diff options
43 files changed, 17 insertions, 20770 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48244c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54275 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54275) diff --git a/old/54275-0.txt b/old/54275-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b4994e9..0000000 --- a/old/54275-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7281 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Fleets at War, by Archibald Hurd - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Fleets at War - -Author: Archibald Hurd - -Release Date: March 3, 2017 [EBook #54275] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLEETS AT WAR *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - Transcriber’ Notes: - - Text printed as blackletter, italics, underlined, or boldface have - been transcribed as ^text^, _text_, ~text~, and =text=, respectively. - Small capitals have been replaced by all capitals; ^{txt} represents - superscript text. - - More Transcriber’s Notes and a list of changes made may be found at - the end of this document. - - - - - ^The Daily Telegraph^ - WAR BOOKS - - THE FLEETS AT WAR - - - - - ^The Daily Telegraph^ - WAR BOOKS - - CLOTH 1/- NET. - - ~VOL. I. (3rd Enormous Edition.)~ - _HOW THE WAR BEGAN_ - _By W. L. COURTNEY, LL.D., and J. M. KENNEDY_ - Is Britain’s justification before the Bar of History. - - ~VOL. II.~ - _THE FLEETS AT WAR_ - _By ARCHIBALD HURD_, - The key book to the understanding of the NAVAL situation - - ~VOL. III.~ - _THE CAMPAIGN OF SEDAN_ - _By GEORGE HOOPER_ - The key book to the MILITARY situation. - - ~VOL. IV.~ - _THE CAMPAIGN ROUND - LIEGE_ - - ¶ Describes in wonderful detail the heroic defence of Liege, and shows - how the gallant army of Belgium has upset and altered the whole plan - of advance as devised by the Kaiser and his War Council. - - -[Illustration: _Photo: Speaight, Ltd._ - -=ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JELLICOE.= - -Supreme Admiral, British Home Fleet.] - - - - - THE FLEETS AT - WAR - - BY - ARCHIBALD HURD - - Author of “Command of the Sea,” “Naval Efficiency,” “German Sea Power: - Its Rise, Progress, and Economic Basis” (part author), etc. - - HODDER AND STOUGHTON - LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO - MCMXIV - - - - -PREFACE - - -It is hoped that this volume will prove of permanent value as presenting -a conspectus of the great navies engaged in war when hostilities opened, -and in particular of the events of singular significance in the naval -contest between Great Britain and Germany which occurred in the years -immediately preceding the war. - -Grateful acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. C. Bywater for valuable -assistance in preparing this volume. - - A. H. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - - INTRODUCTION--THE OPENING PHASE 9 - - I. THE RELATIVE STANDING OF THE BRITISH AND GERMAN FLEETS 49 - - II. THE BRITISH NAVY 54 - - III. THE GERMAN NAVY 101 - - IV. ADMIRAL JELLICOE 131 - - V. OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE BRITISH NAVY 137 - - VI. THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE GERMAN FLEET 141 - - VII. OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE FOREIGN NAVIES 147 - - VIII. GERMAN NAVAL BASES 151 - - IX. THE KIEL CANAL 161 - - X. THE GREAT FLEETS ENGAGED: TABULAR STATEMENT 168 - - -[Illustration: Map of North Sea.] - - - - -INTRODUCTION - -THE OPENING PHASE - - -PEACEFUL VICTORIES OF BRITISH SEA POWER - -The declaration of war against Germany, followed as it was by similar -action against Austria-Hungary, was preceded by a sequence of events so -remarkable in their character that if any British writer had made any -such forecast in times of peace he would have been written down as a -romantic optimist. - -Owing to a series of fortunate circumstances, the British Fleet--our -main line of defence and offence--was fully mobilised for war on the -morning before the day--August 4th at 11 p.m.--when war was declared by -this country, and we were enabled to enter upon the supreme contest in -our history with a sense of confidence which was communicated to all the -peoples of the British Empire. This feeling of assurance and courage -furnished the best possible augury for the future. - -Within a fortnight of diplomatic relations being broken off with -Germany, and less than a week after Austria-Hungary by her acts had -declared her community of interest with her ally, the British Navy, -without firing a gun or sending a single torpedo hissing through the -water, had achieved four victories. - - (1) Germany’s elaborate scheme to produce a feeling of panic in this - country--hence the army of spies, who took advantage of our open - hospitality, using the telephone and providing themselves with bombs - and arms, had failed. - - (2) Germany’s over-sea commerce was strangled. - - (3) British trade on the seas began to resume its normal course owing - to the growing confidence of shipowners and shippers. - - (4) The British Expeditionary Force, as detailed for foreign service, - had been transported to the Continent under a guarantee of safety - given by the British Fleet. - -These successes were due to the influence of sea-power. Confidence in -the Navy, its ships and men, and a belief in the competency of Mr. -Winston Churchill and Prince Louis of Battenberg and the other Sea -Lords, and the War Staff, steadied the nerve of the nation when it -received the first shock. Apparently the crisis developed so swiftly -that there was no time for effective co-operation between the German -spies. All the mischievous stories of British reverses which were -clumsily put in circulation in the early period of hostilities were -tracked down; for once truth was nearly as swift as rumour, though the -latter was the result of an elaborately organised scheme for throwing -the British people off their mental balance. It was conjectured that if -a feeling of panic could be created in this country, a frightened nation -would bring pressure to bear on the naval and military authorities and -our strategic plans ashore and afloat would be interfered with. A -democracy in a state of panic cannot make war. The carefully-laid scheme -miscarried. Never was a nation more self-possessed. It had faith in its -Fleet. - -In the history of sea power, there is nothing comparable with the -strangulation of German oversea shipping in all the seas of the world. -It followed almost instantly on the declaration of war. There were over -2,000 German steamers, of nearly 5,000,000 tons gross, afloat when -hostilities opened. The German sailing ships--mostly of small -size--numbered 2,700. These vessels were distributed over the seas far -and wide. Some--scores of them, in fact--were captured, others ran for -neutral ports, the sailings of others were cancelled, and the heart of -the German mercantile navy suddenly stopped beating. What must have been -the feelings of Herr Ballin and the other pioneers as they contemplated -the ruin, at least temporary ruin, of years of splendid enterprise? The -strategical advantages enjoyed by England in a war against Germany, -lying as she does like a bunker across Germany’s approach to the oversea -world, had never been understood by the mass of Germans, nor by their -statesmen. Shipowners had some conception of what would happen, but even -they did not anticipate that in less than a week the great engine of -commercial activity oversea would be brought to a standstill. - -By its prompt action on the eve of war in instituting a system of -Government insurance of war risks, Mr. Asquith’s administration checked -any indication of panic among those responsible for our sea affairs. The -maintenance of our oversea commerce on the outbreak of hostilities had -been the subject of enquiry by a sub-committee of the Committee of -Imperial Defence. When war was inevitable, the Government produced this -report, and relying on our sea power, immediately carried into effect -the far-reaching and statesmanlike recommendations which had been made, -for the State itself bearing 80 per cent. of the cost of insurance of -hull and cargoes due to capture by the enemies. Thus at the moment of -severest strain--the outbreak of war--traders recognised that in -carrying on their normal trading operations overseas they had behind -them the wholehearted support of the British Government, the power of a -supreme fleet, and the guarantee of all the accumulated wealth of the -richest country in the world. None of the dismal forebodings which had -been indulged in during peace were realised. Traders were convinced by -the drastic action of the Government and by the ubiquitous pressure of -British sea power on all the trade routes that, though some losses might -be suffered owing to the action of German cruisers and converted -merchantmen, the danger was of so restricted a character and had been so -admirably covered by the Government’s insurance scheme that they could -“carry on” in calm courage and thus contribute to the success of British -arms. Navies and armies must accept defeat if they have not behind them -a civil population freed from fear of starvation. - -Even more remarkable, perhaps, than either of these victories of British -sea power was the safe transportation to the Continent of the -Expeditionary Force as detailed for foreign service. Within a fortnight -of the declaration of war, while we had suffered from no threat of -invasion or even of such raids on the coast as had been considered -probable incidents in the early stage of war, the spearhead of the -British Army had been thrust into the Continent of Europe. - -It is often the obvious which passes without recognition. The official -intelligence that the Expeditionary Force had reached the Continent -fired the imagination of Englishmen, and they felt no little pride that -at so early a stage in the war the British Army--the only long-service -army in the world--should have been able to take its stand beside the -devoted defenders of France and Belgium. - -It is, of course, obvious that the army of an island kingdom cannot -leave its base except it receive a guarantee of safe transport from the -Navy. The British Army, whether it fights in India, in Egypt, or in -South Africa, must always be carried on the back of the British Navy. -If during the years of peaceful dalliance and fearful anticipation it -had been suggested that, in face of an unconquered German fleet, we -could throw an immense body of men on the Continent, and complete the -operation within ten days or so from the declaration of war, the -statement would have been regarded as a gross exaggeration. This was the -amazing achievement. It reflected credit on the military machinery; but -let it not be forgotten that all the labours of the General Staff at the -War Office would have been of no avail unless, on the day before the -declaration of war, the whole mobilised Navy had been able to take the -sea in defence of British interests afloat. - -We do well not to ignore these obvious facts, because they are -fundamental. The Navy must always be the lifeline of the Expeditionary -Force, ensuring to it reinforcements, stores, and everything necessary -to enable it to carry out its high purpose. That the Admiralty, with the -approval of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, felt itself justified in giving -the military authorities a certificate of safe transport before the -command of the sea had been secured indicated high confidence that when -the German fleet did come forth to accept battle the issue would be in -no doubt, though victory might have to be purchased at a high price. - -Nor was this all. Thanks to the ubiquitous operations of the British -Navy, the Government was able to move two divisions of troops from -India, and to accept all the offers of military aid which were -immediately made by the Dominions. It was realised in a flash by all -the scattered people of the Empire that the Fleet, with its tentacles in -every sea, maintains the Empire in unity: when “the earth was full of -anger,” the seas were full of British ships of war. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. King George V._ - - _Photo: Cribb, Southsea._ - - =KING GEORGE V CLASS.= - - KING GEORGE V, CENTURION, AUDACIOUS, AJAX. - - Displacement: 23,000 tons. - - Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 13·5in., 16 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 5. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 4 13·5in. 10 13·5in. 4 13·5in. - -It was in these circumstances that the war opened. Every incident tended -to remind the people of the British Isles and the subjects of the King -who live in the far-flung Dominions and those who reside in the -scattered Crown Colonies and Dependencies of the essential truth -contained in the phrases which had come so trippingly to the lips in -days of peace. Men recognised that the statement of our dependence upon -the sea as set forth in the Articles of War was a declaration of policy -which we had done well not to ignore: - - “It is upon the Navy that, under the good Providence of God, the - wealth, prosperity and peace of these islands and of the Empire do - mainly depend.” - -How true these words rang when, in defence of our honour, we had to take -up the gage thrown down by the Power which claimed supremacy as a -military Power and aspired to primacy as a naval Power. Those who turned -to Mr. Arnold White’s admirable monograph on “The Navy and Its Story,” -must admit that this writer, in picturesque phrase, had set forth -fundamental facts: - - “Since the first mariner risked his life in a canoe and travelled - coastwise for his pleasure or his business, Britain has acquired half - the seaborne traffic of the world. She relies on her Navy to fill the - grocer’s shop, to bring flour and corn to our great cities and to keep - any possible enemy at a distance. So successfully has the British Navy - done its work that many generations of Englishmen have grown up - without hearing the sound of a gun fired in anger. Every other nation - in Europe has heard the tramp of foreign soldiery in the lifetime of - men still living and felt the pain and shame of invasion. - - “Five times in the history of England the British Navy has stood - between the would-be master of Europe and the attainment of his - ambition. Charlemagne, Charles V., Philip II. of Spain, Louis XIV. of - France, and Napoleon--all aspired to universal dominion. Each of these - Sovereigns in turn was checked in his soaring plans by British sea - power.” - -When the British peoples awoke to the fact that they owed it to -themselves and their past to join in humbling another tyrant, they -gained confidence in the task which confronted them from the glorious -record of the past achievements of those who, relying upon command of -the sea, had crushed in the dust the mightiest rulers that had ever -tried to impose their yoke on humanity. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Orion._ - - _Photo: Sport & General._ - - =ORION CLASS.= - - ORION, CONQUEROR, MONARCH, THUNDERER. - - Displacement: 22,500 tons. - - Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 13·5in., 16 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 3. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 4 13·5in. 10 13·5in. 4 13·5in. - -In a spirit of calmness, patience and courage the British people took up -the task which their sense of honour forced upon them all -unwillingly. Glancing back over the record of naval progress during the -earlier years of the twentieth century we cannot fail to recognise that, -in spite of many cross currents and eddies of public opinion, fate had -been preparing the British peoples, all unconsciously, for the -arbitrament of a war on the issue of which would depend all the -interests, tangible and intangible, of the four hundred and forty -million subjects of the King--their freedom, their rights to self -government, their world-wide trade, and that atmosphere which -distinguishes the British Empire from every other empire which has ever -existed. In the years of peace men had often asked themselves whether a -new crisis would produce the men of destiny to defend the traditions we -had inherited from our forefathers. While peace still reigned, they -little realised that the men of destiny were quietly, but persistently, -working out our salvation. When the hour struck England was fully -prepared, confident in her sea power, to take up the gage in defence of -all the democracies of the world against the tyrant Power which sought -to impose the iron caste of militarism and materialism upon nations that -had outgrown mediæval conditions. - -If we would realise the bearing of British naval policy in the years -which preceded the outbreak of war, we shall do well to cast aside all -party bias and personal animosities and study the sequence of events -after the manner of the historian who collates the material to his hand, -analyses it without fear or favour, and sets down his conclusions in -all faithfulness. Pursuing this course we are carried back to the year -1897. Since the German Emperor had ascended the throne in 1888, he had -endeavoured to communicate to his subjects the essential truths as to -the influence of sea power upon history which he had read in Admiral -Mahan’s early books. His educational campaign was a failure. In spite of -all the efforts of Admiral von Hollmann, the Minister of Marine, the -Reichstag refused to vote increased supplies to the Navy. At last, when -he had been finally repulsed, first by the Budget Committee and then by -the Reichstag itself, Admiral von Hollmann retired admitting defeat. -The Emperor found a successor in a naval officer who, then unknown, was -in a few years to change radically the opinion of Germans on the value -of a fleet. Born on March 19th, 1849, at Custrin, and the son of a -judge, Alfred Tirpitz became a naval cadet in 1865, and was afterwards -at the Naval Academy from 1874 to 1876. He subsequently devoted much -attention to the torpedo branch of the service, and was mainly -responsible for the torpedo organisation and the tactical use of -torpedoes in the German Navy--a work which British officers regard with -admiration.[1] Subsequently he became Inspector of her Torpedo Service, -and was the first Flotilla Chief of the Torpedo Flotillas. Later he was -appointed Chief of the Staff at the naval station in the Baltic and of -the Supreme Command of the German Fleet. During these earlier years of -his sea career, Admiral Tirpitz made several long voyages. He is -regarded as an eminent tactician, and is the author of the rules for -German naval tactics as now in use in the Navy. In 1895 he was promoted -to the rank of Rear-Admiral, and became Vice-Admiral in 1899. In 1896 -and 1897 he commanded the cruiser squadron in East Asia, and immediately -after became Secretary of State of the Imperial Navy Office. In the -following year he was made a Minister of State and Naval Secretary, and -in 1901 received the hereditary rank of nobility, entitling him to the -use of the honorific prefix “Von.” - - [1] German Sea Power: Its Rise, Progress and Economic Basis, by - Archibald Hurd and Henry Castle (London: John Murray 1913). - -With the advent of this sailor-statesman to the Marineamt, the whole -course of German naval policy changed, and in 1898 the first German Navy -Act was passed authorising a navy on a standard which far exceeded -anything hitherto attained. It provided for the following ships: - - THE BATTLE FLEET - - 19 battleships (2 as material reserve). - 8 armoured coast defence vessels. - 6 large cruisers. - 16 small cruisers. - - FOREIGN SERVICE FLEET - - LARGE CRUISERS - - For East Africa 2 - For Central and South America 1 - Material reserve 3 - -- - Total 6 - - SMALL CRUISERS - - For East Asia 3 - For Central and South America 3 - For East Africa 2 - For the South Seas 2 - Material reserve 4 - -- - Total 14 - - 1 Station ship. - -This dramatic departure in German naval policy aroused hardly a ripple -of interest in England. Then occurred the South African War, the seizure -of the “Bundesrat,” and other incidents which were utilised by the -German Emperor, the Marine Minister, and the official Press Bureau, with -its wide extending agencies for inflaming public opinion throughout the -German Empire against the British Navy. The ground having been well -prepared, in 1900 the naval measure of 1898, which was to have covered -a period of six years, was superseded by another Navy Act, practically -doubling the establishment of ships and men. This is not the time, nor -does space permit, to trace the evolution of German naval policy during -subsequent years or to analyse the successive Navy Acts which were -passed as political circumstances favoured further expansion. The -story--and it is a fascinating narrative in the light of after -events--may be read elsewhere. The fact to be noted is that the British -peoples generally viewed the early indications of German naval policy -without suspicion or distrust. Most men found it impossible to believe -that any Power could hope to challenge the naval supremacy which had -been won at such great sacrifice at the Battle of Trafalgar, and which -the British people had continued to enjoy virtually without challenge -throughout the nineteenth century. - -Happily, the hour when preparations had to be made, if made at all, to -maintain in face of any rivalry our sea command, produced the man. In -the autumn of 1901 Lord Selborne, then First Lord of the Admiralty, paid -a special visit to Malta to discuss the naval situation with a naval -officer with whose name not a thousand people in the British Isles were -then familiar. Sir John Fisher had, as recently as 1899, taken over the -command of the Mediterranean Squadron; he had already made a great name -in the service as a man of original thought and great courage, -possessing a genius for naval politics and naval administration. He had -represented the British Navy at the Hague Peace Conference, but he -might have walked from end to end of London, and not a dozen people -would have recognised him. In the following March, thanks to Lord -Selborne, he became Second Sea Lord, and a naval revolution was -inaugurated. Elsewhere I have recapitulated the remarkable Navy of the -renaissance of British sea power.[2] - - [2] _Fortnightly Review_, September, 1914. - -First, attention was devoted to the _personnel_. New schemes of training -for officers and men and for the Naval Reserve were introduced. A new -force--the Royal Fleet Reserve--was established, consisting of naval -seamen and other ratings who had served afloat for five years or more; a -Volunteer Naval Reserve was initiated; steps were taken to revise the -administration of the naval establishments ashore, and to reduce the -proportion of officers and men engaged in peace duties, freeing them for -service in ships afloat. On the anniversary of Trafalgar in 1904, after -a short period in command at Portsmouth in order to supervise personally -the reforms in training and manning policy already introduced, Sir John -Fisher--Lord Fisher as he is now known--returned to the Admiralty as -First Sea Lord. Instantly, with the support of Lord Selborne and Mr. -Balfour, then Prime Minister, to whom all honour is due, the new Board -proceeded to carry into effect vast correlated schemes for the -redistribution of the fleets at sea and the more rapid mobilisation of -ships in reserve, the reorganisation of the Admiralty, and the -re-adjustment of our world naval policy to the new conditions in -accordance with a plan of action which the new First Sea Lord had -prepared months in advance. - -Our principal sea frontier has been the Mediterranean. It was necessary -to change it, and the operation had to be carried out without causing -undue alarm to our neighbours--at that time we had no particular -friends, though the foundations of the Entente were already being laid. -Without asking your leave from Parliament, the great administrative -engine, to which Lord Fisher supplied fuel, proceeded to carry out the -most gigantic task to which any Governmental Department ever put its -hand. Overseas squadrons which had no strategic purpose were -disestablished; unimportant dockyards were reduced to cadres; ships too -weak to fight and too slow to run away were recalled; a whole fleet of -old ships, which were eating up money and adding nothing to our -strength, were scrapped; the vessels in reserve were provided with -nucleus crews. With a single eye to the end in view--victory in the main -strategical theatres--conservative influences which strove to impede -reform were beaten down. With the officers and men taken out of the weak -ships, and others who were wrenched from comfortable employment ashore, -a great fleet on our new frontier was organised. - -In the preamble to the German Navy Act of 1900 it had been stated: - - “It is not absolutely necessary that the German Battle Fleet should be - as strong as that of the greatest naval Power, for a great naval - Power will not, as a rule, be in a position to concentrate all its - striking force against us. But even if it should succeed in meeting us - with considerable superiority of strength, the defeat of a strong - German Fleet would so substantially weaken the enemy that, in spite of - the victory he might have obtained, his own position in the world - would no longer be secured by an adequate fleet.” - -Lord Fisher had not studied the progress of the German naval movement -without realising that in this passage was to be found the secret of the -strategic plan which the German naval authorities had formed. With the -instinct of a great strategist, he reorganised the whole world-wide -machinery of the British Navy, in order to suit the new circumstances -then developing. - -The war in the Far East had shown that changes were necessary in the -design of British ships of all classes. The First Sea Lord insisted that -the matter should have immediate attention, and a powerful committee of -naval officers, shipbuilders, and scientists began its sittings at the -Admiralty. The moment its report was available, Parliament was asked for -authority to lay down groups of ships of new types, of which the -“Dreadnought” was the most famous. _In the preceding six years, sixteen -battleships had been laid down for Great Britain, while Germany had -begun thirteen; our sea power, as computed in modern ships of the line, -had already begun to shrink._ Secretly and rapidly, four units of the -new type--the “Dreadnought,” with her swift sisters, the “Indomitable,” -“Inflexible,” and “Invincible”--were rushed to completion. No battleship -building abroad carried more than four big guns; the “Dreadnought” had -ten big guns, and her swift consorts eight.