were even then being repaired for the reception -and convenience of the expected bride. Yet still the fleet was -unaccountably detained in port, and nothing was really done. - -The Court, at this time, was gratified by a letter from Lady Kensington, -commending the resistance of the Prince and Duke to proposals made by -the Spanish Court, derogatory to them; and stating, after extravagant -encomiums on the newly-made Duke, that Buckingham “shed tears” on -account of his absence from the King.[6] Complaints, however, were made -at home, not only of the export of so many valuables to Spain, but of -the expense of supporting the table of the Spanish ambassador, who was -treated here as a guest, during Charles’s sojourn in Spain. Eighty -pounds a day was the charge to which the ambassador’s table at first -amounted. His repasts were eventually cut down to thirty dishes--all -that King James permitted himself to display on his own table--and the -cost was thus reduced to twenty pounds daily.[7] - -Footnote 5: - - State Papers, vol. cxlvi., No. 23. - -Footnote 6: - - Ibid, No. 39. - -Footnote 7: - - Ibid, No. 49. - -Reports, indeed, came to console the anxious minds at home, stating that -the Prince and Duke were “royally treated,” but it was soon surmised -that Charles was becoming weary of his detention. June had arrived; the -Duke of Richmond, and six other noblemen, as commissioners, had already -gone to Southampton to prepare a reception, with pageants, for the -Prince; yet still Lord Rochford, who was expected to arrive with news of -the wedding-day being fixed, did not make his appearance. - -The Duke of Richmond was accompanied to Southampton by Inigo Jones and -old Alleyn, the player, who were to employ their talents for the -occasion; but who could, as the great news-teller writer of that period, -Chamberlain, observes, “have done just as well without so many Privy -Counsellors;” “but we must,” he adds, “shew our obsequiousness in all -that concerns her” (the Infanta). At Gravesend, Lord Kelly, in the -King’s barge, went to meet the new Spanish ambassador, the Marquis -Inojosa, to whom cloths of estate, an honour never permitted to -ambassadors in Queen Elizabeth’s time, were conceded, and when the -haughty grandee landed at Dover, and was saluted with shot from the -castle, he vouchsafed a nod from his coach, but, Spaniard-like, gave not -one penny of money.[8] - -Footnote 8: - - State Papers, vol. cxlvii., No. 40. - -In spite of all the journeyings to and from Spain, nothing was done, -whilst the Prince, whose firmness met with the highest commendations, -was written to by the Pope, and “nibbed at with orations by the English -seminaries in Spain, in order to effect his conversion.” The expenses at -home and abroad could now only be supported by extraordinary devices, -such as knighting a thousand gentlemen at a hundred pounds a-piece; ten -or twelve serjeants-at-law at five hundred pounds a-piece; but the fees -arising from the elevation of these luminaries were to be given to the -Lord Keeper or to Sir Francis Crane, to further his tapestry works at -Mortlake, or to pay off some scores owed him by Buckingham.[9] - -Footnote 9: - - State Papers, vol. cxlvii., No. 80. - -Whilst all these minor difficulties were harassing the King at home, -Charles was beset with a far greater difficulty. When the Puritans were -blaming him for answering in a polite and conciliatory tone the Pope’s -letters, without the permission of his royal father, he was displaying -the firmness which could only be the result of a careful and learned -education; for faith in those times was, as in ours, feeble without -sound knowledge; and it was requisite for him to repel zealous efforts -to convert him at all convenient times. Between the dazzling scenes of -splendid shows and diversions, made at such times and intervals of -repose, Olivares was attacking the Prince with the argument best suited -to the character of the romantic youth, telling him how sure a way to -the Infanta’s heart his conversion would be; and by hinting that -difference of creed could not but be a great obstacle to their union. -And when answered that such an apostasy would raise a rebellion in -Protestant England, the embarrassed but steadfast Prince was assured -that if such were the case, he should have an army from Spain to quell -such an insurrection. Even Lord Bristol, who was a great friend and -favourite of Charles’s, “strove, with a gentle hand, to allure him that -way,” by the specious argument that none but Roman Catholic monarchs had -ever been great as sovereigns; whilst the Pope, encouraged by all this -subtle working of a hidden machinery, wrote a letter to the Bishop of -Conchen, Inquisitor-General of Spain, desiring him not to let such an -opportunity of conversion slip out of his hands.[10] - -Footnote 10: - - Kennet’s History of England, vol. ii., p. 765. - -Buckingham did not, it appears, escape the zeal of the Jesuits, but -acquitted himself, in reply to the energetic attacks upon his faith, -with a prompt decision; and, as far as he was concerned, the attempt -seems to have ceased, although he was afterwards incessantly reproached -with a leaning to Romanism. - -Like others, Buckingham became, at length, weary of the subject of the -Palatinate, and not only still more weary of his long residence in -Spain, but anxious to leave the political management of the affairs to -those who best understood those intricate matters.[11] To his -precipitate conduct, and his impatience of delay, it was said the whole -failure might be ascribed; and that, had it not been for his impetuous -temper, Charles and the Infanta would have been married before the -Christmas of 1623. - -Footnote 11: - - Letter from Madrid, August, 1623. - -Whilst all went smooth, or appeared to do so, with the treaty, the -diplomatists were at variance among themselves. - -“When we were here in the heighth of discontents,” wrote Simon -Digby,[12] “nothing so much spoken of as the Prince, his sudden -departure, _reinfectâ_, all our wranglings and disputes were, when no -man suspected and expected any such matter,[13] shut up like a comedy, -and the match declared and published for concluded.” - -Footnote 12: - - A cousin of the Earl of Bristol’s. - -Footnote 13: - - Letter from Simon Digby. State Papers for 1623, July 25. - -At home, the Marquis Inojosa was making representations which he was -ordered to lay before the King, through Don Carlos Colonna, complaining -of the East India Company’s ships at the taking of Ormus. In the ship -called the _London_, were, it was alleged, goods stolen from the King of -Spain to the amount of five hundred thousand pounds. The very dishes -used by the lowest men in that ship were of silver, taken from some of -the very best families in Portugal, whom the English had plundered and -slain, and had then stamped their plate with their own arms. Jewels of -inestimable value had also been seized. It was therefore demanded that -these ships should be put into sequestration. It is a curious proof how -completely a feeling against the Spanish marriage had, by this time, -possessed every class, that, upon the arrival of these vessels in port, -the crews, hearing a report that the marriage with the Infanta was to be -broken off, shot off their artillery, and threw their caps into the sea -for joy.[14] - -Footnote 14: - - Letter from Madrid, State Papers, August 21, 1623. - -Whilst the wooer, as the Prince was still styled, was murmuring at -delays and obstacles, others less lofty were sending complaints to -England, coupled with assurances of conjugal fidelity, which were more -suspicious than satisfactory. Amongst Buckingham’s most confidential -servants was Endymion Porter, who generally acted as his interpreter. -Porter, according to Arthur Wilson, "had been bred up in Spain when he -was a boy, and had the language, but found no other fortune there than -brought him to be Mr. Edward Villiers’s man in Fleet Street, before -either his master or the Marquis was acceptable at Whitehall." “It is -not intended,” adds the historian, "to vilify the persons, being men (in -this world’s lottery) as capable of advancement as others; but to shew -in how poor a bark the King ventured the right freight his son, having -only the Marquis to steer his course." - -It was, indeed, remarkable that the agents most employed in the Duke’s -service were men who had raised themselves from all but menial stations. -Sir Robert Graham, whose name so often occurs in the correspondence of -this period, was “an underling of low degree” in Buckingham’s stable. -Cottington was originally a clerk to Sir Charles’s Cornwallis’s -secretary, when Cornwallis was ambassador in Spain. The letters of -Endymion Porter, also raised from mediocrity, are very characteristic of -the confidential servant of a great man, who, like himself, was of easy -principles. Among expressions of affection and grief for absence from -his wife, Olive, and allusions to their little son George, are mingled a -protestation that Endymion did not kiss the innkeeper’s daughter at -Boulogne. “Alas! alas! sweet Olive!” thus he writes, "why should you go -about to afflict me! Know that I live like a dying man, and as one that -cannot live long without you. My eyes grow weary in looking upon -anything, as wanting that rest they take in thy company and sight of -thee. - -"We live very honest, and think of nothing but our wives. I thought to -have sent you a token of some value, but find my purse and my goodwill -could not agree, and considering that my letter would be welcome to you, -I leave to do it only this ring, which I hope you will esteem, if it be -not for love, I think for charity. The conceit is that it seems two as -you turn it, and ’tis but one. - -“Sweet Olive! remember what it is to be sad, and forget not home. In our -poverty, we will live as richly as they that have the greatest plenty, -and bread with thy company shall please me better than the greatest -dainties in the world without it.”[15] - -Footnote 15: - - State Papers, May 28, 1623. - -Olive Porter was, it seems, a humble relation of the Duchess of -Buckingham, who addresses her as “Cousin,” and who appears, by -Endymion’s letters, to have provided for Mistress Porter, since, in one -of his singular epistles, after hoping that there may be nothing more -said of any unkindness between them, Endymion sends his wife a jewel -worth some hundred pounds, telling her that “she might pawn it if she -had no more credit, but that Lady Buckingham had promised to supply her -wants.” Certain conduct of Mrs. Porter’s prompts jealousy, and Endymion -hints that, in his absence, “his wife has been merry with other young -men,” a charge which not even the most scandalous could adduce against -the pensive and irreproachable Duchess of Buckingham. - -It was the lot of Endymion Porter to accompany Prince Charles on a very -interesting occasion; in the month of July, whilst the dispensation was -daily expected, Charles grew weary of the uniform Court gaieties, during -which he saw nothing but the Infanta, on whom his eyes were incessantly -fastened, as the inquisitive courtiers remarked. - -“I have seen,” James Howell wrote from Madrid to Captain Porter, the -brother of Endymion, “the Prince have his eyes immovably fixed upon the -Infanta half an hour together, in a thoughtful, speculative posture, -which sure would needs be tedious, if affection did not succeed it.” -Lord Bristol, not very elegantly, remarked that Charles “watched her as -a cat does a mouse.” Still the royal pair were not allowed to be on the -terms of lovers; and the possibility, even at this last stage, of the -treaty never being concluded, kept these young persons apart. Nothing -could exceed the magnificence and courtly hospitality continually shown -to the “wooer;” everything was done to satisfy the Prince and his suite. -Nevertheless, whilst King Philip’s own servants waited upon the royal -guest at the palace, there were some among the English “who did jeer at -the Spanish fare, and use other slighting speeches and demeanour,” -which, of course, were reported, and occasioned ill will. Once a week -comedians came to the palace where the Prince was lodged, and Charles, -seated, with Don Carlos, on the right hand of the Queen, the Infanta -being in the middle, between her brother and his consort, taking the -chief place as Prince of England, feasted his eyes upon that fair but -soon forgotten face. The youthful King Philip was then under twenty, and -his brother, Don Fernando, a boy of twelve, nevertheless Archbishop of -Toledo and a Cardinal, was of all this royal family the only one who had -the true Spanish complexion; and seems to have been, on that account, -more beloved by the people, who were often heard to sigh and say:--"Oh, -when shall we have a king again of our own colour?" - -Marked out thus for popularity by the true Spanish type, Don Carlos was -endowed with no office, dignity, nor title; he was only the King’s -“individual companion, dressed in similar garments, from top to toe,” -with the King, and when the King had new robes, others were always -provided for him; he was, in short, His Spanish Majesty’s shadow.[16] - -Footnote 16: - - Epistolæ Hoelianæ. - -Thus fenced round with guardians and etiquette, the Infanta could only -publicly converse with Charles, and that through an interpreter, the -Earl of Bristol, “Our cousin, Archy” (King James’s fool) “hath,” says -the writer in Howell’s letters, “more privilege than any, for he goes -with his fool’s coat where the Infanta is with her meninas and maidens -of honour, and keeps a blowing and a blustering, and flirts out what he -lists. One day they were discoursing what a marvellous thing it was that -the Duke of Bavaria, with less than 15,000 men, after a long toylsome -march, should dare to encounter the Palsgower’s army, consisting of -about 25,000, and give them an utter discomfiture, and take Prague -presently after; wherefore he archly answered, that he would tell them a -stranger thing than that. ‘Was it not a stranger thing,’ quoth he, ‘that -in the year eighty-eight, there should come a fleet of one hundred and -forty sails from Spain to invade England, and that ten of these should -not go back to tell what became of the rest.’”[17] - -Footnote 17: - - Epistolæ Hoelianæ. - -At last Charles was resolved to gain a private interview with her whom -he supposed to be his destined wife. Understanding that the Infanta was -in the habit of going early in the morning to the Caso del Campo, on the -other side of the river, to gather May-dew, he rose early, and went -thither, accompanied by Endymion Porter. “They were,” says Howell, “let -into the house, and into the garden, but the Infanta was in the orchard, -and there being a high partition wall between, and the door doubly -bolted, the Prince got on the top of the wall, and sprung down a great -height, and so made towards her; but she, spying him first of all the -rest, gave a shriek, and ran back. The old Marquis that was then her -guardian, came towards the Prince and fell on his knees, conjuring him -to retire, in regard he hazarded his head if he admitted him to her -company; so the door was opened, and he came out under that wall under -which he had got in.” - -Often did the Prince watch “a long hour together,” in a close coach in -an open street, to see the Infanta, as she went abroad; and this conduct -appears to have been either the curiosity felt by a young man who -earnestly desires to love the individual chosen to be his wife, or a -gallantry natural to the age, and then the fashion in both nations, for -Charles soon either forgot the Infanta, or became indifferent to the -marriage. His affections were destined to rest ultimately upon one of a -very different character, as far as we can gather from the perhaps too -flattering accounts given by historians of the Infanta, to that of the -Spanish Princess. - -Still, both the Prince and Buckingham sent encouraging accounts of the -progress of the treaty, and even inspired the poor King with a hope that -they should bring the Infanta over to England at Michaelmas. This was -almost the last letter in which such expectations were held out: it was -dated on the fifteenth of July. On that very day, the Archbishop Laud -stated in his diary of a violent and destructive tempest, which many, -says Camden, “took occasion to interpret as an ill-omen, but God -forbid.” It was a “very fair day,” the Archbishop records, "till towards -five at night; then great extremity of thunder and lightning, and much -hurt done; the lanthorn at St. James’s House blasted, the vane heading -the Prince’s arms beaten to pieces." - -The Prince was then in Spain. It was Tuesday, and St. James’s day -(N.S.)[18] - -Footnote 18: - - Nichols, vol. iii., p. 227. - -It appears, however, from Mr. Chamberlain’s letters,[19] that although -“Spanish tidings” were kept “very close,” the Prince had even then -written to the Duke of Richmond to procure him the King’s permission to -return home, as he was anxious to leave Spain.[20] About the same time a -letter from Endymion Porter, dated July twelfth, to his wife Olive, -intimated that the Prince was to be contracted in three weeks, but the -Infanta, than whom, he added, there never was a better creature, was to -follow in the following March.[21] - -Footnote 19: - - Dated July 12. - -Footnote 20: - - State Papers, vol. cxlviii., No. 12. - -Footnote 21: - - Ibid, No. 125. - -Meantime the articles of agreement for the marriage were read publicly -by Secretary Calvert at Court, when the King of Spain swore to observe -them. The Infanta was to have an Archbishop and twenty-four priests in -her suite, and a chapel for her Spanish household, but no English were -to attend it. She was to be allowed the training of her children only -until they were ten years old. The Prince and Infanta were to sign the -contract of marriage on St. James’s day; that day which Laud had noted -in his Diary as one of storms and destruction.[22] At the same time that -a Romanist Archbishop and twenty-four priests were to be admitted into -the very heart of the Court, three Jesuits were imprisoned at Dover for -bringing over pictures and books; a subject of the British crown was -prosecuted in the Ecclesiastical court for not standing up at the creed, -or kneeling down at the Lord’s Prayer, in church; and a poor woman, -passing over from Calais, was brought up before the Commissioners of -Passage for having beads, which, she said, were bought to make -bracelets, and Popish books in her possession,[23] which, she asserted, -were for the use of the Spanish ambassador. - -Footnote 22: - - Ibid, vol. clix., No. 80. - -Footnote 23: - - State Papers, vol. xlix., Nos. 20 and 22. - -When the articles of the Spanish match were read at the English Court, -then at Theobald’s, it was the Scottish lords who “stuck most” on points -of religion, but they were silenced by being told that there "must be no -disputing, the Prince being in the hands of the Spaniards, and the -restoration of the King’s children to be effected either by them or by a -war which would set all Christendom by the ears." Then the articles were -sworn to. The Archbishop of Spalato’s Jesuit confessor put on his hat -whilst the prayer for King James was being read. There was afterwards a -“gay and plentiful banquet;” but the Court had become very “rude,” as -Secretary Conway wrote to Sir George Goring, “for want of its ornaments, -which are in Spain; and but for the Earl of Carlisle, wearing of ruffs -and gartering of silk stockings would be forgotten.” - -King James now began to be painfully eager for the fleet, which was to -fetch back his son and the Duke, to sail. “No impediment in the power of -man,” he decreed, should detain it. Every letter written by his -Secretaries of State to Lord Middlesex was to end with, “His Majesty -cries, haste away the ships, as you tender the life of himself and his -son.” Good tidings still arrived from Madrid; more liberty of -communication between the Prince and the Infanta was allowed; but the -contract, fixed for St. James’s Day, was not fulfilled, and the ill-omen -was, in the minds of the superstitious, confirmed.[24] - -Footnote 24: - - State Papers, vol. xlix., No. 69. - -Meantime, whilst such was the state of things at the Spanish Court, -their ambassadors here were in vain endeavouring to obtain indulgence -for recusants. Whilst these conflicting interests were thus impeding a -speedy settlement of the Spanish match, Buckingham had other reasons, -besides weariness of foreign life, to induce him to wish to return home. -His affairs were greatly involved, and he found it, indeed, necessary, -at this time, to employ several of his friends, among whom was Sir John -Suckling, to examine into them. Their answers were far from -satisfactory. His revenue, they stated in reply, from land, offices, -&c., was 15,213_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ a year. His expenditure was 14,700_l._ -Out of this, 3,000_l._ was allowed to the Duchess for housekeeping, -2,000_l._ was allowed to his mother, the Countess of Buckingham; the -costly diversion of tilting cost 1,000_l._ a year, about as much as a -yacht in modern times. Then his friends gave him no very pleasant -intelligence about his debts; they had amounted, when the Duke went to -Spain, to 24,000_l._, and were now increased by 29,400_l._--money having -been advanced to him whilst shining at the Court of Madrid. His friends -had cleared off 17,300_l._ by selling land, and were to apply 2,500_l._ -to be paid from his Irish revenues, and they now proposed similar means -of discharging the remainder, which, they said, would otherwise ruin his -estate. His income, they gravely told him, but little exceeded his -expenditure; whereas, those who wish to leave a patrimony behind them do -not spend more than two-thirds of their income[25]--an excellent rule, -but not much better observed in those days than in ours. Half the -nobility appear to have been deeply involved in debt, and hence their -tendency to corrupt practices. Even the honest-hearted Sir Edward Coke -was, we are told, “half-crazied” by his debts, which amounted to -26,000_l._[26] In consequence, it may be presumed, of these -embarrassments, the King, at this time, wrote to his “sweete Steenie,” -announcing a present to him of 2,000_l._ from the East India Company by -way of consolation.[27] - -Footnote 25: - - State Papers, vol. cxlix., No. 91. - -Footnote 26: - - Nichols, p. 887. - -Footnote 27: - - Ibid, p. 887; from Birch’s MSS., Brit. Museum, 4174. - -The Duke was also made now fully aware of the responsibility he had -incurred in taking the Prince to Spain. Reports were often circulated -that he had been made a prisoner there. Shortly afterwards James, being -agitated with this fear, was assured that, “if there be trust on earth,” -the Prince and Infanta were to be moving home on the twenty-eighth of -August. - -The King, meantime, wrote plaintively to his “sweete boyes.” He kept -what he called the “feaste,” on the anniversary of the Gowry plot, at -Salisbury, on the fifth of August, where the Spanish ambassador and all -the _corps diplomatique_ were conveyed, at the King’s expense, in -coaches, which cost twenty pounds a day; and here, besides a brace of -bucks and a stag every day, the provision made for these Spanish -grandees was so plentiful that, not being able to use it, they were -stated to have buried it under dunghills, rather than bestow it upon -heretics. “And though,” says Mr. Chamberlain, referring to this report, -“I took it for a scandal or slander, yet I have heard it verified more -than once; and that the neighbours were forced to complain, though to -little purpose, for, I know not how, the Spaniard hath got such a hand -everywhere, that he carries more away, when he comes, than all other -ambassadors together.”[28] - -Footnote 28: - - It seems that this expensive allowance to the ambassadors was suffered - to go on till after the 14th of August, when Secretary Conway wrote to - Secretary Calvert to complain that it had not then been discontinued, - and that the delay in doing so put the King out of all patience, - fearing that the letters written on the subject were lost. The post, - Conway remarks, travels slowly, taking ten hours from London to - Staines. He recommends reformation therein.--State Papers, vol. cl., - No. 98. - -Buckingham, we are told, “lay at home under a million of -maledictions.”[29] The poor King, indifferent to public opinion, and now -visibly declining in health, was nevertheless constantly writing to -Madrid in such terms as these:--"If ye haisten not hoame, I apprehende I -shale never see you, for my longing will kill mee." To the Prince -individually, he expressed himself in terms which left Charles no -alternative but to return. “The necessitie of my affaires,” the King -wrote, “enforced me to tell you that ye must preferre the obedience to a -father to the love ye carrie to a mistresse.” Eager to do away with -every possible impediment to the marriage, the King, on the seventh of -August, signed, whilst at Salisbury, the “declaration, touching the -pardons, suspensions, and dispensations of the Roman Catholics.”[30] - -Footnote 29: - - Sir H. Wotton, p. 218. - -Footnote 30: - - Nichols, p. 888. - -The Prince had, it appears, at this very time, “been packed up,” and -ready to depart, leaving matters to be arranged afterwards. Yet the -Spanish ambassadors at home expressed themselves contented, and ready to -fulfil all promises. Sir Edward Herbert, speaking to the Marquis -Inojosa, of a report in France that the Prince was detained a prisoner -in Spain, received an answer that it was the Prince whose virtues had -captivated the King of Spain;[31] and for some time compliments and -assurances continued to be exchanged. - -Footnote 31: - - State Papers, cxlix., No. 107. - -On the twenty-first of August, the King visited the ships which were to -go to Spain, under the command of the Earl of Rutland, who was -unfortunately absent, upon the earnest entreaty of his daughter, the -Duchess of Buckingham, and of his grandchild, Lady Mary, that he would -remain with them. At the end of that month, nevertheless, the fleet was -still detained for fifteen days, in the vain hope of receiving news of -the Prince’s marriage. The Pope’s illness, it was now said, was delaying -the dispensation; but Buckingham’s conduct was, according to a letter -from Sir Francis Woolley to Carleton, “much commended.” He was, -nevertheless, more impatient than ever to return, and that eagerness was -sure, it was thought, to hinder rather than accelerate the wished-for -nuptials. In addition to his other troubles, Buckingham had now a very -grievous one in the visitation which had fallen, during his absence, -upon Lord Purbeck, his favourite brother, who became insane. As usual, -under every circumstance, the greatest good sense was shown by the -Duchess of Buckingham. She wrote to Secretary Conway to inform him that -the unfortunate Viscount’s “distemper now inclined to his usual -melancholy fit,” during which he was gentle, and “could be removed -anywhere, but that at present he would be outrageous were it attempted;” -she suggests, therefore, that Sir John Keysley, and a few other friends, -had better remain with him in London. - -The King, replying through his secretary, said that he admired the -Duchess’s gentleness, but that Purbeck’s malady, exciting him to public -acts, in public places, which dishonoured himself and his brothers, made -it necessary to place him under some restraint, and to remove him into -the country.[32] Lord Purbeck, it seems, was therefore put under -restraint. Such was the end of that ambitious career which the Duke had -hoped to witness, and so pave the way to which he had promoted the -marriage with Sir Edward Coke’s unhappy daughter. - -Footnote 32: - - State Papers, vol. cli., Nos. 86, 87. - -Whilst a degree of gloom and anxiety thus overspread his home, -Buckingham was witnessing, in the festivities given to honour the -expected espousals, one of the most characteristic diversions of the -Spanish nation. This was the “Fuego de Caunas,”--borrowed from the -Moors, and still practised by Eastern nations, under the name of El -Djerid. “It is,” says Sir Walter Scott, “a sort of rehearsal of the -encounter of their light horsemen, armed with darts, as the Tourney -represented the charge of the feudal cavaliers with their lances. In -both cases, the difference between sport and reality only consisted in -the weapons being sharp or pointless.”[33] - -Footnote 33: - - Somers’s Tracts, vol. ii., p. 352. - -This entertainment was ordered by the King of Spain, who was not -contented with the festivities hitherto given in honour of the Prince of -Wales, and was held at Madrid, in the Market Place, containing -scaffolding for a great concourse of strangers, who were present. The -Infanta appeared on this occasion in white, as an unspotted dove, “after -the Majesty of England;” the manes of her coach horses were twisted with -blue ribbands, in compliment to her future consort; and there -accompanied the Lady Infanta, says the Spanish annalist, “Don Fernando, -her brother, clothed in Romane purple, that radiant sunne of the church, -even as his sister is the resplendent beames of true beauty,”[34] this -“radiant sunne of the church;” being, as it has been before stated, a -boy of twelve years of age. The Queen was carried in a chair of state, -followed by her meninas (or minions) and ladies. The King, about two -o’clock, arrived in a coach with the Prince of Wales, and his brothers, -“brave with gravity,” says the chronicler, and “grave in bravery.” -Philip was in black, Prince Charles in white, their dresses divided in -fashion, half after the English, and half after the Spanish manner; -Charles being placed on the right hand of the King. - -Footnote 34: - - A Relation of the Royal Festivities and Fuego Canad. By Don Antonio de - la Penna, from a translation in the British Museum.--Nichols, p. 889. - -Then came four and twenty movable fountains, with a supply of beverages; -and next entered into the Market Place His Majesty’s four and twenty -musicians, and servants in satin liveries, carnation colour, guarded -with silver lace, interspersed with folds of black velvet in large -cassocks, with black hats and carnation plumes, mounted on goodly -horses. Next appeared the King’s equerries, leading the way, uncovered, -before a noble courser on which His Majesty was to run: and, amongst the -numerous retinue that followed, were four farriers with pouches of -crimson velvet, in which all that was requisite for shoeing horses was -contained. Sixty horses of brown bay, in white and black trappings, with -muzzles of silver, and covered with crimson velvet, embroidered with the -arms of Philip IV., were led by lacqueys in carnation satin, their hose -and jacket decorated with black and silver lace. Next came forty -“youngsters of the stables,” dressed in the Turkish fashion, and lastly, -twelve mules, laden with bunches of canes, and caparisoned in similar -fashion with the horses. To add to the convenience of the equestrians, -steps of fine wood, inlaid with ebony, and covered with carnation -taffeta, with fringes of gold, were also brought into the Market Place. - -The livery of the town was of orange colour, relieved with silver; and -it may easily be conceived how splendid was the effect of these gorgeous -dresses, set off by the badges worked in silver, beneath a cloudless -sky, with the far-famed Spanish coursers prancing under their gorgeous -caparisons, and all the beauty and rank of the city ranged as beholders. -Mingled with these retainers, were those of the great Spanish grandees. -First came Don Duarte, the Duke of Infantado, with forty horses, in -white and black caparisons, with the glorious blazon of the Ave Maria -upon them; and after the last horse, came the Rider, as he was called on -this occasion. - -Next followed Don Pedro of Toledo, the pride of Castilian knights, with -a troop of sorrel horses. Next, that of the Admiral of Castile, whose -retainers wore long coats of black satin, and yellow and white plumes, -and were followed by the farrier--a functionary attached to each troop. -Presently, the Condé de Monterey, the Duke of Sessa and the Duke of -Cea’s horse, all in liveries of various colours, made up the number of -five hundred and eighty-six cavaliers; augmented by muleteers, farriers, -and grooms, in number a hundred and forty-four. This unrivalled troop, -glittering with silver plumes and emblazonments, took an hour to make -their entrance. After “baiting but a few bulls,” says the chronicler, -the running with the canes commenced. - -King Philip, followed by his thaclow, Don Carlos, then went to mask -himself for the sport, at the house of the Condessa Miranda, who had -been previously apprised of the intended honour. Her reception of the -young monarch is characteristic of the minute, though stately, -hospitality of that period. She whitened her house all over for the -occasion; she hung round the courts with draperies; in the portals of -the King’s apartment these were of white damask, with gold fringe. Beds -were prepared for the King and Infant Carlos; and these were brought -from the royal palace; the rooms were washed with sweet powder and water -mingled with ambar, and were replete with fragrance. Next to the -apartment of His Majesty, there was one provided for the Condé Olivares, -with a bed of rich needle-work. The Condessa Miranda also provided for -the King and Don Carlos each a shirt to change, which they put on; she -gave each of her royal guests boxes of relics, of inestimable value: to -the King, one of St. Philip the Apostle; to the Infant, one of St. -Lawrence, given to the Condessa by Pope Sixtus V., when she was at -Naples; and these reliques were the more valuable because the vessel in -which they had been sent was sunk, but the trunk in which they came was -seen in the water, and was sent to the Condé of Miranda, by the famous -John Andrea Dorea, which miraculous incident proves, says the Spanish -historian, “the certainty of reliques;” this gift was esteemed a “pious -and discreet present, on such occasions, to such persons.” The Condessa -had also gloves and handkerchiefs, for her royal guests, in cabinets of -rock crystal, set in gold; sweet cake to be eaten, in crystal glasses; -and crystal apples, filled with sweet waters. All these carefully -arranged courtesies must have seemed indeed singular to Prince Charles -and Buckingham, when they, who had come from a Court in which people had -almost begun to show outward disrespect to the King, by leaving off -ruffs and plumes, witnessed these refinements of hospitality. - -More than all, it must have astonished them, considering the festive -nature of the occasion, had they not been accustomed now to Spanish -modes, that the Condessa, being most “wise and discreet,” had procured -that the Holy Sacrament, in the Monastery of the Holy Trinity, should be -exhibited before her window, with great solemnity of lights and -ornaments. On bended knees, the two young Princes humbly and devoutly -worshipped the sacred elements, previous to returning to their -apartments to put on their masks. In that room they found about forty -plates of silver, with all manner of conserves on them, and rose-sugar -confections. The honour shown to the Condessa in thus selecting her to -be the hostess, was, it was alleged, only a renewal of the favour -exhibited by Philip the Second, the grandfather of the King, to that -illustrious lady when she was vice-Queen of Barcelona. - -After this preparation, the running commenced. The canes were -distributed to each runner, and, according to ancient custom, the King -chose the Condé Olivares for his own encounter, and the Infant Carlos, -the Marquis of Carpio. The palm of skill and bravery was, of course, -accorded to these royal brothers, and on the Duke of Cea’s delivering to -the King the canes, the place rang with shouts of “Long live their -Majesties,” a cry which London doubtless would re-echo as this -“triumpant show,” says the annalist, “was made to honour her Prince, and -in a time of such vehement heate, though now it was qualified.”[35] - -Footnote 35: - - Nichols, 901. - -This grand festivity was probably the cause of a serious illness to -Buckingham, for, a day afterwards, Charles wrote to his father that his -“dog” was not to be troubled with writing, having taken cold, which had -ended in an ague. The Duke had been bled, and was recovered; the Prince -concluded by warning the King that in spite of his efforts to keep his -letters private, they had been seen in London, by the French -ambassador’s means, by the Spanish ambassador, and that His Majesty was -“betrayed in his bedchamber.” - -Buckingham added in a postscript:--"Sir, I have bine the willinger to -let your sone play the secretary at this time of little neade, that you -may see the extraordinary care he hath of me, for which I will not -intreat you not to love him the wors--nor him that thretens you that -when he once getts hould of your bed-post againe never to quitt it." - -The period for Charles’s return home with the Princess was now at -hand.[36] It was arranged with the King of Spain that, upon the arrival -of the Pope’s approbation of some articles that had lately been sent to -him, he should be empowered to have the Infanta married by proxy; and -that, meantime, she should be styled “Princessa de Inglatierra,” and be -considered in every respect as the betrothed wife of Prince Charles. -“This day we take our leaves,” the Prince, on the twenty-fifth of -August, wrote to his father; his letter was accompanied by one from the -Earl of Bristol, stating that the King of Spain and his ministers had -grown “to have so high a dislike of the Duke of Buckingham,” and -considered him to be so adverse to the treaty, and to exercise so great -an influence over Prince Charles, that they hoped it might not be in his -power to make the Infanta’s life less happy there (in England), or to -embroil the two kingdoms. “Suspicions and distastes betwixt them here -and my Lord of Buckingham,” Bristol said, “could not be at a greater -height.” This was the first letter that Bristol wrote prejudicial to -Buckingham. - -Footnote 36: - - Nichols, 903. - -Nevertheless, at the very same moment, the Duke wrote to his master -thus:--"Sir,--He bring all things with me you have desired, except the -Infanta, which hath almost broken my heart, because yours, your sone’s, -and the nation’s honour is touched by the miss of it; but since it’s -there falt (their fault) here, and not ours, wee will bere it the -better; and when I shall have the happiness to lie at your feete, you -shall then knowe the truth of it, and no more."[37] - -Footnote 37: - - Nichols, 905. - -In another letter from Bristol, James was given to understand that the -compact entered into by his son was a solemn and formal promise; but -that an afterthought impelled him to make the powers with which he had -entrusted Bristol contingent: - -"May it please your Majesty, - - "By my cosen, Simon Digby, I gave your Majesty an account of all -that passed here upon the Prince his departure, and that according to -what was capitulated. His Highness had left powers for the marrying of -the Infanta, _per verba de presenti_, which powers were made unto the -King and his brother, Don Carlos, but left with me to be delivered upon -the arrival of the Pope’s approbation, and so declared to be His -Highnesse’ pleasure before all this King’s Ministers that were present -at the solemne act of passing the Prince his powers unto the King. Since -His Highnesse’ departure, I have receaved commandement from His Highness -not to make deliverie of the said powers untill His Highness shall be -satisfied what securitie may be given him that the Infanta may not -become a religious woman[38] after the betroathing; and that I expect -his further pleasure therein, as y^r Majestie will see by the coppie of -His Highnesse’ letter unto me, which I presume to send your Majestie, as -likewise the answer which in that point I make unto His Highnesse, to -the end your Majestie may have perfect information of the whole estate -of the businesse. For that I conceave the temporal articles are so farr -agreed that I have to give your Majestie an account of them within a few -daies, and to youre content, and the businesse, after so manie rubbs, -brought to that estate that I am confident there will not be any failing -in any pointe capitulated betwixt your Majesty and His Highnesse, but -all will be punctuallie performed. I conceave your Majestie, continuing -your desire of the match, would be loath to have the faire way it is now -in to be clogged or interrupted with any new jealousie that may now be -raised, for questionlesse there is no securitie in that particular, that -can on His Highnesse’ part be required, that they will refuse him."[39] - -Footnote 38: - - A professed nun. - -Footnote 39: - - State Papers, 1623. Foreign. - -The character of Charles, composed, as Hume remarks, “of decency, -reserve, modesty, sobriety, virtues so agreeable to the manners of the -Spaniards;”[40] the reliance he had placed on their honour, his romantic -gallantry, the invariable courtesy of his demeanour to every person, -whether prince, or peer, or the lowest groom of his household; a -courtesy springing from a gentle nature, elevated and refined by careful -culture; these attributes were strongly contrasted with the impetuous -temper of Buckingham. There are moments when sincerity becomes -insolence; and when Buckingham, at his last interview with Olivares, -told him that his attachment to the Spanish nation, and to the King, was -extreme, and that he should use every endeavour in his power to cement -the friendship between England and Spain, but that, as for him, the -Condé Olivares, “he need never consider him as a friend, but must ever -expect from him every possible opposition and enmity,” he was well -reproved by the grave and lofty answer, “that Olivares very willingly -accepted what was offered him.” Thus they parted.[41] - -Footnote 40: - - Confirmed by State Papers, vol. cliii., No. 44. - -Footnote 41: - - Hume, from Rushworth’s Collection’s, vol i., p. 103. - -There were, however, many who approved this defiant manner, and called -the conduct of the Duke “brave and resolute;” and certainly there was -much in the character of Olivares to extenuate the bitterness of -Buckingham’s dislike. Lord Bristol, however, imputed all the mistrust -and failure that ensued to Buckingham. “The Prince,” he said, "had left -men’s hearts set upon him." “And the leave-taking,” adds the ambassador, -“betwixt him and the King, was with as great profession of love and -affection as could be, of which I was a witness, being interpreter -betwixt them.”[42] - -Footnote 42: - - Nichols, p. 913. From Haddwicke State Papers, vol. i, p. 476. - -Every possible demonstration of honour was proffered to the Prince and -Duke at their departure. To the last, the pages of the Condé Olivares -attended, as they had done all along, on Buckingham--there was no -apparent change of feeling, nor diminution of respect. - -The farewell presents, too numerous to be fully recited, were -magnificent. Among them were, given to the Prince by the King, eighteen -Spanish jennets, six Barbary horses, six mares, and twenty foals. These -superb animals were covered with cloths of crimson velvet, guarded with -gold lace; one of them being distinguished by a saddle of fine -lamb-skin, the other “furniture” being set with rich pearl; among a -number of cross-bows which were given, those used by the Dukes of Medina -Sidonia and Ossunia, in the wars, were peculiarly valuable to the -Prince. - -To Buckingham’s share, among others, were several Spanish jennets, and -Barbary or Arabian horses, and a splendid diamond girdle, worth thirty -thousand crowns. - -Thu Queen presented the young Prince with linen, and skins of ambar and -of kids, their scent and perfume amounting in value to many thousand -crowns. - -Twice, before his leaving for ever the Spanish capital, did Charles, in -company with the King, visit the Infanta. She had retreated to the -monastery of the Descallas, or bare-legged friars; and it was, perhaps, -her extreme piety that inspired the Prince with the fear that she might, -after her betrothal, become a nun, and in that way avoid espousing a -heretic. She received him with “tears of joy,” and gave the Prince many -boxes of scents, flowers, and curiosites of great value. The Prince’s -gifts to the Infanta consisted of a string of two hundred and fifty -great pear-shaped pearls, one of them with a diamond which could not be -valued, and two pairs of pearl-shaped ear-rings, marvellous great.” -Amongst the officers and retainers of the Court, the Prince gave, in -various ways, the sum of twelve thousand pounds. - -At their last interview in Madrid, the King of Spain wore black, as a -token of mourning at their departure; but the final parting was in a -field near the Escurial, the place appointed for their adieus. Philip -had been desirous of showing to the English that wonder of Europe, with -its thirteen courts, its grand marble structure, its statue of St. -Lawrence over the gate, with his gridiron in his hand. Here Philip, the -Queen, the Infant, and his brothers pointed out, with just pride, the -fine cloisters, three stories high, the libraries, sepulchres, chapels, -and graves. About a hundred friars were resident at this time in the -house, which it required half a day to go over. That part appropriated -to royal residence was wholly unsuitable to the purpose. It is a -remarkable fact that, when Charles the First was in Spain, there was -only one kitchen in the Escurial; neither was there a hall, nor offices -below stairs fit for a royal abode; so that, as Sir Richard Wynn -remarked, "it was never intended for a king’s palace, but for the -goodliest monastery in the world, which it is."[43] - -Footnote 43: - - Narrative of the journey of the Prince’s servants into Spain; printed - at the end of the Life of Richard II., by Hearne. - -The church, with its twenty altars, and enormous silver candlesticks, -higher and heavier than a man; the wonderful chapel at the extremity, -with curiously painted roofs and desks of silver; the marble fountains -playing in every court; the invaluable paintings in the churches and -chapels, collected in all parts of the world, were then in undisturbed -freshness; the convulsions of war and revolutions, and the hand of time, -have since dimmed their splendour, but the Escurial stands unscathed on -the side of a mountain. Stern in cloistral gloom rather than beautiful, -it had then a narrow strip of garden round two sides, with walks and -“knots of flowers,” and a pond at one extremity, in which the friars -were accustomed to fish. Most of them had their apartments provided with -a chapel; all had mules for riding, for walking was forbidden to these -monks, even to a short distance.[44] - -Footnote 44: - - It was improved before the time of the Commonwealth, when Lady - Fanshawe describes it as approached by a double row of elms, and - having a large park well stored with wood and water; she speaks of - seventeen courts, with gardens in each, and of a very fine palace; the - walls of the building were of marble, so polished that Titian had - painted them “all over.” She says also that the palace is “royally - furnished.”--See Miss Costello’s Life of Lady Fanshawe, p. 389. - -In a field near this grand building, the King and Prince sat and -conversed an hour; a pillar, it was afterwards decided, was to be -erected on the spot where this last interview took place; “wherein,” -wrote Mr. Chamberlain, “the Duke of Buckingham is quite forgotten, as if -he had been none of the company.” The Queen, the Infanta, and her -brothers, embraced the Prince who so soon became their foe. The English -lords and gentlemen kissed the King’s hands, the Spaniards those of the -Prince, “returning,” says the chronicler, “to embrace us again with -wonderful demonstrations of love.” Then the Prince took his final -departure, attended by the Condé de Monterey, Gondomar, Buckingham, and -Lord Bristol, and pursued his journey to Segovia, which had been -recommended to him, according to Sir Richard Wynn, as the only thing -worth seeing after the Escurial. “It was then,” says Wynn, “a large -town, but much ruinous, having a great castle, kept in very good repair, -in which there be two goodly rooms, whose roofes are the richest, done -with gold, and incrusting, of an old manner, but wonderful costly.” Here -Charles was welcomed with a salute of artillery, and alighting, he went -over the palace, extolling the memory of Philip the Second, who had -rebuilt it, and expressing great pleasure at seeing his arms quartered -with the Spanish scutcheons in the great hall,--Henry the Third of -Spain, having married Catherine, daughter of John of Gaunt, in right of -whom Philip the Second pretended to derive his claim to the crown of -England after the death of Mary. In this palace, Charles was -magnificently entertained; and in the evening, whilst fireworks and -torches threw their light upon the scene, the Alcayd of that royal house -presented him with a gallant mask of thirty-two-knights, and proposed to -honour him by a bull-fight on the ensuing day; but he declined the -terrible amusement, being in haste to depart. - -Charles--and doubtless Buckingham (although in this decline of favour in -Spain, he is rarely alluded to by the chroniclers)--in stopping at -Valladolid, had great delight in seeing some of the finest productions -of Michael Angelo and of Raphael. Before the Prince entered the city, an -individual who was the object of dread and jealousy, and who was still -more hated by Olivares than even Buckingham, was withdrawn from amid -those who vied in offering their homage to the Prince. This was the -Cardinal Duke of Lerma, the disgraced minister and favourite of Philip, -who was ordered to leave Valladolid before Charles entered it. The -affront sank deep into the old man’s heart, as he had greatly wished to -see the Prince. The Duke of Lerma was considered to be more favourable -to the English alliance than Olivares, and he had formerly projected a -union between Anne of Austria, then Infanta, and Henry, the last Prince -of Wales. He lived generally at Valladolid, retiring, as was the custom -with the Spaniards of rank, after sixty, to a place of quiet and -devotion; officiating, and singing mass, and passing his days in charity -and piety. “This,” as Howell remarks, “doth not suit well with the -genius of an Englishman, who loves not to pull off his clothes till he -goes to bed.” The remark shows that our countrymen were then, as now, -the last in Europe to give up the intellectual or military career to -which their youth had been devoted, and which, during their middle life, -had been their source of pride and prosperity. - -The conduct of Olivares to the Cardinal Duke seems to betray a rancorous -spirit, which may somewhat extenuate the haughty bearing of Buckingham -to the ruling favourite. Lerma’s fall was signal; he had been the -greatest favourite, save one, ever known in the Spanish Court; and he -was, as a grandee of Spain, privileged to stand covered before the King. -Had it not, however, been for his ecclesiastical dignity, which -protected him, the Duke of Lerma would have sunk, under the persecutions -of Olivares, into utter ruin. - -Meantime, whilst the Prince was thus journeying to the coast, Sir John -Finet, the assistant Master of the Ceremonies to King James, being also -a naval commander, had set sail in May with certain ships, now in the -port of St. Andero, in Biscay. They had been three months in their -voyage from England, and Finet had been ordered to apprize the Prince of -the Earl of Rutland’s arrival in the same port; but that event not -having taken place, he rowed ashore, and crossing several mountains in -the darkness of a tempestuous night, met the Prince and Duke at about -six leagues distance from the town. Charles was beside himself with joy -on seeing Finet, and told him that he looked upon him “as one that had -the face of an angel,” for bringing such good news. Buckingham, when he -afterwards beheld him, was equally enraptured, and drawing from his -finger a ring worth a hundred pounds, gave it to Finet. - -Prince Charles arrived at St. Andero on St. Matthew’s day. Whilst at -dinner outside of the town, he heard that the whole fleet, under the -command of the Earl of Rutland, lay at anchor near the harbour. Charles -hastened to the port, and hurrying through the town amid volleys of -musketry and the firing of cannon in his honour, went on board that very -afternoon. The _Prince_, a vessel which was a source of great pride to -the English, contained the admiral of the fleet. In returning that night -in his own barge, rowed by watermen, well accustomed to the Thames, but -little fitted to cope with a swelling sea, the Prince was in imminent -peril. In the hurry of the moment, neither master, pilot, nor mariner of -experience were sent in his barge; the town was, at least, at the -distance of a Spanish league from the ships, and before the boat could -near the shore, a storm arose. The Prince’s watermen were, says the -chroniclers, “strong, cunning, and courageous, but the furious waves -taught their oares another manner of practice than ever they were put to -on the Thames.” They soon found it impossible to reach the town. Not -only did the tempest rage, but there lay at the very mouth of the -harbour a barque, which was there for refuge, so that it was dangerous -to approach it; neither did the dismayed boatmen dare to make for the -shore; it was studded with rocks; almost equally perilous would it have -been to return to the ships, for the night was dark, and, in case of -missing them, the boat, with its precious freight, might be carried out -into the main seas, the channel where the fleet anchored running with an -impetuous and irresistible torrent. - -It was a singular and critical situation. Here was the heir to a great -kingdom, close, on the one hand, to a city which was ringing with -acclamations at his arrival; on the other, near to a fleet which the -most anxious precautions had sent for his service--and yet, scarcely -would a peasant in his father’s dominions have been placed in such a -plight for want of ordinary care, or, perhaps, owing to the jealousy of -the boatmen and their dislike to foreign aid. - -“In this full sea of horrors,” to borrow the somewhat flowery language -of the narrator, the Prince resolved to turn back towards the ships, and -to fall upon the first that could be fastened on, rather than to run the -risk of being wrecked on one of the rocks, which threatened immediate -destruction. - -The storm continued to rage, and the night became darker and darker. -Charles and Buckingham could, at this moment, see the lights streaming -from the town, and dimly, perhaps, discern the track of the English -fleet. Soon all was enveloped in the deepest gloom. At such a moment the -mind can only turn to one source of help, and to that, doubtless, the -young and reflective Prince, who afterwards met the sternest trials of -life with a lofty resignation, did revert, whatever may have been the -case with his spoiled, impetuous favourite. - -“At last,” as the chronicler observes, “that Omnipotent arm, which can -tear up rocks from their center, and that voyce which can call in the -winds, and still them with the moving of His finger, sent a dove with an -olive branch in her bill, as an assurance of comfort.” - -Sir Sackwill Trevor, the commander of the _Defiance_, perceived at this -crisis the peril of the Prince; by his order, casks and buoys, with -lights fastened to them by some ropes, were thrown out, and the watermen -seized hold of these, though at the risk of their lives. A light was now -discerned in the ship _Defiance_, and the Prince was soon safely -received on board, where he spent the night, by no means, as it is said, -daunted by these terrors. - -On the ensuing day Charles went on shore, but returned on the same -evening to the fleet. On Sunday, the fourteenth of September, he -entertained Gondomar and the other grandees who had been commissioned to -attend him to the coast on board the _Prince_. - -The dinner consisted, according to Phineas Pette, who was in the ship, -“of no other than we brought from England with us.” Stalled oxen, fatted -sheep, venison, and all manner of fowl were presented to those who -would, perhaps, never see such a repast spread before them again. A long -table for persons of inferior quality was set in the great cabin, and -across this another was placed, where Charles and the chief personages -sat. Healths were drunk; the Spaniards were delighted with the ships, -but still more with the graceful and courteous manners of Charles. -Never, it is said, had a stranger so won upon the affections of a -people, as this young Prince had done in Spain, independently of his -generosity and liberality at parting, when he ordered that the gifts and -rewards of all those who had attended him in his journey, should be -double in value to what he had before specified. “We have found some -difficulty,” Lord Bristol wrote to Calvert, "in taking up the monies, -but I shall, God willing, see it perfectly performed to his highness’s -honour."[45] - -Footnote 45: - - Nichols, p. 923, from Haddwicke Papers, vol. i., p. 475. - -Some days elapsed before the _Prince_ weighed anchor. At last, on the -eighteenth of September, Charles bade adieu to Spain, and with it, -probably, to the sunshine of his youth. For James was now visibly -declining, and his son was soon to be called upon to fulfil duties which -he comprehended not in their just spirit, and to contend with bold, -intelligent, indignant subjects, whom he also imperfectly understood. - -As the sails were swelling with the breeze, the Prince and the other -English gentlemen stood on deck taking leave, in dumb show, of the -throng of Spaniards who saluted them from the shore. The wind was now -prosperous, but a voyage of nine days awaited the impatient Prince -before he could touch English ground. - -The fleet consisted of ten ships of the line; that styled the _Prince_ -was of twelve hundred tons burthen, the others considerably less. In -eight days they arrived within twelve miles of the Scilly Islands. The -Council who were entrusted with the convoy of Charles debated on the -propriety of his landing on this remote point, and were unanimous -against it. Several pilots had come on board, but were dismissed. After -supper, however, Charles suddenly ordered out the long boat and the -ketch, and announced his intention of landing, accompanied by -Buckingham. - -About one o’clock at night they got into the long boat, and being -saluted with a volley from the ship, made for St Mary’s Island, where -the Prince and all his companions landed about seven in the morning. In -the castle the Prince and Buckingham remained four days, and were taken -again on board of the fleet on the third of October; and on the fifth of -the same month, in the afternoon, arrived at Portsmouth,[46] having been -in all seventeen days at sea. Charles proceeded at once to the house of -Lord Annandale, near Guildford, and reached York House at eight the next -morning; thus paying Buckingham the honour of going first to his house -in London. Here he met the Privy Council, and refused an unreasonable -request by the Spanish ambassador for a prior audience. [47] - -Footnote 46: - - Nichols, p. 926, from the Diary of Phineas Pette. There were four - narratives of persons who had their voyage to Spain printed--Lord - Carey of Leppington, Sir Richard Wynn, Sir John Finet and Phineas - Pette. - -Footnote 47: - - State Papers, Calendar, vol. cliii., p. 44. - -Never was there more general or more enthusiastic joy expressed than on -this occasion, and, amongst other demonstrations, a bonfire, which cost -a hundred pounds, was kindled at Guildhall. It is supposed to have been -composed of forfeited logwood, prohibited to the dyers, which had been -seized. Shops were closed; the streets were spread with tables of -provisions, and with hogsheads of wine and butts of sack; the people -were mad with joy. If they met a cart full of wood, they took out the -horse, and set the wood and the cart on fire. At St. Paul’s a new anthem -was sung, the words being taken from the 114th psalm:--"When shall I -come out of Egypt, and the house of Jacob from among the barbarous -people?" - -The battlements of St. Paul’s Cross displayed as many burning torches as -the years of the young Prince in age; two enormous bonfires lighted up -the enclosure around the cross, whilst fireworks, squibs, crackers, and -rockets added to the general illumination of the city, in which, between -St. Paul’s and London Bridge, no fewer than a hundred and eight bonfires -were kindled. But the most interesting of all the incidents of that day -was the reprieve of six men and two women, whom the Prince met on their -road to Tyburn, where they were being taken for execution. At Royston, -the King came down on the stairs to receive the travellers. The Prince -and Duke kneeled down as they beheld the infirm monarch hastening to -them; but the King fell on their necks, and they all wept together. A -post was despatched to the Duchess and Countess of Buckingham, and to -the Countess of Denbigh, to come to Royston.[48] - -Footnote 48: - - State Papers, vol. cliii., No. 44. - -Whilst the public rejoicings in almost every town in the kingdom did -honour to "England’s Joy," as Charles was then called, Buckingham -gleaned some good from this safe return. The confidence of the people -appeared to be restored to him. There was a general impression that even -before Charles had quitted Spain, the match with the Infanta was -virtually at an end; and this was partially confirmed when the Spanish -ambassadors, having set out towards Royston, to congratulate the Prince, -were met at Buntingford by Secretary Conway, to say that Royston being -“a place of ill reception,” they were not to sleep there that night, but -must return to Buntingford the same evening. This was by no means an -agreeable intimation to the Marquis Inojosa, since it was but a week -before that the French ambassador had both supped and lodged at Royston, -though going unexpectedly; nevertheless, the Marquis proceeded to -Royston, and had apparently a gracious reception from the King and -Prince; neither did they “speak amiss” of the Duke’s manner on the -awkward occasion. “Welcome home!” was for a long time the burden of the -Court and country. One amongst the least meritorious of Buckingham’s -dependants, Tobie Mathew, was knighted at Royston, where James and his -favourite kept their intentions with regard to Spain profoundly secret. -Mathew owed, indeed, his very presence at Court to Buckingham, who had -interceded for him when banished on account of his conversion to Popery -by the Jesuit Parsons. Mathew, when at Madrid with the Duke, had written -a description of the Infanta, which he styled a picture “drawn in black -and whyte,” for James’s amusement. “We pray you,” Buckingham wrote to -the King, “let none laugh at it but yourselfe and honneste Kate; he -thinks he hath hitt the naill on the head, but you will find it the -foolishest thing you ever saw.” Amongst the many impertinences of the -fool, Archy, some, directed against Tobie Mathew, were so cutting as to -drive the newly-made knight from the dinner-table at Royston.[49] - -Footnote 49: - - Tobie died at Ghent, in 1665, having become a Jesuit. Lord Orford has, - according to Nichols, placed Tobie Mathew erroneously on the list of - painters, and misled Grainger and others, owing to the reference to - the Infanta’s picture above stated.--Nichols p. 931, note. - -Whilst all these matters, great and small, were discussed at Court, the -poor Infanta, under the tuition of Mr. Wadsworth and Father Boniface, -was studying English “apace.” Wherever she went, she was treated as -Princess of England, the English ambassadors standing uncovered before -her; whilst she occupied herself in having several embroidered suits of -ambar-leather prepared for the Prince, and in the choice and arrangement -of the attendants who were to accompany her to England. “We want,” -Howell wrote, “nothing but one more dispatch from home, and then the -marriage will be solemnized, and all things consummated.”[50] - -Footnote 50: - - Epistolæ Hoelianæ. - -This was the last lingering hope, which was soon to be abandoned, and -fresh schemes substituted to amuse the fancy of the Prince, to gratify -the caprice of his favourite, and to divert the decline of the King. - - - - - CHAPTER II. - -INDISPOSITION OF THE DUCHESS OF BUCKINGHAM--THE KING’S REGARD FOR - HER AND HER CHILD--ARCHBISHOP LAUD’S ENCOMIUM ON HER - CHARACTER--QUEEN ANNE’S CHAIN PRESENTED TO THE DUCHESS OF - LENNOX--EFFRONTERY OF THE COUNTESS OF BUCKINGHAM--THE DUKE’S - DEPORTMENT ON HIS RETURN FROM SPAIN--MORE DIGNITIES CONFERRED - UPON HIM--KING JAMES AND THE CLERGY--THE ROYAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR - THE PERFORMANCE OF DIVINE SERVICE IN SPAIN--PUBLIC PREJUDICE - AGAINST THE SPANISH MATCH--THE WALLINGFORD HOUSE CABAL PRONOUNCE - IN FAVOUR OF A FRENCH ALLIANCE--POPULAR INDIGNATION AGAINST THE - SPANISH AMBASSADOR--COMPETITION FOR PRECEDENCE BETWEEN THE - AMBASSADORS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN--CHARACTER OF THE LORD KEEPER - WILLIAMS--HIS OPPOSITION TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF BUCKINGHAM--THE - COUNTESS OF BUCKINGHAM EMBRACES THE CATHOLIC FAITH--CONTROVERSY - BETWEEN THE DEAN OF CARLISLE AND THE JESUIT FISHER--BREACH - BETWEEN BUCKINGHAM AND WILLIAMS--THE KING MANIFESTS HIS - DISPLEASURE WITH BUCKINGHAM--THE SPANISH COURT AND THE ENGLISH - ALLIANCE--CONDUCT OF THE INFANTA AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF - CHARLES--PREPARATIONS FOR THE MARRIAGE--A COMMISSION APPOINTED - TO INQUIRE INTO THE CONDITIONS OF THE SPANISH TREATY--THE LORD - KEEPER IN FAVOUR WITH THE KING--PARLIAMENT COUNSELS JAMES TO - BREAK THE TREATY WITH SPAIN--POPULAR REJOICINGS, AND - DISAPPOINTMENT OF THE CATHOLIC PARTY--THE ILLNESS OF - BUCKINGHAM--PAINFUL ILLUSTRATION OF THE BIGOTED SPIRIT OF THE - AGE--INOJOSA ACCUSES BUCKINGHAM OF TREACHERY AGAINST THE - KING--THE PROPHECY OF GAMALIEL GRUYS--GENERAL DESIRE FOR WAR - WITH SPAIN--PROPOSED ALLIANCE OF PRINCE CHARLES WITH HENRIETTA - MARIA OF FRANCE--RESTORATION OF BUCKINGHAM TO THE KING’S FAVOUR. - - - - - =CHAPTER II.= - - -Buckingham had now returned to a house where more sources of real -happiness awaited him than fall usually to the lot of the busy courtier -and statesman. One drawback to his felicity, one stimulant to his -return, had been the serious indisposition of the Duchess of Buckingham. -Her uneasiness during her husband’s absence, her vexation at the rumours -which prevailed to his disadvantage, and, above all, the doubts of his -fidelity which embittered their separation, had produced that condition -which the physicians of the day generalized under the name of -“melancholy.” - -Under these circumstances, the kindness of heart which formed part of -King James’s character, unaccompanied as it was with dignity or -judgment, was manifested, and, at the same time, he evinced his lively -and unabated regard for Buckingham. An affection cannot be deemed wholly -selfish which shows itself to those who are beloved by its object. -James’s compassion for the Duchess, the fatherly interest he took in -her, and his continual acts of favour to her child, elevate the -character of his preference for Buckingham. It has been the practice of -historians to ridicule as a weakness the good-nature of this monarch; -but those who felt its effect forgot, probably, the absurdity of its -mode of manifestation in the benevolent impulses of the royal heart. - -The “poor fool Kate,” as the King entitled the Duchess of Buckingham, -met with incessant consideration on small and great points from His -Majesty. During the year previous to the journey into Spain, the Duchess -(then Marchioness) had given birth to another daughter; the King stood -sponsor to the infant, and gave her the name of Jacobina. During the -young mother’s illness, James testified the greatest anxiety, and -“prayed heartily” for her; calling at Wallingford House, where she was, -several times a day to inquire after her health.[51] The child -eventually died; and James was the more confirmed in his parental -fondness for the Lady Mary Villiers, whom he usually denominated his -grandchild, on the principle that her father was to him as a son. And -now “my sweete Steenie” was the chief object of the King’s interest and -gossip; he wrote from Whitehall to the Duke, in Spain:--"I must give -thee a short account of many things. First, Kate and thy sister (the -Countess of Denbigh) supped with me on Saturday last, and yesterday -bothe dined and supped with me, and so shall do still, with God’s grace, -as long as I am here; and my little grandchild, with her four teeth, is, -God be thanked, well weaned, and they are all very merry." [52] - -Footnote 51: - - State Papers. Domestic. March 30, 1622, vol. cxxviii., No. 96. - -Footnote 52: - - Birches’s MSS., 4174. - -The Marchioness dined, during her convalescence, in the bed-chamber of -the King, who gave a diamond chain, worth 3,500_l._, with his picture, -to the Duchess of Lennox, for having “made broths and caudles” for the -Marchioness during her illness.[53] - -Footnote 53: - - State Papers, vol. cxxix., No. 92. - -The Duchess had, it appeared, informed His Majesty of a domestic -arrangement, all important to the mother and infant, but not usually -deemed an affair such as royalty might condescend to take account of, or -be a matter for an elderly pedant, like King James, to decide. “I hope -my Lord Arran,” she wrote to the King, “has told your Majesty that I -mean to wean Moll very shortly. I would not by any means do it till I -had made your Majesty acquainted with it; so I intend to make trial this -very night how she will endure it.”[54] “Little Moll,” who afterwards -married successively three times, is mentioned frequently in the -domestic correspondence of the day.[55] - -Footnote 54: - - Nichols, p. 843; from papers in the Advocate’s Library, Edinburgh. - -Footnote 55: - - Harleian, vol. 6987. - -James’s regard for the Duchess was also shown in another way. When the -Duke applied to His Majesty for jewels, his young wife, scarcely twenty -years of age, was eager to part with baubles which were so precious in -the eyes of others, in order to advance Buckingham’s interest, and -enhance his splendour at the Spanish Court. The King could hardly bear -that his favourite should accept her generosity. “And now,” he wrote, -"my sweet Steenie gossip, that the poor fool Kate hath also sent thee -her pearl chain, which, by chance, I saw in a box in Frank Steward’s -hand, I hope I need not to conjure thee not to give any of her jewels -away there, for thou knowest what necessary use she will have of them at -your return here, besides that it is not lucky to give away anything -that I have given her."[56] In his correspondence, James never forgot -the Duchess. “This,” he says, addressing Buckingham, “is the sixt time I -have written to you two, five to Kate, two to Su (the Countess of -Denbigh), and one to thy mother, Steenie, all with my own hands.”[57] In -presents of provisions he was considerate of her comfort, and so lavish -that the Duke was wont to call his Majesty his “man-purveyor.” - -Footnote 56: - - Nichols, 850. - -Footnote 57: - - Nichols, from Harleian MSS., 6987. - -Like a good wife, the Duchess appears to have occupied herself, during -the absence of her husband, in maintaining and improving Newhall and -Burleigh, places in which the Duke felt a lively interest, and his -mother participated in these exertions without any of that petty -jealousy of interference being exhibited, which a less amiable mind than -that of the Duchess might have disturbed. - -“For Burley,” she writes word, “I hear the wall is not very forward yet, -and my lady” (the Countess) “bid me send you word that she is gone down -to look how things are there. She says she is about making a littel -river to run through the park. It will be about sixteen feet broad; but -she says she wants money.”[58] - -Footnote 58: - - State Papers, vol. cxi., No. 13. - -In all her letters to the Duke, the warmest affection is expressed by -his wife; and she seems to have justified the encomiums of Archbishop -Laud, who enters her name in his diary, as “that excellent lady, who is -goodness itself.”[59] - -Footnote 59: - - Laud’s Diary. - -In the concerns of his mother, the Duke found much dissatisfaction. In -June, 1622, the Countess of Buckingham received a hint to stay away from -Court on account of the Progress, but really on account of her -professing the Roman Catholic faith, or rather, perhaps, as a punishment -for a little Court intrigue, relative to the Duchess of Lennox. When the -ambassador from the Emperor of Austria took leave, it was thought -necessary to bestow some jewel upon him as a mark of royal favour. James -commanded one to be brought to him; it proved to be a chain which had -belonged to Queen Anne, and which was worth three thousand pounds. James -thought it too valuable for the ambassador, and refused to give it, -saying, “wherein hath he deserved so much at my hands?” Prince Charles, -hearing this, suggested that the chain should be bestowed on the Duchess -of Lennox, who had received no present since her marriage. An assent was -given; and the Prince undertook to carry the gift to her Grace. He put -it round his own neck, and, taking it thence, presented it to the -Duchess. This was regarded as so unusual an act of respect, that the -Countess of Buckingham could not hear of it unmoved. Relying upon the -unbounded favour of the King to her son, she took upon herself to send -for the jewel back again the next day, saying it was required for a -particular purpose, and that it should be requited with a gift equally -costly. The Duchess of Lennox, astonished, questioned the messenger, who -confessed that the Countess had sent him. The truth was then disclosed; -of course, the Duchess was highly indignant; she sent back the messenger -with this answer, that since the Prince had brought it to her, it should -be taken back by no hand but her own; accordingly, on the following day, -she went with the chain in her hand to the King, desiring to know how -she had offended His Majesty. The King, when he comprehended the matter, -swore that he was abused, and the Prince burst into a passion of anger, -and declared that if the Countess of Buckingham stayed in the Court he -would leave it. This story has been in some particulars, however, -discredited, for several good reasons; but it may be regarded as -characteristic of those to whom it refers; and as exemplifying the -unbounded effrontery attributed to the mother of the Favourite.[60] - -Footnote 60: - - Harleian MSS., 389.--See Nichols, 1113, note. - -A change was observed to have taken place in the deportment of -Buckingham almost immediately on his return from Spain. He became -affable, and, therefore, “suddenly and strangely gracious among the -multitude,” so that, as Sir Henry Wotton expresses it, “he did seem for -a time to have overcome that natural incompatibility which, in the -experience of all ages, hath ever been noted between the vulgar and the -sovereign favour. But this was no more than a meer bubble or blast, and -like an ephemeral bit of applause, as eftsoon will appear in the sequel -and train of his life.”[61] - -Footnote 61: - - Reliquiæ Wottonianæ, 219. - -Shortly after his return from Spain, fresh honours were added to those -with which Buckingham had been so richly endowed. The King, it was -observed, had now grown into “an habitual and confirmed custom” of -loading his favourite with benefits; and the Duke was, accordingly, made -Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Steward of the Manor of Hampton -Court; “dignities and offices,” says Sir Henry Wotton, “still growing -out of trust and profit.” - -But this apparent prosperity was alloyed by many difficulties, and -shaken by cabals, some stimulated by direst foes, others induced by -hollow allies; and the career of the Favourite, like that of all the -fortunate, began to be embittered and precarious. - -There required, indeed, much condescension and courtesy to soften the -exasperated feeling of the people against the promoter of the Spanish -match. The pulpits, far from being “tuned” to its praise, were -continually clamouring against the alliance. - -There were strange signs of the times when, notwithstanding the almost -absolute dominion of the Crown, it was found necessary to issue orders -that the sanctity of the royal presence, and the dignity of the Privy -Council should not be lowered by persons coming in booted and -spurred--forbidding them also to go into chapel in that guise, and -ordering them to remain uncovered during the services.[62] In former -days, James, as well as Elizabeth, had demanded an almost degrading -respect; but the habits of the monarch had long since brought even -royalty into contempt. - -Footnote 62: - - State Papers, Domestic, vol. cxxxvii., p. 5. - -Accordingly, his influence over the pulpits had also decreased. James -could not now control his impatience and petulance; even when listening -to a sermon on Christmas-day, from the Bishop of London, the King, -displeased at its length, talked so loud that the prelate was obliged to -end abruptly. Urgent measures were taken to curb the taste for -controversial sermons; and none below bachelors of divinity were -henceforth to be allowed to preach them; for the Spanish match, and -favour to recusants, were the great themes, especially when the King, on -the plea that Protestants might find more freedom abroad, if there were -more toleration here, released all Jesuits, priests, and persons -refusing the oath of supremacy, who happened then to be in prison.[63] -“Wise men,” wrote one courtier to another, his kinsman, “are troubled, -and betake themselves to prayers, rather than inquiry.”[64] The clergy, -meantime, had been ordered to pray for the Prince’s prosperous journey -and safe return; but one stiff-necked preacher prayed “that God would be -merciful to him now that he was going to the House of Rinmon.”[65] - -Footnote 63: - - State Papers, vol. cxxxix., No. 91. - -Footnote 64: - - Ibid, vol. cxxxviii., No. 9; Dudley Carleton to Sir Dudley Carleton. - -Footnote 65: - - Ibid, vol. cxxxii., No. 64. - -The King had, however, before Charles’s departure, given sensible and -stringent instructions to the two chaplains who were to attend on the -Prince, with regard to the reverential performance of divine service -whilst in Spain. They were to preach “Christ crucified, and the -doctrines of the English Church,” but not to indulge in polemical -discourses or in controversy. They might take with them Prayer-books, -articles of religion, and the King’s works.[66] At a later period, -however, this was altered, and the Prince’s “servants and chaplains” -were ordered to follow him with chapel furniture and Prayer-books in -Latin; the service was to be in Latin, and the communion celebrated with -wafer-cakes and wine and water; “but it will be to no purpose,” adds the -writer of this news, “as the Spaniards will not go near them.” Dr. -Hakluyt, the Prince’s former chaplain, had written a work against the -Spanish match, calling the Spaniards idolaters, and had presented it to -the Princes,[67] so that he was, it may be concluded, not among the -“servants and chaplains,” who were thus, according to the spirit of the -day, coupled together as forming a part of the Prince’s household. - -Footnote 66: - - State Papers, vol. cxxxix., No. 71. - -Footnote 67: - - Ibid, vol. cxxii., No. 88. - -The prejudice against the Infanta, as a future Queen of England, -continued to increase, nor was it confined to uneducated or bigoted -persons. It was supposed that, whilst Buckingham was in Spain, he -received secret advices, which convinced him that to steer his course in -safety, it would be necessary to break off a treaty which the -Puritanical party regarded as a compact with Popery. “There were those -who,” says Bishop Hacket, “sent instructions into Spain, to adjure the -Duke to do his best to prevent the espousals.” The reasons assigned were -"God’s glory, and his own safety." "For God’s sake, keep our orthodox -religion from the admixture of that superstition which threatened -against the soundness of it. And no corrosive so good to eat out the -corruption of Romish rottenness creeping on, as to give the Spaniard the -dodge, and leave the daughter of Spain behind." Such were the counsels -despatched by friends to the Duke. - -Consultations of his adherents were now held at Wallingford House, to -consider what would be the best way of promoting, not the interests of -the nation, but his own personal advancement. James had, of late, become -partial to parliaments, and was resolved to close the next very -graciously. “Therefore,” observes Hacket, "the cabinet men at -Wallingford House set upon it to consider by what exploit their lord -should commence to be the ‘Darling of the Commons,’ and, as it were, to -republicate his lordship, and to be precious to those who had the vogue -to be lovers of their country." It was, therefore, determined to abandon -the Spanish marriage, and to direct the attention of the country, and -more especially the regard of the Prince, towards a daughter of France; -and it was agreed that it would be for Buckingham’s interests that he -should have the full credit of the newly projected alliance. From these -considerations was the Spanish alliance thrown aside, with, it must be -confessed, little regard to honour. Whether the evident disgust of the -nation to the marriage formed sufficient plea for the crooked and -complicated means which were taken to do away with a contract which had -been so nearly brought to a conclusion, it remains for posterity to -decide; contemporaries were divided by faction, not reason. - -It was in vain, by the arbitrary acts employed, to suppress public -opinion. The Earl of Oxford had been committed to the Tower for saying -that he hoped the time would come when justice would be free, and not -come only through Buckingham’s hands. This committal was an instance of -the resolution at Court to crush all discussion. Gondomar, smooth to the -great, was a perfect fury towards the small. The people had been -indignant with him for having, before his return to Spain, struck a -Scotsman with his fists, for saying that he had been ill-treated in -Spain. The Scotsman, though he took the insult patiently, had been sent -to prison.[68] These were but scanty specimens of the petty oppressions -by which the voice of an aroused people was to be stopped. It was -therefore time, Buckingham thought, to save himself, at all events, from -the storm. Public hatred had been already shown when Don Diego, as -Gondomar was called, passed through the city. The mob insulted him, and -even threatened violence, “but none was used.” Three apprentices were, -nevertheless, whipped at the cart’s tail for this slight to the Spanish -ambassador, whilst the people looked, pitying, on; and those who -executed the sentence incurred much popular abuse. James, who was at -that time angry with all who differed from him, came from Theobald’s to -London in a rage to reprove such disorders. He was pacified by the -Recorder, and contented himself with private admonition to the Aldermen -to punish such offenders. Another man was then whipped, and those who -murmured at the sentence arrested.[69] - -Footnote 68: - - State Papers, vol. cxxix., No. 50. Domestic. - -Footnote 69: - - State Papers, vol. cxx., No. 71. - -Steps were immediately taken to mark a difference between the conduct to -be pursued to the Spanish and the French ambassadors; and Charles, -having first proposed an audience to the Marquis of Inojosa, granted it, -under circumstances not very flattering. The Spanish ambassadors, having -repaired to Theobald’s, returned not so well “satisfied as they ought” -to be. They endeavoured, but in vain, to procure an audience of the King -without the presence of the Duke; but finding that impossible, they -became disposed to arraign his conduct in the marriage before his -face.[70] - -Footnote 70: - - Nichols, 945. - -The public, meantime, could not fail to interpret the real temper of the -King’s Council by circumstances apparently trivial. In the course of the -winter, there arrived from France a nobleman skilled in falconry, with a -present of fifteen or sixteen cast-off hawks, some ten or twelve horses, -and the same number of setters. He was accompanied by a numerous train, -splendidly accoutred, and made his entry into London by torchlight. He -was to remain until he had instructed the people in the kind of falconry -in which he excelled, he and his troop costing the King from twenty-five -to thirty pounds daily. Under this guise, probably, some political -mission was couched; for James, although now fast declining, braved the -advice of his physicians, and travelled to Newmarket on purpose to see -these foreign hawks fly. He had put off the masque on Twelfth Night, on -account, as he had assigned, of his indisposition; but actually because -of the competition about precedence between the French and Spanish -ambassadors, who could not be accommodated in his presence.[71] - -Footnote 71: - - Ibid, 960. - -Thus did every variation in Buckingham’s plans appear to prosper. That -he could so work upon James’s mind as to obliterate from it the -cherished scheme of years, seems, indeed, a marvellous effect of his -influence. For his ingratitude in this matter to the King, who had -entrusted to him, as the object next his heart, the completion of the -Spanish treaty, the Duke has justly been blamed. Could he, as Bishop -Hacket asks, be deemed “execrable in point of honour and conscience? Did -he do it the best for the King? Did he think the Spanish alliance would -be fruitful in nothing but miseries, and that it would be a thankful -office to lurch the King in his expectation of it? Evil befall such -double diligence!” “Or did this great lord do it for the best for -himself? I believe it. If the hope of the match died away, he lookt to -get the love of the most in England; but if it were made up, he lookt -for many enemies, for he had lost the love of the best in Spain. Let the -Duke have his deserved praise in other things, great and many, but let -fidelity, loyalty, and thankfulness hide their face, and not look upon -this action.”[72] - -Footnote 72: - - Life of Keeper Williams, 138. - -The blame of this conduct was attributable, according to the same -writer, more to those who worked upon the flexible temper of Buckingham -than to his own wishes. But no one has a right to throw off his own -shoulders, or to place on those of another, the deliberate violation of -solemn engagements. “For it is,” as the Bishop remarks, “not man, God -that made the law: he that kindled the fire, let him make retribution.” - -It was not long before James began to suspect that he had been abused by -the favourite whose fidelity ought to have been secured by gratitude. -Among the friends of the Duke, there was one who looked disapprovingly -on his conduct. This was the Lord Keeper Williams; a man of “as deep and -large wisdom,” says Bishop Hacket, “as I did ever speak with.” -Confessing the greatest obligations to Buckingham, Williams had the -courage to oppose him, when conscience dictated a remonstrance. - -“His enemies,” says his biographer, “liked nothing worse in him than his -courage, and he pleased himself in nothing more.” Of a stately presence, -and possessing abilities to maintain that lofty demeanour which is -absurd when not supported by real superiority of intellect, Williams -could cope with the haughty Buckingham, whose headstrong will had become -such that none of the King’s ministers could move it. Williams, too, was -of temper somewhat irritable. “Choler and a high stomach were his -faults, the only defects in him.”[73] His manners were, at times, even -supercilious. He was not likely to be daunted by one whose capacity was, -therefore, to his own, as that of the infant to the man, and over whom -he exercised an ascendancy through a very noted channel; namely, the -influence which the Lord Keeper possessed over the Countess of -Buckingham. “Those dangerous and busy flies,” writes Bishop Hacket, -“which the Roman seminaries send abroad, had buzzed about the Countess -of Buckingham, had blown upon her, and infected her. She was mother to -the great favourite, but in religion became a step-mother.” Her -conversion had taken place about a twelvemonth previously. The Countess -doted on her son; but her conversion was certain to be highly injurious -to him, especially at that juncture, just before the Spanish journey. -Complaints were uttered, importing that the mother, who was thought -almost to govern her son, must indirectly sway the monarch who was now -little other than that son’s slave. The part which Laud had taken to -remedy the evil has been already detailed. The Lord Keeper also had -foreseen and endeavoured to prevent the mischief which might arise from -these rumours. “Safety,” he considered, “is easiest purchased by -precaution.” “An instrument that is swung may be used upon a little -warning.” Anxious for the welfare of the Duke, Williams addressed him to -the following effect. “Your mother,”[74] he observed, “is departed from -the bosom of the Church of England, in whose confession of faith she was -baptized;--a strange delusion in any to go astray from that society of -Christians among whom they cannot demonstrate but salvation may be had. -I would we could bring her home so soon that it might not be seen she -had ever wandered.” His concern, he intimates, was, however, not so much -for the Countess’s eternal welfare, as for her son’s temporal security. -It was, he thought, time to inform the Favourite “that clamours were -opened,” “that now the recusants have a potent advocate to plead for -their immunity, and when this should be handed in high and popular court -by tribunitial orators, what a dust it would make!” - -Footnote 73: - - Hacket’s Life, p. 229. - -Footnote 74: - - Williams wrote, for the Countess’s especial conversion, “A Manual of - the Elements of the Orthodox Religion, by an Old Prebend of - Westminster,” of which twenty copies only were printed, and all - presented to the Marquis.--Nichols, vol. iii., p. 257. - -“But,” pursued the Lord Keeper, “though I have touched a sore with my -finger, I am furnished with an emplaister to lay upon it, which, I -presume, will lenifie. Only measure not the _size_ of good counsel by -the _last_ of success.” After this address, Williams had proposed that -controversies between learned men, in which that age so much delighted, -should be held for the Countess of Buckingham’s edification; that the -King should be present at this; and the “conflux of great persons, as -thick as the place would permit.” Then should Buckingham’s industry and -zeal be manifested to “catch at every twig or advantage,” to give weight -to every solid reason, to bring his mother into a sound mind again. If -successful, the Duke would “save a soul very precious to him;” if -unsuccessful, then the favourite’s “pious endeavours would fill the King -with a good report,” and impart a “sweet savour” to all. - -The result had justified the Lord Keeper’s anticipations; the Jesuit -father, Fisher, was the champion in whom the Countess most relied; the -King was the superintendent of the controversy. Dr. Francis White, then -Dean of Carlisle, had gone first into the lists with Fisher, and given -him “foil for foil,” according to the testimony of the Protestant party. -But the lady was still unconvinced. The Lord Keeper engaged, therefore, -in the combat. He managed the disputation with infinite skill, guided by -worldly wisdom, mixed up with Christian charity. He had observed in the -former conflict, that if some of the Jesuit’s arguments were admitted, -“the Church of England, repurging itself from the super-injected errors -of Rome, would stand inculpable.” He laboured, therefore, to show that -if “unnecessary strifes were discreetly waved, little was wanting to a -conclusive unity.” The King greatly commended this conciliatory mode of -disputation, which surprised and baffled Fisher, yet which still failed -to bring back the wanderers to their former path. The third who had -contended for the palm of victory, to bring, as Hacket calls it, -“eye-salve to the dim-sighted lady, was Bishop Laud, who was declared to -have galled Fisher with great acuteness.” But all his labour was vain, -as far as the Countess was concerned; she continued in her new belief. -The conference had, however, effected what was desired for her son. He -had appeared as an antagonist in the field against one whom he honoured, -and whom he had treated with the deepest respect. He was "blazed abroad -as the Red Cross Knight that was Una’s champion against Archinago."[75] -And this scheme, which produced results afterwards, as well as at the -time they were effected, of the utmost importance to Buckingham, had -been accomplished from the suggestions and by the skill of the Lord -Keeper Williams. - -Footnote 75: - - Hacket’s Life of Williams, pp. 172, 173. - -It may therefore be supposed that Buckingham would listen with reverence -to his representations, when the Lord Keeper ventured to warn him from -the course he was pursuing. So far, however, from such being the case, -the Duke never forgave him for a letter addressed to him whilst in -Spain, advising a reconciliation with the Earl of Bristol, whose -knowledge of Spanish affairs, and repeated success in negotiations, -would, it was thought, secure the completion of the marriage treaty.[76] -Even whilst writing the letter, which seemed to alienate Williams from -Buckingham for a time, the Lord Keeper was aware that he had already -incurred the favourite’s displeasure. “What I wrote formerly,” he says, -“may be ill-placed, and offend your grace, but all proceeded from as -true and sincere a heart as you left behind you in all this -kingdom.”[77] The Earl of Bristol, on hearing of this act of mediation, -argued truly when he anticipated that it would produce a quarrel. He -wrote to Williams to the following effect, “that the friendship of the -Duke was a thing he did infinitely desire, that he did infinitely esteem -the good offices that the Lord Keeper had done therein, but that he -conceived that any motion he had made in that kind had been despised -rather than received with thankfulness.”[78] - -Footnote 76: - - Hacket’s Life of Williams, p. 147. - -Footnote 77: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 78: - - Hacket, 148. - -Buckingham had formerly been compared to Alcibiades, the Lord Keeper to -Socrates; but all obligations to that supposed Socrates were henceforth -annulled. The interference of Williams, creditable to himself, and due -to the King, was so misinterpreted that Buckingham withdrew from him his -friendship, forgetting not only the axiom of Solon, “never to choose a -friend suddenly, nor to lose him suddenly,” but the still stronger -argument of services which could not be denied. During the Duke’s -absence in Spain, Williams had watched over his welfare with the utmost -care; he had ventured boldly to speak the truth to him; a benefit -scarcely less important; yet Buckingham could not be appeased. - -He instantly avowed his determination, expressed with such effrontery -and openness that it was soon conveyed to Williams, that he "would pluck -down the highest roof of the Lord Keeper’s dignity." Williams, however, -remained undaunted. He knew the favourite well. He allowed him to be a -“generous and incorrupt patron, a great exacter of duty from those whom -he served, and a bitter enemy.” But he confided in his own powers of -rhetoric, and in the pliable temper of his former friend. The Earl of -Rutland, Buckingham’s father-in-law, was employed to mediate between -them; and to him the Duke said, referring to Williams, “Whenever I -disagree with him, he will prove himself to be in the right; and though -I could never convict him of being dishonest, I am afraid of his wit.” - -Before Buckingham returned, Williams sent another letter, warning him of -the risk he ran, and offering excellent advice on the subject of the -Spanish treaty, and upon the Duke’s demeanour. The Spaniards had -remarked with resentment that when Charles attempted to speak in -Buckingham’s presence, the Duke took the words out of his mouth, or -checked, with an abrupt contradiction, what he had to say; the more -gently Charles endured this presumption, the greater was the general -admiration expressed towards him, and disgust towards his favourite. The -Spaniards, who never address their kings first, were indignant with his -freedom, which constituted one of those points against which Williams -had warned the Duke. It was in vain that the Lord Keeper strove to -conciliate Buckingham, in vain that he praised the Duke’s skill and -energy in the marriage treaty to King James; a breach was made, which -was never entirely repaired, and which is as discreditable to the Duke -of Buckingham as any of those violations of good faith and propriety by -which his career was sullied. - -On Tuesday, the thirteenth of January, whilst Buckingham’s disfavour -with the King was suspected, a singular scene took place. The King, -being much disturbed by his affairs, resolved to go to Theobald’s for -change of scene. His health was now completely broken, and the vexatious -and arbitrary conduct of his favourite added greatly to his sufferings. -The morning before he left Whitehall, he received the various foreign -ambassadors--the Venetian was first admitted, the French second, the -Spanish last. They were introduced privately; and, after a full hour’s -audience, the Prince and Buckingham were called in; what passed remained -a secret, but the Prince and Duke were observed to come out looking very -much dejected. - -The Duke’s carriage stood at the door, ready to follow that of the King -to London; and the favourite was prepared, as usual, to accompany his -royal master in his own coach. The King and his son were in the coach, -when the Duke received an intimation from His Majesty that he was not to -go. Buckingham, it is related, with tears in his eyes, entreated “his -Master” to inform him how he had offended his gracious sovereign. “I -vow,” he added sternly, “to purge, or confess it.” James, also, shed -tears, and exclaiming that he was the unhappiest man alive, to be -forsaken by those who were dearest to him, ordered his coach to drive -on, and the Duke was left standing, dismayed, and probably indignant. -Charles, who witnessed this scene, behaved with his usual weakness, his -tears, also, expressing his concern and contrition. - -Buckingham retired to Wallingford House, where, sometime afterwards, the -Lord Keeper Williams went to him, having with difficulty been admitted. -“He found him,” says Bishop Hacket, “lying on a couch, in that unmovable -posture that he would neither rise up nor speak, though invited twice or -thrice with courteous questions.” But Williams generously consoled him, -admonishing that he believed "God’s directing hand was in it, to stir up -his grace;" he assured him that he came on purpose to bring him out of -his sorrow with the light of the King’s favour. He besought the Duke to -set off instantly for Windsor; not however to show himself to His -Majesty before supper was over, and then to deport himself with all -“amiable addresses;” not “to quit the King night or day, for the danger -was that some would thrust themselves in to push his Majesty on to break -utterly with the Parliament; and the next degree of theirs to be was, -upon that dissolution, to see his grace convicted to the Tower, and God -knows what would follow.”[79] - -Footnote 79: - - See Hacket’s Life of Williams. Also Mr. Chamberlain’s Letter to Sir - Dudley Carleton, quoted in Nichols, 961, from Birch’s MSS., Brit. - Mus., 417. These separate accounts are here connected; and Mr. - Chamberlain’s date and statement of the place to which the King went, - adopted upon the ground given by Nichols. - -The Duke, as if awakening from a dream, aroused himself, and set off, on -the following day, to Theobald’s, where he arrived before he was -expected. - -Thus, to Williams’ mediation, did Buckingham owe the avoidance of any -open displeasure on the part of his sovereign; unhappily this obligation -did not cancel in the Duke’s mind that avowal of a difference in -opinion, and that condemnation of the policy pursued towards Spain which -Williams esteemed it his duty to express. - -Opinions differed as to the actual obligations of the Prince to complete -the contract with the Infanta. - -The Earl of Bristol declared that the King and the Prince stood as much -engaged to it as princes could be; but Charles is said to have styled -himself, as he knelt down before the King, at Royston, to have been “an -absolute free man, but with one limitation--the restitution of the -Palatinate.”[80] - -Footnote 80: - - Hacket, 164. - -These matters, painful and disgraceful as they were, were not concluded -until the end of the year 1624, when the “golden cord,” as Bishop Hacket -terms it, was broken. “Nothing,” adds the same authority, "is more sure -than that the Prince’s heart was removed from the desire of that -marriage after the Duke had brought him away from the object of that -delightful and ravishing beauty."[81] If the report of other historians -be credited, a far greater degree of constancy was shown by the young -Princess whose affections were thus cruelly gained, and then sacrificed. -After an acquaintance of many months, during which every possible -exertion had been made by Charles to win her regard, these young -persons, affianced as they doubtless were, had separated on terms of the -closest affection. “The rare Infanta,” as she was styled, “seemed to -deliver up her own heart at parting in as high expression as that -language, and her learning could, with her honour, set out.” And when -Charles had assured her that “_his_ heart would never be out of anxiety -till she had passed the intended voyage, and were safe on British land,” -she answered with a blush, “that should she happen to be in danger upon -the ocean, or discomposed in health with the rolling, brackish waters, -she would cheer up herself, and remember to whom she was going.”[82] -After his departure the Princess began to study English “a-pace,”[83] -two Englishmen, the one a Mr. Wadsworth, and the other Father Boniface, -being appointed to teach her. The English ambassador, and all the -ambassadors in Madrid from other countries, gave her the title and style -of an English Princess, the Earl of Bristol and Sir Walter Aston -remaining uncovered in her presence. In order to pass the period of -absence, the Infanta employed herself in working “divers suits of rich -cloths” for Charles, of perfumed ambar leather, some embroidered with -pearls, others with gold and silver. Her household was on the eve of -being settled, and nothing but one more despatch from home was expected, -and then the solemnization of the nuptials would take place. In the -midst of these preparations, one circumstance puzzled observers. “There -is,” says Howell, "one Mr. Clerk (with the lame arm), that came hither -from the seaside as soon as the Prince was gone; he is one of the Duke -of Buckingham’s creatures, yet he is at the Earl of Bristol’s house, -which we wonder at, considering the darkness that hapned ’twixt the Duke -and the Earl. We fear that this Clerk hath brought about something that -may puzzle the business." - -Footnote 81: - - Ibid, 167. - -Footnote 82: - - Hacket, 161. From Sanderson, p. 552; taken from the Spanish reports of - their conference. - -Footnote 83: - - Howell’s Letters. - -Nevertheless, the preparations for the espousals proceeded; the first -check given to them being a letter from Prince Charles, desiring Lord -Bristol not to deliver up his proxy to the marriage to the King of Spain -until further notice from England. On receiving this intimation, Lord -Bristol observed “that he and Sir Walter Aston had a commission under -the Broad Seal of England to conclude the match, and that there could -not be a better favour for the surrender of the Palatinate than the -Infanta, who would never rest until she had merited the love of the -British nation.” He did not, therefore, relax his preparations; and -provided rich liveries of watered velvet, with silver lace up to the -very capes of the cloaks for his servants; and, in a fortnight -afterwards, the ratification arrived, the marriage-day was fixed, and a -terrace, covered with tapestry, was raised from the King’s Palace to the -next church, a distance about the same as that between Whitehall and -Westminster Abbey. But when she stood thus on the very threshold of her -happiness,as she deemed it, the Infanta was doomed to be rejected and -disappointed. “She had studied,” writes Bishop Hacket, “our language, -our habit, our behaviour, everything but our religion, to make her -English. Her conversation turned continually upon the Prince, and on her -projected voyage to England in the spring. On the other hand, she was -led to suppose that Charles admired her for her beauty; that his -attachment was equal to her own; and that he was worthy of the affection -which she undoubtedly bore him.”[84] - -Footnote 84: - - Life of Lord Keeper Williams, p. 164. - -The young King of Spain, her brother, participated in the sentiments of -personal attachment which Charles appears to have inspired in those who -beheld him, in the prime of his youth, at the Court of Madrid. Philip -was now anxious to conclude the marriage, which he meant to do on the -day on which his infant daughter was christened. Invitations were -actually sent to the principal nobility to attend the espousals by -proxy; ordinance was ordered to be fired off in the port-towns; and all -Spain was prohibited from speaking disadvantageously of the alliance; -when a new commission to Lord Bristol arrived. By this he was forbidden -to deliver up the Prince’s proxy until a full and absolute satisfaction -for the surrender of the Palatinate was given under the hand and seal of -the King of Spain. - -This pretext--for the plea of the Palatinate could not in justice be -adduced at this stage of the treaty--was met by the insulted Philip IV. -with spirit. He replied that the “Palatinate was not his to give;” that -he held only a few towns there; but that if the King of Great Britain -would set a treaty on foot, he would send his own ambassador to join in -it.[85] But the final blow was given to the Spanish treaty. Lord Bristol -was prohibited from delivering any more letters to the Infanta, and her -title of Princess of England and Wales was prohibited. - -The King, on his return to Whitehall, commissioned a select junto to -inquire, whether, in the treaty with the King of Spain, that monarch had -been sincere to the last in his desire to satisfy the Prince and the -Duke; and whether, in the treaty for the restitution of the Palatinate, -he had violated the league between the two kingdoms, so as to deserve a -war to be proclaimed against him.[86] - -Footnote 85: - - Nichols, p. 943. - -Footnote 86: - - Hacket, p. 157. - -Some of the proceedings of this junto having been bruited abroad, it was -found that they were divided into three parties, five of their number -being for the Spanish marriage--among whom was the Lord Keeper -Williams--four neutral, and three directly against the alliance. These -were the Duke of Buckingham, who sent his vote, the Earl of Carlisle, -and Secretary Conway. The evident distaste which Charles now showed for -the match had a great influence in the deliberations of the junto. The -Earl of Pembroke, Lord Chamberlain, who was at first neutral, “nobly -spoke out, declaring it as his opinion that, if the Spaniards performed -the conditions, he saw not how the thing could in honour draw back.” It -was supposed that this candid declaration was owing to some pique -between him and Buckingham. Much heart-burning, indeed, existed on the -part of several of the junto towards the favourite, who engrossed, as it -was plainly seen, the regards both of the King and of his son, and -contrived to cut off all access to those whom it was his aim wholly to -govern.[87] - -Footnote 87: - - Nichols, p. 964. - -But the chief object of Buckingham’s wrath was Williams. “The -proceedings in this affair were,” says Bishop Hacket, "so far against -the Lord Keeper’s mind, that he wished, before a friend or two in -private, that a fever in his sick-bed might excuse him." Buckingham was -now become incapable of that generous candour which permits a friend to -differ in opinion. He “was now mortally anti-Spanish,” as Bishop Hacket -observes, “and his anger was headed with steel. He assayed the Lord -Keeper to hale him to his judgment, as an eddy does a small boat,” and -would have persuaded him to influence the King against Spain; but he -found him as “inflexible as a dried bough.” When pressed by the -favourite to advance his views, he declared that, as God was his -protector, he would suffer all the obloquy in the world, rather than be -ungrateful to the Duke. But when the King asked his judgment--he must be -true and faithful--Buckingham, to his discredit be it spoken, had not -the generosity to appreciate Williams. The Duke had been apprized that -James, addressing the Earl of Carlisle, had remarked, "that had he sent -Williams into Spain, he would have kept both heart’s ease and honour, -both of which he lacked at that time." And one day, when Prince Charles -was present, James, looking at Williams, said, “This is the man that -makes us keep merry Christmas.” The Prince, not seeming to understand -his father, the King explained himself. “It is he,” he said, “that -laboured more dexterously than all my servants to bring you safe back -home this Christmas, and I hope you are sensible of it.” A finishing -stroke was put to Buckingham’s mortification when the King announced his -intention of promoting the Lord Keeper to the Archbishopric of York when -next it should be vacant.[88] - -Footnote 88: - - Hacket, 168. - -The decision of the junto exonerated Philip IV. from any hollowness in -his share of the treaty. They blamed the Earl of Bristol for not -revoking the proxy, which was left in his hands sooner, and thus -stopping those preparations for the nuptials which had rendered the King -of Spain ridiculous. But when they voted that that Monarch should be -defied with open war, till amends were made to the Prince Palatine for -the wrongs he had suffered, the majority of the conference hesitated, -and refused to say more than that the “girths of peace were slack, but -not broken.” Buckingham had now become wholly impatient of opposition; -scarcely any of the council had voted to his satisfaction. Sometimes -strange scenes were witnessed in the conference; the fiery Duke would -arise, and “chafe against” those who opposed him from room to room, “as -a hen who has lost her brood, and clucks up and down when there is none -to follow her.” Upon meeting Lord Belfast, one of the party adverse to -his wishes, he asked him contemptuously, “Are you turned too? and flung -from him; upon which Lord Belfast, in a manly and candid letter, -announced his resolution to conform in all things to the pleasure of his -royal master.” But the greatest anger was displayed by Buckingham -against the Lord Keeper, who seldom spoke, but who, when he gave his -opinion, swayed that of the majority.[89] - -Footnote 89: - - Hacket, p. 69. - -Buckingham was not of a character to dissemble his feelings; and his -displeasure was shown, not only in his countenance, but expressed in -angry expostulations. He told Bishop Laud that the Lord Keeper had so -strangely forgotten himself to him that he seemed to be “dead in his -affections.” Laud, who was devotedly attached to the favourite and his -family, meeting Williams in the withdrawing-chamber at Whitehall, “fell -into very hot words with him,” which were reported to the Duke. -Eventually, however, these differences were healed, and, in February, -1624, a reconciliation was effected through the mediation of Laud. From -henceforth, nothing but an appearance of friendship subsisted between -Buckingham and Williams. “The wound,” says Dr. Heylyn, “was only -stunned, not healed, and festered the more dangerously, because the -secret rancour of it could not be discerned.”[90] - -Footnote 90: - - Heylyn’s Life of Laud, p. 113. - -The issue of all this was that the Duke insisted on a parliament, by way -of appeal;[91] and during the heat of these Court cabals, that body was -assembled at Westminster in February. - -Footnote 91: - - Hacket, p. 169. - -Meantime, public aversion to the match was from time to time forcibly -expressed. The pulpits were still profaned by political allusions; a -clergyman named Knight was committed for preaching that tyrannical kings -might be brought to order by their subjects; a doctrine which appeared -so monstrous to James, that he talked of having the sermon burned by the -hangman.[92] This arrest took place at Oxford; the King highly approved -the proceedings, and directions were forthwith sent to the heads of the -colleges, to desire the students to apply themselves to the Scriptures, -to general councils, and the ancient fathers and schoolmen, excluding -the heretical doctrines of both Jesuits and Puritans. The document which -contains these directions is still extant, and is endorsed by Laud. -Sedition seems not to have been the only rank weed that then sprang up -in the universities.[93] - -Footnote 92: - - State Papers, cxxix., No. 62. - -Footnote 93: - - Ibid, cxix., No. 68. - -The King, in addressing the Parliament, declared that he had called them -together to correct previous misunderstandings; that he would cherish -his people as a husband does his wife; he wished for their advice in -matters of the greatest moment; he had long been engaged in treaties, -hoping to settle the peace of Christendom, but had found treaties -fallacious. With regard to Spain, he referred the houses to the -secretaries, the Prince, and to Buckingham; on their good advice he -conceived the felicity of the kingdom depended. He had never, he said, -neglected religion, nor intended anything but a temporary indulgence to -recusants. He concluded this original and eccentric harangue (rather -different from a modern royal speech) by saying that he knew that never -was there a king more beloved than himself, and that he wished the two -houses to be the mirrors of the people.[94] - -Footnote 94: - - State Papers, vol. cxix., No. 55. - -The Speaker was then elected; and Sir Thomas Crewe, sergeant-at-law, in -his reply, recalled the benefits of the good parliament in the -thirty-second year of Henry VIII., and the thirty-ninth of Elizabeth. - -Soon afterwards, More, an attorney, was sentenced to lose both his ears -“for speaking disrespectfully of those two deceased monarchs.” Such was -English liberty. The culprit laughed whilst the sentence was being put -into execution in Cheapside. A proclamation was issued, ordering priests -and Jesuits to leave Ireland within forty days;[95] so instant was the -change from toleration to persecution. James was not more free from -troubles about Ireland than his successors have been. On visiting the -State Paper Office, and seeing a large mass of documents relating to -that island there, he had once remarked that there was “more ado about -Ireland than about any of his dominions.”[96] - -Footnote 95: - - Ibid, No. 70. - -Footnote 96: - - State Papers. - -The Duke had now so completely regained the love of the people, by his -abandoning the Spanish marriage, that it was proposed in the Lower House -to confirm all his lands and honours to him by act of parliament; but -the reply was that this was no time to commend men, though deserving -well.[97] A few days afterwards, the Prince told the Upper House that -they need not fear “advising a breach, for if we did not begin the war, -Spain would.” - -Footnote 97: - - Ibid, Nos. 93, 94.--Locke to Carleton. - -In the House of Commons, Sir Benjamin Rudyard declared that the King of -Spain had verified the proverb that kings’ daughters are so many ways to -deceive their neighbours; and that since the match was first thought of, -much Papistry had sprung up amongst the people; that Protestantism was -disunited as in Germany; suppressed as in France; threatened as in -Holland. All the speakers on this memorable occasion praised the Prince. -Rudyard declared that he had shown both courage and wisdom in his -journey, which “had matured his excellent parts.” The Lord Keeper -Williams related how the Prince had sent a message to the council, to -say that though he stole to Spain for love, he would not steal back -again for fear; how he had told Grimes, one of his servants, to tell his -father, in case he should hear that he was detained, to think of him no -more as a son, for he would be lost, but to place all his affections on -his sister.[98] On the second of March, Sir Edward Coke was instructed -by the Commons to advise the Lords of their unanimous resolution to -counsel the King to break the treaties with Spain; and was instructed to -request the Lords to join in a petition to make a declaration to that -effect, which should comfort his people and encourage his allies -abroad.[99] Sir Edward answered, that he never knew a petition of both -houses refused; he could not say anything more “for weeping;” and Sir -Thomas Edmondes, treasurer of the household, taking up the pecuniary -part of the question, said that the “mysteries of delusion in the -treaties were now discovered, and that the Spanish, having enticed us -from the match with France, now offered, instead of a dowry of -600,000_l._, only 20,000_l._ yearly with the Infanta, and some jewels; -whilst France would give a wedding portion of 240,000_l._” This, -perhaps, considering the King’s debts, and the almost bankrupt state of -the treasury, was probably a stronger argument with James than the -restitution of the Palatinate, or the security of Protestantism, on -which points his conscience seems to have been conveniently callous. - -Footnote 98: - - State Papers, clx., Nos. 8 and 10. - -Footnote 99: - - Ibid, Nos. 1 and 33. - -On the twenty-sixth of February, Buckingham, assisted by the Prince, -addressed the houses, beginning from the first negotiation at Brussels, -which had raised doubts of the Spanish King’s sincerity, and induced the -Prince to go himself to Spain; and had disclosed the fact that neither -the marriage, nor the restitution of the Palatinate, was intended. Many -letters were read to and from the chief parties concerned in the treaty, -and the houses were asked whether the King should act on the assurances -given, or “stand on his own feet.” It was soon resolved that the King -should not accept their answer. The houses applauded the Duke’s conduct, -and requested the King to break off the treaties.[100] - -Footnote 100: - - State Papers, vol. clix., No. 83. - -Upon this resolution, the spirits of the anti-Catholics were so much -excited that a request was sent James to order a fast for the happy -deliverance of the Prince; and no member of parliament was henceforth to -be allowed to retain recusant servants.[101] Soon afterwards the Lower -House informed the Upper that the Spanish ambassadors declared that -Buckingham deserved to lose his head for wronging the King of Spain, but -that the Commons had acquitted him, and the Upper House appointed a -committee, who did the same.[102] On the same day, the Duke made a -motion in the House of Peers to “thwart the King of Spain in the -Indies,” by way of a commencement of hostilities. The Upper House, -indeed, cried out loudly for hostilities, more especially the bishops; -and the Bishop of Durham was so excited that he declared he would lay -down his rochet, and gird on a sword if the King would take that course. -This excitement was heightened by the following anecdote. Buckingham, -having been present when the Spanish ambassador told the King that his -master had deprived a bishop for speaking disrespectfully of James, had -answered, “It was true; and he had admired the justice of his Spanish -Majesty therein, but still more his mercy, for in a few days he gave the -man a bishopric worth thrice of his former prelacy.” These particulars -were stated by some members in the debates.[103] - -Footnote 101: - - State Papers, No. 92. - -Footnote 102: - - Ibid, No. 85. - -Footnote 103: - - Latter from Secretary Conway to Carleton. - -It is not improbable that the exaggerated fears of the people, on the -one hand, and the expectations of the Catholics, on the other, may have -alarmed Charles, who was firmly attached to the Church of England. Upon -an application being made to Pope Gregory the XV. to grant a -dispensation for the marriage, that Pontiff had replied in a Latin -letter, expressing, first, his regret at the altered state of -Britain;[104] next, his hopes that, as under his predecessor, Gregory -the Great, Apostolical authority had been there established, he might be -permitted to see it reestablished by the conversion of the Prince, “the -flower of the Christian world,” who had proved, by seeking a Catholic -Princess, that he did not hate the see of Rome. He then set before the -Prince the example of his Highness’s ancestors, and concluded with -hoping that Charles would become “the infranshiser of Brittayne.” - -Footnote 104: - - State Papers, vol. clxiii., No. 59.--April 10, 1623. - -Several Catholics who had worn a mask of Protestantism now threw it off, -and in hopes of toleration, avowed themselves Romanists; amongst these -were Sir John Wentworth and Lord Vaughan. “Everyone,” Lady Hatton wrote -to Carleton, “was on the wing for Spain;” but, “in spite of her walks -and talks with Gondomar,” she would ever, she said, oppose his -country.[105] - -Footnote 105: - - Ibid, vol. clxiii., No. 2. - -Nor were the Catholics without reason in their dreams of enjoying a -degree of security and toleration long most unjustly and cruelly -withheld. Even after James had begun to listen to the changed tone -adopted by Buckingham, preparations had been going on, both for the -reception and maintenance of the Infanta, which might well afford hopes -of religious liberty. It was reported that the marriage conditions were -to be, the liberation of the Catholics and the abandonment of the -Hollanders. The Spanish ambassador surveyed Denmark House and St. -James’s, where “lodgings,” as they were styled, were prepared for the -Infanta. At each place, he ordered a new chapel, and Inigo Jones was to -prepare each with great costliness. The Spanish ambassador laid the -stone of a new chapel for the Infanta at St. James’s, whilst the Savoy -chapel was to be given up to the Infanta’s suite. - -“After the London bonfires,” adds Mr. Chamberlain, who tells in the same -tone good and bad tidings, “Oxford lit fires and rung bells, and wrote -verses in honour of the match.”[106] It appears, indeed, from a letter -of Lord Treasurer Middlesex to Secretary Conway, that it was even in -contemplation to decorate the chapel with jewels; "Sir Peter Lore’s -jewels, and others of the Countess of Suffolk, now in pawn, should," -wrote the Lord Treasurer, immediately after referring to his preparing -the chapel, "be submitted to His Majesty’s inspection, though he hoped -the King would not declare which he preferred, as advantage would be -taken of his preference, but leave the Chancellor himself, and others, -to bargain for them, as there was great necessity for frugality."[107] - -Footnote 106: - - State Papers, vol. cxliv., No. 13. - -Footnote 107: - - Lord Middlesex to Secretary Conway.--State Papers, vol. cxliii., No. - 20. - -The King, indeed, up to the very moment of his son’s return, had been -sanguine of the marriage, and delighted to talk over the adventures of -the journey, during which Buckingham had had seven falls, Sir Francis -Cottington twelve, and the Prince not one; but his tone was now -beginning to alter, which seemed strange to those who knew the King’s -circumstances, and who considered how splendid a dower was expected with -the Infanta. Lord Middlesex, who was afterwards discovered to have -embezzled public money, had declared himself “sick at heart” with the -idea of all these extraordinary charges, when the King was so ill able -to meet even his ordinary expenses. Like all servants who rob their -masters, his zeal was laudable; he could not, he wrote, “hold out, -unless some extraordinary reply be thought of, or some large sums come -in from Spain with the fleet; but would pawn his whole estate for the -present.”[108] - -Footnote 108: - - Lord Middlesex to Secretary Conway.--State Papers, vol. cxliii., No. - 60. - -It was a gift from a lady that brought first the altered sentiments of -Prince Charles to light. In the course of March, 1624, the Countess of -Olivares had sent him a large present of provisions, comprising gammons -of bacon, vessels of olives, special figs, sweet lemons, capers and -caperons, suchets, and sweet meats; he vouchsafed not even to see them. -They were conveyed into the riding place at St. James’s, and left to the -disposal of Mr. Francis Cottington.[109] On the twenty-third of March, -James informed his Privy Council that he was about to send a messenger -to Spain, to signify to the King that his Parliament had advised him to -break off the treaty, and that he intended proceeding to recover the -Palatinate as he might. “Bonfires were made in the city,” says -Archbishop Laud, “for joy that we should break with Spain.” Prince -Charles gave great satisfaction to the Parliament, where he was a -constant attendant, by declaring that should he choose any one of a -different religion from his own, it would be with a caution that his -consort, and her foreign servants, alone should be permitted the -exercise of their faith.[110] It was not, however, until the tenth of -December in the same year, that a ship was sent to Spain to fetch back -the jewels that had been bestowed on the Infanta and the royal family -there; when, by the proposal of the Spaniards themselves, they were -returned. They were placed under the care of James Howell, whose -familiar letters are so well known, and the news of their arrival was -conveyed by him to the King.[111] The Infanta, as an account from Spain -testified, was greatly distressed by these proceedings. The termination -of this treaty was, as Bishop Hacket remarks, “flat and unfortunate. Not -an inch of the Palatinate better for it, and we the worse from wars in -all countries.” The same writer justly observes that the Spanish as a -nation are preferable to the French; that the Spanish ladies, who have -been united to English princes, have been “virtuous, mild, thrifty, and -beloved of all.” - -Footnote 109: - - Nichols, p. 962. - -Footnote 110: - - Nichols, p. 970. - -Footnote 111: - - Ibid, p. 849. - -The conduct of Charles in this affair gave a presage of that vacillating -and insincere policy which, in his after life, stamped a character full -of beautiful indications and gentle qualities, with duplicity. "But to -his life’s end," remarks Hacket, “he had a quality, I will not call it -humility, it is something like, but it is not it, to be easily persuaded -out of his own knowledge and judgment by some whom he permitted to have -power over him, who had not the half of his intellectuals.” The public, -however, remarked that the “brave prince,” as they called him, was -“bettered in his judgment after his return from Spain.”