[3] Thus was the work of -rebuilding the British Fleet initiated. Destroyers of a new type were -placed in hand, and redoubled progress was made in the construction of -submarines, which Lord Fisher was the first to realise were essential to -this country, and were capable of immense development as offensive -engines of warfare. We gained a lead of eighteen months over other -Powers by the determined policy adopted. - - [3] It is officially admitted by the United States Navy Department - that it had prepared plans for a ship similar in armament to the - Dreadnought in 1904, and was awaiting the approval of Congress before - beginning construction. American officers had come to the same - conclusions as to the inevitable tendency of battleship design as the - British Admiralty. - - Owing to the delay imposed by the necessity of obtaining the consent - of Congress, the United States lost the advantage; in the exercise of - its powers, the British Admiralty acted directly the designs of the - new ships were ready. - -Just as the task of rebuilding the Fleet had been initiated, a change of -Government occurred, and there was reason to fear that the stupendous -task of reorganising and re-creating the bases of our naval power would -be delayed, if not abandoned. In Lord Fisher the nation had, -fortunately, a man of iron will. Though Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, -above all things desirous of arresting the rivalry in naval armaments, -was Prime Minister, and Lord Tweedmouth was First Lord of the Admiralty, -Lord Fisher, supported by his colleagues on the Board, insisted on -essentials. Delays occurred in German shipbuilding, and the Admiralty -agreed that British shipbuilding could be delayed. In 1906, 1907, and -1908 only eight Dreadnoughts were begun. Subsequent events tend to show -that this policy was a political mistake, though we eventually obtained -more powerful ships by the delay. Germany was encouraged to believe that -under a Liberal Administration she could overtake us. _Between 1906 and -1908 inclusive we laid down eight large ships of the Dreadnought type; -and Germany laid down nine, and began to accelerate her programme of -1909._ - -Then occurred a momentous change in British affairs. Lord Tweedmouth, -after the famous incident of the German Emperor’s letter, retired from -office (1908), and his place was taken by Mr. Reginald McKenna, who was -to show that a rigid regard for economy was not incompatible with a high -standard of patriotism. In association with the Sea Lords, he surveyed -the naval situation. In the following March occurred the naval crisis. -Germany had accelerated her construction, and our sea power was in -peril. The whole Board of Admiralty determined that there was no room -for compromise. Mr. McKenna, it is now no secret, found arrayed against -him a large section of the Cabinet when he put forward the stupendous -programme of 1909, making provision for eight Dreadnoughts, six -protected cruisers, twenty destroyers, and a number of submarines. The -naval crisis was accompanied by a Cabinet crisis, in spite of the fact -that Sir Edward Grey, as Foreign Secretary, gave the naval authorities -his full support. _Unknown to the nation, the Admiralty resigned, and -for a time the Navy had no superior authority._ This dramatic act won -the day. The Cabinet was converted; the necessity for prompt, energetic -action was proved. The most in the way of compromise to which the Board -would agree was a postponement in announcing the construction of four of -the eight armoured ships. But from the first there was no doubt that, -unless there was a sudden change in German policy, the whole octette -would be built. When the programme was presented to the House of -Commons, the Prime Minister and Sir Edward Grey gave to Mr. McKenna -their wholehearted support; either the Government had to be driven from -office, or the Liberal Party had to agree to the immense commitment -represented in the Navy Estimates. The programme was agreed to. - -This, however, is only half the story. Neither the Government nor the -Admiralty was in a position to tell the country that, though all the -ships were not to be laid down at once, they would all be laid down in -regular rotation, in order that they might be ready in ample time to -meet the situation which was developing. Perhaps it was well in the -circumstances that this fact was not revealed. Public opinion became -active. The whole patriotic sentiment of the country was roused, and the -jingle was heard on a thousand platforms, “We want eight and we won’t -wait.” The Admiralty, which had already determined upon its policy, -remained silent and refused to hasten the construction of the ships. -Quietly, but firmly, the Board resisted pressure, realising that it, and -it only, was in possession of all the facts. Secrecy is the basis of -peace as well as war strategy. The naval authorities were unable to -defend themselves by announcing that they were on the eve of obtaining a -powerful weapon which could not be ready for the ships if they were laid -down at once. By waiting the Navy was to gain the most powerful gun in -the world. - -In order to keep pace with progress in Germany, it was necessary to lay -down two of the eight ships in July, and be satisfied with the 12-inch -guns (projectile of 850 lbs.) for these units. The construction of the -other six vessels was postponed in order that they might receive the new -13·5-inch gun, with a projectile of about 1,400 lbs. Two of the -Dreadnoughts were began at Portsmouth and Devonport Dockyards in the -following November, and the contracts for the remaining four were not -placed until the spring, for the simple reason that the delivery of the -new guns and mountings and their equipment could not be secured for the -vessels, even if their hulls were started without a moment’s delay. Thus -we obtained six battleships which are still unique; in no other Navy is -so powerful a gun to be found to-day as the British 13·5-inch weapon. In -1910 and in 1911 Mr. McKenna again fought for national safety, and he -won the essential provision for the Fleet. He risked his all in defence -of our sea power. He was probably during those years of struggle the -most unpopular Minister the Liberal Party ever had. What has been the -sequel of his tenacity and courage and patriotism? What has been gained -owing to the bold front which Lord Fisher presented, as First Sea Lord, -supported by his colleagues? Sixteen of the eighteen battleships and -battle-cruisers of the Dreadnought type, the fifteen protected cruisers, -and the sixty destroyers, with a group of submarines, which the Board -over which Mr. McKenna presided secured, constituted the spearhead of -the British Fleet when the crisis came and war had to be declared -against Germany in defence of our plighted word. - -With the addition of one more chapter, this story of the renaissance of -British sea power is complete. In the autumn of 1911, over seven years -after Lord Fisher had begun to shake the Navy into renewed life, -encouraged Sir Percy Scott in his gunnery reforms, and brought to the -Board the splendid intellect of Sir John Jellicoe, Mr. Winston Churchill -replaced Mr. McKenna as First Lord. Thus the youngest statesman of the -English-speaking world realised his ambition. Lord Fisher, under the age -clause, had already been compelled to vacate his seat on the Board, -retiring with a peerage, and his successor, Sir Arthur Wilson, was also -on the eve of retirement. Mr. McKenna had to be freed to take over the -Welsh Church Bill and to place his legal mind at the service of the -country at the Home Office. He had done his work and done it well. Mr. -Winston Churchill proved the ideal man to put the finishing touches to -the great task which had been initiated during Lord Selborne’s period of -office. Perhaps the keynote of his administration is to be found in the -attention which he devoted to the organisation of the War Staff, the -elements of which had been created by former Boards, and the -readjustment of the pay of officers and men. No service is efficient for -war in which there exists a rankling feeling of injustice. The rates of -pay of officers and men were revised and increased; facilities were -opened up for men of the lower deck to reach commissioned rank. About -20,000 officers and men were added to the active service of the Fleet. -At the same time with the ships provided by former Boards, the -organisation of the ships in Home waters was placed on a higher standard -of efficiency, particular attention being devoted to the organisation of -the older ships so as to keep them efficient for war. The Naval Air -Service was established, and its development pressed forward with all -speed. Thus the work of reform and the task of changing the front of the -British Navy had been brought to completion, or virtual completion, at -the moment when Germany, by a concatenation of circumstances, was forced -into a position where she had to fight the greatest of sea Powers, or -admit the defeat of all her ambitions. - -A study of the sequence of events which immediately preceded the -outbreak of hostilities is hardly less interesting than the earlier and -dramatic incidents which enabled us to face the supreme crisis in our -history with a measure of assured confidence. On March 17th, 1914, Mr. -Winston Churchill spoke in the House of Commons on the Navy Estimates. -It is common knowledge that he had just fought a stern battle in the -Cabinet for adequate supplies, and it was assumed at the time, from -various incidents, that he had been compelled to submit to some -measure of retrenchment. He received, however, Cabinet authority -to ask Parliament for the largest sum ever devoted to naval -defence--£51,500,000. In the course of his speech on these Estimates he -made the announcement that there would be no naval manœuvres in 1914. He -stated: - - “We have decided to substitute this year for the grand manœuvres--not, - of course, for the numberless exercises the Fleet is always carrying - out--a general mobilisation of the Third Fleet.[4] We are calling up - the whole of the Royal Fleet Reserve for a period of eleven days, and - those who come up for that period will be excused training next year, - and will receive £1 bounty in addition to their regular pay. - - “We have had a most admirable response. 10,170 men, seamen, and - others, and 1,409 marines, are required to man the ships of the Third - Fleet. We have already, in the few days our circular has been out, - received replies from 10,334 men volunteers, and from 3,321 marines. I - think that reflects great credit on the spirit of the Reserve - generally, and also reflects credit upon the employers, who must have - greatly facilitated this operation all over the country. I hereby - extend to them the thanks of the Admiralty. - - “This test is one of the most important that could possibly be made, - and it is really surprising to me that it has never been undertaken - before. The cost, including the bounty of £1, will be about £50,000. - Having no grand manœuvres yields a saving of £230,000, so there is a - net saving on the substitution of £180,000.” - - [4] The Third Fleet consists of the oldest ships of the Navy - maintained in peace with skeleton crews. - -It was hardly surprising in the circumstances that many persons thought -the Admiralty was bent merely upon economy. If the naval authorities had -had foreknowledge of the course of events they could not, in fact, have -adopted a wiser course. From March onwards, week by week down to the -middle of July, the elaborate and complicated drafting arrangements were -examined and readjusted. Then, after the assassinations at Sarajevo and -on the eve of the final developments on the Continent, which were to -make war inevitable, the test mobilisation was carried out. The -principal ships passed before the King off the Nab Lightship, a column -of seaplanes and aeroplanes circling high above the ships, and then -disappeared in the Channel to carry out what were believed to be peace -exercises, but were, in fact, to prove the manœuvres preliminary to war. -Later in the same week, the vessels of the Patrol Flotillas were engaged -in testing a new scheme for sealing this narrow exit to the North Sea. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Neptune._ - - _Photo: Sport & General._ - - =NEPTUNE CLASS.= - - COLOSSUS, NEPTUNE, HERCULES (slight differences). - - Displacement: 19,200 to 20,000 tons. - - Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 16 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 3. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 8 12in. 10 12in. 6 12in. - -A week afterwards the thunderbolt fell; the crisis found the First and -Second Fleets ready in all respects for war, and, after additional -reserves had been called out on Sunday, August 2nd, the Admiralty was -able to give the nation a certificate that by 4 a.m. the following -morning the British Navy had been raised from a peace footing to a war -footing, and was fully mobilised. - -Immediately the curtain fell, hiding from view the movements of all -British men-of-war, not only in the main strategical theatre, but in the -outer seas. Two battleships, which had just been completed for Turkey by -those whom Mr. G. H. Perris had denounced only a short time before in -his pamphlet as the “War Traders,” were taken over by the Admiralty, -proving valuable accessions to our naval strength. Two swift -destroyer-leaders were also compulsorily purchased from Chile, the -appointment of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe as supreme British Admiral of -the Home Fleets was announced, and all the preliminaries to the great -war drama on the sea were completed without delay, confusion, or panic. -The nation will remember in gratitude the courage and decision exhibited -by Mr. Churchill in the hour of supreme crisis. He proved himself a -statesman. - -This is not the place to relate the story of the renaissance of British -military power. The virtue of the measures adopted by Lord Haldane as -Secretary for War lay in the fact that he did homage to the essential -principle which must underlie all schemes of defence by an island -kingdom, which is the nerve centre of a maritime Empire. As in -Opposition he had been foremost in advertising our dependence upon the -sea, so in office, as Minister responsible for the Army, he based all -his schemes on the assumption that the British Army is the projectile of -a supreme fleet, to be hurled oversea as soon as the naval authority is -able to give guarantee of safe passage. It was in the light of this -essential truth that the Expeditionary Force was organised, and the -Volunteers converted into the Territorial Army. Mistakes were, no doubt, -made; no man who avoids them can ever expect to do anything. But at -practically no additional expense, and without, therefore, withdrawing a -penny from the necessary provision of the fleet, Lord Haldane initiated -and completed military schemes, the value of which became apparent when -we were confronted with the necessity of entering upon a contest with -two of the great military powers of Europe, which possessed fleets of -such a standing that they could offer challenge to our supremacy afloat. - -The survey of British naval policy in the years immediately preceding -the war would be incomplete were no reference made to the fact, of which -we were insistently reminded when hostilities opened, that sea power, -even more than military power, must stand defeated from the very outset, -unless it is supplemented by economic power. In the past the weakness of -all democracies when faced by war has been apparent. However great the -power on the sea, however formidable the military arm ashore, the real -strength of a people lies in itself. It must be ready on the instant to -organise every department of life on a war basis. Armed forces which -have not behind them a resolute community are robbed of more than half -their power. A feeling of panic is always apt to infect a democracy, and -then under the palsy of fear the tendency is for pressure to be brought -to bear on the supreme naval and military authorities, with the result -that strategic plans, matured in peace, become confused and ineffective. -An illustration of the influence of the fears of the civil population -upon war policy was furnished during the Spanish-American War. Under the -pressure of nervous public opinion, the Naval Board was compelled to -depart from the sound strategy of concentration upon the main objective, -and to dissipate no little of the power at its command in order to -provide some measure of local protection for various coast towns. -Fortunately, British naval policy had been developed on lines which -minimised this peril, and our economic resources had been surveyed, and -adequate preparations made to afford to our sea power every possible -economic support. As to the first, fear of invasion or raids, the coast -and port guard ships, with little more than skeleton crews, had been -abolished; in their place patrol flotillas of destroyers and submarines -had been created to keep an efficient and active watch and ward along -the sea frontier which the enemy at our door might threaten. This -provision was supplemented by the mobilisation of all our national -resources, under the direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. -When Mr. Balfour founded this body he builded better than he knew. When -war came not only were the main fleets not tied to our shores, but every -department of State had before it a complete plan of the duty which it -had to perform in order to give that national support to the fleet, -without which it could not hope to achieve victory. - -During the years which immediately preceded war the Committee of -Imperial Defence was quietly at work co-ordinating the naval and -military arms, and laying the foundation of a wide-spreading -organisation. On July 25th, 1912, Mr. Asquith, in a speech in the House -of Commons, gave the nation some conception of the character of one -aspect of the work which was then being quietly performed by this small -body, unrecognised by our Constitution, and regarded, as it had been -since its birth, with no little suspicion and distrust. Mr. Asquith -related that the Committee of Imperial Defence had appointed what was -styled “a sub-committee for the co-ordination of departmental action at -the outbreak of war.” Describing this particular work of the Committee -of Imperial Defence, Mr. Asquith added: - - “This sub-committee, which is composed of the principal officials of - the various Departments of State, has, after many months of continuous - labour, compiled a War-Book. We call it a War-Book--and it is a book - which definitely assigns to each Department--not merely the War Office - and the Admiralty, but the Home Office, the Board of Trade, and every - Department of the State--its responsibility for action under every - head of war policy. The Departments themselves, in pursuance of the - instructions given by the War-Book, have drafted all the - proclamations, Orders in Council, letters, telegrams, notices, and so - forth, which can be foreseen. Every possible provision has been made - to avoid delay in setting in force the machinery in the unhappy event - of war taking place. It has been thought necessary to make this - Committee permanent, in order that these war arrangements may be - constantly kept up to date.” - -What happened in the last days of July, 1914? During the period of -strained relations, the War-Book was opened, and every official in every -State Department concerned--eleven in all--had before him a precise -statement of exactly what contribution he had to make in mobilising the -State as an economic factor for war. Proclamations, Orders in Council, -letters, and telegrams flowed forth throughout the British Isles, and to -the uttermost parts of the Empire, in accordance with the pre-arranged -plan which had been so assiduously elaborated. Hardly had the Navy been -mobilised, the Army Reserves called out to complete the regular Army, -and the Territorials embodied, than the nation realised that, without -confusion, it had itself been placed upon a war footing. The creation of -the British War-Book must be acclaimed as a monument to the -perspicacity of Mr. Asquith and the Ministers who assisted him on the -Committee of Defence, and to the splendid labours of the Secretary of -the Committee, Captain Maurice Hankey, C.B., and the small staff -associated with him. This organisation, which owed so much to the “staff -mind” of its former secretary, Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Ottley, imposed -upon the nation a charge of only about £5,000 a year, which was returned -increased by a thousandfold when the crisis came, and the United -Kingdom, existing under the most artificial conditions owing to its -dependence on the sea for food and raw materials, was prepared, for the -first time in its history, to offer to its fleets and armies the -wholehearted and organised support of the richest nation in the world. - -When the curtain fell upon the seas, the nation had the assurance that -everything which foresight could suggest had been done to make secure -our essential supremacy. The newspapers preserved a discreet silence as -the Home Fleets took up their stations in the main strategical area. -They were convinced, by irrefutable evidence, that adequate power had -been concentrated in this theatre to enable the North Sea to be sealed, -thus confining the main operations of the naval war to one of the -smallest water areas in the world. - -Those who study the conspectus of British sea power at the moment when -the fog of war hid from view all that was occurring in distant waters -would miss the real significance of the picture which British sea power -presented at this dramatic moment if they failed to recognise the means -by which the British Navy was able to impose an iron grip upon the great -highways which are the life blood of British commerce. When war occurred -the British sea power was predominant in all the outer seas in contrast -with every other Power engaged in hostilities. At every point the -British fleet was supreme in contrast with every other Power now engaged -in hostilities. Austria and Italy were hardly represented outside the -Mediterranean; Germany had only one armoured ship and two small cruisers -in the Mediterranean and a few small cruisers in the Atlantic; in the -Pacific, though she had the largest squadron of any Continental Power, -the Admiralty regarded our forces as being at least twice as strong. -This balance of strength was maintained in accordance with the terms of -the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. - -From the moment of the ultimatum all the Empire was at war. At a hundred -and one points of naval and military importance a state of war existed. -Wherever the British flag was flying--and it flies over about one -quarter of the habitable globe--officers and men of the sea and land -services stood awaiting the development of events. - -What precise orders were issued by the Admiralty cannot be revealed, but -telegrams which were received during the early days of hostilities -indicated that at all the great junctions of the Empire sections of the -British Navy had been concentrated, and their commanding officers -directed to omit no measure necessary to maintain the lifeline of the -Empire. - -Under the scheme of concentration which for ten years previously had -been the outstanding feature, not only of British naval policy, but of -the naval policy of all the Great Powers of Europe, the number of ships -in distant seas had been reduced, but the fighting value of the British -units was higher than ever before. The character of the British naval -representation outside home waters when war began may be appreciated -from the following official statement of the composition of the -squadrons which were held on the leash by the Admiralty, awaiting the -development of events: - - MEDITERRANEAN FLEET. - - BATTLE CRUISER SQUADRON.--Inflexible (Flag), Indefatigable, - Indomitable. - - ARMOURED CRUISER SQUADRON.--Defence (Flag), Black Prince, Duke of - Edinburgh, Warrior. - - CRUISERS.--Chatham, Dublin, Gloucester, Weymouth. - - ATTACHED SHIPS.--Hussar, Imogene. - - DESTROYER FLOTILLA.--Blenheim (Depot Ship), Basilisk, Beagle, Bulldog, - Foxhound, Grampus, Grasshopper, Harpy, Mosquito, Pincher, Racoon, - Rattlesnake, Renard, Savage, Scorpion, Scourge, Wolverine. - - SUBMARINES.--B 9, B 10, B 11. - - TORPEDO BOATS.--Nos. 044, 045, 046, 063, 064, 070. - - GIBRALTAR. - - SUBMARINES.--B 6, B 7, B 8. - - TORPEDO BOATS.--83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96. - - EASTERN FLEET. - - EAST INDIES SQUADRON.--Battleship Swiftsure (Flag), cruisers - Dartmouth, Fox; sloops Alert, Espiègle, Odin, Sphinx. - - CHINA SQUADRON.--Battleship Triumph; armoured cruisers Minotaur - (Flag), Hampshire; cruisers Newcastle, Yarmouth; gunboats, etc., - Alacrity, Bramble, Britomart, Cadmus, Clio, Thistle. - - NEW ZEALAND DIVISION.--Cruisers Philomel, Psyche, Pyramus, Torch. - - ATTACHED TO CHINA SQUADRON. - - DESTROYERS.--Chelmer, Colne, Fame, Jed, Kennet, Ribble, Usk, Welland. - - SUBMARINES.--C 36, C 37, C 38. - - TORPEDO BOATS.--Nos. 035, 036, 037, 038. - - RIVER GUNBOATS.--Kinsha, Moorhen, Nightingale, Robin, Sandpiper, - Snipe, Teal, Woodcock, Woodlark, Widgeon. - - AUSTRALIAN FLEET. - - BATTLE CRUISERS.--Australia (Flag.) - - CRUISERS.--Encounter, Melbourne, Sydney. - - DESTROYERS.--Parramatta, Warrego, Yarra. - - SUBMARINES.--AE 1, AE 2. - - CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. - - CRUISERS.--Hyacinth (Flag), Pegasus, Astræa. - - WEST COAST OF AFRICA. - - GUNBOAT.--Dwarf. - - S.E. COAST OF AMERICA. - - CRUISER.--Glasgow. - - WEST COAST OF AMERICA. - - SLOOPS.--Algerine, Shearwater. - - WEST ATLANTIC. - - ARMOURED CRUISERS.--Suffolk, Berwick, Essex, Lancaster; cruiser - Bristol. - -This narrative of the opening phases of the war between six of the great -fleets of the world would be incomplete were no reference made to the -conditions of the German Fleet. A month before the final cleavage -between the two nations, Kiel had kept high festival in honour of the -British Navy. At the invitation of the German Government, Vice-Admiral -Sir George Warrender had taken some of the finest battleships of the -British Navy into this German port. During the Regatta Week official -Germany entertained the officers and men with the utmost hospitality, -and, for a time, the Emperor had his flag, the flag of an honorary -admiral of the British Navy, flying from the mainmast of one of the -latest “Dreadnoughts,” the “King George V.,” and was in technical -command of this important section of the Home Fleet. Luncheons, dinners, -and receptions filled the days over which the yacht racing extended, and -when Sir George Warrender steamed out of Kiel to meet at a rendezvous at -sea the British squadron, under Rear-Admiral Sir David Beatty, which had -been visiting the Baltic ports of Russia, and the other squadrons which -had been entertained by the peoples of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, -every indication encouraged the belief that peace was more completely -assured than at any time during this century. - -The Kiel festivities at an end, the High Sea Fleet, reinforced by a -number of reserve ships, put to sea for its summer cruise in Norwegian -waters. The Emperor, in the Royal Yacht “Hohenzollern,” also left for -the coast of Norway. These were the conditions when the bolt fell. Can -it be doubted that, when in after years and in full knowledge, the -history of the war is written, it will be concluded that Germany, in -giving her support to Austria-Hungary, had no thought that this would -involve her use of her fleet against the greatest sea Power of the -world? With much labour, and at great sacrifice, she had created a -formidable diplomatic weapon to be brandished in the eyes of a timid and -commercially-minded people--and such she believed the British people to -be; but it was not a fleet of sufficient standing to face the greatest -sea Power with confidence. - -The war occurred at an unpropitious moment not only for Germany, but for -her ally, Austria-Hungary, so far as sea power was concerned. This -country had, it is true, almost completed her first programme of four -“Dreadnoughts,” but her navy was still deficient in cruisers--possessing -six only--as well as in torpedo craft. In combination Austria-Hungary -and Italy could have faced the naval forces of France and Great Britain -in the Mediterranean, but in isolation the former’s position was from -the first well-nigh hopeless, and her ships retired to Pola at the -outbreak of the war. - -The French fleet was in good condition to take the seas. Under the spur -furnished by German acts and German words it had been strengthened in -ships and men, its administration ashore remodelled, and its fleets at -sea reorganised. The Republican Government had confided the supreme -command of its battle forces to one of the most conspicuously able -sailors of the period, Admiral Boué du Lapeyrère, and could enter on the -war in its naval aspects with confidence and courage. - -Russia was not so fortunate. She had only comparatively recently taken -serious steps to replace the fleet she lost in the war with Japan. A -ship-building project, known as the “Minor Programme,” was being carried -out, but so far none of the vessels it comprised had become available -for service. When war occurred, four “Dreadnoughts,” which were begun as -far back as 1909, were not yet ready, and seven others were on the -stocks, but not yet launched. Eight small cruisers laid down under the -“Minor Programme” were building, two of them in a German yard, and the -remainder in Russia, and there was besides a large flotilla of torpedo -craft under construction. With all these