[112] - -Footnote 112: - - State Papers. - -Buckingham’s conduct drew forth still more severe censures. It was -observed that in advising the Prince to break off the treaty, he had -only counselled what he had often done himself; for he was said to have -given promises of marriage to many within the Court, and to have -withdrawn from the fulfilment.[113] Harassed by the censures cast upon -him, Buckingham’s health and spirits sank under the alternate excitement -of his too dazzling career, and the depression of blame and opposition. -“A fever, the jaundice, and I know not what else,” are described, in a -letter from Mr. Chamberlain, as his disease. For this he was “let blood -thrice;” “yet the world,” adds the same writer, “thinks he is more sick -in mind than body, and that he declines apace.” The King in vain -endeavoured to reconcile him to the Earl of Bristol, who had returned -from Spain some time previously. That nobleman was ordered not to leave -his house, although many gracious messages were sent to him from the -King.[114] Buckingham, however, passed much of his time with the King, -“with as much freedom and love as ever.”[115] - -Footnote 113: - - Ibid, pp. 972, 975. - -Footnote 114: - - Hacket, from Cabala, p. 223. - -Footnote 115: - - State Papers. - -The Duke of Buckingham was attended in his illness by Sir Theodore -Mayerne, the favourite court physician. From an entry in a journal of -cases kept by that eminent man, and styled by him his “Ephemerides -Anglicæ,” it appears that Buckingham was not unfrequently the subject of -his care and skill. In 1617 he had been troubled with a tumour in the -right ear, owing to riding bareheaded in the winter, when hunting with -the King; and the mode of life pursued in James’s society, the habits of -intemperance prevalent in those days, and the absence of any strict -moral principle, were, as Mayerne’s details are said to prove, highly -injurious to the general health of the Favourite,[116] who is specified, -in Sir Theodore’s voluminous collection, under the name of Palamedes. -Every one remarked that Buckingham had, since his return, become -pensive. “The Prince,” writes Mr. Mead to Sir Martin Stuteville, “hath -got a beard, and is cheerful; the Marquis (some conceive) not so.” The -expenses of the Spanish journey were very considerable; and in the -impoverished state of James’s treasury, they might naturally provoke -difficulties far from agreeable to the main projectors of that -enterprize. They amounted, according to a release given by Prince -Charles to Sir Francis Cottington, to 50,027_l._ Prince Charles, before -he left Spain, had given presents to the amount of 12,000_l._ - -Footnote 116: - - Ellis’s Original Letters, 2nd series, vol. iii., p. 245-46. There are - nineteen volumes in the Sloane MSS., British Museum, consisting of - notes in Latin, in the handwriting of Mayerne, forming a journal of - the cases which he attended from 1611 to 1649. “These,” says Sir Henry - Ellis, “may be styled, for the period they embrace, ‘Medical Annals of - the Court of England.’” - -But it appears that the nation, pleased that the heir-apparent of Great -Britain should have an opportunity of seeing two great kingdoms, and -proud of his discretion and princely demeanour, were far from regretting -that the journey had taken place, but rejoiced that he had returned in -health, and without any change in his religious opinions.[117] - -Footnote 117: - - State Papers. Letter from Edward Herbert to James I., p. 168. - -The Prince, it was now said, disliked a Dutch match, and refused a -Spanish one, until full restoration of the Palatinate and Electorals. “A -lady,” Dudley Carleton remarked, “wise in these matters, declared she -saw no symptom of his being in love.”[118] The talk of the Spanish match -became daily cooler, and another was said to be under consideration at -Vienna; whilst the Princes’s safe return was, as many thought, a “marvel -to all;” and a great man told him that he might thank God and his sister -for it.[119] - -Footnote 118: - - State Papers, vol. cliv., No. 2. - -Footnote 119: - - Ibid, No. 17. - -In the course of these discussions an accident occurred, which too -plainly showed the temper of the times. A house had been hired by the -Roman Catholics, next to that of the French ambassador, in order to -celebrate mass, and to hear Father Drury, a famous Jesuit preacher. The -day chosen for the opening of the tenement was the fifth of November. -That day the roof fell in, whilst these worshippers were assembled, and -ninety-five people, Drury among the number, were killed. It seems -difficult, in the present state of public feeling, to believe that, as -the crashing ruins entombed the victims beneath them, the barbarous -multitude, who might term themselves Protestants, but were not to be -called Christians, “rather railed and taunted the sufferers, than helped -them.” Nor did the bitterness of persecution end there, for the Bishop -of London refused to allow these unfortunate people to be interred in -any churchyard in the City; the dead were therefore buried in two pits -behind the houses which had fallen in, and black crosses were placed -above their graves. This event made a deep impression. It was the first -solemn meeting of recusants for sixty years; the Puritans styled it a -judgment; the Romanists declared that it could not be such, for that -those dying in that way escape purgatory. The preachers in the churches, -however, treated the question “charitably and temperately.”[120] Masses -for the sufferers were said at Ely House, in the presence of all the -Spanish Legation, Sir Tobie Mathew appearing as chief mourner.[121] - -Footnote 120: - - Letter from Chamberlain to Carleton. - -Footnote 121: - - State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 17. - -People began to fear Buckingham more than even Prince Charles himself; -he was styled the “dictator, not only of England, Ireland, and of -Scotland, but of the King himself,”[122] and he henceforth courted -popularity, inviting himself to the houses of the influential citizens, -which seemed nevertheless to imply that he dreaded lest some impending -storm should be lowering over his destiny. - -Footnote 122: - - Coke’s Detections, p. 224. - -During the whole of this year, however, Buckingham’s security was being -undermined; and, had it not been for the unfathomable indulgence of -James, he would probably have shared the fate of that great minister, -Wolsey, to whom he has been sometimes compared. During the progress of -the Spanish treaty, as we have already seen, the Marquis of Inojosa had -been sent to England as ambassador. He was a man of truly Spanish -gravity and severity, and a great promoter of the Popish interests in -England. His peculiar distinctions as an ambassador were, however, his -disagreeable, discourteous manners, which marked him as one of the most -unamiable foreigners that had visited the English Court. - -This nobleman, in a private audience with James, had, in the spring of -1624, accused Buckingham of conspiring with certain accomplices how to -break off the match with the Infanta, and of having determined, in case -that their plot should not succeed, to send the King to one of his -country houses, and to put all public matters in the hands of the -Prince, whose virtue and discretion were so much worthier of confidence. - -Hints were even thrown out by Inojosa that Buckingham plotted treason -against the King, who, until assured by several peers and councillors -that there was no intention of deposing him, was greatly disquieted. -Precedents were now sought to punish Buckingham; and there was an idea -started of calling him before the upper house to answer for his conduct. -But when the council talked to the King of precedents, he said that -"such precedents were found to cut off his mother’s head." Inojosa did -his best, meantime, to obtain a private hearing from the King, and went -to him, whilst Charles was in the House of Lords, at Theobald’s; but the -Prince, hearing of this visit, hurriedly rose, and arrived at the Palace -before the ambassador. - -The King, harassed and vacillating, sent for the Lords to Whitehall, and -harangued them, when a strange scene ensued; he told them that he came -to sing a psalm of mercy and justice about the Lord Treasurer,[123] -whose misdeeds had lately come to light--who had done him, he said, some -good, in restraining grants which his own facile disposition led him to -consent to; that a recent imposition on wines was for his service and -profit, and therefore they might as well arraign him as the Lord -Treasurer. Prince Charles, deputed by the lords, said Lord Middlesex was -not questioned for that; but the King “_told him he lied_,” and bade the -house proceed, but give a good account of what they did.[124] - -Footnote 123: - - Lord Middlesex. - -Footnote 124: - - State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 53. - -James next did what every open nature is likely to suggest; he sent for -the creature whom he had raised from the dust, and reproached him with -his conduct. “Ah, Steenie, Steenie,” cried the monarch, “wilt thou kill -me?” Steenie, however, found means to justify himself to the King’s -satisfaction, and the Marquis of Inojosa was henceforth prohibited from -any more private interviews with the King. He resolved, however, to -overreach those who were set as spies to prevent his seeing James; and, -whilst Don Carlos de Coloma held the Prince and the Duke in close -conversation, he managed to slip into the King’s hands, with a wink, a -paper which he wished him to see, and made a sign that His Majesty -should thrust it into his pocket, which was quietly effected by the poor -frightened monarch. James had, indeed, for some time perceived that he -was maltreated by the haughty Buckingham. The Prince, though averse to -the alliance with Spain, was gentle and tractable; but, in the Duke, the -King declared that he had noted a turbulent spirit of late, and knew not -how to quell it. It was by the altered expression of James’s -countenance, and by his frequent silence and musings, that the Duke and -the Prince discovered these proceedings, and when they heard that -Inojosa and the Jesuit Maestro had been with the King, their alarm was -considerable. In consequence of this discovery, Buckingham wrote to his -royal master the following ungrateful and unpardonable letter:-- - -"DEAR DAD AND GOSSIP, - - "Notwithstanding this unfavourable interpretation I find made -of a thoughtful and loyal heart, in calling my words ‘cruel Catonic -words,’ in obedience to your commands, I will tell the House of -Parliament that you, having been upon the fields this afternoon, have -taken such a fierce rheum and cough, as, not knowing how you will be -this night, you are not able yet to appoint them a day of hearing; but I -will forbear to tell them that notwithstanding of your cold, you were -able to speak with the King of Spain’s instruments, though not with your -own subjects. All I can say is, you march slowly towards your own safety -(here the words ‘_and happiness_’ are erased), and those that depend of -you. I pray God at last you may attain wit, otherwise I shall take -little comfort in wife or child, though now I am suspected to look more -to the rising son than to my maker. Sir, hitherto, I have tied myself to -a punctuall answer of yours. If I should give myself leave to speak my -own thoughts, they are so many, that though the quality of them should -not grieve you, coming from one you wilfully and unjustly suspect, yet -the number of them are so many, that I should not give over till I had -troubled you. Therefore I shall only tie myself to that which shall be -my last and speedy refuge--to pray, the Almighty to increase your joys -and qualify the sorrows of your Majesty." - -Notwithstanding this remonstrance, James continued to give audience to -the Spanish ambassadors, though sometimes disputes ran high, and loud -expostulations were addressed even to his Majesty by Inojosa; at other -times, the Pope’s envoy, the Jesuit Maestro, was admitted whilst -Buckingham was at Newhall, and jealousies were thus fomented.[125] The -Duke was about this time ill of fever and jaundice; and reports were -spread of his having had something given to him in Spain that was -undermining his health; he was, in short, harassed by debts, harassed by -the Spanish treaty, and doubted by the King. Superstitious fears never -seemed to have had much hold on him; yet in James’s time, wiser men than -Buckingham (not to specify the King himself) were agitated by omens and -prophecies. In the spring of this eventful year, one Gamaliel Gruys had -prophesied that two great cedars would fall in England; these were, he -said, the Duke of Buckingham and the Lord Keeper. An hour after this -prophecy was spoken, news arrived of the death of the Duke of Lennox. -The augury, therefore, might be thought to refer to him. This idle -speech was deemed worthy of investigation;[126] and the prognostic was -judged by many to have had special reference to the events which time -too surely disclosed. Nevertheless, in proportion as the favour of the -Monarch declined, that of the people seemed to be restored to the Duke. - -Footnote 125: - - Nichols, 970. - -Footnote 126: - - State Papers, vol. clix., Nos. 45, 46. - -The King, at this epoch, must have had some difficulties in arranging -his different audiences. The ambassadors from the States, and those from -Spain, were obliged to be conducted by different ways to the presence -chamber, that they might not meet, and the very chamber and bed which -had been prepared for the reception of the Infanta at St. James’s, were -allotted to Count Mansfeld, the ambassador from the Protestant party in -Germany, who, notwithstanding a protest from the Spanish ambassador, was -graciously received, and royally entertained by the King.[127] James -found it impossible long to resist the influence of his favourite, and -accordingly the Duke soon perceived that he was again welcome at court; -and a complete triumph was gained. Thus dishonourably and discourteously -ended the famous treaty with Spain, for the accomplishment of which -James had risked the best interests in Europe, and of his own family, -and upon which so much time, trouble, and money had been expended. The -voice of the people certainly called for the result. - -Footnote 127: - - Nichols, 790. - -The expected rupture of the treaties with Spain was, however, most -acceptable to the nation; and Parliament resolved to assist His Majesty -in maintaining the honour of the nation by proclaiming war. Sir Edward -Coke encouraged the resolution, by saying in the house that “we never -thrived so well as in a war with Spain; and that if the navy was ready, -Ireland secured, and the low countries divided, we need fear neither -Turk, Pope, devil, nor the King of Spain himself, and that the very idea -of the war made him seven years younger.”[128] Sir Thomas Edwards was -authorized to declare also that the Prince “was sensible to the -dishonours put on himself, and condescended to urge speed in the -resolution for avenging them.” “Who,” cried the well-paid courtier, “can -resist such an invitation, the first made by him? He shall have an -answer of thanks, and assurance of tender concern for his -interests.”[129] - -Footnote 128: - - State Papers, vol. clx., No. 63. - -Footnote 129: - - Ibid, No. 68. - -The King still temporized, nevertheless; and his conduct at this -juncture shows more plainly than at any other his native apathy, and the -indecision of his weak character, faced, as it was, with strong -pretensions. He was truly the “Clerk of Arms,” and said lofty things -whilst the sword was still in the sheath. Prince Charles endeavoured to -keep up appearances, by saying, “The King hath a long sword, and when it -is out it will not easily go in again.” But James confessed, in his -reply to the declaration, that he was old and oppressed with debts, and -had not yet expressed his opinion with regard to the war; “for, where -Jupiter speaks,” he added, “he should have his thunder; and a king -should not speak unless he could act.”[130] In this great business he -must satisfy his conscience, and his honour and he were already _almost_ -resolved. The fact was, that he wanted larger subsidies than, he -expected, without this coquetting with his Parliament, would be voted. - -Footnote 130: - - State Papers, No. 27. - -Never had the courtiers been so much at a loss in which way to turn -their customary homage; whether to the failing interest of the Spanish -ambassador, or to the rising but precarious favour of the French, for -James still vacillated. - -At this juncture, the unfortunate Charles I. became for a time the -darling of the anti-catholic party, by far the most powerful at all -times in this country. His gentleness, his urbanity, his filial respect, -on the one hand, his endeavours to procure the King’s assent to the -wishes of his people, on the other, were the theme of praise. Still -Parliament was “fitful, and did lettle,” though the Prince and Duke -endeavoured to get it into a better understanding with His Majesty. The -Prince so “bravely and judiciously” exhorted the Houses, that they -resolved to offer life and fortune to His Majesty, if he would declare -the treaties broken. Secretary Calvert knowingly suggested that the -offer should be restricted “to be in a Parliamentary way;” the Treasurer -and Lord Arundel suggested that a general offer of aid from Parliament -would be of no avail; the Archbishop of Canterbury presented the -declaration; the King replied by thanks for their “large offer, which, -he said, was too general to be accepted;” they mistook him “in supposing -that he said Spain had dealt falsely with him; but if they would give -him five subsidies and ten fifteens for the war only, and one subsidy -and two fifteens yearly for himself, till his debts were paid, he would -issue a declaration to make this Parliament a session, and call another -for Michaelmas, and another for Lady-day.” This answer so annoyed the -House that there was not one “God save the King” heard as they went -away. When the Houses met again, the Prince and Duke endeavoured to -disperse these clouds: they said His Majesty was misunderstood; he only -wanted six subsidies and twelve fifteenths for the war. But this did not -convince those who heard him. Many members of Parliament were now again -"so cast down, that they would give the King’s men all for the war, even -to their shirts;" others harped on the poverty of the country, and would -not consent to give at all. At last the house voted three subsidies and -three fifteenths, to be paid within a year after the declaration that -the treaties were broken, and the King “lovingly” accepted their offer, -saying he would not touch a penny of the money himself, but devote it -all to the Palatinate. The general joy was expressed in bonfires; and -one nobleman, Lord Verulam, ran into debt to give four dozen fagots and -twelve gallons of wine. Stones and firebrands were now thrown at the -Spanish ambassador’s house; but the Commons refused to protect him. The -ambassador complained of some expressions used by Buckingham, reflecting -on the King of Spain, but the Houses immediately praised his conduct in -Spain, and the King said the Duke “had set an ill example to -ambassadors, for he had spent 40,000_l._ in his journey, and had asked -no repayment.” Never, adds Sir Edward Conway, whose letter to Carleton -contains these curious details, “was man so beloved of King, Prince, and -people” as Buckingham. - -All seemed now to be settled according to the popular wish; but those -who deemed the rupture with Spain secure knew but little of King James. -The motives for his perpetual vacillations seem inexplicable, unless we -could believe that a sincere desire to preserve peace, and a dread of -being involved in continental wars, may have influenced the now feeble -and broken monarch. But sincerity was not one of this King’s attributes; -and his professions with regard to the Palatinate were utterly hollow -and worthless. - -Shortly after this apparent understanding with his Parliament, he -“stormed” at a bill reviewing all the acts against Papists; and even -scolded Buckingham for consenting to it. At length, however, matters -seemed to draw to a conclusion. - -The Earl of Bristol was recalled; Buckingham was empowered to read to -the Houses a dispatch from the King of Spain, declaring that the -treaties were dissolved. The King, in reply to an address from the -Houses, protested that his heart bled at the increase of Popery; and -that he had desired to hinder it, not by persecution, for that would be -useless; nevertheless, he granted their desire for the banishment of -priests and Jesuits; and promised to advise with council about the -probability of seizing subjects coming out from mass in the ambassador’s -chapel; no priests were in fact allowed to leave the kingdom without -first taking the oaths of allegiance. - -So far, all looked well for the Protestant party; but not long -afterwards, the pertinacious Inojosa again seemed on the ascendant. He -resolved to raise, through Padre Maestro, a discord between the King and -Parliament, and, therefore, hinted to the King that there was a design -to confine him in Theobald’s, and to give the Crown to the Prince.[131] -The King was a good deal agitated, and told the Prince and the Duke of -this suspicion. They were resolved to find out who had put this idea -into the Spaniard’s head--some Englishmen they believed had done it, and -they suspected Lord Middlesex. James had heard of this design in the -morning, but had kept it to himself until after dinner, when, with -weeping eyes, in St. James’s Park, he imparted it to Buckingham, who, in -his reply, asked how it was possible he could ever do such a thing -without the Prince’s knowledge, whose filial feeling would rise against -it; and without his knowledge it were sottish to plan it, for the -affection of the people for His Majesty was such that they would tear -anyone to pieces who attempted such baseness. To which the King replied, -that had he believed it, he should never have mentioned it.[132] -Eventually, Inojosa pretended that the accusation was a misunderstanding -on the part of the King, and declared the Prince to be the most dutiful -son, and the Duke to be the most faithful servant, that ever monarch -had.[133] - -Footnote 131: - - State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 10.--Locke to Carleton. - -Footnote 132: - - State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 12. - -Footnote 133: - - Ibid, No. 44. - -Meantime, the Earl of Bristol arrived in London, bringing with him the -jewels that had been given to the Infanta. He was confined, by the -King’s order, to his house in St. Giles’s Fields, but James sent him -kind messages. “It is thought,” writes Carleton, “that he will not be -much questioned, lest he should reveal too much.” - -All hopes of now marrying the Prince to a lady of his own religion were -at an end, for James would not consent to his son’s espousing an -inferior, and there seemed to be no other alternative than to make -proposals to a French Princess. The Earl of Holland was therefore -dispatched into France, to treat with the queen-mother and her ministers -concerning this alliance, Charles, in the casual view which he had -obtained of Henrietta Maria, the posthumous daughter of Henry the Great, -having been struck by her beauty. First it prospered, and the French -ministers seemed disposed not to stand upon any conditions; but when -they found that the breach with Spain and that his inclinations favoured -the negotiation; that the breach with Spain was irreparable, and that a -war was in preparation, they resolved to abate none of the terms which -had been granted to the Spaniards, relative to the exercise of the -Catholic religion, and to these terms James and his son consented. Such -was the infatuation, and such, perhaps, the ignorance of the people, -that, having in November, 1623, celebrated the dissolution of the -Spanish treaty with bells and bonfires, they now, in February, -signalized their joy at the conclusion of a treaty precisely similar. -The conduct of Buckingham to the Earl of Bristol was justly and -generally unpopular. That nobleman had prayed that he might make his -answer in Parliament against any charge that might be preferred against -him; but had been committed to the Tower, in order, it was thought, to -prevent disclosures, and was only released upon his making submission, -and retiring into the country; nevertheless, articles were prepared to -impeach him. - -In the course of the autumn, Don Hurtado de Mendoza, as ambassador -extraordinary from the Court of Spain, arrived in England. This nobleman -insisted on his right of precedence, according to the English custom, -which always grants it to the ambassador last arrived. This right was -resisted by Inojosa, as being of higher rank in his own country, and he -was eventually supported by the King of Spain, who ordered Mendoza back -again, and commanded him to remain in his own house as a prisoner when -he arrived in Spain.[134] - -Footnote 134: - - Note in Nichols, 937, from Finett’s Philoxenis. - -During Mendoza’s sojourn in London, Buckingham had given a great feast -in his honour, and in that of Don Diego de Mexia, the Austrian -ambassador. On this occasion, Inojosa, although of course expected, -declined, not choosing, before the point of precedence was arranged, to -walk after Mendoza. On the following evening, Buckingham sent the absent -Inojosa, by Endymion Porter, a “regale of three large flaskets,” full of -the provisions of which the feast had been composed; one of cold meats -for the _custe pasto_, “another filled with uncooked fowl, fat and ready -for the spit;” a third containing the best and rarest sweetmeats; and -with all these, this message,--"that the Duke kissed his hand, and would -have esteemed it an honour and happiness to have had his company; but -since he had not had it, begged him to taste of what he had provided for -him; and on tasting this supper, entreated that the Marquis would be -pleased to drink the health of the King of England, and he would, at the -same time, drink that of the King of Spain." - -Inojosa’s immediate answer to this compliment was, “that if my Lord Duke -had wished for his company, he might have had it, if it had pleased him -to command it; adding that it was easy to conceive what the feast must -have been, when a taste of it was so rare and plentiful.” It was, -indeed, one of those ruinous entertainments which were contributing to -impoverish Buckingham. It cost three hundred pounds--a large sum in -those days--and such was the taste and profusion of the times, that -twelve pheasants were piled in a dish, and there were on the table forty -dozen partridges, and all else in proportion.[135] - -Footnote 135: - - Letter from Chamberlain to Carleton, Nov. 21. - -These compliments had passed, of course, before the accusation which -Inojosa had preferred against Buckingham had been insinuated into the -mind of the King by secret and artful proceedings. - -“And no wonder it was,” Bishop Hacket remarks, “that His Majesty was -abused awhile, and dim-sighted with the character of jealousie, for the -Parliament was about to land him in a new world, to begin and maintain a -war, who thought that scarce any mischief was so great as was worth a -war to mend it; wherein the Prince did deviate from him, as likewise in -affection to the Spanish alliance: but otherwise promised nothing but -sweetness and obedience.” - -On the twenty-second of May, Buckingham came to Court, and was very -welcome and well entertained, the King having previously shown him his -continued favour by his determination to get York House, which -Buckingham had hitherto borrowed, or rented, from Tobias Mathew, -Archbishop of York, transferred to the Duke; and scarcely six weeks had -elapsed, after the quarrel between James and his favourite, before we -find that prelate writing a letter to the King, declaring that he will -submit to His Majesty’s wishes, and give up York House and other -tenements; craving, however, that satisfaction to the see for so large a -property should be cared for; Mathews adding that he “blessed God for a -King who did not require anything from the church without making -abundant recompense.”[136] An act was subsequently passed, giving lands -in Yorkshire to the Archbishop in lieu of York House, which Buckingham -was altering at great expense. On giving his assent to the bill for the -transfer of York House, the King vindicated himself, in his speech to -the Lower House, from any design of allowing the Archbishop of York to -be a loser, and praised the care of the clergy taken by Buckingham, who -was adding to the lands given in exchange a house fit for the -bishop.[137] In another account it is said that the King spoke “very -affectionately of Buckingham;” and on the fourteenth of June the Monarch -granted to the Duke York House, and other messuages in the parish of St. -Martin’s-in-the-Fields, formerly belonging to the Archbishop of York, -but assigned to the King by act of Parliament. On the same day an -annuity of a thousand a year from the Court of Wards was conferred also -on the Duke, and a thousand pounds, arrears from the Court of Wards, in -lieu of a like grant from the Exchequer, surrendered.[138] Thus it -appears that Buckingham’s plan of managing his royal master, sometimes -by flattery, sometimes by insolence, reaped an undeserved success. That -the reconciliation was complete appears from the visit which James paid -during the summer to Burleigh-on-the-Hill, still in an unfinished -condition. Here the King witnessed the masque, by Jonson, entitled -"Pan’s Anniversary, or the Shepherd’s Holiday," containing those -beautiful lines, beginning:-- - - “Well done, my pretty ones, rain roses still, - Until the last be dropt, then hence, and fill - Your fragrant prickles;[139] for a second shower - Bring corn-flags, tulips, and Adonis flower,” &c. - -Footnote 136: - - State Papers, vol. clxvi., No. 62. - -Footnote 137: - - State Papers, vol. clxv., No. 29. - -Footnote 138: - - Ibid, vol. clxix., No. 14. - -Footnote 139: - - Light open baskets for flowers, and still so called by - gardeners.--Gifford’s Ben Jonson. - -Buckingham, however, did not accompany his royal master in this his last -progress; but, although his separations from the King and Court were -more frequent than formerly, many letters from James to the Favourite, -preserved among the Harleian manuscripts, sufficiently attest the -unchanged character of the King’s devotion, not only to his favourite, -but to his whole family. - - - - - CHAPTER III. - -DECLINE OF THE KING’S HEALTH--CASE OF LORD MIDDLESEX--PROCEEDINGS IN - BOTH HOUSES--SIR EDWARD COKE’S EXAGGERATION--BUCKINGHAM’S - PARTICIPATION IN THE AFFAIR--MIDDLESEX STEALS AWAY TO THEOBALD’S, - AND IS FOLLOWED BY CHARLES--FOUND GUILTY--CONFINED--BUCKINGHAM’S - DANGEROUS ILLNESS--ARTHUR BRETT--DEATH OF THE KING--ASCRIBED TO - BUCKINGHAM. - - - - - =CHAPTER III.= - - -The health of James the First had long been declining, and the vexations -which troubled his last years contributed, it has been supposed, greatly -to its decline. A mortal internal disease, however, aggravated by an -attack of tertian ague, left, in the spring of the year 1625, little -hope of his recovery. When told, during the access of this disorder, the -proverb, that “ague in the spring was health to a king,” he remarked -that the saying was meant to apply to a young king. The King was, in -truth, only fifty-eight years of age, but, independent of his originally -feeble constitution, he, like other men in those times, was old of his -age. It has been our blessing, under the improvements of science, and in -the habits of the nineteenth century, to retain, if not youth, many of -its greatest advantages, to a period of life far more advanced than that -in which James was styled the “old King,” a term to which he gave his -mournful assent. - -Amongst the numerous causes which, with the Spanish treaty, vexed the -royal invalid, the case of the Lord Treasurer Middlesex was prominent. -In this minister James had rested unbounded confidence, which nothing -but the clearest evidence of the Lord Treasurer’s corruption could -undermine. - -In April, 1624, Middlesex had been questioned in the House of Lords on -account of his neglect of the fortresses. He was much dejected by this -attack; but the inquiry was ascribed to the jealousy of Buckingham, Lord -Middlesex’s brother-in-law, Arthur Brett, having been put forward to -supplant the Duke in James’s favour.[140] It was thought, however, such -was the low standard of public morality, that the articles produced -against the Treasurer were not worse than “might be found in most men in -his place;” and the attempts to injure him were referred rather to his -harsh and insolent manner, his want of respect to Prince Charles, and -his inclination to the Spanish match, than to his devices for raising -money, and so impoverishing the nation, and to his opposition to the -calling a Parliament. Still he stood high in James’s favour, and boldly -declared his own innocence; James, whatever he might really feel, -“looking on” merely, and leaving his minister to his fate.[141] - -Footnote 140: - - State Papers, vol. clxii, No. 13. - -Footnote 141: - - State Papers, clxii., No. 45. - -Buckingham, addressing the Peers, read a letter from the Deputy in -Ireland, who complained of neglect to his applications for repairing the -forts, which had become the more necessary as the Irish were in a state -of tumult and rebellion. Prince Charles added that a “member of the -council” had undertaken to answer these letters, and that this was the -Lord Treasurer, “who used to put such letters in his pocket, under -pretence of answering them.” Middlesex was soon after suspended from his -office, till he should clear himself; and it was even reported that his -title, given for services in the royal wardrobe, where he had been -guilty of many abuses, would be taken away; but rewards for services, -acknowledged under the Great Seal, could not, it was found, be -questioned. Even his life would have been in danger, could all have been -proved against him. - -The House, desirous to finish the matter, allowed Middlesex to produce -forty witnesses, twelve of whom deposed directly against him; upon this, -Prince Charles sent him a message, ordering him not to appear in the -royal presence again until he had cleared himself. This command was the -more necessary, since, at this very moment, the mind of James had been -impressed by Inojosa with a suspicion that his son and the Duke were -plotting against him; an idea which the King, with weeping, imparted to -his son and the Duke. “The Lord Treasurer,” Sir Dudley Carleton writes, -“is suspected to be at the bottom of it.” Hitherto, James had still -appeared confident of the Lord Treasurer’s innocence,[142] and in a -speech to the Lords, whom he had summoned to Whitehall,[143] he advised -them as to their judgment. “Such a trial,” he observed, “had no -precedent before the last parliament, and then the guilty party, Lord -Bacon, had confessed, now the supposed delinquent denied the charge.” -James, indeed, long clung to the Lord Treasurer, and told the lords he -came to “sing a psalm of mercy and justice about him;” still the trial -went on, and the accused, in spite of alleged ill-health, was examined -both morning and afternoon; his illness was found, however, to be -feigned; and his answers were so audacious, and so manifestly perjured, -that, had it not been for the intercession of the Prince, he would have -been sent to the Tower. Among other speeches, Middlesex said he had been -baited by two mastiffs, Crew and the Attorney General; and he reasoned, -in his defence, “saucily” for five hours, but was found guilty, and -sentenced to pay 50,000_l._ fine, and to lose his office; never to sit -in Parliament again, nor to come within the verge of the Court. “He -would,” Mr. Chamberlain writes, “have been further degraded, but that he -had great, if not _gratis_, friends in the bedchamber. He may live to -crush his enemies, if his brother-in-law, Brett, should get into favour -and marry the Duchess of Richmond, who would do anything to be prime -courtier again.”[144] - -Footnote 142: - - State Papers, clxiv., No. 12. - -Footnote 143: - - May 5th, 1624.--State Papers. - -Footnote 144: - - State Papers, clxiv., No. 86. - -Regarding this sentence, Lord Campbell remarks:--"The noble defendant -had done various things, as head of the Treasury, which would now be -considered very scandalous; but he had only imitated his predecessors, -and was imitated by his successors."--A melancholy commentary on the -state of public morality. It must have been galling to Lord Bacon, in -his retirement, to have known that he was coupled with a man so -dishonest, so specious, and so degraded as Middlesex. - -Whilst all this was taking place, Buckingham was dangerously ill; so -that on Charles the difficult task of infusing a sense of justice into -the mind of James almost wholly devolved.[145] At length, however, -irritated by the insolent bearing of Middlesex, who conducted himself as -if he had not been expelled from Court, James, with his own hand, -scratched out the culprit’s name from the commission of subsidy for -Middlesex; and sent, through Sir Richard Weston, a message, saying that, -without regarding any other charge, he condemned him merely in his -capacity as Master of the Wardrobe, which Middlesex had “treated as a -fee-farm not to be accounted for, and would not even allow the clerk to -keep accounts, whereby great corruptions arose, and ordinary and mean -stuffs were brought in.”[146] - -Footnote 145: - - Parl. History, 1411, 1471.--See Lord Campbell, Article Coke. - -Footnote 146: - - State Papers. - -Whilst all this was going on, Arthur Brett, the supposed rival of -Buckingham, was committed to the Fleet. By his examination it appears -that, on the Duke’s going into Spain, he had desired this young man to -retire to France, and he did so; but on Buckingham’s return, he could -not obtain leave to come back to England, and had therefore left France -without it. He was ordered back to France by the King; he pleaded his -right to stay in his own country, as a free-born subject. Then he was -told not to appear within forty miles of London. He had afterwards an -interview with Buckingham, who blamed him for returning; but said he was -the King’s servant, and might live where he pleased. He had therefore -staid in London, and wished to plead for a restoration of favour with -the Duke; failing in this, he went to Wanstead to petition the -King.[147] - -Footnote 147: - - State Papers, vol cxlii., Nos. 44, 54. - -This disclosure of Brett’s, and Buckingham’s wish to keep him from the -Court, certainly throw a doubt on the genuineness of the Duke’s motives -in the prosecution of Middlesex. Brett had imprudently met the King in -Waltham Forest, and had seized hold of his Majesty’s bridle and stirrup, -a liberty which had greatly offended James, and to punish which Brett -was sent to the Fleet Prison, and, though released, was heavily fined. - -In the midst of these various harassing affairs, the illness of James -began to assume a formidable appearance. The King had frequently, before -his last illness, been heard to express his belief that he should not -live long. He was a martyr to rheumatism and gout, which he increased by -gross feeding, and the continual use of sweet wines. During the whole of -the Christmas preceding his death he had kept his chambers, not even -going to chapel, or to see the plays, although his known delight in Ben -Jonson’s masques would have induced him to attend the representation of -the last of those performances played in his reign, the masque of the -“Fortunate Isles.” The sole amusement which the dying King permitted -himself was to go abroad in his litter, in fair weather, to see some -flights at the brook; but all enjoyment of his usual diversion was at an -end. - -Accounts from the Court became daily worse:--"The King," Chamberlain, on -the twelfth of March, wrote to Carleton, “has a tertian ague, but not -dangerous, if he would be governed by physicians.”[148] His Majesty’s -decline was evidently gradual; nor was he the only person in the realm -sinking under fever or ague, the “spotted fever”[149] being fearfully -prevalent. Buckingham was now on the eve of going to France as -ambassador, to marry by proxy the young Princess, Henrietta Maria; but -so late as the twenty-third of March he was detained by the continued -illness of James. - -Footnote 148: - - State Papers, vol. clxxxv., No. 48. - -Footnote 149: - - Probably typhoid, which is characterized by some spots. State Papers, - vol. clxxxv., No. 99. - -"The King’s fits," Mr. Chamberlain again writes, “diminish; the Duke -will not leave him till he is perfectly recovered, of which there is -hope, but no assurance.” On the following day, we find, from the same -source, that James performed an act of mercy, almost if not quite his -last, in excusing Lord Middlesex part of his fine, and reducing it from -50,000_l._ to 20,000_l._, which sum was to be repaid to the Crown. - -His sickness had now assumed a distinctly intermittent form; even so -late as the middle of the month there had been an apparent abatement; on -the sixteenth of March, he had his seventh fit of this debilitating -disease; but it was, as Mr. Secretary Conway informed the Earl of -Carlisle, “less intense hereto than the rest, and left more clearness -and cheerfulness in his looks than the former.”[150] Yet, in the same -letter, Conway speaks of the “double sadness of every face,” and alludes -to the "extreme grief suffered for the sharp and smart accesses of His -Majesty’s fever." - -Footnote 150: - - Hardwicke, State Papers, 562, 564. - -During the last sufferings of King James, the marriage treaty with -France was still diligently carried on, through the agency of Lord -Carlisle, ambassador at Paris, and was only delayed on the ground that -"it could not be suitable with the good nature of a son, in so dangerous -a state of his father’s health, to entertain such jollity and triumph as -duly belong to so acceptable a marriage." The Duke of Buckingham, who -had entertained some notion of going in person to Paris, and of -concluding the treaty himself, directed Lord Carlisle, in a letter -written on the fifteenth of March, “to have his eyes open, and to state -any course, as much as he could, which might hinder the business of the -Palatinate and of the religion,” until he appeared in the French -capital. - -But the increasing illness of his royal master delayed the Duke’s -journey from day to day; and James was not permitted to witness the -conclusion of the long-cherished hopes of the union of his son with a -Princess of birth equal to his own. “All human things,” wrote Conway, -“have something of earth and defect.” Nothing, he added in his letter to -Lord Carlisle,[151] could exceed the contentment of the “excellent -Prince and gracious Duke,” at the sure progress of the treaty, "and -there was now no speech but of the speed of the Duke’s going;"[152] but -in the next letter the journey was spoken of as conditional upon the -restoration of His Majesty to health. On the twenty-fourth of March, the -tenth night of the King’s fever arrived. The attack, as the same -correspondent informed Lord Carlisle, “exercised much violence upon a -weak body, which being so much reverenced, and loved with so much cause -as His Majesty hath given, struck much sense and fear into the hearts of -his servants that looked upon him.” The King, it appeared, nevertheless, -had that day slept well, “and taken broths.” “And more to your comfort,” -added the secretary, “did, with life and cheerfulness, receive the -sacrament in the presence of the Prince and Duke, and many others, and -admitted many to take it with him; and in the action and the -circumstances of it, did deliver himself so answerable to his writings -and his wise and pious professions, and did justly produce much tears -between comfort and grief; and now this day, and now this night, he -recovers temper and gets, in appearance to us, strength, appetite, and -digestion, which gives us great hope of his amendment, grounded not only -upon desire, but upon the method of judicious observation.”[153] - -Footnote 151: - - Dated March 16, from Theobald’s. - -Footnote 152: - - Ibid, 563. - -Footnote 153: - - Letter of Conway to Lord Carlisle; dated March 16, from Theobald’s, - 566. - -It may here be remarked, before going more fully into the false and -calumnious evidence of poison, afterwards brought forward in this case -of the royal sufferer, that the state of the King, his relapses, and his -rallyings, imply anything but poison, and convey an impression of a -constitution long broken up, and suddenly depressed by the supervening -of an accidental attack of a disease then extremely prevalent in this -country. The Holy Communion was administered to James, over as before -stated, four days before he died: of the King’s professions before that -last sacrament, an account, corresponding with that of Secretary Conway, -but more distinct and instructive, is given by the Lord Keeper Williams. -The monarch, who broke the heart of Arabella Stuart by long imprisonment -and blighted hopes, and who beheaded Ralegh, and denied restitution to -his son, Carew, died well;--so self-deceived is the spirit of the “rich -man,”--so easy is it to substitute professions for practical -Christianity. - -“Being asked,” said the Lord Keeper, “if he was prepared in point of -faith and charity for so great a devotion, he said he was, and gave -humble thanks to God for the same.” Being desired to declare his faith, -he repeated the articles of the creed, one by one, and said, “He -believed them all as they were received and expounded by that part of -the Catholic church which was established here in England,” adding that -whatever he had written of this faith in his life he was ready to seal -with his death. Being questioned in “point of charity,” he answered that -he forgave all men that had offended him, and wished to be forgiven by -all whom he had offended. Being told that men in holy orders in the -Church of England can challenge a power, as inherent in their function, -not in their power, to pronounce absolution on such of the penitent as -do call on the same, and that they have a form of absolution in the Book -of Common Prayer, he answered quickly:-- - -“I have ever believed that there was that power in you that be in orders -in the Church of England, and that, amongst others, was to me an evident -demonstration that the Church of England was the Church of Christ, and -I, therefore, a miserable sinner, desire of Almighty God to absolve me -of my sins, and that you, that are his servants in this high place, do -afford me this heavenly comfort.” And, after that the absolution had -been read, “he received the sacrament,” adds the Lord Keeper, “with that -zeal and devotion as if he had not been a frail man, but a Cherubim -clothed with flesh and blood.” He expressed to his son, and to the Duke, -the inward comfort which he felt after receiving the Communion, and -exclaimed “Oh, that my Lords would but do this when they were visited -with the like sickness! Themselves would be more comforted in their -souls, and the world less troubled with questioning their religion.” - -Thus, in perfect composure, and sufficiently collected even to make his -replies to the Lord Keeper in Latin, James met death. Whilst the last -hour was approaching, he was little aware that the two beings whom he -most loved in the world, were, at that very moment, the objects of -suspicions the most cruel and groundless. - -At that period, throughout Europe, and “nowhere,” says Lord Macaulay, -“more than in England, the public, both high and low, were in the habit -of ascribing the deaths of princes, and, indeed, of all persons of -importance, to poison. Thus,” he adds, “James the First had been accused -of poisoning Prince Henry. Thus Charles had been accused of poisoning -King James.”[154] - -Footnote 154: - - Macaulay, vol.i., p.441. - -The calumnies, however, were not so distinctly directed to Charles, as -to the Duke; the calumnies circulated respecting Buckingham assumed an -importance, as they formed part of his subsequent impeachment. Those -also which attempted to implicate Charles merit a reference, since they -were repeated to his injury at a very critical period of his life, in -1642, when they were credited by many persons; for there exist those who -will, on a party question, believe, or affect to believe, any absurdity. - -An act of kindness on the part of Buckingham gave rise to the rumours to -which some contemporary historians, and even an excellent writer of the -present century, have attached an almost incredible value.[155] Nothing, -perhaps, can really be more unwise, or more unkind, than to interfere in -illnesses with that profession which, admirable as are its -practitioners, is remarkable for the tenacity of its etiquette, and its -just horror of chance remedies. Yet, in other instances, even in the age -of Sydenham and of Mead, Anne of Denmark had imprudently sent to Sir -Walter Ralegh in the Tower for a remedy for her best beloved son, Henry, -in his last agonies; and thus afforded Buckingham a precedent for his -resort to unprescribed, and, therefore, often dangerous remedies. - -Footnote 155: - - Weldon, in James’s time, which, in a writer wholly without principle, - is not surprising, attaches guilt to Buckingham in this case; but that - Brodie should credit the slanderous statement against Charles and the - Duke, seems to modern readers wonderful. - -The Countess of Buckingham, like many ladies of her own time and ours, -had a specific which cured every known distemper; and which, at all -events, was believed in by her son, the Duke; and it is not improbable -that during his own frequent illnesses and attacks of ague he might have -resorted to it himself. - -Six days before the King died, the Duke applied, as it is stated by -several historians, plasters to the wrists and body of the sufferer, and -also administered several drinks, although some of the King’s physicians -did, says Roger Coke, “disallow thereof, and refused to meddle further -with the King until the said plasters were removed.”[156] - -Footnote 156: - - Coke’s Detection, vol. i., p. 126. - -The King grew worse after these remedies, and great “droughts, raving, -fainting, and an intermitting pulse followed thereupon.” Twice was the -drink given him by the Duke’s own hand; and the third time refused. The -physicians, to comfort the King, told him that the relapse was from -cold, or from some other accidental cause. Upon which James answered, -“No, no, it was that I had from Buckingham.” “I confess,” adds Coke, -“that this was but a charge upon the Duke upon the Impeachment of the -Commons” (in the next reign), “yet it was next to positive proof, for -King Charles, rather than his charge should come to an issue, dissolved -one Parliament.”[157] - -Footnote 157: - - Ibid, 177. - -It appears, however, that the plasters to which such dire consequences -were ascribed, and which seem to have been suggested by the Countess of -Buckingham, were prepared by an able and honest physician, Dr. John -Remington, of Dunmow, in Essex;[158] and that he had often applied -similar ones with success. One error was in supposing that a remedy -suited to one case had an empirical virtue; another, in using it, -without the knowledge of the physicians in attendance on the King. Their -professional pride was, of course, justly irritated by the discovery; -and one of them, Dr. Craig, having spoken “some plain words” on the -matter, was ordered out of the Court, the Duke himself complaining to -the King of what had been uttered.[159] - -Footnote 158: - - Fuller’s Church History, b. x. p., 113. - -Footnote 159: - - Nichols.--From Harleian MSS., 389. - -His Majesty, however, grew worse and worse, so that Mr. Hayes, the Court -surgeon, was called out of bed to take off the plasters; a julep was -then prepared by Mr. Baker, the Duke of Buckingham’s servant, for His -Majesty to drink, and was administered by Buckingham himself. - -These particulars were all given and sworn to by the physicians, two -years afterwards, before a select committee of Parliament, when the -Duke’s act was voted “transcendant presumption,” though most people -thought that it was done without any ill intention.[160] - -Footnote 160: - - Ibid. - -Whilst the poor King lay expiring, a strange and scandalous scene, -according to Weldon, passed near his death-bed. Buckingham was coming -into the chamber, when one of the servants greeted him with these -words:--"Ah! my lord, you have undone all us poor servants, though you -are so well provided for you need not care:" upon which the Duke kicked -him. The man, enraged, caught hold of the foot which spurned him, and -the Duke fell to the ground. On arising, he ran to the King’s bedside, -and exclaimed, “Justice, for I am an abused man.” At which James is said -to have fixed his eyes mournfully upon him, "as one who would have said, -‘not wrongfully.’"[161] - -Footnote 161: - - Weldon, p. 39. - -Such were the unwarrantable and malignant reports which strove to impute -to Buckingham the foulest treachery and the deepest ingratitude. - -The motive for such an action as that which his foes scrupled not to -fasten upon him--and the imputation followed him through life--is -difficult to be discovered. Buckingham had no reason to wish for the -death of his benefactor. Loaded with obligations, omnipotent in the -country, feared, if not respected, abroad, for what purpose he should -destroy the source of all his superabundant blessings, it were -impossible to divine. The sole reason that could be given was a fear -lest the King should promote the Earl of Bristol, and grow weary of the -Duke. Yet Bristol was even then in retirement and disfavour, and had -only recently been in a sort of imprisonment. The charge, cruel and -groundless, tends to justify Buckingham from many minor imputations, -since those who could fabricate such an accusation were not likely to be -fair interpreters of his ordinary conduct. Roger Coke, for instance, as -we have seen, specifies the charge against Buckingham, but gives him no -credit for the actual acquittal of Parliament, and is silent regarding -the general opinion. - -The confidence reposed by Charles in Buckingham affords another source -of vindication. Charles had ever been a dutiful son; indulged, indeed, -to excess, yet not spoiled by kindness. On the Friday before the King -died, he had three hours private conversation with his son. Had James -then entertained any suspicion of the Duke, he would, assuredly, have -imparted it as a matter which lay most heavily on his mind, and, as a -precaution to his son, James could not have controlled a grief so -pungent as the suspicion that his favourite, the being, perhaps, the -best beloved in the world, had dealt out to him the potion of death. -Wilson, indeed, relates the circumstance of this last interview thus. - -The King, according to his account, sent for the Prince out of his bed. -Charles appeared before him; when James, arousing all his strength and -energy, strove to address him; “but nature being exhausted, he had not -strength to express his intentions.” That a conversation did, however, -take place, rests on the testimony of a private letter addressed by Mr. -Mead to Sir Martin Stuteville, and written shortly after the King’s -death.[162] - -Footnote 162: - - Brodie’s Con. Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, note. - -There was among the Court physicians, one named Eglesham, who had acted -in that capacity for ten years; and this long attendance, in a -responsible post, has been thought a sufficient guarantee for his -character. Upon his evidence, chiefly, the charge against Buckingham -rested; Eglesham was obliged, in consequence of his allegations against -the Duke, to abscond, and remain some years absent from the country. In -the pamphlet which he published, he stated that the plaster was applied -to the King’s heart and chest whilst the physicians in attendance were -absent at dinner: the King, after this application, which was suggested -and carried into execution by the Countess of Buckingham, became faint, -and was in great agony. Some of the physicians, returning after dinner, -and perceiving an offensive smell from the plaster, exclaimed that the -King was poisoned, and then Buckingham, entering, commanded the -physicians to leave the room, sent one of them a prisoner to his own -chamber, and ordered another out of the Court; whilst his mother, -kneeling down, cried out to the King, with a brazen face, “Justice, -sire, I demand justice!” His Majesty asked her “Justice for what?” “For -that which their lives are nowise sufficient to satisfy; for having said -that I have poisoned your Majesty.” “Poisoned me!” cried James, and, -turning round, fainted away. On the following Sunday, Buckingham -entreated two physicians who attended the King to sign a document, -declaring that the powder he had given to the King was a safe and good -remedy; this they refused to do. - -After the King’s death, the physician who had been commanded to keep -within his own apartment was set at liberty, with a caution “to hold his -peace,” and the others were threatened, if they kept not “good tongues -in their heads.”[163] The public were also horrified at hearing that the -King’s body and head had swelled beyond measure; but that is by no means -an unusual symptom after death. - -Footnote 163: - - Brodie’s Con. Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, note. - -Now the value of Eglesham’s evidence rests wholly upon his personal -credit. It was stated, by Sanderson the historian, that he afterwards -offered to write a recantation of his pamphlet for four hundred -guineas;[164] but although Brodie does not consider the assertion of -Sanderson, who had the statement direct from Sir Balthazar Gerbier, to -be a good authority, the impression which it conveys against Eglesham is -confirmed from another source. There is a letter in the State Paper -Office, from one Andrew Herriott to Secretary Nicholas, in which "he -marvels that Nicholas and Sir James Bagg should take into their -protection Edward Yeates, who was a pirate with one Captain Herriott, a -poor man’s son in Kent, a mere mountebank, only companion with Dr. -Eglesham, at bed and board for many years together, insomuch as they -coined many double pistolets, and yet unhanged."[165] This letter was -written in 1627, two years after the King’s death; when Eglesham, -probably from a fear of justice, had fled from Court, after he had lost -the protection of the King, who was by no means scrupulous as to the -character of those around him. - -Footnote 164: - - Ibid, 119. - -Footnote 165: - - Letter from Andrew Herriott to Nicholas, State Papers. Calendar, by - Mr. Bruce, vol. xliv., No. 27, dated May 27, 1627. - -On Eglesham, it appears, it devolved to examine the corpse, and he did -not hesitate to point to Buckingham as the King’s murderer.[166] - -Footnote 166: - - Oldmixon, 70. - -He afterwards presented petitions both to the King and the Parliament, -praying for vengeance on the Duke. These petitions were published in the -form of a pamphlet in Latin, in 1626; and in 1640 the English -translation was printed.[167] In this pamphlet, Eglesham stated that his -motives for the publication were these: that having been patronized from -his youth by the Marquis of Hamilton, the probability there was of that -nobleman’s being poisoned was mentioned to him; he then stated that -about the time of the Duke of Richmond’s death, a list of persons who -were to be poisoned was found in King’s Street, Westminster, and brought -to the Marquis of Hamilton by a relation, a daughter of Lord Oldbarre; -in this list was not only Hamilton’s name specified, but also that of -Dr. Eglesham “to embalm him.” Other titles were contained in the list; -those of the Duke of Lennox and his brother, and the Earl of -Southampton, who died at this time of a fever, being particularized. -These accusations of Eglesham’s, who was doubtless only a tool in the -hands of a party, were, according to Arthur Wilson, hushed up, but they -served the purpose of those by whom they were originated. According to -the account of those historians who have delighted to blacken -Buckingham, James foresaw his doom, and hinted at the probability of -treachery, when, on hearing of the Marquis of Hamilton’s death, he -said--"If the branches are thus cut off, the stock cannot continue -long;" and often was he heard, according to Sir Anthony Weldon, to say, -in his last illness, to the Earl of Montgomery, "For God’s sake, see -that I have fair play."[168] - -Footnote 167: - - Harleian MSS., 405. It was revived by the disaffected in 1642, with - some alteration of language.--Nichols, 41033. - -Footnote 168: - - Oldmixon, 70.--From Wilson and Weldon. - -Of this improbable story, there is not a hint in any of the -correspondence of the day, although the circumstances of the King’s -death are carefully detailed by Chamberlain and other news-writers. - -After his last interview with Charles, the King declined rapidly; and -his tongue was so swollen, that he could either not speak at all, or not -be understood. An hour before the King’s death, the Dean of Hereford, -Dr. Daniel Price, preached before the Prince and Court at Theobald’s; he -prayed earnestly for the King before the sermon, and wept as he prayed -and preached.[169] - -Footnote 169: - - Nichols, 1032. - -James expired on Sunday, the 27th of March, between the hours of eleven -and twelve, aged fifty-seven years and three months. Upon the -examination of his remains, much internal disease was found, but no -appearance of poison. His heart was unusually large, which accounted, in -the opinion of Sir Symonds D’Ewes, for his being “so very considerate, -so extraordinary fearful, which hindered him from attempting any great -action.”[170] - -Footnote 170: - - Nichols, 1054. - -During the Monarch’s last hours, prayers were multiplied more and more -for the benefit of his soul, and certain English and Latin short -sentences of devotion, to elevate his spirit to heaven “before it came -thither,” were recited. James, whose consciousness and memory continued -unimpaired, was so “ravished and solaced” by these religious -ejaculations, that his groans of agony were stilled whilst they were -uttered. “To one of these,” says the Lord Keeper Williams, “Mecum eris -in Paradiso,” he replied presently, “Vox Christi”--that it was the voice -and promise of Christ. Another, “Veni, Domine Jesu, veni cito,” he twice -or thrice articulated. And as his end drew near, that prayer usually -said at the hour of death was repeated. And no sooner had that prayer -been uttered, “In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum,” than, -without any convulsion or pangs, he expired,--his son and servants -kneeling on one side the bed, his archbishops, bishops, and all his -chaplains on the other. - -Thus closed the responsible career of the first of the Stuart Kings that -had ascended the throne of England. - -Immediately after the King’s last sigh was breathed, a letter, not -official, was written by one of his household, without a name, to the -Queen of Bohemia. It is among the foreign inedited papers in the State -Paper Office; and contains, which is remarkable, since it appears to be -written in strict confidence, no allusion whatever to the suspicion of -poisoning.[171] - -Footnote 171: - - See Inedited State Papers. Foreign, for 1625. - - - - - CHAPTER IV. - 1624-1625. - -THE REMARKS OF SIR HENRY WOTTON UPON BUCKINGHAM’S UNINTERRUPTED - PROSPERITY DURING THE REIGN OF JAMES--HIS MOST PERILOUS TIME YET TO - COME--THE CHARACTER OF CHARLES DIFFICULT TO MANAGE--HIS AFFECTIONS - DIVIDED--REQUEST OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL REGARDING THE LATE KING’S - FUNERAL AND THE YOUNG KING’S MARRIAGE--GOOD TASTE DISPLAYED BY - CHARLES IN HIS CONDUCT AT THE FUNERAL--THE INFLUENCE OF BUCKINGHAM - STILL PARAMOUNT--ROGER COKE’S REMARK UPON KING JAMES’S REGRET ON - OBSERVING THAT HIS SON WAS OVERRULED BY THE DUKE--THE THREE GREAT - KINGDOMS OF EUROPE AT THIS PERIOD RULED BY FAVOURITES--THE MARRIAGE - OF CHARLES AND HENRIETTA MARIA--MOTIVE ATTRIBUTED TO - BUCKINGHAM--PRELIMINARY STEPS--LETTER FROM LORD KENSINGTON TO THE - DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM DETAILING HIS INTERVIEW WITH THE - QUEEN-MOTHER--DESCRIPTION OF THE YOUNG PRINCESS--THE DUKE PREPARES - FOR HIS JOURNEY INTO FRANCE TO FETCH HOME THE BRIDE--THE EXPENSE OF - HIS MISSION OBJECTED TO BY THE NATION--THE TWO AMBASSADORS - DESCRIBED--RICH--LORD KENSINGTON, FIRST EARL OF HOLLAND--HIS BEAUTY - OF PERSON, ADDRESS, AND EARLY FAVOUR AT THE COURT OF JAMES--HIS - RESTING SOLELY UPON BUCKINGHAM--HIS MARRIAGE WITH THE DAUGHTER OF - SIR WALTER COKE, THE OWNER OF THE MANOR OF KENSINGTON--THE EARL OF - HOLLAND REGARDED BY SOME AS A RIVAL TO BUCKINGHAM--JAMES RELIED MORE - ON THE EARL OF CARLISLE--CHARACTER OF THE TWO NOBLEMEN BY BISHOP - HACKET--SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEWS ON THE PART OF LORD HOLLAND WITH MARIE - DE MEDICI--HER DISPOSITION TO FAVOUR CHARLES AS A SUITOR TO HER - DAUGHTER--ANECDOTE OF HENRIETTA MARIA AND OF CHARLES’S - PORTRAIT--ENCOMIUMS ON HENRIETTA--THE DUCHESS DE CHEVREUSE--HER - INFLUENCE OVER ANNE OF AUSTRIA--HER SPLENDOUR--RESENTMENT OF THE - COUNT DE SOISSONS ON ACCOUNT OF THE MARRIAGE TREATY WITH - ENGLAND--THE WILLINGNESS EVINCED BY HENRIETTA MARIA TO THE - MARRIAGE--LORD KENSINGTON’S FLATTERY OF THE QUEEN-MOTHER--THEIR - CONVERSATIONS ON THE SUBJECT OF THE SPANISH MATCH--THE MARRIAGE - FINALLY CONCLUDED--CHARLES’S CONDUCT TO THE RECUSANTS REGARDED AS A - PROOF OF HIS AVERSION TO CATHOLIC HOPES. - - - - - =CHAPTER IV.= - 1624-1625. - - -It is remarked by Sir Henry Wotton, that “a long course of calm and -smooth prosperity” had been enjoyed by the Duke of Buckingham under the -sway of James I. “I mean,” adds that writer, “long for the ordinary life -of favour, and the more notable, because it had been without any visible -eclipse or wane in himself, amid divers variations in others.” - -Villiers had witnessed the disgrace of Somerset, the degradation of -Bacon, the execution of Ralegh, the fall of Coke, without experiencing, -in his own fortunes, any symptoms of decline, or knowing more than a -temporary displeasure towards himself in the mind of his sovereign. - -But the more perilous part of his career was yet to come; when he had to -deal with a young prince, whose affections were not undivided, but were -liable to an influence foreign to that of his early friend and companion -in travel. He had to contend with a character full of generous impulses, -but strongly marked by obstinacy in some points, and by weakness of -purpose in others. He had also to contend with the future bride of his -enamoured sovereign, and that bride a woman of no ordinary -determination, and of a sagacity sufficient, if not to guide her right, -fully to comprehend the assailable points in the conduct of another. - -It was soon remarked that the influence which had predominated during -the last reign was hereafter to prevail; for Charles, as an historian -remarks, had been linked to the Duke of Buckingham in his father’s -life-time, “and now continued to receive him into an admired intimacy -and dearness, making him partake of all his counsels and cares, and -chief conductor of his affairs; an example rare in this country, to be -the favourite of two succeeding princes.”[172] - -Footnote 172: - - Rushworth, vol. i., p. 167. - -According to another writer, James had perceived with sorrow the sway -obtained by Buckingham over Charles. “Before he died,” thus writes Roger -Coke, "he saw his son overruled by his favourite, against his -determinate will and pleasure, and the Prince’s own honour and interest, -which was a great mortification to him, and which he often complained -of, but had not courage to redress."[173] To this influence, Coke -attributed all the internal feuds, jealousies, and discords of the -nation, and the fatal catastrophe which closed both the career of the -Favourite and that of his royal master. - -Footnote 173: - - Coke’s Detection, vol i., p. 182. - -It was a singular coincidence that the three great kingdoms of Europe -were governed at this time by young Kings, or rather, virtually, by -their favourites. France, in the reign of Louis the XIII., was governed -by Richelieu; Spain, in that of Philip the IV., by Olivares; England by -Buckingham; “and this,” adds the same historian, “Europe reckoned in -those times amidst its unhappy destiny.” Immediately after the funeral -of the late king, the marriage of Charles to Henrietta Maria--a union -fraught with evils eventually, and replete with early discomfort--was -eagerly anticipated both by the Monarch and his favourite. The -impatience of Charles to welcome the young Princess as his bride was -ascribed to the favourable impression which her youthful loveliness had -produced upon his imagination, when he had seen her himself, incognito, -two years previously in passing through Paris. But when it is remembered -that, after that brief interview, he had been enamoured of the loving -Infanta, it will be readily supposed that the influence of persuasion -was employed in advancing this ill-starred marriage. It was attributed, -indeed, to the rivalry and hatred between Buckingham and Olivares, which -had succeeded their professions of amity, and to the eager desire for an -alliance with France, England being during the first fifteen years of -Charles’s reign, as Coke expressed it, “perfectly French.” - -“The Spanish wooing,” observes Miss Strickland, “certainly smoothed the -way for the marriage of Charles and Henrietta. It had accustomed the -English people to the idea of a Catholic Queen.”[174] The prepossessions -of the party mainly interested in the match might indeed easily be -gained over by the reputed graces and acquirements of the French -Princess. Inheriting from her mother’s family a taste for the fine arts, -Henrietta’s musical acquirements were considerable. Her voice was by -nature so sweet and powerful, that if she had not been a queen, she -might have been, as Disraeli observes, “Prima Donna of Europe.” She had -learned to dance with grace, and became, even during her childhood, a -frequent performer in the court ballets, which, with other displays and -festivities, are said to have interrupted the education of the young -Princess, and to have prevented her from receiving a solid course of -instruction. - -Footnote 174: - - Lives of the Queens of England, vol. viii., p. 13. - -Two noblemen, one of them the peculiar favourite and creature of the -Duke of Buckingham, had been sent during the previous year to negotiate -the marriage. Of these the most able and least scrupulous was Henry -Rich, created first Baron Kensington, and afterwards Earl of Holland, -who is described as having been of a lovely and winning presence, and of -gentle conversation. The younger son of a noble house, the obloquy which -was attached to his birth, which was supposed to be illegitimate,[175] -had kept Rich, in early life, humble. He had adopted the profession of -arms, and made several campaigns in the Low Countries. Happening, as was -the custom of English volunteers, to visit England during the winter, -the youth had been introduced at the Court of James in the dawn of -Buckingham’s favour. He shortly made himself acceptable to the -Favourite, for he was subtle, discerning and artful. He soon, therefore, -laid aside all thoughts of becoming a soldier, but took every means of -endearing himself to Buckingham, carefully avoiding all suspicion that -the King had any kindness for him, but appearing to rest solely upon the -Favourite, “whose creature” he desired to be considered; “and he -prospered,” remarks Lord Clarendon, “so well in that pretence, that the -King scarcely made more haste to absolve the debt, than the Duke did to -promote the other.”[176] Under such auspices, the Earl of Holland had -risen soon to greatness. - -Footnote 175: - - His mother, the Countess of Warwick, lived for some time with, and - afterwards married, the Earl of Devonshire. - -Footnote 176: - - On the 24th of September, 1624.--Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion, - vol. i., p. 61. - -A wealthy marriage with the heiress of Sir Walter Coke brought him, -among other sources of wealth, the Manor of Kensington, and made him the -owner of Holland House, built by his father-in-law in 1607, but greatly -enlarged and embellished. Through the influence of Buckingham, he had -not only been created Baron of Kensington, but placed about the person -of the Prince of Wales, a step of much hazard, as the Favourite was, at -that time, scarcely certain of the favour of Charles to himself.[177] -Holland was sent to Spain before the Prince and the Duke, so that he had -acquired an insight, not only into the politics of that court, but into -the character of those with whom he had to deal, whose foibles were, as -he conceived, to contribute some of the stepping-stones to his own -fortune. - -Footnote 177: - - Brydges’s Peers of James I., p. 385. Also Clarendon, vol. i., p. 62. - -The Earl of Holland had had, says Bishop Hacket, “an amorous temper and -a wise head, and could court it as smoothly as any man with the French -ladies; and made so fortunate an account into England, after three -months of his introductions, that he saw no fear of denial in the suit, -nor of superiority in the articles.”[178] But James, wisely relying less -upon the crafty arts of Holland, than upon the integrity of the Earl of -Carlisle, had sent that nobleman afterwards, joining him in the same -commission with Holland. “They were,” added Bishop Hacket, “peers of the -best lustre in our court, elegant in their persons, habit, and language, -and, by their nearness to King James, apt scholars to learn the -principles of wisdom, and the fitter to improve their instructions to -honour and safety.”[179] - -Footnote 178: - - Life of Lord Keeper Williams, 209. - -Footnote 179: - - Ibid. - -The Earl of Holland soon discovered that in the queen-mother, Marie de -Medici, the widow of Henry the Great, alone centred the real sway in -France at that period,[180] unhappily for the young Prince, her son, who -crouched beneath her rule and that of Richelieu. During frequent -interviews at the Louvre, he gained from her a promise of assistance; -this was even before the return of Charles and Buckingham from Spain, as -the postscript of a letter from the Earl of Holland, lately created Earl -of Kensington, dated Feb. 26, 1624, and addressed to Charles, certifies. -“The obligations you have unto this young Queen (Anne of Austria) are -strange, for with the same affections that the Queen, your sister, would -do, she asks of you, with all the expressions that are possible of joy, -for your safe return out of Spain, and told me that she durst say you -were weary of being there, and so should she, though a Spaniard; though -I find she gives over all thought of your alliance with her sister. Sir, -you have the fortune to have respects put upon you unlooked for; for, as -in Spain the Queen there did you good offices, so I find will this sweet -Queen do, who said she was sorry when you saw them practise their -masques, that madam, her sister[181] (whom she dearly loves), was seen -to so much disadvantage by you; to be seen afar off and in a dark room, -whose person and face hath most loveliness to be considered nearly. She -made me show her your picture, the which she let the ladies see, with -infinite commendations of your person, saying she hoped some good -occasion might bring you hither, that they might see you like -yourself.”[182] - -Footnote 180: - - Cabala.--Letter from Lord Kensington to the Duke of Buckingham, vol. - i., p. 286. - -Footnote 181: - - Henrietta Maria. - -Footnote 182: - - Cabala.--Letter from Lord Kensington to the Prince p. 287. - -“The French match,” according to another eyewitness, “went on by fits;” -the Earl of Carlisle growing so weary of frivolous objections and delays -that he wished to return home. “The young lady,” adds the same -informant, “is forward, and this week sent one over with her picture to -the Prince, and where any rubb or slip comes in the way, she grows -melancholique and keeps her chamber.”[183] Nevertheless, even in this -early stage of the business, we find a letter from King James to the -Duke of Buckingham, commanding him to put the royal navy into readiness -“to bring over the Princess Henrietta.”[184] - -Footnote 183: - - Mr. Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton. State Paper Office. Dated 24th - October, 1624. - -Footnote 184: - - State Paper Office. Dated Nov. 1, 1624. - -Shortly afterwards, Lord Kensington wrote again, giving Charles, whom he -addresses as the “most complete young Prince and person in the world,” -the flattering intelligence that the fair Henrietta had expressed a -passionate desire to see his picture, “the shadow of that person so -honoured,” yet knew not “the means,” adds the ambassador, “to compass -it, it being worn about my neck; for though others, as the Queen and -Princesses, would open it and consider it, which even brought forth -admiration from them, yet durst not this poor young lady look any -otherwise on it than afar off, whose heart was nearer it than any of the -others that did most gaze upon it.” Resolved, however, to behold the -portrait of her royal suitor, Henrietta desired the gentlewoman in whose -house the ambassador was lodged, and who was a former servant of hers, -to borrow the picture secretly, assigning as an excuse that "she could -not want that curiosity, as well as others, towards a person of the -Prince’s infinite reputation." As soon as she saw her emissary enter her -room, the Princess retired into her cabinet, calling her in, “where,” -says Holland, “she opened the picture in such haste as shewed a picture -of her passion, blushing in the instant at her own guiltiness. She kept -it an hour in her hands, and when she returned it she gave it many -praises of your person.” “Sir,” continues the ambassador, well -comprehending the gallant and delicate nature of him whom he addressed, -"this is a business fit for your secrecy, as I know it shall never go -farther than unto the King your father, my Lord of Buckingham, and my -Lord of Carlisle’s knowledge. A tenderness in this is honourable; for I -would rather die a thousand times than it should be published, since I -am by this young lady trusted, that is for beauty and goodness an -angel."[185] - -Footnote 185: - - Cabala, vol. i., p. 288. - -Amongst the most powerful advocates of Prince Charles in the French -Court was the Duchess de Chevreuse, to whose influence over Anne of -Austria has been attributed her subsequent imprudent encouragement of -Buckingham’s discreditable addresses.[186] Formerly the wife of the Duc -de Luises, the favourite of Louis the Thirteenth, but married afterwards -to the Duc de Chevreuse, a Prince of the House of Lorraine, the Duchess -de Chevreuse became the great star of the gay and dissolute scenes in -which the young Queen of France sought to bury the remembrance of a -husband from whom she recoiled, and of a Queen-Mother and Minister of -State whom she both disliked and feared. The Duchess, whose banishment -from Court, sometime afterwards, was an event never forgiven by Anne of -Austria, was one of the most splendid and lavish as well as the gayest -and most fascinating women of her day. Lord Kensington, visiting her one -evening at the Louvre, found her and the Duc de Chevreuse dressing -themselves for a masque, and covered with such a profusion of jewels as -even he never expected again to behold adorning subjects. Shortly -afterwards, there entered Anne of Austria and Henrietta, the latter full -of glee, of which, as many persons told the ambassador, “the cause might -easily be guessed.” “My Lord,” adds the Lord Kensington, addressing the -Duke of Buckingham, “I protest to God she is a lovely, sweet young -creature. Her growth is not great yet, but her shape is perfect; and -they all swear that her sister, the Princess of Piedmont (who is now -grown tall and a goodly lady), was not taller than she is at her age.” -He feared that Anne ever would be reserved towards him, not liking the -“breach and disorder of the Spanish treaty;” but she had become, it was -observed, “so truly French” as to wish for this affiance rather than -that with her own sister, the Infanta of Spain.[187] - -Footnote 186: - - Memoires de Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 21. - -Footnote 187: - - Cabala, 291. - -Everything therefore proceeded favourably, and Henrietta passed hours in -the society of Lord Kensington, expatiating upon the Prince, and -touching upon English customs. Among other things, she “fell to -speaking,” says Lord Kensington, “of ladies riding on horseback, which, -she said, was rare here, but frequent in England; and then expressed her -delight in that exercise.”[188] - -Footnote 188: - - Ibid. - -Lord Kensington continued, meantime, to ply the Queen Dowager with -incessant flattery, and to meet her inquiries ingeniously. “I find,” he -writes to the Duke of Buckingham, “the queen-mother has the only power -of governing in this state. She was willing to know upon what terms -stood our Spanish alliance. I told her that their delays had been so -tedious that they had sometimes discouraged the King, and had so wearied -the Prince and state with the dilatory proceedings in it, as that -treaty, I thought, would soon have an end.” So little expectation was, -at this time, entertained of an unfavourable termination of the Spanish -marriage, that the Queen thought that the ambassador referred to a -speedy union between Charles and the Infanta. "She strait said, ‘Of -marriage?’ taking it that way. I told her I believed the contrary, and I -did so her entreat, because the Spanish ambassador hath given it out, -since my coming, that the alliance is fully concluded, and that my -journey hath no other end than to hasten his master unto it, only to -give them jealousies of me, because he, at this time, fears their -dispositions stand too well prepared to desire and affect a conjunction -with us."[189] - -Footnote 189: - - Cabala, 286. - -In another letter, also addressed to the Duke of Buckingham, it appears -that Lord Kensington was allowed access at all times to the young French -princess, with permission “to entertain her henceforth with a more free -and amorous kind of language from the Prince;” and these and other -favours were acknowledged by Kensington, as from the Duke of Buckingham, -with redoubled thanks, adding that "he knew his lordship would esteem it -one of the greatest happinesses that could befall him, to have any -occasion offered whereby he might witness how much he adored Her -Majesty’s royal virtues, and how infinitely he was her servant, ready to -receive law from her, whensoever, by the least syllable of her blessed -lips or pen, she should please to impose it." And then followed -encomiums in the same letter from the crafty Kensington, who, as he -said, solved everything as well as he could, upon the Cardinal de -Richelieu, magnifying to the Queen "the Cardinal’s wisdom, his courage, -his courtesy, his fidelity to the service, his affection to our -business," so as to captivate the queen-mother.[190] - -Footnote 190: - - Ellis’s Original Letters, 2nd series, vol. iii., p. 199. - -A long conversation followed regarding the voyage into Spain, upon which -memorable event the queen-mother remarked “that two kings had committed -in it two great errors; the one, in trusting so precious a pledge in so -hazardous an enterprize; the other, in treating so brave a guest so -ill.” “Indeed, I heard,” said the Queen, “that the Prince was used ill.” -“So he was,” returned Lord Kensington, “but not in his entertainment, -for that was as splendid as their country could afford; but in their -frivolous delay, and in the unreasonable conditions which they -propounded.” - -“And yet, madam,” added the wily ambassador, “you here use him far -worse.” "And how?" inquired the queen-mother; “In that you press,” -replied he, "upon that noble and worthy Prince, who hath, with so much -affection to your Majesty’s service, with so much passion to Madam, -sought this alliance, the same, nay, more unreasonable conditions than -the other, and what they traced out for the breaking of the match, you -follow, pretending to conclude it," alluding to one of the conditions of -the marriage contract. Lord Kensington then requested a personal -interview with the young Princess, in order to deliver to her a message -from Charles. After some little difficulty, his petition was granted; -the queen-mother, relying, as she said, upon his discretion not to utter -anything which it might be derogatory to her daughter’s dignity to hear. -It was, of course, the endeavour of the ambassador to put the Prince’s -addresses in the light of a passionate love-suit. “I obey,” said he, -"the Prince’s commands in presenting to your Highness his service, not -by way of compliment, but out of passion and affection, which both your -outward and inward beauties, the virtues of your mind, so kindle in him -that he was resolved to contribute the utmost he could to the alliance -in question," with some little other “such amorous language.” Then, -turning to the old ladies who stood near the Princess, he thought it fit -to let them know that his Highness had the Princess’s picture, which he -kept in his cabinet, “and fed his eyes many times with the sight and -contemplation of it, since he could not have the happiness of beholding -her person.” All which, and many other such speeches, were by the -Princess, “standing by, quickly taken up, without letting any one fall -to the ground.”[191] - -Footnote 191: - - Letter from Lord Kensington to the Duke of Buckingham.--Ellis’s - Original Letters, 3rd series, vol. iii., p. 169; also, Cabala, p. 294. - -Such were the addresses of Charles to Henrietta. Buckingham, to whom -this account was written by Lord Kensington, must have smiled at the -repetition of the same love passages that had, it was said, fascinated -the heart of the Infanta. - -In a subsequent letter to Charles himself, Kensington again exalted the -services of the queen-mother in promoting this match, and extolled the -charms of the Princess. “There is no preparation, I find, towards this -business, but by her--the queen-mother; and all persuasions of amity -made light that look not towards this errand; and, sir, if your -intentions proceed this way, as, by many reasons of state and wisdom, -there is cause now rather to press it than slacken it, you will find a -lady of as much loveliness and sweetness to deserve your affection as -any creature under heaven can do.” The “impressions he had of her,” he -adds, “were but ordinary, but the amazement extraordinary, to find her, -as I protest to God I did, the sweetest creature in France. Her growth -is very little short of her age, and her wisdom infinitely beyond it. I -heard her discourse with her mother and the ladies about her with -extraordinary discretion and quickness. She dances, which I am a witness -of, as well as ever I saw any creature. They say she sings most sweetly; -I am sure she looks so.” In conclusion, Kensington mentions to His -Highness that, in his letter to “my Lord of Buckingham,” he had written -a more large discourse upon this interesting theme.[192] - -Footnote 192: - - Cabala, p. 1287. This letter is dated Feb. 26, 1624. - -Thus far had the treaty proceeded, when it was delayed by the death of -King James. The marriage articles had, nevertheless, been subscribed by -that Monarch on the 11th of May, and by the King of France on the 13th -of August, in the previous year; and, on the 13th of March, 1625, the -Earls of Carlisle and Kensington signed these articles on the part of -Charles I. Private arrangements received also their signature relative -to the toleration of Catholics within the British dominions. - -The dispensation for the nuptials having arrived from Rome in the -beginning of May, there remained no obstacle to the ceremonial of -marriage. This, notwithstanding the claim preferred by the Archbishop of -Paris to that honour, was performed by Cardinal Richelieu. The marriage -was celebrated according to the usual rites of the Church of Rome. After -the ceremony, the whole procession, including the royal personages, -entered the church of Notre Dame, the Duke de Chevreuse and the Princess -Henrietta Maria taking precedence of the King and Queen. Then mass was -said, the English ambassadors retiring to the Bishop’s house during the -recital.[193] - -Footnote 193: - - Rushworth’s Collection, p. 169. - -A banquet followed, and the event was commemorated by the release of -criminals, "as an earnest of the King’s love and respect for his -sister."[194] The previous arrangements for these ceremonials had been -delayed by much contention with regard to precedency.[195] But that -which gave the greatest uneasiness to the English nation was the -difficulty, and, as it seemed to many, the risk attendant upon the mode -of faith professed by the young Queen. - -Footnote 194: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 195: - - According to one account, the Duke of Anjou, the brother of Henrietta, - was proxy for the King of England.--See Mr. Mead’s Letter to Sir - Martin Stuteville, April 30; Ellis’s Letters, 1st series, p. 190. - 1625. - -At his accession, Charles had manifested very decisively his disfavour -of Catholics; he declared his intention to reform the Court, “as of -unnecessary charges, so of recusant Papists.” He gave an order in his -own hand-writing that no recusant Papist, of any rank whatsoever, should -be presented with mourning for the late King; and he showed his zeal -generally for the observance of the Church, by putting the High Sheriff -of Nottingham out of his commission, for accompanying the judges on the -circuit, who were attending the sermon, only to the church door, and -there leaving them.[196] Hopes were entertained that Henrietta Maria -might be converted, and several prayer-books in French were sent her by -Sir George Goring for that end; but the news that a bishop and -twenty-eight priests were to be included in her retinue, quickly -dispelled that pleasing anticipation.[197] - -Footnote 196: - - Ellis’s Letters, vol. iii., p. 187. - -Footnote 197: - - Ibid. - -The part which Buckingham took in the promotion of this alliance -lessened, therefore, greatly the popularity which his abandonment of the -Spanish marriage was beginning to ensure to him; and the announcement of -the King’s intention to despatch the Favourite, in order to bring off -his royal bride, was, for many reasons, highly displeasing to the -country. - -The chief ground of objection to the proposed journey was the expense. -And here the nation separated the wishes and intentions of Charles from -those of his minister. The King had, they observed, shown a disposition -to economy; nay, more, he had displayed an honourable determination to -pay his late father’s debts by disparking most of his remote parks and -chases, which were then more numerous and extensive than any royal -domains in Europe.[198] The lavish tendencies of Buckingham, therefore, -and the heavy charges on the exchequer which had been incurred by the -two ambassadors already at the French court, were not ascribed to the -extravagance of the Monarch, but to the vanity and profuseness of his -Minister. - -Footnote 198: - - Ellis’s Letters, vol. iii., p. 187. - -The preparations, therefore, made by Buckingham for this, his last -foreign mission,--for, when he again visited the continent, it was with -different intentions, and under another aspect,--were viewed with -vexation, by the majority of those who were not bound to silence by -interest, for the great and fruitless cost of the Spanish journey was -fresh in remembrance. - -The Duke had, however, begun his arrangements before King James’s death: -and the day[199] had been fixed for his departure. He did not forget -that he was to appear at the most festive and splendid of all the courts -of Christendom.[200] - -Footnote 199: - - The 31st of March. - -Footnote 200: - - Decoration at this time was carried to such an extent in France, that - Lord Kensington describes some of the masquers at a court fête as - having almost all their clothes embroidered with diamonds; embroidery - of gold and silver being at that time forbidden.--Cabala, 290. - -An account, preserved in the Harleian Manuscripts, represents him as -having, “for his body, twenty-seven rich suits, embroidered and laced -with silk and silver plushes, besides one rich satten uncut velvet suit, -set all over, both suite and cloak, of diamonds, the value whereof is -thought to be about one thousand pounds.” Corresponding to this -extravagant attire, “a feather made with great diamonds, a sword girdle, -hatband, and spurs, all studded with diamonds,” completed the apparel -and decoration which the Duke intended to wear upon his entrance into -Paris. For the wedding-day he prepared another rich suit, composed of -purple satin, embroidered with rich orient pearls. Over this was worn a -cloak made after the Spanish fashion, and the dress was finished with -all things suitable.” “His other suits,” adds the narrator, “are all as -rich other suits,” adds the narrator, “are all as rich as invention can -frame, or art fashion. His colours for the entrance are white and -watchet, for the wedding, crimson and gold.” - -Buckingham’s departure was preceded by the despatching of his servants -with fifty geldings and nags, and twelve coach horses. His personal -retinue was consistent with all this grandeur and display; it reminds -one of the gorgeous pomp of Wolsey in the height of his prosperity. -Twenty privy gentlemen, seven grooms of his chambers, thirty chief -women, and two master cooks constituted his own peculiar servants. Three -rich suits apiece were given to each of these attendants. The inferior -servants for the household consisted of twenty-five second cooks, -fourteen women of the second rank, seventeen grooms to attend upon those -yeomen, forty-five labourers sellerers belonging to the kitchen, twelve -pages, twenty-four footmen, six huntsmen, and twelve grooms. Most of -these functionaries were provided with three rich suits apiece, and to -complete the establishment there were six riders with one suit apiece, -and eight others to attend the stable business. - -His equipages consisted of three rich coaches, velvet inside, and -covered externally with gold lace all over. Eight horses and six -coachmen were allotted to each coach; then there was a band of -musicians, eight score in number, “all richly suited.” "There were my -Lord Duke’s watermen, twenty-two in number, suited in sky-coloured -taffety, all gilded, with anchovys and My Lord’s arms." These were -appropriated to one barge only, and the whole of this regal retinue was, -says the annalist, "at his Grace’s charge." - -Eight noblemen, the Marquis of Hamilton at their head, and six gentlemen -of honourable families, attended the Duke. Amongst them were his -brother-in-law, the Earl of Denbigh, and one of his brothers, designated -simply as “Mr. Villars.” When to these there were added twenty-four -knights, of great worth, all of “whom carried six or seven pages a -piece, and as many footmen,” the train amounted to six or seven hundred. -Nor were those all. “When,” says the writer of this account, “the list -is perfect, there will appear many more than I have named.”[201] - -Footnote 201: - - See Ellis’s Original Letters, 1st series, vol. i., p. 189. - -The nuptials for which some of this grand preparation was made, had, -however, taken place before it was Buckingham’s fate to cross the -Channel. - -The day after King James’s funeral was to have witnessed the departure -of Buckingham for France. This was on the eighth of May, and the future -Queen was expected to be at Dover by the eleventh.[202] But the Duke did -not arrive in Paris until the twenty-fourth; nor did Henrietta Maria -land on the shores of England until the twenty-second of June.[203] - -Footnote 202: - - Ellis’s Letters. - -Footnote 203: - - Rushworth, p. 170. - -During the seven days that Buckingham remained at the French court, an -uninterrupted succession of feasting and rejoicing occupied his time; -whilst his imagination was engrossed by an object to which no man who -had not been brought to the highest point of presumption by a career of -prosperity would have ventured to aspire. - -The painful and degrading position in which Anne of Austria was placed, -under the sway of her mother-in-law, destitute as the young Queen was of -all good advisers, and exposed by her youth and her attractions to the -snares of the designing, in the vitiated sphere in which she moved, has -been already referred to. Some additional traits of the appearance and -character of a Princess whose fascinations produced a powerful effect -upon Buckingham may not be deemed impertinent. - -She was not then a mother; and the importance of giving birth to a -future monarch of France was not permitted to her until thirteen years -afterwards.[204] By her attendant and partizan, Madame de Motteville, a -character so beautiful has been given of the Queen Consort of Louis the -Thirteenth, as would inspire compassion for the sacrifice which bound -her at the altar to a husband wholly unworthy of a wife so graceful and -so virtuous, could an entire credence be assigned to that partial -testimony. - -Footnote 204: - - Louis XIV. was not born on the 5th of September, 1538.--See Memoir of - Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 71. - -According to her favourite, Anne had imbibed from her mother, Margaret -of Austria, a lively piety and a love of virtue which were never -quenched, even during her passage through the manifold temptations of -her existence. She was replete, according to the same authoress, with -goodness and with justice; she was neither suspicious, nor easily led -wrong by persuasion; and where endeavours were made to prejudice her -against any one whom she esteemed, her resistance showed the strength of -her attachment. During her regency, when under the dominion of Cardinal -Mazarin, that minister was often known to say that her devotion and -rectitude of mind caused him embarrassment; “for she had,” observes -Madame de Motteville, “sufficient aptitude of mind to know well what was -right, and had she been endowed with strength of character adequate -always to defend the truth, the pen of the historian could not have -bestowed upon her any praise too high; but she distrusted herself, and -her humility induced her to consider herself as incapable of conducting -the government of the State.”[205] - -Footnote 205: - - Memoir of Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 428. - -This combination of good intention with weakness of purpose, these -feminine requisites of piety and gentleness, added to her natural -sagacity, rendered Anne of Austria one of the most engaging of all those -lofty personages who figured in a capital of which one of its monarchs -observed, comparing it to a head, “that it was so spiritually gross and -full of disease as to require, from time to time, bleeding, in order to -secure the repose of its members.”[206] - -Footnote 206: - - Ibid, 199, said by Henry III. of France. - -During the early years of this young Queen’s married life, she had been -addressed in the language of passion by several successive suitors. -“Notwithstanding the respect which her Majesty inspires,” writes Madame -Motteville, “her loveliness did not fail to touch the hearts of certain -individuals, who ventured to manifest their passion.”[207] - -Footnote 207: - - Ibid, 11. - -Amongst these, first in the list was the Duc de Montmorenci, -distinguished for bravery, for a handsome person, and for his great -magnificence in his mode of living. This nobleman had been enamoured of -the Marquise de Sable, the reigning beauty at the French Court when Anne -of Austria first came to grace it; but her coldness and self-esteem -chilled the ardour of her admirer. Platonic attachments, the fashion for -which was first introduced by Catherine de Medici from Italy, were still -in vogue; to this fashion, more fatal, perhaps, to virtue than the more -direct blandishments of vice, Madame de Sable inclined. The alliance -between Spain and France had introduced many of the Spanish authors to -the lettered portion of the French community, and the gallantry of that -nation, imbibed from the Moors, appeared to correspond with the delicate -sentiments of the Italians. It did not, however, change man’s nature, -nor act as an antidote to his fickleness. The Duc de Montmorenci beheld -Anne of Austria, and the Marquise was forgotten. Proud and yet humble, -that lady, upon the first surmise of his alteration of sentiment, -withdrew from the contest with one so much more elevated than herself, -and refused to see him again. Nevertheless, Montmorenci found little -favour in the heart of Anne of Austria, who could never believe that his -passion for her was either sincere or ardent; and who regarded, in after -times, the petty gratification which it gave her as one of the symptoms -of flattered vanity. - -The Duc de Bellegarde, old, and a veteran in the court, for he had been -the favourite of two preceding monarchs, was the next who sought to -occupy the heart in which there existed a void; for Anne’s indifference -to her royal consort daily increased. The love-suit which this ancient -nobleman presumed to address to the Queen was received by her as incense -to her vanity which could not, possibly, injure her reputation; and, -although she listened to his avowal of admiration at first with -resentment, she soon treated it as a jest; and even the King, although -disposed to be jealous, entered into the pleasantry which the devotion -expressed in the lisping accents of age naturally induced. - -But a far more dangerous suitor lurked about the young Queen’s haunts, -who, watching her from the retired recesses of the court, at once loved -and persecuted her. This was the Cardinal de Richelieu. - -This extraordinary character, acknowledged even by his enemies to have -been the greatest man of his time, had manifested the mad attachment -with which Anne of Austria inspired, in a singular manner, this astute -politician. To her confidante, Madame Motteville, the Queen had imparted -a strange incident in the life of this minister, whose thoughts, -designs, and affections appeared to be centered in public affairs, or, -as he termed it, in the good of the state.[208] - -Footnote 208: - - Madame de Motteville, pp. 29, 30. - -One day, when, with ill-concealed disgust, Anne was listening to the -conversation of the Cardinal, she was surprised by a sudden burst of -hitherto subdued feelings from that crafty churchman; and she heard, -with what mingled consternation and anger may be conceived, expressions -of a passionate attachment. As she was about to reply in terms of -indignation and contempt, the King entered the closet in which she and -the Cardinal were conversing, and a sudden check was given to the -subject, never to be resumed; for Anne dared not to recur to it, lest -she should flatter the wishes of the Cardinal by showing her remembrance -of his addresses; she would only reply to him by showing tacitly her -hatred, and by her incessant refusal to accept either his proffered -friendship, or his offer of mediation between her and the King. It was -in vain she perceived that her conduct aggravated the bad understanding -between her and her royal partner; in vain she knew that whilst the -presumptuous love of the Cardinal preponderated in his breast, she yet -drove him to extremities by her abhorrence. He demonstrated “his -affection,” by persecutions which ceased only with his existence; for he -hoped, possibly, if he could not succeed by gentle means, to prevail -over her contempt by fear. - -It was at this juncture, whilst Anne, estranged from her consort, and -pursued, watched, and loved by the Cardinal de Richelieu, most truly -required a friend and monitor, that Buckingham arrived to throw fresh -temptations and difficulties in her path. Unhappily her favourite, -Madame de Chevreuse, afterwards banished from Court by Richelieu, was -not a woman of prudence, and, perhaps, scarcely of virtue. By Madame de -Motteville, the Duchesse de Chevreuse is regarded as the true source of -all Anne’s errors and misfortunes. Anne loved her, as those to whom the -natural channels of affection are forbidden, or poisoned, love the -soothing and humble. She never forgave Richelieu the disgrace of her -favourite, nor even when she knew that it was the wish of her husband -that Madame de Chevreuse should be sent away, could she submit to his -wishes. Anne, in the commencement of her career, had shown much disgust -to those who were termed “les dames gallantes,” and had appeared, to -those who knew her best, to possess the most rigid notions of female -decorum. But the society of Madame de Chevreuse had broken down that -barrier in which the young and fascinating Queen found her best -protection. Even after sundry imprudencies, those who were cognizant of -her actions accorded to her the credit of a perfect purity of life, and -bestowed upon her all the esteem which is due to the most undoubted -virtue. In after life, the frankness and simplicity with which she spoke -of these early passages of her life showed that no evil was attached to -them, and that to vanity alone were to be attributed those rash -adventures in which her reputation incurred so severe an ordeal. How -far, on a review of the circumstances of her career, Anne may be -acquitted of a want of feminine modesty, of a prudence the -representative of virtue, must be a question for the moralist. Her -character must, however, be measured in some respects by the standard of -the age in which she lived. - -Unhappily for Anne, at the time that Buckingham arrived in Paris, Madame -de Chevreuse was passionately in love with the handsome and dangerous -Earl of Holland, and made no secret of that disgraceful attachment.[209] -It was, therefore, her endeavour to promote everything that could -produce a continued intercourse between France and this country. - -Footnote 209: - - Madame de Motteville, p. 20. - -Of the first meeting between Anne of Austria and Buckingham, during his -embassy, there is no account. We can suppose it to have occurred under -circumstances of dazzling splendour, to which many considerations, not -guessed by the public, lent a strong interest. The suppressed and -dangerous admiration of Richelieu might not be penetrated by Buckingham; -but it was notorious that whilst Louis XIII. distrusted, and apparently -neglected, his Queen, he was really disposed to respect and cherish her; -and was known to have confessed to a confidant one day, in speaking of -the Queen’s personal attractions, that “he dared not show her any -tenderness, lest he should displease the queen-mother and the Cardinal, -whose aid and counsels were much more essential to him than the -affection of his wife.”[210] - -Footnote 210: - - Madame de Motteville, p. 33. - -Thus situated--bound to a husband of whose indifference she was by no -means certain, but who, she well knew, had not the mental strength to -cope with the Cardinal, and to avow any kindness for her--admired at a -distance by the courtiers--passionately loved and fiercely persecuted by -Richelieu, Anne must have presented a new source of interest and -curiosity to Buckingham; and the course of her destiny, hard as it might -seem, would give fuel to his presumption. - -The dignity which Anne could assume on state occasions has been insisted -upon by Madame de Motteville, when, speaking of her demeanour during the -regency, she describes her then as equally fair with the fairest of the -Court. A vast quantity of brown hair, powdered and frizzed, indeed, and -worn in curls, set off a complexion not so delicate in colour as -distinguished for the softness and smoothness of the skin. She -disfigured herself, after the Spanish fashion, by wearing rouge; and one -defect was striking--her nose was thick and large. Her eyes varied in -colour from a perfect blue to green; and her glance was full of -sweetness and expression. Her mouth was small, and her lips crimson, and -the sweetest smiles played upon her countenance. The form of her face -and forehead was admirable; her arms and hands were celebrated for their -wonderful symmetry and for their whiteness, being, without exaggeration, -white as snow. The delicacy of her habits amounted almost to monomania. -“Madam,” observed Cardinal Mazarin to her, “should you incur everlasting -condemnation, your punishment would be to sleep in sheets of Holland -cloth.”[211] Her deportment in after life, during the minority of her -son, Louis XIV., and her fortitude during the agonies of her last fatal -illness, showed that the gentle and attractive Queen possessed a strong -natural capacity, which circumstances eventually called into action. - -Footnote 211: - - Biographie Universelle. - -Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu, the all-powerful minister -of Louis XIII., was now in the height of his power; he reigned, in -short, under the name of the King. In an unbounded, and perhaps entirely -selfish ambition, and in the full fruition of their hopes, Buckingham -and Richelieu may be said to have resembled each other. In the love of -pomp and display, they were alike. The superb attire, the costly retinue -of the English peer, were puerile attempts compared with the ordinary -household of Richelieu. His magnificent palace in the Rue St. Honoré, -known, during his time, under the name of the Palais Cardinal, and, -since the year 1636, as the Palais Royal, recalled the glories of York -House at Whitehall, in the days of Wolsey, with all the added -refinements of a later period. There, in the chapel, might be seen -ornaments decorated with gold, studded with diamonds. The most splendid -tapestry, the most uncommon articles of virtu, pictures of rare value, -busts and statues, adorned the palace in which Richelieu entertained the -King and the Court in stately revels. There, on one occasion, was -enacted a play, drawn from the history of the Duke of Buckingham, when -all the French prelates were invited, and when the Bishop de Chartres, -formerly confessor to Richelieu, arranged the seats, and finally, clad -in velvet, presented himself on the stage, at the head of a train of -twenty-four pages, carrying the collation which was offered to the -company. - -At the Palais Cardinal, Buckingham learned fresh lessons of an -ostentatious display, wholly inconsistent with the condition of a -subject. The Cardinal’s body-guard, assigned to him by the King, -equalled in number that of his royal master; and the horse soldiers had -a table appropriated to him in his hall; of these, the Cardinal had the -power of appointment and dismissal. His ordinary personal attendants in -his own house were composed of thirty-six pages, selected from noble -families, and reared in his house under the tutorage of able masters--a -system again recalling the household of Wolsey. When he travelled, the -Cardinal was followed by a train consisting of his secretaries, his -physicians, and his confessor; by eight carriages, with four horses -each; and by eighty baggage mules. His guard escorted him, and his -pages; his band, composed of musicians of the first eminence, and a -numerous body of domestic servants, followed the litter in which the -great Richelieu, delicate from his birth, and infirm in health, was -carried; the walls of the towns through which he passed being levelled -to receive this princely procession, when the gates happened to be too -narrow to permit its entrance. Often, indeed, it was found necessary to -widen the roads.[212] - -Footnote 212: - - Petilot, Notice sur Richelieu, ii., p. 112. - -But, whilst Buckingham might read in the extreme expenditure of the -Cardinal a plea for his own magnificence, there was much to be learned -in that palace which Richelieu, like Wolsey, afterwards bestowed on the -monarch to whom he owed his wealth. There, the minister of Charles might -see a systematic regulation of expense; generosity without prodigality, -and almost unlimited alms-giving. Abhorring solicitation, which always -defeated its own aim, absolute and irascible, the Cardinal, -nevertheless, loved to benefit those who served him. No hasty words -escaped from him for which he was not eager to atone; and, whilst his -principle was that men are only to be maintained in their duty by -severity, his nature was placable to his inferiors, although proud and -unrelenting to his political enemies. - -Another lesson might Buckingham derive in the crowded _salons_> of the -Palais Cardinal--the patronage of letters. Richelieu admitted to -intimacy the most eminent authors of the day; and so much did he enjoy -their society, that his chief physician, Monsieur Caton, used to say to -him, when prescribing for the Cardinal:--"Sir, we will do all that is in -our power; but all my remedies will be useless, if you do not add to -them a drachm of Boisrobert;"--Boisrobert being a writer whose works are -long since forgotten, but whose powers of telling well the news of the -court and city used to charm the Cardinal. In the conversation of men of -letters, Richelieu found, indeed, his greatest solace; and nothing gave -him greater satisfaction than a victory argument, or a success in -_repartée_.[213] In the Chamber of the Palais Cardinal might be heard -poets reciting their unpublished verses, or going away richly paid and -praised when their productions were approved. “Une Salle de Spectacle,” -as it was called, was erected by the Cardinal in his palace, and five -favourite authors, Corneille, Boisrobert, Colletet, D’Estoile, and -Robron, were employed to work out into a dramatic form the poetical -conceptions of their patron. Neither was this great minister content -with lavishing his individual bounty upon men of genius; he formed the -plan of the Academy of Paris, an institution which was to give laws to -literature, and the notion of which originated in a private society of -distinguished men who met together to converse, and to communicate their -works. In this extension of his powerful aid to letters, Richelieu found -an obstacle which Buckingham was not destined to encounter. Louis XIII. -hated every species of study, and despised that which he had not -intellect to appreciate. Charles, on the other hand, was intelligent and -inquiring. His education had been carefully attended to; and his taste -for the arts introduced a degree of refinement into English society such -as this country had never before beheld. - -Footnote 213: - - Petilot, x., 126. - -It may easily be conceived with what intense curiosity, mingled, -perhaps, with a spirit of rivalry, Buckingham must have regarded his -introduction to Richelieu, and how extended a notion of the power of a -minister he must have received during his notable, though brief, sojourn -in France. - -The dignity and courtesy of Richelieu, in his ordinary deportment, -might, perhaps, have supplied a hint to the haughty and uncertain -Buckingham, naturally imperious and lofty. The Cardinal knew well the -value of affability. He had a most flexible countenance, every -expression of which he could control; and even, according to Marie de -Medici, command tears at pleasure. One moment he appeared to be sinking -away in extreme pain; the next found him gay, gallant, and active. His -manners were most caressing to those whom he designed to win over; but -to all whom he met, his reception was full of apparent kindness--his -extended hand preceded words full of courtesy, and his ready smile -fascinated those who approached him. - -But beneath this exterior there lay the most relentless spirit of -vengeance towards all whom he regarded as enemies, and the smile and the -ready dissimulation were fearful to many who were conscious of having -fallen under his displeasure. - -Richelieu, in his morals, gave occasion to much scandal. Beneath an -assiduous exercise of some of the external forms of religion, he was -supposed to conceal latitudinarian principles, and his private life was -stained by great irregularities. The decencies of society were, -nevertheless, maintained by the Cardinal, who was sensible that nothing -lowers a man so much in public esteem as to be the slave of his -passions; yet, since there scarcely existed, in his time, a man of more -accommodating principles than the Cardinal in public life, so there were -few, it was secretly believed, who had stronger passions to curb, or to -indulge, than the most reverend celibate of the Château of Rueil--that -wonderful and splendid retreat, of which no traces are left to mark the -alleys wherein the festive throngs delighted, nor to recall the prisons -in the park, to which the all-powerful Cardinal consigned his enemies. - - - - - CHAPTER V. - - -BUCKINGHAM’S EMBASSY TO PARIS--HE DESPATCHES BALTHAZAR GERBIER TO SELECT - AND PURCHASE PICTURES--LETTER OF THE PAINTER TO HIM--THE - MAGNIFICENCE OF THE FRENCH COURT--BUCKINGHAM’S APPEARANCE AT THE - PARISIAN COURT--HIS ASPIRING TO THE FAVOUR OF ANNE OF AUSTRIA--THE - MANNER IN WHICH HIS HOMAGE WAS RECEIVED BY ANNE, AS STATED BY MADAME - DE MOTTEVILLE--THE FREEDOM OF MANNERS, TERMED BY ANNE "L’HONNÊTE - GALANTERIE," PERMITTED BY THE QUEEN--THE DAZZLING APPEARANCE OF - BUCKINGHAM--ANECDOTE OF THE JEALOUSY OF THE FRENCH--POINT OF - ETIQUETTE BETWEEN BUCKINGHAM AND THE CARDINAL RICHELIEU--BUCKINGHAM - ATTENDS HENRIETTA MARIA TO THE COAST--ANNE OF AUSTRIA ACCOMPANIES - HER SISTER-IN-LAW TO AMIENS--INCIDENT THERE, IN WHICH BUCKINGHAM - BETRAYED HIS MAD PASSION--HE RECEIVES A REBUFF FROM THE QUEEN--HIS - LOVE-SUIT NOT CHECKED BY HER REPROOF--HE SHEDS TEARS ON PARTING FROM - ANNE--JOURNEYS ON TO BOULOGNE AND RETURNS TO AMIENS--HIS INTERVIEW - THERE WITH ANNE--HE THEN PURSUES HIS JOURNEY TO ENGLAND--LETTERS, - AND AFFECTING CONDUCT OF HIS WIFE--THE MEETING OF CHARLES AND - HENRIETTA MARIA--BUCKINGHAM RETAINS HIS INFLUENCE OVER CHARLES I. - - - - - =CHAPTER V.= - - -Previous to his own departure, Buckingham had despatched Balthazar -Gerbier, the painter, to Paris, in order to select and purchase -pictures, and other articles, to decorate some of his own stately -dwellings, not one of which seems to have been, at that time, completed. -The emissary was dazzled by the sight of foreign splendours, and sent a -lively account of them to the Duke. “My lord,” he wrote, “do you beg of -Madame (the Duchess of Buckingham) that she will be pleased to furnish -York House; for this Monsieur Chevreuse, and all the folks here, are so -fine, and so magnificent and curious in their houses, that your -Excellency will be much pleased. I beg of your Excellency to see the -apartments of this Bishop of Paris, and you will see in what nice order -the pictures are arranged, and how rich everything is. And, for the love -of Paul Veronese, be pleased to dress the walls of the old -gallery--poor, blank walls, they will die of cold this winter! Your -Excellency will see also here, as at the house of the Duke de Chevreuse, -the best paintings are before the chimney, and approve what I have -always said, that they always put the principal piece over the chimney. -For all their bravery, there is still magnificence in gold. But your -Excellency will see a great mistake they make in the construction of -their chimneys. These are all made of wood, which is very improper so -near the fire. They are, also, too deep; all the heat remains within. -Moreover, there are paintings of the French masters; but we have the -pearl of the Fabians.”[214] - -Footnote 214: - - Memoirs of the Court of King James, by Bishop Goodman, edited by the - Rev. T. B. Brewer, vol. ii., p. 344. Taken from the original Hol. - Tan., lxxiii., 392. Translated from the French. - -Madame de Motteville extols the splendour and gaiety of the court; and -although the portraiture of the galaxy of beauties whom she describes -belongs to a later period, one may readily conceive that attractions -were not wanting in that sphere graced by Anne of Austria and Henrietta -Maria. - -The impression made by Buckingham on the French was favourable. “He -had,” observes Madame de Motteville, “a fine figure. His face was very -handsome; his mind and character were free from littleness. He was -magnificent in his deportment and liberal; and, as the favourite of a -great prince, he had funds at his disposal, and all the crown jewels of -England to employ in his own adornment.” “It is not to be wondered at,” -she continues, “that with so many attractions, he should have dared to -cherish presumptuous thoughts--to have harboured desires at once so -lofty, so dangerous, and so reprehensible; and he had the good fortune -to persuade those who were aware of his wishes that they were not -proffered impertinently;” “yet,” adds the confidante, almost -reluctantly, “one may venture to suppose that his vows were received in -the same degree as that in which the gods suffer the homage of -mortals.”[215] - -Footnote 215: - - Memoires de Madame de Motteville, vol. i, p. 14. - -The object of these aspiring and criminal hopes was, it appears, the -young Queen of France. Nor is there reason to conclude that the same -indifference was manifested by Anne to Buckingham as had been shown by -her to her former admirers. In after times, when the perilous illusion -had for ever passed away, Anne, according to Madame de Motteville, -admitted that in that season of her youth she had not perceived that the -delightful and sprightly conversation, known to her by the term of -_l’honnête galanterie_, could possibly be censured, especially when no -secret understanding was couched beneath the lively converse; nor did -the thoughtless Queen attach to it any greater possibility of blame than -she should do to those ladies of her native Spanish Court, who, being -forbidden to talk to men, except in the presence of the King and Queen -of Spain, were accustomed to boast of their conquests amongst each -other, and to consider them rather as enhancing, than detracting from, -their reputation.[216] The Duchess de Chevreuse, Anne confessed, had -been wholly occupied with gallantries and diversions, and the Queen, led -by her advice and example, could not, in spite of her modesty and -principle, avoid becoming interested in an expression of passion which -seemed to her far more flattering to her self-love than dangerous to her -virtue. In these terms did Anne, after the lapse of years, refer to the -transient but intoxicating adulation paid to her by Buckingham. - -Footnote 216: - - Memoires de Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 16. - -Possibly Anne was dazzled by the lofty grace of her new votary, -contrasted as it was to some advantage with the homely-featured Philip -Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, one of the noblemen who had attended -Buckingham to Paris. The mission could, as Sir Henry Wotton observes, -“want no ornaments or bravery to adorn it.” He relates an anecdote of -the Duke, who, dancing one day in a suit all gorgeously overspread with -diamonds, lost one of his most valuable jewels, which, strange to say, -was the next day recovered, although it had been lost in a “court full -of pages.” This restitution Sir Henry regards as but another proof of -the good fortune which everywhere followed Buckingham.[217] It was, -perhaps, on his court suit, which was valued at 80,000_l._[218] - -Footnote 217: - - Reliquiæ Wottonianæ, 221. - -Footnote 218: - - Miss Aikin’s Memoirs of Charles I., vol. i. - -It was not to be supposed that Anne would escape the voice of scandal, -or that the attentions of one upon whom all eyes were fixed should -remain unobserved. One little occurrence, which became the subject of -general animadversion, took place after all the Court festivities were -at an end, and when Anne and the Duke were on the eve of separation. It -speaks, however, plainly of previous passages of gallantry on the one -hand, and indulgence on the other. - -A week of feasting and rejoicing was over, and Buckingham prepared to -conduct the young Queen of England to her foreign home, on the second of -June. It appears that, notwithstanding the great goodwill entertained -towards the Duke by Monsieur de Chevreuse, he showed some degree of -jealousy on account of his unwonted display. Buckingham, previous to his -departure, ordered some diamonds to be set in rings, with the view of -bestowing them on several of the courtiers; but he was warned of the -effect which this would produce by his faithful agent, Balthazar -Gerbier. “I have been informed,” writes the painter, "that at the Court -where you are, they have got intelligence of the diamonds your -excellency is causing to be set in rings, and so they are trying to -guess what can be your reason. The greater part think it is in order to -make presents, which they are resolved not to receive. Your Excellency’s -perfect sagacity needs no interpreter for understanding their policy, -which is only that somebody has been such an exceeding busybody as to -blow into the ear of the Duc de Chevreuse that if your Excellency were -to be remarked above others for liberality, it would be greatly to his -detriment." Under this apprehension, the secretary of De Chevreuse -importuned Gerbier, who seems to have filled the capacity of House -Steward to the Duke, as well as his other employment, to have an account -drawn up of what was given to the household servants of De Chevreuse, -and also of the other presents. The virtue of the French Court seems to -have been aroused by the expected gifts, which were regarded as an -affront, and it was intimated that if offered they would not be -received. This delicacy of conduct was naturally contrasted with the -rapacity of the Duke, who had, it seems, accepted presents in France -amounting in value to eighty thousand pounds, as he himself stated in a -letter to the King.[219] - -Footnote 219: - - Bishop Goodman, vol. i., p. 290. Letter from Balthazar Gerbier of the - Duke of Buckingham. Also State Papers, vol. iii., No. 7. - -Having thus offended the pride of the Parisian courtiers by his -overweening prodigality, Buckingham set forth to commit an act of -imprudence still more obvious and far more indefensible. He did not quit -Paris, however, without having both given and received an offence from -even the courtly Richelieu, who, having addressed to him a letter, -directed to “Le Duc de Buckingham,” instead of to “Monseigneur le Duc de -Buckingham,” received one in reply inscribed to “Monsieur le Cardinal de -Richelieu.”[220] Thus quitting Paris as he had done Madrid, in bad odour -with those who had eagerly welcomed him to their kingdom, Buckingham -attended his young and royal charge towards the coast. - -Footnote 220: - - Punctilio was then at its height. The point of etiquette, whether the - Earl of Carlisle was to wait upon the Cardinal first, or the Cardinal - upon the Earl, was settled by Richelieu’s feigning sickness and - continuing in bed.--Miss Aikin’s Court of Charles I., p. 24. - -Orders had been sent by the French King that his sister should be -everywhere welcomed with honours as signal as if he were himself -present; and to show her still more respect, Anne of Austria accompanied -the young Queen as far as Amiens. - -It was here that, whilst walking in the garden of the house where she -was lodged, a memorable interview between Anne and Buckingham took -place. She was, indeed, surrounded by her usual suite of attendants, -when the enamoured and imprudent Duke sought and found her. Putangue, -the equerry of the Queen of France, perceiving, as Buckingham -approached, that he was anxious to speak to his royal mistress alone, -fell back for a short time, thinking that delicacy forbade him to listen -to what was uttered by the Duke. Having by chance, according to Anne’s -subsequent statement, turned into a winding alley, the unguarded Queen -and her lover found themselves alone. In a few moments a cry was heard -by the listening attendants in the garden; the equerry hastened to his -mistress, who blamed him exceedingly for having quitted her. Anne -afterwards explained this occurrence, which naturally excited much -discussion, by relating that, alarmed at finding herself alone with her -avowed admirer, she was still more agitated by the expressions of -passionate attachment which Buckingham addressed to her. She knew that -she could not listen to the importunity of an ardent passion without -participating morally in its guilt. She acted therefore, as she thought, -and as her apologist, Madame de Motteville, conceived, honestly and -sagaciously in preferring the preservation of her own self-respect to -the fear of being unjustly blamed. Thus reflecting, she had no -apprehension that her exclamation of surprise and terror would bear a -bad construction even to her consort, who evidently regarded her with -distrust. - -Having proffered some reason for his return, the Duke even left the -future Queen Consort of his royal master at Boulogne, and hastened to -the queen-mother, Marie de Medicis, at Amiens. He even went so far as to -pretend that he was commissioned to enter into some new negotiation; -whether he succeeded in blinding her or not is not stated; but, after -conversing with her for some time, he presented himself to Anne of -Austria; that princess had been apprized of Buckingham’s journey, by her -confidante, the Duchess de Chevreuse, who accompanied the Queen of -England. Anne received him, after the fashion of her adopted country, in -bed, and without her customary state; nor did she express the slightest -surprise at his appearance; but her astonishment was considerable when -she saw the Duke fall on his knees by her bedside, and kiss the -coverlids with expressions so agitated, so emphatic, that she could no -longer, as she afterwards confessed, “avoid perceiving the earnestness -of his passion.” She avowed to Madame de Motteville that she was -overcome with surprise, not unmingled with resentment, for she -comprehended, perhaps too late for her own reputation, that a real -insult was conveyed under this proffered idolatry. She remembered that -she was the Queen of France, and a long and angry silence marked her -displeasure. At this critical moment, the Countess de Lannoi, at that -time her principal lady of the chamber, and who, in that capacity, was -placed at the head of the bed, came forward to the queen’s aid. The -countess was a grave, respected, and aged personage, whose very look -might well strike terror into the presumptuous suitor. She addressed -herself to the Duke reprovingly, telling him that such conduct was -inconsistent with the customs permitted in the French Court, and bidding -him arise. She spoke, however, to one who was of late little habituated -to control, and she could make no impression. Buckingham replied that he -was not a Frenchman, and therefore under no obligation to observe the -laws of France. He spoke calmly, and then again addressing the queen, he -broke out into expressions of the utmost tenderness. Anne replied in -terms expressive of her anger at his boldness; but whilst her language -was reproachful, her manner appears to have been destitute of the -indignation natural to the occasion. She commanded him, however, to rise -from his knees, and quit the room; and he then complied. - -The next day, notwithstanding this audacity, Buckingham was permitted to -see the Queen again, but in the presence of the assembled Court. It is -probable that Anne wished what occurred not to transpire, and that this -audience might be one of policy. But the precaution, if such it was, did -not avail to save Anne from the most injurious suspicions. Buckingham, -after taking leave, proceeded to England, bearing in his mind a -resolution to return to France at the earliest occasion. Anne and the -queen-mother, after some little delay, repaired to Fontainebleau to -rejoin the King. Soon afterwards, Louis was informed of all that had -occurred. The circumstances were even aggravated to the disadvantage of -the unhappy young queen. Several of her attendants were discharged. -Putangue, her equerry, was banished; her physician and others shared the -same fate. One of Anne’s Spanish ladies, Donna Estefania, had the -courage to express her disgust at this severity. “I think,” she said, -addressing Le Père Sequirent, the King’s confessor, “that so much -malignity visited upon this lady is not a good sign; it does not look -well.”[221] - -Footnote 221: - - Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 15. - -Buckingham, meantime, journeyed towards England, his heart full of the -hope of returning at some future day to behold the object of his mad -passion. Yet he had every motive of tenderness and consideration towards -his duchess, whose fondest hopes were constantly, during absence, fixed -upon her faithless husband. Balthazar Gerbier, who, from his situation -in the Duke’s household, had ample opportunities of witnessing her -devotion to the Duke, terms her, when writing to Buckingham, during his -sojourn in Spain, “your incomparable Penelope, who constantly, in this -sea of trouble, has demonstrated the greatness of her constancy, -comforting herself with the hope of seeing her sun return above this -horizon, beautiful and shining as it set.”[222] Her anxiety during his -former embassy had been such as to injure her health, or, as she -touchingly expressed it, “merely melancholy was the cause of her -sickness.” Nor was that sorrow unmingled with doubt of her husband’s -constancy. Buckingham, with his natural candour and fearlessness, -perhaps, too, wanting the moral sense of shame for such transgressions, -appears, from a passage in one of the Duchess’s letters, to have -confessed to her some of his infidelities during his Spanish journey, -and to have expressed great contrition for them. Fears had, at that -time, been entertained of his wife’s health; and consumption was the -disease apprehended. The Duke was on that occasion stung to the heart by -the dread of losing his “poor Kate,” as she termed herself. Reflecting -on his reckless gallantries with shame, he appears to have considered -the illness of his wife as a judgment upon him, and intimated to her -that should she die, he should think it too hard a blow, even for one so -sinful as himself.[223] The reply made to him by his gentle wife ought -to have ensured everlasting gratitude and constancy, were it in the -nature of man to be bound by such ties to woman. “And where you say,” -writes this devoted woman, “it is too great a punishment for a greater -offender than you hope you are, dear heart, how severe God had been -pleased to have dealt with me, it had been for my sins, and not yours, -for truly you are so good a man that, but for one sin, you are not so -great an offender, only your loving women so well. But I hope God has -forgiven you, and I am sure you will not commit the like again, and God -has laid a great affliction on me by this grievous absence; and I trust -God will send me life, and Moll too, that you shall enjoy us both; for I -am sure,” she adds, "God will bless us both, for your sake; and I cannot -express the infinite affection I bear you; but, for God’s sake, believe -me, that there was never woman loved man as I do you." - -Footnote 222: - - Court and Times of James I., by Bishop Goodman, vol. ii., p. 265. - -Footnote 223: - - Ibid, p. 311. - -The Duchess had at that time testified her delight at her husband’s -quitting that “wicked Madrid,” as she called it. She little thought how -detrimental to her married happiness a residence of twelve days only in -the no less vitiated air of Paris was to prove. - -On quitting Amiens, Buckingham returned to Boulogne, where he met his -Duchess, who had been sent by Charles to kiss the young queen’s hand, -and to desire that she would take her own time of coming over, “with -most conveniency to her own person.”[224] On the twenty-second of June -(N.S.) Henrietta embarked, and twenty-four hours afterwards arrived at -Dover. - -Footnote 224: - - Rushworth, p. 170. - -Charles had long been anxiously expecting the Queen. On the last day of -May he had posted down to Canterbury, there to wait for her, attended by -a large company of lords and ladies, “who tarried there to their great -charge.”[225] The King was obliged to console them, and to prolong their -attendance with messages daily from Dover, by which step, a contemporary -writes, “he persuaded them to patience.” The young Queen was detained, -as it was alleged, by her mother’s illness; “but,” adds the -correspondent just quoted, “if all be true that is reported, they can -make no great haste, being to march with a little army of 4000 at least, -whereof the Duc de Chevreuse and his followers make up three hundred, -and sixty that belong to his kitchen.” - -Footnote 225: - - Inedited Letter in the State Paper Office. (Not in the Calendar.) - -On the fourth of June, the Earl of Northampton, who had gone into -France, it was said, in a “mad mood,” had arrived at Dover at nine -o’clock in the evening. They found the King “on the leads” (of the -Castle, probably), having spent two very cold hours there, anxiously -awaiting their arrival. It appears that Charles then wished to cross to -Boulogne; but it was objected to, as being a precedent that would lower -the kings of England, and dangers might accrue upon his placing himself -in a foreign state.[226] - -Footnote 226: - - State Papers, vol. iii., No. 25. - -When, in the presence of the whole court and the flower of the nobility, -they met for the first time, everyone except the royal couple retired, -and Charles and his bride held half-an-hour’s conversation alone. -Henrietta is said to have taken the earliest opportunity to entreat the -King “that he would not be angry with her for her faults of ignorance, -before he had first instructed her to eschew them, for that she, being -young, and coming into a strange country, both by her years and -ignorance of the customs of the nation, might commit many errors.” And -she requested that the King would, in such cases, apply to use no third -person as a mediator, but himself inform her as to what she had done -amiss. “The King,” adds the same authority, “thanked her for it, -desiring her to use him even as she had desired him to use her, which -she willingly promised.”[227] - -Footnote 227: - - Rushworth, p. 171. - -The plague was then raging to a fearful extent in the metropolis; and it -was afterwards, by those who witnessed the sad termination of this -reign, interpreted as an evil omen, as it began thus, although the -previous reign had commenced with a similar national calamity; whereas -the sway of James had been remarkable for peace and prosperity. “These -two plagues,” remarks the historian L’Estrange, “that of the father, -this of the son, were natives both of one parish, Whitechapel, yea, -under the same roof, and issued forth on the same day of the month, such -correspondence was there in their entry.”[228] There were not wanting -those, however, who regarded this grievous visitation, the excess of -which common sense would attribute to narrow streets and lanes, “where -air and sweetness were the only strangers,” to a judgment on the young -King’s alliance with Papacy and France.[229] It acted as a check upon -present rejoicings, and, although great preparations had been made to -receive the royal pair, most of the procession was omitted on account of -the pestilence, no fewer than twenty-three parishes being infected; and -the plague having increased fearfully during the “extremest cold weather -that had ever been known,” what, it was observed, was to be looked for -when the heat came, and the fruits were ripe?[230] - -Footnote 228: - - Kennet’s Complete History of England, vol. ii., p. 4. - -Footnote 229: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 230: - - Inedited Letter in the State Paper Office. - -Under these unpromising auspices did Henrietta Maria take up her abode -in Somerset House, then styled Denmark House, where her chapel and -convent for Capuchin Friars were established, the execution of the laws -against Roman Catholics having been previously suspended by a warrant -from the King.[231] - -Footnote 231: - - Life of Lord Keeper Williams, p. 10. - -Those who prognosticated uneasiness to Charles, and detriment to the -country, were not long kept in suspense as to the fulfilment of their -prophecy, for more uncongenial minds than those of Charles and his royal -bride were never destined to meet; nor did they long adhere to the wise -rule proposed, of allowing no third party to reconcile differences. - -Buckingham still maintained his exalted position. The circumstances in -which he was placed were such as had never occurred in this country -before. “With King Charles,” as Sir Anthony Weldon observes, "did also -rise his father’s favourite, and in much more glory and lustre than in -his father’s time, as if he were no less an inheritor of his son’s -favour than the son of the father’s crown."[232] This pre-eminence was -regarded by the Puritan party as a grievous evil. James, they suspected -rather than knew, was somewhat weary of his favourite’s insolence; but, -in Charles’s time, “he reigned like an impetuous storm, bearing down all -before him that stood in his way, and would not yield to him, nor comply -with him.”[233] Such was the vulgar opinion; whilst the submission of -Charles was considered to show a want of dignity and heroism, especially -when the affronts passed upon him by Buckingham, in the King’s youth, -were remembered. - -Footnote 232: - - Court of King Charles, Secret History of the Court of James I., p. 23. - -Footnote 233: - - Ibid. - -There were others who took a different view of the subject; and the warm -affection manifested by Charles to the Duke, surviving, as it did, the -grave, has been justly commended. “When once,” observes the historian -Lilly, "he (Charles the First) really affected, he was ever a perfect -friend; witness his continuance of affection unto all Buckingham’s -friends after his death, yea, until his own decay of fortune."[234] - -Footnote 234: - - Lilly’s True History of James I. and Charles I. - -Raised, as he was, to the highest pinnacle of human greatness in his -native land, there were some humiliating circumstances which seriously -affected the domestic happiness of Buckingham. Of these, the chief was -the disgrace of his brother, Lord Purbeck, and the infelicity of that -marriage which had been accomplished at so much expense of integrity. In -February, 1624-25, it had been deemed necessary to institute proceedings -against Lady Purbeck and Sir Robert Howard upon the ground of adultery -and sorcery, and James I., though scarcely able to sign, had set his -hand to the warrant. - -The King, nevertheless, did this act unwillingly; and he had even -previously dissuaded Buckingham from seeking a commitment, as he said -the matter ought to be conducted by “justice and not favour.” Upon -receiving this advice, the Duke wrote to Sir Randal Crewe, Lord Chief -Justice, requesting him to communicate on this point with Innocent -Lanier, a man much trusted by Lord Purbeck. That unhappy nobleman was -then residing with the Duke, who seemed anxious to retain him, fearing -that otherwise “Sir Robert and Lady Purbeck might, by their crafty -insinuations, draw from him speeches to their advantage.”[235] - -Footnote 235: - - State Papers, vol. clxxxiii., No. 41. - -This prosecution was carried on with considerable bitterness of spirit. -Upon the first steps taken in the affair, the Duke of Buckingham was -sent for to London; and the summons despatched contained this -assurance:--"I find them" (the solicitor and attorney-general) “resolved -to deal roundly in this business, as your Grace desires.” The advice -given by these two crown lawyers was to bring the case before the High -Commission Court, which could sit without delay in the vacation, and -when the crime had been proved there, the divorce could be obtained by -ordinary law. They thought it unadvisable to send these prisoners to -prison, “a step unusual for persons of their rank,” but “advised that -they be confined in the houses of aldermen, where they would be more -strictly restrained than in prison.” They were then examining witnesses. - -Buckingham, in answer to this letter, after thanking the lawyers for -their counsel, declared himself satisfied with it. “They were,” he -said, “to do their utmost to discover the truth, but his family being -nearly linked with that of Sir Howard, he wished no undue severity in -the prosecution. He entreated the King to let the law take its course, -and not to shew any favour in the business.”[236] It was immediately, -nevertheless, resolved to incarcerate Sir Robert Howard, even without -a hearing, and he was forthwith despatched to the Fleet Prison. His -partner in guilt, although at first dismayed by the reception of a -letter from the Lord Chief Justice, summoned to her aid the dauntless -assurance which she inherited from her mother, Lady Hatton, and -observed that she “was resolved to prove a new lodging and new -keepers.” Her nurse, and the child who was the supposed offspring of -her infamous connection, were left in the custody of persons -appointed, and remained in Denmark House. Eventually, Sir Robert, and -Lady Purbeck, with her son, were consigned to the charge of two -Aldermen, Barkham and Freeman, “to be close kept.”[237] Such was the -fear entertained of incurring Buckingham’s displeasure, that bail was -withheld until his mighty will was ascertained. Notwithstanding that -the commissioners appointed to examine into this singular case -declared that “they saw no fruit in keeping the delinquents in -prison,” and hinted that their incarceration being “fruitless,” their -bailment might give the world satisfaction,[238] Buckingham, -stimulated, probably, by the desire of emancipating his unfortunate -brother from his union with a woman of abandoned character, appears to -have lent himself to accusations by which the offence of the ill-fated -Lady Purbeck should assume a criminal character. - -Footnote 236: - - State Papers, vol. clxxxiv., No. 7. - -Footnote 237: - - State Papers.--Letter dated Feb. 19th. - -Footnote 238: - - Letter from Sir R. Heath and Sir T. Coventry to the Duke of - Buckingham.--See Bishop Goodman’s Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 376. - -In the endeavour to establish the fact of adultery with Sir Robert -Howard, there appears to have been some failure. The suspicions were -“strong and violent,” as the legal functionaries declared, against Sir -Robert Howard, but no “express confession from parties, nor testimony of -witnesses,” was obtained by which the _fact_ was substantiated. With -regard to the allegations concerning witchcraft, the most extraordinary -statements were adduced. This young lady of rank had, it was affirmed, -"administered powders and potions that did intoxicate her husband’s -brain, and practised somewhat of that kind upon the Duke of -Buckingham."[239] To this accusation, the insanity which is said to have -darkened the Earl of Purbeck’s career, and the frequent reports of the -unfriendly, that Buckingham was “mad,” gave a semblance of probability -sufficient in those days of superstition. But those who were judges in -the affair happily were more enlightened than many of their -contemporaries. In the first place, the chief witness, one Lambe, -described as a “notorious old rascal,” had been himself condemned the -previous summer for a heinous offence; and arraigned a year or two -previously for practising witchcraft on “my Lord Kingston” at Worcester. - -Footnote 239: - - State Papers, vol. clxxiv., No. 47. Inedited Papers, Domestic, 1625. - -“I see not,” writes a contemporary, “what the fellow can gain by this -confession, but to be hanged the sooner.”[240] Nevertheless, the -information was too acceptable to the powers that then overawed society, -not to meet with its reward. It was proved, indeed, that Lady Purbeck, -after the fashion of her day, contemplated the power of witchcraft as -one means of blinding or infuriating her husband. The example of the -infamous Lady Somerset had not died away in the memory of one who seems -to have resembled her in some points--in her hatred of the husband to -whom she was assigned for mercenary ends--in her mad passion for another -man, and in the dark agents to whom she resorted for aid, and by whom -she was betrayed. Lady Purbeck often visited Lambe; “and,” wrote the -Commissioners to Buckingham, “we verily think with evil intention to -your brother.” Whether Sir Robert Howard accompanied her or not in these -furtive visitations does not appear. Upon reviewing the scanty and -unsatisfactory evidence, it was concluded by the attorney and -solicitor-general, that the “use to be made of this part of the business -would be rather to aggravate and make odious the other part of the -offence, than to proceed upon it as a direct crime of itself.” Nothing, -they acknowledged, had yet appeared, that could give “them cause to -think the matter to be capital against the delinquents;” and no further -witnesses were forthcoming. - -Footnote 240: - - State Papers, vol. clxxiv., No. 47.--Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, - Feb. 26th, 1625. Inedited State Papers. - -In the midst of these proceedings, it is curious to observe the -retribution which, in the course of worldly events, forces itself upon -our notice. Lady Hatton, obliged to apply for counsel to her despised -lord, to whose masterly judgment she was compelled, in her emergency, to -resort, was a spectacle to divert, and even to instruct society. “Would -you think,” writes Mr. Chamberlain, "that Lady Hatton’s stomach could -stoop so low as to seek the Lord Coke, at Stoke, for his counsel and -assistance in this affair?" - -Well might Lady Hatton tremble for the result to this daughter whom she -had sacrificed to her worldly view; for a spirit of persecution now -manifested itself more and more clearly. Before the High Commission, the -frail being whose fate was thus sealed at her very entrance into life -acquitted herself, as a contemporary informs us, “reasonably well -hitherto,” but he adds, “_ne Hercules quidem coutra tot et tantos_.” By -all her demeanour was allowed to be “modest and prudent, and without -reflection on other parties.” The witnesses whom she adduced were, -however, not only silenced, but punished. One Bembige, a servant of the -Archbishop of Canterbury, was committed for speaking in her behalf, and -for stating how severely she was used by the adverse proctors. Those -gentlemen complaining of these remarks, Bembige was sent out of court; -obtaining from Lady Purbeck the distinction of “being one of her -martyrs.”[241] The cause was eventually referred to the Ecclesiastical -Court, wherein the Earl of Anglesea was the nominal prosecutor. Sir -Robert Howard, not answering to the citation served upon him, was -publicly excommunicated at Paul’s Cross. He claimed, however, his -privilege as a “parliament man,” and it was conceded to him. - -Footnote 241: - - Inedited Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, State Paper - Office. - -Lady Purbeck, meantime, remained under the custody of Alderman Barkham; -no friends came forward to stand bail for her; neither Lady Hatton nor -her father supplied her with money. She sent to Buckingham for means to -fee her council;[242] nor does the aid appear to have been refused; -neither can any blame attach to the Duke for his endeavours to free a -brother who was now incapable of acting for himself,--as appears fully -from Lord Anglesea, Christopher Villiers being the prosecutor--from a -woman who, whatever may have been the extenuation of her faults, was -living audaciously in a state of infamy. Neither can we wonder at his -afterwards requesting Prince Charles to insist on his leaving the Court, -where she had set so fearful an example. - -Footnote 242: - - State Papers, vol. cxxxv., No. 12. - -Lady Purbeck was driven away, however, for another reason; although a -divorce was not obtained, she was sentenced by the High Commission to -stand in the Savoy church in a white sheet. She fled, in the disguise of -a page, into the country; and in 1634 was again domiciled in the house -of her father, who at least had human sympathies, in which his wife had -proved herself utterly wanting. Coke, in his old age, received and -pardoned the much humiliated daughter. “She continued,” says Lord -Campbell, “to watch piously over him till his death.”[243] Nor could the -task have been otherwise than consolatory. An accident was the proximate -cause of the breaking up of that wonderful frame that had never known -rest. Coke had, in his own mind, deserved well of the world; he was wont -to give thanks that he had never given his body to physic, nor his heart -to cruelty, nor his hand to corruption.[244] When his friends sent him -three doctors to benefit his health, he told them he had never taken -physic since he was born, and would not now begin; that he had now upon -him “a disease which all the drugs of Asia, nor the gold of Africa, nor -the doctors of Europe could not cure, old age.” Notwithstanding Coke’s -great practice, he was at one time in debt to the extent of 60,000_l._, -owing, it was said, to his sons. In his will he left injunctions that he -should be buried without pomp in Littleshall church, and a monument be -erected for him there; and that his books might be preserved for his -posterity.[245] - -Footnote 243: - - Campbell’s Life of Sir E. Coke, p. 335, note. - -Footnote 244: - - Lloyd’s State Worthies. - -Footnote 245: - - State Papers, vol. cliv., No. 85. - -In his own immediate family, Buckingham enjoyed such happiness as the -fulfilment of every earthly wish could bestow. He was now the father of -two children; Lady Mary Villiers, who, if we may accredit the -representations of a fond mother, was full of intelligence and promise. -The letters written during the absence of her husband, by the Duchess, -abound with such anecdotes of her then only child, as are only important -as they mark a mutual tie, and show confidence in the affection of him -to whom those epistles were addressed--to one whom she believed to be -all constancy and attachment--and to whom such little traits of her -daughter could alone be imparted by a mother. - -“Moll,” she writes, “is very well, and is a-writing to make you merry; -she is bound to you for your sending her a token.” “Mr. Clarke will tell -you who she is like; she is so lively and full of play that she will -make you very good sport when you come home. I hope you have received -her picture, though you have sent me no word whether you have or -no.”[246] This picture was painted by Balthazar Gerbier; but, not being -completed in time, the artist was obliged to substitute one which had -been completed three years previously; “for the little lady,” writes -Gerbier, in allusion to this substitution, “she has been painted in -great haste; the hands, which crave a blessing from your excellency, are -merely outlined.”[247] The “Lady Mary” was still an infant when the Duke -returned from Spain; but the remembrance of her father, which had been -impressed upon her childish thoughts, is exemplified in the following -passage from a letter of her grandfather, the Earl of Rutland.[248] -"Your wife, your sister, Mr. Porter, and myself were at supper at York -House, when news came Dick Graeme[249] was come; but we were so -impatient to see him, that some could eat no meat, and when we did see -him and your letter, they were so overjoyed they forgot to eat; nay, my -pretty, sweet Moll, as she was undressing, cried nothing but ‘dad, -dad.’" - -Footnote 246: - - Goodman’s Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 313. - -Footnote 247: - - Ibid, p. 264. - -Footnote 248: - - Dated April 1st, 1623; Harl. MSS., 1581, p. 129. - -Footnote 249: - - One of the Duke’s attendants. - -This prattling child was now growing into what King James entitled “a -fair maid;” and a son, George, afterwards celebrated for his wit and -profligacy, had been added to the many blessings showered upon -Buckingham by Providence. His wife, who had, during his absence, kept -his picture, “as her sweet saint, always within sight of her bed,” was -now happy in the presence of one whom she seems to have loved with all -the ardour of a first affection. Even the infidelities of her husband, -now beginning to be generally known, appear to have left her love -unchanged. She knew well the temptations that beset him. “Every one -tells me,” she writes at one time, “how happy I am in a husband;” “that -you will not look at a woman, and yet how they woo you.” When -undeceived, the Duchess had the greatness of mind to make allowances for -this flattered child of fortune; she knew that if any man were to be -excused, it was he who, in foreign courts, had encountered the snares to -which his disposition rendered him too easy a prey. The delinquency, as -we have seen, nearly broke her heart; but she forgave and received the -delinquent. She appears to have ever retained a conviction that her -husband’s heart was true to her, whatever his errors may have been. -“Yourself is a jewel that will win the hearts of all the women in the -world; but I am confident it is not in their power to win your heart -from a heart that is, was, and ever shall be yours till death.”[250] - -Footnote 250: - - Harl. MSS., 1581, p. 279. - -Notwithstanding his domestic blessings, his fame and power, Buckingham -had his disquiets. Amongst these, the chief was pecuniary -embarrassments. The favourite, whose rapacity has been the theme of -historians, was harassed by difficulties which must have arisen partly -from his great extravagance, partly from the countless demands made upon -the resources of those in power. - -Charles the First seems to have been no less solicitous than his father -had been to enrich his beloved Villiers. In July, 1624, he granted to -him, in conjunction with Sir George Carew, a commission for making -saltpetre and gunpowder; and, at the same time, he bestowed upon Sir -Edward Villiers an annuity of a thousand per annum,[251] probably in -order to relieve Buckingham of the charge of assisting his brother. -These favours were followed by another, which proved a source of much -expense to the Duke--that of York House, which, with other messuages in -St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, was, on the fourteenth of July, 1624, -granted to Buckingham.[252] Immense sums had also been presented to -Buckingham when ambassador to France; he wrote to the King, during his -sojourn in Paris, that he had then already received gifts nearly to the -value of eighty thousand pounds.[253] Yet, still the lavish expenditure -of Buckingham was inadequately supplied. This was a grievous source of -vexation to one whose unbounded love of display was gracefully connected -with a passion for the arts, and with an exquisite perception of all -that was excellent in painting and grand in sculpture. - -Footnote 251: - - Inedited Documents in the State Paper Office, July 13th, 1624. - -Footnote 252: - - State Papers. - -Footnote 253: - - To the Earl of Carlisle, 22,000 crowns. To the Earl of Holland, 20,000 - crowns. Sir G. Young had a diamond from the King worth 2,000 francs; - from the queen-mother one of 300_l._, and curious plate to the value - of 12,000_l._--State Papers, 1624. - -Another cause of irritation, and consequent ill-health, was the -incessant exertion incident to his station and employments. Never did -any minister conduct himself with greater courtesy to those who waited -upon him than Buckingham, to whom vulgar report assigned great arrogance -of deportment, and whose haughty bearing has passed almost into a -proverb. His attention to his minutest duties as Lord High Admiral, his -deportment to his officers when he commanded at Rochelle, will be -hereafter insisted upon. Lord Clarendon speaks of his “sweet attractive -manner;” of his “art of drawing or flowing unto him of the best -instruments of experience and knowledge, to seek what might be for the -public, or his own proper use;”[254] yet, in spite of this admirable -patience, in spite of that habitual good nature, which made him a “fair -spoken gentleman, not prone and eager to detract openly from any -man,”[255] Buckingham was harassed almost to insanity by the hourly -ingress of importunate suitors, or of clamorous complainants. Even the -visits of the friendly oppress us, when the brain is in a state of -excitement; and, accordingly, we read without surprize that he was -obliged occasionally to retire altogether from the court, retreating, -most frequently, to Newhall, his favourite seat, “to avoid importunity -of visits that would give him no rest.” It had even, at one time, been -given out by the Roman Catholics, who were incensed against him, by the -failure of the Spanish embassy, that he was “crazed in his brain;” but -“I have learned,” writes Mr. Chamberlain, “by them that know, that there -was no such matter, but that the suspicion grew by reason of his often -letting blood; only they confess he hath a spent body and not like to -hold out long, if he do not tend his health very diligently.”[256] - -Footnote 254: - - Parallel. Reliquiæ Wotton., p. 172. - -Footnote 255: - - Ibid, 174. - -Footnote 256: - - Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton. In edited State - Papers, June 13th, 1624. - -Shortly after his return from France, the Duke’s affairs appear to have -become so greatly involved as to oblige him to retire for a time, from -York House, to the seclusion of Burleigh-on-the-Hill. The following -letter from his Duchess is addressed to Mrs. Olivia Porter, her niece, -and the wife of Endymion Porter, that trusty servant to whom Buckingham -had assigned the charge of bringing over his jewels and plate from -Spain.[257] Mrs. Olivia Porter appears to have been a cherished -companion, as well as kinswoman, of the Duchess of Buckingham’s. The -letter is given in its original state, with regard to orthography; it is -dated, “Burghley, 18th July, 1625.” - -Footnote 257: - - In the State Paper Office there are several letters from Endymion - Porter to his wife, written in the inflated style of love letters of - that period, which the curious in such matters will find in the - Domestic Papers, 1624, 1625. - -"DERE CUSEN, - -"Doctor Nure will tell you how I am. I have sent the doctor’s leter to -him. I am in good health, I thank God, and I hope in the end I shall be -as well as ever I was. I pray, pray for me. Remember me to your husband -and sonne, and I do not doubt but what we shall be merry again in York -House. Fairfill is now sould, I thank God, and we shall, by living here -a while, redeme our selfs out of debt, I hope in Jesus. Farewell, swett -cusen, - - “Your most constant friend, - “K. BUCKINGHAM. - -“My Co: (cousin) remembers his services to you.” - -Buckingham appears thus to have taken the most effectual means to -recover his serenity--retirement and economy; but the great duties -of his station would not suffer him long to rest, either at Newhall -or at the still more remote retreat of Burleigh. There, indeed, he -was not permitted to hide himself until after he had assisted at the -solemnity of the declaration of the King’s marriage, which was held -in the Banqueting House at Whitehall in the following order.[258] -After it was concluded, the King conducted the Queen to her presence -chamber, where she dined. The King returned to the banqueting -chamber, where he dined with the three French ambassadors, the Duc -de Chevreuse, Villeach, and the Marquis de Fite. At the second -course the heralds came, and proclaimed the King’s titles, craved a -largesse, and afterwards went to the Queen’s side, and did the same. -The Queen went to the Banqueting House afterwards, and the evening -was spent in dancing. On the following day the Duke of Buckingham -dined with the Duc de Chevreuse at Nonsuch, and supped that evening -at York House, giving there one of those sumptuous entertainments -which must have added so much to his pecuniary difficulties. For the -ambassadors were received at that noble dwelling with “such -magnificence and plenty, that the like,” writes a contemporary, -"hath not been seen in these parts. One rare dish came by mere -chance: a sturgeon of full five feet long, that afternoon, not far -from the place, leaping in a gentleman’s boat, was served in at -supper."[259] - -Footnote 258: - - On the 22nd of June, 1625. I have not found this account in any of - our historians.--State Papers, inedited. - -Footnote 259: - - Sturgeon, as well as whales, were excepted from the other great - fishes, sea dogs, called royal fishes, to which the Lord High - Admiral laid claim, when they came near the shore by right.--See - Chamberlayne’s State of England, p. 81. - -During all this time, the pestilence was raging with fearful -results; yet the people could not find in their hearts to leave -London when the brave doings in celebration of the Queen’s arrival -went on. It was observed that “in all these shews and feastings, -there hath been such excessive bravery on all sides, as bred rather -a surfeit than delights in them that saw it, and it were more fit -and would better become us to compare and dispute with such pompous -kind of people in iron and steel, than in gold and riches, wherein -we come not near them.” - -In addition to this insulting remark, one even still more -disparaging to the strangers was publicly thrown out. The accession -even of the high-bred Frenchwomen was considered to add little to -the grace of the courtly revels at York House or elsewhere. Her -retinue appears to have inspired neither admiration nor respect. - -“The Queen hath brought, they say, such a poor, pitiful sort of -women, that there is not one worth the looking after, saving herself -and the Duchess of Chevreuse, who, though she be fair, paints -foully. Among her priests you would little look for M. Sausy, that -went an ambassador to Constantinople when we were at Venice, and is -now become a _padre del oratorio_.”[260] - -Footnote 260: - - Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, June 25.--State Papers inedited. - -The public heard with disgust that two hundred pounds a day were -allowed for the maintenance of the Duc and Duchesse de Chevreuse, in -Denmark House, “for victuals and comforts.”[261] Buckingham, -meantime, passed the remainder of the year 1625 at Hampton Court, -his duchess staying at Burgleigh, where her father, the Earl of -Rutland, remained to solace her retirement, for we find him excusing -himself from attendance at Court on that plea.[262] Buckingham -experienced considerable inconvenience from the absence and illness -of the Earl of Purbeck, who, of all his brothers, seems to have -enjoyed the most of his confidence; referring to him all suitors who -were obliged, to adopt the quaint phrase of the time, to “come in at -that door.”[263] - -Footnote 261: - - Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, June 25.--State Papers inedited. - -Footnote 262: - - State Papers, for 1625. - -Footnote 263: - - Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, Jan. 1, 1619-20. - - - - - CHAPTER VI. - - -UNJUST APPRECIATION OF BUCKINGHAM’S CHARACTER--HIS ENERGY IN - RESPECT TO THE NAVY--SIR WALTER RALEGH’S WORKS ON MARITIME - AFFAIRS--PRINCE HENRY’S PREDILECTION FOR THEM--HIS MINIATURE - SHIP--HIS DEATH--LORD NOTTINGHAM’S NEGLECT AND VENALITY--HIS - POWERS--£60,000, YEARLY, ALLOTTED FOR THE NAVY--BUCKINGHAM’S - EFFORTS--EXAMPLE SET BY RICHELIEU--IGNORANCE OF SHIP-BUILDING - IN THOSE DAYS--BUCKINGHAM DRAWS UP A PLAN OF DEFENCE--FEAR OF - THE SPANISH ARMADA--THE DUKE PROPOSES TO FORM A COMPANY FOR - THE WEST, AS WELL AS THE EAST INDIES--PLAN OF TAXATION--ALSO - OF DEFENCE ON SHORE. - - - - - =CHAPTER VI.= - - -Hitherto the character of Buckingham has been considered merely in -the light of a courtier, in which capacity his good fortune, more -than his merits, secured him success. In foreign Courts, the -infirmities of this changeable and imprudent man were brought -conspicuously to light; his vanity, his assumption, his growing -arrogance, these, and his love of pleasure, added to the dissolute -morals of the day, constituted the sources of that obloquy; -nevertheless, the memory of this celebrated man has been -indiscriminately blackened. Hence he has been described as “utterly -devoid of every talent of a minister,” and the popular opinion -points to the notion that he did much harm, no good,[264] and that -the sole qualities conspicuous in his career were his love of -oppression, his venality, and his insolence. - -Footnote 264: - - Hume. - -Happily for the reputation which has been thus maligned, numerous -documents,[265] which have of late been rescued from neglect, -abundantly prove that Buckingham achieved one important benefit to -his country--the restoration of the British navy. Whatever may have -been his motives, by what means soever he may have compassed his -ends, there can now be no doubt but that to him we owe the -re-establishment of that mighty power to which we are indebted for -our existence as a nation, and it may be presumed that had his life -been prolonged his exertions in this respect would have produced -still more apparent effects; and that the country would have -acknowledged, in after ages, the services which it seems to have -overlooked. - -Footnote 265: - - Those in the State Paper Office, to which Mr. Lechmere the Keeper, - and Mr. Lemon the Deputy Keeper, first directed my attention; and - to those gentlemen I am, therefore, wholly indebted for any new - view of Buckingham’s character which these remarks, and those - which are to follow, may afford. The Domestic Papers have been - within the last few years completely arranged, and an accurate - calendar made of them, by which the historical reader may derive - the greatest possible assistance. - -During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the merchant ships were -considered to constitute the principal part of our maritime power; -they then amounted to one hundred and thirty-five, many of them of -five hundred tons each. The ships of war belonging to the Crown were -thirteen only in number, so that the navy, so boasted and renowned, -was composed chiefly of merchant ships which were hired for the -queen’s service.[266] - -Footnote 266: - - Anderson’s History of Commerce, vol. ii., p. 140. - -King James, on his accession to the crown of England, called in all -the ships of war as well as the numerous privateers belonging to the -English merchants, and declared himself “at peace with all the -world.” This was certainly not the means by which the navy was to be -improved and maintained. It was, nevertheless, increased in his -reign to nearly double the number of Queen Elizabeth’s ships of war; -namely, from thirteen to twenty-four.[267] - -Footnote 267: - - The largest of Queen Elizabeth’s ships, at her death, was of 1,000 - tons, carrying 340 mariners and 40 cannon; the smallest, of 600 - tons, carrying 150 mariners and 30 cannon; besides the hired - vessels.--Macpherson’s History of Commerce. - -In the very commencement of James’s reign the far-sighted Sir Walter -Ralegh discerned the dangerous condition of a sea-girt country -devoid of its proper defences; he perceived how ruinous this system -of curtailment of what was essential, accompanied by the most lavish -excesses in many things of trivial import, must prove; and he placed -before his sovereign a manuscript essay, entitled, “Observations -concerning the trade and commerce of England with the Dutch and -other nations.” The design of this work was to show how supinely -England suffered other nations to carry away the commerce of the -world, by her neglect of maritime affairs. This was one of eight -treatises that Ralegh wrote on maritime affairs; being, as he -proudly announces, “the first author, either ancient or modern, that -had ever treated this subject.”[268] - -Footnote 268: - - Hist. World, lib. 5, cap. 1, sect. 6. - -Although these works have long since been obsolete, and the -practices recommended in them superseded by modern invention, they -afford a curious view of the progress of navigation, and of those -arts and sciences with which it is connected; to say nothing of the -wonderful amount of knowledge which they display, and of the -powerful intellect portrayed in every page written by this great -man. - -His eloquence, however, was powerless as far as James was concerned; -but stimulated a far more comprehensive mind than that of the pedant -king. Several of these essays were addressed to Prince Henry, whose -awakened mind perceived his father’s blindness, and comprehended the -value of that which James cast away. Whilst James, forgetting that -Elizabeth had checked the Spanish Armada by her reliance, not on her -own ten ships, but on the far better appointed merchant -vessels--that she had rested, not on the size of her fleet, but on -the material which composed it--he curtly dismissed his maritime -auxiliaries, and, discharging the privateers from any bond to assist -him for the future, slept soundly, it may be presumed, on his pillow -at Westminster, congratulating himself on having set an example to -all Christendom, whilst he had, in fact, almost invited another -Armada to invade our shores. - -Nevertheless, the progress of society was stronger that the royal -will. “The seventeenth century,” thus writes Macpherson, in his -History of Commerce, “may be said, from its commencement, to -approach to modern times, whether considered in a political light, -or in respect to riches, knowledge, or religion.” - -In the celebrated treatise which Ralegh presented to his sovereign, -he recommended that the “land should be made powerful by the -increasing of ships and mariners;” and that such “order in commerce -should be established, that the havens of England should be full of -ships, the ships full of mariners.” It is singular to find the -language of the seventeenth century so singularly according with -that of the nineteenth. - -His counsels failed to convince the self-opinionated James, but they -incited the courage of a boy, who, amid his playthings, listened to -the voice of Ralegh, and imbibed his sentiments; and the important -measures which were disregarded by men in authority, were promoted -by the fancy and favour of a precocious child. Henry, Prince of -Wales, that short-lived “type and mould of an heir-apparent,” -delighted in maritime pursuits; he brought again into vogue the -fast-declining spirit of enterprize. The citizens of London, as they -were rowed in their stately barges by Whitehall stairs, saw, with -satisfaction, the royal embryo-hero disporting himself with the -launch of a ship--twenty-eight feet long only, to be sure, and -twelve feet broad, but built by Phineas Pett, one of the ablest -shipwrights of his time. Ten years rolled away; the boy, who, at -nine years of age, loved his miniature frigate as a toy, became -sensible that the days of amusement were past, and that those of -actual business were about to commence. He resolved to visit that -then-neglected dock-yard at Woolwich, which has since become a -wonder of the world. The Prince there honoured an entertainment, -given by the ship’s company of the “Royal Anne,” with his presence. -Phineas Pett attended his young patron, and the result of that day’s -inspection was of great importance to the interests of the navy. -Some years had then elapsed since a new ship had been built. In -1609, James actually ordered and completed the construction of the -“Prince Royal,” a vessel far superior to any that had yet appeared -in the Thames; it carried sixty-four cannon, and was of fourteen -hundred tons burden. From this standard, we may infer how miserable -had been the previous state of naval force, such a ship being, in -our time, the smallest of those admitted into the line-of-battle. It -was then regarded as one of the most extraordinary productions of -native skill and of royal munificence, and was the theme of praise -amid an astonished and adulatory court. - -The young Prince next conceived an excellent project. He recommended -his father to order the construction of ships to be carried on in -Ireland, not only that the natives might be employed, but also -because materials were cheaper in the sister island. The King’s -shipwrights approved of this plan, and the Lord High Admiral, a -doting old functionary, the most ancient servant of the crown then -encumbering the service, actually countenanced the enlightened idea. -It was not, however, matured; and another scheme, not so practical, -but still of the utmost importance to the science of navigation, was -frustrated, for the time, by the death of Henry. This was the -discovery of the north-west passage, which was, nevertheless, -attempted in 1612; but the ear of the gifted youth, whose patronage -had fostered the design, was unhappily closed in death before the -return of Captain Bretton, the first of the adventurous band of -heroes who have attempted the gallant enterprize. - -Still improvement was not wholly retarded. The incorporation of the -East India Company (in 1613), gave a new impetus to navigation, and -everything appeared favourable to the navy, except that branch of -the government. Lord Nottingham seemed to consider his important -office as a sinecure, except in regard to his privileges and -perquisites. His dominion comprehended--to use the actual words -which described it--"the government of all things done upon the -sea-coast, in any part of the world; of all ports and havens, and -over all rovers below the first bridge next below the sea." He was a -sort of mortal Neptune; his privileges were thus defined:--"All -penalties, of all transgressions, on sea or on shore, were his; the -goods of pirates and of felons at sea were his; all stray wrecks -were his; deodands, and the share of all lawful prizes not to be -granted to lords of manors, were his." It may be easily conceived -what ceaseless fighting and squabbling, what corruption, litigation, -and oppression were the result of an authority which was so little -controlled by the discussions of Parliament in those days, or by the -honour and conscience of individuals in power. So long as the Earl -of Nottingham slumbered over his duties, dreaming, doubtless, of -delightful shipwrecks and desirable transgressions and piracies, the -navy, of course, was not augmented. Sixty thousand pounds a-year had -then been allotted to that shadow of a shade, the naval service; but -the only time that the naval service was recalled to the memory of -King James, was when the octogenarian, Lord Nottingham, appeared at -Court in his full-dress uniform. Most people began to think that the -Lord High Admiral was immortal; but, happily for the country, old -age fairly captured him at last; he died, and made room for the Duke -of Buckingham to step into all his beloved privileges and -perquisites, which, in truth, the Duke also too well appreciated. It -soon became a question what had become of all the sixty thousand -pounds yearly which had been granted for the naval service, for -there seemed to be scarcely any navy whatsoever. Buckingham, in his -new office, however, displayed qualities for which the world had -given him little credit. One of his first steps was to drag poor -King James, aguish, peevish, and prejudiced as he was, to Deptford, -to see how little there was there to be seen. His next, to get -commissioners appointed to superintend the construction of new -vessels, and the repairs of old ones, the sum allotted to them being -cut down to thirty thousand pounds, for which consideration they -were to build two new ships yearly. Cardinal Richelieu had also -endeavoured to remedy the neglect of his predecessors in power, and -to support a widely-extended commerce, the only channels of which -are on the wide ocean. In his concern for maritime affairs, he set -the first example of energy to Buckingham. From this era, therefore, -may be traced the rise of our modern naval service in importance; -the very vices of both these favourites of fortune, of Richelieu on -the one hand, and of Buckingham on the other, had the effect of -virtues under certain circumstances. To their lavish expenditure, to -their fearlessness of responsibility, to their boundless ambition, -France and England owe the maintenance of their maritime power, and -the restoration of their national defences. - -Numberless obstacles, of course, occurred at the very outset of the -Duke of Buckingham’s undertakings in England; one of the great -impediments was the ignorance which prevailed in those days of the -proper mode of building ships of battle. The shipwrights were -unaccustomed to construct any vessels but such as were intended to -carry merchandise. There was a certain man, named Burwell, who had -been employed by the East India Company, and who was so -distinguished for his skill as a shipwright that he was entrusted to -build for the British navy. He committed a grand error in the very -first ship that he launched, because, to make use of the language of -a contemporary historian,[269] "he did not observe the difference -between the merchant ships and the King’s ships, the one made for -stowage, the other only for strength and magnificence." - -Footnote 269: - - Bishop Goodman’s Life of King James I. - -On his accession, Charles I. renewed his father’s warrant granted to -twelve commissioners of the navy; and the exigencies of the times, -and the probability of a speedy war with Spain, stimulated the -exertions of the Lord Admiral and the generosity of the country. -Spain was preparing the finest armament that had ever left her -shores; and an invasion on the part of that power was openly -threatened, and almost anticipated, even by the stout-hearted -English. - -Buckingham then drew up a plan of assault, as well as of defence, in -order to lower the pride of the enemy. A company was, he proposed, -to be incorporated for the West, as well as for the East Indies. A -fleet, consisting of two ships of the line, eighteen ships and two -pinnaces of the merchant-adventurers, was to be equipped, and to -this force were to be added twenty Newcastle ships, for the nautical -skill and gallant characteristics of the collier crews were wisely -resorted to in this emergency by the Lord Admiral. To meet the -expenses of the fleet, a general subscription of all estates of men -was proposed. The nobility were each to contribute a hundred pounds; -the gentlemen and yeomen were to be taxed to a certain amount; -cities and corporate bodies were to give a sum of twenty-four -thousand pounds. The merchants and the East India Company were not -to escape the general infliction. Thus, to man and to furnish the -first great fleet that England had sent forth, was the principle of -arbitrary taxation commenced in this country. - -At the same time, with the fear of Spanish Armadas, of conquest, -torture, and slavery, acting upon the public mind, efforts to -restore the national defences on shore were promptly carried on. - -In those days, pirates infested the narrow seas; and all the seaport -towns were taxed, in order to support a sort of coast-guard to keep -off these troublesome visitors. But every usage which could ensure -public safety had been neglected. Our national defences had fallen -into decay simultaneously with our navy. The correspondence between -Buckingham and his agents in different ports exists in the State -Paper Office, and affords a mournful picture of forts neglected and -in ruins. Shoals, and sands, and points, fatal even to the most -experienced mariners, were the snare and gulf of many a vessel, and -not a single light-house had been erected to warn the navigator of -his danger. The office of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, which, in -part of the reign of James the First, devolved on Lord Zouch, had -been conducted with scarcely more zeal and honesty than the post of -Lord High Admiral by the Earl of Nottingham. Until the stirring -exertions of the ill-fated Duke of Buckingham were directed both to -the augmentation of the naval armaments and to their preservation -from risks, the Goodwin Sands were without a light-house; and a -project for erecting one upon that dangerous passage was first -suggested to Buckingham by Sir Thomas Wildrake, and subsequently -adopted by the Duke, whose efforts to guard the narrow seas, and to -clear them of pirates, are beyond all praise, when we consider the -supineness of his predecessors in office. It was not until 1619 that -a light was placed upon the Lizard Point, which had already been -fatal to the Dutch merchants, who had lost, in the course of one -year, a hundred thousand pounds by shipwrecks. - -Great offence was, of course, given by all these reformations; and -Lord Zouch even, as is implied in a letter of Buckingham’s to him, -had ventured to threaten the dreaded favourite with an attack. -Whatever has been said of Buckingham’s arrogance, his letters are -generally expressed with much courtesy, and his reply to Lord Zouch -was forbearing, though explicit. He recommended that the disputed -powers--those contested between the Lord High Admiral and the Warden -of the Cinque Ports--should be defined, to the end, not of present -controversy, but of an amicable and permanent arrangement.[270] Some -years afterwards, Buckingham found it convenient, probably in order -to have the repair and management of the forts in his own hands, to -purchase of Lord Zouch his post; a consideration of one thousand -pounds in ready money, and an annuity of five hundred pounds, were -given for it. Such was the state of the Duke’s affairs that he was -unable to pay down the stipulated one thousand pounds at once, but -was constrained to “offer land or any other security.” - -Footnote 270: - - See the Domestic Papers for 1619-20, State Paper Office. - -Not many months had elapsed, after his appointment to the office of -Lord High Admiral, before Buckingham made use of his influence over -James the First to induce him to augment his navy. Commissioners -were chosen and selected to promote ship-building, and to regulate -the expenses attendant thereon. James, attended by his Lord Admiral, -visited Deptford in order to see two new ships, with which he was -greatly delighted; and still more that from the yearly charge of -sixty thousand pounds, in which his navy had stood him heretofore, -it was reduced to thirty thousand pounds, for four years, during -which time the Commissioners undertook to build two new ships every -year, and to repair the old; and after that to discharge these -claims for twenty thousand pounds a-year.[271] - -Footnote 271: - - Domestic State Papers, inedited. The agreement is dated July 17, - 1624. - -The King, adds the narrator of this incident, “congratulated with -the Lord Admiral that he had appointed so good officers to assist -him in his beginnings, so that he named the one ship ‘Buckingham’s -Entrance,’ and the other, in the memory of the Commissioners’ good -service, ‘Reformation.’”[272] This timely encouragement produced, of -course, the most salutary effect.[273] We have seen that during the -reign of James the First the number of ships of war was nearly -doubled; and it is due to Buckingham to state that almost the whole -of this increase was the result of his exertions. - -Footnote 272: - - Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, dated London, - Nov. 12, 1619. - -Footnote 273: - - A note of the charge of the fleet, among the undated papers in the - State Paper Office, probably 1625, computes it at 65,656_l._ Our - Navy Force had then been considerably augmented. Some of the items - are as follow:--"For bringing of the King’s shippes into full - equipage, for clothes for the men, for impress for surgeons." - -The young Lord High Admiral had declared, at his outset, that his -inexperience almost disqualified him for that important position to -which the partiality of his Sovereign had promoted him; but it was -soon perceived that his very wilfulness and impetuosity, and his -liberal notions of expense, were almost virtues under certain -circumstances. The Dutch were our great maritime rivals; for France -had no naval armament; and although the contemptuous assertion of -Voltaire, that Louis the Thirteenth had not, at his accession, one -ship of war, is false, yet he might be said almost to be destitute -of naval force, so poor and ill-provided were his vessels, and so -incompetent and miserable his seamen. It became Buckingham’s pride -to outvie all continental nations in naval power. The design might -have been ascribed to his animosity in the event of the treaty with -Spain, against that kingdom; but it is clear that he cherished it -whilst the British nation was at peace with all the world, and that -his schemes of improvement were formed before. - -Charles the First renewed his father’s commission to twelve -commissioners of the navy. These were, at present, confined to three -distinct branches; such as a comptroller, a surveyor, a clerk of the -navy. They were subordinate, in Buckingham’s time, to the Lord High -Admiral, and afterwards to the Admiralty Board, from whom they were -to receive directions.[274] During the short period of Buckingham’s -rule, after the accession of Charles, much was effected, more still -was planned. - -Footnote 274: - - Macpherson’s History of Commerce. - -It was not merely with ambitious views that Buckingham had obtained -the post of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. An active and liberal -hand was required to restore our national defences, which had fallen -to decay simultaneously with our navy. In all matters the Duke of -Buckingham himself interfered; most of the letters on important -affairs are addressed to him directly, not through his secretaries; -and most of the epistles appear to have received immediate replies, -which, it is to be regretted, are dispersed and extinct. On more -than one occasion, tributes to the Duke’s impartiality and energy -are proffered. “I am yet comforted,” writes a suitor, "that your -grace is so wise and just as to ask account of every man’s part, and -where you find most fault, there to lay most censure."[275] -Sometimes “my lady of Buckingham,” as she is designated in one of -the letters on naval affairs, is employed as a mediator, as in the -case of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, who, wishing to pass the ship “Sea -Horse,” obtained a warrant through her interest. - -Footnote 275: - - Domestic Papers. Letters from J. Burgh, dated Plymouth January 8, - 1628. - -As Buckingham progressed in experience, and his views became more -enlarged, his enthusiasm for naval affairs increased; and was, -doubtless, heightened by the knowledge that Cardinal Richelieu, who, -amongst his other titles, enjoyed that of High Admiral of -France,[276] and who thought it no shame to wear the badge of office -over his cardinal’s robes, and famous hair shirt beneath, supported -commerce, the very channels of which are on the wide ocean. These -considerations were, early in the reign of Charles the First, -strengthened and brought into play by the certainty of a speedy war -with Spain. - -Footnote 276: - - Macpherson, 339. - -But it is reasonable to infer that the example and the works of Sir -Walter Ralegh still held their influence over society, as they had -done over the dawning intellect of Henry, Prince of Wales. The -immature projects of that royal youth, suggested, it is probable, by -the spirit of enterprise to which Ralegh had sacrificed his own -interests, were now revived by Buckingham. King Charles co-operated -with him in these earnest endeavours to carry out the discovery of -the north-west passage to China, “an action,” says Macpherson, “of -great importance to trade and navigation, and in sundry respects of -singular benefit to all our realms and dominions.”[277] As a reward -for this undertaking, Buckingham received a present from King -Charles of one of his pinnaces;[278] but death put a stop to these -public-spirited endeavours. - -Footnote 277: - - Macpherson, iv., 4, 377. - -Footnote 278: - - Ibid. - -The period of Buckingham’s administration over the Admiralty affairs -was, however, one of incessant activity, carried on, as is shown by -correspondence in the State Paper Office, almost to the last hour of -his life. It seems idle to adduce the language of panegyric to -support a statement, else might we refer to the verses addressed by -Carew “to my Lord Admiral, on his late sickness and recovery,” in -which he alludes to - - "Sorrow like that which touched our hearts of late; - Your pining sickness and your restless pain, - At once the land affecting, and the main: - When the glad news that you were Admiral - Scarce through the nation spread, ’twas feared by all - That our great Charles, whose wisdom shines in you, - Should be perplexed how to chuse a new." - -It was not until the year 1624, after the rupture of the Spanish -treaty, that Buckingham could have been fully aware of all the -responsibilities of his post. There were then great complaints of -want of shipping; the Spanish nation, it was said, setting out one -of the finest fleets that had ever been seen.[279] To meet the -terrors of what Buckingham termed “the pretended Spanish invasion,” -he drew up a list of propositions, whereby the pride of the enemy -was to be lowered, and the supremacy of England maintained. First, -as the plan went, the enemy “was to be entertained in successive -fleets upon his own coasts, which were to destroy his shipping, to -intercept his provisions, to hinder him from gathering a heading -whereat to possess some place of accompt.” - -Footnote 279: - - Inedited Letter from Sir J. Hippesley, Jan. 19, 1625. Calendar, - vol. cxxxix., No. 18. - -Secondly, the Spaniard was to be assailed in the West Indies;--to -intercept his fleets, to invade his possessions, to fortify -garrisons, and to establish there government confederacies. This, as -Buckingham planned, was to be undertaken, at the common charge of -the kingdom, by a company “incorporated for the West, as there -already is for the East;” and the naval force was to consist of a -fleet composed of two ships of the line, eighteen ships, and two -pinnaces of the merchant adventurers. - -The King’s ships were to be manned with twenty seamen and fifty -soldiers, the merchants’ with sixty seamen and one hundred soldiers, -the pinnaces with twenty seamen. To this armament was to be added -twenty Newcastle ships, each with thirty seamen and one hundred -soldiers apiece, making in all 2,120 seamen and 3,900 landsmen. - -Parliament was to be applied to in each estate for a general -subscription. The nobility at the rate of 100_l._ a man, to be paid -in two years--this, it was computed, would amount to 4,900_l._ -(60,000_l._); the gentry and yeomen, 150,000_l._; the cities and -corporate towns, 24,000_l._; the six confederate companies of -merchants, including the East India “companies, may,” as the author -of this plan remarked, “well contribute.”[280] To the principle of -this scheme of Buckingham’s may be traced the origin of many -subsequent discontents. In his ardour for achieving the power of -England, or perhaps, in part, for avenging affronts which he might -consider as almost personal, he forgot all constitutional rights. -The remark of Bolingbroke occurs to the mind, on reading this plan -of arbitrary and almost indiscriminate taxation. Buckingham, says -that writer, “had, in his own days, and he hath in ours, the -demerits of beginning a struggle between prerogative and privilege, -and of establishing a sort of warfare between the prince and the -people.”[281] - -Footnote 280: - - Domestic State Papers, inedited, dated April 14, 1625. - -Footnote 281: - - Remarks on History, vol. ii., p. 220, Letter XX. - -On the first of April, 1624, Buckingham addressed the committee of -both Houses, assembled in the painted chamber. The object of his -speech was to press the necessity of raising a loan of 100,000_l._, -to fit out the navy. Buckingham had, by this time, fully determined -upon a war with Spain, not, as Roger Coke expresses it, for the -“recovery of the Palatinate,” but to express his hatred against -Olivarez, and, therefore, “a fleet must be rigged up.”[282] -According to the Duke’s account of the matter, upon the breaking off -of the treaty with Spain, he was commanded by His Majesty to take a -survey of the navy, and to prepare it for “all occasions.” Upon -conferring with the “officers thereof concerning their reparation,” -Buckingham was informed that a very large sum would be requisite to -furnish the fleet with necessaries and crews. No means could be -suggested of raising the adequate sum. “My lords and gentlemen,” -said the Duke, “His Majesty has imposed a great trust on me in this -office of Admiralty, and I can do nothing without money. Such monies -as I have of my own I will most willingly expend in this service, -but that alone will do no good without future assistance.” - -Footnote 282: - - Coke’s Delection, vol. ii., p. 188. - -He then expounded his plan; that which has already been detailed, of -levying a tax on the three estates for the expenses of the fleet, -appears for the time to have been abandoned. He now recommended -their sending for “monied men,” to raise a loan, of which, he -assured them, not one penny should be applied to any other purpose -than the one mentioned.[283] “And let me tell you,” he added in -conclusion, “that you have great reason to take this into a present -and careful consideration, for I have lately been advertised, by -letters from Spain, that they have now in readiness a great fleet, -exceeding that of eighty-eight, with provisions of 200 or 220 of -flat-bottom boats, to serve them in this their intended designs; and -the Spaniards have of late so intruded upon our coasts, that they -have taken an English ship in the face of us. This was advertised by -a servant of mine own, who spake with the pilot who was in that ship -when it was taken.” - -Footnote 283: - - Inedited State Papers, dated April 1, 1624. - -This application was followed by immediate efforts to restore the -British navy; the numerous documents in the State Paper Office, to -which reference has been made, most completely contradict the -assertion of one of Buckingham’s bitterest enemies, Roger Coke, that -after “Buckingham became Lord Admiral, the English navy lay unarmed, -and fit for Spain; that he neglected the guarding of the seas, -whereby the trade of the nation not only decayed, but the seas -became ignominiously infested by pirates and enemies, to the loss of -very many of the merchants and subjects of England.”[284] - -Footnote 284: - - Inedited State Papers, Domestic, 1623. - -With regard to pirates, most of the ports were taxed in King James’s -time, by way of contribution, to prevent them; and little more could -be done until the navy was repaired and augmented. There are -innumerable letters manifesting Buckingham’s extreme care to clear -the Channel from pirates. The light erected on the Lizard Point, as -Sir J. Killigrew, in a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, then -ambassador at the Hague, remarked, “might speak itself to most parts -of Christendom.”[285] The forts and defences were inspected, and -many oversights in Lord Zouch’s wardership remedied. Such were -Buckingham’s exertions. His contemporaries were singularly -ungrateful to him for the benefits which he laboured to procure -them; but posterity experienced their effects. Thirty years after -his time, Pepys thus comments upon the improvement in our naval -force, as a popular theme of remark--"Sir William Compton I heard -talk with great pleasure of the difference between the fleet now and -in Queene Elizabeth’s days, when, in ’88, she had but thirty-six -sail, great and small, in the world, and ten rounds of powder was -their allowance against the Spaniard."[286] - -Footnote 285: - - Letter from Sir J. Killigrew to Sir D. Carleton, December 12th, - 1619, and February, 1619-20. Inedited State Papers. By the same - letter it appears that it cost ten shillings a night to supply the - light. - -Footnote 286: - - Pepys’s Diary, 3rd edition, vol. ii., p. 31. - -Among the articles of Buckingham’s subsequent impeachment, in 1626, -there was inserted the following statement: “The East India Company -having, in 1624, loaded four ships and two pinnaces for India, the -Lord High Admiral, knowing that they must lose their voyage unless -they sailed on a certain day, extorted from them the sum of ten -thousand pounds for liberty to sail for India.” Upon being charged -with this act of tyranny, the Duke justified himself by the plea -that the Company had captured several rich prizes from the -Portuguese at Ormuz and elsewhere, and that a large portion of the -plunder was due to the King, and also to himself as High Admiral; -and he proved that the sum said to be extorted from the Company was -given by way of compromise, instead of 15,000_l._, which was legally -due; and he was able to show that the whole sum, except two hundred -pounds, was appropriated by the King for the use of the navy.[287] - -Footnote 287: - - Macpherson’s History of Commerce, vol. iv., p. 317. - -One fact was soon acknowledged, that even King James the First had a -stronger and more magnificent navy than any of his predecessors. It -is worthy of remark, that such was the comparative ignorance of the -times in ship-building, that when a shipwright named Bunnell, who -had been employed by the East India Company, was brought, on account -of his pre-eminence, into the British navy, “he was mistaken in the -construction of the first ship that he built for the King;” because, -as Bishop Goodman relates, "he did not observe the difference -between the merchant ships and the King’s ships--the one made for -stowage, the other only for strength and magnificence."[288] - -Footnote 288: - - Bishop Goodman’s Memoirs, vol i., p. 55. - -Such was the state of our maritime affairs at the accession of -Charles the First. The object to which all these preparations were -destined was soon apparent. Trifling as this naval force appeared in -those days, it was deemed magnificent in the reign of the Stuart -Kings. - - - - - CHAPTER VII. - -UNFORTUNATE RESULT OF THE PRINCIPLES EARLY INSTILLED INTO CHARLES I. - BY HIS FATHER--THE AFFAIR OF THE PALATINATE--ITS CONNECTION WITH - THE SPANISH MARRIAGE--MAD DESIRE OF CHARLES AND BUCKINGHAM FOR A - WAR WITH SPAIN--LETTER FROM THE EARL OF BRISTOL--THE - FIRST UNFORTUNATE EXPEDITION TO CADIZ--RESENTMENT OF THE - PEOPLE--CHARLES ASSEMBLES A PARLIAMENT--THE SUPPLIES - REFUSED--IMPEACHMENT OF BRISTOL--IMPEACHMENT OF BUCKINGHAM--HIS - THIRTEEN ANSWERS--RASH CONDUCT OF THE KING--HIS EXPRESSION OF - CONTEMPT FOR THE HOUSE OF COMMONS--SIR JOHN ELIOT AND SIR DUDLEY - DIGGES SENT TO THE TOWER--THE INTOLERANT SPIRIT OF THE - DAY--INFLUENCE OF LAUD--SERMON OF THE VICAR OF BRACKLEY--"TUNING - THE PULPITS." - - - - - - =CHAPTER VII.= - - -The next mission entrusted to Buckingham was one which, accompanied -by the Earl of Holland, he undertook to the States-General, who had -bound themselves to restore by force of arms the Palatinate to the -King’s only sister, Elizabeth of Bohemia, “whose dowry,” Sir Henry -Wotton observes, “had been ravished by the German eagle mixed with -Spanish feathers.” “A princess,” he adds, “resplendent in darkness, -and whose virtues were born within the chance, but without the -power, of fortune.” - -This mission occupied a month. The Duke and Lord Holland embarked at -Harwich, and after a dangerous passage, in the course of which three -ships were foundered, they arrived on the fifth day at Harwich. It -was during the absence of Buckingham that the unfortunate expedition -to Cadiz failed, and the public expressions of disappointment at -that misfortune were the first news to greet him on his return. - -It was at this period that the seeds of many of the erroneous and -unjustifiable principles of action which were originally implanted -in the mind of Charles I. by his father, and which had been fostered -by Buckingham, were seen to produce their first effects; and that -the long course of mistakes and oppressions which preceded the great -Rebellion was commenced. - -In order to comprehend the manner in which the complicated questions -of foreign policy in those days affected the line of conduct adopted -by England, it will be necessary to refer briefly to the question -which was the grand theme of the day--the loss of the Palatinate. - -The misfortunes of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, her rare qualities, -and her romantic story, are well known by every one conversant with -English history. The affairs connected with the Palatinate afford -the first instance in which Great Britain was involved in the -politics of Germany, and with the various religious parties into -which that country was divided. - -In 1612, a league had been cemented between this country and the -German Protestants, by the marriage of Elizabeth Stuart with -Frederic, the Elector Palatine. Bohemia, persecuted by the Emperor -Mathias of Austria, had invited the Elector Palatine to accept the -crown, which was elective, under a conviction that Frederic, being -supported by an alliance with England, would support them in their -struggles with the intolerant Catholic Council who governed the -kingdom of Bohemia. - -A fearful conflict ensued. The German States, entrusting the -management of their affairs to thirty directors, composed wholly of -Protestant Princes, were opposed by the Catholic League, formed with -a view of upholding the Jesuits in opposition to the Hussites, or -Protestants, or, as they were sometimes styled, the Evangelical -party, by whose preponderance the Elector Palatine had been called -to the throne. - -Relying upon the cordial sympathy of the English nation, an -expectation in which he was not disappointed, the Prince Palatine, -believing himself equally sure of the co-operation of King James, -accepted the tempting offer of royalty without waiting for the -approval of his father-in-law. But he looked to him for support in -vain. It was one of King James’s most cherished notions, that -monarchs should support monarchs in case of disturbance, how just -soever the cause, how unanimous soever the voice of the people by -whom a sovereign was deposed. His natural timidity, also, operated -in inducing a line of conduct towards his son-in-law and his -daughter as pusillanimous as was every other trait of his character -and action of his life--and, above all, his project of accomplishing -a union between his son Charles and a daughter of Spain militated -against a real and effective interference in the affairs of the -Palatinate, except, indeed, to confuse and ruin them. He was -contented, therefore, with sending ambassadors to Germany, not only -to mediate between contending parties, but to induce the new King of -Bohemia to relinquish a throne which James pretended to assert that -his son-in-law had no right to retain.[289] - -Footnote 289: - - Brodie’s Constitutional History of the British Empire, vol. ii. p. - 8. - -The King of Poland, the Elector of Saxony, and the Duke of Bavaria, -who was at the head of the Catholic League, sided with Ferdinand, -Emperor after the death of Mathias, and the result was the reduction -of Bohemia, the loss of the Palatinate, and the flight of the -Elector Palatine, or, as he was called, the King of Bohemia, to -Holland. The King of Spain, also, sent an army under Spinola into -the field, and it was that circumstance which rendered the scheme of -marrying Prince Charles to the Infanta so unpopular in England, and -which brought so much odium on Buckingham. - -The treaty for that match had been originally carried on through the -agency of the Earl of Bristol, and hence the jealousy which had -already broken out on various occasions between the Duke of -Buckingham and that able and experienced ambassador; whilst the -failure of the negotiations, which were undertaken with the pretext -of gaining the restoration of the Palatinate, was the origin of the -rash war with Spain, which Charles, without the usual form of a -proclamation, resolved on commencing. - -The English, however, delighted as they had been at the rupture of -the treaty, were indignant at this informality, as well as averse to -a war which seemed to be the result of private passions rather than -the well-considered act of a monarch anxious for the dignity of his -subjects. - -But a worthy representative of James’s style of policy remained in -his unhappy son. Supplies for the war with Spain were refused in the -first Parliament that Charles called; a compulsory loan was exacted. -Whilst the country was burning with resentment at this unequally -imposed burden, a fleet of eighty sail, English, and twenty sail -supplied from Holland, carrying ten thousand men, was sent to the -coast of Spain. This grand armament, raised by the energy of the -Lord High Admiral, was an object of pride to the nation, who had -never before beheld so glorious a fleet; yet it was entrusted, not -to Sir Robert Mansel, a distinguished commander, but to Cecil, -Viscount Wimbleton, a favourite of Buckingham’s, and a man neither -of talent nor experience. Thus, the fatal vice which has obtained -the popular name of jobbery was exhibited at this most critical -period. - -A signal failure was the result; the fleet reached Cape St. Vincent, -and landed the troops; a fort was taken, but there was neither -discipline nor decision to restrain the troops, who rushed into a -store of wine, and soon abandoned themselves to the most disgraceful -excesses. Sickness was the consequence, and the expedition returned -ingloriously to England, with the additional discredit of its being -known that a stay of two days longer would have sufficed to take all -the shipping collected into the bay of Cadiz, and thus to have -struck a grand blow, at the very commencement of the war, against -the power of Spain. - -The blame of this unfortunate attempt rested chiefly on the head of -Buckingham, as the undertaking was known to have originated in his -advice. Lord Clarendon well observes, in his life of himself, -speaking of the Stuart family, that it was their “unhappy fate and -constitution” to trust to the “judgments of those who were as much -inferior to themselves in understanding as they were in quality, -before their own, which was very good, and suffered even their -natures, which disposed them to virtue and justice, to be prevailed -upon, and altered and corrupted by those who knew how to make use of -some one infirmity that they discovered in them, and by complying -with that, and cherishing and serving it, they, by degrees, wrought -upon the mass, and sacrificed all the other good inclinations to -that single vice.” - -Parliament was accordingly summoned, and at Candlemas, in 1625, the -coronation was celebrated. This ceremonial, which might have -assisted in re-establishing good feeling, proved, unhappily, the -source of bitter dissension and cavilling. The coronations of Edward -VI. and of Queen Elizabeth had been performed according to the rites -of the Romish Church. That of James I. was done in haste; and -“wanted,” says the biographer of Laud, “many things which might have -been considered in a time of leisure.”[290] Amongst the alterations -suggested by the prelates who were appointed as commissioners to -settle the form, it was decreed that anointing was to be performed -in the form of a cross, a point established, which was at that time -as fertile a source of invective as the use of that most holy and -touching symbol in our churches has since been in these days, even -amongst well-intentioned and pious Christians. - -Footnote 290: - - Heylyn’s Life of Laud, p. 145. - -Even the ritual of the coronation, therefore, performed as it was, -almost for the first time, according to the mode which it has since -retained, contributed indirectly to the unpopularity of Buckingham. -To Laud, that prelate to whose memory so much injustice has been -done, in imputing to him designs and motives of which no proof -exists, and yet whose errors bring pain to every thinking mind, was -allotted the performance of the great ceremonial. - -Formerly it had been the office of the Abbot of Westminster to -celebrate the rite; then, for a century, the Dean had held the -guardianship of the regalia used by Edward the Confessor, and had -kept them in a secret part of Westminster Abbey. These valuables -were now disinterred from their hiding-place by Laud, who, finding -also the old crucifix, set it up on the altar, as in former times. -Everything relating to this coronation wore an ominous appearance; -in the first place, it was fixed for the day of the Purification of -the Virgin Mary, and the King, whether from compliment to the faith -of his wife, or from taste, or, from the supposed influence of Laud, -it does not transpire, was dressed in white, instead of purple, used -always by his predecessors. “Not,” says Heylyn, with quaint -simplicity, “for want of purple velvet enough to make him a suit -(for he had many yards of it in his outer garment), but from choice, -to declare that virgin purity with which he came to be espoused unto -his kingdom.” His laying aside the purple was, however, looked upon -as an “ill omen.”[291] - -Footnote 291: - - Heylyn’s Life of Laud, p. 145. - -Nor was this the only presage of coming mishaps. Charles was -afterwards accused, during the Long Parliament, of having altered -the coronation oath; the very sermon, also, preached by the eloquent -Penhouse, Bishop of Carlisle, formerly his tutor, seemed to invite -fate to do her worst; he chose a text, according to Heylyn, more -proper for a funeral than a coronation--"I will give to thee a crown -of life"--and engrafted on it a discourse which those who heard it -judged might, with great propriety, have been uttered when his -Majesty was dead, but not just at the moment when he was about to -undertake the government of his people. - -The ceremonial being concluded, the King walked in his robes from -Westminster Abbey to the Hall, and delivered to Laud, who -represented the Dean of Westminster, the crown, sceptre, and the -sword called _cortena_. Laud, after receiving the regalia, returned -to the Abbey, and, placing them on the altar, offered them up in his -Majesty’s name; after which they were again locked up, never to see -the light until after the stirring season of the Rebellion, and the -more placid years of the Commonwealth. They were again displayed at -the Restoration.[292] - -Footnote 292: - - Heylyn. - -All these forms were regarded as next to impious by the Puritan -party; and, since there was now a cordial alliance between Laud and -Buckingham, the popular hatred was divided between them both. Two -years had now passed since Buckingham, in the miseries of an ague, -had sent for Laud to console and advise him. Laud was, in truth, one -of the most agreeable of companions, and carried with him to his -grave an apprehension quick and sudden--"a sociable wit and pleasant -humour."[293] So that, even in the crisis of a malady, then of a far -more severe character than in the present day, Buckingham forgot his -sufferings, or bore them with a patience unwonted to his irritable -nature; and, “by that patience, did so break their heats and -violences, that at last they left him.” - -Footnote 293: - - Ibid, p. 118, and _passim_. - -After this period, Laud became, Heylyn tells us, “not only a -confessor, but a councillor to the Duke;” and to his advice it was -owing that the endowments of the Charter-house were not appropriated -by the Duke to the maintenance of the war, a plan which had been -contemplated by the Duke, but applied to those of education. Laud, -we must in gratitude recall, opposed all alienations of that nature; -and to his firmness, as well as to that of the honest-hearted Sir -Edward Coke, who, as trustee to the estates called Sutton’s Lands, -resisted the attempts of the Crown to seize them, we owe the -preservation of many colleges and hospitals. - -During his intimacy with Buckingham, Laud succeeded in imbuing him -with those opinions which he himself advocated during his life, and -died to support. These were opposed to what was then called -“_Doctrinal Puritanism_,” a term which Buckingham expressed a wish -to comprehend, and which Laud undertook to expound. These doctrinal -points related to the observance of the Lord’s Day; to the -“indiscrimination,” says Heylyn, “of bishops and presbyters, the -power of sovereigns in ecclesiastical matters, the doctrine of -confession and of sacerdotal absolution, and the five points which -had, for the last twenty years, been agitating the churches of -Holland.”[294] Those points, which have unhappily raised so many -bitter resentments, were now beginning to inflame the public mind in -England with that fever of intolerance which is so contagious, and -so inimical to true religion. These controversies, in the time of -Buckingham, were carried on between the party called Arminians and -the Calvinists. “A swarm of books,” as Heylyn calls them, came over -from Holland, and awoke out of “that dead sleep,” as he terms the -then state of the Church, the learned divines of Oxford. Laud had -been one of the first, on the publication of these works, to espouse -and to advocate what was then styled Arminianism, so called from a -famous professor of Leyden, Von Armene. Whatever was the standard of -Laud’s opinions, and whatsoever merit may be attached to their -sincerity, or what blame soever to their virulence, it is, at all -events, satisfactory to believe that the attention of Buckingham -was, during the latter years of his life, directed to subjects of -mightier import than the sublunary interests which had hitherto -solely engrossed his attention. - -Footnote 294: - - Heylyn, p. 119. - -Laud had, indeed, those qualities which form the man of piety into -the missionary of social life--a mission much required in all ages. -The rigid, uncompromising priest, who gives no latitude to opinion, -no indulgence to error, generally does far more harm than good. The -lax man of the world, with weak purpose, and flickering notions of -right and wrong, is a scandal to the faith he professes, and lends a -hand to indifference, if not to infidelity. But Laud, an enthusiast, -perhaps a zealot, was the most agreeable of bigots. Born at Reading, -the son of a clothier, he had been reproached, like Buckingham, with -the meanness of his origin. Like most men, he felt the imputation; -and even in his garden at Lambeth, when in the height of his -greatness, he is stated by his biographer, Doctor Heylyn, to have -shewn no ordinary degree of vexation on his countenance, after -reading a libel in which he was reproached with his parentage, “as -if,” he said, “he had been raked out of a dung-hill.” He owned that -he had not the good fortune “to be born a gentleman,” but he had the -happiness to be descended from honest parents. The beautiful, -old-fashioned College of St. John’s, at Oxford, had received him as -a commoner, and he entered there at a period when Calvinism -influenced, strange to say, the tone and spirit of that university. -All that had once been held sacred was decaying or disused; and the -Reformed Church of England had become eclipsed by the doctrines and -writings of Zuinglius, introduced by Dr. Humphrey, the then -Vice-Chancellor, who had received his impressions, when deprived of -his fellowship by Queen Mary, at Zurich, the very hot-bed of -Calvinism. - -The use of the surplice, the custom of bowing at the name of Jesus, -commanded by Queen Elizabeth in 1559, and the distinctive dress of -the priests, had been laid aside, when Laud, in 1604, performed his -exercise for Bachelor of Divinity, into which treatise he introduced -those tenets which were soon conceived, or misconceived, to be -tainted with Romanism. - -Nevertheless, from the time when he was president of his own -college, St. John’s, to the moment of his promotion to the see of -Canterbury, there was little real obstruction to Laud’s elevation, -notwithstanding that the whole of his career was one of controversy -and contention, until he rose to the highest pinnacle of -ecclesiastical greatness, and fell, subsequently, into the very -depths of adversity. - -This slight sketch is necessary to show how naturally Laud might be -expected to succeed in gaining an influence over Buckingham, since -he had been always engaged in winning over those of opposite -opinions, and in the great battle of controversy. Cheerful, not too -severe, nor even sufficiently strict, in his notions of morality, as -appears from his conduct relative to Mountjoy, Earl of Devonshire--a -short, stout man, with a plump and merry visage, the very opposite -of a Puritan or Calvinist minister--no man knew better than Laud how -to lay aside the gravity which was unseasonable; accessible in his -manners, staunch as a churchman to the interests of his order, but -perfectly indifferent, personally, to the gifts of fortune, Laud -delighted the great Duke, weary of fame, and perhaps of life, by the -sweetness of manner and vivacity of temper which become so well men -of high attainments. They were henceforth friends, until the thread -of Buckingham’s existence was cut short by the assassin’s blow. - -It is impossible to estimate too highly the effects of this intimacy -upon the character of the Duke. He seems to have yielded readily to -the remonstrances of Laud against the misappropriation of church -revenues; and indeed, according to another authority, his own -disposition accelerated the effect produced by these impressions. -Buckingham was not the rapacious oppressor described by the -contemporary slanderers of his time. “Oppression and avarice,” -observes Nichols, in his history of Leicestershire, “_he knew not_.” - -Williams, Lord Keeper, the early friend of Buckingham, was now -wholly discarded from the Duke’s friendship, and from his presence, -as appears from a letter addressed by Williams to Sir George Goring, -and written from Foxley. The mixture of servility with religious -professions; the evident desire to retain the favour of the Duke, -and his own place, of course, and yet to make his case good;--and -the dexterity with which all this is managed, lessen the regret that -would otherwise be felt that Buckingham had lost in Williams an -acute adviser, whose counsels were safer, at that juncture, than -those of the earnest and fearless, but intemperate and prejudiced, -Laud. - -No benefit to the disgraced courtier and prelate resulted from this -appeal, and the new parliament was opened in the month of February, -1626, not by Williams, but by Sir Thomas Coventry, as Lord Keeper, -in a strain of fulsome adulation to the King. - -But this address, followed as it was by an oration from Sir Heneage -Finch, the Speaker, in terms still more exaggerated, was little -regarded by the Commons, who immediately formed themselves into a -committee of grievances, in which the evil resulting from bad -counsellors about the King, the misappropriation of the revenue, the -failure of the expedition against Cadiz, and the expenditure of the -subsidy granted to the late King, formed the main points of -consideration. - -In vain did Charles, confirming but too closely the observations -recently quoted by Lord Clarendon, resolve to defend his favourite. -He addressed a letter to the Speaker, bidding him hasten the -supplies. Forty ships, he stated, were ready for a second voyage, -and, without an immediate grant of money, the object of that -armament must be abandoned, and the navy disbanded. The Commons were -adverse to any scheme founded by him whom they regarded as the very -source of all the evils of which the country now complained. -Buckingham was the object at whom every expression of discontent was -aimed. Clement Coke, one of Sir Edward’s numerous family, observed -that it would be better to die from an enemy abroad than to be -destroyed at home. Dr. Turner, a physician whom Sir Henry Wotton -styles “a travelled doctor of physick, of bold spirit and able -elocution,” asked ministers whether it were not true that the loss -of the King’s dominions over the narrow seas were not owing to the -Duke’s mismanagement? Whether the enormous gifts of land and money -to the Duke had not impoverished the Crown? Whether the multiplicity -of offices which he held, and those whom he patronized, were not the -cause of the bad government in the kingdom? Whether he did not -connive at recusants, the Duke’s mother and father-in-law being both -papists? Whether the sale of offices, honours, places of judicature, -with ecclesiastical livings and preferments, were not owing to the -Duke? - -Such was the dread of court influence in that day, that courage to -put these questions implied in Dr. Turner a perfect independence of -action and character very unusual at that period. Clement Coke was -severely reproved by his father for his boldness, and the old lawyer -refused to see his son for some time; but Dr. Turner, one of the -very few of his profession who have sat in the House of Commons, not -only escaped censure, but gained credit by his boldness, upon which -the subsequent impeachment of the Duke was grounded. - -The committee to redress grievances was followed by another, which -was to inquire into religious matters, more especially into the -number of indulgences granted by his Majesty to recusants; for the -bitterness of bigotry was not confined to the party who owned Laud -as their spiritual chief; and this blow was aimed at Buckingham, -whose alleged partiality to the Romish Church was one of the false -and factious allegations of the day. At that time, it must be -remembered, a penalty of twenty pounds a month, by law, could be -levied upon every person who frequented not divine worship.[295] The -King, unhappily, ill judging, ill-advised, and therefore ill-fated, -and finding himself opposed for the first time, summoned the Lords -and Commons to Whitehall, and, addressing them, said, that whilst he -was sensible of the grievances of his people, he was much more -sensible of his own. He issued his express command that henceforth -the two houses would desist from such unparliamentary proceedings, -and leave the reformation of what was amiss to his "Majesty’s care, -wisdom, and justice."[296] This harangue produced no effect on the -two houses, and the King and Buckingham, feeling that they had lost -ground, adopted another course, and rushed into perils, from the -effect of which the Duke was saved by an untimely death, but which -were felt in after years with terrible force by Charles. - -Footnote 295: - - Hume--Appendix to the Reign of James I., p.38. - -Footnote 296: - - Heylyn, p. 142. - -So long as James I. lived, the Earl of Bristol, confiding in his -favour, had borne the blame of that failure in the Spanish treaty -which had so greatly incensed the nation. For some time after the -accession of Charles, he waited, hoping to regain his footing at the -court. But when, upon the meeting of parliament, he received no writ -to serve as a member, in his place, he appealed to the Lords. The -writ was then sent, but the Earl was ordered on no account to appear -in his place. Moreover, during the vacation, in the month of March, -the Duke, certain that Bristol would impeach him, prepared articles -of impeachment against the Earl, in order to be the first in the -field, and to anticipate the accusations which he expected would -shortly be levelled at himself. The impeachment did indeed -anticipate, literally, that soon framed and delivered against the -Duke.[297] The feeling of the times rendered nothing so odious to -the nation as any wish or attempt to subvert the religion of the -country. One of the charges against Bristol was that he assisted to -introduce Popery into England; that he was the cause of the Prince’s -journey into Spain, and had there wished him to change his religion; -that he advised that the son of the Elector Palatine should be -brought up in the court of Spain--a project which, from a letter of -Bristol’s, appears to have been stated, but not suggested by -Bristol. Bristol replied that these charges were merely intended to -defeat those which he now formally preferred against the Duke, which -seemed almost like duplicates of the impeachment which the Duke had -preferred against him. First, that he had conspired with Gondomar to -take the Prince into Spain, there to convert him to the Romish -faith; that, whilst in Spain, the Duke had flattered the King of -Spain with the hopes of this conversion; that he had absented -himself from Divine service at the embassy, and had attended the -Romish rites, adoring their sacraments--a course which induced the -Spanish court to ask greater concessions from King James.[298] These -articles, with others of less import, were followed by an -impeachment from the House of Commons, who were fearful that Bristol -might not be able to substantiate the charge of treason, of which -they clearly saw the weakness, from the absence of motives and of -proofs.[299] On the eighth of May, therefore, “a large impeachment” -was drawn up against him; it was framed by six of the ablest lawyers -in the house;[300] and related to the Duke’s engrossing of -offices--his holding at the same time the posts of Lord Admiral and -of Warden of the Cinque Ports--his not guarding the narrow seas--his -lending a ship called the “Vanguard” to the French King--his selling -offices and honours--his waste of the Crown revenues--and, finally, -his giving physic to King James at the time of his sickness,[301] -applying a plaster to his chest; and that both the potion and the -plaster were of a nature unknown “to surgeons, apothecaries, and -physicians, and had been followed by dangerous consequences.” - -Footnote 297: - - Brodie, ii. p.89. - -Footnote 298: - - Brodie. - -Footnote 299: - - Heylyn, 143. - -Footnote 300: - - Heylyn, in his life of Laud, recites these names--Glandville, - Herbert, Sheldon, Pym, Wansford, and Sherland; the prologue made - by Sir Dudley Digges, and the epilogue by Sir John Eliot.--Heylyn, - 143. - -Footnote 301: - - Inedited letter in the State Paper Office, 1623, vol. 28. - -Of these charges, which were styled by Hume “either frivolous, or -false, or both,” only one or two articles can, with any certainty, -be refuted. To commence with that made by the Earl of Bristol, -relating to the conversion of Charles whilst in Spain, it appears -from a letter addressed by Sir George Calvert to Secretary Conway, -that the Marquis Inojosa, the Spanish Ambassador, was directed by -the Countess Olivarez, in the Infanta’s name, to obtain all possible -indulgences for Catholics. But no other more formal application on -the subject, nor any trace of information confirming the alleged -designs of Buckingham to convert Charles, have been found amongst -the correspondence of that period; nor has any substantial proof of -this charge been adduced by historians.[302] With regard to the -charge of engrossing offices, the importance, if not the absolute -necessity, of rescuing all maritime affairs from the ruin and -neglect in which they had been suffered to remain by a former High -Admiral, was so obvious at the very moment when it became necessary -to assert the honour of England, that it is a matter of wonder that -it should have been attempted to allege against Buckingham that -which constituted his greatest merit. That the Duke had fearlessly -applied himself to the restoration of the navy, has been shown by a -reference to documents which have fully and completely exonerated -him from that censure. It would have been of little avail for -Buckingham to restore our navy, without securing the ports; in -taking upon himself that office, he did not accept it as a mere -dignity, to be performed by deputy, but he discharged its duties -with an energy and a fidelity that very soon effected the desired -end. - -Footnote 302: - - A full statement of the charges may be seen in Brodie’s - Constitutional History, vol. ii., p. 113, from Rushworth. - -In the answer which he afterwards addressed to Parliament, the Duke -denied having lent the ship called the “Vanguard,” and six others, -to the King of France--knowing that they were intended to be -employed against Rochelle; he stated that he had been overreached, -as the French King had pretended that he wished to make an attack on -Genoa; that, so soon as he was aware of the deception, he did all he -could to save Rochelle from destruction.[303] It appeared, also, -that a promise had been made by James I. to lend a ship to Louis -XIII., for the reduction of Genoa. The charge of neglecting his duty -as Admiral, and of having suffered the coast to be infested with -pirates, has been met by those statements in a former chapter, drawn -from original sources, which plainly show that the energy of this -ill-fated Minister was untiring, his efforts meritorious, and that, -whatever had been his former errors, they had been retrieved in his -management of naval affairs. So active were his habits, that he took -a personal share in every affair.[304] From the accusation of -corruption, it would be as difficult to defend the Duke, as it was -to exculpate, in this grave point, many public men in office at that -period. The House of Commons was still writhing under the -remembrance of the affair of Lord Middlesex, Lord Treasurer in the -time of James I., who had taken two bribes, of five hundred pounds -each, from the farmers of customs, without which _douceur_ he -refused to sign their warrants.[305] For that offence, Middlesex had -been punished with fine and imprisonment; but King James, whilst he -was eager to sell the offending Earl’s lands for the payment of the -fine, had said that he would “review the sentence of the Parliament, -and confirm it as he saw cause;” he even made a speech in behalf of -the dishonest treasurer, stating that, “in such cases, the nether -house was but as informers, the Lords as the jury, and himself the -judge;” giving them likewise to understand “that he took it not -well, nor would endure it hereafter, that they should meddle with -his servants, from the highest place down to the lowest _skull_ in -the kitchen; but if they had ought against any, they should complain -to him, and he would see it redressed according to right.”[306] - -Footnote 303: - - Brodie, from Rushworth, vol. ii., p.121. - -Footnote 304: - - Inedited State Papers, 1624. - -Footnote 305: - - Inedited State Papers; date, October 11th, 1624. - -Footnote 306: - - Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton. Inedited State - Papers, June 5th, 1624. - -It was not, therefore, a matter of surprise that the Commons should, -in a case considered still more flagrant, lose their moderation, -knowing from experience how little justice their well-grounded -complaints might receive at the hands of a monarch who had imbibed -from his cradle such sentiments as those expressed by James I. - -It was publicly known that offices, both about the person of the -King and in the state, were sold. In the last reign, the mastership -of the jewels had been bought by Sir Henry Caire for 2,000_l._ or -3,000_l._, from Sir Henry Mildmay, who was “thought too young a man, -and of too mean a state” to be safely entrusted with the King’s -jewels.[307] Buckingham, however, seems to have had no direct -interest in this transaction. Other instances were also adduced; and -proofs of corruption somewhere were open to every mind. Lord -Middlesex, when Sir Lionel Cranfield, was stated to have given the -Duke 6,000_l._ for his place as keeper of the wardrobe;[308] but it -seems that he purchased that post from Lord Hay, and not from -Buckingham, as the following extract from the State Papers, of the -year 1618, implies:-- - -“Sir Lionel Cranfield is not yet master of the wardrobe, nor likely -to be, unless he give a _viaticum_ to the Lord Hay, who, they say, -stands upon 9,000_l._”[309] It does not, therefore, appear certain -that Buckingham received either of the bribes; although it is not -improbable that, since nothing could take place without his -concurrence, he might have accepted some part of the spoil. Of the -other two allegations--namely, that he received from Lord Roberts -10,000_l._ for his title, and that he sold the office of treasurer -to Lord Manchester for 20,000_l._, there seems no certainty; but no -letters are to be found in the very minute daily correspondence of -that period, between the members of the Duke’s household and the -Court, which either take the burden of the charge from him, or -remove it to any other person. - -Footnote 307: - - Inedited State Papers. January, 1617-18. - -Footnote 308: - - Brodie, vol. i., p.113. - -Footnote 309: - - Dated August 20th, 1618. - -The Duke was also stated, in the impeachment, to have purchased the -offices of Lord High Admiral, and of Lord Warden of the Cinque -Ports. Such was the colour given to a transaction which is generally -recognized as a matter of compensation. “To the Earl of Nottingham, -the old and incompetent admiral, the pension of 3,000_l._ yearly was -allotted, together with a good round sum of ready money;” to -Margaret, Countess of Nottingham, according to one account, a -pension of 1,000_l._, to commence at the death of the Earl, and -500_l._ to his eldest son by her.[310] According to another -statement, the pension to the Countess was not to exceed 600_l._; to -her son, Charles Howard, 500_l._ a year; and to her daughter, Anne -Howard, 200_l._ a year--after the death of their father.[311] - -Footnote 310: - - Inedited State Papers, 1625. This sum was eventually reduced to - 5,000_l._ - -Footnote 311: - - Letter from Secretary Nameton.--State Paper Office, Oct. 18, 1618. - -Lord Zouch, meantime, the former Warden of the Cinque Ports, was -perfectly satisfied with the compensation of 500_l._ a year, secured -on lands, and 1,000_l._ ready money, in lieu of his office.[312] -Surely, if arrangements like these, completed without secrecy, and -known to every gossip of the Court, be deemed corrupt and illegal, -every minister of modern times might be liable to a similar -imputation. - -Footnote 312: - - Inedited State Papers. - -Another charge was that Buckingham had procured titles of honours -for his allies, and pensions to support them; had embezzled the -King’s money, and obtained grants of Crown lands to an enormous -value.[313] A list of his titles and offices proves, indeed, the -blind and almost insane partiality which had placed the favourite on -the pinnacle of power. - -Footnote 313: - - Brodie, vol. ii., p. 113. - -The statement of his possessions is equally amazing, more especially -when we consider his origin and his early difficulties. Crown lands, -to the value of 284,895_l._, had been allotted to the Duke, "besides -the Forest of Layfield--the profit made out of the strangers’ -goods--and the moiety of the customs in Ireland." And yet the -Duke avowed before Parliament that his debts amounted to -100,000_l._,[314] and we find, as a sad confirmation of the charge, -among the documents in the State Paper Office, a warrant of payment -of 2,500_l._ to Sir William Russell, for interest of 30,000_l._ -advanced to the Duke of Buckingham by his Majesty’s orders.[315] -Even the money given him, it was justly alleged, was a small sum -compared with that which the Duke had derived from other sources. -“How then,” asked Mr. Sherland, one of the managers of the -impeachment, “can we hope to satisfy his prodigality, if this be -true? If false, how can we hope to satisfy his covetousness? And, -therefore, your lordships need not wonder if the Commons desire, and -that earnestly, to be delivered from such a grievance.” - -Footnote 314: - - Ibid, 123. - -Footnote 315: - - Date, March 6, 1625. - -Finally, the Duke was charged with having either intentionally, or -unintentionally, accelerated the death of King James. - -The imprudent interference of Buckingham, under the influence of his -mother, with the medical treatment of the King, was adduced as a -proof of guilt. The absurdity of this charge, which was afterwards -taken up with much bitterness by both parties in that time of -violent discussion, seems to throw a doubt upon the whole -impeachment. - -The same members who had before recited the enormous gifts and -lavish generosity of King James to his favourite, now taxed the very -man who had only to ask, to obtain, with the murder of one who was -loading him with benefits. The disease of King James, Heylyn -reports, “was no other than an ague, which, though it fell on him in -the spring, crossed the proverb, and proved, not medicinal, but -mortal.”[316] The King was old, not indeed in years, but in -constitution; the wonder was not that he died before the full span -of age was complete, but that he lived so long. The appearance of -the body after death has been insisted upon by Whitelocke as a proof -of poison; but it is well known that in many diseases this -appearance occurs, especially in affections of the heart, a class of -complaint but little understood in those times, but a malady that is -not unfrequently the result of rheumatic affections, to which James -seems to have been liable. - -Footnote 316: - - Life of Archbishop Laud. - -Wandesford, one of the chief speakers on this occasion, declares -that the “poor and loyal Commons of England were troubled at hearing -that great distempers followed the drink and plaisters which -Buckingham had pressed on the King--droughts, raving, faintness, and -intermitting pulse;” these are, however, the usual concomitants of -that passage through the valley of the shadow of death which -precedes a final dissolution; the plaister was declared to have -driven the complaint inwards; both the administration of the drink -or posset, and the application of the plaister, were avowed by -Buckingham, who protested that neither of these intended remedies -had been used without the permission of the physicians; on hearing a -rumour that he had done so, Buckingham affirmed that he went to the -dying king, “who exclaimed, ‘They are worse than devils who say -so.’”[317] - -Footnote 317: - - Brodie, vol. ii., p. 125. - -On the whole, this part of the impeachment seems to have fallen to -the ground; and we are disposed to credit Clarendon, who states that -though “investigated in a time of great licence, ‘no criminality was -discovered.’” King Charles also became afterwards the subject of -aspersions on this point--one of those slanderous and impossible -accusations that weaken all the previous charges, and taint them -with the hue of malice. - -It is remarkable, as Hume observes, that the most vulnerable point -in Lord Bristol’s attack was altogether ignored by the Commons in -this “large impeachment.” The most blamable circumstance in -Buckingham’s whole life, as the same historian observes, was the -Duke’s conduct in breaking the Spanish treaty, and in hurrying the -nation into a war in order to gratify his private passions. But -there was a general conviction of the insincerity of Spain; and the -unjustifiable conduct of the Duke, in the affairs relative to that -country, was suffered to escape unnoticed, whilst charges, almost -untenable, were got up in the hope of ruining him with the King. - -Charles was, however, infatuated. His youth and inexperience, the -pernicious example set him by his father, plead for _him_, but -nothing can extenuate the want of manly boldness in Buckingham, in -not facing his foes and demanding a trial. His answers to the -impeachment, thirteen in number, were, it is true, to borrow the -words of Sir Henry Wotton, “very diligently and civilly couched,” -and “savoured of an humble spirit, though his heart was big.” One -consideration swayed with the public, which was, that in the -“bolting and sifting of near fourteen years of such power and -favour, all that came out could not be expected to be pure and -white, and fine metal; but must needs have withal among it a certain -mixture of padars and bran in this lower range of humane -fragility.”[318] - -Footnote 318: - - Sir Henry Wotton, p. 225. - -The Duke’s answers were very clear and satisfactory,[319] and his -address to the Lords appears to have been ingenuous and courteous. -He reminded them how full of danger and prejudice it was to give too -ready an ear, too easy a belief, to reports and testimony not upon -oath; upon such allegations none ought, he argued, to be condemned. -Then, with a grace that was natural to him, he acknowledged, with -humility, “how easy a thing it was for him in his younger years, -when inexperienced, to fall into thousands of errors in these two -years wherein he had the honour to serve so great and so -open-hearted a master.”[320] He concluded with professions of -attachment to the Church of England, hoping that for the future “he -might watch over all his actions, public and private, so as not to -give cause of just offence to any one.” And such was probably his -sincere determination; and Buckingham, had he lived, might have -proved an excellent and, as times went, an honest minister. - -Footnote 319: - - Hume. - -Footnote 320: - - Heylyn, p. 144. - -The answer of Buckingham, as well as the speech of the King to his -Commons, on the 29th of March, was ascribed to the pen of Laud; but -Heylyn disavows that statement. Yet there is little doubt that Laud -prompted the Duke’s cautious and submissive reply on the one hand, -and encouraged, if he did not prompt, the King’s arbitrary and -unconstitutional conduct to the Commons. - -The tempest, violent as it seemed, “did,” as Sir Henry Wotton -remarks, “only shake and not rent” the Duke’s sails. Charles, taking -as a plea that many of the accusations were not within the compass -of his own reign, and also that nothing had been proved against -Buckingham on oath, resolved to brave the storm in such a manner as -to bring down its force upon himself. - -He lost, therefore, no opportunity of showing his contempt for the -House of Commons. “No one,” Hume observes, “was at that time -sufficiently sensible of the great weight which the Commons bore in -the balance of the Constitution.” Nothing but “fatal experience -could induce the English princes to pay a due regard to the -inclinations of that formidable assembly.”[321] - -Footnote 321: - - Hume, vol. vi., p. 179. - -“This was indeed,” Lord Campbell remarks, “the great crisis of the -English Constitution. Had our distinguished patriots then quailed, -Parliaments would thenceforth have been merely the subject of -antiquarian research, or perhaps occasionally summoned to register -the edicts of the Crown”[322] “The state,” as Sir Edward Coke -declared in Parliament, “was in a consumption, yet not incurable.” -It was his courage and honesty that helped to effect a cure. - -Footnote 322: - - Lives of the Chancellors, vol. i., p. 325. - -Charles, considering that he was himself aimed at in the allegations -against the Duke, commanded the House expressly not to interfere -with his servant Buckingham, and ordered it to conclude the bill for -the subsidies which they had begun, intimating that if that were not -done it should sit no longer. Instead of referring the case to the -Lords, and insisting on the affair being brought to a trial before -that body, he went himself to the House of Lords, and declared his -intention of clearing the Duke by his own testimony. The Commons -had, on that very day, moved that the Duke should be committed to -the Tower until the issue of his trial should be known. That motion -was rejected; in vain did Buckingham attempt to explain and soften -down this conduct in a speech to the Lords. Sir Dudley Digges and -Sir John Eliot were thrown into prison, and although they were soon -liberated, the Commons immediately declared that they would not -proceed with any business whatsoever until satisfaction should be -given for this breach of privilege. - -Unhappily, all these discords were aggravated nearly to frenzy by -the bitterest of all passions--religious intolerance. Whilst we must -applaud, with all gratitude, the lofty and honest spirit which -opposed acts of despotism--a spirit to which we owe our present -pre-eminence as a free and powerful nation--we must deprecate the -remorseless oppressions which the friends of liberty scrupled not to -inflict on those who thought on religious matters differently from -themselves. - -It was an expensive matter in those days to have a conscience. -Although the penalty of twenty pounds per month, enacted during the -reign of Elizabeth, had been mitigated according to the -circumstances of families, or suffered in some instances to run on -for years, it was occasionally levied all at once, to the ruin of -the unhappy Romanist families who conscientiously refused to attend -the worship of the Established Church. James I. had mercifully -relaxed the severity of these penalties; but his successor was now -called upon by the Puritan party in the House of Commons to restore -them to their original force. The Church was at this epoch far more -induced to grant indulgence than the laity, who, it is strange to -say, were the most intolerant among the persecutors of the depressed -body of Roman Catholics. Disappointed in their impeachment of -Buckingham, the Commons now presented to the King a list of -recusants who had been entrusted with offices in the State. - -This petition was aimed, of course, at Buckingham, whose mother was -a Catholic, and whose wife had been long suspected of holding the -tenets of the Romish Church. It was thought sufficient in those -times to have a near relation a Romanist, to be disqualified for -office.[323] - -Footnote 323: - - Hume, from Franklyn, p. 195. - -Queen Elizabeth, as we have before observed, when she had any point -to gain with her people, used “to tune the pulpits,” as she termed -it. It was her practice to have a reserve of preachers ready to -extol her designs in or near London, to influential congregations, -whenever she required the help of their eloquence.[324] This plan -was now adopted by Charles, and Laud was employed to call the -attention of the public to the cause of the King of Denmark, who had -been driven to the last extremity by Count Tilly. The King of -Denmark being a Protestant, it was hoped that this scheme would -propitiate the party who so vehemently endeavoured to compass the -downfall of Buckingham, and who were, for the most part, Puritans. - -Footnote 324: - - Heylyn, p. 153. - -Unhappily the plan did more harm than good; its motives and -signification were suspected, nay, even proclaimed by some of the -simple clergy; and Sibthorpe, the Vicar of Brackley, in -Northamptonshire--at an assize sermon--gave out plainly that the -burden of those instructions which had been distributed among the -priesthood was "to show the lawfulness of the general loan which the -King now contemplated raising, in lieu of the supplies; to prove the -King’s right to impose taxes without the consent of Parliament; and -to insist that the people ought cheerfully to submit to such loans -and taxes." - -The publication of this sermon was forbidden by Archbishop -Abbot,[325] for it was then illegal to print any book without a -permission from the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, or the -Vice-chancellor of one of the Universities, or some person appointed -by them;[326] and two fearful Courts of Star-chamber and High -Commission threatened any delinquent who attempted to do then what -now requires merely the consent of a publisher. Although Abbot had -so wisely prohibited Sibthorpe’s discourse, he could not save the -King whom Buckingham and Laud counselled. The audacious sermon was -published during the following year, under the almost impious title -of “Apostolic Obedience.” - -Footnote 325: - - Heylyn, p. 159. - -Footnote 326: - - Hume, p. 129. - - - - - END OF VOL. II. - - - - - --------------------------------------------------------- - - R. BORN, PRINTER, GLOUCESTER STREET, REGENT’S PARK. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH ST. LONDON - - NEW AND INTERESTING WORKS - - PUBLISHED BY - - MESSRS. HURST AND BLACKETT, - - SUCCESSORS TO MR. COLBURN. - - -------------- - -=MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF GEORGE IV. FROM= ORIGINAL FAMILY DOCUMENTS. - By the DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS, K.G. 2 vols. 8vo. with - Portraits. 30s. bound. - -Among the many interesting subjects elucidated in this work will -be found: The Trial of Queen Caroline--The King’s Visits to -Ireland, Scotland, and Hanover--Female Influence at Court--The -Death of Lord Castlereagh--Junction of the Grenville Party with -the Government--The Political and Literary Career of George -Canning--O’Connell and the Catholic Claims--The Marquess Wellesley -in Ireland--The Duke of Wellington’s Administration--George the -Fourth as a Patron of Art and Literature, &c. - -"The country is very much indebted to the Duke of Buckingham for the -publication of these volumes--to our thinking the most valuable of -the contributions to recent history which he has yet compiled from -his family papers. Besides the King, the Duke of Buckingham’s -canvass is full of the leading men of the day--Castlereagh, -Liverpool, Canning, Wellington, Peel, and their compeers. We are -sure that no reader, whether he seeks for gossip, or for more -sterling information, will be disappointed by the book. -There are several most characteristic letters of the Duke of -Wellington."--_John Bull._ - -“These volumes are the most popular of the series of Buckingham -papers, not only from the nature of the matter, but from the -closeness of the period to our own times.”