vessels in commission, the -Russian Navy would have become once more a factor to be reckoned with. -As it happened, Russia faced the war practically without any -considerable sea power. - -When hostilities had begun, a dramatic incident reminded the world that -Japan, the ally of Great Britain in the Far East, was not viewing the -course of events unconcerned. On Monday, August 16th, it was announced -that the Japanese Government had delivered an ultimatum to Germany in -the following terms: - - “We consider it highly important and necessary in the present - situation to take measures to remove the causes of all disturbance of - peace in the Far East, and to safeguard general interests as - contemplated in the Agreement of Alliance between Japan and Great - Britain. - - “In order to secure firm and enduring peace in Eastern Asia, the - establishment of which is the aim of the said Agreement, the Imperial - Japanese Government sincerely believes it to be its duty to give - advice to the Imperial German Government to carry out the following - two propositions: - - 1. Withdraw immediately from Japanese and Chinese waters the German - men-o’-war and armed vessels of all kinds, and to disarm at once those - which cannot be withdrawn. - - 2. To deliver on a date not later than September 15th to the Imperial - Japanese authorities, without condition or compensation, the entire - leased territory of Kiau-Chau, with a view to the eventual restoration - of the same to China. - - “The Imperial Japanese Government announces at the same time that in - the event of its not receiving by noon on August 23rd an answer from - the Imperial German Government signifying unconditional acceptance of - the above advices offered by the Imperial Japanese Government, Japan - will be compelled to take such action as it may deem necessary to meet - the situation.” - -When Germany was confronted with heavy odds, Japan remembered the events -following the war of 1894-5, when this Power, having joined in robbing -her of the spoil of her victory over China, herself entered into -possession of Kiao Chau, as the price for the lives of two murdered -missionaries. - -Thus, at the touch of German arrogance, four great sea Powers of the -world arrayed themselves against her--the British, French, and Russian -fleets in European waters, and the great navy of Japan in the Pacific. - -In this wise did the struggle for the command of the sea open. Germany -reaped as she had sown. Since 1898 she had boasted how she would -challenge the greatest sea Power. When the day and hour came it was not -the British fleet only, but the navies of France, Russia, and Japan -which confronted her. By her words and acts she had alienated the -sympathies of every nation except her ally, Austria-Hungary. The war -began with her fleets and squadrons sheltering behind the forts of her -naval bases, and with a few cruisers in the Atlantic being hunted by an -overpowering force of British and French ships. Such was the fruit of -her diplomacy and her forward naval policy; her shipping suffered -instant strangulation; her colonies were divorced from the Motherland, -and she was confronted with the approaching ruin of that world-politic -which had been her pride and inspiration. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Vanguard._ - - _Photo: Sport & General._ - - =VANGUARD CLASS.= - - ST. VINCENT, VANGUARD, COLLINGWOOD. - - Displacement: 19,250 tons. - - Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 18 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 3. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 6 12in. 8 12in. 6 12in. - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE RELATIVE STANDING OF THE BRITISH AND GERMAN FLEETS - - -The relative strength of the British and German navies at the moment -when war was declared is of historical interest. - -The appended particulars have been prepared from “Fighting Ships, 1914,” -and brought up-to-date by the inclusion of the two Turkish battleships -and the two Chilian destroyer leaders, which were purchased on the -outbreak of hostilities by the British Government. - -BRITISH NAVY. - - Super-Dreadnought battleships 11 - Super-Dreadnought battle-cruisers 3 - -- 14 - Dreadnought battleships 13 - Dreadnought battle-cruisers 5 - -- 18 - -- - Total of ships of Dreadnought era: 32 - - (Three more super-Dreadnoughts near completion, and due to commission - late in 1914.) - - Pre-Dreadnoughts: - - Powerful ships all completed between 1905 and 1908 8 - - Older and less powerful ships completed between 1895 - and 1904 30 - -- - 38 - -- - Total battleships 70 - - Armoured Cruisers: - - Big, heavily-armed ships completed between 1905 and - 1908 9 - - “County” class, slower and less powerful, completed - between 1903 and 1905 15 - - “Drake” and “Cressy” class, bigger and better, but - slightly older ships, completed between 1901 and 1903 10 - -- - Total armoured cruisers 34 - - Cruisers: - - Big protected cruisers, “Diadem” class, 21 knots, 6in. - guns (1889-1902) 6 - - Older and smaller (1890-1892) 9 - -- 15 - - Fast Light Cruisers: - - “Arethusa” class, 3,500 tons, 30 knots, burning oil, - completed 1914 8 - - “Town” class, 5,400 to 4,800 tons, 25 knots (1910- - 1914) 15 - - 25-knot ships, round about 300 tons (1903-1907) 15 - - -- 30 - - 20-knot ships, 2,100 to 5,400 tons (1896-1900) 16 - - 19-knot ships, 5,600 tons (1895-1896) 9 - - Older ships, 2,500 to 4,300 tons, 16·5 to 19·5 knots - (1890-1893) 9 - -- - Total protected cruisers 87 - - Destroyers, 36 to 25½ knots (1893-1914) 227 - - Torpedo-boats, 26 to 20 knots (1885-1908) 109 - - Submarines, from 1,000 to 200 tons, speed from 20 to - 11·5 knots surface, 12 to 7 knots submerged (1904-1913) 75 - - Minelayers 7 - - Repair Ships 3 - -It need hardly be added that a number of these vessels--including the -two Pre-Dreadnought battleships “Swiftsure” and “Triumph” and groups of -cruisers, destroyers, and submarines--were on duty in the outer seas -when war opened. - -GERMAN FLEET. - - Super-Dreadnoughts (3 building) None - - Dreadnought battleships 13 - - Dreadnought battle-cruisers 5 - -- 18 - - (Three other battleships are due to commission in 1914.) - - Pre-Dreadnought battleships (1891-1908) 22 - - Old coast defence battleships (1889-1893) 8 - - Armoured cruisers (1897-1909) 8,900 to 15,500 tons, - 24·5 to 19 knots 9 - - Big protected cruisers (1892-1910), 6,000 tons, 19 knots 6 - - 24-knot cruisers (1904-1913), 3,000 to 5,000 tons 25 - - -- 31 - - (Most of these ships have belt armour as thick as that - of the British “County” class of armoured cruisers.) - - Small cruisers, 21 knots (1893-1910) 12 - - Destroyers (1889-1913), 34 to 26 knots 152 - - Torpedo-boats (1887-1898), 26 to 22 knots 45 - - Submarines, about equal to British in size and speed 30 to 40 - - Minelayers 2 - -All the German Navy, except one battle-cruiser, two armoured cruisers, -and a few light cruisers, were concentrated in the North Sea and Baltic -when war occurred. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE BRITISH NAVY - - -BRITISH BATTLESHIPS - - -DREADNOUGHTS - - -IRON DUKE CLASS. - - -IRON DUKE (Flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, -Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleets). - -MARLBOROUGH. EMPEROR OF INDIA. BENBOW. - -(Completed 1914.) - -These fine ships are the very latest additions to the British -battle-fleet. The displacement is 25,000 tons, but with a full supply of -coal, ammunition, and stores on board the actual figure is nearly 27,000 -tons. The length over all is 645 ft., the maximum breadth is 89½ ft., -and under normal conditions the ship draws 28 ft. of water. Parsons’ -turbines, designed for 29,000 h.p., give a speed of 21 knots, which was -exceeded by over one knot on trial. An extremely powerful armament is -carried. It consists of ten 13·5-in. and twelve 6-in. guns, with some -small quick-firers on high-angle mountings for use against aircraft. - -The big guns, mounted in twin turrets, are all on the centre line, and -can thus be trained on either broadside, while four train ahead and the -same number astern. Ten of the 6-in. guns are disposed in an upper-deck -battery forward, the remaining two in casemates right at the stern. This -disposition was adopted owing to the fact that torpedo attacks are -usually delivered from ahead, and it is necessary, therefore, that as -many quick-firing guns as possible can be trained on the approaching -boats before they are able to discharge their torpedoes. - -Armour protection is very complete in this class. On the waterline there -is a 12-in. belt, with 10-in. armour rising above this as far as the -upper deck. The belt thins to 6-in. forward and aft, but the extreme -ends of the ship are unarmoured. On the turrets there is 12-in. armour, -with 6-in. plating over the secondary battery. Four 21-in. submerged -torpedo tubes are fitted. The fuel supply is well over 3,000 tons. The -complement of these ships totals more than 1,000 officers and men. They -each cost over £2,000,000 to complete. - - -AGINGOURT. - -(Completed 1914.) - -This battleship, although she was only launched in January, 1913, has -had a very chequered career. Originally laid down as the Rio de Janeiro -for the Brazilian Government at Elswick, she was purchased before -completion by Turkey, and was on the point of leaving for Turkish waters -under the name of Osman I., when she was taken over by the British -Admiralty on the outbreak of war with Germany. Turkey is understood to -have made a protest, but the transfer is an accomplished fact, and this -fine vessel has already passed into our battle fleet. She is quite -unique in design. The displacement is 27,500 tons, length 632 ft., and -the designed speed, which was made on trial, 22 knots. - -Her main armament consists of no fewer than fourteen 12-in. guns, -mounted in seven double turrets on the centre-line, an arrangement which -permits all fourteen weapons to be fired on either broadside. In the -secondary battery are mounted twenty 6-in. quick-firing guns, and the -tale of weapons is completed by sixteen small quick-firers and three -torpedo tubes. The ship is armoured with 9-in. plates amidships, -tapering to 6 in. and 4 in. at the ends. Armour of the same thickness -(9-in.) protects the 12-in. turrets, and there is 6-in. plating over the -secondary guns. The maximum coal capacity is 3,500 tons. A complement of -1,100 officers and men is required to work this huge vessel, which cost -nearly £2,700,000 to build and equip. - - -ERIN. - -(Completed 1914.) - -This vessel was laid down at Barrow for the Turkish Government, and -named Reshadieh, but was taken over by the British Admiralty on the -outbreak of war with Germany. Launched in September, 1913, she displaces -23,000 tons, is 525 ft. long, and has turbines of 31,000 h.p., which -are expected to give a speed of 21 knots. In general her design -corresponds to that of the Iron Duke class. The armament consists of ten -13·5-in., sixteen 6-in., and four 12-pounder guns, with five submerged -torpedo tubes. - -The five double turrets in which the big guns are mounted are on the -centre-line, thus allowing all ten weapons to be used on each broadside. -Armour protection is very complete, the main belt being 12 in., the -turrets 12 in., and the secondary battery 5 in. thick. Her coal capacity -is 2,100 tons. The complement is 900 officers and men. The price paid -for this ship has not yet been made public. - - -KING GEORGE V. CLASS. - -(Completed 1912-13.) - - -KING GEORGE V. CENTURION. AJAX. AUDACIOUS. - -These fine vessels are among the most powerful of our super-Dreadnought -battleships. The displacement is nominally 23,000 tons, but when in -service, with maximum fuel, stores, &c., on board, they displace about -25,000 tons. They are 596 ft. in length, with a beam of 89 ft., and -their turbines of 27,000 h.p. drive them at a speed of 21½ knots. The -armament consists of ten 13·5-in. and sixteen 4-in. guns, with three -submerged torpedo tubes. - -All the big guns, which are mounted in pairs in turrets on the centre -line, can fire on either broadside. Protection is afforded by a 12-in. -armour belt amidships, with thinner plating above and at the ends. The -turrets are of 11-in. armour. The secondary battery of 4-in. -quick-firers is practically unprotected. A maximum fuel supply of 2,700 -tons can be carried. The complement is 900 officers and men. Each of -these ships cost more than £1,900,000 to build and equip. - - -ORION CLASS. - -(Completed 1911-12.) - - -ORION. MONARCH. CONQUEROR. THUNDERER. - -Super-Dreadnoughts of 22,500 tons displacement and 545 ft. in length. -The Orion class, to which these ships belong, inaugurated the -“super-Dreadnought” era by reason of the super-calibre guns with which -they are armed. They are propelled by Parsons’ turbines of 27,000 h.p. -at a speed of 21 knots, but did considerably better than this on the -trial runs. The main armament comprises ten 13·5-in. breech-loading -guns, firing a 1,250 lb. projectile at the rate of two per minute. - -These guns are mounted in five twin turrets on the centre line of the -vessel, and all of them can be trained on either broadside. Sixteen -4-in. quick-firers are mounted for use against torpedo craft, and there -are three 21-in. submerged torpedo tubes. The armour belt is 12-in. -thick amidships, the turrets 11-in. Some of the smaller guns are -protected by 4-in. armour. Coal and oil to the amount of 2,700 tons can -be carried. The complement of these ships is 900 officers and men. They -cost complete nearly £2,000,000. - - -NEPTUNE CLASS. - -(Completed 1911.) - - -NEPTUNE. HERCULES. COLOSSUS. - -These are Dreadnought battleships of 20,000 tons displacement. They are -510 ft. in length, and have Parsons’ turbines of 25,000 h.p., which give -them a speed of 21 knots. The main battery consists of ten 12-in. guns, -50 calibres (_i.e._, 50 ft.) long, mounted in five twin turrets. Two of -these turrets are in echelon amidships, the remaining three being on the -centre line, an arrangement that permits all ten guns to come into -action on either broadside through a limited arc. - -In the class to which these ships belong the super-posed turret appeared -for the first time in the British