--_Spectator._ - -“There is much in these volumes which deserves the perusal of all -who desire an intimate acquaintance with the history of the period. -The comments of well-informed men, like Lord Grenville, and Mr. T. -Grenville, disclosing as they do the motives of individuals, the -secret movements of parties, and the causes of public events, are of -high value to the student, and exceedingly interesting to the -general reader.”--_Daily News._ - -“These volumes are of great intrinsic and historical value. They -give us a definite acquaintance with the actions, a valuable -insight into the characters, of a succession of illustrious -statesmen.”--_Critic._ - -“The original documents published in these volumes--penned by public -men, who were themselves active participators in the events and -scenes described--throw a great deal of very curious and very -valuable light upon this period of our history. The private letters -of such men as Lord Grenville, Mr. T. Grenville, Mr. Charles Wynn, -Mr. Freemantle, Dr. Phillimore, and Mr. Plumer Ward, written in the -absence of all restraint, necessarily possess a high interest even -for the lightest and most careless reader; whilst, in an historical -sense, as an authentic source from which future historians will be -enabled to form their estimate of the characters of the leading men -who flourished in the reign of the last George, they must be -regarded as possessing an almost inestimable value. The more -reserved communications, too, of such men as Lord Liverpool, the -Duke of Wellington, the Marquis of Wellesley, Sir Henry Parnell, -&c., will be received with great interest and thankfulness by every -historiographer, whilst the lighter _billets_ of Sir Walter Scott -and Mr. Henry Wynn will be welcome to every body. Taking this -publication altogether, we must give the Duke of Buckingham great -credit for the manner in which he has prepared and executed it, and -at the same time return him our hearty thanks for the interesting -and valuable information which he has unfolded to us from his family -archives.”--_Observer._ - -=MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF THE REGENCY.= FROM ORIGINAL FAMILY - DOCUMENTS. By the DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS, K.G. 2 vols. - 8vo., with Portraits, 30s. bound. - -“Here are two more goodly volumes on the English Court; volumes full -of new sayings, pictures, anecdotes, and scenes. The Duke of -Buckingham travels over nine years of English history. But what -years those were, from 1811 to 1820! What events at home and abroad -they bore to the great bourne!--from the accession of the Regent to -power to the death of George III.--including the fall of Perceval; -the invasion of Russia, and the war in Spain; the battles of -Salamanca and Borodino; the fire of Moscow; the retreat of Napoleon; -the conquest of Spain; the surrender of Napoleon; the return from -Elba; the Congress of Vienna; the Hundred Days; the crowning carnage -of Waterloo; the exile to St. Helena; the return of the Bourbons; -the settlement of Europe; the public scandals at the English Court; -the popular discontent, and the massacre of Peterloo! On many parts -of this story the documents published by the Duke of Buckingham cast -new jets of light, clearing up much secret history. Old stories are -confirmed--new traits of character are brought out. In short, many -new and pleasant additions are made to our knowledge of those -times.”--_Athenæum._ - -“Invaluable, as showing the true light in which many of the -stirring events of the Regency are to be viewed. The lovers of -Court gossip will also find not a little for their edification and -amusement.”--_Literary Gazette._ - -“These volumes cover a complete epoch, the period of the Regency--a -period of large and stirring English history. To the Duke of -Buckingham, who thus, out of his family archives, places within our -reach authentic and exceedingly minute pictures of the governors of -England, we owe grateful acknowledgements. His papers abound in -fresh lights on old topics, and in new illustrations and anecdotes. -The intrinsic value of the letters is enhanced by the judicious -setting of the explanatory comment that accompanies them, which is -put together with much care and honesty.”--_Examiner._ - -=MEMOIRS OF THE COURT AND CABINETS OF GEORGE THE THIRD=, FROM - ORIGINAL FAMILY DOCUMENTS. By the DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND - CHANDOS, K.G., &c. THE THIRD AND FOURTH VOLUMES, comprising the - period from 1800 to 1810 and completing this important work. - 8vo., with Portraits. 30s. bound. - -“The present volumes exhibit the same features as the former portion -of the series. The general reader is entertained, and the reader for -historical purposes is enlightened. Of their value and importance, -there cannot be two opinions.”--_Athenæum._ - -“These volumes comprehend a period the most important in the -events relating to our domestic affairs and foreign relations to -be found in the British annals; told, not only by eye-witnesses, -but by the very men who put them in motion. The volumes now -published immeasurably exceed their predecessors in interest and -importance. They must find a place in the library of every English -gentleman.”--_Standard._ - -=HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF HENRY IV., KING OF FRANCE AND NAVARRE.= - From numerous Original Sources. By MISS FREER. Author of "The - Lives of Marguerite d’Angoulême, Elizabeth de Valois, Henry - III.," &c. 2 vols. with Portraits, 21s. - - =LECTURES ON ART, LITERATURE, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.= By HIS - EMINENCE CARDINAL WISEMAN. 1 vol with Portrait. (_In - Preparation._) - -=HENRY III. KING OF FRANCE AND POLAND; HIS COURT AND TIMES.= From - numerous unpublished sources, including MS. Documents in the - Bibliothèque Impériale, and the Archives of France and Italy. By - MISS FREER, Author of "Marguerite d’Angoulême," “Elizabeth de - Valois, and the Court of Philip II.,” &c. 3 vols. post 8vo. with - fine portraits, 31s. 6d. bound. - -“Miss Freer having won for herself the reputation of a most -painstaking and trustworthy historian not less than an accomplished -writer, by her previous memoirs of sovereigns of the houses of -Valois and Navarre, will not fail to meet with a most cordial and -hearty welcome for her present admirable history of Henry III., the -last of the French kings of the house of Valois. We refer our -readers to the volumes themselves for the interesting details of the -life and reign of Henry III., his residence in Poland, his marriage -with Louise de Lorraine, his cruelties, his hypocrisies, his -penances, his assassination by the hands of the monk Jaques Clément, -&c. Upon these points, as well as with reference to other persons -who occupied a prominent position during this period, abundant -information is afforded by Miss Freer; and the public will feel with -us that a deep debt of gratitude is due to that lady for the -faithful and admirable manner in which she has pourtrayed the Court -and Times of Henry the Third.”--_Chronicle._ - -“The previous historical labours of Miss Freer were so successful as -to afford a rich promise in the present undertaking, the performance -of which, it is not too much to say, exceeds expectation, and -testifies to her being not only the most accomplished, but the most -accurate of modern female historians. The Life of Henry III. of -France is a contribution to literature which will have a reputation -as imperishable as its present fame must be large and increasing. -Indeed, the book is of such a truly fascinating character, that once -begun it is impossible to leave it.”--_Messenger._ - -“Among the class of chronicle histories, Miss Freer’s Henry the -Third of France is entitled to a high rank. As regards style and -treatment Miss Freer has made a great advance upon her ‘Elizabeth de -Valois,’ as that book was an advance upon her ‘Marguerite -D’Angoulême.’”--_Spectator._ - -“We heartily recommend this work to the reading public. Miss Freer -has much, perhaps all, of the quick perception and picturesque -style by which Miss Strickland has earned her well-deserved -popularity.”--_Critic._ - -=ELIZABETH DE VALOIS, QUEEN OF SPAIN, AND THE COURT OF PHILIP II.= - From numerous unpublished sources in the Archives of France, - Italy, and Spain. By MISS FREER. 2 vols. post 8vo. with fine - Portraits by HEATH, 21s. - -“It is not attributing too much to Miss Freer to say that herself -and Mr. Prescott are probably the best samples of our modern -biographers. The present volumes will be a boon to posterity for -which it will be grateful. Equally suitable for instruction and -amusement, they portray one of the most interesting characters and -periods of history.”--_John Bull._ - -"Such a book as the memoir of Elizabeth de Valois is a literary -treasure which will be the more appreciated as its merits obtain -that reputation to which they most justly are entitled. Miss -Freer has done her utmost to make the facts of Elizabeth’s, Don -Carlos’, and Philip II.’s careers fully known, as they actually -transpired."--_Bell’s Messenger._ - -=THE LIFE OF MARGUERITE D’ANGOULEME, QUEEN of NAVARRE, SISTER of - FRANCIS I.= By MISS FREER. Second Edition, 2 vols. with fine - Portraits, 21s. - -“This is a very useful and amusing book. It is a good work, very -well done. The authoress is quite equal in power and grace to Miss -Strickland. She must have spent great time and labour in collecting -the information, which she imparts in an easy and agreeable manner. -It is difficult to lay down her book after having once begun it. -This is owing partly to the interesting nature of the subject, -partly to the skillful manner in which it has been treated. No other -life of Marguerite has yet been published, even in France. Indeed, -till Louis Philippe ordered the collection and publication of -manuscripts relating to the history of France, no such work could be -published. It is difficult to conceive how, under any circumstances, -it could have been better done.”--_Standard._ - -=LODGE’S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE FOR 1860.= UNDER THE ESPECIAL - PATRONAGE OF HER MAJESTY AND H.R.H. THE PRINCE CONSORT. - Corrected throughout by the Nobility. Twenty-Ninth Edition, in 1 - vol. royal 8vo., with the Arms beautifully engraved, handsomely - bound, with gilt edges, price 31s. 6d. - -LODGE’S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE is acknowledged to be the most -complete, as well as the most elegant, work of the kind. As an -established and authentic authority on all questions respecting the -family histories, honours, and connections of the titled -aristocracy, no work has ever stood so high. It is published under -the especial patronage of Her Majesty, and His Royal Highness the -Prince Consort, and is annually corrected throughout, from the -personal, communications of the Nobility. It is the only work of its -class, in which, _the type being kept constantly standing_, every -correction is made in its proper place to the date of publication, -an advantage which gives it supremacy over all its competitors. -Independently of its full and authentic information respecting the -existing Peers and Baronets of the realm, the most sedulous -attention is given in its pages to the collateral branches of the -various noble families, and the names of many thousand individuals -are introduced, which do not appear in other records of the titled -classes. For its authority, correctness, and facility of -arrangement, and the beauty of its typography and binding, the work -is justly entitled to the high place it occupies on the tables of -Her Majesty and the Nobility. - -"Lodge’s Peerage must supersede all other works of the kind, for two -reasons: first, it is on a better plan; and, secondly, it is better -executed. We can safely pronounce it to be the readiest, the most -useful, and exactest of modern works on the subject."--_Spectator._ - -“A work which corrects all errors of former works. It is the -production of a herald, we had almost said, by birth, but certainly -by profession and studies, Mr. Lodge, the Norroy King of Arms. It is -a most useful publication.”--_Times._ - -"As perfect a Peerage of the British Empire as we are ever likely to -see published. Great pains have been taken to make it as complete -and accurate as possible. The work is patronised by Her Majesty and -the Prince Consort; and it is worthy of a place in every gentleman’s -library, as well as in every public institution."--_Herald._ - -“As a work of contemporaneous history, this volume is of great -value--the materials having been derived from the most authentic -sources and in the majority of cases emanating from the noble -families themselves. It contains all the needful information -respecting the nobility of the Empire.”--_Post._ - -"This work should form a portion of every gentleman’s library. At -all times, the information which it contains, derived from -official sources exclusively at the command of the author, is of -importance to most classes of the community; to the antiquary it -must be invaluable, for implicit reliance may be placed on its -contents."--_Globe._ - -“This work derives great value from the high authority of Mr. Lodge. -The plan is excellent.”--_Literary Gazette._ - -"When any book has run through so many editions, its reputation is -so indelibly stamped, that it requires neither criticism nor praise. -It is but just, however, to say, that ‘Lodge’s Peerage and -Baronetage‘ is the most elegant and accurate, and the best of its -class. The chief point of excellence attaching to this Peerage -consists neither in its elegance of type nor its completeness of -illustration, but in its authenticity, which is insured by the -letter-press being always kept standing, and by immediate alteration -being made whenever any change takes place, either by death or -otherwise, amongst the nobility of the United Kingdom. The work has -obtained the special patronage of Her Most Gracious Majesty, and of -His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, which patronage has never -been better or more worthily bestowed."--_Messenger._ - -"‘Lodge’s Peerage and Baronetage‘ has become, as it were, an -‘institution’ of this country; in other words, it is indispensable, -and cannot be done without, by any person having business in the -great world. The authenticity of this valuable work, as regards the -several topics to which it refers, has never been exceeded, and, -consequently, it must be received as one of the most important -contributions to social and domestic history extant. As a book of -reference--indispensable in most cases, useful in all--it should be -in the hands of every one having connections in, or transactions -with, the aristocracy."--_Observer._ - -=LODGE’S GENEALOGY OF THE PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE OF THE BRITISH - EMPIRE.= A NEW AND REVISED EDITION. Uniform with “THE PEERAGE” - Volume, with the arms beautifully engraved, handsomely bound - with gilt edges, price 31s. 6d. - -The desire very generally manifested for a republication of this -volume has dictated the present entire revision of its contents. The -Armorial Bearings prefixed to the History of each Noble Family, -render the work complete in itself and uniform with the Volume of -THE PEERAGE, which it is intended to accompany and illustrate. The -object of the whole Work, in its two distinct yet combined -characters, has been useful and correct information; and the careful -attention devoted to this object throughout will, it is hoped, -render the Work worthy of the August Patronage with which it is -honoured and of the liberal assistance accorded by its Noble -Correspondents, and will secure from them and from the Public, the -same cordial reception it has hitherto experienced. The great -advantage of “The Genealogy” being thus given in a separate volume, -Mr. Lodge has himself explained in the Preface to “The Peerage.” - -=EPISODES OF FRENCH HISTORY DURING THE CONSULATE AND FIRST EMPIRE.= - By MISS PARDOE, author of “The Life of Marie de Medicis,” &c. 2 - vols. 21s. - -"We recommend Miss Pardoe’s ‘Episodes’ as very pleasant reading. -They cannot fail to entertain and instruct."--_Critic._ - -“One of the must amusing and instructive books Miss Pardoe has ever -given to the public.”--_Messenger._ - -“In this lively and agreeable book Miss Pardoe gives a fair picture -of the society of the times, which has never been treated in a more -interesting and pleasant manner.”--_Chronicle._ - -=THE LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.= By MRS. - THOMSON, Author of “The Life of the Duchess of Marlborough,” - “Memoirs of Sir W. Raleigh,” &c. With Portrait. (_Just Ready._) - -=THE LIVES OF PHILIP HOWARD, EARL OF ARUNDEL, AND OF ANNE DACRES, - HIS WIFE.= Edited from the Original MSS. By the DUKE OF NORFOLK, - E.M. 1 vol. antique. - -“These biographies will be read with interest. They throw valuable -light on the social habits and the prevalent feelings of the -Elizabethan age.”--_Literary Gazette._ - -=MEMOIRS OF BERANGER. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF.= ENGLISH COPYRIGHT - EDITION. Second Edition, with numerous Additional Anecdotes and - Notes, hitherto unpublished. 8vo. with Portrait. - -"This is the Copyright Translation of Béranger’s Biography. It -appears in a handsome volume, and is worthy of all praise as an -honest piece of work. In this account of his life, the Poet displays -all the mingled gaiety and earnestness, the warm-hearted sincerity, -inseparable from his character. He tells, with an exquisite -simplicity, the story of his early years. His life, he says, is the -fairest commentary on his songs, therefore he writes it. The charm -of the narrative is altogether fresh. It includes a variety of -_chansons_, now first printed, touching closely on the personal -history of which they form a part, shrewd sayings, and, as the field -of action in life widens, many sketches of contemporaries, and free -judgments upon men and things. There is a full appendix to the -Memoir, rich in letters hitherto unpublished, and in information -which completes the story of Béranger’s life. The book should be -read by all."--_Examiner._ - -=THE BOOK OF ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, AND DECORATIONS OF HONOUR OF ALL - NATIONS; COMPRISING AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF EACH ORDER, - MILITARY, NAVAL AND CIVIL;= with Lists of the Knights and - Companions of each British Order. EMBELLISHED WITH FIVE HUNDRED - FAC-SIMILE COULOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE INSIGNIA OF THE - VARIOUS ORDERS. Edited by SIR BERNARD BURKE, Ulster King of - Arms. 1 vol. royal 8vo., handsomely bound, with gilt edges, - price £2. 2s. - -“This valuable and attractive work may claim the merit of being the -best of its kind. It is so comprehensive in its character, and so -elegant in its style, that it far outstrips all competitors. A full -historical account of the orders of every country is given, with -lists of the Knights and Companions of each British Order. Among the -most attractive features of the work are the illustrations. They are -numerous and beautiful, highly coloured, and giving an exact -representation of the different decorations. The origin of each -Order, the rules and regulations, and the duties incumbent on its -members, are all given at full length. The fact of the work being -under the supervision of Sir Bernard Burke, and endorsed by his -authority, gives it another recommendation to the public -favour.”--_Sun_ - -“This is, indeed, a splendid book. It is an uncommon combination of -a library book of reference and a book for a boudoir, undoubtedly -uniting beauty and utility. It gives a sketch of the foundation and -history of all recognised decorations of honour, among all nations, -arranged in alphabetical order. The fac-similies of the insignia are -well drawn and coloured, and present a brilliant effect. Sir Bernard -Burke has done his work well; and this book of the quintessence of -the aristocracy will soon find its place in every library and -drawing-room.”--._Globe._ - -=JOURNAL OF AN ENGLISH OFFICER IN INDIA.= By MAJOR NORTH, 60th - Rifles, Deputy Judge Advocate-General, and Aide-de-Camp to - General Havelock. 1 vol. with portrait. - -"We must commend Major’s North’s ‘Journal’ to universal approbation. -It is manly in tone, noble in expression, and full of feeling, alike -honourable to the soldier and gallant profession. When we state that -the book tells of the progress of the lion-hearted Havelock’s little -band which relieved Lucknow, and is the first faithful record of the -deeds of arms performed by that phalanx of heroes, we have said -enough to cause it to be read, we are convinced, by every person who -can avail himself of the opportunity of learning what were the -hardships of his countrymen, and how immense were the sacrifices -they made to save the English besieged inhabitants from a repetition -of the atrocities of Cawnpore. We have as yet seen no book connected -with the Indian mutiny which has given us so much gratification as -Major North’s Journal."--_Messenger._ - -=EASTERN HOSPITALS AND ENGLISH NURSES;= The Narrative of Twelve - Months’ Experience in the Hospitals of Koulali and Scutari. By A - LADY VOLUNTEER. Third and Cheaper Edition, 1 vol. post 8vo. with - Illustrations, 6s. bound. - -“The story of the noble deeds done by Miss Nightingale and her -devoted sisterhood will never be more effectively told than in the -beautiful narrative contained in these volumes.”--_John Bull._ - -=PICTURES OF SPORTING LIFE AND CHARACTER.= By LORD WILLIAM LENNOX. 2 - vols. with Illustrations. 21s. - -"This work may be characterised as a perfect synopsis of English -sports in the 19th century. Were the whole of the books previously -written on the subject destroyed, Lord William Lennox’s alone -would preserve a lifelike picture of the sports and amusements of -our age. The volumes will be read with intense enjoyment by -multitudes, for their author is an accomplished _littérateur_, who -has known how to vary his theme so skillfully and to intersperse -it with so many anecdotes and personal recollections of England’s -most distinguished men, that even those who are not themselves -given to sport will be deeply interested in the light he throws -upon English society."--_Illustrated News of the World._ - -=THE COUNTESS OF BONNEVAL: HER LIFE AND LETTERS.= By LADY GEORGIANA - FULLERTON. 2 vols. 21s. - -“The whole work forms one of those touching stories which create a -lasting impression.”--_Athenæum._ - -“The life of the Count de Bonneval is a page in history, but it -reads like a romance: that of the Countess, removed from war and -politics, never oversteps the domestic sphere, yet is equally -romantic and singular. An accomplished writer has taken up the -threads of this modest life, and brought out her true character in a -very interesting and animated memoir. The story of the Countess of -Bonneval is related with the happy art and grace which so -characterize the author.”--_U. S. Magazine._ - -=THE LIFE OF MARIE DE MEDICIS, QUEEN OF FRANCE,= CONSORT OF HENRY - IV., AND REGENT UNDER LOUIS XIII. By MISS PARDOE. Second - Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. Portraits. - -=MEMOIRS OF THE BARONESS D’OBERKIRCH,= ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE SECRET - HISTORY OF THE COURTS OF FRANCE, RUSSIA, AND GERMANY. WRITTEN BY - HERSELF, and Edited by Her Grandson, the COUNT DE MONTBRISON. 3 - vols. post 8vo. 15s. - -"The Baroness d’Oberkirch being the intimate friend of the -Empress of Russia, wife of Paul I., and the confidential -companion of the Duchess of Bourbon, her facilities for -obtaining information respecting the most private affairs of the -principal Courts of Europe, render her Memoirs unrivalled as a -book of interesting anecdotes of the royal, noble and other -celebrated individuals who flourished on the continent during -the latter part of the last century. The volumes form a valuable -addition to the personal history of an important period. They -deserve general popularity."--_Daily News._ - -=MEMOIRS OF RACHEL.= 2 vols. with Portrait. 21s. - -“A book sure to attract public attention, and well meriting -it.”--_Globe._ - -=SCOTTISH HEROES IN THE DAYS OF WALLACE AND BRUCE.= By the REV. A. - LOW, A.M. 2 vols. post 8vo. - -=MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF MAJOR GENERAL SIR W. NOTT, G.C.B.,= - COMMANDER OF THE ARMY OF CANDAHAR, AND ENVOY AT THE COURT OF - LUCKNOW. 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait. 16s. bound. - -=RULE AND MISRULE OF THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA.= By the Author of “SAM - SLICK.” 2 vols. post 8vo. - -“We conceive this work to be by far the most valuable and important -Judge Haliburton has ever written. While teeming with interest, -moral and historical, to the general reader, it equally constitutes -a philosophical study for the politician and statesman. It will be -found to let in a flood of light upon the actual origin, formation, -and progress of the republic of the United States.”--_Naval and -Military Gazette._ - -=RECOLLECTIONS OF WEST END LIFE; WITH SKETCHES OF SOCIETY IN PARIS, - INDIA,= &c. By MAJOR CHAMBRE late 17th Lancers. 2 vols. with - Portrait of George IV. - -"We find in Major Chambre’s lively sketches a mass of amusing -anecdotes relating to persons eminent in their day for their -position, wit, and political reputation. All that relates to George -IV. will be read with attention and interest."--_Messenger._ - -=THE UPPER and LOWER AMOOR; A NARRATIVE OF TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.= By - T. W. ATKINSON. Author of “ORIENTAL and WESTERN SIBERIA.” With - Map and numerous Illustrations. (_In the Press._) - -=SIXTEEN YEARS OF AN ARTIST’S LIFE IN MOROCCO, SPAIN, AND THE CANARY - ISLANDS.= By MRS. ELIZABETH MURRAY. 2 vols. 8vo. with Coloured - Illustrations. - -“Mrs. Murray, wife, we believe, of the English Consul at Teneriffe, -is one of the first of female English Water Colour Artists. She -draws well, and her colour is bright, pure, transparent, and -sparkling. Her book is like her painting, luminous, rich and fresh. -We welcome it (as the public will also do) with sincere pleasure. It -is a hearty book, written by a clever, quick-sighted, and thoughtful -woman, who, slipping a steel pen on the end of her brush, thus -doubly armed, uses one end as well as the other, being with both a -bright colourer, and accurate describer of colours, outlines, -sensations, landscapes and things. In a word, Mrs. Murray is a -clever artist, who writes forcibly and agreeably.”--_Athenæum._ - -“Mrs. Elizabeth Murray is known to the artistic world as the -principal star of the Female Exhibition of Paintings. She left -England as she tells us, at eighteen, with all the hopes and -aspirations of an artist before her. At Morocco she becomes the wife -of a gentleman who is successively Consul at Tangiers and Teneriffe. -She has, in consequence, peculiar advantages for the observation of -Moorish and Spanish society, and as she possesses great observation -and wields the pen as cleverly as the pencil, she has produced a -book not only of interest, but of importance. In every way, whether -descriptive or anecdotal, the work claims to be placed amongst the -very best works of travel in the English Language.”--_Chronicle._ - -=REVELATIONS OF PRISON LIFE; WITH AN ENQUIRY INTO PRISON DISCIPLINE - AND SECONDARY PUNISHMENTS.= By GEORGE LAVAL CHESTERTON, 25 Years - Governor of the House of Correction at Cold-Bath Fields. Third - Edition, Revised. 1 vol. - -“Mr. Chesterton has had a rare experience of human frailty. He has -lived with the felon, the forger, the _lorette_, the vagabond, the -murderer; has looked into the darkest sepulchres of the heart, -without finding reason to despair of mankind. In his belief the -worst of men have still some of the angel left. Such a testimony -from such a quarter is full of novelty as it is of interest. As a -curious bit of human history these volumes are remarkable. They are -very real, very simple; dramatic without exaggeration, philosophic -without being dull.”--_Athenæum._ - -=THE OLD COURT SUBURB; OR, MEMORIALS OF KENSINGTON; REGAL, CRITICAL, - AND ANECDOTICAL=. By LEIGH HUNT. Second Edition. 2 vols. post - 8vo. - -“A delightful book. It will be welcome to all readers, and -most welcome to those who have a love for the best kinds of -reading.”--_Examiner._ - -=MY EXILE.= BY ALEXANDER HERZEN. 2 vols. - -"Mr. Herzen’s narrative, ably and unaffectedly written, and -undoubtedly authentic, is indeed superior in interest to nine-tenths -of the existing works on Russia."--_Athenæum._ - -=A PRACTICAL GUIDE IN OBTAINING PROBATES, ADMINISTRATIONS,= &c., in - Her Majesty’s Court of Probate; with numerous Precedents. By - EDWARD WEATHERLY, of Doctor’s Commons. Dedicated, by permission, - to the Right Hon. Sir CRESSWELL CRESSWELL, Judge of the New - Court of Probate. Cheaper Edition. 12s. - -“A most valuable book. Its contents are very diversified--meeting -almost every use.”--_Solicitor’s Journal._ - -=ORIENTAL AND WESTERN SIBERIA; A NARRATIVE= OF SEVEN YEARS’ - EXPLORATIONS AND ADVENTURES IN SIBERIA, MONGOLIA, THE KIRGHIS - STEPPES, CHINESE TARTARY, AND CENTRAL ASIA. By THOMAS WITLAM - ATKINSON. In one large volume, royal 8vo., Price £2. 2s., - elegantly bound. Embellished with upwards of 50 Illustrations, - including numerous beautifully coloured plates, from drawings by - the Author, and a map. - -"By virtue alike of its text and its pictures, we place this book -of travel in the first rank among those illustrated gift-books now -so much sought by the public. Mr. Atkinson’s book is most -readable. The geographer finds in it notice of ground heretofore -left undescribed, the ethnologist, geologist, and botanist, find -notes and pictures, too, of which they know the value, the -sportman’s taste is gratified by chronicles of sport, the lover of -adventure will find a number of perils and escapes to hang over, -and the lover of a frank good-humoured way of speech will find the -book a pleasant one in every page. Seven years of wandering, -thirty-nine thousand five hundred miles of moving to and fro in a -wild and almost unknown country, should yield a book worth -reading, and they do."--_Examiner._ - -“A book of travels which in value and sterling interest must take -rank as a landmark in geographical literature. Its coloured -illustrations and wood engravings are of a high order, and add a -great charm to the narrative. Mr. Atkinson has travelled where it is -believed no European has been before. He has seen nature in the -wildest, sublimest, and also the most beautiful aspects the old -world can present. These he has depicted by pen and pencil. He has -done both well. Many a fireside will rejoice in the determination -which converted the artist into an author. Mr. Atkinson is a -thorough Englishman, brave and accomplished, a lover of adventure -and sport of every kind. He knows enough of mineralogy, geology, and -botany to impart a scientific interest to his descriptions and -drawings; possessing a keen sense of humour, he tells many a racy -story. The sportsman and the lover of adventure, whether by flood or -field, will find ample stores in the stirring tales of his -interesting travels.”--_Daily News._ - -"An animated and intelligent narrative, appreciably enriching the -literature of English travel. Mr. Atkinson’s sketches were made by -express permission of the late Emperor of Russia. Perhaps no English -artist was ever before admitted into this enchanted land of history, -or provided with the talisman and amulet of a general passport; and -well has Mr. Atkinson availed himself of the privilege. Our extracts -will have served to illustrate the originality and variety of Mr. -Atkinson’s observations and adventures during his protracted -wanderings of nearly forty thousand miles. Mr. Atkinson’s pencil was -never idle, and he has certainly brought home with him the forms, -and colours, and other characteristics of a most extraordinary -diversity of groups and scenes. As a sportsman Mr. Atkinson enjoyed -a plenitude of excitement. His narrative is well stored with -incidents of adventure. His ascent of the Bielouka is a chapter of -the most vivid romance of travel, yet it is less attractive than his -relations of wanderings across the Desert of Gobi and up the Tangnou -Chain."--_Athenæum._ - -"We predict that Mr. Atkinson’s ‘Siberia’ will very often assume the -shape of a Christmas Present or New Year’s Gift, as it possesses, in -an eminent degree, four very precious and suitable qualities for -that purpose,--namely, usefulness, elegance, instruction and -novelty. It is a work of great value, not merely on account of its -splendid illustrations, but for the amount it contains of authentic -and highly interesting intelligence concerning regions which, in all -probability, has never, previous to Mr. Atkinson’s explorations, -been visited by an European. Mr. Atkinson’s adventures are told in a -manly style. The valuable and interesting information the book -contains, gathered at a vast expense, is lucidly arranged, and -altogether the work is one that the author-artist may well be proud -of, and with which those who study it cannot fail to be -delighted."--_John Bull._ - -“To the geographer, the geologist, the ethnographer, the sportsman, -and to those who read only for amusement, this will be an acceptable -volume. Mr. Atkinson is not only an adventurous traveller, but a -correct and amusing writer.”--_Literary Gazette._ - -=TRAVELS IN EASTERN AFRICA, WITH THE NARRATIVE OF A RESIDENCE IN - MOZAMBIQUE: 1856 to 1859.= By LYONS McLEOD, Esq. F.R.G.S., &c. - Late British Consul in Mozambique. 2 vols. With Map and - Illustrations. - -=A JOURNEY ON A PLANK FROM KIEV TO EAUX-BONNES.= By LADY CHARLOTTE - PEPYS. 2 vols, with Illustrations. 21s. (_Just Ready_). - -=LAKE NGAMI; OR EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES= DURING FOUR YEARS’ - WANDERINGS IN THE WILDS OF SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA. By CHARLES JOHN - ANDERSSON. 1 vol. royal 8vo., with Map and upwards of 50 - Illustrations, representing Sporting Adventures, Subjects of - Natural History, &c. Second Edition. - -“This narrative of African explorations and discoveries is one of -the most important geographical works that have lately appeared. It -contains the account of two journeys made between the years 1850 and -1854, in the first of which the countries of the Damaras and the -Ovambo, previously scarcely known in Europe, were explored; and in -the second the newly-discovered Lake Ngami was reached by a route -that had been deemed impracticable, but which proves to be the -shortest and the best. The work contains much scientific and -accurate information as to the geology, the scenery, products, and -resources of the regions explored, with notices of the religion, -manners, and customs of the native tribes. The continual sporting -adventures, and other remarkable occurrences, intermingled with the -narrative of travel, make the book as interesting to read as a -romance, as, Indeed, a good book of travels ought always to be. The -illustrations by Wolf are admirably designed, and most of them -represent scenes as striking as any witnessed by Jules Gérard or -Gordon Cumming.”--_Literary Gazette._ - -=THE OXONIAN IN THELEMARKEN;= OR, NOTES OF TRAVEL IN SOUTH-WESTERN - NORWAY, WITH GLANCES AT THE LEGENDARY LORE OF THAT DISTRICT. By - the Rev. F. METCALFE M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College. 2 vols. - with illustrations. - -“This new book is as lively as its predecessor. Its matter is as -good, or better. The intermixture of legends and traditions with the -notes of travel adds to the real value of the work, and strengthens -its claim on a public that desires to be amused.”--_Examiner._ - -=THE OXONIAN IN NORWAY; OR, NOTES OF EXCURSIONS IN THAT COUNTRY=. By - the Rev. F. METCALFE, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. - New and Cheaper Edition, revised, 1 vol. post 8vo., with Map and - additional Illustrations. - -"Mr. Metcalfe’s book is as full of facts and interesting -information as it can hold, and is interlarded with racy -anecdotes. Some of these are highly original and entertaining. -More than this, it is a truly valuable work, containing a fund of -information on the statistics, politics, and religion of the -countries visited."--_Blackwood’s Magazine._ - -=SIX YEARS IN RUSSIA. BY AN ENGLISH LADY.= 2 vols. post 8vo. with - Illustrations. 21s. bound. - -=A SUMMER AND WINTER IN THE TWO SICILIES.= By JULIA KAVANAGH, - Author of “Nathalie,” “Adèle,” &c. 2 vols. post 8vo. with - illustrations, 21s. bound. - -“Miss Kavanagh is a woman of genius and imagination. She has a -graceful and brilliant pen, much observation of character, and a -keen eye for the aspects of nature. Her volumes contain much that is -new. They are among the pleasantest volumes of travel we have lately -met with, and we can cordially recommend them. Readers will find in -these volumes the glow and colour of Italian skies, the rich and -passionate beauty of Italian scenery, and the fresh simplicity of -Southern life touched by the hand of an artist, and described by the -perceptions of a warm-hearted and sympathising woman.”--_The Press._ - -=THE JEWS IN THE EAST.= By the Rev. P. BEATON, M.A. From the German - of DR. FRANKL. 2 vols. 21s. - -“Those persons who are curious in matters connected with Jerusalem -and its inhabitants, are strongly recommended to read this work, -which contains more information than is to be found in a dozen of -the usual books of travel.”--_Times._ - -“This book will richly reward perusal. We cordially recommend the -narrative for solid information given from an unusual point of view, -for power of description, for incident, and for details of manners, -domestic habits, traditions, &c.,”--_Globe._ - -“A very interesting work, one of the most original books of modern -travel, that we have encountered for a long time.”--_John Bull._ - -=CHOW-CHOW; BEING SELECTIONS FROM A JOURNAL, KEPT IN INDIA,= &c. By - the VISCOUNTESS FALKLAND. New and Revised Edition, 2 vols. 8vo., - with Illustrations. 21s. - -"Lady Falkland’s work may be read with interest and pleasure, and -the reader will rise from the perusal instructed as well as -amused."--_Athenæum._ - -=A PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE= - with Numerous Incidents of Travel and Adventure during nearly - Five Years’ Continuous Service in the Arctic Regions while in - Search of the Expedition under Sir John Franklin. By ALEX. - ARMSTRONG, M.D., R.N., late Surgeon and Naturalist of H.M.S - ‘Investigator.’ 1 vol. With Map and Plate, 16s. - -“This book is sure to take a prominent position in every library in -which works of discovery and adventure are to be met with.”--_Daily -News._ - -=THE WANDERER IN ARABIA.= BY G. T. LOWTH, ESQ. 2 vols. post 8vo. - with Illustrations. 12s. - -“Mr. Lowth has shown himself in these volumes to be an intelligent -traveller, a keen observer of nature, and an accomplished -artist.”--_Post._ - -=SPORTING ADVENTURES IN THE NEW WORLD; OR, DAYS AND NIGHTS OF MOOSE - HUNTING IN THE PINE FORESTS OF ACADIA.= By CAMPBELL HARDY, ROYAL - ARTILLERY. 2 vols. post 8vo. with illustrations. 12s. - -“A spirited record of sporting adventures, very entertaining and -well worthy the attention of all sportsmen who desire some fresher -field than Europe can afford them.”--_Press._ - -=A PILGRIMAGE INTO DAUPHINE;= WITH A VISIT TO THE MONASTERY OF THE - GRANDE CHARTREUSE, AND ANECDOTES, INCIDENTS, AND SKETCHES FROM - TWENTY DEPARTMENTS OF FRANCE. By the REV. G. M. MUSGRAVE, A.M. 2 - vols. with Illustrations. - -=FAMILY ROMANCE; OR, DOMESTIC ANNALS OF THE ARISTOCRACY.= By SIR - BERNARD BURKE, ULSTER KING OF ARMS. 2 vols. post 8vo. 21s. - -Among the many other interesting legends and romantic family -histories comprised in these volumes, will be found the -following:--The wonderful narrative of Maria Stella, Lady -Newborough, who claimed on such strong evidence to be a Princess of -the House of Orleans, and disputed the identity of Louis -Philippe--The story of the humble marriage of the beautiful Countess -of Strathmore, and the sufferings and fate of her only child--The -Leaders of Fashion, from Gramont to D’Orsay--The rise of the -celebrated Baron Ward, now Prime Minister at Parma--The curious -claim to the Earldom of Crawford--The Strange Vicissitudes of our -Great Families, replete with the most romantic details--The story of -the Kirkpatricks of Closeburn (the ancestors of the French Empress), -and the remarkable tradition associated with them--The Legend of the -Lambtons--The verification in our own time of the famous prediction -as to the Earls of Mar--Lady Ogilvy’s escape--The Beresford and -Wynyard ghost stories, &c. - -"It were impossible to praise too highly as a work of amusement -these two most interesting volumes, whether we should have regard to -its excellent plan or its not less excellent execution. The volumes -are just what ought to be found on every drawing-room table. Here -you have nearly fifty captivating romances with the pith of all -their interest preserved in undiminished poignancy, and any one may -be read in half an hour. It is not the least of their merits that -the romances are founded on fact--or what, at least, has been handed -down for truth by long tradition--and the romance of reality far -exceeds the romance of fiction. Each story is told in the clear, -unaffected style with which the author’s former works have made the -public familiar."--_Standard._ - -=THE ROMANCE OF THE FORUM; OR, NARRATIVES, SCENES, AND ANECDOTES - FROM COURTS OF JUSTICE. SECOND SERIES.= By PETER BURKE, ESQ., of - the Inner Temple Barrister-at-Law. 2 vols. post 8vo. 12s. - -PRINCIPAL CONTENTS:--Lord Crichton’s Revenge--The Great Douglas -Cause--Lord and Lady Kinnaird--Marie Delorme and Her Husband--The -Spectral Treasure--Murders in Inns of Court--Matthieson the -Forger--Trials that established the Illegality of Slavery--The Lover -Highwayman--The Accusing Spirit--The Attorney-General of the Reign -of Terror--Eccentric Occurrences in the Law--Adventuresses of -Pretended Rank--The Courier of Lyons--General Sarrazin’s Bigamy--The -Elstree Murder--Count Bocarmé and his wife--Professor Webster, &c. - -“The favour with which the first series of this publication was -received, has induced Mr. Burke to extend his researches, which -he has done with great judgment. The incidents forming the -subject of the second series are as extraordinary in every -respect, as those which obtained so high a meed of celebrity for -the first.”--_Messenger._ - -=THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE.= By WILLIAM HOWITT. 3 vols. post 8vo. (_Just - Ready_). - -=SONGS OF THE CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS, JACOBITE BALLADS,= &c. By G. - W. THORNBURY. 1 vol. with numerous Illustrations by H. S. MARKS. - Elegantly bound. 6s. - -"Mr. Thornbury has produced a volume of songs and ballads worthy to -rank with Macaulay’s or Aytoun’s Lays."--_Chronicle._ “Those who -love picture, life, and costume in song will here find what they -love.”--_Athenæum._ - -=POEMS.= BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN,” "A WOMAN’S - THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN," &c. 1 vol. with Illustrations by BIRKET - FOSTER. 10s. 6d. bound. - -"A volume of poems which will assuredly take its place with those -of Goldsmith, Gray, and Cowper, on the favourite shelf of every -Englishman’s library. We discover in these poems all the firmness, -vigour, and delicacy of touch which characterise the author’s -prose works, and in addition, an ineffable tenderness and grace, -such as we find in few poetical compositions besides those of -Tennyson."--_Illustrated News of the World._ - -“We are well pleased with these poems by our popular novelist. They -are the expression of genuine thoughts, feelings, and aspirations, -and the expression is almost always graceful, musical and -well-coloured. A high, pure tone of morality pervades each set of -verses, and each strikes the reader as inspired by some real event, -or condition of mind, and not by some idle fancy or fleeting -sentiment”--_Spectator._ - -=A LIFE FOR A LIFE.= By the Author of “JOHN HALIFAX GENTLEMAN,” &c. - -"In ‘A Life for a Life’ the author is fortunate in a good subject, -and she has produced a work of strong effect. The reader, having -read the book through for the story, will be apt (if he be of our -persuasion) to return and read again many pages and passages with -greater pleasure than on a first perusal. The whole book is replete -with a graceful, tender delicacy; and, in addition to its other -merits, it is written in good, careful English."--_Athenæum._ - -"This book is signally the best its author has yet produced. The -interest is intense, and is everywhere admirably sustained. Incident -abounds, and both dialogue and style are natural and flowing. Great -delicacy in the development of character, and a subtle power of -self-analysis are conspicuous in ‘A Life for a Life,‘ while the -purity of its religious views, and the elevation--the grandeur, -indeed--of its dominating sentiments, render its influences in every -sense healthy and invigorating."--_The Press._ - -"‘A Life for a Life’ is one of the best of the author’s works. We -like it better than ‘John Halifax.’ It is a book we should like -every member of every family in England to read."--_Herald._ - -=REALITIES OF PARIS LIFE.= By the Author of “FLEMISH INTERIORS,” &c. - 3 vols. with Illustrations. 31s. 6d. - -"‘Realities of Paris Life’ Is a good addition to Paris books, and -important as affording true and sober pictures of the Paris -poor."--_Athenæum._ - -“There is much new matter pleasantly put together in these volumes. -Their merit will commend itself to all readers.”--_Examiner._ - -=NOVELS AND NOVELISTS, FROM ELIZABETH TO VICTORIA.= By J. C. - JEAFFRESON, ESQ. 2 vols. with Portraits. 21s. - -=THE RIDES AND REVERIES OF MR. ÆSOP SMITH.= By MARTIN F. TUPPER, - D.C.L., F.R.S., Author of “Proverbial Philosophy,” “Stephen - Langton,” &c., 1 vol. post 8vo. - -"This work will do good service to Mr. Tupper’s literary reputation. -It combines with lucidity and acuteness of judgment, freshness of -fancy and elegance of sentiment. In its cheerful and instructive -pages sound moral principles are forcibly inculcated, and everyday -truths acquire an air of novelty, and are rendered peculiarly -attractive by being expressed in that epigrammatic language which so -largely contributed to the popularity of the author’s former work, -entitled ‘Proverbial Philosophy.’"--_Morning Post._ - -=A MOTHER’S TRIAL.= By the Author of “THE DISCIPLINE OF LIFE,” “THE - TWO BROTHERS,” &c. 1 vol. with Illustrations, by BIRKET FOSTER. - 7s. 6d. bound. - -"‘A Mother’s Trial,’ by Lady Emily Ponsonby, is a work we -can recommend. It breathes purity and refinement in every -page.“--_Leader._ - - =SEVEN YEARS.= - By JULIA KAVANAGH. - Author of ”NATHALIE," 3 vols. - -"Nothing can be better of its kind than Miss Kavanagh’s ‘Seven -Years.’ The story never flags in interest, so life-like are the -characters that move in it, so natural the incidents, and so genuine -the emotions they excite in persons who have taken fast hold on our -sympathy.“--_Spectator._ - - =LUCY CROFTON.= - By the Author of ”MARGARET MAITLAND." - 1 vol. - -“This is a charming novel. The characters are excellent; the plot is -well defined and new; and the interest is kept up with an intensity -which is seldom met with in these days. The author deserves our -thanks for one of the most pleasant books of the season”--_Herald._ - - =THE WOOD-RANGERS.= - By CAPTAIN MAYNE REID. - - From the French of Louis de Bellemare. - 3 vols., with illustrations. - - =THE LITTLE BEAUTY.= - By MRS. GREY, - Author of "THE GAMBLER’S WIFE.“ 3 v. - - =MR. AND MRS. ASHETON.= - By the Author of ”MARGARET AND HER - BRIDESMAIDS." 3 vols. - - =THE WAY OF THE WORLD.= - By ALISON REED. 3 vols. - -“There is a spell and fascination upon one from the first page to -the last.”--_John Bull._ - - =ALMOST A HEROINE.= - By the Author of “CHARLES AUCHESTER,” - &c. 3 vols. - -"This novel is the author’s best."--_Herald._ - - =WAIT AND HOPE.= - By JOHN EDMUND READE. 3 vols. - -"‘Wait and Hope’ reminds us of the style of Godwin."--_Athenæum._ - - =RAISED TO THE PEERAGE.= - By MRS. OCTAVIUS OWEN. 3 vols. - -"‘Raised to the Peerage’ possesses very many of the requisites of a -really good novel."--_Examiner._ - - =FEMALE INFLUENCE.= - By LADY CHARLOTTE PEPYS, 2 vols. - - =LETHELIER.= - by E. HENEAGE DERING, Esq. - 2 vols. - - =THE QUEEN Of HEARTS.= - By WILKIE COLLINS. 3 vols. - -"‘The Queen of Hearts’ is such a fascinating creature that we cannot -choose but follow her through the pages with something of a lover’s -tenderness. As for the three old men, they are as good in their way -as the Brothers Cheeryble of immortal memory.“--_Literary Gazette._ - - =STEPHAN LANGTON.= - By MARTIN F. TUFFER. D.C.L. F.R.S. - Author of ”PROVERBIAL PHILOSOPHY," - &c., 2 vols. with fine engravings. - -“These volumes are pre-eminently qualified to attract attention both -from their peculiar style and their great ability. The author has -long been celebrated for his attainments in literary creation, but -the present work is incomparably superior to anything he has -hitherto produced.”--_Sun._ - - =CREEDS.= - By the Author of “THE MORALS OF - MAY FAIR.” 3 vols. - -“This is a novel of strong dramatic situation, powerful plot, -alluring and continuous interest, admirably defined characters, -and much excellent remark upon human motives and social -positions.”--_Literary Gazette._ - - =THE LEES OF BLENDON HALL.= - By the Author of “ALICE WENTWORTH.” - -“A powerful and well-sustained story of strong -interest.”--_Athenæum._ - - =NEWTON DOGVANE.= - A Story of English Life. - By FRANCIS FRANCIS. - With Illustrations by LEECH. 3 vols. - -“A capital sporting novel.”--_Chronicle._ - - =HELEN LINDSAY;= - Or, THE TRIAL OF FAITH. - By A CLERGYMAN’S DAUGHTER. 2 vols. - - =WOODLEIGH.= - By the Author of “WILDFLOWER,” - “ONE AND TWENTY,” &c. 3 vols. - - =BENTLEY PRIORY.= - By MRS. HASTINGS PARKER. 3 vols. - -“An acquisition to novel-readers from its brilliant descriptions, -sparkling style, and interesting story.”--_Sun._ - - NOW IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION. - - HURST AND BLACKETT’S STANDARD LIBRARY - OF CHEAP EDITIONS OF - POPULAR MODERN WORKS. - - Each in a single volume, elegantly printed, bound, and illustrated, - price 5s. - A volume to appear every two months. The following are now ready. - - ---------- - - =VOL. I.--SAM SLICK’S NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE.= - ILLUSTRATED BY LEECH. - -"The first volume of Messrs. Hurst and Blackett’s Standard Library -of Cheap Editions of Popular Modern Works forms a very good -beginning to what will doubtless be a very successful undertaking. -‘Nature and Human Nature’ is one of the best of Sam Slick’s witty -and humorous productions, and well entitled to the large circulation -which it cannot fail to obtain in its present convenient and cheap -shape. The volume combines with the great recommendations of a -clear, bold type, and good paper, the lesser, but still attractive -merits, of being well illustrated and elegantly bound"--_Morning -Post._ - -"This new and cheap edition of Sam Slick’s popular work will be an -acquisition to all lovers of wit and humour. Mr. Justice -Haliburton’s writings are so well known to the English public that -no commendation is needed. The volume is very handsomely bound and -illustrated, and the paper and type are excellent. It is in every -way suited for a library edition, and as the names of Messrs. Hurst -and Blackett, warrant the character of the works to be produced in -their Standard Library, we have no doubt the project will be -eminently successful."--_Sun._ - - =VOL. II.--JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.= - -“This is a very good and a very interesting work. It is designed -to trace the career from boyhood to age of a perfect man--a -Christian gentleman, and it abounds in incident both well and -highly wrought. Throughout it is conceived in a high spirit, and -written with great ability, better than any former work, we think, -of its deservedly successful author. This cheap and handsome new -edition is worthy to pass freely from hand to hand, as a gift book -in many households.”--_Examiner._ - -"The new and cheaper edition of this interesting work will doubtless -meet with great success. John Halifax, the hero of this most -beautiful story, is no ordinary hero, and this, his history, is no -ordinary book. It is a full-length portrait of a true gentleman, one -of nature’s own nobility. It is also the history of a home and a -thoroughly English one. The work abounds in incident, and many of -the scenes are full of graphic power and true pathos. It is a book -that few will read without becoming wiser and better."--_Scotsman._ - - =VOL. III.--THE CRESCENT AND THE CROSS.= - BY ELIOT WARBURTON. - -“Independent of its value as an original narrative, and its useful -and interesting information, this work is remarkable for the -colouring power and play of fancy with which its descriptions are -enlivened. Among its greatest and most lasting charms is its -reverent and serious spirit.”--_Quarterly Review._ - -"A book calculated to prove more practically useful was never penned -than ‘The Crescent and the Cross’--a work which surpasses all others -in its homage for the sublime and its love for the beautiful in -those famous regions consecrated to everlasting immortality in the -annals of the prophets, and which no other writer has ever depicted -with a pencil at once so reverent and so picturesque."--_Sun._ - - =VOL. IV.--NATHALIE. BY MISS KAVANAGH.= - -"‘Nathalie’, is Miss Kavanagh’s best imaginative effort. Its manner -is gracious and attractive. Its matter is good. A sentiment, a -tenderness, are commanded by her which are as individual as they are -elegant. We should not soon come to an end were we to specify all -the delicate touches and attractive pictures which place ‘Nathalie’ -high among books of its class."--_Athenæum._ - -“A tale of untiring interest, full of deep touches of human nature. -We have no hesitation in predicting for this delightful tale a -lasting popularity, and a place in the foremost ranks of that most -instructive kind of fiction--the moral novel.”--_John Bull._ - -"A more judicious selection than ‘Nathalie’ could not have been made -for Messrs. Hurst and Blackett’s Standard Library. The series as it -advances realises our first impression, that it will be one of -lasting celebrity."--_Literary Gazette._ - - =VOL. V.--A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN.= - BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“A book of sound counsel. It is one of the most sensible works of -its kind, well-written, true-hearted, and altogether practical. -Whoever wishes to give advice to a young lady may thank the author -for means of doing so.”--_Examiner._ - -"The author of ‘John Halifax’ will retain and extend her hold -upon the reading and reasonable public by the merits of her -present work, which bears the stamp of good sense and genial -feeling."--_Guardian._ - -“These thoughts are good and humane. They are thoughts we would wish -women to think”--_Athenæum._ - -"This really valuable volume ought to be in every young woman’s -hand. It will teach her how to think and how to act. We are glad to -see it in this Standard Library."--_Literary Gazette._ - - =VOL. VI.--ADAM GRAEME, OF MOSSGRAY.= - BY THE AUTHOR OF “MRS. MARGARET MAITLAND.” - -“‘Adam Graeme’ is a story awakening genuine emotions of interest and -delight by its admirable pictures of Scottish life and scenery. The -plot is cleverly complicated, and there is great vitality in the -dialogue, and remarkable brilliancy in the descriptive passages, as -who that has read ‘Margaret Maitland’ would not be prepared to -expect? But the story has a ‘mightier magnet still,’ in the healthy -tone which pervades it, in its feminine delicacy of thought and -diction, and in the truly womanly tenderness of its sentiments. The -eloquent author sets before us the essential attributes of Christian -virtue, their deep and silent workings in the heart, and their -beautiful manifestations in the life, with a delicacy, a power, and -a truth which can hardly be surpassed."--_Morning Post._ - -“‘Adam Graeme’ is full of eloquent writing and description. It is an -uncommon work, not only in the power of the style, in the interest -of the narrative, and in the delineation of character, but in the -lessons it teaches."--_Sun._ - - =VOL. VII.--SAM SLICK’S WISE SAWS - AND MODERN INSTANCES.= - -"The best of all Judge Haliburton’s admirable works. It is one of -the pleasantest books we ever read, and we earnestly recommend -it."--_Standard._ - -"The humour of Sam Slick is inexhaustible. He is ever and everywhere -a welcome visitor; smiles greet his approach, and wit and wisdom -hang upon his tongue. The present production is remarkable alike for -its racy humour, its sound philosophy, the felicity of its -illustrations, and the delicacy of its satire. We promise our -readers a great treat from the perusal of these ‘Wise Saws and -Modern Instances,’ which contain a world of practical wisdom, and a -treasury of the richest fun."--_Post._ - - =VOL. VIII.--CARDINAL WISEMAN’S RECOLLECTIONS - OF THE LAST FOUR POPES.= - -“There is no dynasty of European sovereigns about which we English -entertain so much vague curiosity, or have so little information, as -about the successors to the Popedom. Cardinal Wiseman is just the -author to meet this curiosity. His book is the lively record of what -he has himself seen, and what none but himself, perhaps, has had so -good an opportunity of thoroughly estimating. There is a gossipping, -all-telling style about the book which is certain to make it popular -with English readers.”--_John Bull._ - -“A picturesque book on Rome and its ecclesiastical sovereigns, by an -eloquent Roman Catholic. Cardinal Wiseman has here treated a special -subject with so much generality and geniality, that his -recollections will excite no ill-feeling in those who are most -conscientiously opposed to every idea of human infallibility -represented in Papal domination.”--_Athenæum._ - -“In the description of the scenes, the ceremonies, the -ecclesiastical society, the manners and habits of Sacerdotal Rome, -this work is unrivalled. It is full of anecdotes. We could fill -columns with amusing extracts.”--_Chronicle._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - Transcriber’s Note - -There are several anomolies in the footnoting. In the original, -there is a single footnote 1 in the Preface, and the numbering -begins again at the opening of the first chapter. The sequence -continues to 99, and then restarts with 1. This is repeated several -times. There are also several notes which are denoted only with a -traditional asterisk. On occasion, footnotes appear out of order. -There is no apparent reason for the dual system, and it seems most -likely that the non-numeric references were added later, after the -numbering had been completed, and were used to avoid the need to -re-sequence work already done. - -For this text, all footnotes have been re-sequenced numerically -across the whole volume, to assure uniqueness. They will appear in -the correct order. - -There was a unaccountable gap in the numbering between note 14 (now -317) on p. 304 and note 27 on the following page. That gap has been -closed. - -The footnote number ‘59’ (now 159) on p. 150 was missing, and was -restored here. The same problem occurred on p. 188. Note 8 (now 206) -has been restored. - -Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, -and are noted here. - -Given the frequent quotations, it was inevitable that opening and -closing quotation marks would sometimes be lost or misplaced. A -sampling of these problematic passages reveals that the author has a -tendency to paraphrase and otherwise misquote. They are placed here -where the context or voice makes their position obvious, or where an -inspection of the original sources was possible and allowed for the -proper placement. - -Where, in resolving these discrepancies, it was found that the -reference to sources were themselves incorrect, the correction has -been made. Since there is no bibliography specifying the edition of -the author’s sources, these corrections were made only where the -error was obvious. For instance, in a passage on pp. 136-137, -footnote 140, referring to State Paper, cxlii., No 13, was can be -validated, however the matter referred to in the following note, -incorrectly identifies the paragraph as No. 15, rather than No. 45, -where the paraphrased quotation can be found. Again, no attempt was -made to validate the accuracy of these attributions except where the -problematic printings of quotations were being resolved. - -The references below are to the page and line in the original. Where -three numbers are referenced, the second refers to a note on that -page, and the third to the line therein. - - 9.4 in returning to land at Southampton,[”] Added. - - 34.3 King Philip, followed by his [thaclow], _Sic_: ? - Don Carlos - - 37.8 Buckingham added in a post[s]cript Added. - - 43.11 two pairs of pearl-shaped ear-rings, _sic_ no “ - marvellous great.[”] - - 70.15 now that he was going to the House of Added. - Rinmon.[”] - - 80.15 [“]pious endeavours would fill the King Added. - - 80.28 guided by wor[l]dly wisdom Added. - - 105.8 and others, [“]to bargain for them, Removed. - - 137.4 leaving his minister to his fate.[”] Removed. - - 137.141.1 State Papers, clxii., No. [15/45] Replaced. - - 154.152.1 Brodie’s Co[r/n]. Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, Replaced. - note. - - 155.163.1 Brodie’s Co[r/n]. Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, Replaced. - note. - - 168.25 The Earl of Holland had had,[”] says Removed. - Bishop Hacket, - - 183.16 [“]a feather made with great diamonds Added. - - 182.18 all studded with diamonds,[”] Added. - - 184.2 all [‘]things suitable.[’/”] [“]His other Removed/Replaced/Added. - suits,” adds the narrator - - 184.24 were provided with three rich suits a[ Removed. - ]piece - - 232.3 [“]a disease which all the drugs of Asia Added. Pro - - 237.21 that would give him no rest.[”] Added. - - 238.19 it is dated, “Burghley, 18th July, Added. - 1625.[”]> - - 247.267.5 Macpherson’s History of Commerce[./,] Replaced. - - 305.8 [“]who exclaimed, ‘They are worse than Added. - devils who say so.’” - - 308.22 to register the edicts of the Crown[”] Added. Probable. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The life and times of George Villiers, -duke of Buckingham, Volume 2 (of 3), by Katherine Thomson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE, TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS, VOL 2 *** - -***** This file should be named 54287-0.txt or 54287-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/8/54287/ - -Produced by KD Weeks, MWS, Bryan Ness and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The life and times of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, Volume 2 (of 3) - From original and authentic sources - -Author: Katherine Thomson - -Release Date: March 6, 2017 [EBook #54287] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE, TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS, VOL 2 *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, MWS, Bryan Ness and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Transcriber’s Note:</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c001'>The footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are -linked for ease of reference.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please -see the transcriber’s <a href='#endnote'>note</a> at the end of this text -for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered -during its preparation.</p> - -<div class='htmlonly'> - -<p class='c001'>Corrections appear in the text as <ins class='correction' title='original'>corrected</ins>. -The original text will be displayed in-line when the cursor is placed -on the corrected text. Except in the advertising matter at the end -of the text, the highlighted words also serve as links to explanatory -notes.</p> - -</div> -<div class='epubonly'> - -<p class='c001'>Corrections appear in the text as <ins class='correction' title='original'>corrected</ins>. -The highlighted words serve as a link to an explanatory note.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='c001'>The cover image has been created, based on title page information, and -is added to the public domain.</p> -<div class='htmlonly'> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_I'>I</span> - <h1 class='c002'>THE LIFE AND TIMES <br /> <span class='small'>OF</span><br /> <span class='xlarge'>GEORGE VILLIERS</span><br /> DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='small'>FROM ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>BY MRS. THOMSON,</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>AUTHOR OF</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>“MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF HENRY THE EIGHTH,”</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>“LIFE OF SIR WALTER RALEGH,”</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>“MEMOIRS OF SARAH, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH,”</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>&c., &c.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>IN THREE VOLUMES.</div> - <div class='c000'>VOL. II.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>LONDON:</div> - <div>HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS,</div> - <div>SUCCESSORS TO HENRY COLBURN,</div> - <div>13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.</div> - <div class='c000'>1860.</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='small'><em>The right of Translation is reserved.</em></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>LONDON:</div> - <div>PRINTED BY R. BORN, GLOUCESTER STREET,</div> - <div>REGENT’S PARK.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CONTENTS OF VOL II.</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='92%' /> -<col width='7%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>CHAPTER I.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_iv'>iv</span>Anxiety felt in England about the Spanish Treaty--Charles I. the first Male Heir for whom a Treaty of Marriage had been set on foot since Henry VIII.--Qualities of the Infanta--Called the Rare Infanta--Charles’s Personal Excellence and Elegance--Alliance received with Interest as Concerning the Palatinate--Question of the Dispensation--The Obstacles--Difficulty in fitting out a Fleet to bring the Prince back--James’s Apprehensions--Letter from Lord Kensington--Preparations at Southampton for the Reception of the Prince and Infanta--Attempts made in Spain to Convert Charles--His Firmness, and that of the Duke--Buckingham’s Impatience to return to England--Letters of Endymion Porter from Spain--The Romantic Adventure of Prince Charles in a Garden--His Short Interview with the Infanta accompanied by Endymion Porter--Hopes of the Treaty being fulfilled--The Betrothal fixed for St. James’s Day, but not accomplished--The Fool Archy’s Speech--Buckingham’s Pecuniary Difficulties--His Boldness--Unpopularity--Insanity of his Brother, Lord Purbeck--Amiable Conduct of the Duchess of Buckingham--Grand Entertainment given at Madrid--The Fuego de Cannas--Quarrels between Buckingham and Olivares--Bristol’s Despatches Unfavourable to the Prince--Preparations for the Prince’s Departure--The Infanta’s Marriage Deferred--Original Letter from Bristol--Leave-Taking at the Escurial--The Prince reaches Segovia--Valladolid--St. Andero--Perils in Returning from the Fleet to the Shore--Voyage Home--Touches at the Scilly Isles--Arrives at Portsmouth--At York House--At Royston--Public Rejoicings--Charles termed "England’s Joy"</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>CHAPTER II.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>Indisposition of the Duchess of Buckingham--The King’s Regard for her and her Child--Archbishop Laud’s Encomium on her Character--Queen Anne’s Chain presented to the Duchess of Lennox--Effrontery of the Countess of Buckingham--The Duke’s Deportment on his Return from Spain--More dignities conferred upon him--King James and the Clergy--The Royal Instructions for the Performance of Divine Service in Spain--Public Prejudice against the Spanish Match--The Wallingford House Cabal pronounce in Favour of a French Alliance--Popular Indignation against the Spanish Ambassador--Competition for Precedence between the Ambassadors of France and Spain--Character of the Lord Keeper Williams--His Opposition to the Proceedings of Buckingham--The Countess of Buckingham embraces the Catholic Faith--Controversy between the Dean of Carlisle and the Jesuit Fisher--Breach between Buckingham and Williams--The King manifests his Displeasure with Buckingham--The Spanish Court and the English Alliance--Conduct of the Infanta after the Departure of Charles--Preparations for the Marriage--A Commission appointed to inquire into the Conditions of the Spanish Treaty--The Lord Keeper in Favour with the King--Parliament counsels James to break the Treaty with Spain--Popular Rejoicings, and Disappointment of the Catholic Party--The Illness of Buckingham--Painful Illustration of the Bigoted Spirit of the Age--Inojosa accuses Buckingham of Treachery against the King--The Prophecy of Gamaliel Gruys--General Desire for War with Spain--Proposed Alliance of Prince Charles with Henrietta Maria of France--Restoration of Buckingham to the King’s Favour</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>CHAPTER III.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Decline of the King’s Health--Case of Lord Middlesex--Proceedings in both Houses--Sir Edward Coke’s Exaggeration--Buckingham’s Participation in the Affair--Middlesex steals away to Theobald’s, and is followed by Charles--Found Guilty--Confined--Buckingham’s Dangerous Illness--Arthur Brett--Death of the King--Ascribed to Buckingham</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_134'>133</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>CHAPTER IV.</td></tr> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>1624-1625.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>The Remarks of Sir Henry Wotton upon Buckingham’s Uninterrupted Prosperity during the Reign of James--His Most Perilous Time yet to Come--The Character of Charles Difficult to Manage--His Affections Divided--Request of the Privy Council Regarding the Late King’s Funeral and the Young King’s Marriage--Good Taste displayed by Charles in his Conduct at the Funeral--The Influence of Buckingham still Paramount--Roger Coke’s Remark upon King James’s Regret on observing that his Son was overruled by the Duke--The Three Great Kingdoms of Europe at this Period ruled by Favourites--The Marriage of Charles and Henrietta Maria--Motive attributed to Buckingham--Preliminary Steps--Letter from Lord Kensington to the Duke of Buckingham detailing his Interview with the Queen-Mother--Description of the Young Princess--The Duke prepares for his Journey into France to fetch home the Bride--The Expense of his Mission objected to by the Nation--The Two Ambassadors Described--Rich--Lord Kensington, First Earl of Holland--His Beauty of Person, Address, and Early Favour at the Court of James--His resting solely upon Buckingham--His Marriage with the Daughter of Sir Walter Coke, the Owner of the Manor of Kensington--The Earl of Holland regarded by some as a Rival to Buckingham--James Relied more on the Earl of Carlisle--Character of the Two Noblemen by Bishop Hacket--Successful Interviews on the Part of Lord Holland with Mary de Medici--Her Disposition to favour Charles as a Suitor to her Daughter--Anecdote of Henrietta Maria and of Charles’s Portrait--Encomiums on Henrietta--The Duchess de Chevreuse--Her Influence over Anne of Austria--Her Splendour--Resentment of the Count de Soissons on Account of the Marriage Treaty with England--The Willingness evinced by Henrietta Maria to the Marriage--Lord Kensington’s Flattery of the Queen-Mother--Their Conversations on the Subject of the Spanish Match--The Marriage Finally Concluded--Charles’s Conduct to the Recusants regarded as a Proof of his Aversion to Catholic Hopes</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_161'>161</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>CHAPTER V.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>Buckingham’s Embassy to Paris--He despatches Balthazar Gerbier to select and purchase Pictures--Letter of the Painter to him--The Magnificence of the French Court--Buckingham’s Appearance at the Parisian Court--His Aspiring to the Favour of Anne of Austria--The Manner in which his Homage was received by Anne, as stated by Madame de Motteville--The Freedom of Manners, termed by Anne "L’Honnête Galanterie," permitted by the Queen--The Dazzling Appearance of Buckingham--Anecdote of the Jealousy of the French--Point of Etiquette between Buckingham and the Cardinal Richelieu--Buckingham attends Henrietta Maria to the Coast--Anne of Austria accompanies her Sister-in-law to Amiens--Incident there in which Buckingham betrayed his Mad Passion--He receives a Rebuff from the Queen--His Love-Suit not checked by her Reproof--He sheds Tears on parting from Anne--Journeys on to Boulogne and returns to Amiens--His Interview there with Anne--He then pursues his Journey to England--Letters, and Affecting Conduct of his Wife--The Meeting of Charles and Henrietta Maria--Buckingham retains his Influence over Charles I.</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_203'>203</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>CHAPTER VI.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'>Unjust Appreciation of Buckingham’s Character--His Energy in respect to the Navy--Sir Walter Ralegh’s Works on Maritime Affairs--Prince Henry’s Predilection for them--His Miniature Ship--His Death--Lord Nottingham’s Neglect and Venality--His Powers--60,000<em>l.</em> yearly allotted for the Navy--Buckingham’s Efforts--Example set by Richelieu--Ignorance of Ship-Building in those Days--Buckingham draws up a Plan of Defence--Fear of the Spanish Armada--The Duke proposes to form a Company for the West as well as the East Indies--Plan of Taxation--Also of Defence on Shore</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_243'>243</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c006' colspan='2'>CHAPTER VII.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>Unfortunate Result of the Principles early instilled into Charles I. by his Father--The Affair of the Palatinate--Its Connection with the Spanish Marriage--Mad Desire of Charles and Buckingham for a War with Spain--Letter from the Earl of Bristol--The First Unfortunate Expedition to Cadiz--Resentment of the People--Charles assembles a Parliament--The Supplies Refused--Impeachment of Bristol--Impeachment of Buckingham--His Thirteen Answers--Rash Conduct of the King--His Expression of Contempt for the House of Commons--Sir John Elliot and Sir Dudley Digges sent to the Tower--The Intolerant Spirit of the Day--Influence of Laud--Sermon of the Vicar of Brackley--"Tuning the Pulpits"</td> - <td class='c008'><a href='#Page_273'>273</a></td> - </tr> -</table> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER I.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>ANXIETY FELT IN ENGLAND ABOUT THE SPANISH TREATY--CHARLES -I. THE FIRST MALE HEIR FOR WHOM A TREATY -OF MARRIAGE HAD BEEN SET ON FOOT SINCE HENRY -VIII.--QUALITIES OF THE INFANTA--CALLED THE RARE -INFANTA--CHARLES’S PERSONAL EXCELLENCE AND -ELEGANCE--ALLIANCE RECEIVED WITH INTEREST AS -CONCERNING THE PALATINATE--QUESTION OF THE -DISPENSATION--THE OBSTACLES--DIFFICULTY IN FITTING -OUT A FLEET TO BRING THE PRINCE BACK--JAMES’S -APPREHENSIONS--LETTER FROM LORD KENSINGTON--PREPARATIONS -AT SOUTHAMPTON FOR THE -RECEPTION OF THE PRINCE AND INFANTA--ATTEMPTS -MADE IN SPAIN TO CONVERT CHARLES--HIS FIRMNESS, -AND THAT OF THE DUKE--BUCKINGHAM’S IMPATIENCE -TO RETURN TO ENGLAND--LETTERS OF -ENDYMION PORTER FROM SPAIN--THE ROMANTIC -ADVENTURE OF PRINCE CHARLES IN A GARDEN--HIS -SHORT INTERVIEW WITH THE INFANTA, ACCOMPANIED -BY ENDYMION PORTER--HOPES OF THE -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>TREATY BEING FULFILLED--THE BETROTHAL FIXED -FOR ST. JAMES’S DAY, BUT NOT ACCOMPLISHED--THE -FOOL ARCHY’S SPEECH--BUCKINGHAM’S PECUNIARY -DIFFICULTIES--HIS BOLDNESS--UNPOPULARITY--INSANITY -OF HIS BROTHER, LORD PURBECK--AMIABLE -CONDUCT OF THE DUCHESS OF BUCKINGHAM--GRAND -ENTERTAINMENT GIVEN AT MADRID--THE -FUEGO DE CANNAS--QUARRELS BETWEEN BUCKINGHAM -AND OLIVARES--BRISTOL’S DESPATCHES UNFAVOURABLE -TO THE PRINCE--PREPARATIONS FOR THE -PRINCE’S DEPARTURE--THE INFANTA’S MARRIAGE -DEFERRED--ORIGINAL LETTER FROM BRISTOL--LEAVE-TAKING -AT THE ESCURIAL--THE PRINCE -REACHES SEGOVIA--VALLADOLID--ST. ANDERO--PERILS -IN RETURNING FROM THE FLEET TO THE -SHORE--VOYAGE HOME--TOUCHES AT THE SCILLY -ISLES--ARRIVES AT PORTSMOUTH--AT YORK HOUSE--AT -ROYSTON--PUBLIC REJOICINGS--CHARLES TERMED -"ENGLAND’S JOY."</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span><span class='large'>LIFE AND TIMES OF</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='xlarge'>GEORGE VILLIERS.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c010' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><b><span class='large'>CHAPTER I.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The English nation continued, during the spring -and summer of the year 1623, in anxious expectation -of decisive news from Spain. Nothing -could exceed the universal interest which this -famous treaty of marriage between Charles and -the Infanta inspired; nor had any subject so completely -engrossed the public mind since the -time of Henry the Eighth, when the ill-omened -marriage of that prince with a daughter of Spain -was first concerted. For England, be it observed, -had known no male unmarried heir-apparent -since that period, except the youthful and estimable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>Edward the Sixth, whose career was closed -before he could be made the subject of political -alliances.</p> - -<p class='c001'>There were many who looked with sentiments -which state matters did not influence upon the -proposed marriage of two individuals whose rank -was their least merit. According to report, the -Infanta was possessed of qualities not inferior in -excellence to those of Katherine of Arragon, whilst -in other attributes she was infinitely more attractive -than that ill-starred princess. Her beauty, -her accomplishments, her piety, had acquired for -her the appellation of the “Rare Infanta;” and -hence she was esteemed to be a fitting consort for -one whose elegance of mind, whose courtesy, and -princely grace were transcended by the purity of -his moral conduct, the firmness of his religious -opinions, and the affectionate disposition of his -heart.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In his position as a private individual, Charles -was pre-eminently amiable; and, at that period, -the public could only judge of him as they would of -any other irresponsible youth of great expectations. -The vital faults of his heart, and the real -weakness of his character, soft and infirm, yet -incrusted with obstinacy and prejudice, were not -only not apparent, but unsuspected.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The majority of the nation, however, viewed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>the Spanish alliance with interest, chiefly as affecting -the long agitated question of the Palatinate, -which James pretended, and, perhaps, believed, -it was destined to settle to the satisfaction of the -people.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was therefore with something like consternation -at first, although the event was afterwards -hailed with joy, that the rupture of the treaty was -seen afar off, by signs which appeared at first -gradually, and afterwards plainly, upon the political -horizon.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The question of the dispensation was the first -known impediment; and the news from Spain -were inauspicious. To the surprise of everyone, -almost the next letter from the Prince and Duke -announced their intention to return home, even -should the expected dispensation not arrive before -they could sail; “wherefore,” they wrote, “it was -fitting that no time nor charge should be spared” -in sending out the fleet which was to convey -them to England; and begged that it might “be -well chosen,” because they thought that the -King, Queen, and all the Court of Spain would -see it.</p> - -<p class='c001'>This letter was dated on the twenty-third of -March, the anniversary of King James’s coronation.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“My sweete boyes,” the King wrote, on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>following day, “God bless you both, and reward -you for the comfortable news I resaived from you -yesterday<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a> (quhiche was my coronation daye), in -place of a tilting. My shippe is readdie to make -saile, and onlie stayes for a faire winde; God -send it her! But I have, for the honour of -Englande, curtailed the traine that goes by sea -of a number of raskalls.”<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c012'><sup>[2]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>There was, meantime, much difficulty, from the -inefficient state of the navy, in furnishing even a -small fleet to fetch home the heir-apparent. Not -only ships, but mariners, were wanting; the sailors -had gone away, and hidden themselves. In vain -were two proclamations issued to call them home; -for proclamations and commissions had become so -frequent that no one attended to their purport. -At length, on the twenty-eighth of June, a -small fleet of ten or twelve ships was equipped, -and appeared in the Downs, ready to depart; but -the expense of supporting them, which exceeded -three hundred pounds a day, was loudly complained -of by those at the head of affairs.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, meantime, was harassed with debts, -and disturbed by apprehensions. He begged -“his babie” to be as sparing as possible, since his -agents had great difficulty in raising the five thousand -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>pounds required for his use. The Prince’s -“tilting stuff” was to come to three thousand -pounds more, and those employed to get that -sum knew not how to procure it. “God knows,” -wrote the King, “how my coffers are alreadie -drained.” He could think of no remedy, he -added, except to obtain in advance the payment -of the hundred and fifty thousand pounds promised -as the Infanta’s dower, which he thought “his -sweete gossepe, that is now turned Spaniarde, -with his golden keye,”<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c012'><sup>[3]</sup></a> would be able to get, and -then he should have a fine ship speedily to bring -him home to his “deare dade.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>The tender father was too full of fears lest his -“babie” should be hurt in tilting. He also begged -of his “sweete boyes to keep themselfs in use of -dawincing privatlie, though they showlde quhaffsell -and sing one to another, like Gakke (Jack) -and Tom, for faulte of bettir musike.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Finally, James desired them, even should the -dispensation not arrive, to press the Prince’s suit -bravely, and to get him married without it, since -numbers of "Catholic Romans and Protestants -married in the worlde without the Pope’s dispensation," -as he had been informed by the Austrian -ambassador.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>Meantime, the university of Oxford was vying -with the metropolis in demonstrations of joy for -the Prince’s safe arrival in Spain. In the beautiful -church of St. Mary’s, now chiefly appropriated -to deep theological discourses, a sermon was -preached in honour of that event, and an oration -to the same effect delivered in the schools.<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c012'><sup>[4]</sup></a> Yet, -even now, the feeling of the country began to -appear. It was rumoured, and only too truly, that -things were not going well in Spain; whilst the -enormous sums of money taken out of the treasury -and regalia in jewels excited general indignation. -As everything familiar, as well as important, became, -in those times, the theme of preachers, even -from pulpits, the draining of the kingdom of -money was blamed. Dr. Everard, the rector of St. -Martin’s-in-the-Fields, was committed for “saying -too much;” and another preacher was, in the midst -of his unpleasant strictures on the same subject, -“sung down with a psalm before he had half done -his sermon.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>On the twenty-sixth of May, the Earl of Rutland, -Buckingham’s father-in-law, received James’s private -instructions to have the “ships sweet, and -well provided with victuals, to chuse good captains, -and to defer to the authority of Buckingham -as Lord Admiral, should he come on board; to avoid -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>quarrels, which the King thought very dangerous -when persons were crowded together on shipboard;--in -going, to make for the Groyne, in returning -to land at in returning to land at <a id='corr9.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Southampton,'>Southampton,”</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_9.4'><ins class='correction' title='Southampton,'>Southampton,”</ins></a></span><a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c012'><sup>[5]</sup></a> the high-ways -of which were even then being repaired for the -reception and convenience of the expected bride. -Yet still the fleet was unaccountably detained in -port, and nothing was really done.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Court, at this time, was gratified by a letter -from Lady Kensington, commending the resistance -of the Prince and Duke to proposals made -by the Spanish Court, derogatory to them; and stating, -after extravagant encomiums on the newly-made -Duke, that Buckingham “shed tears” on -account of his absence from the King.<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c012'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Complaints, -however, were made at home, not only -of the export of so many valuables to Spain, -but of the expense of supporting the table of the -Spanish ambassador, who was treated here as a -guest, during Charles’s sojourn in Spain. Eighty -pounds a day was the charge to which the ambassador’s -table at first amounted. His repasts -were eventually cut down to thirty dishes--all -that King James permitted himself to display -on his own table--and the cost was thus reduced -to twenty pounds daily.<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c012'><sup>[7]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>Reports, indeed, came to console the anxious -minds at home, stating that the Prince and Duke -were “royally treated,” but it was soon surmised -that Charles was becoming weary of his detention. -June had arrived; the Duke of Richmond, and -six other noblemen, as commissioners, had already -gone to Southampton to prepare a reception, with -pageants, for the Prince; yet still Lord Rochford, -who was expected to arrive with news of the wedding-day -being fixed, did not make his appearance.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duke of Richmond was accompanied to -Southampton by Inigo Jones and old Alleyn, the -player, who were to employ their talents for the -occasion; but who could, as the great news-teller -writer of that period, Chamberlain, observes, “have -done just as well without so many Privy Counsellors;” -“but we must,” he adds, “shew our -obsequiousness in all that concerns her” (the Infanta). -At Gravesend, Lord Kelly, in the King’s -barge, went to meet the new Spanish ambassador, -the Marquis Inojosa, to whom cloths of estate, -an honour never permitted to ambassadors in -Queen Elizabeth’s time, were conceded, and when -the haughty grandee landed at Dover, and was -saluted with shot from the castle, he vouchsafed -a nod from his coach, but, Spaniard-like, gave -not one penny of money.<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c012'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>In spite of all the journeyings to and from Spain, -nothing was done, whilst the Prince, whose firmness -met with the highest commendations, was written -to by the Pope, and “nibbed at with orations by -the English seminaries in Spain, in order to effect -his conversion.” The expenses at home and -abroad could now only be supported by extraordinary -devices, such as knighting a thousand -gentlemen at a hundred pounds a-piece; ten or -twelve serjeants-at-law at five hundred pounds -a-piece; but the fees arising from the elevation of -these luminaries were to be given to the Lord -Keeper or to Sir Francis Crane, to further his -tapestry works at Mortlake, or to pay off some -scores owed him by Buckingham.<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c012'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst all these minor difficulties were harassing -the King at home, Charles was beset with a -far greater difficulty. When the Puritans were -blaming him for answering in a polite and conciliatory -tone the Pope’s letters, without the permission -of his royal father, he was displaying -the firmness which could only be the result of -a careful and learned education; for faith in those -times was, as in ours, feeble without sound knowledge; -and it was requisite for him to repel zealous -efforts to convert him at all convenient times. -Between the dazzling scenes of splendid shows -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>and diversions, made at such times and intervals -of repose, Olivares was attacking the Prince -with the argument best suited to the character -of the romantic youth, telling him how sure a -way to the Infanta’s heart his conversion would -be; and by hinting that difference of creed could -not but be a great obstacle to their union. And -when answered that such an apostasy would raise -a rebellion in Protestant England, the embarrassed -but steadfast Prince was assured that if such were -the case, he should have an army from Spain to -quell such an insurrection. Even Lord Bristol, -who was a great friend and favourite of Charles’s, -“strove, with a gentle hand, to allure him that -way,” by the specious argument that none but -Roman Catholic monarchs had ever been great as -sovereigns; whilst the Pope, encouraged by all -this subtle working of a hidden machinery, wrote -a letter to the Bishop of Conchen, Inquisitor-General -of Spain, desiring him not to let such -an opportunity of conversion slip out of his -hands.<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c012'><sup>[10]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham did not, it appears, escape the -zeal of the Jesuits, but acquitted himself, in reply -to the energetic attacks upon his faith, with a -prompt decision; and, as far as he was concerned, -the attempt seems to have ceased, although he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>was afterwards incessantly reproached with a leaning -to Romanism.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Like others, Buckingham became, at length, -weary of the subject of the Palatinate, and not -only still more weary of his long residence in Spain, -but anxious to leave the political management of -the affairs to those who best understood those -intricate matters.<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c012'><sup>[11]</sup></a> To his precipitate conduct, -and his impatience of delay, it was said the whole -failure might be ascribed; and that, had it not been -for his impetuous temper, Charles and the Infanta -would have been married before the Christmas -of 1623.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst all went smooth, or appeared to do so, -with the treaty, the diplomatists were at variance -among themselves.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“When we were here in the heighth of discontents,” -wrote Simon Digby,<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c012'><sup>[12]</sup></a> “nothing so much -spoken of as the Prince, his sudden departure, -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>reinfectâ</em></span>, all our wranglings and disputes were, -when no man suspected and expected any such -matter,<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c012'><sup>[13]</sup></a> shut up like a comedy, and the match -declared and published for concluded.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>At home, the Marquis Inojosa was making -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>representations which he was ordered to lay before -the King, through Don Carlos Colonna, complaining -of the East India Company’s ships at -the taking of Ormus. In the ship called the -<em>London</em>, were, it was alleged, goods stolen from -the King of Spain to the amount of five hundred -thousand pounds. The very dishes used by the -lowest men in that ship were of silver, taken -from some of the very best families in Portugal, -whom the English had plundered and -slain, and had then stamped their plate with -their own arms. Jewels of inestimable value -had also been seized. It was therefore demanded -that these ships should be put into sequestration. -It is a curious proof how completely a -feeling against the Spanish marriage had, by this -time, possessed every class, that, upon the arrival -of these vessels in port, the crews, hearing a report -that the marriage with the Infanta was to be -broken off, shot off their artillery, and threw their -caps into the sea for joy.<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c012'><sup>[14]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst the wooer, as the Prince was still -styled, was murmuring at delays and obstacles, -others less lofty were sending complaints to -England, coupled with assurances of conjugal -fidelity, which were more suspicious than satisfactory. -Amongst Buckingham’s most confidential -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>servants was Endymion Porter, who generally -acted as his interpreter. Porter, according -to Arthur Wilson, "had been bred up in -Spain when he was a boy, and had the language, -but found no other fortune there than -brought him to be Mr. Edward Villiers’s -man in Fleet Street, before either his master -or the Marquis was acceptable at Whitehall." -“It is not intended,” adds the historian, -"to vilify the persons, being men (in this -world’s lottery) as capable of advancement -as others; but to shew in how poor a bark the -King ventured the right freight his son, having -only the Marquis to steer his course."</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was, indeed, remarkable that the agents -most employed in the Duke’s service were men -who had raised themselves from all but menial -stations. Sir Robert Graham, whose name so -often occurs in the correspondence of this -period, was “an underling of low degree” in -Buckingham’s stable. Cottington was originally -a clerk to Sir Charles’s Cornwallis’s secretary, -when Cornwallis was ambassador in Spain. -The letters of Endymion Porter, also raised from -mediocrity, are very characteristic of the confidential -servant of a great man, who, like himself, -was of easy principles. Among expressions of -affection and grief for absence from his wife, Olive, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>and allusions to their little son George, are mingled -a protestation that Endymion did not kiss the innkeeper’s -daughter at Boulogne. “Alas! alas! -sweet Olive!” thus he writes, "why should you -go about to afflict me! Know that I live like a -dying man, and as one that cannot live long -without you. My eyes grow weary in looking -upon anything, as wanting that rest they take in -thy company and sight of thee.</p> - -<p class='c001'>"We live very honest, and think of nothing -but our wives. I thought to have sent you a -token of some value, but find my purse -and my goodwill could not agree, and considering -that my letter would be welcome to -you, I leave to do it only this ring, which I hope -you will esteem, if it be not for love, I think for -charity. The conceit is that it seems two as you -turn it, and ’tis but one.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“Sweet Olive! remember what it is to be sad, -and forget not home. In our poverty, we will -live as richly as they that have the greatest -plenty, and bread with thy company shall please -me better than the greatest dainties in the world -without it.”<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c012'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Olive Porter was, it seems, a humble relation -of the Duchess of Buckingham, who addresses -her as “Cousin,” and who appears, by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>Endymion’s letters, to have provided for Mistress -Porter, since, in one of his singular epistles, after -hoping that there may be nothing more said -of any unkindness between them, Endymion -sends his wife a jewel worth some hundred -pounds, telling her that “she might pawn it if -she had no more credit, but that Lady Buckingham -had promised to supply her wants.” Certain -conduct of Mrs. Porter’s prompts jealousy, -and Endymion hints that, in his absence, “his -wife has been merry with other young men,” a -charge which not even the most scandalous could -adduce against the pensive and irreproachable -Duchess of Buckingham.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was the lot of Endymion Porter to accompany -Prince Charles on a very interesting occasion; -in the month of July, whilst the dispensation -was daily expected, Charles grew weary of -the uniform Court gaieties, during which he saw -nothing but the Infanta, on whom his eyes were -incessantly fastened, as the inquisitive courtiers -remarked.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“I have seen,” James Howell wrote from -Madrid to Captain Porter, the brother of Endymion, -“the Prince have his eyes immovably -fixed upon the Infanta half an hour together, in a -thoughtful, speculative posture, which sure would -needs be tedious, if affection did not succeed it.” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>Lord Bristol, not very elegantly, remarked that -Charles “watched her as a cat does a mouse.” -Still the royal pair were not allowed to be on the -terms of lovers; and the possibility, even at this -last stage, of the treaty never being concluded, -kept these young persons apart. Nothing could -exceed the magnificence and courtly hospitality -continually shown to the “wooer;” everything -was done to satisfy the Prince and his suite. -Nevertheless, whilst King Philip’s own servants -waited upon the royal guest at the palace, -there were some among the English “who did -jeer at the Spanish fare, and use other slighting -speeches and demeanour,” which, of course, were -reported, and occasioned ill will. Once a week -comedians came to the palace where the Prince -was lodged, and Charles, seated, with Don Carlos, -on the right hand of the Queen, the Infanta being -in the middle, between her brother and his consort, -taking the chief place as Prince of England, -feasted his eyes upon that fair but soon forgotten -face. The youthful King Philip was then -under twenty, and his brother, Don Fernando, -a boy of twelve, nevertheless Archbishop of -Toledo and a Cardinal, was of all this royal -family the only one who had the true Spanish -complexion; and seems to have been, on that account, -more beloved by the people, who were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>often heard to sigh and say:--"Oh, when shall -we have a king again of our own colour?"</p> - -<p class='c001'>Marked out thus for popularity by the true -Spanish type, Don Carlos was endowed with no -office, dignity, nor title; he was only the King’s -“individual companion, dressed in similar garments, -from top to toe,” with the King, and when -the King had new robes, others were always provided -for him; he was, in short, His Spanish -Majesty’s shadow.<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c012'><sup>[16]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Thus fenced round with guardians and etiquette, -the Infanta could only publicly converse -with Charles, and that through an interpreter, the -Earl of Bristol, “Our cousin, Archy” (King -James’s fool) “hath,” says the writer in Howell’s -letters, “more privilege than any, for he goes -with his fool’s coat where the Infanta is with -her meninas and maidens of honour, and keeps -a blowing and a blustering, and flirts out what -he lists. One day they were discoursing what -a marvellous thing it was that the Duke of -Bavaria, with less than 15,000 men, after a long -toylsome march, should dare to encounter the -Palsgower’s army, consisting of about 25,000, and -give them an utter discomfiture, and take Prague -presently after; wherefore he archly answered, -that he would tell them a stranger thing than that. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>‘Was it not a stranger thing,’ quoth he, ‘that in -the year eighty-eight, there should come a fleet -of one hundred and forty sails from Spain to invade -England, and that ten of these should not -go back to tell what became of the rest.’”<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c012'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>At last Charles was resolved to gain a private -interview with her whom he supposed to be his -destined wife. Understanding that the Infanta was -in the habit of going early in the morning to the -Caso del Campo, on the other side of the river, to -gather May-dew, he rose early, and went thither, -accompanied by Endymion Porter. “They -were,” says Howell, “let into the house, -and into the garden, but the Infanta was in -the orchard, and there being a high partition -wall between, and the door doubly bolted, the -Prince got on the top of the wall, and sprung -down a great height, and so made towards her; -but she, spying him first of all the rest, gave a -shriek, and ran back. The old Marquis that was -then her guardian, came towards the Prince and -fell on his knees, conjuring him to retire, in regard -he hazarded his head if he admitted him to -her company; so the door was opened, and he -came out under that wall under which he had -got in.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Often did the Prince watch “a long hour together,” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>in a close coach in an open street, to see -the Infanta, as she went abroad; and this conduct -appears to have been either the curiosity -felt by a young man who earnestly desires to love -the individual chosen to be his wife, or a gallantry -natural to the age, and then the fashion -in both nations, for Charles soon either forgot the -Infanta, or became indifferent to the marriage. -His affections were destined to rest ultimately -upon one of a very different character, as far as -we can gather from the perhaps too flattering accounts -given by historians of the Infanta, to that -of the Spanish Princess.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Still, both the Prince and Buckingham sent encouraging -accounts of the progress of the treaty, -and even inspired the poor King with a hope -that they should bring the Infanta over to England -at Michaelmas. This was almost the last -letter in which such expectations were held out: -it was dated on the fifteenth of July. On that -very day, the Archbishop Laud stated in his -diary of a violent and destructive tempest, which -many, says Camden, “took occasion to interpret -as an ill-omen, but God forbid.” It was a “very -fair day,” the Archbishop records, "till towards -five at night; then great extremity of thunder and -lightning, and much hurt done; the lanthorn at -St. James’s House blasted, the vane heading the -Prince’s arms beaten to pieces."</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>The Prince was then in Spain. It was Tuesday, -and St. James’s day (<span class='fss'>N.S.</span>)<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c012'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>It appears, however, from Mr. Chamberlain’s -letters,<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c012'><sup>[19]</sup></a> that although “Spanish tidings” were -kept “very close,” the Prince had even then -written to the Duke of Richmond to procure him -the King’s permission to return home, as he was -anxious to leave Spain.<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c012'><sup>[20]</sup></a> About the same time a -letter from Endymion Porter, dated July twelfth, -to his wife Olive, intimated that the Prince was -to be contracted in three weeks, but the Infanta, -than whom, he added, there never was a better -creature, was to follow in the following March.<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c012'><sup>[21]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Meantime the articles of agreement for the marriage -were read publicly by Secretary Calvert at -Court, when the King of Spain swore to observe -them. The Infanta was to have an Archbishop -and twenty-four priests in her suite, and a chapel -for her Spanish household, but no English were -to attend it. She was to be allowed the training -of her children only until they were ten years -old. The Prince and Infanta were to sign the -contract of marriage on St. James’s day; that -day which Laud had noted in his Diary as one -of storms and destruction.<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c012'><sup>[22]</sup></a> At the same time that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>a Romanist Archbishop and twenty-four priests -were to be admitted into the very heart of the -Court, three Jesuits were imprisoned at Dover -for bringing over pictures and books; a subject -of the British crown was prosecuted in the Ecclesiastical -court for not standing up at the creed, -or kneeling down at the Lord’s Prayer, in church; -and a poor woman, passing over from Calais, was -brought up before the Commissioners of Passage -for having beads, which, she said, were bought -to make bracelets, and Popish books in her possession,<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c012'><sup>[23]</sup></a> -which, she asserted, were for the use of -the Spanish ambassador.</p> - -<p class='c001'>When the articles of the Spanish match were -read at the English Court, then at Theobald’s, it -was the Scottish lords who “stuck most” on -points of religion, but they were silenced by being -told that there "must be no disputing, the Prince -being in the hands of the Spaniards, and the restoration -of the King’s children to be effected -either by them or by a war which would set all -Christendom by the ears." Then the articles were -sworn to. The Archbishop of Spalato’s Jesuit -confessor put on his hat whilst the prayer for King -James was being read. There was afterwards a -“gay and plentiful banquet;” but the Court had -become very “rude,” as Secretary Conway -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>wrote to Sir George Goring, “for want of its ornaments, -which are in Spain; and but for the -Earl of Carlisle, wearing of ruffs and gartering -of silk stockings would be forgotten.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>King James now began to be painfully eager -for the fleet, which was to fetch back his son and -the Duke, to sail. “No impediment in the power -of man,” he decreed, should detain it. Every -letter written by his Secretaries of State to Lord -Middlesex was to end with, “His Majesty cries, -haste away the ships, as you tender the life of -himself and his son.” Good tidings still arrived -from Madrid; more liberty of communication -between the Prince and the Infanta was allowed; -but the contract, fixed for St. James’s Day, was -not fulfilled, and the ill-omen was, in the minds -of the superstitious, confirmed.<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c012'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Meantime, whilst such was the state of things -at the Spanish Court, their ambassadors here were -in vain endeavouring to obtain indulgence for -recusants. Whilst these conflicting interests -were thus impeding a speedy settlement of the -Spanish match, Buckingham had other reasons, -besides weariness of foreign life, to induce him to -wish to return home. His affairs were greatly involved, -and he found it, indeed, necessary, at this -time, to employ several of his friends, among -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>whom was Sir John Suckling, to examine -into them. Their answers were far from -satisfactory. His revenue, they stated in reply, -from land, offices, &c., was 15,213<em>l.</em> 6<em>s.</em> 8<em>d.</em> a -year. His expenditure was 14,700<em>l.</em> Out of this, -3,000<em>l.</em> was allowed to the Duchess for housekeeping, -2,000<em>l.</em> was allowed to his mother, the -Countess of Buckingham; the costly diversion of -tilting cost 1,000<em>l.</em> a year, about as much as a -yacht in modern times. Then his friends gave -him no very pleasant intelligence about his -debts; they had amounted, when the Duke -went to Spain, to 24,000<em>l.</em>, and were now increased -by 29,400<em>l.</em>--money having been advanced -to him whilst shining at the Court of -Madrid. His friends had cleared off 17,300<em>l.</em> -by selling land, and were to apply 2,500<em>l.</em> to -be paid from his Irish revenues, and they now -proposed similar means of discharging the remainder, -which, they said, would otherwise ruin -his estate. His income, they gravely told him, -but little exceeded his expenditure; whereas, -those who wish to leave a patrimony behind them -do not spend more than two-thirds of their -income<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c012'><sup>[25]</sup></a>--an excellent rule, but not much better -observed in those days than in ours. Half the -nobility appear to have been deeply involved in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>debt, and hence their tendency to corrupt -practices. Even the honest-hearted Sir Edward -Coke was, we are told, “half-crazied” by his -debts, which amounted to 26,000<em>l.</em><a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c012'><sup>[26]</sup></a> In consequence, -it may be presumed, of these embarrassments, -the King, at this time, wrote to his “sweete -Steenie,” announcing a present to him of 2,000<em>l.</em> -from the East India Company by way of consolation.<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c012'><sup>[27]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duke was also made now fully aware of the -responsibility he had incurred in taking the Prince -to Spain. Reports were often circulated that he -had been made a prisoner there. Shortly afterwards -James, being agitated with this fear, was assured -that, “if there be trust on earth,” the Prince and -Infanta were to be moving home on the twenty-eighth -of August.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, meantime, wrote plaintively to his -“sweete boyes.” He kept what he called the -“feaste,” on the anniversary of the Gowry plot, at -Salisbury, on the fifth of August, where the -Spanish ambassador and all the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>corps diplomatique</em></span> -were conveyed, at the King’s expense, in -coaches, which cost twenty pounds a day; and here, -besides a brace of bucks and a stag every day, the -provision made for these Spanish grandees was so -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>plentiful that, not being able to use it, they were -stated to have buried it under dunghills, rather -than bestow it upon heretics. “And though,” -says Mr. Chamberlain, referring to this report, “I -took it for a scandal or slander, yet I have heard -it verified more than once; and that the neighbours -were forced to complain, though to little -purpose, for, I know not how, the Spaniard hath -got such a hand everywhere, that he carries more -away, when he comes, than all other ambassadors -together.”<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c012'><sup>[28]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham, we are told, “lay at home under -a million of maledictions.”<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c012'><sup>[29]</sup></a> The poor King, indifferent -to public opinion, and now visibly declining -in health, was nevertheless constantly writing to -Madrid in such terms as these:--"If ye haisten -not hoame, I apprehende I shale never see you, -for my longing will kill mee." To the Prince individually, -he expressed himself in terms which left -Charles no alternative but to return. “The necessitie -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>of my affaires,” the King wrote, “enforced -me to tell you that ye must preferre the obedience -to a father to the love ye carrie to a mistresse.” -Eager to do away with every possible impediment -to the marriage, the King, on the seventh of -August, signed, whilst at Salisbury, the “declaration, -touching the pardons, suspensions, and -dispensations of the Roman Catholics.”<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c012'><sup>[30]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Prince had, it appears, at this very time, -“been packed up,” and ready to depart, leaving -matters to be arranged afterwards. Yet the -Spanish ambassadors at home expressed themselves -contented, and ready to fulfil all promises. -Sir Edward Herbert, speaking to the Marquis -Inojosa, of a report in France that the Prince -was detained a prisoner in Spain, received an -answer that it was the Prince whose virtues had -captivated the King of Spain;<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c012'><sup>[31]</sup></a> and for some -time compliments and assurances continued to be -exchanged.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On the twenty-first of August, the King visited -the ships which were to go to Spain, under the -command of the Earl of Rutland, who was unfortunately -absent, upon the earnest entreaty of his -daughter, the Duchess of Buckingham, and of his -grandchild, Lady Mary, that he would remain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>with them. At the end of that month, nevertheless, -the fleet was still detained for fifteen days, in -the vain hope of receiving news of the Prince’s -marriage. The Pope’s illness, it was now said, -was delaying the dispensation; but Buckingham’s -conduct was, according to a letter from Sir Francis -Woolley to Carleton, “much commended.” He -was, nevertheless, more impatient than ever to return, -and that eagerness was sure, it was thought, -to hinder rather than accelerate the wished-for -nuptials. In addition to his other troubles, Buckingham -had now a very grievous one in the visitation -which had fallen, during his absence, upon -Lord Purbeck, his favourite brother, who became -insane. As usual, under every circumstance, -the greatest good sense was shown by the Duchess -of Buckingham. She wrote to Secretary Conway -to inform him that the unfortunate Viscount’s -“distemper now inclined to his usual -melancholy fit,” during which he was gentle, and -“could be removed anywhere, but that at present -he would be outrageous were it attempted;” she -suggests, therefore, that Sir John Keysley, and a -few other friends, had better remain with him in -London.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, replying through his secretary, said -that he admired the Duchess’s gentleness, but -that Purbeck’s malady, exciting him to public -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>acts, in public places, which dishonoured himself -and his brothers, made it necessary to place him -under some restraint, and to remove him into the -country.<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c012'><sup>[32]</sup></a> Lord Purbeck, it seems, was therefore -put under restraint. Such was the end of -that ambitious career which the Duke had hoped -to witness, and so pave the way to which he had -promoted the marriage with Sir Edward Coke’s -unhappy daughter.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst a degree of gloom and anxiety thus -overspread his home, Buckingham was witnessing, -in the festivities given to honour the expected -espousals, one of the most characteristic diversions -of the Spanish nation. This was the -“Fuego de Caunas,”--borrowed from the Moors, -and still practised by Eastern nations, under the -name of El Djerid. “It is,” says Sir Walter -Scott, “a sort of rehearsal of the encounter of -their light horsemen, armed with darts, as the -Tourney represented the charge of the feudal -cavaliers with their lances. In both cases, the -difference between sport and reality only consisted -in the weapons being sharp or pointless.”<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c012'><sup>[33]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>This entertainment was ordered by the King -of Spain, who was not contented with the festivities -hitherto given in honour of the Prince of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>Wales, and was held at Madrid, in the Market -Place, containing scaffolding for a great concourse -of strangers, who were present. The -Infanta appeared on this occasion in white, as an -unspotted dove, “after the Majesty of England;” -the manes of her coach horses were twisted with -blue ribbands, in compliment to her future consort; -and there accompanied the Lady Infanta, -says the Spanish annalist, “Don Fernando, her -brother, clothed in Romane purple, that radiant -sunne of the church, even as his sister is the -resplendent beames of true beauty,”<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c012'><sup>[34]</sup></a> this “radiant -sunne of the church;” being, as it has been -before stated, a boy of twelve years of age. The -Queen was carried in a chair of state, followed by -her meninas (or minions) and ladies. The King, -about two o’clock, arrived in a coach with the -Prince of Wales, and his brothers, “brave with -gravity,” says the chronicler, and “grave in -bravery.” Philip was in black, Prince Charles in -white, their dresses divided in fashion, half after -the English, and half after the Spanish manner; -Charles being placed on the right hand of the -King.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Then came four and twenty movable fountains, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>with a supply of beverages; and next entered -into the Market Place His Majesty’s four and -twenty musicians, and servants in satin liveries, -carnation colour, guarded with silver lace, interspersed -with folds of black velvet in large cassocks, -with black hats and carnation plumes, mounted -on goodly horses. Next appeared the King’s -equerries, leading the way, uncovered, before a -noble courser on which His Majesty was to run: -and, amongst the numerous retinue that followed, -were four farriers with pouches of crimson velvet, -in which all that was requisite for shoeing horses -was contained. Sixty horses of brown bay, in -white and black trappings, with muzzles of silver, -and covered with crimson velvet, embroidered -with the arms of Philip IV., were led by lacqueys -in carnation satin, their hose and jacket decorated -with black and silver lace. Next came forty -“youngsters of the stables,” dressed in the -Turkish fashion, and lastly, twelve mules, laden -with bunches of canes, and caparisoned in similar -fashion with the horses. To add to the convenience -of the equestrians, steps of fine wood, -inlaid with ebony, and covered with carnation -taffeta, with fringes of gold, were also brought -into the Market Place.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The livery of the town was of orange colour, -relieved with silver; and it may easily be conceived -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>how splendid was the effect of these -gorgeous dresses, set off by the badges worked in -silver, beneath a cloudless sky, with the far-famed -Spanish coursers prancing under their -gorgeous caparisons, and all the beauty and rank -of the city ranged as beholders. Mingled with -these retainers, were those of the great Spanish -grandees. First came Don Duarte, the Duke -of Infantado, with forty horses, in white and -black caparisons, with the glorious blazon of -the Ave Maria upon them; and after the last -horse, came the Rider, as he was called on this -occasion.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Next followed Don Pedro of Toledo, the -pride of Castilian knights, with a troop of sorrel -horses. Next, that of the Admiral of Castile, -whose retainers wore long coats of black satin, and -yellow and white plumes, and were followed by -the farrier--a functionary attached to each troop. -Presently, the Condé de Monterey, the Duke of -Sessa and the Duke of Cea’s horse, all in liveries -of various colours, made up the number of five -hundred and eighty-six cavaliers; augmented by -muleteers, farriers, and grooms, in number a hundred -and forty-four. This unrivalled troop, -glittering with silver plumes and emblazonments, -took an hour to make their entrance. After -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>“baiting but a few bulls,” says the chronicler, the -running with the canes commenced.</p> - -<p class='c001'>King Philip, followed by his <a id='corr34.3'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic'>thaclow</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_34.3'><ins class='correction' title='sic'>thaclow</ins></a></span>, Don -Carlos, then went to mask himself for the sport, -at the house of the Condessa Miranda, who had -been previously apprised of the intended honour. -Her reception of the young monarch is characteristic -of the minute, though stately, hospitality -of that period. She whitened her house all over -for the occasion; she hung round the courts with -draperies; in the portals of the King’s apartment -these were of white damask, with gold fringe. -Beds were prepared for the King and Infant -Carlos; and these were brought from the royal -palace; the rooms were washed with sweet powder -and water mingled with ambar, and were -replete with fragrance. Next to the apartment of -His Majesty, there was one provided for the Condé -Olivares, with a bed of rich needle-work. The -Condessa Miranda also provided for the King and -Don Carlos each a shirt to change, which they put -on; she gave each of her royal guests boxes of -relics, of inestimable value: to the King, one of -St. Philip the Apostle; to the Infant, one of St. -Lawrence, given to the Condessa by Pope Sixtus -V., when she was at Naples; and these reliques -were the more valuable because the vessel in which -they had been sent was sunk, but the trunk in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>which they came was seen in the water, and was -sent to the Condé of Miranda, by the famous -John Andrea Dorea, which miraculous incident -proves, says the Spanish historian, “the certainty -of reliques;” this gift was esteemed a “pious -and discreet present, on such occasions, to such -persons.” The Condessa had also gloves and -handkerchiefs, for her royal guests, in cabinets -of rock crystal, set in gold; sweet cake to be -eaten, in crystal glasses; and crystal apples, -filled with sweet waters. All these carefully -arranged courtesies must have seemed indeed -singular to Prince Charles and Buckingham, -when they, who had come from a Court in -which people had almost begun to show outward -disrespect to the King, by leaving off ruffs -and plumes, witnessed these refinements of hospitality.</p> - -<p class='c001'>More than all, it must have astonished them, -considering the festive nature of the occasion, -had they not been accustomed now to Spanish -modes, that the Condessa, being most “wise -and discreet,” had procured that the Holy Sacrament, -in the Monastery of the Holy Trinity, -should be exhibited before her window, with -great solemnity of lights and ornaments. On -bended knees, the two young Princes humbly -and devoutly worshipped the sacred elements, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>previous to returning to their apartments to -put on their masks. In that room they found -about forty plates of silver, with all manner -of conserves on them, and rose-sugar confections. -The honour shown to the Condessa in -thus selecting her to be the hostess, was, -it was alleged, only a renewal of the favour exhibited -by Philip the Second, the grandfather of -the King, to that illustrious lady when she was -vice-Queen of Barcelona.</p> - -<p class='c001'>After this preparation, the running commenced. -The canes were distributed to each runner, and, -according to ancient custom, the King chose the -Condé Olivares for his own encounter, and the -Infant Carlos, the Marquis of Carpio. The palm -of skill and bravery was, of course, accorded to -these royal brothers, and on the Duke of Cea’s -delivering to the King the canes, the place -rang with shouts of “Long live their Majesties,” -a cry which London doubtless would re-echo as -this “triumpant show,” says the annalist, “was -made to honour her Prince, and in a time of such -vehement heate, though now it was qualified.”<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c012'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>This grand festivity was probably the cause of -a serious illness to Buckingham, for, a day afterwards, -Charles wrote to his father that his “dog” -was not to be troubled with writing, having taken -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>cold, which had ended in an ague. The Duke -had been bled, and was recovered; the Prince -concluded by warning the King that in spite of -his efforts to keep his letters private, they had -been seen in London, by the French ambassador’s -means, by the Spanish ambassador, and that His -Majesty was “betrayed in his bedchamber.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham added in a <a id='corr37.8'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='postcript'>postscript</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_37.8'><ins class='correction' title='postcript'>postscript</ins></a></span>:--"Sir, I -have bine the willinger to let your sone play -the secretary at this time of little neade, that you -may see the extraordinary care he hath of me, for -which I will not intreat you not to love him the -wors--nor him that thretens you that when he -once getts hould of your bed-post againe never -to quitt it."</p> - -<p class='c001'>The period for Charles’s return home with the -Princess was now at hand.