Navy. Sixteen 4-in. quick-firers and -three submerged torpedo tubes complete the armament. There is an 11-in. -armour belt on the waterline, similar protection being given to the big -guns. The fuel capacity is 2,700 tons. The complement numbers over 800 -officers and men. These vessels cost about £1,700,000 apiece to -complete. - - -ST. VINCENT CLASS. - -(Completed 1910.) - - -ST. VINCENT. VANGUARD. COLLINGWOOD. - -These are Dreadnought battleships with a displacement of 19,250 tons. -They are 500 ft. long, and have Parsons’ turbines of 24,500 h.p., which -give them a top speed of 21 knots. Their main battery comprises ten -12-in. guns of powerful type, mounted in five twin turrets, the -disposition of which allows eight guns to be used on either beam. They -also carry eighteen 4-in. quick-firers, some mounted on top of the -turrets, and others in the superstructure. There are three submerged -torpedo tubes. - -The waterline is protected by armour barely 10-in. thick, this being -also the thickness of the turret armour. Coal and oil to the amount of -2,700 tons can be carried. The complement of these battleships numbers -rather more than 800 officers and men. They cost about £1,700,000 to -build and complete. - - -BELLEROPHON CLASS. - -(Completed 1909.) - - -BELLEROPHON. SUPERB. TEMERAIRE. - -These ships are some of our earliest Dreadnoughts. Their displacement is -18,900 tons, length 490 ft. Parsons’ turbines of 23,000 h.p. propel them -at a maximum speed of 21 knots, which they can maintain for several -hours without difficulty. Ten 12-in. guns form the primary armament, -which is mounted in five twin turrets, so disposed as to allow eight -guns to fire on the broadside. They carry, further, sixteen 4-in. -quick-firing guns to repel attack by torpedo craft, and there are three -torpedo tubes below water. - -On the waterline and the big-gun positions there is 11-in. armour. The -maximum supply of coal and oil is 2,700 tons. The complement is 800 -officers and men. These battleships cost about £1,700,000 to build and -complete. - - -DREADNOUGHT. - -(Completed 1906.) - -This famous battleship was laid down at Portsmouth in October, 1905, and -completed by December, 1906, and thus established a record for speedy -construction. She was designed by a committee of experts to meet the -requirements of modern naval tactics, and with various modifications the -main principles she embodied have since been almost universally adopted. -She displaces 17,900 tons, and is 520 ft. long. Parsons’ turbines of -23,000 h.p. give her a speed of 21 knots. She was the first battleship -ever fitted with turbine machinery. - -The armament consists of ten 12-in. guns, mounted in five twin turrets, -which are so placed as to give a broadside fire of eight and an axial -fire of six guns. For keeping off torpedo craft a battery of twenty-four -12-pounder quick-firers is provided. There are five submerged torpedo -tubes. Waterline and vitals are protected by 11-in. armour, as also are -the gun turrets. The ship has a great amount of internal protection -against mine or torpedo explosion. She can carry 2,700 tons of coal. The -complement numbers about 800 officers and men. This battleship cost -upwards of £1,800,000 to build and equip. - - -LORD NELSON CLASS. - -(Completed 1908-09.) - - -LORD NELSON. AGAMEMNON. - -These battleships are sometimes called semi-Dreadnoughts, because they -approximate to the Dreadnought type in tonnage and armament. The -displacement is 16,500 tons, length 410 ft., and engines of 16,750 h.p., -giving a speed of over 18 knots. Each of these vessels is armed with -four 12-in. and ten 9·2-in. breech-loading guns, all mounted in armoured -turrets. The four 12-in. and eight of the 9·2-in. guns are in twin -turrets, the other two 9·2-in. being in single turrets. The disposition -of the armament is such that four 12-in. and five 9·2-in. can fire on -each broadside. An outstanding defect is the smallness of the double -9·2-in. turrets, which hardly give elbow room to the crews and do not -allow full advantage to be taken of the extraordinary rapidity with -which the 9·2-in. piece can be worked when there is plenty of space. - -On the whole, however, these ships are extremely powerful units. For -driving off torpedo craft there are twenty-four 12-pounder quick-firers -mounted in the superstructure. Five torpedo tubes are fitted. Armour -protection consists of a 12-in. belt amidships, and there is similar -plating on the 12-in. turrets, the smaller turrets having 8-in. armour. -The fuel capacity is 2,500 tons. Each battleship carries 750 officers -and men and cost £1,650,000 to build and complete. - - -BATTLE CRUISERS - - -TIGER. - -(Completed 1914.) - -This is the largest battle cruiser in the British Navy. She was built at -Clydebank, and was approaching completion at the outbreak of war. The -displacement is 28,000 tons, length 660 ft., and Parsons’ turbines of -100,000 h.p. give a speed of at least 28 knots. Her armament comprises -eight 13·5-in., twelve 6-in., and some smaller guns, with three torpedo -tubes. The big guns are in double turrets on the centre-line, and all -can be fired on either broadside. The 6-in. guns are mounted in an -armoured battery. - -For a battle cruiser this ship is heavily armoured. She has a belt at -least 10 in. thick amidships, and the turrets are of equal thickness. -She can store as much as 4,000 tons of coal and oil. The complement is -about 1,100 officers and men. In appearance the “Tiger” is quite unlike -other British battle cruisers. She has three equal-sized funnels and -only one mast. Her total cost is understood to be not less than -£2,200,000. - - -LION CLASS. - -(Completed 1912-13.) - - -LION. QUEEN MARY. PRINCESS ROYAL. - -These battle cruisers displace 27,000 tons, are 660 ft. in length, and -88½ ft. broad. They have turbines of about 70,000 h.p., which enable -them to steam at 28 knots, though this speed has been greatly exceeded -in service. The main armament consists of ten 13·5-in. guns, discharging -a projectile of 1,400 lb. weight, at the rate of two rounds per minute. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Bellerophon._ - - _Photo: Symonds & Co._ - - =BELLEROPHON CLASS.= - - BELLEROPHON, TEMERAIRE, SUPERB. - - Displacement: 18,000 tons. - - Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 16 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 3. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 6 12in. 8 12in. 6 12in. - -These weapons are mounted in four double turrets on the centre-line, and -can thus be fired on either broadside. Sixteen 4-in. quick-firers are -carried for repelling torpedo attack. There are also two submerged -torpedo tubes. The main armour belt is about 9 in. thick, with 10-in. -plating on the turrets. The full fuel capacity is 3,000 tons, and the -complement numbers 980 officers and men. These ships averaged £2,085,000 -to build and complete. - - -INDEFATIGABLE CLASS. - -(Completed 1911-13.) - - -INDEFATIGABLE. NEW ZEALAND. AUSTRALIA. - -These vessels displace about 19,000 tons. They are 555 ft. in length, 80 -ft. broad, and are designed for a speed of 25 knots, which was much -exceeded during trials. The main armament consists of eight 12-in. guns, -mounted in four double turrets, two being placed fore and aft, and two -diagonally amidships, thus permitting all eight guns to be discharged on -either broadside. - -In addition there are sixteen 4-in. quick-firers mounted in the -superstructure, and two submerged torpedo tubes. A 7-in. armour belt -protects the waterline, the same thickness being on the turrets. The -fuel capacity is 2,500 tons, including oil. A complement of 790 officers -and men is carried. These ships cost about £1,500,000 each to build and -complete. - - -INVINCIBLE CLASS. - -(Completed 1908-09.) - - -INVINCIBLE. INDOMITABLE. INFLEXIBLE. - -The Invincible class were the first battle-cruisers to be built. The -type is a cruiser edition of the Dreadnought, combining great offensive -qualities with high speed. The displacement is 17,250 tons, length 530 -ft., and the turbines of 41,000 h.p. are designed for a speed of 25 -knots. In service, however, these vessels have steamed at more than 28 -knots. They are armed with eight 12-in guns, mounted in four double -turrets, one turret being placed at each end and the other two en -echelon amidships. - -This system enables all eight weapons to be fired on either broadside -through a very limited arc. Sixteen 4-in. guns are mounted for repelling -torpedo attack. The waterline and vital parts are protected by 7-in. -armour, this being also the thickness of the turret plates. Coal to the -amount of 2,500 tons can be carried. The complement is 780 officers and -men. These vessels each cost over £1,700,000 to build and equip. - - -PRE-DREADNOUGHTS. - -KING EDWARD CLASS. - -(Completed 1904-06.) - - -KING EDWARD VII. ZEALANDIA. BRITANNIA. HIBERNIA. DOMINION. COMMONWEALTH. -HINDUSTAN. AFRICA. - -The King Edward class is considered to be the finest homogeneous group -of pre-Dreadnought battleships in the world. The displacement is 16,350 -tons, length 425 ft., and engines of 18,000 h.p. give a speed of over 19 -knots. The armament consists of four 12-in., four 9·2-in., ten 6-in., -twelve 12-pounder, and twelve 3-pounder guns, with four torpedo tubes. - -All eight big guns are mounted in armoured turrets, the 6-in. weapons -being in a box battery. Broadside fire is from four 12-in., two 9·2-in., -and five 6-in. guns. A 9-in. armour belt protects vital parts. On the -main turrets there is 12-in. plating, and the smaller guns also have -good protection. The maximum coal supply is 2,200 tons. A complement of -820 officers and men is carried. These ships each cost about £1,450,000 -to build and equip. - - -SWIFTSURE CLASS. - -(Completed 1904.) - - -SWIFTSURE. TRIUMPH. - -These battleships were built for the Chilian Government, but both were -purchased by Great Britain before they were completed. The displacement -is 11,980 tons, length 436 ft., and engines of 12,500 h.p. give a speed -of 20 knots. For their size the armament of these vessels is most -formidable. It comprises four 10-in., fourteen 7·5-in., and fourteen -14-pounder guns, with two torpedo tubes. The 10-in. weapons are in two -twin turrets, the 7·5-in. guns being in an armoured battery. - -The waterline and vital parts are protected by 7-in. of armour, which is -increased to 10-in. on the turrets and there is 6-in. plating over the -secondary battery. The coal supply is 2,000 tons. A complement of 700 -officers and men is carried. The ships each cost £845,000 to build and -complete. In all but very calm weather they lose much of their fighting -value owing to the nearness of the 7·5-in. battery to the water, a -position which makes it impossible to work these guns in a seaway. In -other respects, too, the type is considered inferior to standard British -design. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Dreadnought._ - - _Photo: Sport & General._ - - =DREADNOUGHT.= - - Displacement: 17,900 tons. - - Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 24 12pdrs.; Torpedo tubes: 5. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 6 12in. 8 12in. 6 12in. - - -DUNCAN CLASS. - -(Completed 1903-04.) - - -DUNCAN. EXMOUTH. CORNWALLIS. ALBEMARLE. RUSSELL. - -These are vessels of 14,000 tons displacement, 405 ft. in length, with -engines of 18,000 h.p., and a speed of 20 knots. Their armament consists -of four 12-in., twelve 6-in., and ten 12-pounder guns, with four -submerged torpedo tubes. The 12-in. guns are in turrets, the 6-in. in -casemates. Broadside fire is from four 12-in. and six 6-in. guns. - -The class to which these ships belong was designed with a view to speed, -to gain which sacrifices were necessary. Hence the armour protection is -very light, the thickness of the belt being only 7-in. on the waterline. -The turrets are of the same moderate thickness. The maximum fuel -capacity is 2,000 tons. A complement of 750 officers and men is carried. -The average cost was £1,000,000 to build and complete. - - -FORMIDABLE CLASS. - -(Completed 1901-04.) - - -FORMIDABLE. IMPLACABLE. VENERABLE. PRINCE OF WALES. IRRESISTIBLE. -LONDON. BULWARK. QUEEN. - -This class displaces 15,000 tons, is 400 ft. long, and has engines of -15,000 h.p., giving a speed of about 18½ knots. It is armed with four -12-in., twelve 6-in., and sixteen 12-pounder guns, with four submerged -torpedo tubes. The waterline is armoured with 9-in., the turrets with -12-in. plates, and there is 6-in. armour on the casemates containing the -secondary guns. The full coal capacity is 2,100 tons. These ships carry -780 officers and men. They cost more than £1,000,000 to build and equip. - - -CANOPUS CLASS. - -(Completed 1900-02.) - - -CANOPUS. GOLIATH. VENGEANCE. OCEAN. GLORY. ALBION. - -These ships belong to a class of old pre-Dreadnoughts which are rapidly -losing their fighting value. They displace 12,950 tons, are 390 ft. -long, and have engines of 13,500 h.p., which give a speed of nearly 19 -knots. The armament comprises four 12-in., twelve 6-in., and ten -12-pounder guns, all of obsolescent pattern. There are four torpedo -tubes. A belt only 6-in. thick protects the waterline, but there is -12-in. armour on the gun turrets. Coal to the amount of 1,750 tons can -be carried. The complement numbers 750 officers and men. These ships -cost about £850,000 each. They were designed with very light draught to -enable them to navigate the Suez Canal. They are still comparatively -fast steamers. - - -MAJESTIC CLASS. - -(Completed 1895-98.) - - -MAGNIFICENT. MAJESTIC. VICTORIOUS. PRINCE GEORGE. ILLUSTRIOUS. JUPITER. -CÆSAR. MARS. HANNIBAL. - -The Majestic class is the oldest group of battleships in the Navy. The -displacement is 14,900 tons, length 390 ft. and engines of 12,000 h.p. -give them a maximum speed of 17½ knots. They are armed with four 12-in., -twelve 6-in., and sixteen 12-pounder guns of old type, with five torpedo -tubes. The armour belt is 9-in. amidships, and there is 14-in. armour on -the big gun turrets. Coal to the amount of 1,900 tons can be stowed. A -complement of 750 officers and men is carried. The ships cost slightly -more than £900,000 each to build and complete. - - -ARMOURED