<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c012'><sup>[36]</sup></a> It was arranged with -the King of Spain that, upon the arrival of the -Pope’s approbation of some articles that had lately -been sent to him, he should be empowered to -have the Infanta married by proxy; and that, -meantime, she should be styled “Princessa de Inglatierra,” -and be considered in every respect as -the betrothed wife of Prince Charles. “This day -we take our leaves,” the Prince, on the twenty-fifth -of August, wrote to his father; his letter was -accompanied by one from the Earl of Bristol, stating -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>that the King of Spain and his ministers had -grown “to have so high a dislike of the Duke of -Buckingham,” and considered him to be so adverse -to the treaty, and to exercise so great an -influence over Prince Charles, that they hoped it -might not be in his power to make the Infanta’s -life less happy there (in England), or to embroil -the two kingdoms. “Suspicions and distastes betwixt -them here and my Lord of Buckingham,” -Bristol said, “could not be at a greater height.” -This was the first letter that Bristol wrote prejudicial -to Buckingham.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Nevertheless, at the very same moment, the -Duke wrote to his master thus:--"Sir,--He bring -all things with me you have desired, except the -Infanta, which hath almost broken my heart, because -yours, your sone’s, and the nation’s honour -is touched by the miss of it; but since it’s there -falt (their fault) here, and not ours, wee will -bere it the better; and when I shall have the -happiness to lie at your feete, you shall then knowe -the truth of it, and no more."<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c012'><sup>[37]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>In another letter from Bristol, James was given -to understand that the compact entered into by -his son was a solemn and formal promise; but that -an afterthought impelled him to make the powers -with which he had entrusted Bristol contingent:</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span></div> -<div class='letter'> - -<p class='c001'>"May it please your Majesty,</p> - -<p class='c013'>"By my cosen, Simon Digby, I gave -your Majesty an account of all that passed here -upon the Prince his departure, and that according -to what was capitulated. His Highness had left -powers for the marrying of the Infanta, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per verba -de presenti</em></span>, which powers were made unto the -King and his brother, Don Carlos, but left with -me to be delivered upon the arrival of the Pope’s -approbation, and so declared to be His Highnesse’ -pleasure before all this King’s Ministers that were -present at the solemne act of passing the Prince -his powers unto the King. Since His Highnesse’ -departure, I have receaved commandement from -His Highness not to make deliverie of the said -powers untill His Highness shall be satisfied what -securitie may be given him that the Infanta may -not become a religious woman<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c012'><sup>[38]</sup></a> after the betroathing; -and that I expect his further pleasure therein, -as y<sup>r</sup> Majestie will see by the coppie of His -Highnesse’ letter unto me, which I presume to -send your Majestie, as likewise the answer which -in that point I make unto His Highnesse, to the -end your Majestie may have perfect information -of the whole estate of the businesse. For that I -conceave the temporal articles are so farr agreed -that I have to give your Majestie an account of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>them within a few daies, and to youre content, -and the businesse, after so manie rubbs, brought to -that estate that I am confident there will not be -any failing in any pointe capitulated betwixt -your Majesty and His Highnesse, but all will be -punctuallie performed. I conceave your Majestie, -continuing your desire of the match, would be -loath to have the faire way it is now in to be -clogged or interrupted with any new jealousie -that may now be raised, for questionlesse there is -no securitie in that particular, that can on His -Highnesse’ part be required, that they will refuse -him."<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c012'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p> - -</div> - -<p class='c001'>The character of Charles, composed, as Hume -remarks, “of decency, reserve, modesty, sobriety, -virtues so agreeable to the manners of the -Spaniards;”<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c012'><sup>[40]</sup></a> the reliance he had placed on their -honour, his romantic gallantry, the invariable -courtesy of his demeanour to every person, -whether prince, or peer, or the lowest groom of -his household; a courtesy springing from a -gentle nature, elevated and refined by careful -culture; these attributes were strongly contrasted -with the impetuous temper of Buckingham. -There are moments when sincerity becomes -insolence; and when Buckingham, at his last -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>interview with Olivares, told him that his attachment -to the Spanish nation, and to the King, was -extreme, and that he should use every endeavour -in his power to cement the friendship between -England and Spain, but that, as for him, the -Condé Olivares, “he need never consider him as a -friend, but must ever expect from him every possible -opposition and enmity,” he was well reproved -by the grave and lofty answer, “that -Olivares very willingly accepted what was offered -him.” Thus they parted.<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c012'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>There were, however, many who approved this -defiant manner, and called the conduct of the -Duke “brave and resolute;” and certainly there -was much in the character of Olivares to extenuate -the bitterness of Buckingham’s dislike. Lord -Bristol, however, imputed all the mistrust and -failure that ensued to Buckingham. “The Prince,” -he said, "had left men’s hearts set upon him." “And -the leave-taking,” adds the ambassador, “betwixt -him and the King, was with as great profession -of love and affection as could be, of which I was -a witness, being interpreter betwixt them.”<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c012'><sup>[42]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Every possible demonstration of honour was -proffered to the Prince and Duke at their departure. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>To the last, the pages of the Condé -Olivares attended, as they had done all along, on -Buckingham--there was no apparent change of -feeling, nor diminution of respect.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The farewell presents, too numerous to be fully -recited, were magnificent. Among them were, -given to the Prince by the King, eighteen Spanish -jennets, six Barbary horses, six mares, and twenty -foals. These superb animals were covered with -cloths of crimson velvet, guarded with gold lace; -one of them being distinguished by a saddle of -fine lamb-skin, the other “furniture” being set -with rich pearl; among a number of cross-bows -which were given, those used by the Dukes of -Medina Sidonia and Ossunia, in the wars, were -peculiarly valuable to the Prince.</p> - -<p class='c001'>To Buckingham’s share, among others, were -several Spanish jennets, and Barbary or Arabian -horses, and a splendid diamond girdle, worth -thirty thousand crowns.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Thu Queen presented the young Prince with -linen, and skins of ambar and of kids, their scent -and perfume amounting in value to many thousand -crowns.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Twice, before his leaving for ever the Spanish -capital, did Charles, in company with the King, -visit the Infanta. She had retreated to the -monastery of the Descallas, or bare-legged friars; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>and it was, perhaps, her extreme piety that -inspired the Prince with the fear that she might, -after her betrothal, become a nun, and in that way -avoid espousing a heretic. She received him with -“tears of joy,” and gave the Prince many boxes of -scents, flowers, and curiosites of great value. The -Prince’s gifts to the Infanta consisted of a string -of two hundred and fifty great pear-shaped pearls, -one of them with a diamond which could not be -valued, and two pairs of pearl-shaped ear-rings, -marvellous <a id='corr43.11'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='sic: opening'>great.”</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_43.11'><ins class='correction' title='sic: opening'>great.”</ins></a></span> Amongst the officers and -retainers of the Court, the Prince gave, in various -ways, the sum of twelve thousand pounds.</p> - -<p class='c001'>At their last interview in Madrid, the King -of Spain wore black, as a token of mourning at -their departure; but the final parting was in a -field near the Escurial, the place appointed for their -adieus. Philip had been desirous of showing to -the English that wonder of Europe, with its thirteen -courts, its grand marble structure, its statue -of St. Lawrence over the gate, with his gridiron -in his hand. Here Philip, the Queen, the Infant, -and his brothers pointed out, with just pride, -the fine cloisters, three stories high, the libraries, -sepulchres, chapels, and graves. About a hundred -friars were resident at this time in the house, -which it required half a day to go over. That -part appropriated to royal residence was wholly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>unsuitable to the purpose. It is a remarkable fact -that, when Charles the First was in Spain, there -was only one kitchen in the Escurial; neither was -there a hall, nor offices below stairs fit for a royal -abode; so that, as Sir Richard Wynn remarked, -"it was never intended for a king’s palace, but -for the goodliest monastery in the world, which it -is."<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c012'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The church, with its twenty altars, and enormous -silver candlesticks, higher and heavier than -a man; the wonderful chapel at the extremity, -with curiously painted roofs and desks of silver; -the marble fountains playing in every court; -the invaluable paintings in the churches and -chapels, collected in all parts of the world, were -then in undisturbed freshness; the convulsions -of war and revolutions, and the hand of time, -have since dimmed their splendour, but the -Escurial stands unscathed on the side of a mountain. -Stern in cloistral gloom rather than beautiful, -it had then a narrow strip of garden round two -sides, with walks and “knots of flowers,” and a -pond at one extremity, in which the friars were -accustomed to fish. Most of them had their -apartments provided with a chapel; all had mules -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>for riding, for walking was forbidden to these -monks, even to a short distance.<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c012'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>In a field near this grand building, the King and -Prince sat and conversed an hour; a pillar, it was -afterwards decided, was to be erected on the spot -where this last interview took place; “wherein,” -wrote Mr. Chamberlain, “the Duke of Buckingham -is quite forgotten, as if he had been none -of the company.” The Queen, the Infanta, and -her brothers, embraced the Prince who so soon -became their foe. The English lords and gentlemen -kissed the King’s hands, the Spaniards -those of the Prince, “returning,” says the chronicler, -“to embrace us again with wonderful demonstrations -of love.” Then the Prince took his -final departure, attended by the Condé de Monterey, -Gondomar, Buckingham, and Lord Bristol, -and pursued his journey to Segovia, which had -been recommended to him, according to Sir -Richard Wynn, as the only thing worth seeing -after the Escurial. “It was then,” says Wynn, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>“a large town, but much ruinous, having a great -castle, kept in very good repair, in which there be -two goodly rooms, whose roofes are the richest, -done with gold, and incrusting, of an old manner, -but wonderful costly.” Here Charles was welcomed -with a salute of artillery, and alighting, -he went over the palace, extolling the memory of -Philip the Second, who had rebuilt it, and expressing -great pleasure at seeing his arms quartered -with the Spanish scutcheons in the great -hall,--Henry the Third of Spain, having married -Catherine, daughter of John of Gaunt, in right of -whom Philip the Second pretended to derive his -claim to the crown of England after the death of -Mary. In this palace, Charles was magnificently -entertained; and in the evening, whilst fireworks -and torches threw their light upon the scene, the -Alcayd of that royal house presented him with a -gallant mask of thirty-two-knights, and proposed -to honour him by a bull-fight on the ensuing day; -but he declined the terrible amusement, being in -haste to depart.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Charles--and doubtless Buckingham (although -in this decline of favour in Spain, he is rarely -alluded to by the chroniclers)--in stopping at -Valladolid, had great delight in seeing some of -the finest productions of Michael Angelo and of -Raphael. Before the Prince entered the city, an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>individual who was the object of dread and -jealousy, and who was still more hated by -Olivares than even Buckingham, was withdrawn -from amid those who vied in offering their -homage to the Prince. This was the Cardinal -Duke of Lerma, the disgraced minister and -favourite of Philip, who was ordered to leave -Valladolid before Charles entered it. The affront -sank deep into the old man’s heart, as he had -greatly wished to see the Prince. The Duke -of Lerma was considered to be more favourable -to the English alliance than Olivares, -and he had formerly projected a union between -Anne of Austria, then Infanta, and Henry, the -last Prince of Wales. He lived generally at -Valladolid, retiring, as was the custom with the -Spaniards of rank, after sixty, to a place of -quiet and devotion; officiating, and singing -mass, and passing his days in charity and -piety. “This,” as Howell remarks, “doth not -suit well with the genius of an Englishman, -who loves not to pull off his clothes till he goes to -bed.” The remark shows that our countrymen -were then, as now, the last in Europe to give up -the intellectual or military career to which their -youth had been devoted, and which, during their -middle life, had been their source of pride and -prosperity.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>The conduct of Olivares to the Cardinal -Duke seems to betray a rancorous spirit, which -may somewhat extenuate the haughty bearing -of Buckingham to the ruling favourite. Lerma’s -fall was signal; he had been the greatest -favourite, save one, ever known in the Spanish -Court; and he was, as a grandee of Spain, privileged -to stand covered before the King. Had it not, -however, been for his ecclesiastical dignity, -which protected him, the Duke of Lerma would -have sunk, under the persecutions of Olivares, -into utter ruin.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Meantime, whilst the Prince was thus journeying -to the coast, Sir John Finet, the assistant -Master of the Ceremonies to King James, -being also a naval commander, had set sail in -May with certain ships, now in the port of St. -Andero, in Biscay. They had been three months -in their voyage from England, and Finet had -been ordered to apprize the Prince of the Earl of -Rutland’s arrival in the same port; but that event -not having taken place, he rowed ashore, and -crossing several mountains in the darkness of a -tempestuous night, met the Prince and Duke -at about six leagues distance from the town. -Charles was beside himself with joy on seeing -Finet, and told him that he looked upon him -“as one that had the face of an angel,” for bringing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>such good news. Buckingham, when he -afterwards beheld him, was equally enraptured, and -drawing from his finger a ring worth a hundred -pounds, gave it to Finet.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Prince Charles arrived at St. Andero on St. -Matthew’s day. Whilst at dinner outside of the -town, he heard that the whole fleet, under the command -of the Earl of Rutland, lay at anchor near the -harbour. Charles hastened to the port, and hurrying -through the town amid volleys of musketry and -the firing of cannon in his honour, went on board -that very afternoon. The <em>Prince</em>, a vessel which was -a source of great pride to the English, contained -the admiral of the fleet. In returning that night in -his own barge, rowed by watermen, well accustomed -to the Thames, but little fitted to cope with a swelling -sea, the Prince was in imminent peril. In the -hurry of the moment, neither master, pilot, nor -mariner of experience were sent in his barge; the -town was, at least, at the distance of a Spanish -league from the ships, and before the boat could -near the shore, a storm arose. The Prince’s watermen -were, says the chroniclers, “strong, cunning, -and courageous, but the furious waves taught their -oares another manner of practice than ever they -were put to on the Thames.” They soon found -it impossible to reach the town. Not only did the -tempest rage, but there lay at the very mouth of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>the harbour a barque, which was there for refuge, -so that it was dangerous to approach it; neither did -the dismayed boatmen dare to make for the shore; -it was studded with rocks; almost equally perilous -would it have been to return to the ships, for -the night was dark, and, in case of missing them, -the boat, with its precious freight, might be -carried out into the main seas, the channel where -the fleet anchored running with an impetuous and -irresistible torrent.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was a singular and critical situation. Here -was the heir to a great kingdom, close, on the one -hand, to a city which was ringing with acclamations -at his arrival; on the other, near to a fleet -which the most anxious precautions had sent for -his service--and yet, scarcely would a peasant in -his father’s dominions have been placed in such -a plight for want of ordinary care, or, perhaps, -owing to the jealousy of the boatmen and their -dislike to foreign aid.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“In this full sea of horrors,” to borrow the -somewhat flowery language of the narrator, the -Prince resolved to turn back towards the ships, -and to fall upon the first that could be fastened on, -rather than to run the risk of being wrecked on -one of the rocks, which threatened immediate destruction.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The storm continued to rage, and the night became -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>darker and darker. Charles and Buckingham -could, at this moment, see the lights streaming -from the town, and dimly, perhaps, discern -the track of the English fleet. Soon all was enveloped -in the deepest gloom. At such a moment -the mind can only turn to one source of help, and -to that, doubtless, the young and reflective Prince, -who afterwards met the sternest trials of life with -a lofty resignation, did revert, whatever may have -been the case with his spoiled, impetuous favourite.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“At last,” as the chronicler observes, “that -Omnipotent arm, which can tear up rocks from -their center, and that voyce which can call in -the winds, and still them with the moving of His -finger, sent a dove with an olive branch in her -bill, as an assurance of comfort.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Sir Sackwill Trevor, the commander of the -<em>Defiance</em>, perceived at this crisis the peril of the -Prince; by his order, casks and buoys, with -lights fastened to them by some ropes, were -thrown out, and the watermen seized hold of -these, though at the risk of their lives. A light -was now discerned in the ship <em>Defiance</em>, and the -Prince was soon safely received on board, where -he spent the night, by no means, as it is said, -daunted by these terrors.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On the ensuing day Charles went on shore, but -returned on the same evening to the fleet. On -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>Sunday, the fourteenth of September, he entertained -Gondomar and the other grandees who had -been commissioned to attend him to the coast on -board the <em>Prince</em>.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The dinner consisted, according to Phineas -Pette, who was in the ship, “of no other than we -brought from England with us.” Stalled oxen, -fatted sheep, venison, and all manner of fowl were -presented to those who would, perhaps, never see -such a repast spread before them again. A long -table for persons of inferior quality was set -in the great cabin, and across this another was -placed, where Charles and the chief personages -sat. Healths were drunk; the Spaniards were delighted -with the ships, but still more with the -graceful and courteous manners of Charles. Never, -it is said, had a stranger so won upon the affections -of a people, as this young Prince had done -in Spain, independently of his generosity and -liberality at parting, when he ordered that the -gifts and rewards of all those who had attended -him in his journey, should be double in value to -what he had before specified. “We have found -some difficulty,” Lord Bristol wrote to Calvert, -"in taking up the monies, but I shall, God willing, -see it perfectly performed to his highness’s -honour."<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c012'><sup>[45]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>Some days elapsed before the <em>Prince</em> weighed -anchor. At last, on the eighteenth of September, -Charles bade adieu to Spain, and with it, probably, -to the sunshine of his youth. For James -was now visibly declining, and his son was soon to -be called upon to fulfil duties which he comprehended -not in their just spirit, and to contend -with bold, intelligent, indignant subjects, whom he -also imperfectly understood.</p> - -<p class='c001'>As the sails were swelling with the breeze, the -Prince and the other English gentlemen stood on -deck taking leave, in dumb show, of the throng -of Spaniards who saluted them from the shore. -The wind was now prosperous, but a voyage of -nine days awaited the impatient Prince before he -could touch English ground.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The fleet consisted of ten ships of the line; -that styled the <em>Prince</em> was of twelve hundred tons -burthen, the others considerably less. In eight -days they arrived within twelve miles of the -Scilly Islands. The Council who were entrusted -with the convoy of Charles debated on the propriety -of his landing on this remote point, and -were unanimous against it. Several pilots had -come on board, but were dismissed. After -supper, however, Charles suddenly ordered out -the long boat and the ketch, and announced his -intention of landing, accompanied by Buckingham.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>About one o’clock at night they got into the -long boat, and being saluted with a volley from -the ship, made for St Mary’s Island, where the -Prince and all his companions landed about seven -in the morning. In the castle the Prince and -Buckingham remained four days, and were taken -again on board of the fleet on the third of -October; and on the fifth of the same month, in -the afternoon, arrived at Portsmouth,<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c012'><sup>[46]</sup></a> having been -in all seventeen days at sea. Charles proceeded -at once to the house of Lord Annandale, near -Guildford, and reached York House at eight the -next morning; thus paying Buckingham the -honour of going first to his house in London. -Here he met the Privy Council, and refused an -unreasonable request by the Spanish ambassador -for a prior audience. <a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c012'><sup>[47]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Never was there more general or more enthusiastic -joy expressed than on this occasion, and, -amongst other demonstrations, a bonfire, which -cost a hundred pounds, was kindled at Guildhall. -It is supposed to have been composed of forfeited -logwood, prohibited to the dyers, which had been -seized. Shops were closed; the streets were spread -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>with tables of provisions, and with hogsheads of -wine and butts of sack; the people were mad -with joy. If they met a cart full of wood, they took -out the horse, and set the wood and the cart on fire. -At St. Paul’s a new anthem was sung, the words -being taken from the 114th psalm:--"When -shall I come out of Egypt, and the house of -Jacob from among the barbarous people?"</p> - -<p class='c001'>The battlements of St. Paul’s Cross displayed -as many burning torches as the years of the -young Prince in age; two enormous bonfires -lighted up the enclosure around the cross, whilst -fireworks, squibs, crackers, and rockets added -to the general illumination of the city, in -which, between St. Paul’s and London Bridge, -no fewer than a hundred and eight bonfires were -kindled. But the most interesting of all the -incidents of that day was the reprieve of six men -and two women, whom the Prince met on their -road to Tyburn, where they were being taken for -execution. At Royston, the King came down on -the stairs to receive the travellers. The Prince -and Duke kneeled down as they beheld the infirm -monarch hastening to them; but the King fell -on their necks, and they all wept together. A -post was despatched to the Duchess and Countess -of Buckingham, and to the Countess of Denbigh, -to come to Royston.<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c012'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>Whilst the public rejoicings in almost every -town in the kingdom did honour to "England’s -Joy," as Charles was then called, Buckingham -gleaned some good from this safe return. The -confidence of the people appeared to be restored -to him. There was a general impression that -even before Charles had quitted Spain, the -match with the Infanta was virtually at an end; -and this was partially confirmed when the -Spanish ambassadors, having set out towards -Royston, to congratulate the Prince, were met at -Buntingford by Secretary Conway, to say that -Royston being “a place of ill reception,” they -were not to sleep there that night, but must -return to Buntingford the same evening. This -was by no means an agreeable intimation to the -Marquis Inojosa, since it was but a week before -that the French ambassador had both supped -and lodged at Royston, though going unexpectedly; -nevertheless, the Marquis proceeded to -Royston, and had apparently a gracious reception -from the King and Prince; neither did they -“speak amiss” of the Duke’s manner on the awkward -occasion. “Welcome home!” was for a long -time the burden of the Court and country. One -amongst the least meritorious of Buckingham’s -dependants, Tobie Mathew, was knighted at -Royston, where James and his favourite kept their -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>intentions with regard to Spain profoundly secret. -Mathew owed, indeed, his very presence at Court -to Buckingham, who had interceded for him -when banished on account of his conversion to -Popery by the Jesuit Parsons. Mathew, when -at Madrid with the Duke, had written a description -of the Infanta, which he styled a -picture “drawn in black and whyte,” for James’s -amusement. “We pray you,” Buckingham -wrote to the King, “let none laugh at it but -yourselfe and honneste Kate; he thinks he hath -hitt the naill on the head, but you will find it the -foolishest thing you ever saw.” Amongst the -many impertinences of the fool, Archy, some, -directed against Tobie Mathew, were so cutting -as to drive the newly-made knight from the -dinner-table at Royston.<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c012'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst all these matters, great and small, -were discussed at Court, the poor Infanta, -under the tuition of Mr. Wadsworth and Father -Boniface, was studying English “apace.” Wherever -she went, she was treated as Princess of -England, the English ambassadors standing uncovered -before her; whilst she occupied herself -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>in having several embroidered suits of ambar-leather -prepared for the Prince, and in the choice -and arrangement of the attendants who were to -accompany her to England. “We want,” -Howell wrote, “nothing but one more dispatch -from home, and then the marriage will be -solemnized, and all things consummated.”<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c012'><sup>[50]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>This was the last lingering hope, which was -soon to be abandoned, and fresh schemes substituted -to amuse the fancy of the Prince, to gratify -the caprice of his favourite, and to divert the -decline of the King.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER II.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>INDISPOSITION OF THE DUCHESS OF BUCKINGHAM--THE -KING’S REGARD FOR HER AND HER CHILD--ARCHBISHOP -LAUD’S ENCOMIUM ON HER CHARACTER--QUEEN -ANNE’S CHAIN PRESENTED TO THE DUCHESS OF -LENNOX--EFFRONTERY OF THE COUNTESS OF BUCKINGHAM--THE -DUKE’S DEPORTMENT ON HIS RETURN -FROM SPAIN--MORE DIGNITIES CONFERRED UPON -HIM--KING JAMES AND THE CLERGY--THE ROYAL -INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF DIVINE -SERVICE IN SPAIN--PUBLIC PREJUDICE AGAINST THE -SPANISH MATCH--THE WALLINGFORD HOUSE CABAL -PRONOUNCE IN FAVOUR OF A FRENCH ALLIANCE--POPULAR -INDIGNATION AGAINST THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR--COMPETITION -FOR PRECEDENCE BETWEEN THE -AMBASSADORS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN--CHARACTER -OF THE LORD KEEPER WILLIAMS--HIS OPPOSITION TO -THE PROCEEDINGS OF BUCKINGHAM--THE COUNTESS -OF BUCKINGHAM EMBRACES THE CATHOLIC FAITH--CONTROVERSY -BETWEEN THE DEAN OF CARLISLE AND -THE JESUIT FISHER--BREACH BETWEEN BUCKINGHAM -AND WILLIAMS--THE KING MANIFESTS HIS DISPLEASURE -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>WITH BUCKINGHAM--THE SPANISH COURT AND THE -ENGLISH ALLIANCE--CONDUCT OF THE INFANTA AFTER -THE DEPARTURE OF CHARLES--PREPARATIONS FOR -THE MARRIAGE--A COMMISSION APPOINTED TO -INQUIRE INTO THE CONDITIONS OF THE SPANISH -TREATY--THE LORD KEEPER IN FAVOUR WITH THE -KING--PARLIAMENT COUNSELS JAMES TO BREAK THE -TREATY WITH SPAIN--POPULAR REJOICINGS, AND -DISAPPOINTMENT OF THE CATHOLIC PARTY--THE -ILLNESS OF BUCKINGHAM--PAINFUL ILLUSTRATION OF -THE BIGOTED SPIRIT OF THE AGE--INOJOSA ACCUSES -BUCKINGHAM OF TREACHERY AGAINST THE KING--THE -PROPHECY OF GAMALIEL GRUYS--GENERAL -DESIRE FOR WAR WITH SPAIN--PROPOSED ALLIANCE -OF PRINCE CHARLES WITH HENRIETTA MARIA OF -FRANCE--RESTORATION OF BUCKINGHAM TO THE -KING’S FAVOUR.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span><b><span class='large'>CHAPTER II.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Buckingham had now returned to a house where -more sources of real happiness awaited him than -fall usually to the lot of the busy courtier and -statesman. One drawback to his felicity, one -stimulant to his return, had been the serious indisposition -of the Duchess of Buckingham. Her -uneasiness during her husband’s absence, her -vexation at the rumours which prevailed to his -disadvantage, and, above all, the doubts of his -fidelity which embittered their separation, had produced -that condition which the physicians of the -day generalized under the name of “melancholy.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Under these circumstances, the kindness of heart -which formed part of King James’s character, -unaccompanied as it was with dignity or judgment, -was manifested, and, at the same time, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>he evinced his lively and unabated regard for -Buckingham. An affection cannot be deemed -wholly selfish which shows itself to those who are -beloved by its object. James’s compassion for -the Duchess, the fatherly interest he took in her, -and his continual acts of favour to her child, -elevate the character of his preference for Buckingham. -It has been the practice of historians to -ridicule as a weakness the good-nature of this -monarch; but those who felt its effect forgot, -probably, the absurdity of its mode of manifestation -in the benevolent impulses of the royal -heart.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The “poor fool Kate,” as the King entitled the -Duchess of Buckingham, met with incessant consideration -on small and great points from His -Majesty. During the year previous to the journey -into Spain, the Duchess (then Marchioness) had -given birth to another daughter; the King stood -sponsor to the infant, and gave her the name of -Jacobina. During the young mother’s illness, -James testified the greatest anxiety, and “prayed -heartily” for her; calling at Wallingford House, -where she was, several times a day to inquire after -her health.<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c012'><sup>[51]</sup></a> The child eventually died; and James -was the more confirmed in his parental fondness for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>the Lady Mary Villiers, whom he usually denominated -his grandchild, on the principle that her -father was to him as a son. And now “my -sweete Steenie” was the chief object of the -King’s interest and gossip; he wrote from Whitehall -to the Duke, in Spain:--"I must give thee -a short account of many things. First, Kate and -thy sister (the Countess of Denbigh) supped with -me on Saturday last, and yesterday bothe dined -and supped with me, and so shall do still, with -God’s grace, as long as I am here; and my little -grandchild, with her four teeth, is, God be thanked, -well weaned, and they are all very merry." <a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c012'><sup>[52]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Marchioness dined, during her convalescence, -in the bed-chamber of the King, who -gave a diamond chain, worth 3,500<em>l.</em>, with his -picture, to the Duchess of Lennox, for having -“made broths and caudles” for the Marchioness -during her illness.<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c012'><sup>[53]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duchess had, it appeared, informed His -Majesty of a domestic arrangement, all important -to the mother and infant, but not usually deemed -an affair such as royalty might condescend to -take account of, or be a matter for an elderly -pedant, like King James, to decide. “I hope my -Lord Arran,” she wrote to the King, “has told -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>your Majesty that I mean to wean Moll very -shortly. I would not by any means do it till I -had made your Majesty acquainted with it; so I -intend to make trial this very night how she will -endure it.”<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c012'><sup>[54]</sup></a> “Little Moll,” who afterwards -married successively three times, is mentioned frequently -in the domestic correspondence of the -day.<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c012'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>James’s regard for the Duchess was also shown -in another way. When the Duke applied to His -Majesty for jewels, his young wife, scarcely twenty -years of age, was eager to part with baubles which -were so precious in the eyes of others, in order to -advance Buckingham’s interest, and enhance his -splendour at the Spanish Court. The King -could hardly bear that his favourite should accept -her generosity. “And now,” he wrote, "my sweet -Steenie gossip, that the poor fool Kate hath also -sent thee her pearl chain, which, by chance, I saw -in a box in Frank Steward’s hand, I hope I need -not to conjure thee not to give any of her jewels -away there, for thou knowest what necessary use -she will have of them at your return here, besides -that it is not lucky to give away anything that I -have given her."<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c012'><sup>[56]</sup></a> In his correspondence, James -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>never forgot the Duchess. “This,” he says, addressing -Buckingham, “is the sixt time I have -written to you two, five to Kate, two to Su (the -Countess of Denbigh), and one to thy mother, -Steenie, all with my own hands.”<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c012'><sup>[57]</sup></a> In presents of -provisions he was considerate of her comfort, -and so lavish that the Duke was wont to call his -Majesty his “man-purveyor.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Like a good wife, the Duchess appears to have -occupied herself, during the absence of her husband, -in maintaining and improving Newhall -and Burleigh, places in which the Duke felt -a lively interest, and his mother participated -in these exertions without any of that petty jealousy -of interference being exhibited, which a less -amiable mind than that of the Duchess might have -disturbed.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“For Burley,” she writes word, “I hear the -wall is not very forward yet, and my lady” (the -Countess) “bid me send you word that she is -gone down to look how things are there. She -says she is about making a littel river to run -through the park. It will be about sixteen feet -broad; but she says she wants money.”<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c012'><sup>[58]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>In all her letters to the Duke, the warmest affection -is expressed by his wife; and she seems to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>have justified the encomiums of Archbishop Laud, -who enters her name in his diary, as “that excellent -lady, who is goodness itself.”<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c012'><sup>[59]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>In the concerns of his mother, the Duke -found much dissatisfaction. In June, 1622, the -Countess of Buckingham received a hint to stay -away from Court on account of the Progress, -but really on account of her professing the -Roman Catholic faith, or rather, perhaps, as a -punishment for a little Court intrigue, relative -to the Duchess of Lennox. When the ambassador -from the Emperor of Austria took leave, it -was thought necessary to bestow some jewel upon -him as a mark of royal favour. James commanded -one to be brought to him; it proved to be a chain -which had belonged to Queen Anne, and which was -worth three thousand pounds. James thought it -too valuable for the ambassador, and refused to -give it, saying, “wherein hath he deserved so -much at my hands?” Prince Charles, hearing -this, suggested that the chain should be bestowed -on the Duchess of Lennox, who had received no -present since her marriage. An assent was given; -and the Prince undertook to carry the gift to her -Grace. He put it round his own neck, and, -taking it thence, presented it to the Duchess. -This was regarded as so unusual an act of respect, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>that the Countess of Buckingham could not -hear of it unmoved. Relying upon the unbounded -favour of the King to her son, she took upon -herself to send for the jewel back again the next -day, saying it was required for a particular purpose, -and that it should be requited with a gift -equally costly. The Duchess of Lennox, astonished, -questioned the messenger, who confessed -that the Countess had sent him. The truth was -then disclosed; of course, the Duchess was highly -indignant; she sent back the messenger with this -answer, that since the Prince had brought it to -her, it should be taken back by no hand but her -own; accordingly, on the following day, she went -with the chain in her hand to the King, desiring -to know how she had offended His Majesty. The -King, when he comprehended the matter, swore -that he was abused, and the Prince burst into a -passion of anger, and declared that if the Countess -of Buckingham stayed in the Court he would -leave it. This story has been in some particulars, -however, discredited, for several good reasons; -but it may be regarded as characteristic of those -to whom it refers; and as exemplifying the unbounded -effrontery attributed to the mother of the -Favourite.<a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c012'><sup>[60]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>A change was observed to have taken place in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>the deportment of Buckingham almost immediately -on his return from Spain. He became -affable, and, therefore, “suddenly and strangely -gracious among the multitude,” so that, as Sir -Henry Wotton expresses it, “he did seem for a -time to have overcome that natural incompatibility -which, in the experience of all ages, hath -ever been noted between the vulgar and the sovereign -favour. But this was no more than a meer -bubble or blast, and like an ephemeral bit of applause, -as eftsoon will appear in the sequel and -train of his life.”<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c012'><sup>[61]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Shortly after his return from Spain, fresh honours -were added to those with which Buckingham had -been so richly endowed. The King, it was observed, -had now grown into “an habitual and confirmed -custom” of loading his favourite with benefits; -and the Duke was, accordingly, made Lord Warden -of the Cinque Ports, and Steward of the -Manor of Hampton Court; “dignities and offices,” -says Sir Henry Wotton, “still growing out of -trust and profit.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>But this apparent prosperity was alloyed by -many difficulties, and shaken by cabals, some stimulated -by direst foes, others induced by hollow -allies; and the career of the Favourite, like that -of all the fortunate, began to be embittered and -precarious.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>There required, indeed, much condescension and -courtesy to soften the exasperated feeling of the -people against the promoter of the Spanish match. -The pulpits, far from being “tuned” to its praise, -were continually clamouring against the alliance.</p> - -<p class='c001'>There were strange signs of the times when, -notwithstanding the almost absolute dominion of -the Crown, it was found necessary to issue orders -that the sanctity of the royal presence, and the -dignity of the Privy Council should not be lowered -by persons coming in booted and spurred--forbidding -them also to go into chapel in that -guise, and ordering them to remain uncovered -during the services.<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c012'><sup>[62]</sup></a> In former days, James, as -well as Elizabeth, had demanded an almost -degrading respect; but the habits of the -monarch had long since brought even royalty into -contempt.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Accordingly, his influence over the pulpits had -also decreased. James could not now control his -impatience and petulance; even when listening -to a sermon on Christmas-day, from the -Bishop of London, the King, displeased at its -length, talked so loud that the prelate was obliged -to end abruptly. Urgent measures were taken to -curb the taste for controversial sermons; and none -below bachelors of divinity were henceforth to be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>allowed to preach them; for the Spanish match, -and favour to recusants, were the great themes, -especially when the King, on the plea that Protestants -might find more freedom abroad, if there -were more toleration here, released all Jesuits, -priests, and persons refusing the oath of supremacy, -who happened then to be in prison.<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c012'><sup>[63]</sup></a> -“Wise men,” wrote one courtier to another, his -kinsman, “are troubled, and betake themselves to -prayers, rather than inquiry.”<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c012'><sup>[64]</sup></a> The clergy, -meantime, had been ordered to pray for the -Prince’s prosperous journey and safe return; but -one stiff-necked preacher prayed “that God -would be merciful to him now that he was going -to the House of <a id='corr70.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Rinmon.'>Rinmon.”</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_70.15'><ins class='correction' title='Rinmon.'>Rinmon.”</ins></a></span><a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c012'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The King had, however, before Charles’s departure, -given sensible and stringent instructions to -the two chaplains who were to attend on the -Prince, with regard to the reverential performance -of divine service whilst in Spain. They were -to preach “Christ crucified, and the doctrines of -the English Church,” but not to indulge in -polemical discourses or in controversy. They -might take with them Prayer-books, articles of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>religion, and the King’s works.<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c012'><sup>[66]</sup></a> At a later period, -however, this was altered, and the Prince’s “servants -and chaplains” were ordered to follow him -with chapel furniture and Prayer-books in Latin; -the service was to be in Latin, and the communion -celebrated with wafer-cakes and wine and water; -“but it will be to no purpose,” adds the writer of -this news, “as the Spaniards will not go near -them.” Dr. Hakluyt, the Prince’s former chaplain, -had written a work against the Spanish -match, calling the Spaniards idolaters, and had -presented it to the Princes,<a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c012'><sup>[67]</sup></a> so that he was, it may -be concluded, not among the “servants and chaplains,” -who were thus, according to the spirit of -the day, coupled together as forming a part -of the Prince’s household.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The prejudice against the Infanta, as a future -Queen of England, continued to increase, nor was -it confined to uneducated or bigoted persons. It -was supposed that, whilst Buckingham was in -Spain, he received secret advices, which convinced -him that to steer his course in safety, it would -be necessary to break off a treaty which the Puritanical -party regarded as a compact with Popery. -“There were those who,” says Bishop Hacket, -“sent instructions into Spain, to adjure the Duke -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>to do his best to prevent the espousals.” The -reasons assigned were "God’s glory, and his own -safety." "For God’s sake, keep our orthodox -religion from the admixture of that superstition -which threatened against the soundness of it. -And no corrosive so good to eat out the corruption -of Romish rottenness creeping on, as to -give the Spaniard the dodge, and leave the -daughter of Spain behind." Such were the counsels -despatched by friends to the Duke.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Consultations of his adherents were now held at -Wallingford House, to consider what would be the -best way of promoting, not the interests of the -nation, but his own personal advancement. James -had, of late, become partial to parliaments, and -was resolved to close the next very graciously. -“Therefore,” observes Hacket, "the cabinet men -at Wallingford House set upon it to consider by -what exploit their lord should commence to be -the ‘Darling of the Commons,’ and, as it were, -to republicate his lordship, and to be precious to -those who had the vogue to be lovers of their -country." It was, therefore, determined to abandon -the Spanish marriage, and to direct the attention -of the country, and more especially the -regard of the Prince, towards a daughter of -France; and it was agreed that it would be for -Buckingham’s interests that he should have the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>full credit of the newly projected alliance. From -these considerations was the Spanish alliance -thrown aside, with, it must be confessed, little regard -to honour. Whether the evident disgust of -the nation to the marriage formed sufficient plea for -the crooked and complicated means which were -taken to do away with a contract which had been -so nearly brought to a conclusion, it remains for -posterity to decide; contemporaries were divided -by faction, not reason.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was in vain, by the arbitrary acts employed, -to suppress public opinion. The Earl of Oxford -had been committed to the Tower for saying that -he hoped the time would come when justice would -be free, and not come only through Buckingham’s -hands. This committal was an instance of the -resolution at Court to crush all discussion. Gondomar, -smooth to the great, was a perfect fury towards -the small. The people had been indignant -with him for having, before his return to Spain, -struck a Scotsman with his fists, for saying -that he had been ill-treated in Spain. The -Scotsman, though he took the insult patiently, -had been sent to prison.<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c012'><sup>[68]</sup></a> These were but scanty -specimens of the petty oppressions by which the -voice of an aroused people was to be stopped. It -was therefore time, Buckingham thought, to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>save himself, at all events, from the storm. -Public hatred had been already shown when -Don Diego, as Gondomar was called, passed -through the city. The mob insulted him, -and even threatened violence, “but none was -used.” Three apprentices were, nevertheless, -whipped at the cart’s tail for this slight to the -Spanish ambassador, whilst the people looked, -pitying, on; and those who executed the sentence -incurred much popular abuse. James, who was -at that time angry with all who differed from him, -came from Theobald’s to London in a rage to -reprove such disorders. He was pacified by the -Recorder, and contented himself with private -admonition to the Aldermen to punish such -offenders. Another man was then whipped, and -those who murmured at the sentence arrested.<a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c012'><sup>[69]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Steps were immediately taken to mark a difference -between the conduct to be pursued to the -Spanish and the French ambassadors; and -Charles, having first proposed an audience to -the Marquis of Inojosa, granted it, under circumstances -not very flattering. The Spanish -ambassadors, having repaired to Theobald’s, returned -not so well “satisfied as they ought” to -be. They endeavoured, but in vain, to procure -an audience of the King without the presence of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>the Duke; but finding that impossible, they -became disposed to arraign his conduct in the -marriage before his face.<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c012'><sup>[70]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The public, meantime, could not fail to interpret -the real temper of the King’s Council by circumstances -apparently trivial. In the course of the -winter, there arrived from France a nobleman -skilled in falconry, with a present of fifteen or sixteen -cast-off hawks, some ten or twelve horses, and -the same number of setters. He was accompanied -by a numerous train, splendidly accoutred, and made -his entry into London by torchlight. He was to -remain until he had instructed the people in the -kind of falconry in which he excelled, he and his -troop costing the King from twenty-five to thirty -pounds daily. Under this guise, probably, some -political mission was couched; for James, -although now fast declining, braved the advice of -his physicians, and travelled to Newmarket on -purpose to see these foreign hawks fly. He had -put off the masque on Twelfth Night, on account, -as he had assigned, of his indisposition; but -actually because of the competition about precedence -between the French and Spanish ambassadors, -who could not be accommodated in his presence.<a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c012'><sup>[71]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>Thus did every variation in Buckingham’s -plans appear to prosper. That he could so work -upon James’s mind as to obliterate from it the -cherished scheme of years, seems, indeed, a marvellous -effect of his influence. For his ingratitude -in this matter to the King, who had entrusted -to him, as the object next his heart, the completion -of the Spanish treaty, the Duke has justly -been blamed. Could he, as Bishop Hacket -asks, be deemed “execrable in point of -honour and conscience? Did he do it the best -for the King? Did he think the Spanish alliance -would be fruitful in nothing but miseries, -and that it would be a thankful office to lurch -the King in his expectation of it? Evil befall -such double diligence!” “Or did this great -lord do it for the best for himself? I believe -it. If the hope of the match died away, he -lookt to get the love of the most in England; -but if it were made up, he lookt for many enemies, -for he had lost the love of the best in -Spain. Let the Duke have his deserved praise -in other things, great and many, but let fidelity, -loyalty, and thankfulness hide their face, and not -look upon this action.”<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c012'><sup>[72]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The blame of this conduct was attributable, -according to the same writer, more to those who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>worked upon the flexible temper of Buckingham -than to his own wishes. But no one has a right -to throw off his own shoulders, or to place on -those of another, the deliberate violation of solemn -engagements. “For it is,” as the Bishop remarks, -“not man, God that made the law: he that kindled -the fire, let him make retribution.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was not long before James began to suspect -that he had been abused by the favourite whose -fidelity ought to have been secured by gratitude. -Among the friends of the Duke, there was one who -looked disapprovingly on his conduct. This was -the Lord Keeper Williams; a man of “as deep -and large wisdom,” says Bishop Hacket, “as I -did ever speak with.” Confessing the greatest -obligations to Buckingham, Williams had the -courage to oppose him, when conscience dictated -a remonstrance.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“His enemies,” says his biographer, “liked -nothing worse in him than his courage, and he -pleased himself in nothing more.” Of a stately -presence, and possessing abilities to maintain -that lofty demeanour which is absurd when not -supported by real superiority of intellect, -Williams could cope with the haughty Buckingham, -whose headstrong will had become such -that none of the King’s ministers could move it. -Williams, too, was of temper somewhat irritable. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>“Choler and a high stomach were his faults, the -only defects in him.”<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c012'><sup>[73]</sup></a> His manners were, at -times, even supercilious. He was not likely to -be daunted by one whose capacity was, therefore, -to his own, as that of the infant to the man, -and over whom he exercised an ascendancy -through a very noted channel; namely, -the influence which the Lord Keeper -possessed over the Countess of Buckingham. -“Those dangerous and busy flies,” writes Bishop -Hacket, “which the Roman seminaries send -abroad, had buzzed about the Countess of Buckingham, -had blown upon her, and infected her. -She was mother to the great favourite, but in -religion became a step-mother.” Her conversion -had taken place about a twelvemonth previously. -The Countess doted on her son; but her conversion -was certain to be highly injurious to him, -especially at that juncture, just before the Spanish -journey. Complaints were uttered, importing that -the mother, who was thought almost to govern her -son, must indirectly sway the monarch who was -now little other than that son’s slave. The part -which Laud had taken to remedy the evil has -been already detailed. The Lord Keeper also had -foreseen and endeavoured to prevent the mischief -which might arise from these rumours. “Safety,” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>he considered, “is easiest purchased by precaution.” -“An instrument that is swung may be -used upon a little warning.” Anxious for the -welfare of the Duke, Williams addressed him to -the following effect. “Your mother,”<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c012'><sup>[74]</sup></a> he observed, -“is departed from the bosom of the Church -of England, in whose confession of faith she was -baptized;--a strange delusion in any to go -astray from that society of Christians among -whom they cannot demonstrate but salvation -may be had. I would we could bring -her home so soon that it might not be seen -she had ever wandered.” His concern, he -intimates, was, however, not so much for the -Countess’s eternal welfare, as for her son’s temporal -security. It was, he thought, time to inform -the Favourite “that clamours were opened,” -“that now the recusants have a potent advocate to -plead for their immunity, and when this should -be handed in high and popular court by tribunitial -orators, what a dust it would make!”</p> - -<p class='c001'>“But,” pursued the Lord Keeper, “though I -have touched a sore with my finger, I am furnished -with an emplaister to lay upon it, which, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>I presume, will lenifie. Only measure not the -<em>size</em> of good counsel by the <em>last</em> of success.” -After this address, Williams had proposed that -controversies between learned men, in which that -age so much delighted, should be held for the -Countess of Buckingham’s edification; that the -King should be present at this; and the “conflux -of great persons, as thick as the place would permit.” -Then should Buckingham’s industry and -zeal be manifested to “catch at every twig or -advantage,” to give weight to every solid -reason, to bring his mother into a sound mind -again. If successful, the Duke would “save a -soul very precious to him;” if unsuccessful, then -the favourite’s <a id='corr80.15'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='pious'>“pious</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_80.15'><ins class='correction' title='pious'>“pious</ins></a></span> endeavours would fill the King -with a good report,” and impart a “sweet savour” -to all.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The result had justified the Lord Keeper’s -anticipations; the Jesuit father, Fisher, was the -champion in whom the Countess most relied; the -King was the superintendent of the controversy. -Dr. Francis White, then Dean of Carlisle, had -gone first into the lists with Fisher, and given -him “foil for foil,” according to the testimony of -the Protestant party. But the lady was still unconvinced. -The Lord Keeper engaged, therefore, -in the combat. He managed the disputation with -infinite skill, guided by <a id='corr80.28'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='wordly'>worldly</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_80.28'><ins class='correction' title='wordly'>worldly</ins></a></span> wisdom, mixed up -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>with Christian charity. He had observed in the -former conflict, that if some of the Jesuit’s arguments -were admitted, “the Church of England, -repurging itself from the super-injected errors of -Rome, would stand inculpable.” He laboured, -therefore, to show that if “unnecessary strifes -were discreetly waved, little was wanting to a conclusive -unity.” The King greatly commended this -conciliatory mode of disputation, which surprised -and baffled Fisher, yet which still failed to bring -back the wanderers to their former path. The -third who had contended for the palm of victory, -to bring, as Hacket calls it, “eye-salve to the dim-sighted -lady, was Bishop Laud, who was declared -to have galled Fisher with great acuteness.” But -all his labour was vain, as far as the Countess was -concerned; she continued in her new belief. The -conference had, however, effected what was desired -for her son. He had appeared as an antagonist in -the field against one whom he honoured, and whom -he had treated with the deepest respect. He was -"blazed abroad as the Red Cross Knight that was -Una’s champion against Archinago."<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c012'><sup>[75]</sup></a> And this -scheme, which produced results afterwards, as -well as at the time they were effected, of the -utmost importance to Buckingham, had been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>accomplished from the suggestions and by the -skill of the Lord Keeper Williams.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It may therefore be supposed that Buckingham -would listen with reverence to his representations, -when the Lord Keeper ventured to warn him -from the course he was pursuing. So far, however, -from such being the case, the Duke never -forgave him for a letter addressed to him whilst -in Spain, advising a reconciliation with the Earl -of Bristol, whose knowledge of Spanish affairs, -and repeated success in negotiations, would, it -was thought, secure the completion of the marriage -treaty.<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c012'><sup>[76]</sup></a> Even whilst writing the letter, -which seemed to alienate Williams from Buckingham -for a time, the Lord Keeper was aware that -he had already incurred the favourite’s displeasure. -“What I wrote formerly,” he says, “may -be ill-placed, and offend your grace, but all proceeded -from as true and sincere a heart as you -left behind you in all this kingdom.”<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c012'><sup>[77]</sup></a> The Earl -of Bristol, on hearing of this act of mediation, -argued truly when he anticipated that -it would produce a quarrel. He wrote to Williams -to the following effect, “that the friendship -of the Duke was a thing he did infinitely desire, -that he did infinitely esteem the good offices that -the Lord Keeper had done therein, but that he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>conceived that any motion he had made in that -kind had been despised rather than received with -thankfulness.”<a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c012'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham had formerly been compared to -Alcibiades, the Lord Keeper to Socrates; but all -obligations to that supposed Socrates were henceforth -annulled. The interference of Williams, -creditable to himself, and due to the King, was so -misinterpreted that Buckingham withdrew from -him his friendship, forgetting not only the axiom -of Solon, “never to choose a friend suddenly, nor -to lose him suddenly,” but the still stronger argument -of services which could not be denied. -During the Duke’s absence in Spain, Williams -had watched over his welfare with the utmost -care; he had ventured boldly to speak the truth -to him; a benefit scarcely less important; yet -Buckingham could not be appeased.</p> - -<p class='c001'>He instantly avowed his determination, expressed -with such effrontery and openness that -it was soon conveyed to Williams, that he "would -pluck down the highest roof of the Lord Keeper’s -dignity." Williams, however, remained undaunted. -He knew the favourite well. He allowed him to -be a “generous and incorrupt patron, a great -exacter of duty from those whom he served, and -a bitter enemy.” But he confided in his own -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>powers of rhetoric, and in the pliable temper of -his former friend. The Earl of Rutland, Buckingham’s -father-in-law, was employed to mediate -between them; and to him the Duke said, referring -to Williams, “Whenever I disagree with him, he -will prove himself to be in the right; and though -I could never convict him of being dishonest, I -am afraid of his wit.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Before Buckingham returned, Williams sent -another letter, warning him of the risk he ran, and -offering excellent advice on the subject of the -Spanish treaty, and upon the Duke’s demeanour. -The Spaniards had remarked with resentment -that when Charles attempted to speak in Buckingham’s -presence, the Duke took the words out of -his mouth, or checked, with an abrupt contradiction, -what he had to say; the more gently -Charles endured this presumption, the greater -was the general admiration expressed towards -him, and disgust towards his favourite. The -Spaniards, who never address their kings first, -were indignant with his freedom, which constituted -one of those points against which Williams -had warned the Duke. It was in vain that the -Lord Keeper strove to conciliate Buckingham, in -vain that he praised the Duke’s skill and energy -in the marriage treaty to King James; a -breach was made, which was never entirely repaired, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>and which is as discreditable to the Duke -of Buckingham as any of those violations of good -faith and propriety by which his career was -sullied.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On Tuesday, the thirteenth of January, whilst -Buckingham’s disfavour with the King was suspected, -a singular scene took place. The King, -being much disturbed by his affairs, resolved to -go to Theobald’s for change of scene. His health -was now completely broken, and the vexatious -and arbitrary conduct of his favourite added -greatly to his sufferings. The morning before he -left Whitehall, he received the various foreign -ambassadors--the Venetian was first admitted, -the French second, the Spanish last. They -were introduced privately; and, after a full -hour’s audience, the Prince and Buckingham -were called in; what passed remained a secret, -but the Prince and Duke were observed to -come out looking very much dejected.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duke’s carriage stood at the door, ready -to follow that of the King to London; and the -favourite was prepared, as usual, to accompany -his royal master in his own coach. The King and -his son were in the coach, when the Duke received -an intimation from His Majesty that he was -not to go. Buckingham, it is related, with tears -in his eyes, entreated “his Master” to inform him -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>how he had offended his gracious sovereign. “I -vow,” he added sternly, “to purge, or confess it.” -James, also, shed tears, and exclaiming that he -was the unhappiest man alive, to be forsaken by -those who were dearest to him, ordered his coach -to drive on, and the Duke was left standing, dismayed, -and probably indignant. Charles, who -witnessed this scene, behaved with his usual weakness, -his tears, also, expressing his concern and -contrition.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham retired to Wallingford House, -where, sometime afterwards, the Lord Keeper -Williams went to him, having with difficulty been -admitted. “He found him,” says Bishop Hacket, -“lying on a couch, in that unmovable posture -that he would neither rise up nor speak, though -invited twice or thrice with courteous questions.” -But Williams generously consoled him, admonishing -that he believed "God’s directing hand was -in it, to stir up his grace;" he assured him that -he came on purpose to bring him out of his sorrow -with the light of the King’s favour. He besought -the Duke to set off instantly for Windsor; -not however to show himself to His Majesty before -supper was over, and then to deport himself with all -“amiable addresses;” not “to quit the King night -or day, for the danger was that some would thrust -themselves in to push his Majesty on to break -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>utterly with the Parliament; and the next degree -of theirs to be was, upon that dissolution, to see -his grace convicted to the Tower, and God knows -what would follow.”<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c012'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duke, as if awakening from a dream, -aroused himself, and set off, on the following day, -to Theobald’s, where he arrived before he was expected.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Thus, to Williams’ mediation, did Buckingham -owe the avoidance of any open displeasure -on the part of his sovereign; unhappily this obligation -did not cancel in the Duke’s mind that -avowal of a difference in opinion, and that condemnation -of the policy pursued towards Spain -which Williams esteemed it his duty to express.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Opinions differed as to the actual obligations of -the Prince to complete the contract with the Infanta.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Earl of Bristol declared that the King and -the Prince stood as much engaged to it as princes -could be; but Charles is said to have styled himself, -as he knelt down before the King, at Royston, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>to have been “an absolute free man, but with -one limitation--the restitution of the Palatinate.”<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c012'><sup>[80]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>These matters, painful and disgraceful as they -were, were not concluded until the end of the year -1624, when the “golden cord,” as Bishop Hacket -terms it, was broken. “Nothing,” adds the same -authority, "is more sure than that the Prince’s heart -was removed from the desire of that marriage after -the Duke had brought him away from the object -of that delightful and ravishing beauty."<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c012'><sup>[81]</sup></a> If -the report of other historians be credited, a far -greater degree of constancy was shown by the -young Princess whose affections were thus cruelly -gained, and then sacrificed. After an acquaintance -of many months, during which every possible -exertion had been made by Charles to win her -regard, these young persons, affianced as they -doubtless were, had separated on terms of the -closest affection. “The rare Infanta,” as she was -styled, “seemed to deliver up her own heart at -parting in as high expression as that language, and -her learning could, with her honour, set out.” -And when Charles had assured her that “<em>his</em> heart -would never be out of anxiety till she had passed -the intended voyage, and were safe on British -land,” she answered with a blush, “that should she -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>happen to be in danger upon the ocean, or discomposed -in health with the rolling, brackish waters, -she would cheer up herself, and remember to -whom she was going.”<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c012'><sup>[82]</sup></a> After his departure the -Princess began to study English “a-pace,”<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c012'><sup>[83]</sup></a> two -Englishmen, the one a Mr. Wadsworth, and the -other Father Boniface, being appointed to teach -her. The English ambassador, and all the ambassadors -in Madrid from other countries, gave her -the title and style of an English Princess, the Earl -of Bristol and Sir Walter Aston remaining uncovered -in her presence. In order to pass the -period of absence, the Infanta employed herself in -working “divers suits of rich cloths” for Charles, -of perfumed ambar leather, some embroidered with -pearls, others with gold and silver. Her household -was on the eve of being settled, and nothing but one -more despatch from home was expected, and then -the solemnization of the nuptials would take -place. In the midst of these preparations, one -circumstance puzzled observers. “There is,” -says Howell, "one Mr. Clerk (with the lame -arm), that came hither from the seaside as soon -as the Prince was gone; he is one of the Duke -of Buckingham’s creatures, yet he is at the Earl -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>of Bristol’s house, which we wonder at, considering -the darkness that hapned ’twixt the Duke -and the Earl. We fear that this Clerk hath -brought about something that may puzzle the -business."</p> - -<p class='c001'>Nevertheless, the preparations for the espousals -proceeded; the first check given to them being -a letter from Prince Charles, desiring Lord -Bristol not to deliver up his proxy to the marriage -to the King of Spain until further notice -from England. On receiving this intimation, Lord -Bristol observed “that he and Sir Walter Aston -had a commission under the Broad Seal of England -to conclude the match, and that there could -not be a better favour for the surrender of the -Palatinate than the Infanta, who would never -rest until she had merited the love of the British -nation.” He did not, therefore, relax his preparations; -and provided rich liveries of watered velvet, -with silver lace up to the very capes of the cloaks -for his servants; and, in a fortnight afterwards, -the ratification arrived, the marriage-day was -fixed, and a terrace, covered with tapestry, was -raised from the King’s Palace to the next church, a -distance about the same as that between Whitehall -and Westminster Abbey. But when she stood thus -on the very threshold of her happiness,as she deemed -it, the Infanta was doomed to be rejected and disappointed. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>“She had studied,” writes Bishop -Hacket, “our language, our habit, our behaviour, -everything but our religion, to make her English. -Her conversation turned continually upon the -Prince, and on her projected voyage to England -in the spring. On the other hand, she was led to -suppose that Charles admired her for her beauty; -that his attachment was equal to her own; and -that he was worthy of the affection which she undoubtedly -bore him.”<a id='r84' /><a href='#f84' class='c012'><sup>[84]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The young King of Spain, her brother, participated -in the sentiments of personal attachment -which Charles appears to have inspired in those -who beheld him, in the prime of his youth, at the -Court of Madrid. Philip was now anxious to -conclude the marriage, which he meant to do on -the day on which his infant daughter was christened. -Invitations were actually sent to the -principal nobility to attend the espousals by -proxy; ordinance was ordered to be fired off in -the port-towns; and all Spain was prohibited -from speaking disadvantageously of the alliance; -when a new commission to Lord Bristol arrived. -By this he was forbidden to deliver up the Prince’s -proxy until a full and absolute satisfaction for the -surrender of the Palatinate was given under the -hand and seal of the King of Spain.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>This pretext--for the plea of the Palatinate -could not in justice be adduced at this stage of -the treaty--was met by the insulted Philip IV. -with spirit. He replied that the “Palatinate was -not his to give;” that he held only a few towns -there; but that if the King of Great Britain would -set a treaty on foot, he would send his own ambassador -to join in it.<a id='r85' /><a href='#f85' class='c012'><sup>[85]</sup></a> But the final blow was -given to the Spanish treaty. Lord Bristol was -prohibited from delivering any more letters to the -Infanta, and her title of Princess of England and -Wales was prohibited.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, on his return to Whitehall, commissioned -a select junto to inquire, whether, in the -treaty with the King of Spain, that monarch had -been sincere to the last in his desire to satisfy the -Prince and the Duke; and whether, in the treaty -for the restitution of the Palatinate, he had violated -the league between the two kingdoms, so as to -deserve a war to be proclaimed against him.<a id='r86' /><a href='#f86' class='c012'><sup>[86]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Some of the proceedings of this junto having -been bruited abroad, it was found that they were -divided into three parties, five of their number -being for the Spanish marriage--among whom was -the Lord Keeper Williams--four neutral, and -three directly against the alliance. These were -the Duke of Buckingham, who sent his vote, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Earl of Carlisle, and Secretary Conway. The -evident distaste which Charles now showed for -the match had a great influence in the deliberations -of the junto. The Earl of Pembroke, Lord -Chamberlain, who was at first neutral, “nobly spoke -out, declaring it as his opinion that, if the -Spaniards performed the conditions, he saw not -how the thing could in honour draw back.” It -was supposed that this candid declaration was -owing to some pique between him and Buckingham. -Much heart-burning, indeed, existed on -the part of several of the junto towards the -favourite, who engrossed, as it was plainly seen, -the regards both of the King and of his son, and -contrived to cut off all access to those whom it -was his aim wholly to govern.<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c012'><sup>[87]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>But the chief object of Buckingham’s wrath -was Williams. “The proceedings in this affair -were,” says Bishop Hacket, "so far against the -Lord Keeper’s mind, that he wished, before a -friend or two in private, that a fever in his sick-bed -might excuse him." Buckingham was now -become incapable of that generous candour which -permits a friend to differ in opinion. He “was -now mortally anti-Spanish,” as Bishop Hacket -observes, “and his anger was headed with steel. -He assayed the Lord Keeper to hale him to his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>judgment, as an eddy does a small boat,” and -would have persuaded him to influence the King -against Spain; but he found him as “inflexible as -a dried bough.” When pressed by the favourite to -advance his views, he declared that, as God was -his protector, he would suffer all the obloquy in -the world, rather than be ungrateful to the Duke. -But when the King asked his judgment--he must -be true and faithful--Buckingham, to his discredit -be it spoken, had not the generosity to -appreciate Williams. The Duke had been apprized -that James, addressing the Earl of Carlisle, -had remarked, "that had he sent Williams into -Spain, he would have kept both heart’s ease and -honour, both of which he lacked at that time." -And one day, when Prince Charles was present, -James, looking at Williams, said, “This is the -man that makes us keep merry Christmas.” The -Prince, not seeming to understand his father, the -King explained himself. “It is he,” he said, “that -laboured more dexterously than all my servants to -bring you safe back home this Christmas, and -I hope you are sensible of it.” A finishing -stroke was put to Buckingham’s mortification -when the King announced his intention of promoting -the Lord Keeper to the Archbishopric of -York when next it should be vacant.<a id='r88' /><a href='#f88' class='c012'><sup>[88]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>The decision of the junto exonerated Philip -IV. from any hollowness in his share of the -treaty. They blamed the Earl of Bristol for not -revoking the proxy, which was left in his hands -sooner, and thus stopping those preparations for -the nuptials which had rendered the King of -Spain ridiculous. But when they voted that that -Monarch should be defied with open war, till -amends were made to the Prince Palatine for the -wrongs he had suffered, the majority of the conference -hesitated, and refused to say more than -that the “girths of peace were slack, but not -broken.” Buckingham had now become wholly -impatient of opposition; scarcely any of the -council had voted to his satisfaction. Sometimes -strange scenes were witnessed in the conference; -the fiery Duke would arise, and “chafe against” -those who opposed him from room to room, “as a -hen who has lost her brood, and clucks up and -down when there is none to follow her.” Upon -meeting Lord Belfast, one of the party adverse to -his wishes, he asked him contemptuously, “Are -you turned too? and flung from him; upon which -Lord Belfast, in a manly and candid letter, -announced his resolution to conform in all things -to the pleasure of his royal master.” But the -greatest anger was displayed by Buckingham -against the Lord Keeper, who seldom spoke, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>but who, when he gave his opinion, swayed that -of the majority.<a id='r89' /><a href='#f89' class='c012'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham was not of a character to dissemble -his feelings; and his displeasure was shown, -not only in his countenance, but expressed in -angry expostulations. He told Bishop Laud that -the Lord Keeper had so strangely forgotten himself -to him that he seemed to be “dead in his -affections.” Laud, who was devotedly attached to -the favourite and his family, meeting Williams in -the withdrawing-chamber at Whitehall, “fell into -very hot words with him,” which were reported to -the Duke. Eventually, however, these differences -were healed, and, in February, 1624, a reconciliation -was effected through the mediation of Laud. -From henceforth, nothing but an appearance of -friendship subsisted between Buckingham and -Williams. “The wound,” says Dr. Heylyn, “was -only stunned, not healed, and festered the more -dangerously, because the secret rancour of it -could not be discerned.”<a id='r90' /><a href='#f90' class='c012'><sup>[90]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The issue of all this was that the Duke insisted -on a parliament, by way of appeal;<a id='r91' /><a href='#f91' class='c012'><sup>[91]</sup></a> and during -the heat of these Court cabals, that body was -assembled at Westminster in February.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Meantime, public aversion to the match was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>from time to time forcibly expressed. The pulpits -were still profaned by political allusions; a -clergyman named Knight was committed for -preaching that tyrannical kings might be brought -to order by their subjects; a doctrine which appeared -so monstrous to James, that he talked of -having the sermon burned by the hangman.<a id='r92' /><a href='#f92' class='c012'><sup>[92]</sup></a> -This arrest took place at Oxford; the King highly -approved the proceedings, and directions were -forthwith sent to the heads of the colleges, to desire -the students to apply themselves to the Scriptures, -to general councils, and the ancient fathers and -schoolmen, excluding the heretical doctrines of -both Jesuits and Puritans. The document which -contains these directions is still extant, and is endorsed -by Laud. Sedition seems not to have been -the only rank weed that then sprang up in the -universities.<a id='r93' /><a href='#f93' class='c012'><sup>[93]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, in addressing the Parliament, -declared that he had called them together to -correct previous misunderstandings; that he -would cherish his people as a husband does his -wife; he wished for their advice in matters of the -greatest moment; he had long been engaged in -treaties, hoping to settle the peace of Christendom, -but had found treaties fallacious. With regard to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>Spain, he referred the houses to the secretaries, -the Prince, and to Buckingham; on their good -advice he conceived the felicity of the kingdom -depended. He had never, he said, neglected -religion, nor intended anything but a temporary -indulgence to recusants. He concluded this -original and eccentric harangue (rather different -from a modern royal speech) by saying that he knew -that never was there a king more beloved than -himself, and that he wished the two houses to be -the mirrors of the people.<a id='r94' /><a href='#f94' class='c012'><sup>[94]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Speaker was then elected; and Sir Thomas -Crewe, sergeant-at-law, in his reply, recalled the -benefits of the good parliament in the thirty-second -year of Henry VIII., and the thirty-ninth -of Elizabeth.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Soon afterwards, More, an attorney, was sentenced -to lose both his ears “for speaking disrespectfully -of those two deceased monarchs.” -Such was English liberty. The culprit laughed -whilst the sentence was being put into execution -in Cheapside. A proclamation was issued, ordering -priests and Jesuits to leave Ireland within forty -days;<a id='r95' /><a href='#f95' class='c012'><sup>[95]</sup></a> so instant was the change from toleration -to persecution. James was not more free from -troubles about Ireland than his successors have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>been. On visiting the State Paper Office, and -seeing a large mass of documents relating to that -island there, he had once remarked that there was -“more ado about Ireland than about any of his -dominions.”<a id='r96' /><a href='#f96' class='c012'><sup>[96]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duke had now so completely regained the -love of the people, by his abandoning the Spanish -marriage, that it was proposed in the Lower -House to confirm all his lands and honours -to him by act of parliament; but the reply -was that this was no time to commend men, -though deserving well.<a id='r97' /><a href='#f97' class='c012'><sup>[97]</sup></a> A few days afterwards, -the Prince told the Upper House that they need -not fear “advising a breach, for if we did not -begin the war, Spain would.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>In the House of Commons, Sir Benjamin -Rudyard declared that the King of Spain had -verified the proverb that kings’ daughters are -so many ways to deceive their neighbours; and -that since the match was first thought of, much -Papistry had sprung up amongst the people; -that Protestantism was disunited as in Germany; -suppressed as in France; threatened as in Holland. -All the speakers on this memorable occasion -praised the Prince. Rudyard declared that he -had shown both courage and wisdom in his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>journey, which “had matured his excellent parts.” -The Lord Keeper Williams related how the -Prince had sent a message to the council, to say -that though he stole to Spain for love, he would -not steal back again for fear; how he had told -Grimes, one of his servants, to tell his father, -in case he should hear that he was detained, -to think of him no more as a son, for he would -be lost, but to place all his affections on his -sister.<a id='r98' /><a href='#f98' class='c012'><sup>[98]</sup></a> On the second of March, Sir Edward -Coke was instructed by the Commons to -advise the Lords of their unanimous resolution -to counsel the King to break the treaties with -Spain; and was instructed to request the Lords -to join in a petition to make a declaration to that -effect, which should comfort his people and encourage -his allies abroad.<a id='r99' /><a href='#f99' class='c012'><sup>[99]</sup></a> Sir Edward answered, -that he never knew a petition of both houses -refused; he could not say anything more “for -weeping;” and Sir Thomas Edmondes, treasurer -of the household, taking up the pecuniary part of -the question, said that the “mysteries of delusion -in the treaties were now discovered, and that the -Spanish, having enticed us from the match with -France, now offered, instead of a dowry of -600,000<em>l.</em>, only 20,000<em>l.</em> yearly with the Infanta, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>and some jewels; whilst France would give a wedding -portion of 240,000<em>l.</em>” This, perhaps, considering -the King’s debts, and the almost bankrupt state -of the treasury, was probably a stronger argument -with James than the restitution of the Palatinate, -or the security of Protestantism, on which points -his conscience seems to have been conveniently -callous.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On the twenty-sixth of February, Buckingham, -assisted by the Prince, addressed the houses, beginning -from the first negotiation at Brussels, which -had raised doubts of the Spanish King’s sincerity, -and induced the Prince to go himself to Spain; and -had disclosed the fact that neither the marriage, -nor the restitution of the Palatinate, was intended. -Many letters were read to and from the chief -parties concerned in the treaty, and the houses -were asked whether the King should act on the -assurances given, or “stand on his own feet.” It -was soon resolved that the King should not accept -their answer. The houses applauded the Duke’s -conduct, and requested the King to break off the -treaties.<a id='r100' /><a href='#f100' class='c012'><sup>[100]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Upon this resolution, the spirits of the anti-Catholics -were so much excited that a request -was sent James to order a fast for the happy -deliverance of the Prince; and no member of parliament -<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>was henceforth to be allowed to retain recusant -servants.<a id='r101' /><a href='#f101' class='c012'><sup>[101]</sup></a> Soon afterwards the Lower House -informed the Upper that the Spanish ambassadors -declared that Buckingham deserved to lose his -head for wronging the King of Spain, but that the -Commons had acquitted him, and the Upper House -appointed a committee, who did the same.<a id='r102' /><a href='#f102' class='c012'><sup>[102]</sup></a> On -the same day, the Duke made a motion in the -House of Peers to “thwart the King of Spain in -the Indies,” by way of a commencement of hostilities. -The Upper House, indeed, cried out -loudly for hostilities, more especially the bishops; -and the Bishop of Durham was so excited that -he declared he would lay down his rochet, and -gird on a sword if the King would take that -course. This excitement was heightened by the -following anecdote. Buckingham, having been -present when the Spanish ambassador told the King -that his master had deprived a bishop for speaking -disrespectfully of James, had answered, “It was -true; and he had admired the justice of his Spanish -Majesty therein, but still more his mercy, for in -a few days he gave the man a bishopric worth thrice -of his former prelacy.” These particulars were -stated by some members in the debates.<a id='r103' /><a href='#f103' class='c012'><sup>[103]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>It is not improbable that the exaggerated fears -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>of the people, on the one hand, and the expectations -of the Catholics, on the other, may have -alarmed Charles, who was firmly attached to the -Church of England. Upon an application being -made to Pope Gregory the XV. to grant a -dispensation for the marriage, that Pontiff had -replied in a Latin letter, expressing, first, his -regret at the altered state of Britain;<a id='r104' /><a href='#f104' class='c012'><sup>[104]</sup></a> next, his -hopes that, as under his predecessor, Gregory the -Great, Apostolical authority had been there -established, he might be permitted to see it reestablished -by the conversion of the Prince, -“the flower of the Christian world,” who had -proved, by seeking a Catholic Princess, that he -did not hate the see of Rome. He then set -before the Prince the example of his Highness’s -ancestors, and concluded with hoping that Charles -would become “the infranshiser of Brittayne.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Several Catholics who had worn a mask of -Protestantism now threw it off, and in hopes -of toleration, avowed themselves Romanists; -amongst these were Sir John Wentworth and Lord -Vaughan. “Everyone,” Lady Hatton wrote to -Carleton, “was on the wing for Spain;” but, “in -spite of her walks and talks with Gondomar,” she -would ever, she said, oppose his country.<a id='r105' /><a href='#f105' class='c012'><sup>[105]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>Nor were the Catholics without reason in their -dreams of enjoying a degree of security and toleration -long most unjustly and cruelly withheld. Even -after James had begun to listen to the changed -tone adopted by Buckingham, preparations had -been going on, both for the reception and maintenance -of the Infanta, which might well afford hopes -of religious liberty. It was reported that the -marriage conditions were to be, the liberation -of the Catholics and the abandonment of the -Hollanders. The Spanish ambassador surveyed -Denmark House and St. James’s, where “lodgings,” -as they were styled, were prepared for -the Infanta. At each place, he ordered a new -chapel, and Inigo Jones was to prepare each -with great costliness. The Spanish ambassador -laid the stone of a new chapel for the Infanta -at St. James’s, whilst the Savoy chapel was to -be given up to the Infanta’s suite.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“After the London bonfires,” adds Mr. Chamberlain, -who tells in the same tone good and bad -tidings, “Oxford lit fires and rung bells, and -wrote verses in honour of the match.”<a id='r106' /><a href='#f106' class='c012'><sup>[106]</sup></a> It appears, -indeed, from a letter of Lord Treasurer Middlesex -to Secretary Conway, that it was even in contemplation -to decorate the chapel with jewels; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>"Sir Peter Lore’s jewels, and others of the Countess -of Suffolk, now in pawn, should," wrote the -Lord Treasurer, immediately after referring to his -preparing the chapel, "be submitted to His Majesty’s -inspection, though he hoped the King would -not declare which he preferred, as advantage would -be taken of his preference, but leave the Chancellor -himself, and others, <a id='corr105.8'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='“to bargain'>to bargain</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_105.8'><ins class='correction' title='“to bargain'>to bargain</ins></a></span> for them, -as there was great necessity for frugality."<a id='r107' /><a href='#f107' class='c012'><sup>[107]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, indeed, up to the very moment of -his son’s return, had been sanguine of the marriage, -and delighted to talk over the adventures of the -journey, during which Buckingham had had seven -falls, Sir Francis Cottington twelve, and the Prince -not one; but his tone was now beginning to alter, -which seemed strange to those who knew the King’s -circumstances, and who considered how splendid a -dower was expected with the Infanta. Lord Middlesex, -who was afterwards discovered to have embezzled -public money, had declared himself “sick -at heart” with the idea of all these extraordinary -charges, when the King was so ill able to meet -even his ordinary expenses. Like all servants -who rob their masters, his zeal was laudable; he -could not, he wrote, “hold out, unless some extraordinary -reply be thought of, or some large sums -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>come in from Spain with the fleet; but would pawn -his whole estate for the present.”<a id='r108' /><a href='#f108' class='c012'><sup>[108]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>It was a gift from a lady that brought first -the altered sentiments of Prince Charles to light. -In the course of March, 1624, the Countess of -Olivares had sent him a large present of provisions, -comprising gammons of bacon, vessels of -olives, special figs, sweet lemons, capers and -caperons, suchets, and sweet meats; he vouchsafed -not even to see them. They were conveyed -into the riding place at St. James’s, and left to -the disposal of Mr. Francis Cottington.<a id='r109' /><a href='#f109' class='c012'><sup>[109]</sup></a> On the -twenty-third of March, James informed his Privy -Council that he was about to send a messenger to -Spain, to signify to the King that his Parliament -had advised him to break off the treaty, and that -he intended proceeding to recover the Palatinate -as he might. “Bonfires were made in the city,” -says Archbishop Laud, “for joy that we should -break with Spain.” Prince Charles gave great -satisfaction to the Parliament, where he was a -constant attendant, by declaring that should he -choose any one of a different religion from his own, -it would be with a caution that his consort, and -her foreign servants, alone should be permitted the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>exercise of their faith.<a id='r110' /><a href='#f110' class='c012'><sup>[110]</sup></a> It was not, however, until -the tenth of December in the same year, that a -ship was sent to Spain to fetch back the jewels -that had been bestowed on the Infanta and the -royal family there; when, by the proposal of the -Spaniards themselves, they were returned. They -were placed under the care of James Howell, -whose familiar letters are so well known, and the -news of their arrival was conveyed by him to the -King.<a id='r111' /><a href='#f111' class='c012'><sup>[111]</sup></a> The Infanta, as an account from Spain -testified, was greatly distressed by these proceedings. -The termination of this treaty was, as -Bishop Hacket remarks, “flat and unfortunate. -Not an inch of the Palatinate better for it, and -we the worse from wars in all countries.” The -same writer justly observes that the Spanish as a -nation are preferable to the French; that the -Spanish ladies, who have been united to English -princes, have been “virtuous, mild, thrifty, and -beloved of all.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>The conduct of Charles in this affair gave a -presage of that vacillating and insincere policy -which, in his after life, stamped a character full of -beautiful indications and gentle qualities, with -duplicity. "But to his life’s end," remarks -Hacket, “he had a quality, I will not call it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>humility, it is something like, but it is not it, to -be easily persuaded out of his own knowledge -and judgment by some whom he permitted to -have power over him, who had not the half of his -intellectuals.” The public, however, remarked -that the “brave prince,” as they called him, was -“bettered in his judgment after his return from -Spain.”<a id='r112' /><a href='#f112' class='c012'><sup>[112]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham’s conduct drew forth still more -severe censures. It was observed that in advising -the Prince to break off the treaty, he had -only counselled what he had often done himself; -for he was said to have given promises of marriage -to many within the Court, and to have withdrawn -from the fulfilment.<a id='r113' /><a href='#f113' class='c012'><sup>[113]</sup></a> Harassed by the censures -cast upon him, Buckingham’s health and spirits -sank under the alternate excitement of his too -dazzling career, and the depression of blame and -opposition. “A fever, the jaundice, and I know -not what else,” are described, in a letter from Mr. -Chamberlain, as his disease. For this he was -“let blood thrice;” “yet the world,” adds the -same writer, “thinks he is more sick in mind -than body, and that he declines apace.” The -King in vain endeavoured to reconcile him to the -Earl of Bristol, who had returned from Spain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>some time previously. That nobleman was ordered -not to leave his house, although many gracious messages -were sent to him from the King.<a id='r114' /><a href='#f114' class='c012'><sup>[114]</sup></a> Buckingham, -however, passed much of his time with -the King, “with as much freedom and love as -ever.”<a id='r115' /><a href='#f115' class='c012'><sup>[115]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duke of Buckingham was attended in his -illness by Sir Theodore Mayerne, the favourite -court physician. From an entry in a journal of -cases kept by that eminent man, and styled by -him his “Ephemerides Anglicæ,” it appears that -Buckingham was not unfrequently the subject of -his care and skill. In 1617 he had been troubled -with a tumour in the right ear, owing to riding -bareheaded in the winter, when hunting with the -King; and the mode of life pursued in James’s -society, the habits of intemperance prevalent in -those days, and the absence of any strict moral -principle, were, as Mayerne’s details are said to -prove, highly injurious to the general health of the -Favourite,<a id='r116' /><a href='#f116' class='c012'><sup>[116]</sup></a> who is specified, in Sir Theodore’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>voluminous collection, under the name of Palamedes. -Every one remarked that Buckingham -had, since his return, become pensive. “The -Prince,” writes Mr. Mead to Sir Martin Stuteville, -“hath got a beard, and is cheerful; the -Marquis (some conceive) not so.” The expenses -of the Spanish journey were very considerable; -and in the impoverished state of James’s treasury, -they might naturally provoke difficulties far from -agreeable to the main projectors of that enterprize. -They amounted, according to a release -given by Prince Charles to Sir Francis Cottington, -to 50,027<em>l.</em> Prince Charles, before he left -Spain, had given presents to the amount of 12,000<em>l.</em></p> - -<p class='c001'>But it appears that the nation, pleased that the -heir-apparent of Great Britain should have an -opportunity of seeing two great kingdoms, and -proud of his discretion and princely demeanour, -were far from regretting that the journey had -taken place, but rejoiced that he had returned in -health, and without any change in his religious -opinions.<a id='r117' /><a href='#f117' class='c012'><sup>[117]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Prince, it was now said, disliked a Dutch -match, and refused a Spanish one, until full restoration -of the Palatinate and Electorals. “A -lady,” Dudley Carleton remarked, “wise in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>these matters, declared she saw no symptom of -his being in love.”<a id='r118' /><a href='#f118' class='c012'><sup>[118]</sup></a> The talk of the Spanish -match became daily cooler, and another was said -to be under consideration at Vienna; whilst the -Princes’s safe return was, as many thought, a -“marvel to all;” and a great man told him that -he might thank God and his sister for it.<a id='r119' /><a href='#f119' class='c012'><sup>[119]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>In the course of these discussions an accident -occurred, which too plainly showed the temper of -the times. A house had been hired by the -Roman Catholics, next to that of the French -ambassador, in order to celebrate mass, and to -hear Father Drury, a famous Jesuit preacher. -The day chosen for the opening of the tenement -was the fifth of November. That day the roof -fell in, whilst these worshippers were assembled, -and ninety-five people, Drury among the number, -were killed. It seems difficult, in the present -state of public feeling, to believe that, as the crashing -ruins entombed the victims beneath them, the -barbarous multitude, who might term themselves -Protestants, but were not to be called Christians, -“rather railed and taunted the sufferers, than -helped them.” Nor did the bitterness of persecution -end there, for the Bishop of London refused -to allow these unfortunate people to be interred -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>in any churchyard in the City; the dead were -therefore buried in two pits behind the houses -which had fallen in, and black crosses were placed -above their graves. This event made a deep impression. -It was the first solemn meeting of recusants -for sixty years; the Puritans styled it a -judgment; the Romanists declared that it could -not be such, for that those dying in that way -escape purgatory. The preachers in the churches, -however, treated the question “charitably and -temperately.”<a id='r120' /><a href='#f120' class='c012'><sup>[120]</sup></a> Masses for the sufferers were -said at Ely House, in the presence of all the -Spanish Legation, Sir Tobie Mathew appearing -as chief mourner.<a id='r121' /><a href='#f121' class='c012'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>People began to fear Buckingham more than -even Prince Charles himself; he was styled the -“dictator, not only of England, Ireland, and of -Scotland, but of the King himself,”<a id='r122' /><a href='#f122' class='c012'><sup>[122]</sup></a> and he -henceforth courted popularity, inviting himself to -the houses of the influential citizens, which seemed -nevertheless to imply that he dreaded lest some -impending storm should be lowering over his -destiny.</p> - -<p class='c001'>During the whole of this year, however, Buckingham’s -security was being undermined; and, had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>it not been for the unfathomable indulgence of -James, he would probably have shared the fate of -that great minister, Wolsey, to whom he has been -sometimes compared. During the progress of the -Spanish treaty, as we have already seen, the -Marquis of Inojosa had been sent to England as -ambassador. He was a man of truly Spanish -gravity and severity, and a great promoter of the -Popish interests in England. His peculiar distinctions -as an ambassador were, however, his disagreeable, -discourteous manners, which marked -him as one of the most unamiable foreigners that -had visited the English Court.</p> - -<p class='c001'>This nobleman, in a private audience with -James, had, in the spring of 1624, accused Buckingham -of conspiring with certain accomplices -how to break off the match with the Infanta, and -of having determined, in case that their plot should -not succeed, to send the King to one of his -country houses, and to put all public matters in -the hands of the Prince, whose virtue and discretion -were so much worthier of confidence.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Hints were even thrown out by Inojosa that -Buckingham plotted treason against the King, -who, until assured by several peers and councillors -that there was no intention of deposing him, was -greatly disquieted. Precedents were now sought -to punish Buckingham; and there was an idea -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>started of calling him before the upper house to -answer for his conduct. But when the council -talked to the King of precedents, he said that -"such precedents were found to cut off his -mother’s head." Inojosa did his best, meantime, -to obtain a private hearing from the King, and -went to him, whilst Charles was in the House of -Lords, at Theobald’s; but the Prince, hearing of -this visit, hurriedly rose, and arrived at the -Palace before the ambassador.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, harassed and vacillating, sent for the -Lords to Whitehall, and harangued them, when -a strange scene ensued; he told them that he -came to sing a psalm of mercy and justice about -the Lord Treasurer,<a id='r123' /><a href='#f123' class='c012'><sup>[123]</sup></a> whose misdeeds had lately -come to light--who had done him, he said, some -good, in restraining grants which his own facile -disposition led him to consent to; that a recent -imposition on wines was for his service and profit, -and therefore they might as well arraign him as -the Lord Treasurer. Prince Charles, deputed by -the lords, said Lord Middlesex was not questioned -for that; but the King “<em>told him he lied</em>,” -and bade the house proceed, but give a good -account of what they did.<a id='r124' /><a href='#f124' class='c012'><sup>[124]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>James next did what every open nature is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>likely to suggest; he sent for the creature whom -he had raised from the dust, and reproached him -with his conduct. “Ah, Steenie, Steenie,” cried -the monarch, “wilt thou kill me?” Steenie, however, -found means to justify himself to the -King’s satisfaction, and the Marquis of Inojosa -was henceforth prohibited from any more private -interviews with the King. He resolved, however, -to overreach those who were set as spies to prevent -his seeing James; and, whilst Don Carlos de -Coloma held the Prince and the Duke in close -conversation, he managed to slip into the King’s -hands, with a wink, a paper which he wished him -to see, and made a sign that His Majesty should -thrust it into his pocket, which was quietly -effected by the poor frightened monarch. James -had, indeed, for some time perceived that he was -maltreated by the haughty Buckingham. The -Prince, though averse to the alliance with Spain, -was gentle and tractable; but, in the Duke, the -King declared that he had noted a turbulent -spirit of late, and knew not how to quell it. It -was by the altered expression of James’s countenance, -and by his frequent silence and musings, -that the Duke and the Prince discovered these -proceedings, and when they heard that Inojosa and -the Jesuit Maestro had been with the King, their -alarm was considerable. In consequence of this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>discovery, Buckingham wrote to his royal master -the following ungrateful and unpardonable letter:--</p> - -<div class='letter'> - -<p class='c001'>"<span class='sc'>Dear Dad and Gossip</span>,</p> - -<p class='c014'>"Notwithstanding this unfavourable -interpretation I find made of a thoughtful and -loyal heart, in calling my words ‘cruel Catonic -words,’ in obedience to your commands, I will -tell the House of Parliament that you, having been -upon the fields this afternoon, have taken such a -fierce rheum and cough, as, not knowing how you -will be this night, you are not able yet to appoint -them a day of hearing; but I will forbear to tell -them that notwithstanding of your cold, you -were able to speak with the King of Spain’s -instruments, though not with your own subjects. -All I can say is, you march slowly towards -your own safety (here the words ‘<em>and happiness</em>’ -are erased), and those that depend of you. I -pray God at last you may attain wit, otherwise -I shall take little comfort in wife or child, -though now I am suspected to look more to the -rising son than to my maker. Sir, hitherto, I -have tied myself to a punctuall answer of yours. -If I should give myself leave to speak my own -thoughts, they are so many, that though the -quality of them should not grieve you, coming -from one you wilfully and unjustly suspect, yet the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>number of them are so many, that I should -not give over till I had troubled you. Therefore -I shall only tie myself to that which shall -be my last and speedy refuge--to pray, the -Almighty to increase your joys and qualify the -sorrows of your Majesty."</p> - -</div> - -<p class='c001'>Notwithstanding this remonstrance, James continued -to give audience to the Spanish ambassadors, -though sometimes disputes ran high, -and loud expostulations were addressed even to -his Majesty by Inojosa; at other times, the -Pope’s envoy, the Jesuit Maestro, was admitted -whilst Buckingham was at Newhall, and jealousies -were thus fomented.<a id='r125' /><a href='#f125' class='c012'><sup>[125]</sup></a> The Duke was about this -time ill of fever and jaundice; and reports were -spread of his having had something given to -him in Spain that was undermining his health; he -was, in short, harassed by debts, harassed by the -Spanish treaty, and doubted by the King. Superstitious -fears never seemed to have had much hold -on him; yet in James’s time, wiser men than Buckingham -(not to specify the King himself) were -agitated by omens and prophecies. In the spring -of this eventful year, one Gamaliel Gruys had -prophesied that two great cedars would fall in -England; these were, he said, the Duke of Buckingham -and the Lord Keeper. An hour after this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>prophecy was spoken, news arrived of the death of -the Duke of Lennox. The augury, therefore, might -be thought to refer to him. This idle speech was -deemed worthy of investigation;<a id='r126' /><a href='#f126' class='c012'><sup>[126]</sup></a> and the prognostic -was judged by many to have had special -reference to the events which time too surely -disclosed. Nevertheless, in proportion as the -favour of the Monarch declined, that of the -people seemed to be restored to the Duke.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, at this epoch, must have had some -difficulties in arranging his different audiences. -The ambassadors from the States, and those from -Spain, were obliged to be conducted by different -ways to the presence chamber, that they might -not meet, and the very chamber and bed which -had been prepared for the reception of the -Infanta at St. James’s, were allotted to Count -Mansfeld, the ambassador from the Protestant -party in Germany, who, notwithstanding a -protest from the Spanish ambassador, was graciously -received, and royally entertained by -the King.<a id='r127' /><a href='#f127' class='c012'><sup>[127]</sup></a> James found it impossible long to -resist the influence of his favourite, and accordingly -the Duke soon perceived that he was again -welcome at court; and a complete triumph was -gained. Thus dishonourably and discourteously -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>ended the famous treaty with Spain, for the accomplishment -of which James had risked the best -interests in Europe, and of his own family, and -upon which so much time, trouble, and money -had been expended. The voice of the people -certainly called for the result.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The expected rupture of the treaties with Spain -was, however, most acceptable to the nation; and -Parliament resolved to assist His Majesty in maintaining -the honour of the nation by proclaiming -war. Sir Edward Coke encouraged the resolution, -by saying in the house that “we never thrived -so well as in a war with Spain; and that if -the navy was ready, Ireland secured, and the -low countries divided, we need fear neither -Turk, Pope, devil, nor the King of Spain himself, -and that the very idea of the war made -him seven years younger.”<a id='r128' /><a href='#f128' class='c012'><sup>[128]</sup></a> Sir Thomas Edwards -was authorized to declare also that the Prince -“was sensible to the dishonours put on himself, and -condescended to urge speed in the resolution for -avenging them.” “Who,” cried the well-paid -courtier, “can resist such an invitation, the first -made by him? He shall have an answer of -thanks, and assurance of tender concern for his -interests.”<a id='r129' /><a href='#f129' class='c012'><sup>[129]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>The King still temporized, nevertheless; and -his conduct at this juncture shows more plainly -than at any other his native apathy, and the indecision -of his weak character, faced, as it was, with -strong pretensions. He was truly the “Clerk of -Arms,” and said lofty things whilst the sword was -still in the sheath. Prince Charles endeavoured -to keep up appearances, by saying, “The King -hath a long sword, and when it is out it will not -easily go in again.” But James confessed, in his -reply to the declaration, that he was old and oppressed -with debts, and had not yet expressed his -opinion with regard to the war; “for, where Jupiter -speaks,” he added, “he should have his thunder; -and a king should not speak unless he could -act.”<a id='r130' /><a href='#f130' class='c012'><sup>[130]</sup></a> In this great business he must satisfy his -conscience, and his honour and he were already -<em>almost</em> resolved. The fact was, that he wanted -larger subsidies than, he expected, without this -coquetting with his Parliament, would be voted.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Never had the courtiers been so much at a -loss in which way to turn their customary homage; -whether to the failing interest of the Spanish -ambassador, or to the rising but precarious favour -of the French, for James still vacillated.</p> - -<p class='c001'>At this juncture, the unfortunate Charles I. became -for a time the darling of the anti-catholic -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>party, by far the most powerful at all times in this -country. His gentleness, his urbanity, his filial -respect, on the one hand, his endeavours to procure -the King’s assent to the wishes of his people, on -the other, were the theme of praise. Still Parliament -was “fitful, and did lettle,” though the Prince -and Duke endeavoured to get it into a better understanding -with His Majesty. The Prince so -“bravely and judiciously” exhorted the Houses, -that they resolved to offer life and fortune to His -Majesty, if he would declare the treaties broken. -Secretary Calvert knowingly suggested that the -offer should be restricted “to be in a Parliamentary -way;” the Treasurer and Lord Arundel suggested -that a general offer of aid from Parliament would -be of no avail; the Archbishop of Canterbury presented -the declaration; the King replied by thanks -for their “large offer, which, he said, was too general -to be accepted;” they mistook him “in supposing -that he said Spain had dealt falsely with him; -but if they would give him five subsidies and ten -fifteens for the war only, and one subsidy and two -fifteens yearly for himself, till his debts were paid, -he would issue a declaration to make this Parliament -a session, and call another for Michaelmas, and -another for Lady-day.” This answer so annoyed -the House that there was not one “God save the -King” heard as they went away. When the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>Houses met again, the Prince and Duke endeavoured -to disperse these clouds: they said His Majesty -was misunderstood; he only wanted six subsidies -and twelve fifteenths for the war. But this did -not convince those who heard him. Many members -of Parliament were now again "so cast down, -that they would give the King’s men all for the -war, even to their shirts;" others harped on the -poverty of the country, and would not consent to -give at all. At last the house voted three subsidies -and three fifteenths, to be paid within a year after -the declaration that the treaties were broken, and -the King “lovingly” accepted their offer, saying -he would not touch a penny of the money himself, -but devote it all to the Palatinate. The general -joy was expressed in bonfires; and one nobleman, -Lord Verulam, ran into debt to give four dozen -fagots and twelve gallons of wine. Stones and -firebrands were now thrown at the Spanish ambassador’s -house; but the Commons refused to -protect him. The ambassador complained of some -expressions used by Buckingham, reflecting on the -King of Spain, but the Houses immediately -praised his conduct in Spain, and the King said -the Duke “had set an ill example to ambassadors, -for he had spent 40,000<em>l.</em> in his journey, and had -asked no repayment.” Never, adds Sir Edward -Conway, whose letter to Carleton contains these -<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>curious details, “was man so beloved of King, -Prince, and people” as Buckingham.</p> - -<p class='c001'>All seemed now to be settled according to the -popular wish; but those who deemed the rupture -with Spain secure knew but little of King James. -The motives for his perpetual vacillations seem -inexplicable, unless we could believe that a sincere -desire to preserve peace, and a dread of being involved -in continental wars, may have influenced -the now feeble and broken monarch. But sincerity -was not one of this King’s attributes; and his professions -with regard to the Palatinate were utterly -hollow and worthless.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Shortly after this apparent understanding with -his Parliament, he “stormed” at a bill reviewing -all the acts against Papists; and even scolded -Buckingham for consenting to it. At length, -however, matters seemed to draw to a conclusion.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Earl of Bristol was recalled; Buckingham -was empowered to read to the Houses a dispatch -from the King of Spain, declaring that the treaties -were dissolved. The King, in reply to an address -from the Houses, protested that his heart bled at -the increase of Popery; and that he had desired -to hinder it, not by persecution, for that would be -useless; nevertheless, he granted their desire for -the banishment of priests and Jesuits; and promised -<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>to advise with council about the probability -of seizing subjects coming out from mass in the -ambassador’s chapel; no priests were in fact -allowed to leave the kingdom without first taking -the oaths of allegiance.</p> - -<p class='c001'>So far, all looked well for the Protestant -party; but not long afterwards, the pertinacious -Inojosa again seemed on the ascendant. -He resolved to raise, through Padre Maestro, -a discord between the King and Parliament, -and, therefore, hinted to the King that there -was a design to confine him in Theobald’s, and to -give the Crown to the Prince.<a id='r131' /><a href='#f131' class='c012'><sup>[131]</sup></a> The King was -a good deal agitated, and told the Prince and the -Duke of this suspicion. They were resolved to -find out who had put this idea into the Spaniard’s -head--some Englishmen they believed had done it, -and they suspected Lord Middlesex. James had -heard of this design in the morning, but had kept -it to himself until after dinner, when, with weeping -eyes, in St. James’s Park, he imparted it to -Buckingham, who, in his reply, asked how it was -possible he could ever do such a thing without -the Prince’s knowledge, whose filial feeling would -rise against it; and without his knowledge it were -sottish to plan it, for the affection of the people for -His Majesty was such that they would tear anyone -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>to pieces who attempted such baseness. To -which the King replied, that had he believed it, -he should never have mentioned it.<a id='r132' /><a href='#f132' class='c012'><sup>[132]</sup></a> Eventually, -Inojosa pretended that the accusation was -a misunderstanding on the part of the King, and -declared the Prince to be the most dutiful son, -and the Duke to be the most faithful servant, -that ever monarch had.<a id='r133' /><a href='#f133' class='c012'><sup>[133]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Meantime, the Earl of Bristol arrived in London, -bringing with him the jewels that had been -given to the Infanta. He was confined, by the -King’s order, to his house in St. Giles’s Fields, -but James sent him kind messages. “It is -thought,” writes Carleton, “that he will not be -much questioned, lest he should reveal too much.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>All hopes of now marrying the Prince to a lady -of his own religion were at an end, for James -would not consent to his son’s espousing an -inferior, and there seemed to be no other alternative -than to make proposals to a French -Princess. The Earl of Holland was therefore dispatched -into France, to treat with the queen-mother -and her ministers concerning this alliance, -Charles, in the casual view which he had obtained -of Henrietta Maria, the posthumous daughter of -Henry the Great, having been struck by her beauty. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>First it prospered, and the French ministers seemed -disposed not to stand upon any conditions; but -when they found that the breach with Spain -and that his inclinations favoured the negotiation; -that the breach with Spain was irreparable, and that -a war was in preparation, they resolved to abate -none of the terms which had been granted to the -Spaniards, relative to the exercise of the Catholic -religion, and to these terms James and his son consented. -Such was the infatuation, and such, perhaps, -the ignorance of the people, that, having in -November, 1623, celebrated the dissolution of the -Spanish treaty with bells and bonfires, they now, -in February, signalized their joy at the conclusion -of a treaty precisely similar. The conduct of -Buckingham to the Earl of Bristol was justly and -generally unpopular. That nobleman had prayed -that he might make his answer in Parliament -against any charge that might be preferred against -him; but had been committed to the Tower, in -order, it was thought, to prevent disclosures, and -was only released upon his making submission, -and retiring into the country; nevertheless, articles -were prepared to impeach him.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In the course of the autumn, Don Hurtado de -Mendoza, as ambassador extraordinary from the -Court of Spain, arrived in England. This nobleman -insisted on his right of precedence, according -<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>to the English custom, which always grants it to -the ambassador last arrived. This right was resisted -by Inojosa, as being of higher rank in his -own country, and he was eventually supported by -the King of Spain, who ordered Mendoza back -again, and commanded him to remain in his own -house as a prisoner when he arrived in Spain.<a id='r134' /><a href='#f134' class='c012'><sup>[134]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>During Mendoza’s sojourn in London, Buckingham -had given a great feast in his honour, and -in that of Don Diego de Mexia, the Austrian -ambassador. On this occasion, Inojosa, although -of course expected, declined, not choosing, before -the point of precedence was arranged, to walk -after Mendoza. On the following evening, -Buckingham sent the absent Inojosa, by Endymion -Porter, a “regale of three large flaskets,” -full of the provisions of which the feast had been -composed; one of cold meats for the <em>custe pasto</em>, -“another filled with uncooked fowl, fat and ready -for the spit;” a third containing the best and -rarest sweetmeats; and with all these, this -message,--"that the Duke kissed his hand, and -would have esteemed it an honour and happiness -to have had his company; but since he had not -had it, begged him to taste of what he had provided -for him; and on tasting this supper, -entreated that the Marquis would be pleased to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>drink the health of the King of England, and he -would, at the same time, drink that of the King -of Spain."</p> - -<p class='c001'>Inojosa’s immediate answer to this compliment -was, “that if my Lord Duke had wished for his -company, he might have had it, if it had pleased -him to command it; adding that it was easy to -conceive what the feast must have been, when a -taste of it was so rare and plentiful.” It was, -indeed, one of those ruinous entertainments which -were contributing to impoverish Buckingham. It -cost three hundred pounds--a large sum in those -days--and such was the taste and profusion of -the times, that twelve pheasants were piled in a -dish, and there were on the table forty dozen -partridges, and all else in proportion.<a id='r135' /><a href='#f135' class='c012'><sup>[135]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>These compliments had passed, of course, before -the accusation which Inojosa had preferred -against Buckingham had been insinuated into -the mind of the King by secret and artful proceedings.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“And no wonder it was,” Bishop Hacket -remarks, “that His Majesty was abused awhile, -and dim-sighted with the character of jealousie, -for the Parliament was about to land him in a -new world, to begin and maintain a war, who -thought that scarce any mischief was so great as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>was worth a war to mend it; wherein the Prince -did deviate from him, as likewise in affection -to the Spanish alliance: but otherwise promised -nothing but sweetness and obedience.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>On the twenty-second of May, Buckingham -came to Court, and was very welcome and well -entertained, the King having previously shown -him his continued favour by his determination to -get York House, which Buckingham had hitherto -borrowed, or rented, from Tobias Mathew, Archbishop -of York, transferred to the Duke; and -scarcely six weeks had elapsed, after the quarrel -between James and his favourite, before we find -that prelate writing a letter to the King, declaring -that he will submit to His Majesty’s wishes, -and give up York House and other tenements; -craving, however, that satisfaction to the see for -so large a property should be cared for; Mathews -adding that he “blessed God for a King who did -not require anything from the church without making -abundant recompense.”<a id='r136' /><a href='#f136' class='c012'><sup>[136]</sup></a> An act was subsequently -passed, giving lands in Yorkshire to the -Archbishop in lieu of York House, which Buckingham -was altering at great expense. On giving his -assent to the bill for the transfer of York House, -the King vindicated himself, in his speech to the -Lower House, from any design of allowing the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>Archbishop of York to be a loser, and praised the -care of the clergy taken by Buckingham, who was -adding to the lands given in exchange a house fit -for the bishop.<a id='r137' /><a href='#f137' class='c012'><sup>[137]</sup></a> In another account it is said that -the King spoke “very affectionately of Buckingham;” -and on the fourteenth of June the Monarch -granted to the Duke York House, and other -messuages in the parish of St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, -formerly belonging to the Archbishop -of York, but assigned to the King by act of -Parliament. On the same day an annuity of a -thousand a year from the Court of Wards was conferred -also on the Duke, and a thousand pounds, -arrears from the Court of Wards, in lieu of a like -grant from the Exchequer, surrendered.<a id='r138' /><a href='#f138' class='c012'><sup>[138]</sup></a> Thus it -appears that Buckingham’s plan of managing his -royal master, sometimes by flattery, sometimes by -insolence, reaped an undeserved success. That -the reconciliation was complete appears from the -visit which James paid during the summer to -Burleigh-on-the-Hill, still in an unfinished condition. -Here the King witnessed the masque, -by Jonson, entitled "Pan’s Anniversary, or the -Shepherd’s Holiday," containing those beautiful -lines, beginning:--</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c015'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>“Well done, my pretty ones, rain roses still,</div> - <div class='line'>Until the last be dropt, then hence, and fill</div> - <div class='line'>Your fragrant prickles;<a id='r139' /><a href='#f139' class='c012'><sup>[139]</sup></a> for a second shower</div> - <div class='line'>Bring corn-flags, tulips, and Adonis flower,” &c.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c016'>Buckingham, however, did not accompany his -royal master in this his last progress; but, although -his separations from the King and Court -were more frequent than formerly, many letters -from James to the Favourite, preserved among -the Harleian manuscripts, sufficiently attest the -unchanged character of the King’s devotion, not -only to his favourite, but to his whole family.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER III.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>DECLINE OF THE KING’S HEALTH--CASE OF LORD MIDDLESEX--PROCEEDINGS -IN BOTH HOUSES--SIR EDWARD -COKE’S EXAGGERATION--BUCKINGHAM’S PARTICIPATION -IN THE AFFAIR--MIDDLESEX STEALS AWAY -TO THEOBALD’S, AND IS FOLLOWED BY CHARLES--FOUND -GUILTY--CONFINED--BUCKINGHAM’S DANGEROUS -ILLNESS--ARTHUR BRETT--DEATH OF THE -KING--ASCRIBED TO BUCKINGHAM.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span><b><span class='large'>CHAPTER III.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The health of James the First had long been -declining, and the vexations which troubled his -last years contributed, it has been supposed, -greatly to its decline. A mortal internal disease, -however, aggravated by an attack of tertian ague, -left, in the spring of the year 1625, little hope of -his recovery. When told, during the access of -this disorder, the proverb, that “ague in the spring -was health to a king,” he remarked that the -saying was meant to apply to a young king. The -King was, in truth, only fifty-eight years of age, -but, independent of his originally feeble constitution, -he, like other men in those times, was old of his -age. It has been our blessing, under the improvements -of science, and in the habits of the nineteenth -century, to retain, if not youth, many of -its greatest advantages, to a period of life far more -<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>advanced than that in which James was styled -the “old King,” a term to which he gave his -mournful assent.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Amongst the numerous causes which, with the -Spanish treaty, vexed the royal invalid, the case of -the Lord Treasurer Middlesex was prominent. -In this minister James had rested unbounded confidence, -which nothing but the clearest evidence -of the Lord Treasurer’s corruption could undermine.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In April, 1624, Middlesex had been questioned -in the House of Lords on account -of his neglect of the fortresses. He was much -dejected by this attack; but the inquiry was -ascribed to the jealousy of Buckingham, Lord -Middlesex’s brother-in-law, Arthur Brett, having -been put forward to supplant the Duke -in James’s favour.<a id='r140' /><a href='#f140' class='c012'><sup>[140]</sup></a> It was thought, however, -such was the low standard of public morality, -that the articles produced against the -Treasurer were not worse than “might be found -in most men in his place;” and the attempts -to injure him were referred rather to his harsh -and insolent manner, his want of respect to Prince -Charles, and his inclination to the Spanish match, -than to his devices for raising money, and so impoverishing -the nation, and to his opposition to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>calling a Parliament. Still he stood high in James’s -favour, and boldly declared his own innocence; -James, whatever he might really feel, “looking -on” merely, and leaving his minister to his <a id='corr137.4'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='fate.”'>fate.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_137.4'><ins class='correction' title='fate.”'>fate.</ins></a></span><a id='r141' /><a href='#f141' class='c012'><sup>[141]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham, addressing the Peers, read a -letter from the Deputy in Ireland, who complained -of neglect to his applications for -repairing the forts, which had become the more -necessary as the Irish were in a state of -tumult and rebellion. Prince Charles added that -a “member of the council” had undertaken to -answer these letters, and that this was the Lord -Treasurer, “who used to put such letters in his pocket, -under pretence of answering them.” Middlesex -was soon after suspended from his office, till he -should clear himself; and it was even reported -that his title, given for services in the royal -wardrobe, where he had been guilty of many -abuses, would be taken away; but rewards for -services, acknowledged under the Great Seal, -could not, it was found, be questioned. Even -his life would have been in danger, could all have -been proved against him.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The House, desirous to finish the matter, -allowed Middlesex to produce forty witnesses, -twelve of whom deposed directly against him; -upon this, Prince Charles sent him a message, ordering -<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>him not to appear in the royal presence again -until he had cleared himself. This command was -the more necessary, since, at this very moment, -the mind of James had been impressed by Inojosa -with a suspicion that his son and the Duke were -plotting against him; an idea which the King, with -weeping, imparted to his son and the Duke. -“The Lord Treasurer,” Sir Dudley Carleton writes, -“is suspected to be at the bottom of it.” Hitherto, -James had still appeared confident of the Lord -Treasurer’s innocence,<a id='r142' /><a href='#f142' class='c012'><sup>[142]</sup></a> and in a speech to the -Lords, whom he had summoned to Whitehall,<a id='r143' /><a href='#f143' class='c012'><sup>[143]</sup></a> he -advised them as to their judgment. “Such a trial,” -he observed, “had no precedent before the last -parliament, and then the guilty party, Lord -Bacon, had confessed, now the supposed delinquent -denied the charge.” James, indeed, long -clung to the Lord Treasurer, and told the lords he -came to “sing a psalm of mercy and justice about -him;” still the trial went on, and the accused, in -spite of alleged ill-health, was examined both -morning and afternoon; his illness was found, -however, to be feigned; and his answers were so -audacious, and so manifestly perjured, that, had it -not been for the intercession of the Prince, he -would have been sent to the Tower. Among -<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>other speeches, Middlesex said he had been baited -by two mastiffs, Crew and the Attorney General; -and he reasoned, in his defence, “saucily” for -five hours, but was found guilty, and sentenced -to pay 50,000<em>l.</em> fine, and to lose his office; never -to sit in Parliament again, nor to come within the -verge of the Court. “He would,” Mr. Chamberlain -writes, “have been further degraded, but that -he had great, if not <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>gratis</em></span>, friends in the bedchamber. -He may live to crush his enemies, if -his brother-in-law, Brett, should get into favour -and marry the Duchess of Richmond, who would -do anything to be prime courtier again.”<a id='r144' /><a href='#f144' class='c012'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Regarding this sentence, Lord Campbell remarks:--"The -noble defendant had done various -things, as head of the Treasury, which would now -be considered very scandalous; but he had only -imitated his predecessors, and was imitated by -his successors."--A melancholy commentary on -the state of public morality. It must have been -galling to Lord Bacon, in his retirement, to have -known that he was coupled with a man so dishonest, -so specious, and so degraded as Middlesex.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst all this was taking place, Buckingham -was dangerously ill; so that on Charles the difficult -task of infusing a sense of justice into the mind -<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>of James almost wholly devolved.<a id='r145' /><a href='#f145' class='c012'><sup>[145]</sup></a> At length, -however, irritated by the insolent bearing of Middlesex, -who conducted himself as if he had not -been expelled from Court, James, with his own -hand, scratched out the culprit’s name from -the commission of subsidy for Middlesex; and -sent, through Sir Richard Weston, a message, -saying that, without regarding any other charge, -he condemned him merely in his capacity as -Master of the Wardrobe, which Middlesex had -“treated as a fee-farm not to be accounted for, -and would not even allow the clerk to keep -accounts, whereby great corruptions arose, and -ordinary and mean stuffs were brought in.”<a id='r146' /><a href='#f146' class='c012'><sup>[146]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst all this was going on, Arthur Brett, the -supposed rival of Buckingham, was committed to -the Fleet. By his examination it appears that, -on the Duke’s going into Spain, he had desired -this young man to retire to France, and he did so; -but on Buckingham’s return, he could not obtain -leave to come back to England, and had therefore -left France without it. He was ordered back to -France by the King; he pleaded his right to stay -in his own country, as a free-born subject. Then -he was told not to appear within forty miles of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>London. He had afterwards an interview with -Buckingham, who blamed him for returning; but -said he was the King’s servant, and might live where -he pleased. He had therefore staid in London, -and wished to plead for a restoration of favour -with the Duke; failing in this, he went to Wanstead -to petition the King.<a id='r147' /><a href='#f147' class='c012'><sup>[147]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>This disclosure of Brett’s, and Buckingham’s -wish to keep him from the Court, certainly throw -a doubt on the genuineness of the Duke’s motives -in the prosecution of Middlesex. Brett had imprudently -met the King in Waltham Forest, and -had seized hold of his Majesty’s bridle and stirrup, -a liberty which had greatly offended James, and -to punish which Brett was sent to the Fleet Prison, -and, though released, was heavily fined.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In the midst of these various harassing affairs, -the illness of James began to assume a formidable -appearance. The King had frequently, before -his last illness, been heard to express his belief -that he should not live long. He was a martyr -to rheumatism and gout, which he increased by -gross feeding, and the continual use of sweet -wines. During the whole of the Christmas preceding -his death he had kept his chambers, not -even going to chapel, or to see the plays, although -his known delight in Ben Jonson’s masques would -<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>have induced him to attend the representation of -the last of those performances played in his reign, -the masque of the “Fortunate Isles.” The sole -amusement which the dying King permitted himself -was to go abroad in his litter, in fair weather, to -see some flights at the brook; but all enjoyment -of his usual diversion was at an end.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Accounts from the Court became daily worse:--"The -King," Chamberlain, on the twelfth of -March, wrote to Carleton, “has a tertian ague, -but not dangerous, if he would be governed by -physicians.”<a id='r148' /><a href='#f148' class='c012'><sup>[148]</sup></a> His Majesty’s decline was evidently -gradual; nor was he the only person in the realm -sinking under fever or ague, the “spotted fever”<a id='r149' /><a href='#f149' class='c012'><sup>[149]</sup></a> -being fearfully prevalent. Buckingham was now -on the eve of going to France as ambassador, to -marry by proxy the young Princess, Henrietta -Maria; but so late as the twenty-third of March -he was detained by the continued illness of -James.</p> - -<p class='c001'>"The King’s fits," Mr. Chamberlain again -writes, “diminish; the Duke will not leave him till -he is perfectly recovered, of which there is hope, -but no assurance.” On the following day, we -find, from the same source, that James performed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>an act of mercy, almost if not quite his last, in -excusing Lord Middlesex part of his fine, and -reducing it from 50,000<em>l.</em> to 20,000<em>l.</em>, which sum -was to be repaid to the Crown.</p> - -<p class='c001'>His sickness had now assumed a distinctly intermittent -form; even so late as the middle of the -month there had been an apparent abatement; -on the sixteenth of March, he had his seventh -fit of this debilitating disease; but it was, as Mr. -Secretary Conway informed the Earl of Carlisle, -“less intense hereto than the rest, and left more -clearness and cheerfulness in his looks than the -former.”<a id='r150' /><a href='#f150' class='c012'><sup>[150]</sup></a> Yet, in the same letter, Conway speaks -of the “double sadness of every face,” and alludes -to the "extreme grief suffered for the sharp and -smart accesses of His Majesty’s fever."</p> - -<p class='c001'>During the last sufferings of King James, the -marriage treaty with France was still diligently -carried on, through the agency of Lord Carlisle, -ambassador at Paris, and was only delayed on -the ground that "it could not be suitable with -the good nature of a son, in so dangerous a state -of his father’s health, to entertain such jollity and -triumph as duly belong to so acceptable a marriage." -The Duke of Buckingham, who had -entertained some notion of going in person to -Paris, and of concluding the treaty himself, directed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>Lord Carlisle, in a letter written on the -fifteenth of March, “to have his eyes open, and -to state any course, as much as he could, which -might hinder the business of the Palatinate and -of the religion,” until he appeared in the French -capital.</p> - -<p class='c001'>But the increasing illness of his royal master -delayed the Duke’s journey from day to day; -and James was not permitted to witness the -conclusion of the long-cherished hopes of the -union of his son with a Princess of birth -equal to his own. “All human things,” wrote -Conway, “have something of earth and defect.” -Nothing, he added in his letter to Lord Carlisle,<a id='r151' /><a href='#f151' class='c012'><sup>[151]</sup></a> -could exceed the contentment of the “excellent -Prince and gracious Duke,” at the sure progress -of the treaty, "and there was now no speech but -of the speed of the Duke’s going;"<a id='r152' /><a href='#f152' class='c012'><sup>[152]</sup></a> but in the -next letter the journey was spoken of as conditional -upon the restoration of His Majesty to -health. On the twenty-fourth of March, the tenth -night of the King’s fever arrived. The attack, as -the same correspondent informed Lord Carlisle, -“exercised much violence upon a weak body, -which being so much reverenced, and loved with -so much cause as His Majesty hath given, struck -<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>much sense and fear into the hearts of his servants -that looked upon him.” The King, it appeared, -nevertheless, had that day slept well, “and -taken broths.” “And more to your comfort,” -added the secretary, “did, with life and cheerfulness, -receive the sacrament in the presence of the -Prince and Duke, and many others, and admitted -many to take it with him; and in the action and -the circumstances of it, did deliver himself so answerable -to his writings and his wise and pious -professions, and did justly produce much tears between -comfort and grief; and now this day, and -now this night, he recovers temper and gets, in -appearance to us, strength, appetite, and digestion, -which gives us great hope of his amendment, -grounded not only upon desire, but upon the -method of judicious observation.”<a id='r153' /><a href='#f153' class='c012'><sup>[153]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>It may here be remarked, before going more fully -into the false and calumnious evidence of poison, -afterwards brought forward in this case of the royal -sufferer, that the state of the King, his relapses, -and his rallyings, imply anything but poison, -and convey an impression of a constitution long -broken up, and suddenly depressed by the supervening -of an accidental attack of a disease then -extremely prevalent in this country. The Holy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>Communion was administered to James, over as before -stated, four days before he died: of the King’s -professions before that last sacrament, an account, -corresponding with that of Secretary Conway, but -more distinct and instructive, is given by the Lord -Keeper Williams. The monarch, who broke the -heart of Arabella Stuart by long imprisonment -and blighted hopes, and who beheaded Ralegh, -and denied restitution to his son, Carew, died -well;--so self-deceived is the spirit of the “rich -man,”--so easy is it to substitute professions -for practical Christianity.</p> - -<p class='c001'>“Being asked,” said the Lord Keeper, “if -he was prepared in point of faith and charity -for so great a devotion, he said he was, and -gave humble thanks to God for the same.” Being -desired to declare his faith, he repeated the articles -of the creed, one by one, and said, “He believed -them all as they were received and expounded -by that part of the Catholic church -which was established here in England,” adding -that whatever he had written of this faith in his -life he was ready to seal with his death. Being -questioned in “point of charity,” he answered -that he forgave all men that had offended him, -and wished to be forgiven by all whom he had -offended. Being told that men in holy orders in -the Church of England can challenge a power, as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>inherent in their function, not in their power, to -pronounce absolution on such of the penitent as -do call on the same, and that they have a form of -absolution in the Book of Common Prayer, he answered -quickly:--</p> - -<p class='c001'>“I have ever believed that there was that power -in you that be in orders in the Church of England, -and that, amongst others, was to me an evident -demonstration that the Church of England was -the Church of Christ, and I, therefore, a miserable -sinner, desire of Almighty God to absolve -me of my sins, and that you, that are his -servants in this high place, do afford me this -heavenly comfort.” And, after that the absolution -had been read, “he received the sacrament,” adds -the Lord Keeper, “with that zeal and devotion -as if he had not been a frail man, but a Cherubim -clothed with flesh and blood.” He expressed -to his son, and to the Duke, the inward comfort -which he felt after receiving the Communion, -and exclaimed “Oh, that my Lords would but -do this when they were visited with the like sickness! -Themselves would be more comforted in -their souls, and the world less troubled with questioning -their religion.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Thus, in perfect composure, and sufficiently -collected even to make his replies to the Lord -Keeper in Latin, James met death. Whilst the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>last hour was approaching, he was little aware that -the two beings whom he most loved in the world, -were, at that very moment, the objects of suspicions -the most cruel and groundless.</p> - -<p class='c001'>At that period, throughout Europe, and “nowhere,” -says Lord Macaulay, “more than in England, -the public, both high and low, were in the -habit of ascribing the deaths of princes, and, indeed, -of all persons of importance, to poison. -Thus,” he adds, “James the First had been accused -of poisoning Prince Henry. Thus Charles -had been accused of poisoning King James.”<a id='r154' /><a href='#f154' class='c012'><sup>[154]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The calumnies, however, were not so distinctly -directed to Charles, as to the Duke; the calumnies -circulated respecting Buckingham assumed an -importance, as they formed part of his subsequent -impeachment. Those also which attempted to -implicate Charles merit a reference, since they -were repeated to his injury at a very critical period -of his life, in 1642, when they were credited by -many persons; for there exist those who will, -on a party question, believe, or affect to believe, -any absurdity.</p> - -<p class='c001'>An act of kindness on the part of Buckingham -gave rise to the rumours to which some -contemporary historians, and even an excellent -writer of the present century, have attached an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>almost incredible value.<a id='r155' /><a href='#f155' class='c012'><sup>[155]</sup></a> Nothing, perhaps, can -really be more unwise, or more unkind, than to interfere -in illnesses with that profession which, -admirable as are its practitioners, is remarkable -for the tenacity of its etiquette, and its just horror -of chance remedies. Yet, in other instances, -even in the age of Sydenham and of Mead, Anne -of Denmark had imprudently sent to Sir Walter -Ralegh in the Tower for a remedy for her best -beloved son, Henry, in his last agonies; and thus -afforded Buckingham a precedent for his resort -to unprescribed, and, therefore, often dangerous -remedies.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Countess of Buckingham, like many ladies of -her own time and ours, had a specific which cured -every known distemper; and which, at all events, -was believed in by her son, the Duke; and it is -not improbable that during his own frequent illnesses -and attacks of ague he might have resorted -to it himself.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Six days before the King died, the Duke applied, -as it is stated by several historians, plasters to -the wrists and body of the sufferer, and also -administered several drinks, although some of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>King’s physicians did, says Roger Coke, “disallow -thereof, and refused to meddle further with the -King until the said plasters were removed.”<a id='r156' /><a href='#f156' class='c012'><sup>[156]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The King grew worse after these remedies, and -great “droughts, raving, fainting, and an intermitting -pulse followed thereupon.” Twice was the -drink given him by the Duke’s own hand; and the -third time refused. The physicians, to comfort the -King, told him that the relapse was from cold, or -from some other accidental cause. Upon which -James answered, “No, no, it was that I had -from Buckingham.” “I confess,” adds Coke, -“that this was but a charge upon the Duke -upon the Impeachment of the Commons” (in the -next reign), “yet it was next to positive proof, -for King Charles, rather than his charge should -come to an issue, dissolved one Parliament.”<a id='r157' /><a href='#f157' class='c012'><sup>[157]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>It appears, however, that the plasters to which -such dire consequences were ascribed, and which -seem to have been suggested by the Countess -of Buckingham, were prepared by an able and -honest physician, Dr. John Remington, of Dunmow, -in Essex;<a id='r158' /><a href='#f158' class='c012'><sup>[158]</sup></a> and that he had often applied -similar ones with success. One error was in -supposing that a remedy suited to one case had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>an empirical virtue; another, in using it, without -the knowledge of the physicians in attendance -on the King. Their professional pride was, of -course, justly irritated by the discovery; and one -of them, Dr. Craig, having spoken “some plain -words” on the matter, was ordered out of the -Court, the Duke himself complaining to the King -of what had been uttered.<a id='r159' /><a href='#f159' class='c012'><sup>[159]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>His Majesty, however, grew worse and worse, -so that Mr. Hayes, the Court surgeon, was called -out of bed to take off the plasters; a julep was -then prepared by Mr. Baker, the Duke of Buckingham’s -servant, for His Majesty to drink, and -was administered by Buckingham himself.</p> - -<p class='c001'>These particulars were all given and sworn to -by the physicians, two years afterwards, before a -select committee of Parliament, when the Duke’s -act was voted “transcendant presumption,” -though most people thought that it was done -without any ill intention.<a id='r160' /><a href='#f160' class='c012'><sup>[160]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Whilst the poor King lay expiring, a strange -and scandalous scene, according to Weldon, passed -near his death-bed. Buckingham was coming into -the chamber, when one of the servants greeted -him with these words:--"Ah! my lord, you have -undone all us poor servants, though you are so -<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>well provided for you need not care:" upon -which the Duke kicked him. The man, enraged, -caught hold of the foot which spurned him, and -the Duke fell to the ground. On arising, he -ran to the King’s bedside, and exclaimed, “Justice, -for I am an abused man.” At which James -is said to have fixed his eyes mournfully upon -him, "as one who would have said, ‘not wrongfully.’"<a id='r161' /><a href='#f161' class='c012'><sup>[161]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Such were the unwarrantable and malignant -reports which strove to impute to Buckingham -the foulest treachery and the deepest ingratitude.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The motive for such an action as that which -his foes scrupled not to fasten upon him--and -the imputation followed him through life--is -difficult to be discovered. Buckingham had -no reason to wish for the death of his benefactor. -Loaded with obligations, omnipotent in the country, -feared, if not respected, abroad, for what purpose -he should destroy the source of all his -superabundant blessings, it were impossible to -divine. The sole reason that could be given was -a fear lest the King should promote the -Earl of Bristol, and grow weary of the Duke. -Yet Bristol was even then in retirement and disfavour, -and had only recently been in a sort of -imprisonment. The charge, cruel and groundless, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>tends to justify Buckingham from many minor -imputations, since those who could fabricate such -an accusation were not likely to be fair interpreters -of his ordinary conduct. Roger Coke, for -instance, as we have seen, specifies the charge -against Buckingham, but gives him no credit for -the actual acquittal of Parliament, and is silent -regarding the general opinion.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The confidence reposed by Charles in Buckingham -affords another source of vindication. -Charles had ever been a dutiful son; indulged, -indeed, to excess, yet not spoiled by kindness. -On the Friday before the King died, he had three -hours private conversation with his son. Had -James then entertained any suspicion of the Duke, -he would, assuredly, have imparted it as a matter -which lay most heavily on his mind, and, as a -precaution to his son, James could not have controlled -a grief so pungent as the suspicion that -his favourite, the being, perhaps, the best beloved -in the world, had dealt out to him the potion of -death. Wilson, indeed, relates the circumstance -of this last interview thus.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, according to his account, sent for -the Prince out of his bed. Charles appeared -before him; when James, arousing all his strength -and energy, strove to address him; “but nature -being exhausted, he had not strength to express -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>his intentions.” That a conversation did, however, -take place, rests on the testimony of -a private letter addressed by Mr. Mead to -Sir Martin Stuteville, and written shortly after -the King’s death.<a id='r162' /><a href='#f162' class='c012'><sup>[162]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>There was among the Court physicians, one -named Eglesham, who had acted in that capacity -for ten years; and this long attendance, in a responsible -post, has been thought a sufficient -guarantee for his character. Upon his evidence, -chiefly, the charge against Buckingham -rested; Eglesham was obliged, in consequence -of his allegations against the Duke, to -abscond, and remain some years absent from -the country. In the pamphlet which he published, -he stated that the plaster was applied to the -King’s heart and chest whilst the physicians in -attendance were absent at dinner: the King, -after this application, which was suggested and -carried into execution by the Countess of Buckingham, -became faint, and was in great agony. -Some of the physicians, returning after dinner, -and perceiving an offensive smell from the plaster, -exclaimed that the King was poisoned, and then -Buckingham, entering, commanded the physicians -to leave the room, sent one of them a -prisoner to his own chamber, and ordered another -<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>out of the Court; whilst his mother, kneeling -down, cried out to the King, with a brazen face, -“Justice, sire, I demand justice!” His Majesty -asked her “Justice for what?” “For that which -their lives are nowise sufficient to satisfy; for -having said that I have poisoned your Majesty.” -“Poisoned me!” cried James, and, turning round, -fainted away. On the following Sunday, Buckingham -entreated two physicians who attended the -King to sign a document, declaring that the powder -he had given to the King was a safe and -good remedy; this they refused to do.</p> - -<p class='c001'>After the King’s death, the physician who had -been commanded to keep within his own apartment -was set at liberty, with a caution “to hold -his peace,” and the others were threatened, if they -kept not “good tongues in their heads.”<a id='r163' /><a href='#f163' class='c012'><sup>[163]</sup></a> The public -were also horrified at hearing that the King’s -body and head had swelled beyond measure; but -that is by no means an unusual symptom after -death.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Now the value of Eglesham’s evidence rests -wholly upon his personal credit. It was stated, -by Sanderson the historian, that he afterwards -offered to write a recantation of his pamphlet for -four hundred guineas;<a id='r164' /><a href='#f164' class='c012'><sup>[164]</sup></a> but although Brodie does -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>not consider the assertion of Sanderson, who had -the statement direct from Sir Balthazar Gerbier, -to be a good authority, the impression which it -conveys against Eglesham is confirmed from another -source. There is a letter in the State Paper Office, -from one Andrew Herriott to Secretary Nicholas, -in which "he marvels that Nicholas and Sir James -Bagg should take into their protection Edward -Yeates, who was a pirate with one Captain Herriott, -a poor man’s son in Kent, a mere mountebank, -only companion with Dr. Eglesham, at bed -and board for many years together, insomuch as -they coined many double pistolets, and yet unhanged."<a id='r165' /><a href='#f165' class='c012'><sup>[165]</sup></a> -This letter was written in 1627, two -years after the King’s death; when Eglesham, -probably from a fear of justice, had fled from -Court, after he had lost the protection of the -King, who was by no means scrupulous as to the -character of those around him.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On Eglesham, it appears, it devolved to -examine the corpse, and he did not hesitate to -point to Buckingham as the King’s murderer.<a id='r166' /><a href='#f166' class='c012'><sup>[166]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>He afterwards presented petitions both to the -King and the Parliament, praying for vengeance -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>on the Duke. These petitions were published in -the form of a pamphlet in Latin, in 1626; and in -1640 the English translation was printed.<a id='r167' /><a href='#f167' class='c012'><sup>[167]</sup></a> In -this pamphlet, Eglesham stated that his motives -for the publication were these: that having been -patronized from his youth by the Marquis of -Hamilton, the probability there was of that -nobleman’s being poisoned was mentioned to him; -he then stated that about the time of the Duke of -Richmond’s death, a list of persons who were to -be poisoned was found in King’s Street, Westminster, -and brought to the Marquis of Hamilton -by a relation, a daughter of Lord Oldbarre; -in this list was not only Hamilton’s name -specified, but also that of Dr. Eglesham “to -embalm him.” Other titles were contained in -the list; those of the Duke of Lennox and his -brother, and the Earl of Southampton, who died -at this time of a fever, being particularized. -These accusations of Eglesham’s, who was doubtless -only a tool in the hands of a party, were, -according to Arthur Wilson, hushed up, but -they served the purpose of those by whom they -were originated. According to the account of -those historians who have delighted to blacken -<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>Buckingham, James foresaw his doom, and hinted -at the probability of treachery, when, on hearing -of the Marquis of Hamilton’s death, he said--"If -the branches are thus cut off, the stock cannot -continue long;" and often was he heard, according -to Sir Anthony Weldon, to say, in his last -illness, to the Earl of Montgomery, "For God’s -sake, see that I have fair play."<a id='r168' /><a href='#f168' class='c012'><sup>[168]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Of this improbable story, there is not a hint in -any of the correspondence of the day, although -the circumstances of the King’s death are carefully -detailed by Chamberlain and other news-writers.</p> - -<p class='c001'>After his last interview with Charles, the King -declined rapidly; and his tongue was so swollen, -that he could either not speak at all, or not be understood. -An hour before the King’s death, the Dean -of Hereford, Dr. Daniel Price, preached before the -Prince and Court at Theobald’s; he prayed earnestly -for the King before the sermon, and wept as -he prayed and preached.<a id='r169' /><a href='#f169' class='c012'><sup>[169]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>James expired on Sunday, the 27th of March, -between the hours of eleven and twelve, aged -fifty-seven years and three months. Upon the -examination of his remains, much internal disease -was found, but no appearance of poison. His -<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>heart was unusually large, which accounted, in -the opinion of Sir Symonds D’Ewes, for his being -“so very considerate, so extraordinary fearful, -which hindered him from attempting any great -action.”<a id='r170' /><a href='#f170' class='c012'><sup>[170]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>During the Monarch’s last hours, prayers were -multiplied more and more for the benefit of his -soul, and certain English and Latin short sentences -of devotion, to elevate his spirit to heaven -“before it came thither,” were recited. James, -whose consciousness and memory continued unimpaired, -was so “ravished and solaced” by these -religious ejaculations, that his groans of agony -were stilled whilst they were uttered. “To one -of these,” says the Lord Keeper Williams, -“Mecum eris in Paradiso,” he replied presently, -“Vox Christi”--that it was the voice and -promise of Christ. Another, “Veni, Domine -Jesu, veni cito,” he twice or thrice articulated. -And as his end drew near, that prayer usually -said at the hour of death was repeated. And no -sooner had that prayer been uttered, “In manus -tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum,” than, -without any convulsion or pangs, he expired,--his -son and servants kneeling on one side the -bed, his archbishops, bishops, and all his chaplains -on the other.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>Thus closed the responsible career of the first -of the Stuart Kings that had ascended the throne -of England.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Immediately after the King’s last sigh was -breathed, a letter, not official, was written by one -of his household, without a name, to the Queen of -Bohemia. It is among the foreign inedited papers -in the State Paper Office; and contains, which is -remarkable, since it appears to be written in strict -confidence, no allusion whatever to the suspicion -of poisoning.<a id='r171' /><a href='#f171' class='c012'><sup>[171]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER IV. <br /> 1624-1625.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>THE REMARKS OF SIR HENRY WOTTON UPON BUCKINGHAM’S -UNINTERRUPTED PROSPERITY DURING THE -REIGN OF JAMES--HIS MOST PERILOUS TIME YET TO -COME--THE CHARACTER OF CHARLES DIFFICULT TO -MANAGE--HIS AFFECTIONS DIVIDED--REQUEST OF -THE PRIVY COUNCIL REGARDING THE LATE KING’S -FUNERAL AND THE YOUNG KING’S MARRIAGE--GOOD -TASTE DISPLAYED BY CHARLES IN HIS CONDUCT AT -THE FUNERAL--THE INFLUENCE OF BUCKINGHAM -STILL PARAMOUNT--ROGER COKE’S REMARK UPON -KING JAMES’S REGRET ON OBSERVING THAT HIS -SON WAS OVERRULED BY THE DUKE--THE THREE -GREAT KINGDOMS OF EUROPE AT THIS PERIOD RULED -BY FAVOURITES--THE MARRIAGE OF CHARLES AND -HENRIETTA MARIA--MOTIVE ATTRIBUTED TO BUCKINGHAM--PRELIMINARY -STEPS--LETTER FROM -LORD KENSINGTON TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM -DETAILING HIS INTERVIEW WITH THE QUEEN-MOTHER--DESCRIPTION -OF THE YOUNG PRINCESS--THE DUKE -PREPARES FOR HIS JOURNEY INTO FRANCE TO FETCH -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>HOME THE BRIDE--THE EXPENSE OF HIS MISSION -OBJECTED TO BY THE NATION--THE TWO AMBASSADORS -DESCRIBED--RICH--LORD KENSINGTON, FIRST -EARL OF HOLLAND--HIS BEAUTY OF PERSON, -ADDRESS, AND EARLY FAVOUR AT THE COURT OF -JAMES--HIS RESTING SOLELY UPON BUCKINGHAM--HIS -MARRIAGE WITH THE DAUGHTER OF SIR WALTER -COKE, THE OWNER OF THE MANOR OF KENSINGTON--THE -EARL OF HOLLAND REGARDED BY SOME AS A -RIVAL TO BUCKINGHAM--JAMES RELIED MORE ON -THE EARL OF CARLISLE--CHARACTER OF THE TWO -NOBLEMEN BY BISHOP HACKET--SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEWS -ON THE PART OF LORD HOLLAND WITH MARIE -DE MEDICI--HER DISPOSITION TO FAVOUR CHARLES -AS A SUITOR TO HER DAUGHTER--ANECDOTE OF -HENRIETTA MARIA AND OF CHARLES’S PORTRAIT--ENCOMIUMS -ON HENRIETTA--THE DUCHESS DE CHEVREUSE--HER -INFLUENCE OVER ANNE OF AUSTRIA--HER -SPLENDOUR--RESENTMENT OF THE COUNT DE -SOISSONS ON ACCOUNT OF THE MARRIAGE TREATY -WITH ENGLAND--THE WILLINGNESS EVINCED BY -HENRIETTA MARIA TO THE MARRIAGE--LORD KENSINGTON’S -FLATTERY OF THE QUEEN-MOTHER--THEIR -CONVERSATIONS ON THE SUBJECT OF THE SPANISH -MATCH--THE MARRIAGE FINALLY CONCLUDED--CHARLES’S -CONDUCT TO THE RECUSANTS REGARDED -AS A PROOF OF HIS AVERSION TO CATHOLIC HOPES.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span><span class='large'><b>CHAPTER IV.</b></span></div> - <div>1624-1625.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>It is remarked by Sir Henry Wotton, that “a -long course of calm and smooth prosperity” had -been enjoyed by the Duke of Buckingham under -the sway of James I. “I mean,” adds that -writer, “long for the ordinary life of favour, and -the more notable, because it had been without any -visible eclipse or wane in himself, amid divers -variations in others.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Villiers had witnessed the disgrace of Somerset, -the degradation of Bacon, the execution of -Ralegh, the fall of Coke, without experiencing, in -his own fortunes, any symptoms of decline, or -knowing more than a temporary displeasure -towards himself in the mind of his sovereign.</p> - -<p class='c001'>But the more perilous part of his career was -yet to come; when he had to deal with a young -prince, whose affections were not undivided, but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>were liable to an influence foreign to that of his -early friend and companion in travel. He had to -contend with a character full of generous impulses, -but strongly marked by obstinacy in some points, -and by weakness of purpose in others. He -had also to contend with the future bride of his -enamoured sovereign, and that bride a woman of -no ordinary determination, and of a sagacity sufficient, -if not to guide her right, fully to comprehend -the assailable points in the conduct of -another.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was soon remarked that the influence which -had predominated during the last reign was hereafter -to prevail; for Charles, as an historian -remarks, had been linked to the Duke of Buckingham -in his father’s life-time, “and now -continued to receive him into an admired intimacy -and dearness, making him partake of all his counsels -and cares, and chief conductor of his affairs; -an example rare in this country, to be the -favourite of two succeeding princes.”<a id='r172' /><a href='#f172' class='c012'><sup>[172]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>According to another writer, James had perceived -with sorrow the sway obtained by Buckingham -over Charles. “Before he died,” thus -writes Roger Coke, "he saw his son overruled by -his favourite, against his determinate will and -pleasure, and the Prince’s own honour and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>interest, which was a great mortification to him, -and which he often complained of, but had not -courage to redress."<a id='r173' /><a href='#f173' class='c012'><sup>[173]</sup></a> To this influence, Coke -attributed all the internal feuds, jealousies, and -discords of the nation, and the fatal catastrophe -which closed both the career of the Favourite and -that of his royal master.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was a singular coincidence that the three -great kingdoms of Europe were governed at this -time by young Kings, or rather, virtually, by -their favourites. France, in the reign of -Louis the XIII., was governed by Richelieu; -Spain, in that of Philip the IV., by Olivares; -England by Buckingham; “and this,” adds the -same historian, “Europe reckoned in those times -amidst its unhappy destiny.” Immediately -after the funeral of the late king, the marriage -of Charles to Henrietta Maria--a union fraught -with evils eventually, and replete with early discomfort--was -eagerly anticipated both by the -Monarch and his favourite. The impatience of -Charles to welcome the young Princess as his -bride was ascribed to the favourable impression -which her youthful loveliness had produced upon -his imagination, when he had seen her himself, -incognito, two years previously in passing through -Paris. But when it is remembered that, after -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>that brief interview, he had been enamoured of -the loving Infanta, it will be readily supposed -that the influence of persuasion was employed -in advancing this ill-starred marriage. It was -attributed, indeed, to the rivalry and hatred -between Buckingham and Olivares, which had -succeeded their professions of amity, and to the -eager desire for an alliance with France, England -being during the first fifteen years of Charles’s -reign, as Coke expressed it, “perfectly French.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>“The Spanish wooing,” observes Miss Strickland, -“certainly smoothed the way for the marriage -of Charles and Henrietta. It had accustomed the -English people to the idea of a Catholic Queen.”<a id='r174' /><a href='#f174' class='c012'><sup>[174]</sup></a> -The prepossessions of the party mainly interested -in the match might indeed easily be gained over by -the reputed graces and acquirements of the French -Princess. Inheriting from her mother’s family a -taste for the fine arts, Henrietta’s musical acquirements -were considerable. Her voice was by -nature so sweet and powerful, that if she had not -been a queen, she might have been, as Disraeli -observes, “Prima Donna of Europe.” She had -learned to dance with grace, and became, even -during her childhood, a frequent performer in the -court ballets, which, with other displays and festivities, -are said to have interrupted the education -<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>of the young Princess, and to have prevented her -from receiving a solid course of instruction.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Two noblemen, one of them the peculiar -favourite and creature of the Duke of Buckingham, -had been sent during the previous year to -negotiate the marriage. Of these the most able -and least scrupulous was Henry Rich, created first -Baron Kensington, and afterwards Earl of Holland, -who is described as having been of a lovely and -winning presence, and of gentle conversation. -The younger son of a noble house, the obloquy -which was attached to his birth, which was supposed -to be illegitimate,<a id='r175' /><a href='#f175' class='c012'><sup>[175]</sup></a> had kept Rich, in early -life, humble. He had adopted the profession of -arms, and made several campaigns in the Low -Countries. Happening, as was the custom of -English volunteers, to visit England during the -winter, the youth had been introduced at the -Court of James in the dawn of Buckingham’s -favour. He shortly made himself acceptable to -the Favourite, for he was subtle, discerning and -artful. He soon, therefore, laid aside all thoughts -of becoming a soldier, but took every means of -endearing himself to Buckingham, carefully avoiding -all suspicion that the King had any kindness -for him, but appearing to rest solely upon the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>Favourite, “whose creature” he desired to be considered; -“and he prospered,” remarks Lord -Clarendon, “so well in that pretence, that the -King scarcely made more haste to absolve the -debt, than the Duke did to promote the other.”<a id='r176' /><a href='#f176' class='c012'><sup>[176]</sup></a> -Under such auspices, the Earl of Holland had -risen soon to greatness.</p> - -<p class='c001'>A wealthy marriage with the heiress of Sir -Walter Coke brought him, among other sources -of wealth, the Manor of Kensington, and made -him the owner of Holland House, built by his -father-in-law in 1607, but greatly enlarged and -embellished. Through the influence of Buckingham, -he had not only been created Baron of Kensington, -but placed about the person of the Prince of -Wales, a step of much hazard, as the Favourite -was, at that time, scarcely certain of the favour -of Charles to himself.<a id='r177' /><a href='#f177' class='c012'><sup>[177]</sup></a> Holland was sent to Spain -before the Prince and the Duke, so that he had -acquired an insight, not only into the politics of -that court, but into the character of those with -whom he had to deal, whose foibles were, as -he conceived, to contribute some of the stepping-stones -to his own fortune.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Earl of Holland had <a id='corr168.25'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='had,”'>had,</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_168.25'><ins class='correction' title='had,”'>had,</ins></a></span> says Bishop -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>Hacket, “an amorous temper and a wise head, -and could court it as smoothly as any man with the -French ladies; and made so fortunate an account -into England, after three months of his introductions, -that he saw no fear of denial in the suit, -nor of superiority in the articles.”<a id='r178' /><a href='#f178' class='c012'><sup>[178]</sup></a> But James, -wisely relying less upon the crafty arts of Holland, -than upon the integrity of the Earl of Carlisle, -had sent that nobleman afterwards, joining him -in the same commission with Holland. “They -were,” added Bishop Hacket, “peers of the best -lustre in our court, elegant in their persons, habit, -and language, and, by their nearness to King -James, apt scholars to learn the principles of wisdom, -and the fitter to improve their instructions -to honour and safety.”<a id='r179' /><a href='#f179' class='c012'><sup>[179]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The Earl of Holland soon discovered that in -the queen-mother, Marie de Medici, the widow -of Henry the Great, alone centred the real sway -in France at that period,<a id='r180' /><a href='#f180' class='c012'><sup>[180]</sup></a> unhappily for the young -Prince, her son, who crouched beneath her rule -and that of Richelieu. During frequent interviews -at the Louvre, he gained from her a promise -of assistance; this was even before the return -of Charles and Buckingham from Spain, as the postscript -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>of a letter from the Earl of Holland, lately -created Earl of Kensington, dated Feb. 26, 1624, -and addressed to Charles, certifies. “The obligations -you have unto this young Queen (Anne of -Austria) are strange, for with the same affections -that the Queen, your sister, would do, she asks of -you, with all the expressions that are possible of -joy, for your safe return out of Spain, and told me -that she durst say you were weary of being there, -and so should she, though a Spaniard; though I -find she gives over all thought of your alliance -with her sister. Sir, you have the fortune to have -respects put upon you unlooked for; for, as in -Spain the Queen there did you good offices, so I -find will this sweet Queen do, who said she was -sorry when you saw them practise their masques, -that madam, her sister<a id='r181' /><a href='#f181' class='c012'><sup>[181]</sup></a> (whom she dearly loves), -was seen to so much disadvantage by you; to be -seen afar off and in a dark room, whose person -and face hath most loveliness to be considered -nearly. She made me show her your picture, the -which she let the ladies see, with infinite commendations -of your person, saying she hoped some -good occasion might bring you hither, that they -might see you like yourself.”<a id='r182' /><a href='#f182' class='c012'><sup>[182]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>“The French match,” according to another eyewitness, -“went on by fits;” the Earl of Carlisle -growing so weary of frivolous objections and delays -that he wished to return home. “The young -lady,” adds the same informant, “is forward, and -this week sent one over with her picture to the -Prince, and where any rubb or slip comes in the -way, she grows melancholique and keeps her -chamber.”<a id='r183' /><a href='#f183' class='c012'><sup>[183]</sup></a> Nevertheless, even in this early stage -of the business, we find a letter from King James -to the Duke of Buckingham, commanding him to -put the royal navy into readiness “to bring over -the Princess Henrietta.”<a id='r184' /><a href='#f184' class='c012'><sup>[184]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Shortly afterwards, Lord Kensington wrote -again, giving Charles, whom he addresses as the -“most complete young Prince and person in the -world,” the flattering intelligence that the fair -Henrietta had expressed a passionate desire to see -his picture, “the shadow of that person so honoured,” -yet knew not “the means,” adds -the ambassador, “to compass it, it being worn -about my neck; for though others, as the Queen -and Princesses, would open it and consider it, -which even brought forth admiration from them, -yet durst not this poor young lady look any otherwise -<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>on it than afar off, whose heart was nearer it -than any of the others that did most gaze upon -it.” Resolved, however, to behold the portrait -of her royal suitor, Henrietta desired the gentlewoman -in whose house the ambassador was -lodged, and who was a former servant of hers, to -borrow the picture secretly, assigning as an excuse -that "she could not want that curiosity, as well -as others, towards a person of the Prince’s infinite -reputation." As soon as she saw her emissary -enter her room, the Princess retired into her -cabinet, calling her in, “where,” says Holland, -“she opened the picture in such haste as shewed -a picture of her passion, blushing in the instant -at her own guiltiness. She kept it an hour in her -hands, and when she returned it she gave it many -praises of your person.” “Sir,” continues the ambassador, -well comprehending the gallant and -delicate nature of him whom he addressed, "this -is a business fit for your secrecy, as I know it shall -never go farther than unto the King your father, -my Lord of Buckingham, and my Lord of Carlisle’s -knowledge. A tenderness in this is honourable; -for I would rather die a thousand times than it -should be published, since I am by this young -lady trusted, that is for beauty and goodness an -angel."<a id='r185' /><a href='#f185' class='c012'><sup>[185]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>Amongst the most powerful advocates of Prince -Charles in the French Court was the Duchess -de Chevreuse, to whose influence over Anne of -Austria has been attributed her subsequent imprudent -encouragement of Buckingham’s discreditable -addresses.<a id='r186' /><a href='#f186' class='c012'><sup>[186]</sup></a> Formerly the wife of the Duc -de Luises, the favourite of Louis the Thirteenth, -but married afterwards to the Duc de Chevreuse, -a Prince of the House of Lorraine, the Duchess -de Chevreuse became the great star of the gay -and dissolute scenes in which the young Queen of -France sought to bury the remembrance of a husband -from whom she recoiled, and of a Queen-Mother -and Minister of State whom she both -disliked and feared. The Duchess, whose banishment -from Court, sometime afterwards, was an -event never forgiven by Anne of Austria, was one -of the most splendid and lavish as well as the -gayest and most fascinating women of her day. -Lord Kensington, visiting her one evening at the -Louvre, found her and the Duc de Chevreuse -dressing themselves for a masque, and covered -with such a profusion of jewels as even he never -expected again to behold adorning subjects. -Shortly afterwards, there entered Anne of Austria -and Henrietta, the latter full of glee, of which, -as many persons told the ambassador, “the cause -<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>might easily be guessed.” “My Lord,” adds the -Lord Kensington, addressing the Duke of Buckingham, -“I protest to God she is a lovely, sweet -young creature. Her growth is not great yet, -but her shape is perfect; and they all swear that -her sister, the Princess of Piedmont (who is now -grown tall and a goodly lady), was not taller than -she is at her age.” He feared that Anne ever -would be reserved towards him, not liking the -“breach and disorder of the Spanish treaty;” -but she had become, it was observed, “so truly -French” as to wish for this affiance rather than -that with her own sister, the Infanta of Spain.<a id='r187' /><a href='#f187' class='c012'><sup>[187]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Everything therefore proceeded favourably, and -Henrietta passed hours in the society of Lord -Kensington, expatiating upon the Prince, and -touching upon English customs. Among other -things, she “fell to speaking,” says Lord Kensington, -“of ladies riding on horseback, which, -she said, was rare here, but frequent in England; -and then expressed her delight in that -exercise.”<a id='r188' /><a href='#f188' class='c012'><sup>[188]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Lord Kensington continued, meantime, to ply -the Queen Dowager with incessant flattery, and -to meet her inquiries ingeniously. “I find,” he -writes to the Duke of Buckingham, “the queen-mother -<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>has the only power of governing in this -state. She was willing to know upon what terms -stood our Spanish alliance. I told her that their -delays had been so tedious that they had sometimes -discouraged the King, and had so wearied -the Prince and state with the dilatory proceedings -in it, as that treaty, I thought, would soon have an -end.” So little expectation was, at this time, entertained -of an unfavourable termination of the -Spanish marriage, that the Queen thought that -the ambassador referred to a speedy union between -Charles and the Infanta. "She strait said, ‘Of -marriage?’ taking it that way. I told her I -believed the contrary, and I did so her entreat, because -the Spanish ambassador hath given it out, -since my coming, that the alliance is fully concluded, -and that my journey hath no other end -than to hasten his master unto it, only to give -them jealousies of me, because he, at this time, -fears their dispositions stand too well prepared to -desire and affect a conjunction with us."<a id='r189' /><a href='#f189' class='c012'><sup>[189]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>In another letter, also addressed to the Duke of -Buckingham, it appears that Lord Kensington -was allowed access at all times to the young -French princess, with permission “to entertain -her henceforth with a more free and amorous kind -of language from the Prince;” and these and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>other favours were acknowledged by Kensington, -as from the Duke of Buckingham, with redoubled -thanks, adding that "he knew his lordship would -esteem it one of the greatest happinesses that -could befall him, to have any occasion offered -whereby he might witness how much he adored -Her Majesty’s royal virtues, and how infinitely he -was her servant, ready to receive law from her, -whensoever, by the least syllable of her blessed -lips or pen, she should please to impose it." And -then followed encomiums in the same letter from -the crafty Kensington, who, as he said, solved -everything as well as he could, upon the Cardinal -de Richelieu, magnifying to the Queen "the Cardinal’s -wisdom, his courage, his courtesy, his -fidelity to the service, his affection to our business," -so as to captivate the queen-mother.<a id='r190' /><a href='#f190' class='c012'><sup>[190]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>A long conversation followed regarding the voyage -into Spain, upon which memorable event -the queen-mother remarked “that two kings had -committed in it two great errors; the one, in -trusting so precious a pledge in so hazardous an -enterprize; the other, in treating so brave a guest -so ill.” “Indeed, I heard,” said the Queen, “that -the Prince was used ill.” “So he was,” returned -Lord Kensington, “but not in his entertainment, -for that was as splendid as their country could -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>afford; but in their frivolous delay, and in the -unreasonable conditions which they propounded.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>“And yet, madam,” added the wily ambassador, -“you here use him far worse.” "And how?" -inquired the queen-mother; “In that you press,” -replied he, "upon that noble and worthy Prince, -who hath, with so much affection to your Majesty’s -service, with so much passion to Madam, -sought this alliance, the same, nay, more unreasonable -conditions than the other, and what -they traced out for the breaking of the match, -you follow, pretending to conclude it," alluding -to one of the conditions of the marriage contract. -Lord Kensington then requested a personal interview -with the young Princess, in order to deliver -to her a message from Charles. After some -little difficulty, his petition was granted; the queen-mother, -relying, as she said, upon his discretion not -to utter anything which it might be derogatory to -her daughter’s dignity to hear. It was, of course, -the endeavour of the ambassador to put the Prince’s -addresses in the light of a passionate love-suit. -“I obey,” said he, "the Prince’s commands in -presenting to your Highness his service, not by -way of compliment, but out of passion and affection, -which both your outward and inward -beauties, the virtues of your mind, so kindle in -him that he was resolved to contribute the utmost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>he could to the alliance in question," with some -little other “such amorous language.” Then, turning -to the old ladies who stood near the Princess, -he thought it fit to let them know that his Highness -had the Princess’s picture, which he kept in -his cabinet, “and fed his eyes many times with -the sight and contemplation of it, since he could -not have the happiness of beholding her person.” -All which, and many other such speeches, were -by the Princess, “standing by, quickly taken up, -without letting any one fall to the ground.”<a id='r191' /><a href='#f191' class='c012'><sup>[191]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Such were the addresses of Charles to -Henrietta. Buckingham, to whom this account -was written by Lord Kensington, must have -smiled at the repetition of the same love passages -that had, it was said, fascinated the heart of the -Infanta.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In a subsequent letter to Charles himself, Kensington -again exalted the services of the queen-mother -in promoting this match, and extolled the -charms of the Princess. “There is no preparation, -I find, towards this business, but by her--the -queen-mother; and all persuasions of amity -made light that look not towards this errand; -and, sir, if your intentions proceed this way, as, by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>many reasons of state and wisdom, there is cause -now rather to press it than slacken it, you will -find a lady of as much loveliness and sweetness to -deserve your affection as any creature under -heaven can do.” The “impressions he had of her,” -he adds, “were but ordinary, but the amazement -extraordinary, to find her, as I protest to God I -did, the sweetest creature in France. Her growth -is very little short of her age, and her wisdom -infinitely beyond it. I heard her discourse with -her mother and the ladies about her with extraordinary -discretion and quickness. She dances, -which I am a witness of, as well as ever I saw any -creature. They say she sings most sweetly; I -am sure she looks so.” In conclusion, Kensington -mentions to His Highness that, in his letter to -“my Lord of Buckingham,” he had written a -more large discourse upon this interesting theme.<a id='r192' /><a href='#f192' class='c012'><sup>[192]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Thus far had the treaty proceeded, when it was -delayed by the death of King James. The marriage -articles had, nevertheless, been subscribed by -that Monarch on the 11th of May, and by the -King of France on the 13th of August, in -the previous year; and, on the 13th of -March, 1625, the Earls of Carlisle and Kensington -signed these articles on the part of Charles I. -Private arrangements received also their signature -<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>relative to the toleration of Catholics within the -British dominions.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The dispensation for the nuptials having -arrived from Rome in the beginning of May, -there remained no obstacle to the ceremonial of -marriage. This, notwithstanding the claim preferred -by the Archbishop of Paris to that honour, -was performed by Cardinal Richelieu. The marriage -was celebrated according to the usual rites -of the Church of Rome. After the ceremony, the -whole procession, including the royal personages, -entered the church of Notre Dame, the Duke de -Chevreuse and the Princess Henrietta Maria -taking precedence of the King and Queen. Then -mass was said, the English ambassadors retiring -to the Bishop’s house during the recital.<a id='r193' /><a href='#f193' class='c012'><sup>[193]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>A banquet followed, and the event was commemorated -by the release of criminals, "as an -earnest of the King’s love and respect for his -sister."<a id='r194' /><a href='#f194' class='c012'><sup>[194]</sup></a> The previous arrangements for these -ceremonials had been delayed by much contention -with regard to precedency.<a id='r195' /><a href='#f195' class='c012'><sup>[195]</sup></a> But that which -gave the greatest uneasiness to the English nation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>was the difficulty, and, as it seemed to many, -the risk attendant upon the mode of faith professed -by the young Queen.</p> - -<p class='c001'>At his accession, Charles had manifested very -decisively his disfavour of Catholics; he declared -his intention to reform the Court, “as of unnecessary -charges, so of recusant Papists.” He gave -an order in his own hand-writing that no recusant -Papist, of any rank whatsoever, should be -presented with mourning for the late King; and -he showed his zeal generally for the observance -of the Church, by putting the High Sheriff of -Nottingham out of his commission, for accompanying -the judges on the circuit, who were attending -the sermon, only to the church door, -and there leaving them.<a id='r196' /><a href='#f196' class='c012'><sup>[196]</sup></a> Hopes were entertained -that Henrietta Maria might be converted, -and several prayer-books in French were sent -her by Sir George Goring for that end; but -the news that a bishop and twenty-eight priests -were to be included in her retinue, quickly dispelled -that pleasing anticipation.<a id='r197' /><a href='#f197' class='c012'><sup>[197]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The part which Buckingham took in the promotion -of this alliance lessened, therefore, greatly -the popularity which his abandonment of the -Spanish marriage was beginning to ensure to him; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>and the announcement of the King’s intention to -despatch the Favourite, in order to bring off his -royal bride, was, for many reasons, highly displeasing -to the country.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The chief ground of objection to the proposed -journey was the expense. And here the nation -separated the wishes and intentions of Charles -from those of his minister. The King had, they -observed, shown a disposition to economy; nay, -more, he had displayed an honourable determination -to pay his late father’s debts by disparking -most of his remote parks and chases, which were -then more numerous and extensive than any royal -domains in Europe.<a id='r198' /><a href='#f198' class='c012'><sup>[198]</sup></a> The lavish tendencies of -Buckingham, therefore, and the heavy charges -on the exchequer which had been incurred by -the two ambassadors already at the French court, -were not ascribed to the extravagance of the -Monarch, but to the vanity and profuseness of -his Minister.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The preparations, therefore, made by Buckingham -for this, his last foreign mission,--for, when -he again visited the continent, it was with different -intentions, and under another aspect,--were -viewed with vexation, by the majority of -those who were not bound to silence by interest, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>for the great and fruitless cost of the Spanish -journey was fresh in remembrance.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duke had, however, begun his arrangements -before King James’s death: and the day<a id='r199' /><a href='#f199' class='c012'><sup>[199]</sup></a> -had been fixed for his departure. He did not -forget that he was to appear at the most festive -and splendid of all the courts of Christendom.<a id='r200' /><a href='#f200' class='c012'><sup>[200]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>An account, preserved in the Harleian Manuscripts, -represents him as having, “for his body, -twenty-seven rich suits, embroidered and laced -with silk and silver plushes, besides one rich -satten uncut velvet suit, set all over, both suite -and cloak, of diamonds, the value whereof is -thought to be about one thousand pounds.” Corresponding -to this extravagant attire, <a id='corr183.16'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='a feather'>“a feather</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_183.16'><ins class='correction' title='a feather'>“a feather</ins></a></span> -made with great diamonds, a sword girdle, hatband, -and spurs, all studded with <a id='corr182.18'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='diamonds,'>diamonds,”</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_182.18'><ins class='correction' title='diamonds,'>diamonds,”</ins></a></span> completed -the apparel and decoration which the -Duke intended to wear upon his entrance into -Paris. For the wedding-day he prepared another -rich suit, composed of purple satin, embroidered -with rich orient pearls. Over this was worn a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>cloak made after the Spanish fashion, and the -dress was finished with all <a id='corr184.2'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='‘things suitable.’ His'>things suitable.” “His</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_184.2'><ins class='correction' title='‘things suitable.’ His'>things suitable.” “His</ins></a></span> other suits,” adds the narrator, “are all as rich -other suits,” adds the narrator, “are all as -rich as invention can frame, or art fashion. His -colours for the entrance are white and watchet, -for the wedding, crimson and gold.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham’s departure was preceded by the -despatching of his servants with fifty geldings and -nags, and twelve coach horses. His personal -retinue was consistent with all this grandeur and -display; it reminds one of the gorgeous pomp of -Wolsey in the height of his prosperity. Twenty -privy gentlemen, seven grooms of his chambers, -thirty chief women, and two master cooks constituted -his own peculiar servants. Three rich -suits apiece were given to each of these attendants. -The inferior servants for the household -consisted of twenty-five second cooks, fourteen -women of the second rank, seventeen grooms to -attend upon those yeomen, forty-five labourers -sellerers belonging to the kitchen, twelve pages, -twenty-four footmen, six huntsmen, and twelve -grooms. Most of these functionaries were provided -with three rich suits <a id='corr184.24'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='a piece'>apiece</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_184.24'><ins class='correction' title='a piece'>apiece</ins></a></span>, and to complete -the establishment there were six riders with one -suit apiece, and eight others to attend the stable -business.</p> - -<p class='c001'>His equipages consisted of three rich coaches, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>velvet inside, and covered externally with gold -lace all over. Eight horses and six coachmen -were allotted to each coach; then there was a -band of musicians, eight score in number, “all -richly suited.” "There were my Lord Duke’s -watermen, twenty-two in number, suited in sky-coloured -taffety, all gilded, with anchovys and My -Lord’s arms." These were appropriated to one -barge only, and the whole of this regal retinue -was, says the annalist, "at his Grace’s charge."</p> - -<p class='c001'>Eight noblemen, the Marquis of Hamilton at -their head, and six gentlemen of honourable -families, attended the Duke. Amongst them were -his brother-in-law, the Earl of Denbigh, and one -of his brothers, designated simply as “Mr. Villars.” -When to these there were added twenty-four -knights, of great worth, all of “whom carried six -or seven pages a piece, and as many footmen,” the -train amounted to six or seven hundred. Nor -were those all. “When,” says the writer of this -account, “the list is perfect, there will appear -many more than I have named.”<a id='r201' /><a href='#f201' class='c012'><sup>[201]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The nuptials for which some of this grand preparation -was made, had, however, taken place -before it was Buckingham’s fate to cross the -Channel.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The day after King James’s funeral was to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>have witnessed the departure of Buckingham for -France. This was on the eighth of May, and the -future Queen was expected to be at Dover by the -eleventh.<a id='r202' /><a href='#f202' class='c012'><sup>[202]</sup></a> But the Duke did not arrive in Paris -until the twenty-fourth; nor did Henrietta -Maria land on the shores of England until the -twenty-second of June.<a id='r203' /><a href='#f203' class='c012'><sup>[203]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>During the seven days that Buckingham remained -at the French court, an uninterrupted -succession of feasting and rejoicing occupied his -time; whilst his imagination was engrossed by an -object to which no man who had not been brought -to the highest point of presumption by a career -of prosperity would have ventured to aspire.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The painful and degrading position in which -Anne of Austria was placed, under the sway of -her mother-in-law, destitute as the young Queen -was of all good advisers, and exposed by her -youth and her attractions to the snares of the designing, -in the vitiated sphere in which she -moved, has been already referred to. Some additional -traits of the appearance and character of -a Princess whose fascinations produced a powerful -effect upon Buckingham may not be deemed -impertinent.</p> - -<p class='c001'>She was not then a mother; and the importance -<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>of giving birth to a future monarch of -France was not permitted to her until thirteen -years afterwards.<a id='r204' /><a href='#f204' class='c012'><sup>[204]</sup></a> By her attendant and partizan, -Madame de Motteville, a character so beautiful -has been given of the Queen Consort of Louis -the Thirteenth, as would inspire compassion for the -sacrifice which bound her at the altar to a husband -wholly unworthy of a wife so graceful and -so virtuous, could an entire credence be assigned -to that partial testimony.</p> - -<p class='c001'>According to her favourite, Anne had imbibed -from her mother, Margaret of Austria, a lively -piety and a love of virtue which were never -quenched, even during her passage through the -manifold temptations of her existence. She was -replete, according to the same authoress, with -goodness and with justice; she was neither suspicious, -nor easily led wrong by persuasion; and -where endeavours were made to prejudice her -against any one whom she esteemed, her resistance -showed the strength of her attachment. During -her regency, when under the dominion of Cardinal -Mazarin, that minister was often known to -say that her devotion and rectitude of mind -caused him embarrassment; “for she had,” observes -Madame de Motteville, “sufficient aptitude -<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>of mind to know well what was right, and had she -been endowed with strength of character adequate -always to defend the truth, the pen of the historian -could not have bestowed upon her any -praise too high; but she distrusted herself, and -her humility induced her to consider herself as -incapable of conducting the government of the -State.”<a id='r205' /><a href='#f205' class='c012'><sup>[205]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>This combination of good intention with weakness -of purpose, these feminine requisites of piety -and gentleness, added to her natural sagacity, rendered -Anne of Austria one of the most engaging -of all those lofty personages who figured in a -capital of which one of its monarchs observed, -comparing it to a head, “that it was so spiritually -gross and full of disease as to require, from time -to time, bleeding, in order to secure the repose of -its members.”<a id='r206' /><a href='#f206' class='c012'><sup>[206]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>During the early years of this young Queen’s -married life, she had been addressed in the language -of passion by several successive suitors. -“Notwithstanding the respect which her Majesty -inspires,” writes Madame Motteville, “her loveliness -did not fail to touch the hearts of certain individuals, -who ventured to manifest their passion.”<a id='r207' /><a href='#f207' class='c012'><sup>[207]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>Amongst these, first in the list was the Duc de -Montmorenci, distinguished for bravery, for a handsome -person, and for his great magnificence in his -mode of living. This nobleman had been enamoured -of the Marquise de Sable, the reigning beauty at the -French Court when Anne of Austria first came to -grace it; but her coldness and self-esteem chilled -the ardour of her admirer. Platonic attachments, -the fashion for which was first introduced by -Catherine de Medici from Italy, were still in vogue; -to this fashion, more fatal, perhaps, to virtue than -the more direct blandishments of vice, Madame -de Sable inclined. The alliance between Spain -and France had introduced many of the Spanish -authors to the lettered portion of the French -community, and the gallantry of that nation, imbibed -from the Moors, appeared to correspond -with the delicate sentiments of the Italians. It -did not, however, change man’s nature, nor act as -an antidote to his fickleness. The Duc de Montmorenci -beheld Anne of Austria, and the Marquise -was forgotten. Proud and yet humble, that -lady, upon the first surmise of his alteration of -sentiment, withdrew from the contest with one so -much more elevated than herself, and refused to -see him again. Nevertheless, Montmorenci found -little favour in the heart of Anne of Austria, who -could never believe that his passion for her was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>either sincere or ardent; and who regarded, in -after times, the petty gratification which it gave -her as one of the symptoms of flattered vanity.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duc de Bellegarde, old, and a veteran in -the court, for he had been the favourite of two -preceding monarchs, was the next who sought to -occupy the heart in which there existed a void; -for Anne’s indifference to her royal consort daily -increased. The love-suit which this ancient nobleman -presumed to address to the Queen was -received by her as incense to her vanity which -could not, possibly, injure her reputation; and, -although she listened to his avowal of admiration -at first with resentment, she soon treated it as a -jest; and even the King, although disposed to be -jealous, entered into the pleasantry which the devotion -expressed in the lisping accents of age -naturally induced.</p> - -<p class='c001'>But a far more dangerous suitor lurked about -the young Queen’s haunts, who, watching her from -the retired recesses of the court, at once loved -and persecuted her. This was the Cardinal de -Richelieu.</p> - -<p class='c001'>This extraordinary character, acknowledged -even by his enemies to have been the greatest -man of his time, had manifested the mad attachment -with which Anne of Austria inspired, in a -singular manner, this astute politician. To her -<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>confidante, Madame Motteville, the Queen had -imparted a strange incident in the life of this -minister, whose thoughts, designs, and affections -appeared to be centered in public affairs, or, as he -termed it, in the good of the state.<a id='r208' /><a href='#f208' class='c012'><sup>[208]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>One day, when, with ill-concealed disgust, Anne -was listening to the conversation of the Cardinal, -she was surprised by a sudden burst of hitherto subdued -feelings from that crafty churchman; and she -heard, with what mingled consternation and anger -may be conceived, expressions of a passionate -attachment. As she was about to reply in terms -of indignation and contempt, the King entered -the closet in which she and the Cardinal were -conversing, and a sudden check was given to the -subject, never to be resumed; for Anne dared not -to recur to it, lest she should flatter the wishes of -the Cardinal by showing her remembrance of his -addresses; she would only reply to him by showing -tacitly her hatred, and by her incessant -refusal to accept either his proffered friendship, -or his offer of mediation between her and the -King. It was in vain she perceived that her -conduct aggravated the bad understanding between -her and her royal partner; in vain she -knew that whilst the presumptuous love of the -Cardinal preponderated in his breast, she yet -<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>drove him to extremities by her abhorrence. -He demonstrated “his affection,” by persecutions -which ceased only with his existence; for he -hoped, possibly, if he could not succeed by gentle -means, to prevail over her contempt by fear.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was at this juncture, whilst Anne, estranged -from her consort, and pursued, watched, and loved -by the Cardinal de Richelieu, most truly required -a friend and monitor, that Buckingham arrived to -throw fresh temptations and difficulties in her -path. Unhappily her favourite, Madame de Chevreuse, -afterwards banished from Court by Richelieu, -was not a woman of prudence, and, perhaps, -scarcely of virtue. By Madame de Motteville, -the Duchesse de Chevreuse is regarded as the -true source of all Anne’s errors and misfortunes. -Anne loved her, as those to whom the natural -channels of affection are forbidden, or poisoned, -love the soothing and humble. She never forgave -Richelieu the disgrace of her favourite, nor even -when she knew that it was the wish of her husband -that Madame de Chevreuse should be sent away, -could she submit to his wishes. Anne, in the commencement -of her career, had shown much -disgust to those who were termed “les dames -gallantes,” and had appeared, to those who knew -her best, to possess the most rigid notions of -female decorum. But the society of Madame de -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>Chevreuse had broken down that barrier in -which the young and fascinating Queen found -her best protection. Even after sundry imprudencies, -those who were cognizant of her actions -accorded to her the credit of a perfect purity -of life, and bestowed upon her all the esteem -which is due to the most undoubted virtue. -In after life, the frankness and simplicity -with which she spoke of these early passages -of her life showed that no evil was attached -to them, and that to vanity alone were to -be attributed those rash adventures in which -her reputation incurred so severe an ordeal. -How far, on a review of the circumstances of her -career, Anne may be acquitted of a want of -feminine modesty, of a prudence the representative -of virtue, must be a question for the moralist. -Her character must, however, be measured in -some respects by the standard of the age in -which she lived.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Unhappily for Anne, at the time that Buckingham -arrived in Paris, Madame de Chevreuse -was passionately in love with the handsome and -dangerous Earl of Holland, and made no secret of -that disgraceful attachment.<a id='r209' /><a href='#f209' class='c012'><sup>[209]</sup></a> It was, therefore, -her endeavour to promote everything that could -<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>produce a continued intercourse between France -and this country.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Of the first meeting between Anne of Austria -and Buckingham, during his embassy, there is no -account. We can suppose it to have occurred -under circumstances of dazzling splendour, to -which many considerations, not guessed by the -public, lent a strong interest. The suppressed -and dangerous admiration of Richelieu might not -be penetrated by Buckingham; but it was -notorious that whilst Louis XIII. distrusted, and -apparently neglected, his Queen, he was really -disposed to respect and cherish her; and was -known to have confessed to a confidant one day, -in speaking of the Queen’s personal attractions, -that “he dared not show her any tenderness, lest -he should displease the queen-mother and the -Cardinal, whose aid and counsels were much more -essential to him than the affection of his wife.”<a id='r210' /><a href='#f210' class='c012'><sup>[210]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Thus situated--bound to a husband of whose -indifference she was by no means certain, but -who, she well knew, had not the mental strength -to cope with the Cardinal, and to avow any -kindness for her--admired at a distance by the -courtiers--passionately loved and fiercely persecuted -by Richelieu, Anne must have presented a -new source of interest and curiosity to Buckingham; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>and the course of her destiny, hard as it -might seem, would give fuel to his presumption.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The dignity which Anne could assume on state -occasions has been insisted upon by Madame de -Motteville, when, speaking of her demeanour -during the regency, she describes her then as -equally fair with the fairest of the Court. A vast -quantity of brown hair, powdered and frizzed, -indeed, and worn in curls, set off a complexion -not so delicate in colour as distinguished for the -softness and smoothness of the skin. She disfigured -herself, after the Spanish fashion, by -wearing rouge; and one defect was striking--her -nose was thick and large. Her eyes varied in -colour from a perfect blue to green; and her -glance was full of sweetness and expression. Her -mouth was small, and her lips crimson, and the -sweetest smiles played upon her countenance. -The form of her face and forehead was admirable; -her arms and hands were celebrated for -their wonderful symmetry and for their whiteness, -being, without exaggeration, white as snow. The -delicacy of her habits amounted almost to monomania. -“Madam,” observed Cardinal Mazarin -to her, “should you incur everlasting condemnation, -your punishment would be to sleep in -sheets of Holland cloth.”<a id='r211' /><a href='#f211' class='c012'><sup>[211]</sup></a> Her deportment in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>after life, during the minority of her son, Louis -XIV., and her fortitude during the agonies of -her last fatal illness, showed that the gentle and -attractive Queen possessed a strong natural -capacity, which circumstances eventually called -into action.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu, -the all-powerful minister of Louis XIII., was now -in the height of his power; he reigned, in short, -under the name of the King. In an unbounded, -and perhaps entirely selfish ambition, and in the -full fruition of their hopes, Buckingham and -Richelieu may be said to have resembled each -other. In the love of pomp and display, they -were alike. The superb attire, the costly -retinue of the English peer, were puerile attempts -compared with the ordinary household of -Richelieu. His magnificent palace in the Rue -St. Honoré, known, during his time, under the -name of the Palais Cardinal, and, since the year -1636, as the Palais Royal, recalled the glories of -York House at Whitehall, in the days of Wolsey, -with all the added refinements of a later period. -There, in the chapel, might be seen ornaments -decorated with gold, studded with diamonds. -The most splendid tapestry, the most uncommon -articles of virtu, pictures of rare value, busts -and statues, adorned the palace in which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>Richelieu entertained the King and the Court in -stately revels. There, on one occasion, was -enacted a play, drawn from the history of the -Duke of Buckingham, when all the French -prelates were invited, and when the Bishop de -Chartres, formerly confessor to Richelieu, arranged -the seats, and finally, clad in velvet, presented -himself on the stage, at the head of a train -of twenty-four pages, carrying the collation which -was offered to the company.</p> - -<p class='c001'>At the Palais Cardinal, Buckingham learned -fresh lessons of an ostentatious display, wholly -inconsistent with the condition of a subject. The -Cardinal’s body-guard, assigned to him by the -King, equalled in number that of his royal master; -and the horse soldiers had a table appropriated to -him in his hall; of these, the Cardinal had the -power of appointment and dismissal. His ordinary -personal attendants in his own house were -composed of thirty-six pages, selected from noble -families, and reared in his house under the tutorage -of able masters--a system again recalling the -household of Wolsey. When he travelled, the -Cardinal was followed by a train consisting of his -secretaries, his physicians, and his confessor; by -eight carriages, with four horses each; and by -eighty baggage mules. His guard escorted him, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>and his pages; his band, composed of musicians of -the first eminence, and a numerous body of domestic -servants, followed the litter in which the -great Richelieu, delicate from his birth, and infirm -in health, was carried; the walls of the towns -through which he passed being levelled to receive -this princely procession, when the gates happened -to be too narrow to permit its entrance. -Often, indeed, it was found necessary to widen -the roads.<a id='r212' /><a href='#f212' class='c012'><sup>[212]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>But, whilst Buckingham might read in the -extreme expenditure of the Cardinal a plea for his -own magnificence, there was much to be learned -in that palace which Richelieu, like Wolsey, afterwards -bestowed on the monarch to whom he owed -his wealth. There, the minister of Charles might -see a systematic regulation of expense; generosity -without prodigality, and almost unlimited alms-giving. -Abhorring solicitation, which always -defeated its own aim, absolute and irascible, the -Cardinal, nevertheless, loved to benefit those who -served him. No hasty words escaped from him -for which he was not eager to atone; and, whilst -his principle was that men are only to be -maintained in their duty by severity, his nature -was placable to his inferiors, although proud and -unrelenting to his political enemies.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>Another lesson might Buckingham derive in -the crowded <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>salons</em></span>> of the Palais Cardinal--the -patronage of letters. Richelieu admitted to -intimacy the most eminent authors of the day; -and so much did he enjoy their society, that his -chief physician, Monsieur Caton, used to -say to him, when prescribing for the Cardinal:--"Sir, -we will do all that is in our power; but all -my remedies will be useless, if you do not add to -them a drachm of Boisrobert;"--Boisrobert -being a writer whose works are long since -forgotten, but whose powers of telling well the -news of the court and city used to charm -the Cardinal. In the conversation of men of -letters, Richelieu found, indeed, his greatest -solace; and nothing gave him greater satisfaction -than a victory argument, or a success in -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>repartée</em></span>.<a id='r213' /><a href='#f213' class='c012'><sup>[213]</sup></a> In the Chamber of the Palais -Cardinal might be heard poets reciting their -unpublished verses, or going away richly paid -and praised when their productions were -approved. “Une Salle de Spectacle,” as it was -called, was erected by the Cardinal in his palace, -and five favourite authors, Corneille, Boisrobert, -Colletet, D’Estoile, and Robron, were employed -to work out into a dramatic form the poetical -conceptions of their patron. Neither was this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>great minister content with lavishing his -individual bounty upon men of genius; he -formed the plan of the Academy of Paris, -an institution which was to give laws to literature, -and the notion of which originated in a private -society of distinguished men who met together to -converse, and to communicate their works. In this -extension of his powerful aid to letters, Richelieu -found an obstacle which Buckingham was not -destined to encounter. Louis XIII. hated -every species of study, and despised that which -he had not intellect to appreciate. Charles, on -the other hand, was intelligent and inquiring. -His education had been carefully attended to; and -his taste for the arts introduced a degree of -refinement into English society such as this -country had never before beheld.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It may easily be conceived with what intense -curiosity, mingled, perhaps, with a spirit -of rivalry, Buckingham must have regarded his -introduction to Richelieu, and how extended -a notion of the power of a minister he must have -received during his notable, though brief, sojourn -in France.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The dignity and courtesy of Richelieu, in his -ordinary deportment, might, perhaps, have -supplied a hint to the haughty and uncertain -Buckingham, naturally imperious and lofty. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>The Cardinal knew well the value of affability. -He had a most flexible countenance, every -expression of which he could control; and even, -according to Marie de Medici, command tears at -pleasure. One moment he appeared to be sinking -away in extreme pain; the next found him gay, -gallant, and active. His manners were most -caressing to those whom he designed to win -over; but to all whom he met, his reception was -full of apparent kindness--his extended hand preceded -words full of courtesy, and his ready -smile fascinated those who approached him.</p> - -<p class='c001'>But beneath this exterior there lay the most -relentless spirit of vengeance towards all whom -he regarded as enemies, and the smile and the -ready dissimulation were fearful to many who -were conscious of having fallen under his displeasure.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Richelieu, in his morals, gave occasion to much -scandal. Beneath an assiduous exercise of some of -the external forms of religion, he was supposed to -conceal latitudinarian principles, and his private -life was stained by great irregularities. The -decencies of society were, nevertheless, maintained -by the Cardinal, who was sensible that -nothing lowers a man so much in public esteem -as to be the slave of his passions; yet, since there -scarcely existed, in his time, a man of more accommodating -<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>principles than the Cardinal in public -life, so there were few, it was secretly believed, who -had stronger passions to curb, or to indulge, than -the most reverend celibate of the Château of -Rueil--that wonderful and splendid retreat, of -which no traces are left to mark the alleys -wherein the festive throngs delighted, nor to recall -the prisons in the park, to which the all-powerful -Cardinal consigned his enemies.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER V.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>BUCKINGHAM’S EMBASSY TO PARIS--HE DESPATCHES -BALTHAZAR GERBIER TO SELECT AND PURCHASE -PICTURES--LETTER OF THE PAINTER TO HIM--THE -MAGNIFICENCE OF THE FRENCH COURT--BUCKINGHAM’S -APPEARANCE AT THE PARISIAN COURT--HIS -ASPIRING TO THE FAVOUR OF ANNE OF AUSTRIA--THE -MANNER IN WHICH HIS HOMAGE WAS RECEIVED -BY ANNE, AS STATED BY MADAME DE MOTTEVILLE--THE -FREEDOM OF MANNERS, TERMED BY ANNE -"L’HONNÊTE GALANTERIE," PERMITTED BY THE -QUEEN--THE DAZZLING APPEARANCE OF BUCKINGHAM--ANECDOTE -OF THE JEALOUSY OF THE FRENCH--POINT -OF ETIQUETTE BETWEEN BUCKINGHAM AND -THE CARDINAL RICHELIEU--BUCKINGHAM ATTENDS -HENRIETTA MARIA TO THE COAST--ANNE OF AUSTRIA -ACCOMPANIES HER SISTER-IN-LAW TO AMIENS--INCIDENT -THERE, IN WHICH BUCKINGHAM BETRAYED -HIS MAD PASSION--HE RECEIVES A REBUFF FROM THE -QUEEN--HIS LOVE-SUIT NOT CHECKED BY HER -REPROOF--HE SHEDS TEARS ON PARTING FROM ANNE--JOURNEYS -ON TO BOULOGNE AND RETURNS TO -AMIENS--HIS INTERVIEW THERE WITH ANNE--HE -THEN PURSUES HIS JOURNEY TO ENGLAND--LETTERS, -AND AFFECTING CONDUCT OF HIS WIFE--THE MEETING -OF CHARLES AND HENRIETTA MARIA--BUCKINGHAM -RETAINS HIS INFLUENCE OVER CHARLES I.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span><b><span class='large'>CHAPTER V.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>Previous to his own departure, Buckingham -had despatched Balthazar Gerbier, the painter, -to Paris, in order to select and purchase pictures, -and other articles, to decorate some of his own -stately dwellings, not one of which seems to -have been, at that time, completed. The emissary -was dazzled by the sight of foreign splendours, -and sent a lively account of them to the Duke. -“My lord,” he wrote, “do you beg of Madame -(the Duchess of Buckingham) that she will be -pleased to furnish York House; for this Monsieur -Chevreuse, and all the folks here, are so fine, and -so magnificent and curious in their houses, that -your Excellency will be much pleased. I beg -of your Excellency to see the apartments of this -Bishop of Paris, and you will see in what nice -order the pictures are arranged, and how rich -everything is. And, for the love of Paul -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>Veronese, be pleased to dress the walls of the -old gallery--poor, blank walls, they will die of -cold this winter! Your Excellency will see -also here, as at the house of the Duke de -Chevreuse, the best paintings are before the -chimney, and approve what I have always said, -that they always put the principal piece over -the chimney. For all their bravery, there is -still magnificence in gold. But your Excellency -will see a great mistake they make in the construction -of their chimneys. These are all made -of wood, which is very improper so near the fire. -They are, also, too deep; all the heat remains -within. Moreover, there are paintings of the -French masters; but we have the pearl of the -Fabians.”<a id='r214' /><a href='#f214' class='c012'><sup>[214]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Madame de Motteville extols the splendour -and gaiety of the court; and although the portraiture -of the galaxy of beauties whom she -describes belongs to a later period, one may -readily conceive that attractions were not wanting -in that sphere graced by Anne of Austria -and Henrietta Maria.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The impression made by Buckingham on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>French was favourable. “He had,” observes -Madame de Motteville, “a fine figure. His face -was very handsome; his mind and character were -free from littleness. He was magnificent in his -deportment and liberal; and, as the favourite of a -great prince, he had funds at his disposal, and all -the crown jewels of England to employ in his own -adornment.” “It is not to be wondered at,” she -continues, “that with so many attractions, he should -have dared to cherish presumptuous thoughts--to -have harboured desires at once so lofty, so -dangerous, and so reprehensible; and he had the -good fortune to persuade those who were aware -of his wishes that they were not proffered -impertinently;” “yet,” adds the confidante, -almost reluctantly, “one may venture to suppose -that his vows were received in the same degree -as that in which the gods suffer the homage of -mortals.”<a id='r215' /><a href='#f215' class='c012'><sup>[215]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The object of these aspiring and criminal hopes -was, it appears, the young Queen of France. -Nor is there reason to conclude that the same -indifference was manifested by Anne to Buckingham -as had been shown by her to her former -admirers. In after times, when the perilous -illusion had for ever passed away, Anne, according -to Madame de Motteville, admitted that in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>that season of her youth she had not perceived -that the delightful and sprightly conversation, -known to her by the term of <i>l’honnête galanterie</i>, -could possibly be censured, especially when no -secret understanding was couched beneath the -lively converse; nor did the thoughtless Queen -attach to it any greater possibility of blame than -she should do to those ladies of her native Spanish -Court, who, being forbidden to talk to men, except -in the presence of the King and Queen of Spain, -were accustomed to boast of their conquests -amongst each other, and to consider them rather -as enhancing, than detracting from, their reputation.<a id='r216' /><a href='#f216' class='c012'><sup>[216]</sup></a> -The Duchess de Chevreuse, Anne confessed, -had been wholly occupied with gallantries -and diversions, and the Queen, led by her -advice and example, could not, in spite of her -modesty and principle, avoid becoming interested -in an expression of passion which seemed to her -far more flattering to her self-love than dangerous -to her virtue. In these terms did Anne, after -the lapse of years, refer to the transient but -intoxicating adulation paid to her by Buckingham.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Possibly Anne was dazzled by the lofty grace -of her new votary, contrasted as it was to -some advantage with the homely-featured Philip -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, one of the noblemen -who had attended Buckingham to Paris. The -mission could, as Sir Henry Wotton observes, -“want no ornaments or bravery to adorn it.” He -relates an anecdote of the Duke, who, dancing one -day in a suit all gorgeously overspread with diamonds, -lost one of his most valuable jewels, which, -strange to say, was the next day recovered, although -it had been lost in a “court full of pages.” This -restitution Sir Henry regards as but another proof -of the good fortune which everywhere followed -Buckingham.<a id='r217' /><a href='#f217' class='c012'><sup>[217]</sup></a> It was, perhaps, on his court suit, -which was valued at 80,000<em>l.</em><a id='r218' /><a href='#f218' class='c012'><sup>[218]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>It was not to be supposed that Anne would -escape the voice of scandal, or that the attentions -of one upon whom all eyes were fixed should -remain unobserved. One little occurrence, which -became the subject of general animadversion, took -place after all the Court festivities were at an end, -and when Anne and the Duke were on the eve of -separation. It speaks, however, plainly of previous -passages of gallantry on the one hand, and indulgence -on the other.</p> - -<p class='c001'>A week of feasting and rejoicing was over, -and Buckingham prepared to conduct the young -Queen of England to her foreign home, on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>second of June. It appears that, notwithstanding -the great goodwill entertained towards the -Duke by Monsieur de Chevreuse, he showed some -degree of jealousy on account of his unwonted -display. Buckingham, previous to his departure, -ordered some diamonds to be set in rings, with -the view of bestowing them on several of the -courtiers; but he was warned of the effect which -this would produce by his faithful agent, Balthazar -Gerbier. “I have been informed,” writes the -painter, "that at the Court where you are, they -have got intelligence of the diamonds your excellency -is causing to be set in rings, and so they -are trying to guess what can be your reason. The -greater part think it is in order to make presents, -which they are resolved not to receive. Your -Excellency’s perfect sagacity needs no interpreter -for understanding their policy, which is only that -somebody has been such an exceeding busybody -as to blow into the ear of the Duc de Chevreuse -that if your Excellency were to be remarked -above others for liberality, it would be greatly to -his detriment." Under this apprehension, the -secretary of De Chevreuse importuned Gerbier, -who seems to have filled the capacity of House -Steward to the Duke, as well as his other employment, -to have an account drawn up of what was -given to the household servants of De Chevreuse, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>and also of the other presents. The virtue of the -French Court seems to have been aroused by the -expected gifts, which were regarded as an affront, -and it was intimated that if offered they would not -be received. This delicacy of conduct was naturally -contrasted with the rapacity of the Duke, who had, -it seems, accepted presents in France amounting -in value to eighty thousand pounds, as he himself -stated in a letter to the King.<a id='r219' /><a href='#f219' class='c012'><sup>[219]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Having thus offended the pride of the Parisian -courtiers by his overweening prodigality, Buckingham -set forth to commit an act of imprudence -still more obvious and far more indefensible. He -did not quit Paris, however, without having both -given and received an offence from even the -courtly Richelieu, who, having addressed to him a -letter, directed to “Le Duc de Buckingham,” instead -of to “Monseigneur le Duc de Buckingham,” -received one in reply inscribed to “Monsieur le -Cardinal de Richelieu.”<a id='r220' /><a href='#f220' class='c012'><sup>[220]</sup></a> Thus quitting Paris as he -had done Madrid, in bad odour with those who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>had eagerly welcomed him to their kingdom, Buckingham -attended his young and royal charge towards -the coast.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Orders had been sent by the French King that -his sister should be everywhere welcomed with -honours as signal as if he were himself present; -and to show her still more respect, Anne of Austria -accompanied the young Queen as far as -Amiens.</p> - -<p class='c001'>It was here that, whilst walking in the garden -of the house where she was lodged, a memorable -interview between Anne and Buckingham took -place. She was, indeed, surrounded by her usual -suite of attendants, when the enamoured and imprudent -Duke sought and found her. Putangue, -the equerry of the Queen of France, perceiving, -as Buckingham approached, that he was anxious -to speak to his royal mistress alone, fell back for a -short time, thinking that delicacy forbade him to -listen to what was uttered by the Duke. Having -by chance, according to Anne’s subsequent statement, -turned into a winding alley, the unguarded -Queen and her lover found themselves alone. In -a few moments a cry was heard by the listening -attendants in the garden; the equerry hastened -to his mistress, who blamed him exceedingly for -having quitted her. Anne afterwards explained -this occurrence, which naturally excited much discussion, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>by relating that, alarmed at finding herself -alone with her avowed admirer, she was still -more agitated by the expressions of passionate -attachment which Buckingham addressed to her. -She knew that she could not listen to the importunity -of an ardent passion without participating -morally in its guilt. She acted therefore, as she -thought, and as her apologist, Madame de Motteville, -conceived, honestly and sagaciously in preferring -the preservation of her own self-respect to the -fear of being unjustly blamed. Thus reflecting, -she had no apprehension that her exclamation of -surprise and terror would bear a bad construction -even to her consort, who evidently regarded -her with distrust.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Having proffered some reason for his return, -the Duke even left the future Queen Consort of -his royal master at Boulogne, and hastened to -the queen-mother, Marie de Medicis, at Amiens. -He even went so far as to pretend that he was -commissioned to enter into some new negotiation; -whether he succeeded in blinding her or -not is not stated; but, after conversing with her -for some time, he presented himself to Anne of -Austria; that princess had been apprized of -Buckingham’s journey, by her confidante, the -Duchess de Chevreuse, who accompanied the -Queen of England. Anne received him, after -<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>the fashion of her adopted country, in bed, and -without her customary state; nor did she express -the slightest surprise at his appearance; but her -astonishment was considerable when she saw the -Duke fall on his knees by her bedside, and kiss -the coverlids with expressions so agitated, so emphatic, -that she could no longer, as she afterwards -confessed, “avoid perceiving the earnestness of -his passion.” She avowed to Madame de Motteville -that she was overcome with surprise, not -unmingled with resentment, for she comprehended, -perhaps too late for her own reputation, that a real -insult was conveyed under this proffered idolatry. -She remembered that she was the Queen of -France, and a long and angry silence marked her -displeasure. At this critical moment, the Countess -de Lannoi, at that time her principal lady of the -chamber, and who, in that capacity, was placed at -the head of the bed, came forward to the queen’s -aid. The countess was a grave, respected, and -aged personage, whose very look might well strike -terror into the presumptuous suitor. She addressed -herself to the Duke reprovingly, telling -him that such conduct was inconsistent with the -customs permitted in the French Court, and bidding -him arise. She spoke, however, to one who -was of late little habituated to control, and she -could make no impression. Buckingham replied -<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>that he was not a Frenchman, and therefore under -no obligation to observe the laws of France. He -spoke calmly, and then again addressing the -queen, he broke out into expressions of the -utmost tenderness. Anne replied in terms expressive -of her anger at his boldness; but whilst her -language was reproachful, her manner appears to -have been destitute of the indignation natural to -the occasion. She commanded him, however, to -rise from his knees, and quit the room; and he -then complied.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The next day, notwithstanding this audacity, -Buckingham was permitted to see the Queen -again, but in the presence of the assembled -Court. It is probable that Anne wished what -occurred not to transpire, and that this audience -might be one of policy. But the precaution, if -such it was, did not avail to save Anne from the -most injurious suspicions. Buckingham, after -taking leave, proceeded to England, bearing in -his mind a resolution to return to France at the -earliest occasion. Anne and the queen-mother, -after some little delay, repaired to Fontainebleau -to rejoin the King. Soon afterwards, Louis was -informed of all that had occurred. The circumstances -were even aggravated to the disadvantage -of the unhappy young queen. Several of her -attendants were discharged. Putangue, her -<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>equerry, was banished; her physician and others -shared the same fate. One of Anne’s Spanish -ladies, Donna Estefania, had the courage to express -her disgust at this severity. “I think,” -she said, addressing Le Père Sequirent, the -King’s confessor, “that so much malignity visited -upon this lady is not a good sign; it does not -look well.”<a id='r221' /><a href='#f221' class='c012'><sup>[221]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham, meantime, journeyed towards England, -his heart full of the hope of returning at some -future day to behold the object of his mad passion. -Yet he had every motive of tenderness and consideration -towards his duchess, whose fondest hopes -were constantly, during absence, fixed upon her -faithless husband. Balthazar Gerbier, who, from -his situation in the Duke’s household, had ample -opportunities of witnessing her devotion to the -Duke, terms her, when writing to Buckingham, -during his sojourn in Spain, “your incomparable -Penelope, who constantly, in this sea of trouble, -has demonstrated the greatness of her constancy, -comforting herself with the hope of seeing her -sun return above this horizon, beautiful and shining -as it set.”<a id='r222' /><a href='#f222' class='c012'><sup>[222]</sup></a> Her anxiety during his former -embassy had been such as to injure her health, or, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>as she touchingly expressed it, “merely melancholy -was the cause of her sickness.” Nor was that sorrow -unmingled with doubt of her husband’s constancy. -Buckingham, with his natural candour and -fearlessness, perhaps, too, wanting the moral sense of -shame for such transgressions, appears, from a passage -in one of the Duchess’s letters, to have confessed -to her some of his infidelities during his Spanish -journey, and to have expressed great contrition -for them. Fears had, at that time, been entertained -of his wife’s health; and consumption was -the disease apprehended. The Duke was on that -occasion stung to the heart by the dread of losing -his “poor Kate,” as she termed herself. Reflecting -on his reckless gallantries with shame, he -appears to have considered the illness of his wife -as a judgment upon him, and intimated to her -that should she die, he should think it too hard a -blow, even for one so sinful as himself.<a id='r223' /><a href='#f223' class='c012'><sup>[223]</sup></a> The -reply made to him by his gentle wife ought to -have ensured everlasting gratitude and constancy, -were it in the nature of man to be bound by such -ties to woman. “And where you say,” writes -this devoted woman, “it is too great a punishment -for a greater offender than you hope you are, dear -heart, how severe God had been pleased to have -dealt with me, it had been for my sins, and not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>yours, for truly you are so good a man that, but -for one sin, you are not so great an offender, only -your loving women so well. But I hope God has -forgiven you, and I am sure you will not commit -the like again, and God has laid a great affliction -on me by this grievous absence; and I trust God -will send me life, and Moll too, that you shall -enjoy us both; for I am sure,” she adds, "God -will bless us both, for your sake; and I cannot express -the infinite affection I bear you; but, for -God’s sake, believe me, that there was never -woman loved man as I do you."</p> - -<p class='c001'>The Duchess had at that time testified her -delight at her husband’s quitting that “wicked -Madrid,” as she called it. She little thought how -detrimental to her married happiness a residence -of twelve days only in the no less vitiated -air of Paris was to prove.</p> - -<p class='c001'>On quitting Amiens, Buckingham returned to -Boulogne, where he met his Duchess, who had -been sent by Charles to kiss the young queen’s -hand, and to desire that she would take her own -time of coming over, “with most conveniency to -her own person.”<a id='r224' /><a href='#f224' class='c012'><sup>[224]</sup></a> On the twenty-second of -June (<span class='fss'>N.S.</span>) Henrietta embarked, and twenty-four -hours afterwards arrived at Dover.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>Charles had long been anxiously expecting the -Queen. On the last day of May he had posted -down to Canterbury, there to wait for her, -attended by a large company of lords and ladies, -“who tarried there to their great charge.”<a id='r225' /><a href='#f225' class='c012'><sup>[225]</sup></a> The -King was obliged to console them, and to prolong -their attendance with messages daily from Dover, -by which step, a contemporary writes, “he persuaded -them to patience.” The young Queen -was detained, as it was alleged, by her mother’s -illness; “but,” adds the correspondent just -quoted, “if all be true that is reported, they can -make no great haste, being to march with a little -army of 4000 at least, whereof the Duc de -Chevreuse and his followers make up three hundred, -and sixty that belong to his kitchen.”</p> - -<p class='c001'>On the fourth of June, the Earl of Northampton, -who had gone into France, it was said, in a “mad -mood,” had arrived at Dover at nine o’clock in the -evening. They found the King “on the leads” -(of the Castle, probably), having spent two very -cold hours there, anxiously awaiting their arrival. -It appears that Charles then wished to cross to -Boulogne; but it was objected to, as being a -precedent that would lower the kings of England, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>and dangers might accrue upon his placing himself -in a foreign state.<a id='r226' /><a href='#f226' class='c012'><sup>[226]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>When, in the presence of the whole court and -the flower of the nobility, they met for the first -time, everyone except the royal couple retired, and -Charles and his bride held half-an-hour’s conversation -alone. Henrietta is said to have taken the -earliest opportunity to entreat the King “that he -would not be angry with her for her faults of ignorance, -before he had first instructed her to eschew -them, for that she, being young, and coming into a -strange country, both by her years and ignorance -of the customs of the nation, might commit many -errors.” And she requested that the King would, -in such cases, apply to use no third person as a -mediator, but himself inform her as to what she -had done amiss. “The King,” adds the same -authority, “thanked her for it, desiring her to use -him even as she had desired him to use her, which -she willingly promised.”<a id='r227' /><a href='#f227' class='c012'><sup>[227]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>The plague was then raging to a fearful extent -in the metropolis; and it was afterwards, by those -who witnessed the sad termination of this reign, -interpreted as an evil omen, as it began thus, -although the previous reign had commenced with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>a similar national calamity; whereas the sway of -James had been remarkable for peace and prosperity. -“These two plagues,” remarks the -historian L’Estrange, “that of the father, this of -the son, were natives both of one parish, Whitechapel, -yea, under the same roof, and issued forth -on the same day of the month, such correspondence -was there in their entry.”<a id='r228' /><a href='#f228' class='c012'><sup>[228]</sup></a> There were not -wanting those, however, who regarded this -grievous visitation, the excess of which common -sense would attribute to narrow streets and lanes, -“where air and sweetness were the only -strangers,” to a judgment on the young King’s -alliance with Papacy and France.<a id='r229' /><a href='#f229' class='c012'><sup>[229]</sup></a> It acted as a -check upon present rejoicings, and, although great -preparations had been made to receive the royal -pair, most of the procession was omitted on -account of the pestilence, no fewer than twenty-three -parishes being infected; and the plague -having increased fearfully during the “extremest -cold weather that had ever been known,” what, it -was observed, was to be looked for when the heat -came, and the fruits were ripe?<a id='r230' /><a href='#f230' class='c012'><sup>[230]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Under these unpromising auspices did Henrietta -<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>Maria take up her abode in Somerset House, then -styled Denmark House, where her chapel and -convent for Capuchin Friars were established, the -execution of the laws against Roman Catholics -having been previously suspended by a warrant -from the King.<a id='r231' /><a href='#f231' class='c012'><sup>[231]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Those who prognosticated uneasiness to -Charles, and detriment to the country, were not -long kept in suspense as to the fulfilment of their -prophecy, for more uncongenial minds than those -of Charles and his royal bride were never -destined to meet; nor did they long adhere to -the wise rule proposed, of allowing no third party -to reconcile differences.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham still maintained his exalted position. -The circumstances in which he was placed -were such as had never occurred in this country -before. “With King Charles,” as Sir Anthony -Weldon observes, "did also rise his father’s -favourite, and in much more glory and lustre than -in his father’s time, as if he were no less an -inheritor of his son’s favour than the son of the -father’s crown."<a id='r232' /><a href='#f232' class='c012'><sup>[232]</sup></a> This pre-eminence was regarded -by the Puritan party as a grievous evil. James, -they suspected rather than knew, was somewhat -<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>weary of his favourite’s insolence; but, in Charles’s -time, “he reigned like an impetuous storm, bearing -down all before him that stood in his way, and -would not yield to him, nor comply with him.”<a id='r233' /><a href='#f233' class='c012'><sup>[233]</sup></a> -Such was the vulgar opinion; whilst the submission -of Charles was considered to show a want of -dignity and heroism, especially when the affronts -passed upon him by Buckingham, in the King’s -youth, were remembered.</p> - -<p class='c001'>There were others who took a different view of -the subject; and the warm affection manifested -by Charles to the Duke, surviving, as it did, the -grave, has been justly commended. “When -once,” observes the historian Lilly, "he (Charles -the First) really affected, he was ever a perfect -friend; witness his continuance of affection unto -all Buckingham’s friends after his death, yea, -until his own decay of fortune."<a id='r234' /><a href='#f234' class='c012'><sup>[234]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Raised, as he was, to the highest pinnacle of -human greatness in his native land, there were -some humiliating circumstances which seriously -affected the domestic happiness of Buckingham. -Of these, the chief was the disgrace of his brother, -Lord Purbeck, and the infelicity of that marriage -which had been accomplished at so much expense -of integrity. In February, 1624-25, it had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>been deemed necessary to institute proceedings -against Lady Purbeck and Sir Robert Howard -upon the ground of adultery and sorcery, and -James I., though scarcely able to sign, had set his -hand to the warrant.