CRUISERS - - -MINOTAUR CLASS. - -(Completed 1908.) - - -MINOTAUR. DEFENCE. SHANNON. - -These vessels are armoured cruisers of 14,600 tons, 490 ft. in length, -and have engines of 27,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. They carry -a very powerful armament, consisting of four 9·2-in., ten 7·5-in., and -sixteen 12-pounder guns. The 9·2-in. and 7·5-in. guns are in armoured -turrets, the four first named being mounted in pairs, the 7·5 in. -singly. - -Protection is afforded by a 6-in. belt amidships, with 8-in. armour on -the 9·2-in. turrets, and 6-in. armour on the smaller turrets. The -maximum coal supply is 2,250 tons. A complement of about 800 officers -and men is borne. These ships cost more than £1,400,000 each to build -and complete. - - -WARRIOR CLASS. - -(Completed 1906-07.) - - -WARRIOR. ACHILLES. NATAL. COCHRANE. - -These are armoured cruisers of 13,550 tons. They are 480 ft. in length, -and have engines of 23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. The -armament consists of six 9·2-in. and four 7·5-in. guns, all mounted in -single turrets, and so disposed that six heavy guns bear on each -broadside. There are, besides, twenty-four 3-pounder quick-firers for -use against torpedo-craft, and three submerged torpedo tubes. The armour -belt and turrets are 6 in. thick. The maximum coal capacity is 2,000 -tons, and a complement of over 700 officers and men is carried. Each -vessel cost about £1,200,000 to build and complete. - - -BLACK PRINCE CLASS. - -(Completed 1906.) - - -BLACK PRINCE. DUKE OF EDINBURGH. - -These armoured cruisers have a displacement of 13,550 tons, are 480 ft. -long, and have engines of 23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23·3 knots. -They are armed with six 9·2-in., ten 6-in., and twenty 3-pounder guns, -with three torpedo tubes. The big guns are mounted in single turrets, -the 6-in. weapons being in an armoured battery. - -Owing to the low freeboard of these ships, their 6-in. guns are too near -the water to be worked in rough weather. They are protected on the -waterline by a 6-in. armour belt, with similar plating on the gun -turrets and battery. The full coal capacity is 2,000 tons. These -cruisers carry 700 officers and men. They cost nearly £1,200,000 to -build and complete. - - -DEVONSHIRE CLASS. - -(Completed 1905-06.) - - -ANTRIM. CARNARVON. HAMPSHIRE. DEVONSHIRE. ROXBURGH. ARGYLL. - -Armoured cruisers displacing 10,850 tons, 450 ft. in length, with -engines of 20,500 h.p., giving a speed of 22·3 knots. The armament is -weak for vessels of this size, and consists only of four 7·5-in. and six -6-in. guns, with twenty small quick-firers and two torpedo tubes. - -The 7·5-in. guns are mounted in turrets, the 6-in. weapons in casemates. -There is a 6-in. belt amidships, and 6-in. plating on the turrets and -casemates. The maximum coal capacity is 1,800 tons. A complement of 655 -officers and men is carried. The average cost, complete, of these ships -was nearly £900,000. - - -“COUNTY” CLASS. - -(Completed 1903-04.) - - -KENT. ESSEX. MONMOUTH. BERWICK. SUFFOLK. DONEGAL. LANCASTER. CORNWALL. -CUMBERLAND. - -The displacement of this class is 9,800 tons. They are 440 ft. in -length, and have engines of 22,000 h.p., which drive them at a speed of -23 knots. The armament consists of fourteen 6-in., eight 12-pounder, and -three smaller quick-firing guns. Four of the 6-in. weapons are mounted -in twin turrets placed at the bow and stern, the remainder being in -casemates. There are two torpedo tubes. - -Protection is very light throughout, there being only a 4-in. belt -amidships, with 5-in. armour on the turrets. The full coal supply is -1,600 tons. A complement of 540 officers and men is carried. Each ship -cost complete about £750,000. - - -DRAKE CLASS. - -(Completed 1902-03.) - - -DRAKE. LEVIATHAN. GOOD HOPE. KING ALFRED. - -These vessels are among the best of the older armoured cruisers. Each -displaces 14,100 tons, is 500 ft. long, and has engines of 30,000 h.p., -giving a speed of 23 knots. On trial and in service this speed has been -much exceeded, and the ships can still steam at 24 knots. They are armed -with two 9·2-in. breech-loaders, sixteen 6-in., and twelve 12-pounder -quick-firing guns. - -The big weapons are in single turrets, one placed at each end of the -ship, the 6-in. guns being mounted in casemates. Two torpedo tubes are -fitted. The armour protection on the turrets, casemates, and belt has a -uniform thickness of 6-in. Coal to the amount of 2,500 tons is stored in -the bunkers. The complement consists of 900 officers and men. These -cruisers averaged about one million sterling complete. - - -CRESSY CLASS. - -(Completed 1901-04.) - - -CRESSY. SUTLEJ. ABOUKIR. HOGUE. BACCHANTE. EURYALUS. - -The Cressy group are the oldest class of armoured cruisers on the active -list. They displace 12,000 tons, are 440 ft. in length, and have engines -of 21,000 h.p., producing a speed of 21 knots, which was exceeded on -trial by one knot. The armament comprises two 9·2-in. breech-loaders, -twelve 6-in., and twelve 12-pounder quick-firing guns, with two torpedo -tubes. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Agamemnon._ - - _Photo: Cribb, Southsea._ - - =AGAMEMNON CLASS.= - - AGAMEMNON AND LORD NELSON. - - Displacement: 16,500 tons. - - Speed: 18½ knots; Guns: 4 12in., 10 9·2in.; Torpedo tubes: 5. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 2 12in. 4 12in. 2 12in. - 4 9·2in. 5 9·2in. 4 9·2in. - -The big guns are mounted in single turrets fore and aft, the 6-in. -weapons in casemates. There is a 6-in. belt amidships, armour of the -same thickness on the turrets, and 5-in. plating on the casemates. The -coal bunkers can store 1,600 tons. A complement of 750 officers and men -is carried. The cost of this class when complete averaged £750,000. - - -ARETHUSA CLASS. - -(Completed 1914.) - - -ARETHUSA. AURORA. GALATEA. INCONSTANT. PENELOPE. PHAETON. ROYALIST. -UNDAUNTED. - -These are the light armoured cruisers which Mr. Churchill has described -as “destroyers of destroyers.” They displace 3,600 tons, are 410 ft. -long, and have turbines of 37,000 h.p., giving a speed of 30 knots. The -armament consists of two 6-in., six 4-in., and four machine guns, with -four torpedo tubes. - -There is a belt of 3-in. armour amidships, with 3½-in. plating above -this. The boilers are fired entirely by oil fuel, of which about 750 -tons are carried. The complement numbers about 270 officers and men. The -cost of this class has not yet been made public. - - -PROTECTED CRUISERS - -(With protective decks instead of armoured belts.) - - -EDGAR CLASS. - -(Completed 1893-94.) - - -EDGAR. HAWKE. THESEUS. ENDYMION. GRAFTON. GIBRALTAR. - -These vessels are the oldest cruisers we possess, displacing 7,350 tons, -and having a speed of 19½ knots. They are armed with two 9·2-in., ten -6-in., and seventeen smaller guns, with two torpedo tubes. Coal -capacity, 1,250 tons. Complement, 544 officers and men. Cost over -£400,000. - - -ROYAL ARTHUR CLASS. - -(Completed 1893-94.) - - -ROYAL ARTHUR. CRESCENT. - -This class displaces 7,700 tons, and has a speed of 19½ knots. The -armament is one 9·2-in., twelve 6-in., and seventeen smaller guns, with -two torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck over engines and boilers. Coal -capacity, 1,250 tons. Complement, 560 officers and men. Cost, about -£400,000. - - -TERRIBLE. - -(Completed 1898.) - -This is the largest protected cruiser in the British Navy. She displaces -14,200 tons, and can steam at 22 knots. Her armament consists of two -9·2-in., sixteen 6-in., and many smaller guns, with four torpedo tubes. -Over engines and boilers there is a steel deck 6-in. thick. Coal -capacity, 3,000 tons. Complement, 840 officers and men. Cost complete, -£708,000. - - -DIADEM CLASS. - -(Completed 1899-1902.) - - -DIADEM. NIOBE. AMPHITRITE. ARIADNE. EUROPA. ANDROMEDA. ARGONAUT. -SPARTIATE. - -Protected cruisers of 11,000 tons and 20½ knots speed, armed with -sixteen 6-in. and twelve 12-pounder quick-firing guns, with two torpedo -tubes. Engines and boilers are protected by a 4-in. steel deck. Coal -capacity, 2,000 tons. Complement, 677 officers and men. Cost, about -£550,000. The Niobe is now a unit of the Canadian Navy. - - -MELBOURNE CLASS. - -(Completed 1913.) - - -MELBOURNE. SYDNEY. - -These are protected cruisers belonging to the Australian Navy. They -displace 5,600 tons, are 430 ft. long, and have a speed of 25½ knots. -The armament consists of eight 6-in. and some small quick-firers, with -two submerged torpedo tubes. - -The coal capacity is 1,000 tons. A complement of 400 officers and men is -carried. They each cost complete about £350,000. - - -NOTTINGHAM CLASS. - -(Completed 1914.) - - -NOTTINGHAM. BIRMINGHAM. LOWESTOFT. - -Three of our latest light cruisers. They are of 5,440 tons, with -turbines of 22,000 h.p., giving a speed of 25½ knots. The armament is -nine 6-in. and four small quick-firers, with two submerged torpedo -tubes. There is a thin armour belt on the waterline. Coal capacity, -1,000 tons. The complement is 400 officers and men. - - [Illustration] - - =LION CLASS.= - - LION, PRINCESS ROYAL. - - Displacement: 26,350 tons. - - Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8 13·5in., 16 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 3. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 2 13·5in. 8 13·5in. 4 13·5in. - - -CHATHAM CLASS. - -(Completed 1912-13.) - - -SOUTHAMPTON. CHATHAM. DUBLIN. - -These vessels are light cruisers of 5,400 tons, with turbines of 22,000 -h.p., and a speed of 25½ knots. They carry an armament of eight 6-in. -and four small quick-firers, with two torpedo tubes submerged. Coal -capacity, 1,000 tons. Complement, 400 officers and men. Cost complete, -about £350,000. - - -FALMOUTH CLASS. - -(Completed 1911-12.) - - -FALMOUTH. WEYMOUTH. DARTMOUTH. YARMOUTH. - -Light cruisers displacing 5,250 tons, driven by turbines of 22,000 h.p. -at a speed of 24¾ knots. They are armed with eight 6-in. and four small -quick-firers, and two submerged torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is -1,000 tons. Complement, 390 officers and men. Cost complete, about -£335,000. - - -BRISTOL CLASS. - -(Completed 1910.) - - -GLASGOW. LIVERPOOL. BRISTOL. GLOUCESTER. NEWCASTLE. - -These vessels are light cruisers of 4,800 tons, propelled by turbines of -22,000 h.p., at a speed of 25 knots. The armament is two 6-in., ten -4-in., and some small quick-firers, with two submerged torpedo tubes. -Coal capacity, 850 tons. Complement, 375 officers and men. Cost -complete, over £350,000. - - -ACTIVE CLASS. - -(Completed 1911-12.) - - -ACTIVE. FEARLESS. - -These vessels belong to the Scout category, and displace 3,440 tons. -Their turbines of 18,000 h.p. give a speed of 25 knots, but this is -often exceeded. They are armed with ten 4-in. and four smaller -quick-firers, and have two deck torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 600 tons. -Complement, 320 officers and men. They averaged complete about £270,000. -The ill-fated Amphion was a sister-ship. - - -BLANCHE CLASS. - -(Completed 1910-11.) - - -BLANCHE. BLONDE. - -Light cruisers of the Scout type. They displace 3,350 tons, and have -turbines of 18,000 h.p., giving a speed of 25 knots. The armament is ten -4-in. and four 3-pounder quick-firers, with two torpedo tubes mounted on -deck. Coal capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 285 officers and men. Cost -complete, about £275,000. - - -BOADICEA CLASS. - -(Completed 1909-10.) - - -BELLONA. BOADICEA. - -Light cruisers of the Scout type, displacing 3,300 tons, and having a -speed of 25 knots, which is frequently exceeded by two knots. Armament: -Six 4-in., four 3-pounder quick-firing guns, two deck torpedo tubes. -Coal capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 263 officers and men. Cost -complete, £330,000. - - -SENTINEL CLASS. - -(Completed 1905-06.) - - -ADVENTURE. ATTENTIVE. FORESIGHT. FORWARD. PATHFINDER. PATROL. SENTINEL. -SKIRMISHER. - -These vessels were the first fleet scouts. They are of about 3,000 tons -displacement, and have engines of 16,500 h.p., which give them a speed -of 25 knots. As originally armed, they carried a battery of 12-pounders, -but these were replaced recently by nine 4-in. quick-firers, a change -which much increased the fighting value. The coal supply is 400 tons, -and they have a complement of 268 officers and men. The average cost, -complete, was over £270,000. - - -“GEM” CLASS. - -(Completed 1905.) - - -AMETHYST. TOPAZE. DIAMOND. SAPPHIRE. - -Light cruisers of 3,000 tons, with a speed of 22 knots. Armed with -twelve 4-in. and some smaller quick-firing guns, with two torpedo tubes -on deck. The coal supply is 500 tons, the complement 296 officers and -men, and the average cost, complete, was about £235,000. - - -CHALLENGER CLASS. - -(Completed 1904-06.) - - -CHALLENGER. ENCOUNTER (Australian Navy). - -These vessels are protected cruisers of 5,880 tons, capable of steaming -21 knots. The armament consists of eleven 6-in. and some smaller -quick-firing guns. Over the engines and boilers there is a 3-in. steel -protective deck. The coal capacity is 1,225 tons, the complement 454 -officers and men, and they averaged, complete, £360,000. - - -HIGHFLYER CLASS. - -(Completed 1900-01.) - - -HERMES. HYACINTH. HIGHFLYER. - -These protected cruisers displace 5,600 tons. They have a speed of 20 -knots, and are armed with eleven 6-in., several smaller quick-firing -guns, and two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,100 tons. They carry -a complement of 456 officers and men, and each ship cost, complete, over -£280,000. - - -PELORUS CLASS. - -(Completed 1897-1901.) - - -PROSERPINE. PELORUS. PEGASUS. PYRAMUS. PANDORA. PERSEUS. PROMETHEUS. -PSYCHE. PIONEER. - -The displacement of this class is about 2,200 tons, speed 20 knots, and -the armament consists of eight 4-in. and some smaller quick-firing guns, -with two torpedo tubes mounted on deck. The coal capacity is 520 tons. -They have a complement of 234 officers and men, and each vessel cost -complete, about £150,000. - - -ARROGANT CLASS. - -(Completed 1898-99.) - - -FURIOUS. VINDICTIVE. - -Protected cruisers of 5,750 tons and 19 knots speed, armed with ten -6-in. and some