</p> - -<p class='c001'>The King, nevertheless, did this act unwillingly; -and he had even previously dissuaded -Buckingham from seeking a commitment, as he -said the matter ought to be conducted by -“justice and not favour.” Upon receiving this -advice, the Duke wrote to Sir Randal Crewe, -Lord Chief Justice, requesting him to communicate -on this point with Innocent Lanier, a -man much trusted by Lord Purbeck. That unhappy -nobleman was then residing with the -Duke, who seemed anxious to retain him, fearing -that otherwise “Sir Robert and Lady Purbeck -might, by their crafty insinuations, draw from -him speeches to their advantage.”<a id='r235' /><a href='#f235' class='c012'><sup>[235]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>This prosecution was carried on with considerable -bitterness of spirit. Upon the first steps -taken in the affair, the Duke of Buckingham was -sent for to London; and the summons despatched -contained this assurance:--"I find them" (the -solicitor and attorney-general) “resolved to deal -roundly in this business, as your Grace desires.” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>The advice given by these two crown lawyers was -to bring the case before the High Commission -Court, which could sit without delay in the -vacation, and when the crime had been proved -there, the divorce could be obtained by ordinary -law. They thought it unadvisable to send these -prisoners to prison, “a step unusual for persons -of their rank,” but “advised that they be confined -in the houses of aldermen, where they would be -more strictly restrained than in prison.” They -were then examining witnesses.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Buckingham, in answer to this letter, after -thanking the lawyers for their counsel, declared -himself satisfied with it. “They were,” he said, -“to do their utmost to discover the truth, but his -family being nearly linked with that of Sir -Howard, he wished no undue severity in the -prosecution. He entreated the King to let the -law take its course, and not to shew any favour in -the business.”<a id='r236' /><a href='#f236' class='c012'><sup>[236]</sup></a> It was immediately, nevertheless, -resolved to incarcerate Sir Robert Howard, even -without a hearing, and he was forthwith despatched -to the Fleet Prison. His partner in -guilt, although at first dismayed by the reception -of a letter from the Lord Chief Justice, summoned -to her aid the dauntless assurance which -she inherited from her mother, Lady Hatton, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>observed that she “was resolved to prove a new -lodging and new keepers.” Her nurse, and the -child who was the supposed offspring of her infamous -connection, were left in the custody of -persons appointed, and remained in Denmark -House. Eventually, Sir Robert, and Lady Purbeck, -with her son, were consigned to the charge -of two Aldermen, Barkham and Freeman, “to be -close kept.”<a id='r237' /><a href='#f237' class='c012'><sup>[237]</sup></a> Such was the fear entertained of -incurring Buckingham’s displeasure, that bail was -withheld until his mighty will was ascertained. -Notwithstanding that the commissioners appointed -to examine into this singular case declared that -“they saw no fruit in keeping the delinquents in -prison,” and hinted that their incarceration being -“fruitless,” their bailment might give the world -satisfaction,<a id='r238' /><a href='#f238' class='c012'><sup>[238]</sup></a> Buckingham, stimulated, probably, -by the desire of emancipating his unfortunate -brother from his union with a woman of abandoned -character, appears to have lent himself to accusations -by which the offence of the ill-fated -Lady Purbeck should assume a criminal character.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In the endeavour to establish the fact of adultery -<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>with Sir Robert Howard, there appears to -have been some failure. The suspicions were -“strong and violent,” as the legal functionaries -declared, against Sir Robert Howard, but no -“express confession from parties, nor testimony -of witnesses,” was obtained by which the <em>fact</em> was -substantiated. With regard to the allegations concerning -witchcraft, the most extraordinary statements -were adduced. This young lady of rank -had, it was affirmed, "administered powders and -potions that did intoxicate her husband’s brain, -and practised somewhat of that kind upon the -Duke of Buckingham."<a id='r239' /><a href='#f239' class='c012'><sup>[239]</sup></a> To this accusation, the -insanity which is said to have darkened the Earl -of Purbeck’s career, and the frequent reports of -the unfriendly, that Buckingham was “mad,” -gave a semblance of probability sufficient in -those days of superstition. But those who were -judges in the affair happily were more enlightened -than many of their contemporaries. In the first -place, the chief witness, one Lambe, described as -a “notorious old rascal,” had been himself condemned -the previous summer for a heinous -offence; and arraigned a year or two previously -for practising witchcraft on “my Lord Kingston” -at Worcester.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>“I see not,” writes a contemporary, “what -the fellow can gain by this confession, but to be -hanged the sooner.”<a id='r240' /><a href='#f240' class='c012'><sup>[240]</sup></a> Nevertheless, the information -was too acceptable to the powers that then -overawed society, not to meet with its reward. -It was proved, indeed, that Lady Purbeck, after -the fashion of her day, contemplated the power -of witchcraft as one means of blinding or infuriating -her husband. The example of the infamous -Lady Somerset had not died away in the memory -of one who seems to have resembled her in some -points--in her hatred of the husband to whom -she was assigned for mercenary ends--in her mad -passion for another man, and in the dark agents -to whom she resorted for aid, and by whom she -was betrayed. Lady Purbeck often visited Lambe; -“and,” wrote the Commissioners to Buckingham, -“we verily think with evil intention to your -brother.” Whether Sir Robert Howard accompanied -her or not in these furtive visitations does -not appear. Upon reviewing the scanty and -unsatisfactory evidence, it was concluded by the -attorney and solicitor-general, that the “use to -be made of this part of the business would be -rather to aggravate and make odious the other -part of the offence, than to proceed upon it as a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>direct crime of itself.” Nothing, they acknowledged, -had yet appeared, that could give “them -cause to think the matter to be capital against -the delinquents;” and no further witnesses were -forthcoming.</p> - -<p class='c001'>In the midst of these proceedings, it is curious -to observe the retribution which, in the course of -worldly events, forces itself upon our notice. -Lady Hatton, obliged to apply for counsel to her -despised lord, to whose masterly judgment she -was compelled, in her emergency, to resort, was -a spectacle to divert, and even to instruct society. -“Would you think,” writes Mr. Chamberlain, -"that Lady Hatton’s stomach could stoop so low -as to seek the Lord Coke, at Stoke, for his counsel -and assistance in this affair?"</p> - -<p class='c001'>Well might Lady Hatton tremble for the result -to this daughter whom she had sacrificed to -her worldly view; for a spirit of persecution now -manifested itself more and more clearly. Before -the High Commission, the frail being whose fate -was thus sealed at her very entrance into life -acquitted herself, as a contemporary informs us, -“reasonably well hitherto,” but he adds, “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>ne -Hercules quidem coutra tot et tantos</em></span>.” By all -her demeanour was allowed to be “modest and -prudent, and without reflection on other parties.” -The witnesses whom she adduced were, however, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>not only silenced, but punished. One Bembige, -a servant of the Archbishop of Canterbury, was -committed for speaking in her behalf, and for -stating how severely she was used by the adverse -proctors. Those gentlemen complaining of these -remarks, Bembige was sent out of court; obtaining -from Lady Purbeck the distinction of “being -one of her martyrs.”<a id='r241' /><a href='#f241' class='c012'><sup>[241]</sup></a> The cause was eventually -referred to the Ecclesiastical Court, wherein the -Earl of Anglesea was the nominal prosecutor. -Sir Robert Howard, not answering to the citation -served upon him, was publicly excommunicated -at Paul’s Cross. He claimed, however, his privilege -as a “parliament man,” and it was conceded -to him.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Lady Purbeck, meantime, remained under the -custody of Alderman Barkham; no friends came -forward to stand bail for her; neither Lady -Hatton nor her father supplied her with money. -She sent to Buckingham for means to fee her -council;<a id='r242' /><a href='#f242' class='c012'><sup>[242]</sup></a> nor does the aid appear to have been refused; -neither can any blame attach to the Duke -for his endeavours to free a brother who was now -incapable of acting for himself,--as appears fully -from Lord Anglesea, Christopher Villiers being -<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>the prosecutor--from a woman who, whatever -may have been the extenuation of her faults, was -living audaciously in a state of infamy. Neither -can we wonder at his afterwards requesting Prince -Charles to insist on his leaving the Court, where -she had set so fearful an example.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Lady Purbeck was driven away, however, for -another reason; although a divorce was not obtained, -she was sentenced by the High Commission -to stand in the Savoy church in a white -sheet. She fled, in the disguise of a page, into -the country; and in 1634 was again domiciled in -the house of her father, who at least had human -sympathies, in which his wife had proved herself -utterly wanting. Coke, in his old age, received -and pardoned the much humiliated daughter. -“She continued,” says Lord Campbell, “to watch -piously over him till his death.”<a id='r243' /><a href='#f243' class='c012'><sup>[243]</sup></a> Nor could the -task have been otherwise than consolatory. An -accident was the proximate cause of the breaking -up of that wonderful frame that had never known -rest. Coke had, in his own mind, deserved well -of the world; he was wont to give thanks that -he had never given his body to physic, nor his -heart to cruelty, nor his hand to corruption.<a id='r244' /><a href='#f244' class='c012'><sup>[244]</sup></a> -When his friends sent him three doctors to benefit -<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>his health, he told them he had never taken physic -since he was born, and would not now begin; that -he had now upon him <a id='corr232.3'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='a disease'>“a disease</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_232.3'><ins class='correction' title='a disease'>“a disease</ins></a></span> which all the drugs -of Asia, nor the gold of Africa, nor the doctors of -Europe could not cure, old age.” Notwithstanding -Coke’s great practice, he was at one time in -debt to the extent of 60,000<em>l.</em>, owing, it was said, -to his sons. In his will he left injunctions that -he should be buried without pomp in Littleshall -church, and a monument be erected for him there; -and that his books might be preserved for his -posterity.<a id='r245' /><a href='#f245' class='c012'><sup>[245]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>In his own immediate family, Buckingham enjoyed -such happiness as the fulfilment of every -earthly wish could bestow. He was now the -father of two children; Lady Mary Villiers, who, -if we may accredit the representations of a -fond mother, was full of intelligence and promise. -The letters written during the absence of her -husband, by the Duchess, abound with such anecdotes -of her then only child, as are only important -as they mark a mutual tie, and show confidence -in the affection of him to whom those -epistles were addressed--to one whom she believed -to be all constancy and attachment--and -to whom such little traits of her daughter could -alone be imparted by a mother.</p> - -<p class='c001'><span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>“Moll,” she writes, “is very well, and is a-writing -to make you merry; she is bound to you for your -sending her a token.” “Mr. Clarke will tell you -who she is like; she is so lively and full of play -that she will make you very good sport when you -come home. I hope you have received her picture, -though you have sent me no word whether -you have or no.”<a id='r246' /><a href='#f246' class='c012'><sup>[246]</sup></a> This picture was painted by -Balthazar Gerbier; but, not being completed in -time, the artist was obliged to substitute one -which had been completed three years previously; -“for the little lady,” writes Gerbier, in allusion to -this substitution, “she has been painted in great -haste; the hands, which crave a blessing from your -excellency, are merely outlined.”<a id='r247' /><a href='#f247' class='c012'><sup>[247]</sup></a> The “Lady -Mary” was still an infant when the Duke returned -from Spain; but the remembrance of her -father, which had been impressed upon her childish -thoughts, is exemplified in the following passage -from a letter of her grandfather, the Earl of Rutland.<a id='r248' /><a href='#f248' class='c012'><sup>[248]</sup></a> -"Your wife, your sister, Mr. Porter, and -myself were at supper at York House, when news -came Dick Graeme<a id='r249' /><a href='#f249' class='c012'><sup>[249]</sup></a> was come; but we were so -impatient to see him, that some could eat no meat, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>and when we did see him and your letter, they -were so overjoyed they forgot to eat; nay, my -pretty, sweet Moll, as she was undressing, cried -nothing but ‘dad, dad.’"</p> - -<p class='c001'>This prattling child was now growing into -what King James entitled “a fair maid;” and a -son, George, afterwards celebrated for his wit and -profligacy, had been added to the many blessings -showered upon Buckingham by Providence. His -wife, who had, during his absence, kept his picture, -“as her sweet saint, always within sight of -her bed,” was now happy in the presence of one -whom she seems to have loved with all the ardour -of a first affection. Even the infidelities of her -husband, now beginning to be generally known, -appear to have left her love unchanged. She -knew well the temptations that beset him. “Every -one tells me,” she writes at one time, “how happy -I am in a husband;” “that you will not look at a -woman, and yet how they woo you.” When undeceived, -the Duchess had the greatness of mind -to make allowances for this flattered child of -fortune; she knew that if any man were to be -excused, it was he who, in foreign courts, had -encountered the snares to which his disposition -rendered him too easy a prey. The delinquency, -as we have seen, nearly broke her heart; but she -forgave and received the delinquent. She appears -<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>to have ever retained a conviction that her husband’s -heart was true to her, whatever his errors -may have been. “Yourself is a jewel that will -win the hearts of all the women in the world; but -I am confident it is not in their power to win your -heart from a heart that is, was, and ever shall be -yours till death.”<a id='r250' /><a href='#f250' class='c012'><sup>[250]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Notwithstanding his domestic blessings, his -fame and power, Buckingham had his disquiets. -Amongst these, the chief was pecuniary embarrassments. -The favourite, whose rapacity has -been the theme of historians, was harassed by -difficulties which must have arisen partly from -his great extravagance, partly from the countless -demands made upon the resources of those in -power.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Charles the First seems to have been no less -solicitous than his father had been to enrich his -beloved Villiers. In July, 1624, he granted to -him, in conjunction with Sir George Carew, a -commission for making saltpetre and gunpowder; -and, at the same time, he bestowed upon Sir -Edward Villiers an annuity of a thousand per -annum,<a id='r251' /><a href='#f251' class='c012'><sup>[251]</sup></a> probably in order to relieve Buckingham -of the charge of assisting his brother. These -<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>favours were followed by another, which proved -a source of much expense to the Duke--that of -York House, which, with other messuages in St. -Martin’s-in-the-Fields, was, on the fourteenth of -July, 1624, granted to Buckingham.<a id='r252' /><a href='#f252' class='c012'><sup>[252]</sup></a> Immense -sums had also been presented to Buckingham -when ambassador to France; he wrote to the -King, during his sojourn in Paris, that he had -then already received gifts nearly to the value of -eighty thousand pounds.<a id='r253' /><a href='#f253' class='c012'><sup>[253]</sup></a> Yet, still the lavish -expenditure of Buckingham was inadequately supplied. -This was a grievous source of vexation to -one whose unbounded love of display was gracefully -connected with a passion for the arts, and -with an exquisite perception of all that was excellent -in painting and grand in sculpture.</p> - -<p class='c001'>Another cause of irritation, and consequent ill-health, -was the incessant exertion incident to his -station and employments. Never did any minister -conduct himself with greater courtesy to those -who waited upon him than Buckingham, to whom -vulgar report assigned great arrogance of deportment, -and whose haughty bearing has passed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>almost into a proverb. His attention to his minutest -duties as Lord High Admiral, his deportment -to his officers when he commanded at -Rochelle, will be hereafter insisted upon. Lord -Clarendon speaks of his “sweet attractive manner;” -of his “art of drawing or flowing unto him of -the best instruments of experience and knowledge, -to seek what might be for the public, or his own -proper use;”<a id='r254' /><a href='#f254' class='c012'><sup>[254]</sup></a> yet, in spite of this admirable patience, -in spite of that habitual good nature, which -made him a “fair spoken gentleman, not prone -and eager to detract openly from any man,”<a id='r255' /><a href='#f255' class='c012'><sup>[255]</sup></a> -Buckingham was harassed almost to insanity by -the hourly ingress of importunate suitors, or of -clamorous complainants. Even the visits of the -friendly oppress us, when the brain is in a state of -excitement; and, accordingly, we read without -surprize that he was obliged occasionally to retire -altogether from the court, retreating, most frequently, -to Newhall, his favourite seat, “to avoid -importunity of visits that would give him no <a id='corr237.21'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='rest.'>rest.”</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_237.21'><ins class='correction' title='rest.'>rest.”</ins></a></span> -It had even, at one time, been given out by the -Roman Catholics, who were incensed against -him, by the failure of the Spanish embassy, that -he was “crazed in his brain;” but “I have -learned,” writes Mr. Chamberlain, “by them that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>know, that there was no such matter, but that the -suspicion grew by reason of his often letting blood; -only they confess he hath a spent body and not -like to hold out long, if he do not tend his health -very diligently.”<a id='r256' /><a href='#f256' class='c012'><sup>[256]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c001'>Shortly after his return from France, the Duke’s -affairs appear to have become so greatly involved -as to oblige him to retire for a time, from York -House, to the seclusion of Burleigh-on-the-Hill. -The following letter from his Duchess is addressed -to Mrs. Olivia Porter, her niece, and the wife of -Endymion Porter, that trusty servant to whom -Buckingham had assigned the charge of bringing -over his jewels and plate from Spain.<a id='r257' /><a href='#f257' class='c012'><sup>[257]</sup></a> Mrs. -Olivia Porter appears to have been a cherished -companion, as well as kinswoman, of the Duchess -of Buckingham’s. The letter is given in its -original state, with regard to orthography; it is -dated, “Burghley, 18th July, <a id='corr238.19'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='1625.'>1625.”</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_238.19'><ins class='correction' title='1625.'>1625.”</ins></a></span></p> - -<div class='letter'> - -<p class='c001'>"<span class='sc'>Dere Cusen</span>,</p> - -<p class='c001'>"Doctor Nure will tell you how I -am. I have sent the doctor’s leter to him. I am -<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>in good health, I thank God, and I hope in the -end I shall be as well as ever I was. I pray, -pray for me. Remember me to your husband and -sonne, and I do not doubt but what we shall be -merry again in York House. Fairfill is now -sould, I thank God, and we shall, by living here -a while, redeme our selfs out of debt, I hope in -Jesus. Farewell, swett cusen,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Your most constant friend,</div> - <div class='line in12'>“<span class='sc'>K. Buckingham</span>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c018'>“My Co: (cousin) remembers his services to you.”</p> - -</div> - -<p class='c018'>Buckingham appears thus to have taken the most -effectual means to recover his serenity--retirement -and economy; but the great duties of his -station would not suffer him long to rest, either at -Newhall or at the still more remote retreat of -Burleigh. There, indeed, he was not permitted to -hide himself until after he had assisted at the -solemnity of the declaration of the King’s marriage, -which was held in the Banqueting House -at Whitehall in the following order.<a id='r258' /><a href='#f258' class='c012'><sup>[258]</sup></a> After it -was concluded, the King conducted the Queen to -her presence chamber, where she dined. The -King returned to the banqueting chamber, where -he dined with the three French ambassadors, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>Duc de Chevreuse, Villeach, and the Marquis -de Fite. At the second course the heralds came, -and proclaimed the King’s titles, craved a largesse, -and afterwards went to the Queen’s side, and did -the same. The Queen went to the Banqueting -House afterwards, and the evening was spent in -dancing. On the following day the Duke of Buckingham -dined with the Duc de Chevreuse at Nonsuch, -and supped that evening at York House, -giving there one of those sumptuous entertainments -which must have added so much to his pecuniary -difficulties. For the ambassadors were -received at that noble dwelling with “such magnificence -and plenty, that the like,” writes a contemporary, -"hath not been seen in these parts. One -rare dish came by mere chance: a sturgeon of -full five feet long, that afternoon, not far from the -place, leaping in a gentleman’s boat, was served -in at supper."<a id='r259' /><a href='#f259' class='c012'><sup>[259]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>During all this time, the pestilence was raging -with fearful results; yet the people could not find -in their hearts to leave London when the brave -doings in celebration of the Queen’s arrival went -<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>on. It was observed that “in all these shews and -feastings, there hath been such excessive bravery -on all sides, as bred rather a surfeit than delights -in them that saw it, and it were more fit and -would better become us to compare and dispute -with such pompous kind of people in iron -and steel, than in gold and riches, wherein we -come not near them.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>In addition to this insulting remark, one even -still more disparaging to the strangers was publicly -thrown out. The accession even of the high-bred -Frenchwomen was considered to add little to the -grace of the courtly revels at York House or -elsewhere. Her retinue appears to have inspired -neither admiration nor respect.</p> - -<p class='c018'>“The Queen hath brought, they say, such a -poor, pitiful sort of women, that there is not one -worth the looking after, saving herself and the -Duchess of Chevreuse, who, though she be fair, -paints foully. Among her priests you would -little look for M. Sausy, that went an ambassador -to Constantinople when we were at Venice, and is -now become a <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><em>padre del oratorio</em></span>.”<a id='r260' /><a href='#f260' class='c012'><sup>[260]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>The public heard with disgust that two hundred -pounds a day were allowed for the maintenance of -the Duc and Duchesse de Chevreuse, in Denmark -<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>House, “for victuals and comforts.”<a id='r261' /><a href='#f261' class='c012'><sup>[261]</sup></a> Buckingham, -meantime, passed the remainder of the year 1625 -at Hampton Court, his duchess staying at Burgleigh, -where her father, the Earl of Rutland, remained -to solace her retirement, for we find him -excusing himself from attendance at Court on that -plea.<a id='r262' /><a href='#f262' class='c012'><sup>[262]</sup></a> Buckingham experienced considerable inconvenience -from the absence and illness of the -Earl of Purbeck, who, of all his brothers, seems -to have enjoyed the most of his confidence; referring -to him all suitors who were obliged, to -adopt the quaint phrase of the time, to “come in -at that door.”<a id='r263' /><a href='#f263' class='c012'><sup>[263]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER VI.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c019'>UNJUST APPRECIATION OF BUCKINGHAM’S CHARACTER--HIS -ENERGY IN RESPECT TO THE NAVY--SIR WALTER -RALEGH’S WORKS ON MARITIME AFFAIRS--PRINCE -HENRY’S PREDILECTION FOR THEM--HIS MINIATURE -SHIP--HIS DEATH--LORD NOTTINGHAM’S NEGLECT AND -VENALITY--HIS POWERS--£60,000, YEARLY, ALLOTTED -FOR THE NAVY--BUCKINGHAM’S EFFORTS--EXAMPLE -SET BY RICHELIEU--IGNORANCE OF SHIP-BUILDING IN -THOSE DAYS--BUCKINGHAM DRAWS UP A PLAN OF -DEFENCE--FEAR OF THE SPANISH ARMADA--THE DUKE -PROPOSES TO FORM A COMPANY FOR THE WEST, AS -WELL AS THE EAST INDIES--PLAN OF TAXATION--ALSO -OF DEFENCE ON SHORE.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c020'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span><b><span class='large'>CHAPTER VI.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>Hitherto the character of Buckingham has been -considered merely in the light of a courtier, in -which capacity his good fortune, more than his -merits, secured him success. In foreign Courts, -the infirmities of this changeable and imprudent -man were brought conspicuously to light; his -vanity, his assumption, his growing arrogance, -these, and his love of pleasure, added to the dissolute -morals of the day, constituted the sources -of that obloquy; nevertheless, the memory of this -celebrated man has been indiscriminately blackened. -Hence he has been described as “utterly devoid of -every talent of a minister,” and the popular -opinion points to the notion that he did much -harm, no good,<a id='r264' /><a href='#f264' class='c012'><sup>[264]</sup></a> and that the sole qualities conspicuous -in his career were his love of oppression, -his venality, and his insolence.</p> - -<p class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>Happily for the reputation which has been thus -maligned, numerous documents,<a id='r265' /><a href='#f265' class='c012'><sup>[265]</sup></a> which have of -late been rescued from neglect, abundantly prove -that Buckingham achieved one important benefit -to his country--the restoration of the British -navy. Whatever may have been his motives, by -what means soever he may have compassed his -ends, there can now be no doubt but that to him -we owe the re-establishment of that mighty power -to which we are indebted for our existence as a -nation, and it may be presumed that had his life -been prolonged his exertions in this respect -would have produced still more apparent effects; -and that the country would have acknowledged, -in after ages, the services which it seems to have -overlooked.</p> - -<p class='c018'>During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the merchant -ships were considered to constitute the principal -part of our maritime power; they then amounted -to one hundred and thirty-five, many of them of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>five hundred tons each. The ships of war belonging -to the Crown were thirteen only in number, -so that the navy, so boasted and renowned, was -composed chiefly of merchant ships which were -hired for the queen’s service.<a id='r266' /><a href='#f266' class='c012'><sup>[266]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>King James, on his accession to the crown of -England, called in all the ships of war as well as -the numerous privateers belonging to the English -merchants, and declared himself “at peace with -all the world.” This was certainly not the means -by which the navy was to be improved and maintained. -It was, nevertheless, increased in his -reign to nearly double the number of Queen -Elizabeth’s ships of war; namely, from thirteen -to twenty-four.<a id='r267' /><a href='#f267' class='c012'><sup>[267]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>In the very commencement of James’s reign -the far-sighted Sir Walter Ralegh discerned the -dangerous condition of a sea-girt country devoid -of its proper defences; he perceived how ruinous -this system of curtailment of what was essential, -accompanied by the most lavish excesses in many -things of trivial import, must prove; and he -placed before his sovereign a manuscript essay, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>entitled, “Observations concerning the trade and -commerce of England with the Dutch and other -nations.” The design of this work was to show -how supinely England suffered other nations to -carry away the commerce of the world, by her -neglect of maritime affairs. This was one of -eight treatises that Ralegh wrote on maritime -affairs; being, as he proudly announces, “the first -author, either ancient or modern, that had ever -treated this subject.”<a id='r268' /><a href='#f268' class='c012'><sup>[268]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>Although these works have long since been -obsolete, and the practices recommended in them -superseded by modern invention, they afford a -curious view of the progress of navigation, and -of those arts and sciences with which it is connected; -to say nothing of the wonderful amount -of knowledge which they display, and of the -powerful intellect portrayed in every page written -by this great man.</p> - -<p class='c018'>His eloquence, however, was powerless as far -as James was concerned; but stimulated a far -more comprehensive mind than that of the pedant -king. Several of these essays were addressed to -Prince Henry, whose awakened mind perceived -his father’s blindness, and comprehended the value -of that which James cast away. Whilst James, -forgetting that Elizabeth had checked the Spanish -<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>Armada by her reliance, not on her own ten ships, -but on the far better appointed merchant vessels--that -she had rested, not on the size of her fleet, -but on the material which composed it--he curtly -dismissed his maritime auxiliaries, and, discharging -the privateers from any bond to assist him -for the future, slept soundly, it may be presumed, -on his pillow at Westminster, congratulating himself -on having set an example to all Christendom, -whilst he had, in fact, almost invited another -Armada to invade our shores.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Nevertheless, the progress of society was -stronger that the royal will. “The seventeenth -century,” thus writes Macpherson, in his History -of Commerce, “may be said, from its commencement, -to approach to modern times, whether considered -in a political light, or in respect to riches, -knowledge, or religion.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>In the celebrated treatise which Ralegh presented -to his sovereign, he recommended that the -“land should be made powerful by the increasing -of ships and mariners;” and that such “order in -commerce should be established, that the havens -of England should be full of ships, the ships full -of mariners.” It is singular to find the language -of the seventeenth century so singularly according -with that of the nineteenth.</p> - -<p class='c018'>His counsels failed to convince the self-opinionated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>James, but they incited the courage -of a boy, who, amid his playthings, listened to the -voice of Ralegh, and imbibed his sentiments; and -the important measures which were disregarded -by men in authority, were promoted by the fancy -and favour of a precocious child. Henry, Prince -of Wales, that short-lived “type and mould of -an heir-apparent,” delighted in maritime pursuits; -he brought again into vogue the fast-declining -spirit of enterprize. The citizens of London, as -they were rowed in their stately barges by Whitehall -stairs, saw, with satisfaction, the royal -embryo-hero disporting himself with the launch of -a ship--twenty-eight feet long only, to be sure, -and twelve feet broad, but built by Phineas Pett, -one of the ablest shipwrights of his time. Ten -years rolled away; the boy, who, at nine years of -age, loved his miniature frigate as a toy, became -sensible that the days of amusement were past, -and that those of actual business were about to -commence. He resolved to visit that then-neglected -dock-yard at Woolwich, which has since -become a wonder of the world. The Prince there -honoured an entertainment, given by the ship’s -company of the “Royal Anne,” with his presence. -Phineas Pett attended his young patron, -and the result of that day’s inspection was of -great importance to the interests of the navy. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>Some years had then elapsed since a new ship had -been built. In 1609, James actually ordered and -completed the construction of the “Prince -Royal,” a vessel far superior to any that had yet -appeared in the Thames; it carried sixty-four -cannon, and was of fourteen hundred tons -burden. From this standard, we may infer how -miserable had been the previous state of naval -force, such a ship being, in our time, the smallest -of those admitted into the line-of-battle. It was -then regarded as one of the most extraordinary -productions of native skill and of royal munificence, -and was the theme of praise amid an -astonished and adulatory court.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The young Prince next conceived an excellent -project. He recommended his father to order the -construction of ships to be carried on in Ireland, -not only that the natives might be employed, but -also because materials were cheaper in the sister -island. The King’s shipwrights approved of this -plan, and the Lord High Admiral, a doting old -functionary, the most ancient servant of the -crown then encumbering the service, actually -countenanced the enlightened idea. It was not, -however, matured; and another scheme, not so -practical, but still of the utmost importance to the -science of navigation, was frustrated, for the -time, by the death of Henry. This was the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>discovery of the north-west passage, which was, -nevertheless, attempted in 1612; but the ear of -the gifted youth, whose patronage had fostered -the design, was unhappily closed in death before -the return of Captain Bretton, the first of the -adventurous band of heroes who have attempted -the gallant enterprize.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Still improvement was not wholly retarded. -The incorporation of the East India Company -(in 1613), gave a new impetus to navigation, and -everything appeared favourable to the navy, -except that branch of the government. Lord -Nottingham seemed to consider his important -office as a sinecure, except in regard to his -privileges and perquisites. His dominion comprehended--to -use the actual words which -described it--"the government of all things done -upon the sea-coast, in any part of the world; of -all ports and havens, and over all rovers below -the first bridge next below the sea." He was -a sort of mortal Neptune; his privileges were -thus defined:--"All penalties, of all transgressions, -on sea or on shore, were his; the goods of pirates -and of felons at sea were his; all stray wrecks -were his; deodands, and the share of all lawful -prizes not to be granted to lords of manors, were -his." It may be easily conceived what ceaseless -fighting and squabbling, what corruption, litigation, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>and oppression were the result of an -authority which was so little controlled by the -discussions of Parliament in those days, or by the -honour and conscience of individuals in power. -So long as the Earl of Nottingham slumbered over -his duties, dreaming, doubtless, of delightful shipwrecks -and desirable transgressions and piracies, -the navy, of course, was not augmented. Sixty -thousand pounds a-year had then been allotted to -that shadow of a shade, the naval service; but -the only time that the naval service was recalled -to the memory of King James, was when the -octogenarian, Lord Nottingham, appeared at -Court in his full-dress uniform. Most people -began to think that the Lord High Admiral was -immortal; but, happily for the country, old age -fairly captured him at last; he died, and made -room for the Duke of Buckingham to step into all -his beloved privileges and perquisites, which, in -truth, the Duke also too well appreciated. It -soon became a question what had become of all -the sixty thousand pounds yearly which had been -granted for the naval service, for there seemed to -be scarcely any navy whatsoever. Buckingham, -in his new office, however, displayed qualities for -which the world had given him little credit. One of -his first steps was to drag poor King James, aguish, -peevish, and prejudiced as he was, to Deptford, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>to see how little there was there to be seen. His -next, to get commissioners appointed to superintend -the construction of new vessels, and the -repairs of old ones, the sum allotted to them -being cut down to thirty thousand pounds, for -which consideration they were to build two new -ships yearly. Cardinal Richelieu had also endeavoured -to remedy the neglect of his predecessors -in power, and to support a widely-extended commerce, -the only channels of which are on the wide -ocean. In his concern for maritime affairs, he set -the first example of energy to Buckingham. From -this era, therefore, may be traced the rise of our -modern naval service in importance; the very -vices of both these favourites of fortune, of -Richelieu on the one hand, and of Buckingham on -the other, had the effect of virtues under certain -circumstances. To their lavish expenditure, to -their fearlessness of responsibility, to their boundless -ambition, France and England owe the maintenance -of their maritime power, and the restoration -of their national defences.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Numberless obstacles, of course, occurred at -the very outset of the Duke of Buckingham’s -undertakings in England; one of the great impediments -was the ignorance which prevailed in -those days of the proper mode of building ships -of battle. The shipwrights were unaccustomed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>to construct any vessels but such as were intended -to carry merchandise. There was a certain man, -named Burwell, who had been employed by the -East India Company, and who was so distinguished -for his skill as a shipwright that he was entrusted -to build for the British navy. He committed a -grand error in the very first ship that he launched, -because, to make use of the language of a contemporary -historian,<a id='r269' /><a href='#f269' class='c012'><sup>[269]</sup></a> "he did not observe the -difference between the merchant ships and the -King’s ships, the one made for stowage, the other -only for strength and magnificence."</p> - -<p class='c018'>On his accession, Charles I. renewed his father’s -warrant granted to twelve commissioners of the -navy; and the exigencies of the times, and the probability -of a speedy war with Spain, stimulated the -exertions of the Lord Admiral and the generosity -of the country. Spain was preparing the finest armament -that had ever left her shores; and an invasion -on the part of that power was openly -threatened, and almost anticipated, even by the -stout-hearted English.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Buckingham then drew up a plan of assault, -as well as of defence, in order to lower the pride -of the enemy. A company was, he proposed, to -be incorporated for the West, as well as for the -East Indies. A fleet, consisting of two ships of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>the line, eighteen ships and two pinnaces of the -merchant-adventurers, was to be equipped, and to -this force were to be added twenty Newcastle -ships, for the nautical skill and gallant characteristics -of the collier crews were wisely resorted -to in this emergency by the Lord Admiral. To -meet the expenses of the fleet, a general subscription -of all estates of men was proposed. -The nobility were each to contribute a hundred -pounds; the gentlemen and yeomen were to be -taxed to a certain amount; cities and corporate -bodies were to give a sum of twenty-four thousand -pounds. The merchants and the East -India Company were not to escape the general -infliction. Thus, to man and to furnish the first -great fleet that England had sent forth, was the -principle of arbitrary taxation commenced in this -country.</p> - -<p class='c018'>At the same time, with the fear of Spanish -Armadas, of conquest, torture, and slavery, -acting upon the public mind, efforts to restore the -national defences on shore were promptly carried -on.</p> - -<p class='c018'>In those days, pirates infested the narrow seas; -and all the seaport towns were taxed, in order -to support a sort of coast-guard to keep off these -troublesome visitors. But every usage which -could ensure public safety had been neglected. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>Our national defences had fallen into decay -simultaneously with our navy. The correspondence -between Buckingham and his agents in -different ports exists in the State Paper Office, -and affords a mournful picture of forts neglected -and in ruins. Shoals, and sands, and points, -fatal even to the most experienced mariners, were -the snare and gulf of many a vessel, and -not a single light-house had been erected to warn -the navigator of his danger. The office of Lord -Warden of the Cinque Ports, which, in part of -the reign of James the First, devolved on Lord -Zouch, had been conducted with scarcely more -zeal and honesty than the post of Lord High -Admiral by the Earl of Nottingham. Until -the stirring exertions of the ill-fated Duke of -Buckingham were directed both to the augmentation -of the naval armaments and to their preservation -from risks, the Goodwin Sands were -without a light-house; and a project for erecting -one upon that dangerous passage was first suggested -to Buckingham by Sir Thomas Wildrake, -and subsequently adopted by the Duke, whose -efforts to guard the narrow seas, and to clear -them of pirates, are beyond all praise, when -we consider the supineness of his predecessors in -office. It was not until 1619 that a light was -placed upon the Lizard Point, which had already -<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>been fatal to the Dutch merchants, who had lost, -in the course of one year, a hundred thousand -pounds by shipwrecks.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Great offence was, of course, given by all these -reformations; and Lord Zouch even, as is implied -in a letter of Buckingham’s to him, had ventured -to threaten the dreaded favourite with an -attack. Whatever has been said of Buckingham’s -arrogance, his letters are generally expressed -with much courtesy, and his reply to -Lord Zouch was forbearing, though explicit. -He recommended that the disputed powers--those -contested between the Lord High Admiral -and the Warden of the Cinque Ports--should -be defined, to the end, not of present controversy, -but of an amicable and permanent -arrangement.<a id='r270' /><a href='#f270' class='c012'><sup>[270]</sup></a> Some years afterwards, Buckingham -found it convenient, probably in order to -have the repair and management of the forts in -his own hands, to purchase of Lord Zouch his -post; a consideration of one thousand pounds in -ready money, and an annuity of five hundred -pounds, were given for it. Such was the state of -the Duke’s affairs that he was unable to pay -down the stipulated one thousand pounds at once, -but was constrained to “offer land or any other -security.”</p> - -<p class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>Not many months had elapsed, after his -appointment to the office of Lord High Admiral, -before Buckingham made use of his influence over -James the First to induce him to augment his -navy. Commissioners were chosen and selected -to promote ship-building, and to regulate the expenses -attendant thereon. James, attended by -his Lord Admiral, visited Deptford in order to -see two new ships, with which he was greatly delighted; -and still more that from the yearly charge -of sixty thousand pounds, in which his navy had -stood him heretofore, it was reduced to thirty -thousand pounds, for four years, during which -time the Commissioners undertook to build two -new ships every year, and to repair the old; and -after that to discharge these claims for twenty -thousand pounds a-year.<a id='r271' /><a href='#f271' class='c012'><sup>[271]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>The King, adds the narrator of this incident, -“congratulated with the Lord Admiral that he -had appointed so good officers to assist him in his -beginnings, so that he named the one ship ‘Buckingham’s -Entrance,’ and the other, in the memory of -the Commissioners’ good service, ‘Reformation.’”<a id='r272' /><a href='#f272' class='c012'><sup>[272]</sup></a> -This timely encouragement produced, of course, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>the most salutary effect.<a id='r273' /><a href='#f273' class='c012'><sup>[273]</sup></a> We have seen that -during the reign of James the First the number -of ships of war was nearly doubled; and it is due -to Buckingham to state that almost the whole of -this increase was the result of his exertions.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The young Lord High Admiral had declared, -at his outset, that his inexperience almost disqualified -him for that important position to which -the partiality of his Sovereign had promoted him; -but it was soon perceived that his very wilfulness -and impetuosity, and his liberal notions of expense, -were almost virtues under certain circumstances. -The Dutch were our great maritime rivals; for -France had no naval armament; and although -the contemptuous assertion of Voltaire, that Louis -the Thirteenth had not, at his accession, one ship -of war, is false, yet he might be said almost to -be destitute of naval force, so poor and ill-provided -were his vessels, and so incompetent and -miserable his seamen. It became Buckingham’s -pride to outvie all continental nations in naval -power. The design might have been ascribed to -his animosity in the event of the treaty with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>Spain, against that kingdom; but it is clear -that he cherished it whilst the British nation was -at peace with all the world, and that his schemes -of improvement were formed before.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Charles the First renewed his father’s commission -to twelve commissioners of the navy. These -were, at present, confined to three distinct -branches; such as a comptroller, a surveyor, a -clerk of the navy. They were subordinate, in -Buckingham’s time, to the Lord High Admiral, -and afterwards to the Admiralty Board, from -whom they were to receive directions.<a id='r274' /><a href='#f274' class='c012'><sup>[274]</sup></a> During -the short period of Buckingham’s rule, after the -accession of Charles, much was effected, more -still was planned.</p> - -<p class='c018'>It was not merely with ambitious views that -Buckingham had obtained the post of Lord Warden -of the Cinque Ports. An active and liberal -hand was required to restore our national defences, -which had fallen to decay simultaneously with -our navy. In all matters the Duke of -Buckingham himself interfered; most of the -letters on important affairs are addressed -to him directly, not through his secretaries; -and most of the epistles appear to have -received immediate replies, which, it is to be regretted, -are dispersed and extinct. On more -<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>than one occasion, tributes to the Duke’s impartiality -and energy are proffered. “I am yet -comforted,” writes a suitor, "that your grace is -so wise and just as to ask account of every man’s -part, and where you find most fault, there to lay -most censure."<a id='r275' /><a href='#f275' class='c012'><sup>[275]</sup></a> Sometimes “my lady of Buckingham,” -as she is designated in one of the -letters on naval affairs, is employed as a mediator, -as in the case of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, who, -wishing to pass the ship “Sea Horse,” obtained a -warrant through her interest.</p> - -<p class='c018'>As Buckingham progressed in experience, and -his views became more enlarged, his enthusiasm -for naval affairs increased; and was, doubtless, -heightened by the knowledge that Cardinal Richelieu, -who, amongst his other titles, enjoyed that -of High Admiral of France,<a id='r276' /><a href='#f276' class='c012'><sup>[276]</sup></a> and who thought it -no shame to wear the badge of office over his -cardinal’s robes, and famous hair shirt beneath, -supported commerce, the very channels of which -are on the wide ocean. These considerations -were, early in the reign of Charles the First, -strengthened and brought into play by the -certainty of a speedy war with Spain.</p> - -<p class='c018'>But it is reasonable to infer that the example -<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>and the works of Sir Walter Ralegh still held -their influence over society, as they had done over -the dawning intellect of Henry, Prince of Wales. -The immature projects of that royal youth, suggested, -it is probable, by the spirit of enterprise -to which Ralegh had sacrificed his own interests, -were now revived by Buckingham. King Charles -co-operated with him in these earnest endeavours -to carry out the discovery of the north-west passage -to China, “an action,” says Macpherson, “of -great importance to trade and navigation, and in -sundry respects of singular benefit to all our -realms and dominions.”<a id='r277' /><a href='#f277' class='c012'><sup>[277]</sup></a> As a reward for this -undertaking, Buckingham received a present from -King Charles of one of his pinnaces;<a id='r278' /><a href='#f278' class='c012'><sup>[278]</sup></a> but -death put a stop to these public-spirited endeavours.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The period of Buckingham’s administration over -the Admiralty affairs was, however, one of incessant -activity, carried on, as is shown by correspondence -in the State Paper Office, almost to the -last hour of his life. It seems idle to adduce the -language of panegyric to support a statement, -else might we refer to the verses addressed by -Carew “to my Lord Admiral, on his late sickness -and recovery,” in which he alludes to</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c022'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>"Sorrow like that which touched our hearts of late;</div> - <div class='line'>Your pining sickness and your restless pain,</div> - <div class='line'>At once the land affecting, and the main:</div> - <div class='line'>When the glad news that you were Admiral</div> - <div class='line'>Scarce through the nation spread, ’twas feared by all</div> - <div class='line'>That our great Charles, whose wisdom shines in you,</div> - <div class='line'>Should be perplexed how to chuse a new."</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c023'>It was not until the year 1624, after the rupture -of the Spanish treaty, that Buckingham could -have been fully aware of all the responsibilities of -his post. There were then great complaints of -want of shipping; the Spanish nation, it was -said, setting out one of the finest fleets that had -ever been seen.<a id='r279' /><a href='#f279' class='c012'><sup>[279]</sup></a> To meet the terrors of what -Buckingham termed “the pretended Spanish invasion,” -he drew up a list of propositions, whereby -the pride of the enemy was to be lowered, and the -supremacy of England maintained. First, as the -plan went, the enemy “was to be entertained in -successive fleets upon his own coasts, which -were to destroy his shipping, to intercept his provisions, -to hinder him from gathering a heading -whereat to possess some place of accompt.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>Secondly, the Spaniard was to be assailed in the -West Indies;--to intercept his fleets, to invade his -possessions, to fortify garrisons, and to establish -<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>there government confederacies. This, as Buckingham -planned, was to be undertaken, at the common -charge of the kingdom, by a company “incorporated -for the West, as there already is for the East;” -and the naval force was to consist of a fleet composed -of two ships of the line, eighteen ships, and -two pinnaces of the merchant adventurers.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The King’s ships were to be manned with -twenty seamen and fifty soldiers, the merchants’ -with sixty seamen and one hundred soldiers, the -pinnaces with twenty seamen. To this armament -was to be added twenty Newcastle ships, each -with thirty seamen and one hundred soldiers apiece, -making in all 2,120 seamen and 3,900 -landsmen.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Parliament was to be applied to in each estate -for a general subscription. The nobility at the -rate of 100<em>l.</em> a man, to be paid in two years--this, it -was computed, would amount to 4,900<em>l.</em> (60,000<em>l.</em>); -the gentry and yeomen, 150,000<em>l.</em>; the cities and -corporate towns, 24,000<em>l.</em>; the six confederate companies -of merchants, including the East India -“companies, may,” as the author of this plan -remarked, “well contribute.”<a id='r280' /><a href='#f280' class='c012'><sup>[280]</sup></a> To the principle -of this scheme of Buckingham’s may be -traced the origin of many subsequent discontents. -In his ardour for achieving the power of England, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>or perhaps, in part, for avenging affronts which -he might consider as almost personal, he forgot -all constitutional rights. The remark of Bolingbroke -occurs to the mind, on reading this plan of -arbitrary and almost indiscriminate taxation. -Buckingham, says that writer, “had, in his -own days, and he hath in ours, the demerits -of beginning a struggle between prerogative and -privilege, and of establishing a sort of warfare -between the prince and the people.”<a id='r281' /><a href='#f281' class='c012'><sup>[281]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>On the first of April, 1624, Buckingham addressed -the committee of both Houses, assembled -in the painted chamber. The object of his speech -was to press the necessity of raising a loan of -100,000<em>l.</em>, to fit out the navy. Buckingham had, by -this time, fully determined upon a war with Spain, -not, as Roger Coke expresses it, for the “recovery of -the Palatinate,” but to express his hatred against -Olivarez, and, therefore, “a fleet must be rigged -up.”<a id='r282' /><a href='#f282' class='c012'><sup>[282]</sup></a> According to the Duke’s account of the -matter, upon the breaking off of the treaty with -Spain, he was commanded by His Majesty to take -a survey of the navy, and to prepare it for “all -occasions.” Upon conferring with the “officers -thereof concerning their reparation,” Buckingham -was informed that a very large sum would be requisite -<span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>to furnish the fleet with necessaries and -crews. No means could be suggested of raising -the adequate sum. “My lords and gentlemen,” -said the Duke, “His Majesty has imposed a great -trust on me in this office of Admiralty, and I can -do nothing without money. Such monies as I -have of my own I will most willingly expend in -this service, but that alone will do no good without -future assistance.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>He then expounded his plan; that which has -already been detailed, of levying a tax on the -three estates for the expenses of the fleet, -appears for the time to have been abandoned. He -now recommended their sending for “monied -men,” to raise a loan, of which, he assured them, -not one penny should be applied to any other purpose -than the one mentioned.<a id='r283' /><a href='#f283' class='c012'><sup>[283]</sup></a> “And let me -tell you,” he added in conclusion, “that you have -great reason to take this into a present and careful -consideration, for I have lately been advertised, -by letters from Spain, that they have now -in readiness a great fleet, exceeding that of eighty-eight, -with provisions of 200 or 220 of flat-bottom -boats, to serve them in this their intended designs; -and the Spaniards have of late so intruded upon -our coasts, that they have taken an English ship -in the face of us. This was advertised by a servant -<span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>of mine own, who spake with the pilot who -was in that ship when it was taken.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>This application was followed by immediate -efforts to restore the British navy; the numerous -documents in the State Paper Office, to which -reference has been made, most completely contradict -the assertion of one of Buckingham’s bitterest -enemies, Roger Coke, that after “Buckingham -became Lord Admiral, the English navy lay unarmed, -and fit for Spain; that he neglected the -guarding of the seas, whereby the trade of the -nation not only decayed, but the seas became -ignominiously infested by pirates and enemies, to -the loss of very many of the merchants and subjects -of England.”<a id='r284' /><a href='#f284' class='c012'><sup>[284]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>With regard to pirates, most of the ports were -taxed in King James’s time, by way of contribution, -to prevent them; and little more could -be done until the navy was repaired and augmented. -There are innumerable letters manifesting -Buckingham’s extreme care to clear the -Channel from pirates. The light erected on -the Lizard Point, as Sir J. Killigrew, in -a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, then ambassador -at the Hague, remarked, “might speak -itself to most parts of Christendom.”<a id='r285' /><a href='#f285' class='c012'><sup>[285]</sup></a> The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>forts and defences were inspected, and many oversights -in Lord Zouch’s wardership remedied. -Such were Buckingham’s exertions. His contemporaries -were singularly ungrateful to him for the -benefits which he laboured to procure them; but -posterity experienced their effects. Thirty years -after his time, Pepys thus comments upon the improvement -in our naval force, as a popular theme -of remark--"Sir William Compton I heard talk -with great pleasure of the difference between the -fleet now and in Queene Elizabeth’s days, when, -in ’88, she had but thirty-six sail, great and -small, in the world, and ten rounds of powder -was their allowance against the Spaniard."<a id='r286' /><a href='#f286' class='c012'><sup>[286]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>Among the articles of Buckingham’s subsequent -impeachment, in 1626, there was inserted the -following statement: “The East India Company -having, in 1624, loaded four ships and two -pinnaces for India, the Lord High Admiral, -knowing that they must lose their voyage unless -they sailed on a certain day, extorted from them -the sum of ten thousand pounds for liberty to sail -for India.” Upon being charged with this act of -tyranny, the Duke justified himself by the plea -that the Company had captured several rich -<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>prizes from the Portuguese at Ormuz and elsewhere, -and that a large portion of the plunder -was due to the King, and also to himself as High -Admiral; and he proved that the sum said to be -extorted from the Company was given by way of -compromise, instead of 15,000<em>l.</em>, which was legally -due; and he was able to show that the whole sum, -except two hundred pounds, was appropriated by -the King for the use of the navy.<a id='r287' /><a href='#f287' class='c012'><sup>[287]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>One fact was soon acknowledged, that even -King James the First had a stronger and more -magnificent navy than any of his predecessors. It -is worthy of remark, that such was the comparative -ignorance of the times in ship-building, that -when a shipwright named Bunnell, who had been -employed by the East India Company, was -brought, on account of his pre-eminence, into the -British navy, “he was mistaken in the construction -of the first ship that he built for the King;” -because, as Bishop Goodman relates, "he did not -observe the difference between the merchant ships -and the King’s ships--the one made for stowage, -the other only for strength and magnificence."<a id='r288' /><a href='#f288' class='c012'><sup>[288]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>Such was the state of our maritime affairs -at the accession of Charles the First. The object to -which all these preparations were destined was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>soon apparent. Trifling as this naval force -appeared in those days, it was deemed magnificent -in the reign of the Stuart Kings. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER VII.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c019'>UNFORTUNATE RESULT OF THE PRINCIPLES EARLY INSTILLED -INTO CHARLES I. BY HIS FATHER--THE -AFFAIR OF THE PALATINATE--ITS CONNECTION WITH -THE SPANISH MARRIAGE--MAD DESIRE OF CHARLES -AND BUCKINGHAM FOR A WAR WITH SPAIN--LETTER -FROM THE EARL OF BRISTOL--THE FIRST UNFORTUNATE -EXPEDITION TO CADIZ--RESENTMENT OF THE -PEOPLE--CHARLES ASSEMBLES A PARLIAMENT--THE -SUPPLIES REFUSED--IMPEACHMENT OF BRISTOL--IMPEACHMENT -OF BUCKINGHAM--HIS THIRTEEN ANSWERS--RASH -CONDUCT OF THE KING--HIS EXPRESSION OF -CONTEMPT FOR THE HOUSE OF COMMONS--SIR JOHN -ELIOT AND SIR DUDLEY DIGGES SENT TO THE TOWER--THE -INTOLERANT SPIRIT OF THE DAY--INFLUENCE -OF LAUD--SERMON OF THE VICAR OF BRACKLEY--"TUNING -THE PULPITS."</p> -<p class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c020'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span><b><span class='large'>CHAPTER VII.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>The next mission entrusted to Buckingham -was one which, accompanied by the Earl of -Holland, he undertook to the States-General, who -had bound themselves to restore by force of arms -the Palatinate to the King’s only sister, Elizabeth -of Bohemia, “whose dowry,” Sir Henry Wotton -observes, “had been ravished by the German -eagle mixed with Spanish feathers.” “A princess,” -he adds, “resplendent in darkness, and -whose virtues were born within the chance, but -without the power, of fortune.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>This mission occupied a month. The Duke and -Lord Holland embarked at Harwich, and after a -dangerous passage, in the course of which three -ships were foundered, they arrived on the fifth -day at Harwich. It was during the absence of -Buckingham that the unfortunate expedition to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>Cadiz failed, and the public expressions of disappointment -at that misfortune were the first -news to greet him on his return.</p> - -<p class='c018'>It was at this period that the seeds of many of -the erroneous and unjustifiable principles of action -which were originally implanted in the mind of -Charles I. by his father, and which had been fostered -by Buckingham, were seen to produce their -first effects; and that the long course of mistakes -and oppressions which preceded the great Rebellion -was commenced.</p> - -<p class='c018'>In order to comprehend the manner in which -the complicated questions of foreign policy in -those days affected the line of conduct adopted -by England, it will be necessary to refer briefly -to the question which was the grand theme of the -day--the loss of the Palatinate.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The misfortunes of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, -her rare qualities, and her romantic story, -are well known by every one conversant with -English history. The affairs connected with the -Palatinate afford the first instance in which Great -Britain was involved in the politics of Germany, -and with the various religious parties into which -that country was divided.</p> - -<p class='c018'>In 1612, a league had been cemented between -this country and the German Protestants, by the -marriage of Elizabeth Stuart with Frederic, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>Elector Palatine. Bohemia, persecuted by the -Emperor Mathias of Austria, had invited the -Elector Palatine to accept the crown, which was -elective, under a conviction that Frederic, being -supported by an alliance with England, would -support them in their struggles with the intolerant -Catholic Council who governed the kingdom of -Bohemia.</p> - -<p class='c018'>A fearful conflict ensued. The German States, -entrusting the management of their affairs to -thirty directors, composed wholly of Protestant -Princes, were opposed by the Catholic League, -formed with a view of upholding the Jesuits in -opposition to the Hussites, or Protestants, or, as -they were sometimes styled, the Evangelical -party, by whose preponderance the Elector Palatine -had been called to the throne.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Relying upon the cordial sympathy of the -English nation, an expectation in which he was -not disappointed, the Prince Palatine, believing -himself equally sure of the co-operation of King -James, accepted the tempting offer of royalty -without waiting for the approval of his father-in-law. -But he looked to him for support in vain. -It was one of King James’s most cherished -notions, that monarchs should support monarchs -in case of disturbance, how just soever the cause, -how unanimous soever the voice of the people by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>whom a sovereign was deposed. His natural -timidity, also, operated in inducing a line of conduct -towards his son-in-law and his daughter as -pusillanimous as was every other trait of his character -and action of his life--and, above all, his -project of accomplishing a union between his -son Charles and a daughter of Spain militated -against a real and effective interference in the -affairs of the Palatinate, except, indeed, to confuse -and ruin them. He was contented, therefore, -with sending ambassadors to Germany, not only -to mediate between contending parties, but to -induce the new King of Bohemia to relinquish a -throne which James pretended to assert that his -son-in-law had no right to retain.<a id='r289' /><a href='#f289' class='c012'><sup>[289]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>The King of Poland, the Elector of Saxony, -and the Duke of Bavaria, who was at the head of -the Catholic League, sided with Ferdinand, Emperor -after the death of Mathias, and the result -was the reduction of Bohemia, the loss of the -Palatinate, and the flight of the Elector Palatine, -or, as he was called, the King of Bohemia, to -Holland. The King of Spain, also, sent an army -under Spinola into the field, and it was that circumstance -which rendered the scheme of marrying -Prince Charles to the Infanta so unpopular in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>England, and which brought so much odium on -Buckingham.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The treaty for that match had been originally -carried on through the agency of the Earl of -Bristol, and hence the jealousy which had already -broken out on various occasions between the -Duke of Buckingham and that able and experienced -ambassador; whilst the failure of the negotiations, -which were undertaken with the pretext -of gaining the restoration of the Palatinate, was -the origin of the rash war with Spain, which -Charles, without the usual form of a proclamation, -resolved on commencing.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The English, however, delighted as they had -been at the rupture of the treaty, were indignant at -this informality, as well as averse to a war which -seemed to be the result of private passions rather -than the well-considered act of a monarch anxious -for the dignity of his subjects.</p> - -<p class='c018'>But a worthy representative of James’s style of -policy remained in his unhappy son. Supplies -for the war with Spain were refused in the -first Parliament that Charles called; a compulsory -loan was exacted. Whilst the country -was burning with resentment at this unequally -imposed burden, a fleet of eighty sail, English, -and twenty sail supplied from Holland, carrying -ten thousand men, was sent to the coast of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>Spain. This grand armament, raised by the energy -of the Lord High Admiral, was an object of pride -to the nation, who had never before beheld so -glorious a fleet; yet it was entrusted, not to Sir -Robert Mansel, a distinguished commander, but -to Cecil, Viscount Wimbleton, a favourite of -Buckingham’s, and a man neither of talent nor -experience. Thus, the fatal vice which has obtained -the popular name of jobbery was exhibited -at this most critical period.</p> - -<p class='c018'>A signal failure was the result; the fleet -reached Cape St. Vincent, and landed the troops; -a fort was taken, but there was neither discipline -nor decision to restrain the troops, who rushed into -a store of wine, and soon abandoned themselves -to the most disgraceful excesses. Sickness was -the consequence, and the expedition returned ingloriously -to England, with the additional discredit -of its being known that a stay of two days longer -would have sufficed to take all the shipping collected -into the bay of Cadiz, and thus to have -struck a grand blow, at the very commencement of -the war, against the power of Spain.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The blame of this unfortunate attempt rested -chiefly on the head of Buckingham, as the undertaking -was known to have originated in his advice. -Lord Clarendon well observes, in his life of himself, -speaking of the Stuart family, that it was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>their “unhappy fate and constitution” to trust to -the “judgments of those who were as much inferior -to themselves in understanding as they were -in quality, before their own, which was very good, -and suffered even their natures, which disposed -them to virtue and justice, to be prevailed upon, -and altered and corrupted by those who knew how -to make use of some one infirmity that they discovered -in them, and by complying with that, and -cherishing and serving it, they, by degrees, -wrought upon the mass, and sacrificed all the other -good inclinations to that single vice.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>Parliament was accordingly summoned, and at -Candlemas, in 1625, the coronation was celebrated. -This ceremonial, which might have assisted in re-establishing -good feeling, proved, unhappily, the -source of bitter dissension and cavilling. The -coronations of Edward VI. and of Queen Elizabeth -had been performed according to the rites -of the Romish Church. That of James I. was -done in haste; and “wanted,” says the biographer -of Laud, “many things which might have -been considered in a time of leisure.”<a id='r290' /><a href='#f290' class='c012'><sup>[290]</sup></a> Amongst -the alterations suggested by the prelates who were -appointed as commissioners to settle the form, it -was decreed that anointing was to be performed -in the form of a cross, a point established, which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>was at that time as fertile a source of invective as -the use of that most holy and touching symbol in -our churches has since been in these days, even -amongst well-intentioned and pious Christians.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Even the ritual of the coronation, therefore, -performed as it was, almost for the first time, -according to the mode which it has since retained, -contributed indirectly to the unpopularity -of Buckingham. To Laud, that prelate -to whose memory so much injustice has been done, -in imputing to him designs and motives of which -no proof exists, and yet whose errors bring pain -to every thinking mind, was allotted the performance -of the great ceremonial.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Formerly it had been the office of the Abbot -of Westminster to celebrate the rite; then, for a -century, the Dean had held the guardianship of -the regalia used by Edward the Confessor, and -had kept them in a secret part of Westminster -Abbey. These valuables were now disinterred -from their hiding-place by Laud, who, finding also -the old crucifix, set it up on the altar, as in former -times. Everything relating to this coronation -wore an ominous appearance; in the first place, -it was fixed for the day of the Purification of the -Virgin Mary, and the King, whether from compliment -to the faith of his wife, or from taste, or, -from the supposed influence of Laud, it does not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>transpire, was dressed in white, instead of purple, -used always by his predecessors. “Not,” says -Heylyn, with quaint simplicity, “for want of purple -velvet enough to make him a suit (for he had -many yards of it in his outer garment), but from -choice, to declare that virgin purity with which -he came to be espoused unto his kingdom.” His -laying aside the purple was, however, looked -upon as an “ill omen.”<a id='r291' /><a href='#f291' class='c012'><sup>[291]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>Nor was this the only presage of coming mishaps. -Charles was afterwards accused, during the -Long Parliament, of having altered the coronation -oath; the very sermon, also, preached by the -eloquent Penhouse, Bishop of Carlisle, formerly -his tutor, seemed to invite fate to do her worst; -he chose a text, according to Heylyn, more proper -for a funeral than a coronation--"I will give to -thee a crown of life"--and engrafted on it a discourse -which those who heard it judged might, -with great propriety, have been uttered when his -Majesty was dead, but not just at the moment -when he was about to undertake the government -of his people.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The ceremonial being concluded, the King -walked in his robes from Westminster Abbey to -the Hall, and delivered to Laud, who represented -the Dean of Westminster, the crown, sceptre, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>and the sword called <em>cortena</em>. Laud, after -receiving the regalia, returned to the Abbey, and, -placing them on the altar, offered them up in his -Majesty’s name; after which they were again -locked up, never to see the light until after the -stirring season of the Rebellion, and the more -placid years of the Commonwealth. They were -again displayed at the Restoration.<a id='r292' /><a href='#f292' class='c012'><sup>[292]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>All these forms were regarded as next to impious -by the Puritan party; and, since there was -now a cordial alliance between Laud and Buckingham, -the popular hatred was divided between -them both. Two years had now passed since -Buckingham, in the miseries of an ague, had sent -for Laud to console and advise him. Laud was, -in truth, one of the most agreeable of companions, -and carried with him to his grave an -apprehension quick and sudden--"a sociable wit -and pleasant humour."<a id='r293' /><a href='#f293' class='c012'><sup>[293]</sup></a> So that, even in the -crisis of a malady, then of a far more severe -character than in the present day, Buckingham -forgot his sufferings, or bore them with a patience -unwonted to his irritable nature; and, “by that -patience, did so break their heats and violences, -that at last they left him.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>After this period, Laud became, Heylyn tells -<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>us, “not only a confessor, but a councillor to the -Duke;” and to his advice it was owing that the -endowments of the Charter-house were not appropriated -by the Duke to the maintenance of the -war, a plan which had been contemplated by the -Duke, but applied to those of education. Laud, -we must in gratitude recall, opposed all alienations -of that nature; and to his firmness, as well as to -that of the honest-hearted Sir Edward Coke, -who, as trustee to the estates called Sutton’s -Lands, resisted the attempts of the Crown to -seize them, we owe the preservation of many -colleges and hospitals.</p> - -<p class='c018'>During his intimacy with Buckingham, Laud -succeeded in imbuing him with those opinions -which he himself advocated during his life, and -died to support. These were opposed to what -was then called “<cite>Doctrinal Puritanism</cite>,” a term -which Buckingham expressed a wish to comprehend, -and which Laud undertook to expound. -These doctrinal points related to the observance -of the Lord’s Day; to the “indiscrimination,” -says Heylyn, “of bishops and presbyters, the -power of sovereigns in ecclesiastical matters, the -doctrine of confession and of sacerdotal absolution, -and the five points which had, for the last -twenty years, been agitating the churches of -Holland.”<a id='r294' /><a href='#f294' class='c012'><sup>[294]</sup></a> Those points, which have unhappily -<span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>raised so many bitter resentments, were now -beginning to inflame the public mind in England -with that fever of intolerance which is so contagious, -and so inimical to true religion. These -controversies, in the time of Buckingham, were -carried on between the party called Arminians -and the Calvinists. “A swarm of books,” as -Heylyn calls them, came over from Holland, and -awoke out of “that dead sleep,” as he terms the -then state of the Church, the learned divines of -Oxford. Laud had been one of the first, on the -publication of these works, to espouse and to -advocate what was then styled Arminianism, so -called from a famous professor of Leyden, Von -Armene. Whatever was the standard of Laud’s -opinions, and whatsoever merit may be attached -to their sincerity, or what blame soever to -their virulence, it is, at all events, satisfactory -to believe that the attention of Buckingham was, -during the latter years of his life, directed to subjects -of mightier import than the sublunary -interests which had hitherto solely engrossed his -attention.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Laud had, indeed, those qualities which form -the man of piety into the missionary of social -life--a mission much required in all ages. The -rigid, uncompromising priest, who gives no latitude -to opinion, no indulgence to error, generally -<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>does far more harm than good. The lax man of the -world, with weak purpose, and flickering notions -of right and wrong, is a scandal to the faith he -professes, and lends a hand to indifference, if not -to infidelity. But Laud, an enthusiast, perhaps -a zealot, was the most agreeable of bigots. Born -at Reading, the son of a clothier, he had been -reproached, like Buckingham, with the meanness -of his origin. Like most men, he felt the imputation; -and even in his garden at Lambeth, when -in the height of his greatness, he is stated by his -biographer, Doctor Heylyn, to have shewn no -ordinary degree of vexation on his countenance, -after reading a libel in which he was reproached -with his parentage, “as if,” he said, “he had -been raked out of a dung-hill.” He owned that -he had not the good fortune “to be born a gentleman,” -but he had the happiness to be descended -from honest parents. The beautiful, old-fashioned -College of St. John’s, at Oxford, had received -him as a commoner, and he entered there at a -period when Calvinism influenced, strange to say, -the tone and spirit of that university. All that -had once been held sacred was decaying or disused; -and the Reformed Church of England had -become eclipsed by the doctrines and writings of -Zuinglius, introduced by Dr. Humphrey, the -then Vice-Chancellor, who had received his impressions, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>when deprived of his fellowship by -Queen Mary, at Zurich, the very hot-bed of -Calvinism.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The use of the surplice, the custom of bowing -at the name of Jesus, commanded by Queen -Elizabeth in 1559, and the distinctive dress of -the priests, had been laid aside, when Laud, in -1604, performed his exercise for Bachelor of -Divinity, into which treatise he introduced those -tenets which were soon conceived, or misconceived, -to be tainted with Romanism.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Nevertheless, from the time when he was -president of his own college, St. John’s, -to the moment of his promotion to the see -of Canterbury, there was little real obstruction -to Laud’s elevation, notwithstanding that the -whole of his career was one of controversy and -contention, until he rose to the highest pinnacle -of ecclesiastical greatness, and fell, subsequently, -into the very depths of adversity.</p> - -<p class='c018'>This slight sketch is necessary to show how -naturally Laud might be expected to succeed -in gaining an influence over Buckingham, since he -had been always engaged in winning over those -of opposite opinions, and in the great battle of -controversy. Cheerful, not too severe, nor even -sufficiently strict, in his notions of morality, as -appears from his conduct relative to Mountjoy, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>Earl of Devonshire--a short, stout man, with a -plump and merry visage, the very opposite of a -Puritan or Calvinist minister--no man knew -better than Laud how to lay aside the gravity -which was unseasonable; accessible in his manners, -staunch as a churchman to the interests of -his order, but perfectly indifferent, personally, to -the gifts of fortune, Laud delighted the great -Duke, weary of fame, and perhaps of life, by the -sweetness of manner and vivacity of temper -which become so well men of high attainments. -They were henceforth friends, until the thread of -Buckingham’s existence was cut short by the -assassin’s blow.</p> - -<p class='c018'>It is impossible to estimate too highly the -effects of this intimacy upon the character of the -Duke. He seems to have yielded readily to the -remonstrances of Laud against the misappropriation -of church revenues; and indeed, according to -another authority, his own disposition accelerated -the effect produced by these impressions. Buckingham -was not the rapacious oppressor described -by the contemporary slanderers of his time. -“Oppression and avarice,” observes Nichols, in -his history of Leicestershire, “<em>he knew not</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>Williams, Lord Keeper, the early friend of -Buckingham, was now wholly discarded from the -Duke’s friendship, and from his presence, as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>appears from a letter addressed by Williams -to Sir George Goring, and written from -Foxley. The mixture of servility with religious -professions; the evident desire to retain -the favour of the Duke, and his own place, of -course, and yet to make his case good;--and -the dexterity with which all this is managed, -lessen the regret that would otherwise be felt -that Buckingham had lost in Williams an acute -adviser, whose counsels were safer, at that -juncture, than those of the earnest and fearless, -but intemperate and prejudiced, Laud.</p> - -<p class='c018'>No benefit to the disgraced courtier and prelate -resulted from this appeal, and the new parliament -was opened in the month of February, -1626, not by Williams, but by Sir Thomas -Coventry, as Lord Keeper, in a strain of fulsome -adulation to the King.</p> - -<p class='c018'>But this address, followed as it was by an oration -from Sir Heneage Finch, the Speaker, in -terms still more exaggerated, was little regarded -by the Commons, who immediately formed -themselves into a committee of grievances, in -which the evil resulting from bad counsellors -about the King, the misappropriation of the revenue, -the failure of the expedition against Cadiz, -and the expenditure of the subsidy granted to the -late King, formed the main points of consideration.</p> - -<p class='c018'><span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>In vain did Charles, confirming but too closely -the observations recently quoted by Lord Clarendon, -resolve to defend his favourite. He -addressed a letter to the Speaker, bidding him -hasten the supplies. Forty ships, he stated, were -ready for a second voyage, and, without an immediate -grant of money, the object of that armament -must be abandoned, and the navy disbanded. -The Commons were adverse to any -scheme founded by him whom they regarded as -the very source of all the evils of which the -country now complained. Buckingham was the -object at whom every expression of discontent -was aimed. Clement Coke, one of Sir Edward’s -numerous family, observed that it would be -better to die from an enemy abroad than to be -destroyed at home. Dr. Turner, a physician -whom Sir Henry Wotton styles “a travelled -doctor of physick, of bold spirit and able elocution,” -asked ministers whether it were not true -that the loss of the King’s dominions over the -narrow seas were not owing to the Duke’s mismanagement? -Whether the enormous gifts of -land and money to the Duke had not impoverished -the Crown? Whether the multiplicity of -offices which he held, and those whom he patronized, -were not the cause of the bad government -in the kingdom? Whether he did not connive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>at recusants, the Duke’s mother and father-in-law -being both papists? Whether the sale of -offices, honours, places of judicature, with ecclesiastical -livings and preferments, were not owing -to the Duke?</p> - -<p class='c018'>Such was the dread of court influence in that -day, that courage to put these questions implied -in Dr. Turner a perfect independence of action -and character very unusual at that period. -Clement Coke was severely reproved by his -father for his boldness, and the old lawyer -refused to see his son for some time; but Dr. -Turner, one of the very few of his profession -who have sat in the House of Commons, not only -escaped censure, but gained credit by his boldness, -upon which the subsequent impeachment of -the Duke was grounded.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The committee to redress grievances was followed -by another, which was to inquire into -religious matters, more especially into the -number of indulgences granted by his Majesty -to recusants; for the bitterness of bigotry was -not confined to the party who owned Laud as -their spiritual chief; and this blow was aimed at -Buckingham, whose alleged partiality to the -Romish Church was one of the false and factious -allegations of the day. At that time, it must -be remembered, a penalty of twenty pounds a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>month, by law, could be levied upon every person -who frequented not divine worship.<a id='r295' /><a href='#f295' class='c012'><sup>[295]</sup></a> The King, -unhappily, ill judging, ill-advised, and therefore -ill-fated, and finding himself opposed for the first -time, summoned the Lords and Commons to Whitehall, -and, addressing them, said, that whilst he was -sensible of the grievances of his people, he was -much more sensible of his own. He issued his -express command that henceforth the two houses -would desist from such unparliamentary proceedings, -and leave the reformation of what was -amiss to his "Majesty’s care, wisdom, and justice."<a id='r296' /><a href='#f296' class='c012'><sup>[296]</sup></a> -This harangue produced no effect on the -two houses, and the King and Buckingham, -feeling that they had lost ground, adopted -another course, and rushed into perils, from the -effect of which the Duke was saved by an untimely -death, but which were felt in after years -with terrible force by Charles.</p> - -<p class='c018'>So long as James I. lived, the Earl of Bristol, -confiding in his favour, had borne the blame of -that failure in the Spanish treaty which had so -greatly incensed the nation. For some time after -the accession of Charles, he waited, hoping to -regain his footing at the court. But when, -upon the meeting of parliament, he received no -<span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>writ to serve as a member, in his place, he appealed -to the Lords. The writ was then sent, -but the Earl was ordered on no account to appear -in his place. Moreover, during the vacation, in -the month of March, the Duke, certain that -Bristol would impeach him, prepared articles of -impeachment against the Earl, in order to be -the first in the field, and to anticipate the -accusations which he expected would shortly -be levelled at himself. The impeachment did -indeed anticipate, literally, that soon framed -and delivered against the Duke.<a id='r297' /><a href='#f297' class='c012'><sup>[297]</sup></a> The feeling -of the times rendered nothing so odious -to the nation as any wish or attempt to -subvert the religion of the country. One of the -charges against Bristol was that he assisted to -introduce Popery into England; that he was the -cause of the Prince’s journey into Spain, and -had there wished him to change his religion; -that he advised that the son of the Elector -Palatine should be brought up in the court of -Spain--a project which, from a letter of Bristol’s, -appears to have been stated, but not suggested -by Bristol. Bristol replied that these -charges were merely intended to defeat those -which he now formally preferred against the -Duke, which seemed almost like duplicates of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>the impeachment which the Duke had preferred -against him. First, that he had conspired with -Gondomar to take the Prince into Spain, there to -convert him to the Romish faith; that, whilst -in Spain, the Duke had flattered the King of -Spain with the hopes of this conversion; that he -had absented himself from Divine service at the -embassy, and had attended the Romish rites, -adoring their sacraments--a course which induced -the Spanish court to ask greater concessions -from King James.<a id='r298' /><a href='#f298' class='c012'><sup>[298]</sup></a> These articles, with others -of less import, were followed by an impeachment -from the House of Commons, who were fearful -that Bristol might not be able to substantiate -the charge of treason, of which they clearly saw -the weakness, from the absence of motives and of -proofs.<a id='r299' /><a href='#f299' class='c012'><sup>[299]</sup></a> On the eighth of May, therefore, “a large -impeachment” was drawn up against him; it was -framed by six of the ablest lawyers in the house;<a id='r300' /><a href='#f300' class='c012'><sup>[300]</sup></a> -and related to the Duke’s engrossing of offices--his -holding at the same time the posts of Lord -Admiral and of Warden of the Cinque Ports--his -not guarding the narrow seas--his lending a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>ship called the “Vanguard” to the French King--his -selling offices and honours--his waste of the -Crown revenues--and, finally, his giving physic to -King James at the time of his sickness,<a id='r301' /><a href='#f301' class='c012'><sup>[301]</sup></a> applying -a plaster to his chest; and that both the potion -and the plaster were of a nature unknown “to -surgeons, apothecaries, and physicians, and had -been followed by dangerous consequences.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>Of these charges, which were styled by Hume -“either frivolous, or false, or both,” only one or -two articles can, with any certainty, be refuted. -To commence with that made by the Earl of -Bristol, relating to the conversion of Charles -whilst in Spain, it appears from a letter addressed -by Sir George Calvert to Secretary Conway, -that the Marquis Inojosa, the Spanish Ambassador, -was directed by the Countess Olivarez, in the -Infanta’s name, to obtain all possible indulgences -for Catholics. But no other more formal application -on the subject, nor any trace of information -confirming the alleged designs of Buckingham to -convert Charles, have been found amongst the -correspondence of that period; nor has any substantial -proof of this charge been adduced by historians.<a id='r302' /><a href='#f302' class='c012'><sup>[302]</sup></a> -With regard to the charge of engrossing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>offices, the importance, if not the absolute necessity, -of rescuing all maritime affairs from the -ruin and neglect in which they had been suffered -to remain by a former High Admiral, was so -obvious at the very moment when it became -necessary to assert the honour of England, that -it is a matter of wonder that it should have been -attempted to allege against Buckingham that -which constituted his greatest merit. That the -Duke had fearlessly applied himself to the restoration -of the navy, has been shown by a reference -to documents which have fully and completely -exonerated him from that censure. It would -have been of little avail for Buckingham to restore -our navy, without securing the ports; in -taking upon himself that office, he did not accept -it as a mere dignity, to be performed by deputy, -but he discharged its duties with an energy and a -fidelity that very soon effected the desired end.</p> - -<p class='c018'>In the answer which he afterwards addressed -to Parliament, the Duke denied having lent the -ship called the “Vanguard,” and six others, to -the King of France--knowing that they were intended -to be employed against Rochelle; he stated -that he had been overreached, as the French -King had pretended that he wished to make an -attack on Genoa; that, so soon as he was aware -of the deception, he did all he could to save -<span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>Rochelle from destruction.<a id='r303' /><a href='#f303' class='c012'><sup>[303]</sup></a> It appeared, also, -that a promise had been made by James I. to lend a -ship to Louis XIII., for the reduction of Genoa. -The charge of neglecting his duty as Admiral, -and of having suffered the coast to be infested -with pirates, has been met by those statements in -a former chapter, drawn from original sources, -which plainly show that the energy of this ill-fated -Minister was untiring, his efforts meritorious, -and that, whatever had been his former -errors, they had been retrieved in his management -of naval affairs. So active were his habits, that -he took a personal share in every affair.<a id='r304' /><a href='#f304' class='c012'><sup>[304]</sup></a> From -the accusation of corruption, it would be as difficult -to defend the Duke, as it was to exculpate, -in this grave point, many public men in office at -that period. The House of Commons was still -writhing under the remembrance of the affair of -Lord Middlesex, Lord Treasurer in the time of -James I., who had taken two bribes, of five hundred -pounds each, from the farmers of customs, -without which <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>douceur</em></span> he refused to sign their -warrants.<a id='r305' /><a href='#f305' class='c012'><sup>[305]</sup></a> For that offence, Middlesex had -been punished with fine and imprisonment; -but King James, whilst he was eager to sell -<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>the offending Earl’s lands for the payment of -the fine, had said that he would “review the -sentence of the Parliament, and confirm it as he -saw cause;” he even made a speech in behalf of -the dishonest treasurer, stating that, “in such -cases, the nether house was but as informers, -the Lords as the jury, and himself the judge;” -giving them likewise to understand “that he took -it not well, nor would endure it hereafter, that -they should meddle with his servants, from the -highest place down to the lowest <em>skull</em> in the -kitchen; but if they had ought against any, they -should complain to him, and he would see it redressed -according to right.”<a id='r306' /><a href='#f306' class='c012'><sup>[306]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>It was not, therefore, a matter of surprise that -the Commons should, in a case considered still -more flagrant, lose their moderation, knowing from -experience how little justice their well-grounded -complaints might receive at the hands of a monarch -who had imbibed from his cradle such sentiments -as those expressed by James I.</p> - -<p class='c018'>It was publicly known that offices, both about -the person of the King and in the state, were -sold. In the last reign, the mastership of the -jewels had been bought by Sir Henry Caire for -2,000<em>l.</em> or 3,000<em>l.</em>, from Sir Henry Mildmay, who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>was “thought too young a man, and of too mean -a state” to be safely entrusted with the King’s -jewels.<a id='r307' /><a href='#f307' class='c012'><sup>[307]</sup></a> Buckingham, however, seems to have -had no direct interest in this transaction. Other -instances were also adduced; and proofs of corruption -somewhere were open to every mind. -Lord Middlesex, when Sir Lionel Cranfield, was -stated to have given the Duke 6,000<em>l.</em> for his -place as keeper of the wardrobe;<a id='r308' /><a href='#f308' class='c012'><sup>[308]</sup></a> but it seems -that he purchased that post from Lord Hay, -and not from Buckingham, as the following extract -from the State Papers, of the year 1618, -implies:--</p> - -<p class='c018'>“Sir Lionel Cranfield is not yet master of the -wardrobe, nor likely to be, unless he give a <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>viaticum</em></span> -to the Lord Hay, who, they say, stands upon -9,000<em>l.</em>”<a id='r309' /><a href='#f309' class='c012'><sup>[309]</sup></a> It does not, therefore, appear certain -that Buckingham received either of the bribes; -although it is not improbable that, since nothing -could take place without his concurrence, he -might have accepted some part of the spoil. -Of the other two allegations--namely, that he received -from Lord Roberts 10,000<em>l.</em> for his title, -and that he sold the office of treasurer to Lord -Manchester for 20,000<em>l.</em>, there seems no certainty; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>but no letters are to be found in the very minute -daily correspondence of that period, between -the members of the Duke’s household and the -Court, which either take the burden of the charge -from him, or remove it to any other person.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The Duke was also stated, in the impeachment, -to have purchased the offices of Lord High Admiral, -and of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. -Such was the colour given to a transaction which -is generally recognized as a matter of compensation. -“To the Earl of Nottingham, the old and incompetent -admiral, the pension of 3,000<em>l.</em> yearly -was allotted, together with a good round sum of -ready money;” to Margaret, Countess of Nottingham, -according to one account, a pension of -1,000<em>l.</em>, to commence at the death of the Earl, and -500<em>l.</em> to his eldest son by her.<a id='r310' /><a href='#f310' class='c012'><sup>[310]</sup></a> According to -another statement, the pension to the Countess -was not to exceed 600<em>l.</em>; to her son, Charles -Howard, 500<em>l.</em> a year; and to her daughter, Anne -Howard, 200<em>l.</em> a year--after the death of their -father.<a id='r311' /><a href='#f311' class='c012'><sup>[311]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>Lord Zouch, meantime, the former Warden of -the Cinque Ports, was perfectly satisfied with the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>compensation of 500<em>l.</em> a year, secured on lands, -and 1,000<em>l.</em> ready money, in lieu of his office.<a id='r312' /><a href='#f312' class='c012'><sup>[312]</sup></a> -Surely, if arrangements like these, completed -without secrecy, and known to every gossip of -the Court, be deemed corrupt and illegal, every -minister of modern times might be liable to a -similar imputation.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Another charge was that Buckingham had -procured titles of honours for his allies, and pensions -to support them; had embezzled the -King’s money, and obtained grants of Crown -lands to an enormous value.<a id='r313' /><a href='#f313' class='c012'><sup>[313]</sup></a> A list of his titles -and offices proves, indeed, the blind and almost -insane partiality which had placed the favourite -on the pinnacle of power.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The statement of his possessions is equally -amazing, more especially when we consider his -origin and his early difficulties. Crown lands, to -the value of 284,895<em>l.</em>, had been allotted to the -Duke, "besides the Forest of Layfield--the profit -made out of the strangers’ goods--and the moiety -of the customs in Ireland." And yet the Duke -avowed before Parliament that his debts amounted -to 100,000<em>l.</em>,<a id='r314' /><a href='#f314' class='c012'><sup>[314]</sup></a> and we find, as a sad confirmation -of the charge, among the documents in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>State Paper Office, a warrant of payment of -2,500<em>l.</em> to Sir William Russell, for interest of -30,000<em>l.</em> advanced to the Duke of Buckingham by -his Majesty’s orders.<a id='r315' /><a href='#f315' class='c012'><sup>[315]</sup></a> Even the money given -him, it was justly alleged, was a small sum compared -with that which the Duke had derived from -other sources. “How then,” asked Mr. Sherland, -one of the managers of the impeachment, -“can we hope to satisfy his prodigality, if this be -true? If false, how can we hope to satisfy his -covetousness? And, therefore, your lordships -need not wonder if the Commons desire, and that -earnestly, to be delivered from such a grievance.”</p> - -<p class='c018'>Finally, the Duke was charged with having -either intentionally, or unintentionally, accelerated -the death of King James.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The imprudent interference of Buckingham, -under the influence of his mother, with the medical -treatment of the King, was adduced as a -proof of guilt. The absurdity of this charge, -which was afterwards taken up with much bitterness -by both parties in that time of violent discussion, -seems to throw a doubt upon the whole -impeachment.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The same members who had before recited the -enormous gifts and lavish generosity of King James -<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>to his favourite, now taxed the very man who had -only to ask, to obtain, with the murder of one who -was loading him with benefits. The disease of -King James, Heylyn reports, “was no other than -an ague, which, though it fell on him in the spring, -crossed the proverb, and proved, not medicinal, -but mortal.”<a id='r316' /><a href='#f316' class='c012'><sup>[316]</sup></a> The King was old, not indeed in -years, but in constitution; the wonder was not -that he died before the full span of age was complete, -but that he lived so long. The appearance -of the body after death has been insisted upon by -Whitelocke as a proof of poison; but it is well -known that in many diseases this appearance -occurs, especially in affections of the heart, a -class of complaint but little understood in those -times, but a malady that is not unfrequently the -result of rheumatic affections, to which James -seems to have been liable.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Wandesford, one of the chief speakers on this -occasion, declares that the “poor and loyal Commons -of England were troubled at hearing that -great distempers followed the drink and plaisters -which Buckingham had pressed on the King--droughts, -raving, faintness, and intermitting pulse;” -these are, however, the usual concomitants of that -passage through the valley of the shadow of death -which precedes a final dissolution; the plaister -<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>was declared to have driven the complaint inwards; -both the administration of the drink or posset, -and the application of the plaister, were avowed -by Buckingham, who protested that neither of -these intended remedies had been used without the -permission of the physicians; on hearing a rumour -that he had done so, Buckingham affirmed that he -went to the dying king, <a id='corr305.8'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='who'>“who</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_305.8'><ins class='correction' title='who'>“who</ins></a></span> exclaimed, ‘They are -worse than devils who say so.’”<a id='r317' /><a href='#f317' class='c012'><sup>[317]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>On the whole, this part of the impeachment -seems to have fallen to the ground; and we are -disposed to credit Clarendon, who states that -though “investigated in a time of great licence, -‘no criminality was discovered.’” King Charles -also became afterwards the subject of aspersions -on this point--one of those slanderous and impossible -accusations that weaken all the previous -charges, and taint them with the hue of malice.</p> - -<p class='c018'>It is remarkable, as Hume observes, that the -most vulnerable point in Lord Bristol’s attack was -altogether ignored by the Commons in this “large -impeachment.” The most blamable circumstance -in Buckingham’s whole life, as the same -historian observes, was the Duke’s conduct in -breaking the Spanish treaty, and in hurrying the -nation into a war in order to gratify his private -passions. But there was a general conviction of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>insincerity of Spain; and the unjustifiable conduct -of the Duke, in the affairs relative to that -country, was suffered to escape unnoticed, whilst -charges, almost untenable, were got up in the -hope of ruining him with the King.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Charles was, however, infatuated. His youth -and inexperience, the pernicious example set him -by his father, plead for <em>him</em>, but nothing can extenuate -the want of manly boldness in Buckingham, -in not facing his foes and demanding a trial. -His answers to the impeachment, thirteen in number, -were, it is true, to borrow the words of Sir -Henry Wotton, “very diligently and civilly -couched,” and “savoured of an humble spirit, -though his heart was big.” One consideration -swayed with the public, which was, that in the -“bolting and sifting of near fourteen years of such -power and favour, all that came out could not be -expected to be pure and white, and fine metal; -but must needs have withal among it a certain -mixture of padars and bran in this lower range of -humane fragility.”<a id='r318' /><a href='#f318' class='c012'><sup>[318]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>The Duke’s answers were very clear and satisfactory,<a id='r319' /><a href='#f319' class='c012'><sup>[319]</sup></a> -and his address to the Lords appears to -have been ingenuous and courteous. He reminded -them how full of danger and prejudice it was to give -<span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>too ready an ear, too easy a belief, to reports and -testimony not upon oath; upon such allegations -none ought, he argued, to be condemned. Then, -with a grace that was natural to him, he acknowledged, -with humility, “how easy a thing it was -for him in his younger years, when inexperienced, -to fall into thousands of errors in these two years -wherein he had the honour to serve so great and -so open-hearted a master.”<a id='r320' /><a href='#f320' class='c012'><sup>[320]</sup></a> He concluded with -professions of attachment to the Church of England, -hoping that for the future “he might watch -over all his actions, public and private, so as not -to give cause of just offence to any one.” And -such was probably his sincere determination; and -Buckingham, had he lived, might have proved -an excellent and, as times went, an honest -minister.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The answer of Buckingham, as well as the -speech of the King to his Commons, on the -29th of March, was ascribed to the pen of -Laud; but Heylyn disavows that statement. -Yet there is little doubt that Laud prompted the -Duke’s cautious and submissive reply on the one -hand, and encouraged, if he did not prompt, the -King’s arbitrary and unconstitutional conduct -to the Commons.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The tempest, violent as it seemed, “did,” as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>Sir Henry Wotton remarks, “only shake and -not rent” the Duke’s sails. Charles, taking as a -plea that many of the accusations were not within -the compass of his own reign, and also that -nothing had been proved against Buckingham on -oath, resolved to brave the storm in such a manner -as to bring down its force upon himself.</p> - -<p class='c018'>He lost, therefore, no opportunity of showing his -contempt for the House of Commons. “No one,” -Hume observes, “was at that time sufficiently -sensible of the great weight which the Commons -bore in the balance of the Constitution.” Nothing -but “fatal experience could induce the -English princes to pay a due regard to the inclinations -of that formidable assembly.”<a id='r321' /><a href='#f321' class='c012'><sup>[321]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>“This was indeed,” Lord Campbell remarks, -“the great crisis of the English Constitution. -Had our distinguished patriots then quailed, -Parliaments would thenceforth have been merely -the subject of antiquarian research, or perhaps -occasionally summoned to register the edicts of -the <a id='corr308.22'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Crown.'>Crown”</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_308.22'><ins class='correction' title='Crown.'>Crown”</ins></a></span><a id='r322' /><a href='#f322' class='c012'><sup>[322]</sup></a> “The state,” as Sir Edward Coke -declared in Parliament, “was in a consumption, -yet not incurable.” It was his courage and -honesty that helped to effect a cure.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Charles, considering that he was himself aimed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>at in the allegations against the Duke, commanded -the House expressly not to interfere with -his servant Buckingham, and ordered it to conclude -the bill for the subsidies which they had -begun, intimating that if that were not done it -should sit no longer. Instead of referring the -case to the Lords, and insisting on the affair being -brought to a trial before that body, he went himself -to the House of Lords, and declared his intention -of clearing the Duke by his own testimony. The -Commons had, on that very day, moved that the -Duke should be committed to the Tower until -the issue of his trial should be known. That motion -was rejected; in vain did Buckingham attempt -to explain and soften down this conduct in -a speech to the Lords. Sir Dudley Digges and -Sir John Eliot were thrown into prison, and although -they were soon liberated, the Commons -immediately declared that they would not proceed -with any business whatsoever until satisfaction -should be given for this breach of privilege.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Unhappily, all these discords were aggravated -nearly to frenzy by the bitterest of all passions--religious -intolerance. Whilst we must applaud, -with all gratitude, the lofty and honest spirit -which opposed acts of despotism--a spirit to which -we owe our present pre-eminence as a free and -powerful nation--we must deprecate the remorseless -<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>oppressions which the friends of liberty -scrupled not to inflict on those who thought on -religious matters differently from themselves.</p> - -<p class='c018'>It was an expensive matter in those days to -have a conscience. Although the penalty of -twenty pounds per month, enacted during the reign -of Elizabeth, had been mitigated according to the -circumstances of families, or suffered in some -instances to run on for years, it was occasionally -levied all at once, to the ruin of the unhappy -Romanist families who conscientiously refused to -attend the worship of the Established Church. -James I. had mercifully relaxed the severity of -these penalties; but his successor was now called -upon by the Puritan party in the House of Commons -to restore them to their original force. The -Church was at this epoch far more induced to -grant indulgence than the laity, who, it is strange -to say, were the most intolerant among the persecutors -of the depressed body of Roman Catholics. -Disappointed in their impeachment of Buckingham, -the Commons now presented to the King -a list of recusants who had been entrusted with -offices in the State.</p> - -<p class='c018'>This petition was aimed, of course, at Buckingham, -whose mother was a Catholic, and whose -wife had been long suspected of holding the -tenets of the Romish Church. It was thought -<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>sufficient in those times to have a near relation a -Romanist, to be disqualified for office.<a id='r323' /><a href='#f323' class='c012'><sup>[323]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c018'>Queen Elizabeth, as we have before observed, -when she had any point to gain with her people, -used “to tune the pulpits,” as she termed it. It -was her practice to have a reserve of preachers -ready to extol her designs in or near London, -to influential congregations, whenever she required -the help of their eloquence.<a id='r324' /><a href='#f324' class='c012'><sup>[324]</sup></a> This plan was now -adopted by Charles, and Laud was employed to -call the attention of the public to the cause of -the King of Denmark, who had been driven to -the last extremity by Count Tilly. The King of -Denmark being a Protestant, it was hoped that -this scheme would propitiate the party who so -vehemently endeavoured to compass the downfall -of Buckingham, and who were, for the most part, -Puritans.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Unhappily the plan did more harm than good; -its motives and signification were suspected, nay, -even proclaimed by some of the simple clergy; -and Sibthorpe, the Vicar of Brackley, in Northamptonshire--at -an assize sermon--gave out -plainly that the burden of those instructions which -had been distributed among the priesthood was "to -show the lawfulness of the general loan which the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>King now contemplated raising, in lieu of the -supplies; to prove the King’s right to impose -taxes without the consent of Parliament; and to -insist that the people ought cheerfully to submit -to such loans and taxes."</p> - -<p class='c018'>The publication of this sermon was forbidden -by Archbishop Abbot,<a id='r325' /><a href='#f325' class='c012'><sup>[325]</sup></a> for it was then illegal to -print any book without a permission from the -Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, or -the Vice-chancellor of one of the Universities, or -some person appointed by them;<a id='r326' /><a href='#f326' class='c012'><sup>[326]</sup></a> and two fearful -Courts of Star-chamber and High Commission -threatened any delinquent who attempted to -do then what now requires merely the consent -of a publisher. Although Abbot had so wisely -prohibited Sibthorpe’s discourse, he could not -save the King whom Buckingham and Laud -counselled. The audacious sermon was published -during the following year, under the almost -impious title of “Apostolic Obedience.”</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c020'> - <div>END OF VOL. II.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c024' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>R. BORN, PRINTER, GLOUCESTER STREET, REGENT’S PARK.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='c025'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a1'>a1</span>13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH ST. LONDON</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span class='xlarge'>NEW AND INTERESTING WORKS</span></div> - <div class='c000'>PUBLISHED BY</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='large'>MESSRS. HURST AND BLACKETT,</span></div> - <div class='c000'>SUCCESSORS TO MR. COLBURN.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c026' /> - -<p class='c027'><b><span class='large'>MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF GEORGE IV. FROM</span></b> -<span class='sc'>Original Family Documents</span>. By the DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM -AND CHANDOS, K.G. 2 vols. 8vo. with Portraits. 30s. bound.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Among the many interesting subjects elucidated in this work will be found: -The Trial of Queen Caroline--The King’s Visits to Ireland, Scotland, and Hanover--Female -Influence at Court--The Death of Lord Castlereagh--Junction of -the Grenville Party with the Government--The Political and Literary Career of -George Canning--O’Connell and the Catholic Claims--The Marquess Wellesley -in Ireland--The Duke of Wellington’s Administration--George the Fourth as a -Patron of Art and Literature, &c.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"The country is very much indebted to the Duke of Buckingham for the publication of -these volumes--to our thinking the most valuable of the contributions to recent history -which he has yet compiled from his family papers. Besides the King, the Duke of -Buckingham’s canvass is full of the leading men of the day--Castlereagh, Liverpool, Canning, -Wellington, Peel, and their compeers. We are sure that no reader, whether he seeks -for gossip, or for more sterling information, will be disappointed by the book. There are -several most characteristic letters of the Duke of Wellington."--<cite>John Bull.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“These volumes are the most popular of the series of Buckingham papers, not -only from the nature of the matter, but from the closeness of the period to our own -times.”--<cite>Spectator.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“There is much in these volumes which deserves the perusal of all who desire an -intimate acquaintance with the history of the period. The comments of well-informed -men, like Lord Grenville, and Mr. T. Grenville, disclosing as they do the motives of individuals, -the secret movements of parties, and the causes of public events, are of high value -to the student, and exceedingly interesting to the general reader.”--<cite>Daily News.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“These volumes are of great intrinsic and historical value. They give us a definite -acquaintance with the actions, a valuable insight into the characters, of a succession of -illustrious statesmen.”--<cite>Critic.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“The original documents published in these volumes--penned by public men, who were -themselves active participators in the events and scenes described--throw a great deal of -very curious and very valuable light upon this period of our history. The private letters of -such men as Lord Grenville, Mr. T. Grenville, Mr. Charles Wynn, Mr. Freemantle, Dr. -Phillimore, and Mr. Plumer Ward, written in the absence of all restraint, necessarily possess -a high interest even for the lightest and most careless reader; whilst, in an historical -sense, as an authentic source from which future historians will be enabled to form their -estimate of the characters of the leading men who flourished in the reign of the last -George, they must be regarded as possessing an almost inestimable value. The more reserved -communications, too, of such men as Lord Liverpool, the Duke of Wellington, the Marquis -of Wellesley, Sir Henry Parnell, &c., will be received with great interest and thankfulness -by every historiographer, whilst the lighter <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>billets</em></span> of Sir Walter Scott and Mr. Henry Wynn -will be welcome to every body. Taking this publication altogether, we must give the Duke -of Buckingham great credit for the manner in which he has prepared and executed it, and -at the same time return him our hearty thanks for the interesting and valuable information -which he has unfolded to us from his family archives.”--<cite>Observer.</cite></p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a2'>a2</span><b><span class='large'>MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF THE REGENCY.</span></b> -<span class='sc'>From Original Family Documents.</span> By the DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM -AND CHANDOS, K.G. 2 vols. 8vo., with Portraits, 30s. bound.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“Here are two more goodly volumes on the English Court; volumes full of new -sayings, pictures, anecdotes, and scenes. The Duke of Buckingham travels over nine years -of English history. But what years those were, from 1811 to 1820! What events at home -and abroad they bore to the great bourne!--from the accession of the Regent to power to -the death of George III.--including the fall of Perceval; the invasion of Russia, and the -war in Spain; the battles of Salamanca and Borodino; the fire of Moscow; the retreat of -Napoleon; the conquest of Spain; the surrender of Napoleon; the return from Elba; the -Congress of Vienna; the Hundred Days; the crowning carnage of Waterloo; the exile to -St. Helena; the return of the Bourbons; the settlement of Europe; the public scandals at -the English Court; the popular discontent, and the massacre of Peterloo! On many parts -of this story the documents published by the Duke of Buckingham cast new jets of light, -clearing up much secret history. Old stories are confirmed--new traits of character are -brought out. In short, many new and pleasant additions are made to our knowledge of -those times.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“Invaluable, as showing the true light in which many of the stirring events of the -Regency are to be viewed. The lovers of Court gossip will also find not a little for their -<ins class='correction' title='dification'>edification</ins> and amusement.”--<cite>Literary Gazette.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“These volumes cover a complete epoch, the period of the Regency--a period of large -and stirring English history. To the Duke of Buckingham, who thus, out of his family -archives, places within our reach authentic and exceedingly minute pictures of the governors -of England, we owe grateful acknowledgements. His papers abound in fresh lights on old -topics, and in new illustrations and anecdotes. The intrinsic value of the letters is enhanced -by the judicious setting of the explanatory comment that accompanies them, which is put -together with much care and honesty.”--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>MEMOIRS OF THE COURT AND CABINETS OF -GEORGE THE THIRD</span></b>, <span class='sc'>From Original Family Documents</span>. By -the DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS, K.G., &c. <span class='sc'>The -Third and Fourth Volumes</span>, comprising the period from 1800 to 1810 -and completing this important work. 8vo., with Portraits. 30s. bound.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“The present volumes exhibit the same features as the former portion of the series. -The general reader is entertained, and the reader for historical purposes is enlightened. -Of their value and importance, there cannot be two opinions.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“These volumes comprehend a period the most important in the events relating to our -domestic affairs and foreign relations to be found in the British annals; told, not only by -eye-witnesses, but by the very men who put them in motion. The volumes now published -immeasurably exceed their predecessors in interest and importance. They must find a place -in the library of every English gentleman.”--<cite>Standard.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF HENRY IV., KING OF FRANCE AND NAVARRE.</span></b> From numerous Original Sources. By MISS -FREER. Author of "The Lives of Marguerite d’Angoulême, Elizabeth -de Valois, Henry III.," &c. 2 vols. with Portraits, 21s.</p> -<p class='c031'><b><span class='large'>LECTURES ON ART, LITERATURE, AND SOCIAL -SCIENCE.</span></b> By HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL WISEMAN. 1 vol -with Portrait. (<em>In Preparation.</em>)</p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a3'>a3</span><b><span class='large'>HENRY III. KING OF FRANCE AND POLAND; HIS COURT AND TIMES.</span></b> From numerous unpublished sources, including -MS. Documents in the Bibliothèque Impériale, and the Archives -of France and Italy. By MISS FREER, Author of "Marguerite d’Angoulême," -“Elizabeth de Valois, and the Court of Philip II.,” &c. 3 vols. -post 8vo. with fine portraits, 31s. 6d. bound.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“Miss Freer having won for herself the reputation of a most painstaking and trustworthy -historian not less than an accomplished writer, by her previous memoirs of -sovereigns of the houses of Valois and Navarre, will not fail to meet with a most -cordial and hearty welcome for her present admirable history of Henry III., the last of -the French kings of the house of Valois. We refer our readers to the volumes themselves -for the interesting details of the life and reign of Henry III., his residence in -Poland, his marriage with Louise de Lorraine, his cruelties, his hypocrisies, his penances, -his assassination by the hands of the monk Jaques Clément, &c. Upon these points, as -well as with reference to other persons who occupied a prominent position during this -period, abundant information is afforded by Miss Freer; and the public will feel with us -that a deep debt of gratitude is due to that lady for the faithful and admirable manner in -which she has pourtrayed the Court and Times of Henry the Third.”--<cite>Chronicle.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“The previous historical labours of Miss Freer were so successful as to afford a rich -promise in the present undertaking, the performance of which, it is not too much to say, -exceeds expectation, and testifies to her being not only the most accomplished, but the -most accurate of modern female historians. The Life of Henry III. of France is a -contribution to literature which will have a reputation as imperishable as its present -fame must be large and increasing. Indeed, the book is of such a truly fascinating -character, that once begun it is impossible to leave it.”--<cite>Messenger.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“Among the class of chronicle histories, Miss Freer’s Henry the Third of France is -entitled to a high rank. As regards style and treatment Miss Freer has made a great -advance upon her ‘Elizabeth de Valois,’ as that book was an advance upon her -‘Marguerite D’Angoulême.’”--<cite>Spectator.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“We heartily recommend this work to the reading public. Miss Freer has much, perhaps -all, of the quick perception and picturesque style by which Miss Strickland has -earned her well-deserved popularity.”--<cite>Critic.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>ELIZABETH DE VALOIS, QUEEN OF SPAIN, AND -THE COURT OF PHILIP II.</span></b> From numerous unpublished sources in -the Archives of France, Italy, and Spain. By MISS FREER. 2 vols. -post 8vo. with fine Portraits by <span class='sc'>Heath</span>, 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“It is not attributing too much to Miss Freer to say that herself and Mr. Prescott are -probably the best samples of our modern biographers. The present volumes will be a boon -to posterity for which it will be grateful. Equally suitable for instruction and amusement, -they portray one of the most interesting characters and periods of history.”--<cite>John Bull.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"Such a book as the memoir of Elizabeth de Valois is a literary treasure which will be -the more appreciated as its merits obtain that reputation to which they most justly are -entitled. Miss Freer has done her utmost to make the facts of Elizabeth’s, Don Carlos’, and -Philip II.’s careers fully known, as they actually transpired."--<i>Bell’s Messenger.</i></p> - -<p class='c027'><b><span class='large'>THE LIFE OF MARGUERITE D’ANGOULEME, -QUEEN of NAVARRE, SISTER of FRANCIS I.</span></b> By MISS FREER. -Second Edition, 2 vols. with fine Portraits, 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“This is a very useful and amusing book. It is a good work, very well done. The -authoress is quite equal in power and grace to Miss Strickland. She must have spent great -time and labour in collecting the information, which she imparts in an easy and agreeable -manner. It is difficult to lay down her book after having once begun it. This is owing -partly to the interesting nature of the subject, partly to the skillful manner in which it has -been treated. No other life of Marguerite has yet been published, even in France. Indeed, -till Louis Philippe ordered the collection and publication of manuscripts relating to the -history of France, no such work could be published. It is difficult to conceive how, under -any circumstances, it could have been better done.”--<cite>Standard.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a4'>a4</span><b><span class='large'>LODGE’S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE FOR 1860.</span></b> -<span class='sc'>Under the Especial Patronage of Her Majesty and H.R.H. the -Prince Consort.</span> Corrected throughout by the Nobility. Twenty-Ninth -Edition, in 1 vol. royal 8vo., with the Arms beautifully engraved, handsomely -bound, with gilt edges, price 31s. 6d.</p> - -<p class='c018'><span class='sc'>Lodge’s Peerage and Baronetage</span> is acknowledged to be the most -complete, as well as the most elegant, work of the kind. As an established and -authentic authority on all questions respecting the family histories, honours, -and connections of the titled aristocracy, no work has ever stood so high. It is -published under the especial patronage of Her Majesty, and His Royal Highness -the Prince Consort, and is annually corrected throughout, from the personal, -communications of the Nobility. It is the only work of its class, in which, -<em>the type being kept constantly standing</em>, every correction is made in its proper -place to the date of publication, an advantage which gives it supremacy over all -its competitors. Independently of its full and authentic information respecting -the existing Peers and Baronets of the realm, the most sedulous attention is -given in its pages to the collateral branches of the various noble families, and -the names of many thousand individuals are introduced, which do not appear in -other records of the titled classes. For its authority, correctness, and facility of -arrangement, and the beauty of its typography and binding, the work is justly entitled -to the high place it occupies on the tables of Her Majesty and the Nobility.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"Lodge’s Peerage must supersede all other works of the kind, for two reasons: first, it -is on a better plan; and, secondly, it is better executed. We can safely pronounce it to be -the readiest, the most useful, and exactest of modern works on the subject."--<cite>Spectator.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“A work which corrects all errors of former works. It is the production of a herald, -we had almost said, by birth, but certainly by profession and studies, Mr. Lodge, the Norroy -King of Arms. It is a most useful publication.”--<cite>Times.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"As perfect a Peerage of the British Empire as we are ever likely to see published. -Great pains have been taken to make it as complete and accurate as possible. The work -is patronised by Her Majesty and the Prince Consort; and it is worthy of a place in every -gentleman’s library, as well as in every public institution."--<cite>Herald.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“As a work of contemporaneous history, this volume is of great value--the materials -having been derived from the most authentic sources and in the majority of cases emanating -from the noble families themselves. It contains all the needful information respecting the -nobility of the Empire.”--<cite>Post.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"This work should form a portion of every gentleman’s library. At all times, the information -which it contains, derived from official sources exclusively at the command of the -author, is of importance to most classes of the community; to the antiquary it must be -invaluable, for implicit reliance may be placed on its contents."--<cite>Globe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“This work derives great value from the high authority of Mr. Lodge. The plan -is excellent.”--<cite>Literary Gazette.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"When any book has run through so many editions, its reputation is so indelibly -stamped, that it requires neither criticism nor praise. It is but just, however, to say, that -‘Lodge’s Peerage and Baronetage‘ is the most elegant and accurate, and the best of its -class. The chief point of excellence attaching to this Peerage consists neither in its -elegance of type nor its completeness of illustration, but in its authenticity, which is insured -by the letter-press being always kept standing, and by immediate alteration being made -whenever any change takes place, either by death or otherwise, amongst the nobility of the -United Kingdom. The work has obtained the special patronage of Her Most Gracious -Majesty, and of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, which patronage has never been -better or more worthily bestowed."--<cite>Messenger.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"‘Lodge’s Peerage and Baronetage‘ has become, as it were, an ‘institution’ of this -country; in other words, it is indispensable, and cannot be done without, by any person -having business in the great world. The authenticity of this valuable work, as regards the -several topics to which it refers, has never been exceeded, and, consequently, it must be -received as one of the most important contributions to social and domestic history extant. -As a book of reference--indispensable in most cases, useful in all--it should be in the -hands of every one having connections in, or transactions with, the aristocracy."--<cite>Observer.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a5'>a5</span><b><span class='large'>LODGE’S GENEALOGY OF THE PEERAGE AND -BARONETAGE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.</span></b> <span class='sc'>A New and Revised -Edition.</span> Uniform with “<span class='sc'>The Peerage</span>” Volume, with the arms -beautifully engraved, handsomely bound with gilt edges, price 31s. 6d.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The desire very generally manifested for a republication of this volume has -dictated the present entire revision of its contents. The Armorial Bearings -prefixed to the History of each Noble Family, render the work complete in -itself and uniform with the Volume of <span class='sc'>The Peerage</span>, which it is intended to -accompany and illustrate. The object of the whole Work, in its two distinct -yet combined characters, has been useful and correct information; and the -careful attention devoted to this object throughout will, it is hoped, render the -Work worthy of the August Patronage with which it is honoured and of the -liberal assistance accorded by its Noble Correspondents, and will secure from -them and from the Public, the same cordial reception it has hitherto experienced. -The great advantage of “The Genealogy” being thus given in a separate volume, -Mr. Lodge has himself explained in the Preface to “The Peerage.”</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>EPISODES OF FRENCH HISTORY DURING THE -CONSULATE AND FIRST EMPIRE.</span></b> By MISS PARDOE, author of -“The Life of Marie de Medicis,” &c. 2 vols. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"We recommend Miss Pardoe’s ‘Episodes’ as very pleasant reading. They cannot -fail to entertain and instruct."--<cite>Critic.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“One of the must amusing and instructive books Miss Pardoe has ever given to the -public.”--<cite>Messenger.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“In this lively and agreeable book Miss Pardoe gives a fair picture of the society of -the times, which has never been treated in a more interesting and pleasant manner.”--<cite>Chronicle.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS, -DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.</span></b> By MRS. THOMSON, Author of “The -Life of the Duchess of Marlborough,” “Memoirs of Sir W. Raleigh,” &c. -With Portrait. (<cite>Just Ready.</cite>)</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE LIVES OF PHILIP HOWARD, EARL OF -ARUNDEL, AND OF ANNE DACRES, HIS WIFE.</span></b> Edited from the -Original MSS. By the DUKE OF NORFOLK, E.M. 1 vol. antique.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“These biographies will be read with interest. They throw valuable light on the -social habits and the prevalent feelings of the Elizabethan age.”--<cite>Literary Gazette.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>MEMOIRS OF BERANGER. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF.</span></b> -<span class='sc'>English Copyright Edition.</span> Second Edition, with numerous -Additional Anecdotes and Notes, hitherto unpublished. 8vo. with Portrait.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"This is the Copyright Translation of Béranger’s Biography. It appears in a handsome -volume, and is worthy of all praise as an honest piece of work. In this account of his life, -the Poet displays all the mingled gaiety and earnestness, the warm-hearted sincerity, -inseparable from his character. He tells, with an exquisite simplicity, the story of his early -years. His life, he says, is the fairest commentary on his songs, therefore he writes it. -The charm of the narrative is altogether fresh. It includes a variety of <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>chansons</em></span>, now first -printed, touching closely on the personal history of which they form a part, shrewd sayings, -and, as the field of action in life widens, many sketches of contemporaries, and free judgments -upon men and things. There is a full appendix to the Memoir, rich in letters hitherto -unpublished, and in information which completes the story of Béranger’s life. The book -should be read by all."--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a6'>a6</span><b><span class='large'>THE BOOK OF ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, AND -DECORATIONS OF HONOUR OF ALL NATIONS; COMPRISING -AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF EACH ORDER, MILITARY, NAVAL -AND CIVIL;</span></b> with Lists of the Knights and Companions of each British -Order. <span class='sc'>Embellished With Five Hundred Fac-simile Couloured -Illustrations of the Insignia of the Various Orders.</span> Edited -by SIR BERNARD BURKE, Ulster King of Arms. 1 vol. royal 8vo., -handsomely bound, with gilt edges, price £2. 2s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“This valuable and attractive work may claim the merit of being the best of its kind. -It is so comprehensive in its character, and so elegant in its style, that it far outstrips all -competitors. A full historical account of the orders of every country is given, with lists of -the Knights and Companions of each British Order. Among the most attractive features of -the work are the illustrations. They are numerous and beautiful, highly coloured, and -giving an exact representation of the different decorations. The origin of each Order, the -rules and regulations, and the duties incumbent on its members, are all given at full -length. The fact of the work being under the supervision of Sir Bernard Burke, and endorsed -by his authority, gives it another recommendation to the public favour.”--<cite>Sun</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“This is, indeed, a splendid book. It is an uncommon combination of a library book -of reference and a book for a boudoir, undoubtedly uniting beauty and utility. It gives a -sketch of the foundation and history of all recognised decorations of honour, among all -nations, arranged in alphabetical order. The fac-similies of the insignia are well drawn and -coloured, and present a brilliant effect. Sir Bernard Burke has done his work well; and -this book of the quintessence of the aristocracy will soon find its place in every library and -drawing-room.”--.<cite>Globe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c027'><b><span class='large'>JOURNAL OF AN ENGLISH OFFICER IN INDIA.</span></b> -By MAJOR NORTH, 60th Rifles, Deputy Judge Advocate-General, and -Aide-de-Camp to General Havelock. 1 vol. with portrait.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"We must commend Major’s North’s ‘Journal’ to universal approbation. It is manly -in tone, noble in expression, and full of feeling, alike honourable to the soldier <ins class='correction' title='and and'>and</ins> -gallant profession. When we state that the book tells of the progress of the lion-hearted -Havelock’s little band which relieved Lucknow, and is the first faithful record of the deeds -of arms performed by that phalanx of heroes, we have said enough to cause it to be read, -we are convinced, by every person who can avail himself of the opportunity of learning -what were the hardships of his countrymen, and how immense were the sacrifices they -made to save the English besieged inhabitants from a repetition of the atrocities of Cawnpore. -We have as yet seen no book connected with the Indian mutiny which has given us -so much gratification as Major North’s Journal."--<cite>Messenger.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>EASTERN HOSPITALS AND ENGLISH NURSES;</span></b> -The Narrative of Twelve Months’ Experience in the Hospitals of Koulali -and Scutari. By A LADY VOLUNTEER. Third and Cheaper Edition, -1 vol. post 8vo. with Illustrations, 6s. bound.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“The story of the noble deeds done by Miss Nightingale and her devoted sisterhood -will never be more effectively told than in the beautiful narrative contained in these -volumes.”--<cite>John Bull.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>PICTURES OF SPORTING LIFE AND CHARACTER.</span></b> -By LORD WILLIAM LENNOX. 2 vols. with Illustrations. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"This work may be characterised as a perfect synopsis of English sports in the 19th -century. Were the whole of the books previously written on the subject destroyed, Lord -William Lennox’s alone would preserve a lifelike picture of the sports and amusements of -our age. The volumes will be read with intense enjoyment by multitudes, for their author -is an accomplished <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>littérateur</em></span>, who has known how to vary his theme so skillfully and to -intersperse it with so many anecdotes and personal recollections of England’s most distinguished -men, that even those who are not themselves given to sport will be deeply interested -in the light he throws upon English society."--<cite>Illustrated News of the World.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a7'>a7</span><b><span class='large'>THE COUNTESS OF BONNEVAL: HER LIFE AND -LETTERS.</span></b> By LADY GEORGIANA FULLERTON. 2 vols. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“The whole work forms one of those touching stories which create a lasting impression.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“The life of the Count de Bonneval is a page in history, but it reads like a romance: -that of the Countess, removed from war and politics, never oversteps the domestic sphere, -yet is equally romantic and singular. An accomplished writer has taken up the threads of -this modest life, and brought out her true character in a very interesting and animated memoir. -The story of the Countess of Bonneval is related with the happy art and grace -which so characterize the author.”--<cite>U. S. Magazine.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE LIFE OF MARIE DE MEDICIS, QUEEN OF -FRANCE,</span></b> <span class='sc'>Consort of Henry IV., and Regent under Louis XIII</span>. -By MISS PARDOE. Second Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. Portraits.</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>MEMOIRS OF THE BARONESS D’OBERKIRCH,</span></b> -<span class='sc'>Illustrative of the Secret History of the Courts of France, -Russia, and Germany. Written by</span> HERSELF, and Edited by Her -Grandson, the COUNT DE MONTBRISON. 3 vols. post 8vo. 15s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"The Baroness d’Oberkirch being the intimate friend of the Empress of Russia, wife of -Paul I., and the confidential companion of the Duchess of Bourbon, her facilities for -obtaining information respecting the most private affairs of the principal Courts of Europe, -render her Memoirs unrivalled as a book of interesting anecdotes of the royal, noble and -other celebrated individuals who flourished on the continent during the latter part of the -last century. The volumes form a valuable addition to the personal history of an important -period. They deserve general popularity."--<cite>Daily News.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>MEMOIRS OF RACHEL.</span></b> 2 vols. with Portrait. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“A book sure to attract public attention, and well meriting it.”--<cite>Globe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>SCOTTISH HEROES IN THE DAYS OF WALLACE -AND BRUCE.</span></b> By the <span class='sc'>Rev. A. LOW</span>, A.M. 2 vols. post 8vo.</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE OF MAJOR -GENERAL SIR W. NOTT, G.C.B.,</span></b> <span class='sc'>Commander of the Army of -Candahar, and Envoy at the Court of Lucknow</span>. 2 vols. 8vo. -with Portrait. 16s. bound.</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>RULE AND MISRULE OF THE ENGLISH IN -AMERICA.</span></b> By the Author of “SAM SLICK.” 2 vols. post 8vo.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“We conceive this work to be by far the most valuable and important Judge Haliburton -has ever written. While teeming with interest, moral and historical, to the general reader, -it equally constitutes a philosophical study for the politician and statesman. It will be found -to let in a flood of light upon the actual origin, formation, and progress of the republic of -the United States.”--<cite>Naval and Military Gazette.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>RECOLLECTIONS OF WEST END LIFE; WITH -SKETCHES OF SOCIETY IN PARIS, INDIA,</span></b> &c. By MAJOR CHAMBRE -late 17th Lancers. 2 vols. with Portrait of George IV.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"We find in Major Chambre’s lively sketches a mass of amusing anecdotes relating to -persons eminent in their day for their position, wit, and political reputation. All that -relates to George IV. will be read with attention and interest."--<cite>Messenger.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a8'>a8</span><b><span class='large'>THE UPPER and LOWER AMOOR; A NARRATIVE -OF TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.</span></b> By T. W. ATKINSON. Author of -“ORIENTAL and WESTERN SIBERIA.” With Map and numerous -Illustrations. (<em>In the Press.</em>)</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>SIXTEEN YEARS OF AN ARTIST’S LIFE IN -MOROCCO, SPAIN, AND THE CANARY ISLANDS.</span></b> By MRS. -ELIZABETH MURRAY. 2 vols. 8vo. with Coloured Illustrations.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“Mrs. Murray, wife, we believe, of the English Consul at Teneriffe, is one of the first of -female English Water Colour Artists. She draws well, and her colour is bright, pure, transparent, -and sparkling. Her book is like her painting, luminous, rich and fresh. We welcome -it (as the public will also do) with sincere pleasure. It is a hearty book, written by a clever, -quick-sighted, and thoughtful woman, who, slipping a steel pen on the end of her brush, -thus doubly armed, uses one end as well as the other, being with both a bright colourer, -and accurate describer of colours, outlines, sensations, landscapes and things. In a word, -Mrs. Murray is a clever artist, who writes forcibly and agreeably.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“Mrs. Elizabeth Murray is known to the artistic world as the principal star of the -Female Exhibition of Paintings. She left England as she tells us, at eighteen, with all the -hopes and aspirations of an artist before her. At Morocco she becomes the wife of a gentleman -who is successively Consul at Tangiers and Teneriffe. She has, in consequence, peculiar -advantages for the observation of Moorish and Spanish society, and as she possesses -great observation and wields the pen as cleverly as the pencil, she has produced a book not -only of interest, but of importance. In every way, whether descriptive or anecdotal, the -work claims to be placed amongst the very best works of travel in the English Language.”--<cite>Chronicle.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>REVELATIONS OF PRISON LIFE; WITH AN ENQUIRY -<span class='sc'>into Prison Discipline and Secondary Punishments</span>.</span></b> By -GEORGE LAVAL CHESTERTON, 25 Years Governor of the House of -Correction at Cold-Bath Fields. Third Edition, Revised. 1 vol.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“Mr. Chesterton has had a rare experience of human frailty. He has lived with the -felon, the forger, the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>lorette</em></span>, the vagabond, the murderer; has looked into the darkest -sepulchres of the heart, without finding reason to despair of mankind. In his belief the -worst of men have still some of the angel left. Such a testimony from such a quarter is full -of novelty as it is of interest. As a curious bit of human history these volumes are remarkable. -They are very real, very simple; dramatic without exaggeration, philosophic without -being dull.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE OLD COURT SUBURB; OR, MEMORIALS OF -KENSINGTON; <span class='sc'>Regal, Critical, and Anecdotical</span></span></b>. By LEIGH -HUNT. Second Edition. 2 vols. post 8vo.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“A delightful book. It will be welcome to all readers, and most welcome to those -who have a love for the best kinds of reading.”--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>MY EXILE.</span></b> BY ALEXANDER HERZEN. 2 vols.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"Mr. Herzen’s narrative, ably and unaffectedly written, and undoubtedly authentic, is -indeed superior in interest to nine-tenths of the existing works on Russia."--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>A PRACTICAL GUIDE IN OBTAINING PROBATES, -ADMINISTRATIONS,</span></b> &c., in Her Majesty’s Court of Probate; with -numerous Precedents. By EDWARD WEATHERLY, of Doctor’s Commons. -Dedicated, by permission, to the Right Hon. Sir <span class='sc'>Cresswell -Cresswell</span>, Judge of the New Court of Probate. Cheaper Edition. 12s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“A most valuable book. Its contents are very diversified--meeting almost every -use.”--<i>Solicitor’s Journal.</i></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a9'>a9</span><b><span class='large'>ORIENTAL AND WESTERN SIBERIA; A NARRATIVE</span></b> -<span class='sc'>of Seven Years’ Explorations and Adventures in Siberia, -Mongolia, the Kirghis Steppes, Chinese Tartary, and Central -Asia.</span> By THOMAS WITLAM ATKINSON. In one large volume, -royal 8vo., Price £2. 2s., elegantly bound. Embellished with upwards -of 50 Illustrations, including numerous beautifully coloured plates, from -drawings by the Author, and a map.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"By virtue alike of its text and its pictures, we place this book of travel in the first -rank among those illustrated gift-books now so much sought by the public. Mr. Atkinson’s -book is most readable. The geographer finds in it notice of ground heretofore left -undescribed, the ethnologist, geologist, and botanist, find notes and pictures, too, of which -they know the value, the sportman’s taste is gratified by chronicles of sport, the lover of -adventure will find a number of perils and escapes to hang over, and the lover of a frank -good-humoured way of speech will find the book a pleasant one in every page. Seven -years of wandering, thirty-nine thousand five hundred miles of moving to and fro in a wild -and almost unknown country, should yield a book worth reading, and they do."--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“A book of travels which in value and sterling interest must take rank as a landmark -in geographical literature. Its coloured illustrations and wood engravings are of a high -order, and add a great charm to the narrative. Mr. Atkinson has travelled where it is -believed no European has been before. He has seen nature in the wildest, sublimest, and -also the most beautiful aspects the old world can present. These he has depicted by pen -and pencil. He has done both well. Many a fireside will rejoice in the determination which -converted the artist into an author. Mr. Atkinson is a thorough Englishman, brave and -accomplished, a lover of adventure and sport of every kind. He knows enough of mineralogy, -geology, and botany to impart a scientific interest to his descriptions and drawings; -possessing a keen sense of humour, he tells many a racy story. The sportsman and the -lover of adventure, whether by flood or field, will find ample stores in the stirring tales of -his interesting travels.”--<cite>Daily News.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"An animated and intelligent narrative, appreciably enriching the literature of English -travel. Mr. Atkinson’s sketches were made by express permission of the late Emperor of -Russia. Perhaps no English artist was ever before admitted into this enchanted land of -history, or provided with the talisman and amulet of a general passport; and well has Mr. -Atkinson availed himself of the privilege. Our extracts will have served to illustrate the -originality and variety of Mr. Atkinson’s observations and adventures during his protracted -wanderings of nearly forty thousand miles. Mr. Atkinson’s pencil was never idle, and he -has certainly brought home with him the forms, and colours, and other characteristics of a -most extraordinary diversity of groups and scenes. As a sportsman Mr. Atkinson enjoyed -a plenitude of excitement. His narrative is well stored with incidents of adventure. -His ascent of the Bielouka is a chapter of the most vivid romance of travel, yet it is less -attractive than his relations of wanderings across the Desert of Gobi and up the Tangnou -Chain."--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"We predict that Mr. Atkinson’s ‘Siberia’ will very often assume the shape of a -Christmas Present or New Year’s Gift, as it possesses, in an eminent degree, four very -precious and suitable qualities for that purpose,--namely, usefulness, elegance, instruction -and novelty. It is a work of great value, not merely on account of its splendid illustrations, -but for the amount it contains of authentic and highly interesting intelligence concerning -regions which, in all probability, has never, previous to Mr. Atkinson’s explorations, been -visited by an European. Mr. Atkinson’s adventures are told in a manly style. The valuable -and interesting information the book contains, gathered at a vast expense, is lucidly -arranged, and altogether the work is one that the author-artist may well be proud of, and -with which those who study it cannot fail to be delighted."--<cite>John Bull.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“To the geographer, the geologist, the ethnographer, the sportsman, and to those who -read only for amusement, this will be an acceptable volume. Mr. Atkinson is not only an -adventurous traveller, but a correct and amusing writer.”--<cite>Literary Gazette.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a10'>a10</span><b><span class='large'>TRAVELS IN EASTERN AFRICA, WITH THE -NARRATIVE OF A RESIDENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE: 1856 to 1859.</span></b> -By LYONS McLEOD, Esq. F.R.G.S., &c. Late British Consul in Mozambique. -2 vols. With Map and Illustrations.</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>A JOURNEY ON A PLANK FROM KIEV TO EAUX-BONNES.</span></b> -By LADY CHARLOTTE PEPYS. 2 vols, with Illustrations. -21s. (<em>Just Ready</em>).</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>LAKE NGAMI; OR EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES</span></b> -<span class='sc'>during Four Years’ Wanderings in the Wilds of -South-Western Africa</span>. By CHARLES JOHN ANDERSSON. 1 vol. -royal 8vo., with Map and upwards of 50 Illustrations, representing Sporting -Adventures, Subjects of Natural History, &c. Second Edition.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“This narrative of African explorations and discoveries is one of the most important -geographical works that have lately appeared. It contains the account of two journeys -made between the years 1850 and 1854, in the first of which the countries of the Damaras -and the Ovambo, previously scarcely known in Europe, were explored; and in the second -the newly-discovered Lake Ngami was reached by a route that had been deemed impracticable, -but which proves to be the shortest and the best. The work contains much scientific -and accurate information as to the geology, the scenery, products, and resources of the -regions explored, with notices of the religion, manners, and customs of the native tribes. -The continual sporting adventures, and other remarkable occurrences, intermingled with -the narrative of travel, make the book as interesting to read as a romance, as, Indeed, a -good book of travels ought always to be. The illustrations by Wolf are admirably designed, -and most of them represent scenes as striking as any witnessed by Jules Gérard or Gordon -Cumming.”--<cite>Literary Gazette.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE OXONIAN IN THELEMARKEN;</span></b> OR, NOTES -<span class='sc'>of Travel in South-Western Norway, with Glances at the -Legendary Lore of that District</span>. By the Rev. F. METCALFE -M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College. 2 vols. with illustrations.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“This new book is as lively as its predecessor. Its matter is as good, or better. The -intermixture of legends and traditions with the notes of travel adds to the real value of the -work, and strengthens its claim on a public that desires to be amused.”--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE OXONIAN IN NORWAY; OR, NOTES OF -<span class='sc'>Excursions in that Country</span></span></b>. By the Rev. F. METCALFE, M.A., -Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. New and Cheaper Edition, revised, -1 vol. post 8vo., with Map and additional Illustrations.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"Mr. Metcalfe’s book is as full of facts and interesting information as it can hold, and -is interlarded with racy anecdotes. Some of these are highly original and entertaining. -More than this, it is a truly valuable work, containing a fund of information on the statistics, -politics, and religion of the countries visited."--<i>Blackwood’s Magazine.</i></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>SIX YEARS IN RUSSIA. BY AN ENGLISH LADY.</span></b> -2 vols. post 8vo. with Illustrations. 21s. bound.</p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a11'>a11</span><b><span class='large'>A SUMMER AND WINTER IN THE TWO SICILIES.</span></b> -By JULIA KAVANAGH, Author of “Nathalie,” “Adèle,” &c. 2 vols. -post 8vo. with illustrations, 21s. bound.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“Miss Kavanagh is a woman of genius and imagination. She has a graceful and -brilliant pen, much observation of character, and a keen eye for the aspects of nature. Her -volumes contain much that is new. They are among the pleasantest volumes of travel we -have lately met with, and we can cordially recommend them. Readers will find in these -volumes the glow and colour of Italian skies, the rich and passionate beauty of Italian -scenery, and the fresh simplicity of Southern life touched by the hand of an artist, and -described by the perceptions of a warm-hearted and sympathising woman.”--<cite>The Press.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE JEWS IN THE EAST.</span></b> By the Rev. P. -BEATON, M.A. From the German of <span class='sc'>Dr. Frankl</span>. 2 vols. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“Those persons who are curious in matters connected with Jerusalem and its inhabitants, -are strongly recommended to read this work, which contains more information than is -to be found in a dozen of the usual books of travel.”--<cite>Times.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“This book will richly reward perusal. We cordially recommend the narrative for -solid information given from an unusual point of view, for power of description, for -incident, and for details of manners, domestic habits, traditions, &c.,”--<cite>Globe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“A very interesting work, one of the most original books of modern travel, that we -have encountered for a long time.”--<cite>John Bull.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>CHOW-CHOW; BEING SELECTIONS FROM A JOURNAL, -KEPT IN INDIA,</span></b> &c. By the VISCOUNTESS FALKLAND. -New and Revised Edition, 2 vols. 8vo., with Illustrations. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"Lady Falkland’s work may be read with interest and pleasure, and the reader will rise -from the perusal instructed as well as amused."--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>A PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF THE DISCOVERY -OF THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE</span></b> with Numerous Incidents of Travel -and Adventure during nearly Five Years’ Continuous Service in the Arctic -Regions while in Search of the Expedition under Sir John Franklin. By -ALEX. ARMSTRONG, M.D., R.N., late Surgeon and Naturalist of H.M.S -‘Investigator.’ 1 vol. With Map and Plate, 16s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“This book is sure to take a prominent position in every library in which works of -discovery and adventure are to be met with.”--<cite>Daily News.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE WANDERER IN ARABIA.</span></b> BY G. T. LOWTH, -<span class='sc'>Esq.</span> 2 vols. post 8vo. with Illustrations. 12s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“Mr. Lowth has shown himself in these volumes to be an intelligent traveller, a keen -observer of nature, and an accomplished artist.”--<cite>Post.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>SPORTING ADVENTURES IN THE NEW WORLD; -OR, DAYS AND NIGHTS OF MOOSE HUNTING IN THE PINE -FORESTS OF ACADIA.</span></b> By CAMPBELL HARDY, <span class='sc'>Royal Artillery</span>. -2 vols. post 8vo. with illustrations. 12s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“A spirited record of sporting adventures, very entertaining and well worthy the attention -of all sportsmen who desire some fresher field than Europe can afford them.”--<cite>Press.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>A PILGRIMAGE INTO DAUPHINE;</span></b> <span class='sc'>With a Visit -to the Monastery of the Grande Chartreuse, and Anecdotes, -Incidents, and Sketches from Twenty Departments of France</span>. -By the REV. G. M. MUSGRAVE, A.M. 2 vols. with Illustrations.</p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a12'>a12</span><b><span class='large'>FAMILY ROMANCE; OR, DOMESTIC ANNALS OF -THE ARISTOCRACY.</span></b> By SIR BERNARD BURKE, <span class='sc'>Ulster King Of -Arms</span>. 2 vols. post 8vo. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Among the many other interesting legends and romantic family histories comprised -in these volumes, will be found the following:--The wonderful narrative -of Maria Stella, Lady Newborough, who claimed on such strong evidence to be -a Princess of the House of Orleans, and disputed the identity of Louis Philippe--The -story of the humble marriage of the beautiful Countess of Strathmore, and -the sufferings and fate of her only child--The Leaders of Fashion, from Gramont -to D’Orsay--The rise of the celebrated Baron Ward, now Prime Minister at -Parma--The curious claim to the Earldom of Crawford--The Strange Vicissitudes -of our Great Families, replete with the most romantic details--The story of the -Kirkpatricks of Closeburn (the ancestors of the French Empress), and the remarkable -tradition associated with them--The Legend of the Lambtons--The -verification in our own time of the famous prediction as to the Earls of Mar--Lady -Ogilvy’s escape--The Beresford and Wynyard ghost stories, &c.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"It were impossible to praise too highly as a work of amusement these two most interesting -volumes, whether we should have regard to its excellent plan or its not less excellent -execution. The volumes are just what ought to be found on every drawing-room table. -Here you have nearly fifty captivating romances with the pith of all their interest preserved -in undiminished poignancy, and any one may be read in half an hour. It is not the least of -their merits that the romances are founded on fact--or what, at least, has been handed down -for truth by long tradition--and the romance of reality far exceeds the romance of fiction. -Each story is told in the clear, unaffected style with which the author’s former works -have made the public familiar."--<cite>Standard.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE ROMANCE OF THE FORUM; OR, NARRATIVES, -SCENES, AND ANECDOTES FROM COURTS OF JUSTICE. -SECOND SERIES.</span></b> By PETER BURKE, <span class='sc'>Esq.</span>, of the Inner Temple -Barrister-at-Law. 2 vols. post 8vo. 12s.</p> - -<p class='c018'>PRINCIPAL CONTENTS:--Lord Crichton’s Revenge--The Great Douglas -Cause--Lord and Lady Kinnaird--Marie Delorme and Her Husband--The -Spectral Treasure--Murders in Inns of Court--Matthieson the Forger--Trials -that established the Illegality of Slavery--The Lover Highwayman--The -Accusing Spirit--The Attorney-General of the Reign of Terror--Eccentric -Occurrences in the Law--Adventuresses of Pretended Rank--The Courier of -Lyons--General Sarrazin’s Bigamy--The Elstree Murder--Count Bocarmé and -his wife--Professor Webster, &c.</p> - -<p class='c028'>“The favour with which the first series of this publication was received, has induced -Mr. Burke to extend his researches, which he has done with great judgment. The incidents -forming the subject of the second series are as extraordinary in every respect, as those which -obtained so high a meed of celebrity for the first.”--<cite>Messenger.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE.</span></b> By WILLIAM -HOWITT. 3 vols. post 8vo. (<em>Just Ready</em>).</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>SONGS OF THE CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS, -JACOBITE BALLADS,</span></b> &c. By G. W. THORNBURY. 1 vol. with -numerous Illustrations by <span class='sc'>H. S. Marks</span>. Elegantly bound. 6s.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"Mr. Thornbury has produced a volume of songs and ballads worthy to rank with -Macaulay’s or Aytoun’s Lays."--<cite>Chronicle.</cite> “Those who love picture, life, and costume -in song will here find what they love.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='pageno' id='Page_a13'>a13</span><b><span class='large'>POEMS.</span></b> BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, -GENTLEMAN,” "A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN," &c. -1 vol. with Illustrations by <span class='sc'>Birket Foster</span>. 10s. 6d. bound.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"A volume of poems which will assuredly take its place with those of Goldsmith, Gray, -and Cowper, on the favourite shelf of every Englishman’s library. We discover in these -poems all the firmness, vigour, and delicacy of touch which characterise the author’s prose -works, and in addition, an ineffable tenderness and grace, such as we find in few poetical -compositions besides those of Tennyson."--<cite>Illustrated News of the World.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“We are well pleased with these poems by our popular novelist. They are the expression -of genuine thoughts, feelings, and aspirations, and the expression is almost always graceful, -musical and well-coloured. A high, pure tone of morality pervades each set of verses, -and each strikes the reader as inspired by some real event, or condition of mind, and not by -some idle fancy or fleeting sentiment”--<cite>Spectator.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>A LIFE FOR A LIFE.</span></b> By the Author of -“<span class='sc'>John Halifax Gentleman</span>,” &c.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"In ‘A Life for a Life’ the author is fortunate in a good subject, and she has produced a -work of strong effect. The reader, having read the book through for the story, will be apt -(if he be of our persuasion) to return and read again many pages and passages with greater -pleasure than on a first perusal. The whole book is replete with a graceful, tender delicacy; -and, in addition to its other merits, it is written in good, careful English."--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"This book is signally the best its author has yet produced. The interest is intense, -and is everywhere admirably sustained. Incident abounds, and both dialogue and style are -natural and flowing. Great delicacy in the development of character, and a subtle power of -self-analysis are conspicuous in ‘A Life for a Life,‘ while the purity of its religious views, -and the elevation--the grandeur, indeed--of its dominating sentiments, render its influences -in every sense healthy and invigorating."--<cite>The Press.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"‘A Life for a Life’ is one of the best of the author’s works. We like it better than -‘John Halifax.’ It is a book we should like every member of every family in England to -read."--<cite>Herald.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>REALITIES OF PARIS LIFE.</span></b> By the Author -of “FLEMISH INTERIORS,” &c. 3 vols. with Illustrations. 31s. 6d.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"‘Realities of Paris Life’ Is a good addition to Paris books, and important as affording -true and sober pictures of the Paris poor."--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“There is much new matter pleasantly put together in these volumes. Their merit will -commend itself to all readers.”--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>NOVELS AND NOVELISTS, FROM ELIZABETH TO -VICTORIA.</span></b> By J. C. JEAFFRESON, <span class='sc'>Esq.</span> 2 vols. with Portraits. 21s.</p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>THE RIDES AND REVERIES OF MR. ÆSOP SMITH.</span></b> -By MARTIN F. TUPPER, D.C.L., F.R.S., Author of “Proverbial Philosophy,” -“Stephen Langton,” &c., 1 vol. post 8vo.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"This work will do good service to Mr. Tupper’s literary reputation. It combines -with lucidity and acuteness of judgment, freshness of fancy and elegance of sentiment. In -its cheerful and instructive pages sound moral principles are forcibly inculcated, and everyday -truths acquire an air of novelty, and are rendered peculiarly attractive by being expressed -in that epigrammatic language which so largely contributed to the popularity of the author’s -former work, entitled ‘Proverbial Philosophy.’"--<cite>Morning Post.</cite></p> - -<p class='c030'><b><span class='large'>A MOTHER’S TRIAL.</span></b> By the Author of -“<span class='sc'>The Discipline of Life</span>,” “<span class='sc'>The Two Brothers</span>,” &c. 1 vol. -with Illustrations, by <span class='sc'>Birket Foster</span>. 7s. 6d. bound.</p> - -<p class='c028'>"‘A Mother’s Trial,’ by Lady Emily Ponsonby, is a work we can recommend. It -breathes purity and refinement in every page.“--<cite>Leader.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c032'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_a14'>a14</span><b><span class='large'>SEVEN YEARS.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Julia Kavanagh</span>.</div> - <div>Author of ”<span class='sc'>Nathalie</span>," 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"Nothing can be better of its kind than -Miss Kavanagh’s ‘Seven Years.’ The -story never flags in interest, so life-like -are the characters that move in it, so -natural the incidents, and so genuine the -emotions they excite in persons who have -taken fast hold on our sympathy.“--<cite>Spectator.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>LUCY CROFTON.</span></b></div> - <div>By the Author of ”<span class='sc'>Margaret Maitland</span>."</div> - <div>1 vol.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“This is a charming novel. The characters -are excellent; the plot is well -defined and new; and the interest is kept -up with an intensity which is seldom -met with in these days. The author deserves -our thanks for one of the most -pleasant books of the season”--<cite>Herald.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>THE WOOD-RANGERS.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Captain Mayne Reid</span>.</div> - <div class='c000'>From the French of Louis de Bellemare.</div> - <div>3 vols., with illustrations.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>THE LITTLE BEAUTY.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Mrs. Grey</span>,</div> - <div>Author of "<span class='sc'>The Gambler’s Wife</span>.“ 3 v.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>MR. AND MRS. ASHETON.</span></b></div> - <div>By the Author of ”<span class='sc'>Margaret and her</span></div> - <div><span class='sc'>Bridesmaids</span>." 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>THE WAY OF THE WORLD.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Alison Reed</span>. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“There is a spell and fascination upon -one from the first page to the last.”--<cite>John -Bull.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>ALMOST A HEROINE.</span></b></div> - <div>By the Author of “<span class='sc'>Charles Auchester</span>,”</div> - <div>&c. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"This novel is the author’s best."--<cite>Herald.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>WAIT AND HOPE.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>John Edmund Reade</span>. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"‘Wait and Hope’ reminds us of the -style of Godwin."--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>RAISED TO THE PEERAGE.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Mrs. Octavius Owen</span>. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"‘Raised to the Peerage’ possesses very -many of the requisites of a really good -novel."--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>FEMALE INFLUENCE.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Lady Charlotte Pepys</span>, 2 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>LETHELIER.</span></b></div> - <div>by <span class='sc'>E. Heneage Dering</span>, Esq.</div> - <div>2 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>THE QUEEN Of HEARTS.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Wilkie Collins</span>. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"‘The Queen of Hearts’ is such a fascinating -creature that we cannot choose but -follow her through the pages with something -of a lover’s tenderness. As for the -three old men, they are as good in their -way as the Brothers Cheeryble of immortal -memory.“--<cite>Literary Gazette.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>STEPHAN LANGTON.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Martin F. Tuffer</span>. D.C.L. F.R.S.</div> - <div>Author of ”<span class='sc'>Proverbial Philosophy</span>,"</div> - <div>&c., 2 vols. with fine engravings.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“These volumes are pre-eminently qualified -to attract attention both from their -peculiar style and their great ability. The -author has long been celebrated for his -attainments in literary creation, but the -present work is incomparably superior to -anything he has hitherto produced.”--<cite>Sun.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>CREEDS.</span></b></div> - <div>By the Author of “<span class='sc'>The Morals of</span></div> - <div><span class='sc'>May Fair</span>.” 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“This is a novel of strong dramatic -situation, powerful plot, alluring and continuous -interest, admirably defined -characters, and much excellent remark -upon human motives and social positions.”--<cite>Literary -Gazette.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>THE LEES OF BLENDON HALL.</span></b></div> - <div>By the Author of “<span class='sc'>Alice Wentworth</span>.”</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“A powerful and well-sustained story of -strong interest.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>NEWTON DOGVANE.</span></b></div> - <div>A Story of English Life.</div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Francis Francis</span>.</div> - <div>With Illustrations by <span class='sc'>Leech</span>. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“A capital sporting novel.”--<cite>Chronicle.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>HELEN LINDSAY;</span></b></div> - <div>Or, <span class='sc'>The Trial of Faith</span>.</div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>A Clergyman’s Daughter</span>. 2 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>WOODLEIGH.</span></b></div> - <div>By the Author of “<span class='sc'>Wildflower</span>,”</div> - <div>“<span class='sc'>One and Twenty</span>,” &c. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>BENTLEY PRIORY.</span></b></div> - <div>By <span class='sc'>Mrs. Hastings Parker</span>. 3 vols.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“An acquisition to novel-readers from -its brilliant descriptions, sparkling style, -and interesting story.”--<cite>Sun.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_a15'>a15</span><span class='small'>NOW IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION.</span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='xlarge'>HURST AND BLACKETT’S STANDARD LIBRARY</span></div> - <div>OF CHEAP EDITIONS OF</div> - <div><span class='large'>POPULAR MODERN WORKS.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>Each in a single volume, elegantly printed, bound, and illustrated, price 5s.</div> - <div>A volume to appear every two months. The following are now ready.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c010' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>VOL. I.--SAM SLICK’S NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE.</span></b></div> - <div>ILLUSTRATED BY LEECH.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"The first volume of Messrs. Hurst and Blackett’s Standard Library of Cheap Editions -of Popular Modern Works forms a very good beginning to what will doubtless be a very -successful undertaking. ‘Nature and Human Nature’ is one of the best of Sam Slick’s -witty and humorous productions, and well entitled to the large circulation which it -cannot fail to obtain in its present convenient and cheap shape. The volume combines -with the great recommendations of a clear, bold type, and good paper, the lesser, but -still attractive merits, of being well illustrated and elegantly bound"--<cite>Morning Post.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"This new and cheap edition of Sam Slick’s popular work will be an acquisition to -all lovers of wit and humour. Mr. Justice Haliburton’s writings are so well known to -the English public that no commendation is needed. The volume is very handsomely -bound and illustrated, and the paper and type are excellent. It is in every way suited -for a library edition, and as the names of Messrs. Hurst and Blackett, warrant the -character of the works to be produced in their Standard Library, we have no doubt the -project will be eminently successful."--<cite>Sun.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>VOL. II.--JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c018'><span class='small'>“This is a very good and a very interesting work. It is designed to trace the career -from boyhood to age of a perfect man--a Christian gentleman, and it abounds in incident -both well and highly wrought. Throughout it is conceived in a high spirit, and written -with great ability, better than any former work, we think, of its deservedly successful -author. This cheap and handsome new edition is worthy to pass freely from hand to hand, -as a gift book in many households.”--<cite>Examiner.</cite></span></p> - -<p class='c018'><span class='small'>"The new and cheaper edition of this interesting work will doubtless meet with great -success. John Halifax, the hero of this most beautiful story, is no ordinary hero, and this, -his history, is no ordinary book. It is a full-length portrait of a true gentleman, one of -nature’s own nobility. It is also the history of a home and a thoroughly English one. -The work abounds in incident, and many of the scenes are full of graphic power and true -pathos. It is a book that few will read without becoming wiser and better."--<cite>Scotsman.</cite></span></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>VOL. III.--THE CRESCENT AND THE CROSS.</span></b></div> - <div>BY ELIOT WARBURTON.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“Independent of its value as an original narrative, and its useful and interesting -information, this work is remarkable for the colouring power and play of fancy with -which its descriptions are enlivened. Among its greatest and most lasting charms is its -reverent and serious spirit.”--<cite>Quarterly Review.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"A book calculated to prove more practically useful was never penned than ‘The -Crescent and the Cross’--a work which surpasses all others in its homage for the sublime -and its love for the beautiful in those famous regions consecrated to everlasting -immortality in the annals of the prophets, and which no other writer has ever depicted -with a pencil at once so reverent and so picturesque."--<cite>Sun.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>VOL. IV.--NATHALIE. BY MISS KAVANAGH.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"‘Nathalie’, is Miss Kavanagh’s best imaginative effort. Its manner is gracious and -attractive. Its matter is good. A sentiment, a tenderness, are commanded by her which -are as individual as they are elegant. We should not soon come to an end were we to -specify all the delicate touches and attractive pictures which place ‘Nathalie’ high among -books of its class."--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“A tale of untiring interest, full of deep touches of human nature. We have no hesitation -in predicting for this delightful tale a lasting popularity, and a place in the foremost -ranks of that most instructive kind of fiction--the moral novel.”--<cite>John Bull.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"A more judicious selection than ‘Nathalie’ could not have been made for Messrs. -Hurst and Blackett’s Standard Library. The series as it advances realises our first impression, -that it will be one of lasting celebrity."--<cite>Literary Gazette.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_a16'>a16</span><b><span class='large'>VOL. V.--A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN.</span></b></div> - <div>BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“A book of sound counsel. It is one of the most sensible works of its kind, well-written, -true-hearted, and altogether practical. Whoever wishes to give advice to a young lady -may thank the author for means of doing so.”--<cite>Examiner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"The author of ‘John Halifax’ will retain and extend her hold upon the reading and -reasonable public by the merits of her present work, which bears the stamp of good sense -and genial feeling."--<cite>Guardian.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“These thoughts are good and humane. They are thoughts we would wish women to -think”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"This really valuable volume ought to be in every young woman’s hand. It will teach -her how to think and how to act. We are glad to see it in this Standard Library."--<cite>Literary -Gazette.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>VOL. VI.--ADAM GRAEME, OF MOSSGRAY.</span></b></div> - <div>BY THE AUTHOR OF “MRS. MARGARET MAITLAND.”</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“‘Adam Graeme’ is a story awakening genuine emotions of interest and delight by its -admirable pictures of Scottish life and scenery. The plot is cleverly complicated, and -there is great vitality in the dialogue, and remarkable brilliancy in the descriptive passages, -as who that has read ‘Margaret Maitland’ would not be prepared to expect? But -the story has a ‘mightier magnet still,’ in the healthy tone which pervades it, in its feminine -delicacy of thought and diction, and in the truly womanly tenderness of its sentiments. -The eloquent author sets before us the essential attributes of Christian virtue, -their deep and silent workings in the heart, and their beautiful manifestations in the life, -with a delicacy, a power, and a truth which can hardly be surpassed."--<cite>Morning Post.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“‘Adam Graeme’ is full of eloquent writing and description. It is an uncommon work, -not only in the power of the style, in the interest of the narrative, and in the delineation -of character, but in the lessons it teaches."--<cite>Sun.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>VOL. VII.--SAM SLICK’S WISE SAWS</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='large'>AND MODERN INSTANCES.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>"The best of all Judge Haliburton’s admirable works. It is one of the pleasantest -books we ever read, and we earnestly recommend it."--<cite>Standard.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>"The humour of Sam Slick is inexhaustible. He is ever and everywhere a welcome -visitor; smiles greet his approach, and wit and wisdom hang upon his tongue. -The present production is remarkable alike for its racy humour, its sound philosophy, -the felicity of its illustrations, and the delicacy of its satire. We promise our readers -a great treat from the perusal of these ‘Wise Saws and Modern Instances,’ which contain a -world of practical wisdom, and a treasury of the richest fun."--<cite>Post.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><b><span class='large'>VOL. VIII.--CARDINAL WISEMAN’S RECOLLECTIONS</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='large'>OF THE LAST FOUR POPES.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>“There is no dynasty of European sovereigns about which we English entertain so -much vague curiosity, or have so little information, as about the successors to the Popedom. -Cardinal Wiseman is just the author to meet this curiosity. His book is the lively record -of what he has himself seen, and what none but himself, perhaps, has had so good an -opportunity of thoroughly estimating. There is a gossipping, all-telling style about the -book which is certain to make it popular with English readers.”--<cite>John Bull.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“A picturesque book on Rome and its ecclesiastical sovereigns, by an eloquent Roman -Catholic. Cardinal Wiseman has here treated a special subject with so much generality and -geniality, that his recollections will excite no ill-feeling in those who are most conscientiously -opposed to every idea of human <ins class='correction' title='infalilbity'>infallibility</ins> represented in Papal domination.”--<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> - -<p class='c028'>“In the description of the scenes, the ceremonies, the ecclesiastical society, the manners -and habits of Sacerdotal Rome, this work is unrivalled. It is full of anecdotes. We could -fill columns with amusing extracts.”--<cite>Chronicle.</cite></p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span class='large'>Footnotes</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c033' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span>Referring to a former letter, dated the 10th of March.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. </span>Nichols, vol. iv., p. 839.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. </span>Referring to the key presented to the Duke by the -King of Spain.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxi., No. 13.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxlvi., No. 23.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 39.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 49.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxlvii., No. 40.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxlvii., No. 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. </span>Kennet’s History of England, vol. ii., p. 765.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. </span>Letter from Madrid, August, 1623.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. </span> A cousin of the Earl of Bristol’s.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. </span> Letter from Simon Digby. State Papers for 1623, -July 25.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. </span>Letter from Madrid, State Papers, August 21, 1623.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. </span>State Papers, May 28, 1623.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. </span>Epistolæ Hoelianæ.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. </span>Epistolæ Hoelianæ.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. </span>Nichols, vol. iii., p. 227.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. </span>Dated July 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. </span> State Papers, vol. cxlviii., No. 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 125.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. </span>Ibid, vol. clix., No. 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. xlix., Nos. 20 and 22.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. xlix., No. 69.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxlix., No. 91.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 887.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. </span>Ibid, p. 887; from Birch’s MSS., Brit. Museum, 4174.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. </span>It seems that this expensive allowance to the ambassadors -was suffered to go on till after the 14th of August, when -Secretary Conway wrote to Secretary Calvert to complain -that it had not then been discontinued, and that the delay -in doing so put the King out of all patience, fearing that the -letters written on the subject were lost. The post, Conway -remarks, travels slowly, taking ten hours from London to -Staines. He recommends reformation therein.--State Papers, -vol. cl., No. 98.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. </span>Sir H. Wotton, p. 218.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 888.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. </span>State Papers, cxlix., No. 107.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cli., Nos. 86, 87.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. </span>Somers’s Tracts, vol. ii., p. 352.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. </span>A Relation of the Royal Festivities and Fuego -Canad. By Don Antonio de la Penna, from a translation -in the British Museum.--Nichols, p. 889.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. </span>Nichols, 901.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. </span>Nichols, 903.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. </span>Nichols, 905.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. </span>A professed nun.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. </span>State Papers, 1623. Foreign.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. </span>Confirmed by State Papers, vol. cliii., No. 44.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. </span>Hume, from Rushworth’s Collection’s, vol i., p. 103.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 913. From Haddwicke State Papers, vol. -i, p. 476.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. </span>Narrative of the journey of the Prince’s servants into -Spain; printed at the end of the Life of Richard II., by -Hearne.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. </span>It was improved before the time of the Commonwealth, -when Lady Fanshawe describes it as approached by a double -row of elms, and having a large park well stored with -wood and water; she speaks of seventeen courts, with -gardens in each, and of a very fine palace; the walls of the -building were of marble, so polished that Titian had painted -them “all over.” She says also that the palace is “royally -furnished.”--See Miss Costello’s Life of Lady Fanshawe, -p. 389.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 923, from Haddwicke Papers, vol. i., p. 475.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 926, from the Diary of Phineas Pette. -There were four narratives of persons who had their -voyage to Spain printed--Lord Carey of Leppington, Sir -Richard Wynn, Sir John Finet and Phineas Pette.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. </span>State Papers, Calendar, vol. cliii., p. 44.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cliii., No. 44.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. </span>Tobie died at Ghent, in 1665, having become a Jesuit. -Lord Orford has, according to Nichols, placed Tobie -Mathew erroneously on the list of painters, and misled -Grainger and others, owing to the reference to the Infanta’s -picture above stated.--Nichols p. 931, note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. </span>Epistolæ Hoelianæ.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. </span>State Papers. Domestic. March 30, 1622, vol. cxxviii., -No. 96.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. </span>Birches’s MSS., 4174.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxxix., No. 92.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 843; from papers in the Advocate’s Library, -Edinburgh.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. </span>Harleian, vol. 6987.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. </span>Nichols, 850.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f57'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. </span>Nichols, from Harleian MSS., 6987.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f58'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxi., No. 13.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f59'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. </span>Laud’s Diary.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f60'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. </span>Harleian MSS., 389.--See Nichols, 1113, note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f61'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. </span>Reliquiæ Wottonianæ, 219.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f62'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. </span>State Papers, Domestic, vol. cxxxvii., p. 5.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxxxix., No. 91.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. </span>Ibid, vol. cxxxviii., No. 9; Dudley Carleton to Sir -Dudley Carleton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. </span>Ibid, vol. cxxxii., No. 64.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxxxix., No. 71.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. </span>Ibid, vol. cxxii., No. 88.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxxix., No. 50. Domestic.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxx., No. 71.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. </span>Nichols, 945.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. </span>Ibid, 960.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. </span>Life of Keeper Williams, 138.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. </span>Hacket’s Life, p. 229.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. </span>Williams wrote, for the Countess’s especial conversion, -“A Manual of the Elements of the Orthodox Religion, by -an Old Prebend of Westminster,” of which twenty copies -only were printed, and all presented to the Marquis.--Nichols, -vol. iii., p. 257.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. </span>Hacket’s Life of Williams, pp. 172, 173.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. </span>Hacket’s Life of Williams, p. 147.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. </span>Hacket, 148.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. </span>See Hacket’s Life of Williams. Also Mr. Chamberlain’s -Letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, quoted in Nichols, -961, from Birch’s MSS., Brit. Mus., 417. These separate -accounts are here connected; and Mr. Chamberlain’s date -and statement of the place to which the King went, -adopted upon the ground given by Nichols.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. </span>Hacket, 164.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. </span>Ibid, 167.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. </span>Hacket, 161. From Sanderson, p. 552; taken from the -Spanish reports of their conference.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. </span>Howell’s Letters.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f84'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. </span>Life of Lord Keeper Williams, p. 164.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f85'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 943.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f86'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. </span>Hacket, p. 157.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f87'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 964.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f88'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. </span>Hacket, 168.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f89'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. </span>Hacket, p. 69.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f90'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. </span>Heylyn’s Life of Laud, p. 113.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f91'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. </span>Hacket, p. 169.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f92'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. </span> State Papers, cxxix., No. 62.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f93'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. </span> Ibid, cxix., No. 68.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f94'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxix., No. 55.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f95'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 70.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f96'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. </span>State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f97'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r97'>97</a>. </span>Ibid, Nos. 93, 94.--Locke to Carleton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f98'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r98'>98</a>. </span>State Papers, clx., Nos. 8 and 10.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f99'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. </span>Ibid, Nos. 1 and 33.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f100'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r100'>100</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clix., No. 83.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f101'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r101'>101</a>. </span>State Papers, No. 92.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f102'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r102'>102</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 85.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f103'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r103'>103</a>. </span>Latter from Secretary Conway to Carleton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f104'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r104'>104</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxiii., No. 59.--April 10, 1623.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f105'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r105'>105</a>. </span>Ibid, vol. clxiii., No. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f106'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxliv., No. 13.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f107'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r107'>107</a>. </span>Lord Middlesex to Secretary Conway.--State Papers, -vol. cxliii., No. 20.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f108'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. </span>Lord Middlesex to Secretary Conway.--State Papers, -vol. cxliii., No. 60.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f109'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 962.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f110'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r110'>110</a>. </span>Nichols, p. 970.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f111'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r111'>111</a>. </span>Ibid, p. 849.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f112'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r112'>112</a>. </span>State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f113'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r113'>113</a>. </span>Ibid, pp. 972, 975.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f114'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. </span>Hacket, from Cabala, p. 223.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f115'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r115'>115</a>. </span>State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f116'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r116'>116</a>. </span>Ellis’s Original Letters, 2nd series, vol. iii., p. 245-46. -There are nineteen volumes in the Sloane MSS., British -Museum, consisting of notes in Latin, in the handwriting of -Mayerne, forming a journal of the cases which he attended -from 1611 to 1649. “These,” says Sir Henry Ellis, “may -be styled, for the period they embrace, ‘Medical Annals of -the Court of England.’”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f117'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r117'>117</a>. </span>State Papers. Letter from Edward Herbert to James I., -p. 168.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f118'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r118'>118</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cliv., No. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f119'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r119'>119</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 17.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f120'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r120'>120</a>. </span>Letter from Chamberlain to Carleton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f121'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r121'>121</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 17.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f122'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r122'>122</a>. </span>Coke’s Detections, p. 224.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f123'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r123'>123</a>. </span>Lord Middlesex.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f124'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r124'>124</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 53.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f125'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r125'>125</a>. </span>Nichols, 970.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f126'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r126'>126</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clix., Nos. 45, 46.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f127'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r127'>127</a>. </span>Nichols, 790.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f128'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r128'>128</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clx., No. 63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f129'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r129'>129</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 68.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f130'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r130'>130</a>. </span>State Papers, No. 27.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f131'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r131'>131</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 10.--Locke to Carleton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f132'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r132'>132</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxiv., No. 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f133'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r133'>133</a>. </span>Ibid, No. 44.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f134'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r134'>134</a>. </span>Note in Nichols, 937, from Finett’s Philoxenis.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f135'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r135'>135</a>. </span>Letter from Chamberlain to Carleton, Nov. 21.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f136'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r136'>136</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxvi., No. 62.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f137'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r137'>137</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxv., No. 29.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f138'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r138'>138</a>. </span>Ibid, vol. clxix., No. 14.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f139'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r139'>139</a>. </span>Light open baskets for flowers, and still so called by -gardeners.--Gifford’s Ben Jonson.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f140'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r140'>140</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxii, No. 13.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f141'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r141'>141</a>. </span>State Papers, clxii., <a id='corr137.141.1'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='No. 15.'>No. 45.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_137.141.1'><ins class='correction' title='No. 15.'>No. 45.</ins></a></span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f142'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r142'>142</a>. </span>State Papers, clxiv., No. 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f143'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r143'>143</a>. </span>May 5th, 1624.--State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f144'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r144'>144</a>. </span>State Papers, clxiv., No. 86.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f145'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r145'>145</a>. </span>Parl. History, 1411, 1471.--See Lord Campbell, Article -Coke.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f146'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r146'>146</a>. </span>State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f147'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r147'>147</a>. </span>State Papers, vol cxlii., Nos. 44, 54.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f148'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r148'>148</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxxxv., No. 48.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f149'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r149'>149</a>. </span>Probably typhoid, which is characterized by some spots. -State Papers, vol. clxxxv., No. 99.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f150'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r150'>150</a>. </span>Hardwicke, State Papers, 562, 564.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f151'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r151'>151</a>. </span>Dated March 16, from Theobald’s.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f152'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r152'>152</a>. </span>Ibid, 563.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f153'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r153'>153</a>. </span>Letter of Conway to Lord Carlisle; dated March 16, -from Theobald’s, 566.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f154'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r154'>154</a>. </span>Macaulay, vol.i., p.441.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f155'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r155'>155</a>. </span>Weldon, in James’s time, which, in a writer wholly -without principle, is not surprising, attaches guilt to Buckingham -in this case; but that Brodie should credit the -slanderous statement against Charles and the Duke, seems -to modern readers wonderful.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f156'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r156'>156</a>. </span>Coke’s Detection, vol. i., p. 126.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f157'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r157'>157</a>. </span>Ibid, 177.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f158'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r158'>158</a>. </span>Fuller’s Church History, b. x. p., 113.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f159'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r159'>159</a>. </span>Nichols.--From Harleian MSS., 389.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f160'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r160'>160</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f161'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r161'>161</a>. </span>Weldon, p. 39.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f162'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r162'>162</a>. </span>Brodie’s <a id='corr154.152.1'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cor.'>Con.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_154.152.1'><ins class='correction' title='Cor.'>Con.</ins></a></span> Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f163'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r163'>163</a>. </span>Brodie’s <a id='corr155.163.1'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Cor.'>Con.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_155.163.1'><ins class='correction' title='Cor.'>Con.</ins></a></span> Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f164'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r164'>164</a>. </span>Ibid, 119.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f165'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r165'>165</a>. </span>Letter from Andrew Herriott to Nicholas, State Papers. -Calendar, by Mr. Bruce, vol. xliv., No. 27, dated May 27, -1627.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f166'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r166'>166</a>. </span>Oldmixon, 70.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f167'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r167'>167</a>. </span>Harleian MSS., 405. It was revived by the disaffected -in 1642, with some alteration of language.--Nichols, -41033.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f168'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r168'>168</a>. </span>Oldmixon, 70.--From Wilson and Weldon.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f169'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r169'>169</a>. </span>Nichols, 1032.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f170'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r170'>170</a>. </span>Nichols, 1054.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f171'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r171'>171</a>. </span>See Inedited State Papers. Foreign, for 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f172'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r172'>172</a>. </span>Rushworth, vol. i., p. 167.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f173'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r173'>173</a>. </span>Coke’s Detection, vol i., p. 182.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f174'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r174'>174</a>. </span>Lives of the Queens of England, vol. viii., p. 13.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f175'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r175'>175</a>. </span>His mother, the Countess of Warwick, lived for some -time with, and afterwards married, the Earl of Devonshire.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f176'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r176'>176</a>. </span>On the 24th of September, 1624.--Clarendon’s History -of the Rebellion, vol. i., p. 61.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f177'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r177'>177</a>. </span>Brydges’s Peers of James I., p. 385. Also Clarendon, -vol. i., p. 62.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f178'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r178'>178</a>. </span>Life of Lord Keeper Williams, 209.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f179'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r179'>179</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f180'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r180'>180</a>. </span>Cabala.--Letter from Lord Kensington to the Duke of -Buckingham, vol. i., p. 286.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f181'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r181'>181</a>. </span>Henrietta Maria.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f182'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r182'>182</a>. </span>Cabala.--Letter from Lord Kensington to the Prince -p. 287.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f183'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r183'>183</a>. </span>Mr. Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton. State Paper Office. -Dated 24th October, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f184'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r184'>184</a>. </span>State Paper Office. Dated Nov. 1, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f185'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r185'>185</a>. </span>Cabala, vol. i., p. 288.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f186'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r186'>186</a>. </span>Memoires de Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 21.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f187'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r187'>187</a>. </span>Cabala, 291.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f188'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r188'>188</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f189'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r189'>189</a>. </span>Cabala, 286.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f190'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r190'>190</a>. </span>Ellis’s Original Letters, 2nd series, vol. iii., p. 199.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f191'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r191'>191</a>. </span>Letter from Lord Kensington to the Duke of Buckingham.--Ellis’s -Original Letters, 3rd series, vol. iii., p. 169; -also, Cabala, p. 294.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f192'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r192'>192</a>. </span>Cabala, p. 1287. This letter is dated Feb. 26, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f193'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r193'>193</a>. </span>Rushworth’s Collection, p. 169.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f194'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r194'>194</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f195'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r195'>195</a>. </span>According to one account, the Duke of Anjou, the brother -of Henrietta, was proxy for the King of England.--See -Mr. Mead’s Letter to Sir Martin Stuteville, April -30; Ellis’s Letters, 1st series, p. 190. 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f196'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r196'>196</a>. </span>Ellis’s Letters, vol. iii., p. 187.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f197'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r197'>197</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f198'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r198'>198</a>. </span>Ellis’s Letters, vol. iii., p. 187.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f199'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r199'>199</a>. </span>The 31st of March.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f200'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r200'>200</a>. </span>Decoration at this time was carried to such an extent -in France, that Lord Kensington describes some of -the masquers at a court fête as having almost all their -clothes embroidered with diamonds; embroidery of gold -and silver being at that time forbidden.--Cabala, 290.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f201'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r201'>201</a>. </span>See Ellis’s Original Letters, 1st series, vol. i., p. 189.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f202'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r202'>202</a>. </span>Ellis’s Letters.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f203'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r203'>203</a>. </span>Rushworth, p. 170.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f204'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r204'>204</a>. </span>Louis XIV. was not born on the 5th of September, 1538.--See -Memoir of Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 71.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f205'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r205'>205</a>. </span>Memoir of Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 428.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f206'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r206'>206</a>. </span> Ibid, 199, said by Henry III. of France.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f207'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r207'>207</a>. </span>Ibid, 11.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f208'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r208'>208</a>. </span>Madame de Motteville, pp. 29, 30.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f209'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r209'>209</a>. </span>Madame de Motteville, p. 20.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f210'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r210'>210</a>. </span>Madame de Motteville, p. 33.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f211'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r211'>211</a>. </span>Biographie Universelle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f212'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r212'>212</a>. </span>Petilot, Notice sur Richelieu, ii., p. 112.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f213'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r213'>213</a>. </span>Petilot, x., 126.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f214'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r214'>214</a>. </span>Memoirs of the Court of King James, by Bishop Goodman, -edited by the Rev. T. B. Brewer, vol. ii., p. 344. -Taken from the original Hol. Tan., lxxiii., 392. Translated -from the French.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f215'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r215'>215</a>. </span>Memoires de Madame de Motteville, vol. i, p. 14.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f216'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r216'>216</a>. </span>Memoires de Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 16.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f217'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r217'>217</a>. </span>Reliquiæ Wottonianæ, 221.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f218'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r218'>218</a>. </span>Miss Aikin’s Memoirs of Charles I., vol. i.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f219'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r219'>219</a>. </span>Bishop Goodman, vol. i., p. 290. Letter from Balthazar -Gerbier of the Duke of Buckingham. Also State Papers, -vol. iii., No. 7.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f220'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r220'>220</a>. </span>Punctilio was then at its height. The point of etiquette, -whether the Earl of Carlisle was to wait upon the -Cardinal first, or the Cardinal upon the Earl, was settled -by Richelieu’s feigning sickness and continuing in bed.--Miss -Aikin’s Court of Charles I., p. 24.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f221'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r221'>221</a>. </span>Madame de Motteville, vol. i., p. 15.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f222'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r222'>222</a>. </span>Court and Times of James I., by Bishop Goodman, vol. -ii., p. 265.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f223'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r223'>223</a>. </span>Ibid, p. 311.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f224'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r224'>224</a>. </span>Rushworth, p. 170.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f225'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r225'>225</a>. </span>Inedited Letter in the State Paper Office. (Not in the -Calendar.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f226'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r226'>226</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. iii., No. 25.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f227'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r227'>227</a>. </span>Rushworth, p. 171.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f228'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r228'>228</a>. </span>Kennet’s Complete History of England, vol. ii., p. 4.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f229'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r229'>229</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f230'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r230'>230</a>. </span>Inedited Letter in the State Paper Office.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f231'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r231'>231</a>. </span>Life of Lord Keeper Williams, p. 10.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f232'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r232'>232</a>. </span>Court of King Charles, Secret History of the Court of -James I., p. 23.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f233'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r233'>233</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f234'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r234'>234</a>. </span>Lilly’s True History of James I. and Charles I.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f235'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r235'>235</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxxxiii., No. 41.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f236'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r236'>236</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxxxiv., No. 7.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f237'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r237'>237</a>. </span>State Papers.--Letter dated Feb. 19th.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f238'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r238'>238</a>. </span>Letter from Sir R. Heath and Sir T. Coventry to the -Duke of Buckingham.--See Bishop Goodman’s Memoirs, -vol. ii., p. 376.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f239'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r239'>239</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxxiv., No. 47. Inedited Papers, -Domestic, 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f240'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r240'>240</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. clxxiv., No. 47.--Chamberlain to -Sir D. Carleton, Feb. 26th, 1625. Inedited State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f241'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r241'>241</a>. </span>Inedited Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, -State Paper Office.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f242'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r242'>242</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cxxxv., No. 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f243'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r243'>243</a>. </span>Campbell’s Life of Sir E. Coke, p. 335, note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f244'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r244'>244</a>. </span>Lloyd’s State Worthies.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f245'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r245'>245</a>. </span>State Papers, vol. cliv., No. 85.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f246'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r246'>246</a>. </span>Goodman’s Memoirs, vol. ii., p. 313.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f247'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r247'>247</a>. </span>Ibid, p. 264.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f248'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r248'>248</a>. </span>Dated April 1st, 1623; Harl. MSS., 1581, p. 129.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f249'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r249'>249</a>. </span>One of the Duke’s attendants.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f250'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r250'>250</a>. </span>Harl. MSS., 1581, p. 279.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f251'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r251'>251</a>. </span>Inedited Documents in the State Paper Office, July -13th, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f252'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r252'>252</a>. </span>State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f253'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r253'>253</a>. </span>To the Earl of Carlisle, 22,000 crowns. To the Earl of -Holland, 20,000 crowns. Sir G. Young had a diamond -from the King worth 2,000 francs; from the queen-mother -one of 300<em>l.</em>, and curious plate to the value of 12,000<em>l.</em>--State -Papers, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f254'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r254'>254</a>. </span>Parallel. Reliquiæ Wotton., p. 172.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f255'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r255'>255</a>. </span>Ibid, 174.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f256'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r256'>256</a>. </span>Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton. In -edited State Papers, June 13th, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f257'> -<p class='c001'><span class='label'><a href='#r257'>257</a>. </span>In the State Paper Office there are several letters from -Endymion Porter to his wife, written in the inflated style -of love letters of that period, which the curious in such matters -will find in the Domestic Papers, 1624, 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f258'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r258'>258</a>. </span>On the 22nd of June, 1625. I have not found this account -in any of our historians.--State Papers, inedited.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f259'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r259'>259</a>. </span>Sturgeon, as well as whales, were excepted from the -other great fishes, sea dogs, called royal fishes, to which the -Lord High Admiral laid claim, when they came near the -shore by right.--See Chamberlayne’s State of England, -p. 81.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f260'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r260'>260</a>. </span>Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, June 25.--State -Papers inedited.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f261'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r261'>261</a>. </span>Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, June 25.--State -Papers inedited.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f262'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r262'>262</a>. </span>State Papers, for 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f263'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r263'>263</a>. </span>Chamberlain to Sir D. Carleton, Jan. 1, 1619-20.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f264'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r264'>264</a>. </span>Hume.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f265'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r265'>265</a>. </span>Those in the State Paper Office, to which Mr. Lechmere -the Keeper, and Mr. Lemon the Deputy Keeper, first -directed my attention; and to those gentlemen I am, therefore, -wholly indebted for any new view of Buckingham’s -character which these remarks, and those which are to follow, -may afford. The Domestic Papers have been within the last -few years completely arranged, and an accurate calendar made -of them, by which the historical reader may derive the greatest -possible assistance.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f266'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r266'>266</a>. </span>Anderson’s History of Commerce, vol. ii., p. 140.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f267'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r267'>267</a>. </span>The largest of Queen Elizabeth’s ships, at her death, -was of 1,000 tons, carrying 340 mariners and 40 cannon; -the smallest, of 600 tons, carrying 150 mariners and 30 -cannon; besides the hired vessels.--Macpherson’s History -of <a id='corr247.267.5'></a><span class='htmlonly'><ins class='correction' title='Commerce,'>Commerce.</ins></span><span class='epubonly'><a href='#c_247.267.5'><ins class='correction' title='Commerce,'>Commerce.</ins></a></span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f268'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r268'>268</a>. </span>Hist. World, lib. 5, cap. 1, sect. 6.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f269'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r269'>269</a>. </span>Bishop Goodman’s Life of King James I.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f270'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r270'>270</a>. </span>See the Domestic Papers for 1619-20, State Paper Office.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f271'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r271'>271</a>. </span>Domestic State Papers, inedited. The agreement is -dated July 17, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f272'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r272'>272</a>. </span>Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, -dated London, Nov. 12, 1619.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f273'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r273'>273</a>. </span>A note of the charge of the fleet, among the undated -papers in the State Paper Office, probably 1625, computes -it at 65,656<em>l.</em> Our Navy Force had then been considerably -augmented. Some of the items are as follow:--"For -bringing of the King’s shippes into full equipage, for clothes -for the men, for impress for surgeons."</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f274'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r274'>274</a>. </span>Macpherson’s History of Commerce.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f275'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r275'>275</a>. </span>Domestic Papers. Letters from J. Burgh, dated Plymouth -January 8, 1628.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f276'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r276'>276</a>. </span>Macpherson, 339.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f277'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r277'>277</a>. </span>Macpherson, iv., 4, 377.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f278'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r278'>278</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f279'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r279'>279</a>. </span>Inedited Letter from Sir J. Hippesley, Jan. 19, 1625. -Calendar, vol. cxxxix., No. 18.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f280'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r280'>280</a>. </span>Domestic State Papers, inedited, dated April 14, 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f281'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r281'>281</a>. </span>Remarks on History, vol. ii., p. 220, Letter XX.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f282'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r282'>282</a>. </span>Coke’s Delection, vol. ii., p. 188.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f283'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r283'>283</a>. </span>Inedited State Papers, dated April 1, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f284'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r284'>284</a>. </span>Inedited State Papers, Domestic, 1623.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f285'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r285'>285</a>. </span>Letter from Sir J. Killigrew to Sir D. Carleton, -December 12th, 1619, and February, 1619-20. Inedited -State Papers. By the same letter it appears that it cost -ten shillings a night to supply the light.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f286'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r286'>286</a>. </span>Pepys’s Diary, 3rd edition, vol. ii., p. 31.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f287'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r287'>287</a>. </span>Macpherson’s History of Commerce, vol. iv., p. 317.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f288'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r288'>288</a>. </span>Bishop Goodman’s Memoirs, vol i., p. 55.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f289'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r289'>289</a>. </span>Brodie’s Constitutional History of the British Empire, -vol. ii. p. 8.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f290'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r290'>290</a>. </span>Heylyn’s Life of Laud, p. 145.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f291'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r291'>291</a>. </span>Heylyn’s Life of Laud, p. 145.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f292'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r292'>292</a>. </span>Heylyn.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f293'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r293'>293</a>. </span>Ibid, p. 118, and <em>passim</em>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f294'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r294'>294</a>. </span>Heylyn, p. 119.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f295'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r295'>295</a>. </span>Hume--Appendix to the Reign of James I., p.38.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f296'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r296'>296</a>. </span>Heylyn, p. 142.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f297'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r297'>297</a>. </span>Brodie, ii. p.89.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f298'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r298'>298</a>. </span>Brodie.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f299'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r299'>299</a>. </span>Heylyn, 143.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f300'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r300'>300</a>. </span>Heylyn, in his life of Laud, recites these names--Glandville, -Herbert, Sheldon, Pym, Wansford, and Sherland; -the prologue made by Sir Dudley Digges, and the epilogue -by Sir John Eliot.--Heylyn, 143.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f301'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r301'>301</a>. </span>Inedited letter in the State Paper Office, 1623, vol. 28.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f302'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r302'>302</a>. </span>A full statement of the charges may be seen in Brodie’s -Constitutional History, vol. ii., p. 113, from Rushworth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f303'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r303'>303</a>. </span>Brodie, from Rushworth, vol. ii., p.121.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f304'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r304'>304</a>. </span>Inedited State Papers, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f305'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r305'>305</a>. </span>Inedited State Papers; date, October 11th, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f306'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r306'>306</a>. </span>Letter from Mr. Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton. -Inedited State Papers, June 5th, 1624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f307'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r307'>307</a>. </span>Inedited State Papers. January, 1617-18.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f308'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r308'>308</a>. </span>Brodie, vol. i., p.113.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f309'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r309'>309</a>. </span>Dated August 20th, 1618.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f310'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r310'>310</a>. </span>Inedited State Papers, 1625. This sum was eventually -reduced to 5,000<em>l.</em></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f311'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r311'>311</a>. </span>Letter from Secretary Nameton.--State Paper Office, -Oct. 18, 1618.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f312'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r312'>312</a>. </span>Inedited State Papers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f313'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r313'>313</a>. </span>Brodie, vol. ii., p. 113.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f314'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r314'>314</a>. </span>Ibid, 123.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f315'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r315'>315</a>. </span>Date, March 6, 1625.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f316'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r316'>316</a>. </span>Life of Archbishop Laud.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f317'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r317'>317</a>. </span>Brodie, vol. ii., p. 125.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f318'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r318'>318</a>. </span>Sir Henry Wotton, p. 225.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f319'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r319'>319</a>. </span>Hume.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f320'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r320'>320</a>. </span>Heylyn, p. 144.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f321'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r321'>321</a>. </span>Hume, vol. vi., p. 179.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f322'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r322'>322</a>. </span>Lives of the Chancellors, vol. i., p. 325.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f323'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r323'>323</a>. </span>Hume, from Franklyn, p. 195.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f324'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r324'>324</a>. </span>Heylyn, p. 153.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f325'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r325'>325</a>. </span>Heylyn, p. 159.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f326'> -<p class='c018'><span class='label'><a href='#r326'>326</a>. </span>Hume, p. 129.</p> -</div> - -<p class='c018'><a id='endnote'></a></p> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span class='large'>Transcriber’s Note</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='htmlonly'> - -<p class='c018'>The text ends with 16 pages of advertising by the publisher. The pagination -begins again from page 1 in that section. The letter ‘a’ has been -added for uniqueness.</p> - -</div> - -<p class='c018'>There are several anomolies in the footnoting. In the original, there -is a single footnote 1 in the Preface, and the numbering begins again -at the opening of the first chapter. The sequence continues to 99, -and then restarts with 1. This is repeated several times. There -are also several notes which are denoted only with a traditional asterisk. -On occasion, footnotes appear out of order. There is no apparent -reason for the dual system, and it seems most likely that the non-numeric -references were added later, after the numbering had been completed, -and were used to avoid the need to re-sequence work already done.</p> - -<p class='c018'>For this text, all footnotes have been re-sequenced numerically across -the whole volume, to assure uniqueness. They will appear in the correct -order.</p> - -<p class='c018'>There was a unaccountable gap in the numbering between -note 14 (now 317) on p. 304 and note 27 on the following page. That -gap has been closed.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The footnote number ‘59’ (now 159) on p. 150 was missing, and was -restored here. The same problem occurred on p. 188. Note 8 (now 206) -has been restored.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and -are noted here.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Given the frequent quotations, it was inevitable that opening -and closing quotation marks would sometimes be lost or misplaced. -A sampling of these problematic passages reveals that -the author has a tendency to paraphrase and otherwise misquote. -They are placed here where the context or voice makes their position -obvious, or where an inspection of the original sources was possible -and allowed for the proper placement.</p> - -<p class='c018'>Where, in resolving these discrepancies, it was found that the -reference to sources were themselves incorrect, the correction -has been made. Since there is no bibliography specifying the -edition of the author’s sources, these corrections were made -only where the error was obvious. For instance, in a passage -on pp. 136-137, footnote 140, referring to State Paper, cxlii., No 13, -was can be validated, however the matter referred to in the -following note, incorrectly identifies the paragraph as No. 15, -rather than No. 45, where the paraphrased quotation can be -found. Again, no attempt was made to validate the accuracy of -these attributions except where the problematic printings of -quotations were being resolved.</p> - -<p class='c018'>The references below are to the page and line in the original. Where three numbers -are referenced, the second refers to a note on that page, and the third to the -line therein.</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='14%' /> -<col width='61%' /> -<col width='23%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_9.4'></a><a href='#corr9.4'>9.4</a></td> - <td class='c034'>in returning to land at Southampton,[”]</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_34.3'></a><a href='#corr34.3'>34.3</a></td> - <td class='c034'>King Philip, followed by his [thaclow], Don Carlos</td> - <td class='c035'><em>Sic</em>: ?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_37.8'></a><a href='#corr37.8'>37.8</a></td> - <td class='c034'>Buckingham added in a post[s]cript</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_43.11'></a><a href='#corr43.11'>43.11</a></td> - <td class='c034'>two pairs of pearl-shaped ear-rings, marvellous great.[”]</td> - <td class='c035'><em>sic</em> no “</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_70.15'></a><a href='#corr70.15'>70.15</a></td> - <td class='c034'>now that he was going to the House of Rinmon.[”]</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_80.15'></a><a href='#corr80.15'>80.15</a></td> - <td class='c034'>[“]pious endeavours would fill the King</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_80.28'></a><a href='#corr80.28'>80.28</a></td> - <td class='c034'>guided by wor[l]dly wisdom</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_105.8'></a><a href='#corr105.8'>105.8</a></td> - <td class='c034'>and others, [“]to bargain for them,</td> - <td class='c035'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_137.4'></a><a href='#corr137.4'>137.4</a></td> - <td class='c034'>leaving his minister to his fate.[”]</td> - <td class='c035'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_137.141.1'></a><a href='#corr137.141.1'>137.141.1</a></td> - <td class='c034'>State Papers, clxii., No. [15/45]</td> - <td class='c035'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_154.152.1'></a><a href='#corr154.152.1'>154.152.1</a></td> - <td class='c034'>Brodie’s Co[r/n]. Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, note.</td> - <td class='c035'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_155.163.1'></a><a href='#corr155.163.1'>155.163.1</a></td> - <td class='c034'>Brodie’s Co[r/n]. Hist., vol. ii., p. 128, note.</td> - <td class='c035'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_168.25'></a><a href='#corr168.25'>168.25</a></td> - <td class='c034'>The Earl of Holland had had,[”] says Bishop Hacket,</td> - <td class='c035'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_183.16'></a><a href='#corr183.16'>183.16</a></td> - <td class='c034'>[“]a feather made with great diamonds</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_182.18'></a><a href='#corr182.18'>182.18</a></td> - <td class='c034'>all studded with diamonds,[”]</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_184.2'></a><a href='#corr184.2'>184.2</a></td> - <td class='c034'>all [‘]things suitable.[’/”] [“]His other suits,” adds the narrator</td> - <td class='c035'>Removed/Replaced/Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_184.24'></a><a href='#corr184.24'>184.24</a></td> - <td class='c034'>were provided with three rich suits a[ ]piece</td> - <td class='c035'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_232.3'></a><a href='#corr232.3'>232.3</a></td> - <td class='c034'>[“]a disease which all the drugs of Asia</td> - <td class='c035'>Added. Pro</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_237.21'></a><a href='#corr237.21'>237.21</a></td> - <td class='c034'>that would give him no rest.[”]</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_238.19'></a><a href='#corr238.19'>238.19</a></td> - <td class='c034'>it is dated, “Burghley, 18th July, 1625.[”]></td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_247.267.5'></a><a href='#corr247.267.5'>247.267.5</a></td> - <td class='c034'>Macpherson’s History of Commerce[./,]</td> - <td class='c035'>Replaced.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_305.8'></a><a href='#corr305.8'>305.8</a></td> - <td class='c034'>[“]who exclaimed, ‘They are worse than devils who say so.’”</td> - <td class='c035'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c034'><a id='c_308.22'></a><a href='#corr308.22'>308.22</a></td> - <td class='c034'>to register the edicts of the Crown[”]</td> - <td class='c035'>Added. Probable.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The life and times of George Villiers, -duke of Buckingham, Volume 2 (of 3), by Katherine Thomson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE, TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS, VOL 2 *** - -***** This file should be named 54287-h.htm or 54287-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/8/54287/ - -Produced by KD Weeks, MWS, Bryan Ness and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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