smaller quick-firing guns, and two torpedo tubes. Coal -capacity is 1,175 tons. The complement consists of 429 officers and men. -Each cost complete, over £280,000. - - -TALBOT CLASS. - -(Completed 1897-98.) - - -ECLIPSE. MINERVA. TALBOT. DIANA. DORIS. JUNO. VENUS. ISIS. DIDO. - -These vessels are protected cruisers of 5,600 tons, with a speed of 19½ -knots. They are armed with eleven 6-in. and some smaller guns, and have -two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,050 tons, and the complement -416 officers and men. Each cost complete about £275,000. - - -ASTRÆA CLASS. - -(Completed 1894-95.) - - -ASTRÆA. CAMBRIAN. CHARYBDIS. FLORA. FOX. HERMIONE. - -The displacement of these cruisers is 4,360 tons. They have a speed of -19½ knots, and are armed with two 6-in., eight 4·7-in., and some smaller -guns. The coal capacity is 1,000 tons. A complement of 312 officers and -men is carried. They averaged complete about £225,000. - - -SAPPHO CLASS. - -(Completed 1893.) - - -SAPPHO. - -A light cruiser of 1,400 tons displacement, with a speed of 19½ knots. -She is armed with two 6-in., eight 4·7-in., and some smaller guns, and -has four torpedo tubes. The coal supply is 1,000 tons. Her complement is -273 officers and men. She cost complete £176,000. - - -ÆOLUS CLASS. - -(Completed 1892-93.) - - -ÆOLUS. RAINBOW (Canadian Navy). SIRIUS. MELPOMENE. BRILLIANT. - -These light cruisers displace 3,600 tons, and have a speed of 20 knots. -They are armed with two 6-in., six 4·7-in., and some smaller guns, -besides four torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 535 tons. The -complement is 273 officers and men. - - -PEARL CLASS. - -(Completed 1892.) - - -PHILOMEL. - -A light cruiser of 2,575 tons, with a speed of 19 knots. Armament: Eight -4·7-in., and thirteen smaller guns. Two torpedo tubes. Coal capacity 440 -tons. The complement is 217 officers and men, and the ship cost complete -about £164,000. She is the only vessel of the Pearl Class remaining on -the active list. - - -MEDEA CLASS. - -(Completed 1889.) - - -MEDEA. - -This is the oldest light cruiser on the active list. She displaces 2,800 -tons, has a speed of 19 knots, and is armed with six 4·7-in., and -fourteen smaller guns, besides four torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is -400 tons. The complement is about 200 officers and men. - - -DESTROYERS. - -“L” CLASS. - -(Completed 1914.) - - -LLEWELLYN. LENNOX. LOYAL. LEGION. LAFOREY. LAWFORD. LOUIS. LYDIARD. -LEONIDAS. LUCIFER. LAERTES. LYSANDER. LANCE. LOOKOUT. LAUREL. LIBERTY. -LARK. LANDRAIL. LAVEROCK. LINNET. - -These are among the very latest destroyers. They were launched in 1913, -and have a displacement of 965 tons. The designed speed is 29 knots, -which was exceeded on trial. They consume oil fuel only. The armament -consists of three 4-in. guns and four torpedo tubes, and they carry 100 -officers and men. - - -“K” CLASS. - -(Completed 1913.) - - -ACASTA. ACHATES. AMBUSCADE. ARDENT. FORTUNE. CHRISTOPHER. COCKATRICE. -CONTEST. GARLAND. PARAGON. PORPOISE. UNITY. VICTOR. LYNX. MIDGE. OWL. -SHARK. SPARROWHAWK. SPITFIRE. HARDY. - -These destroyers were built under the 1911 programme. The displacement -is 935 tons, and they can steam at more than 30 knots. The armament is -three 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Oil fuel only is consumed. The -complement is 100 officers and men. - - -“I” CLASS. - -(Completed 1911-12.) - - -LURCHER. FIREDRAKE. OAK. BADGER. BEAVER. ACHERON. ARIEL. ARCHER. ATTACK. -GOSHAWK. HIND. FORESTER. HORNET. HYDRA. DEFENDER. DRUID. JACKAL. -TIGRESS. LAPWING. LIZARD. SANDFLY. PHŒNIX. FERRET. - -Ocean-going destroyers of about 700 tons, with a speed of more than 30 -knots. The armament consists of two 4-in. and two 12-pounder guns, with -two torpedo tubes. Oil only is consumed. The complement is seventy-two -officers and men. These boats were built under the 1910 programme. - - -“H” CLASS. - -(Completed 1910-11.) - - -ACORN. ALARM. BRISK. CAMELEON. COMET. FURY. GOLDFINCH. HOPE. LARNE. -LYRA. MARTIN. MINSTREL. NEMESIS. NEREIDE. NYMPHE. REDPOLE. RIFLEMAN. -RUBY. SHELDRAKE. STAUNCH. - -These destroyers were built under the 1909 programme. Their displacement -is 760 tons, the designed speed 27 knots. The armament is two 4-in. and -two 12-pounder guns, with two torpedo tubes. Oil only is consumed. The -complement is 76 officers and men. - - -“G” CLASS. - -(Completed 1910.) - - -BASILISK. BEAGLE. BULLDOG. FOXHOUND. GRASSHOPPER. HARPY. MOSQUITO. -GRAMPUS. PINCHER. RACOON. RATTLESNAKE. RENARD. SAVAGE. SCORPION. -SCOURGE. WOLVERINE. - -These destroyers, which were built under the 1908 programme, have a -displacement of 976 tons and a speed of 27 knots. They are armed with -one 4-in. and three 12-pounder guns, and two torpedo tubes. The -complement is 96 officers and men. - - -“F” CLASS. - -(Completed 1908-9.) - - -AFRIDI. COSSACK. GHURKA. MOHAWK. TARTAR. - -These are ocean-going destroyers, displacing about 880 tons, with a -speed of more than 33 knots. They are armed with five 12-pounder guns -and two torpedo tubes. Oil only is consumed in the furnaces. Complement, -60 officers and men. - - -“F” CLASS. - -(Continued.) - - -SARACEN. AMAZON. NUBIAN. - -These destroyers are of 975 tons displacement, and have a speed of more -than 33 knots. The armament is two 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Oil -only is consumed. The complement is 67 officers and men. - - -“F” CLASS. - -(Continued.) - - -CRUSADER. MAORI. ZULU. - -Ocean-going destroyers of more than 1,000 tons displacement, with a -speed of nearly 34 knots. They burn oil fuel only. Armed with two 4-in. -guns and two torpedo tubes. Complement, 71 officers and men. - - -“F” CLASS. - -(Continued.) - - -VIKING. - -An ocean-going destroyer of 1,090 tons and a speed of 34 knots. She is -armed with two 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Oil only is burned. The -complement is 71 officers and men. - - -SWIFT. - -(Completed 1908.) - -This is the largest destroyer in the British Navy, and also the fastest. -She displaces 2,170 tons, and is designed for a speed of 36 knots, but -is said to have done as much as 39 knots in service. The armament is -four 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. She is officially classed as a -flotilla leader. - - -“E” CLASS. - -(Completed 1902-5.) - - -ARUN. BOYNE. CHELMER. CHERWELL. COLNE. DEE. DERWENT. DOON. EDEN. ERNE. -ETTRICK. EXE. FOYLE. GARRY. ITCHEN. JED. KALE. KENNET. LIFFEY. MOY. -NESS. NITH. OUSE. RIBBLE. ROTHER. STOUR. SWALE. TEST. TEVIOT. URE. USK. -WAVENEY. WEAR. WELLAND. - -These destroyers comprise the “River” class. They displace about 550 -tons, have a speed of 25½ knots, and are armed with four 12-pounder guns -and two torpedo tubes. The complement is 72 officers and men. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Indefatigable._ - - _Photo: Cribb, Southsea._ - - =INDEFATIGABLE CLASS.= - - INDEFATIGABLE, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND. - - Displacement: 18,750 tons. - - Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8 12in., 16 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 3. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 6 12in. 8 12in. 6 12in. - - -“D” CLASS. - -(Completed 1897-1900.) - - -ANGLER. COQUETTE. CYGNET. CYNTHIA. DESPERATE. FAME. MALLARD. STAG. - -These boats represent the older type of destroyers. They displace more -than 300 tons, have a speed of 30 knots, and are armed with one -12-pounder, five smaller guns, and two torpedo tubes. The complement is -60 officers and men. - - -“C” CLASS. - -(Completed 1897-98.) - - -ALBATROSS. AVON. BAT. BITTERN. BRAZEN. BULLFINCH. CHEERFUL. CRANE. DOVE. -ELECTRA. FAIRY. FALCON. FAWN. FLIRT. FLYING FISH. GIPSY. GREYHOUND. -KESTREL. LEOPARD. LEVEN. MERMAID. OSPREY. OSTRICH. RACEHORSE. RECRUIT. -ROEBUCK. STAR. SYLVIA. THORN. VELOX. VIGILANT. VIOLET. VIXEN. VULTURE. - -A comparatively old group of destroyers of 30 knots speed. Armed with -one 12-pounder, five smaller guns, and two torpedo tubes. The -complement is about 60 officers and men. - - -“B” CLASS. - -(Completed 1895-1900.) - - -ALBACORE. ARAB. BONETTA. EARNEST. EXPRESS. GRIFFON. KANGAROO. LIVELY. -LOCUST. MYRMIDON. ORWELL. PANTHER. PETEREL. QUAIL. SEAL. SPITEFUL. -SPRIGHTLY. SUCCESS. SYREN. THRASHER. WOLF. - -An early class of destroyer, with a speed of 30 knots. Armament: one 12 -pounder, five 6 pounder guns, two torpedo tubes. Complement: about 60 -officers and men. - - -“A” CLASS. - -(1894-5.) - - -CONFLICT. FERVENT. LIGHTNING. OPOSSUM. PORCUPINE. RANGER. SUNFISH. -SURLY. ZEPHYR. - -These are our oldest destroyers, having been launched nearly twenty -years ago. The speed is 27 knots. Armament: one 12-pounder, five smaller -guns, two torpedo tubes. Complement, 50 officers and men. - - [Illustration] - - _H.M.S. Indomitable._ - - _Photo: Symonds & Co._ - - =INDOMITABLE CLASS.= - - INDOMITABLE, INFLEXIBLE, INVINCIBLE. - - Displacement: 17,250 tons. - - Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8 12in., 16 4in.; Torpedo tubes: 3. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 6 12in. 8 12in. 6 12in. - - -FLOTILLA LEADERS. - -(Completed 1914.) - - -KEMPENFELT. NIMROD. - -These two large destroyers were ordered by the Chilian Government from -Messrs. White & Co., and purchased by the British Admiralty on the -outbreak of war. The displacement is 1,850 tons, speed more than 31 -knots, and the armament consists of six 4-in. quick-firers, two Maxims, -and three torpedo tubes. The complement is about 110 officers and men. - - -SUBMARINES. - -“A” CLASS.--These submarines are the oldest in commission. The -displacement is 204 tons, and on the surface they can travel at 12 -knots, below water at 9 knots. They are armed with two torpedo tubes. -Complement: 11 officers and men. - -“B” CLASS.--These boats displace 314 tons, and have a surface and -submerged speed of 13 and 9 knots respectively. They are armed with two -torpedo tubes. Sixteen officers and men are carried. - -“C” CLASS.--This class has a displacement of about 320 tons. Above water -their speed is 14 knots, below it is 10 knots. They are fitted with two -torpedo tubes, and have a crew of 16 officers and men. - -“D” CLASS.--These are fairly new boats of about 550 tons displacement. -On the surface the speed is 16 knots, below water it is 10 knots. They -are armed with three torpedo tubes, and are also believed to have a -quick-firing gun. The complement is about 20 officers and men. - - -“E” CLASS. - -The “E” class comprises our latest boats, and no official details of the -class have been published. The displacement, however, is about 800 tons, -and the surface speed 16 knots. There are four torpedo tubes and two -quick-firing guns, the latter being on disappearing mountings. About 25 -officers and men are carried. - - -A.E. 1 and A.E. 2. - -(Australian boats.) - -These boats are identical with the “E” class. - - -NAUTILUS. “F” CLASS. SWORDFISH. - -These boats, although not officially described, are known to be of -extremely powerful type. They displace nearly 1,000 tons, can travel at -18 or 19 knots on the surface and 12 below, and are armed with six -torpedo tubes and two guns. The complement is about 27 officers and -men. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE GERMAN NAVY - - -GERMAN BATTLESHIPS. - - -DREADNOUGHTS. - - -KÖNIG CLASS. - -(Completed 1914-15.) - -GROSSER KURFÜRST. KÖNIG. KRONPRINZ. MARKGRAF. - -The “König” class, to which these vessels belong, are the last -battleships to carry the 12-in. gun, as the battleships laid down since -are to be armed with 15-in. weapons. The “Königs” are considered by -German experts to be very successful ships. The displacement is 25,500 -tons, the length on the water-line 574 ft., and the engines are intended -to develop 28,000 s.h.p. = 20½ knots. - -The normal coal supply is 1,000 tons, but, if necessary, no fewer than -3,600 tons of fuel, including oil, can be carried. Ten 12-in. guns, 50 -cals. long, represent the main armament. They are mounted in five twin -turrets, all on the centre line, so arranged that four guns can fire -ahead or astern, and all ten on either broadside. Fourteen 5·9-in. -quick-firing guns are mounted in an armoured broadside battery, seven -being available on either beam. - -There are also ten 21-pounder quick-firers for repelling torpedo attack. -Five submerged torpedo tubes, to discharge the 19¾-in. torpedo, are -fitted. - -These ships are strongly armoured, having a belt 13¾ in. thick -amidships, with good protection to guns and main fighting stations. The -last vessel of this class, the “Kronprinz,” is not expected to be ready -before next year. - -The complement numbers 1,130. - - -KAISER CLASS. - -(Completed 1912-13.) - - -KAISER. FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE. KAISERIN. PRINZREGENT LUITPOLD. KÖNIG -ALBERT. - -In design the ships of this class are very similar to our “Neptune” -class, but are much larger, the displacement being 24,300 tons. The -designed speed is 20½ knots, but some ships of the class did much better -than this on trial, one of them, the “Kaiser,” steaming at 23½ knots for -a short period. These were the first German battleships to be fitted -with turbines. - -The armament consists of ten 12-in. guns, fourteen 5·9-in., and twelve -21-pounder quick-firers, with five submerged torpedo tubes. The big guns -are twin-mounted in five turrets, two of which are placed diagonally -amidships, whilst the other three turrets are on the centre line. By -this means all the big guns can be trained on either broadside, through -a fairly wide arc. Stern fire is nominally from eight, bow fire from six -guns. The 5·9-in. quick-firers are in an armoured battery. - -A feature of this class is the very strong armour belt, which is 13¾ in. -over vital parts amidships. Each ship carries 1,080 officers and men, -but the Friedrich der Grosse, which is the flagship of the -commander-in-chief, has a complement of more than 1,100. - -Two vessels of this class, “Kaiser” and “König Albert,” recently -completed an ocean cruise of 20,000 miles, and are said to have proved -excellent sea boats. Their maximum fuel capacity is 3,600 tons. - - -HELGOLAND CLASS. - -(Completed 1911-12.) - - -HELGOLAND. OSTFRIESLAND. THÜRINGEN. OLDENBURG. - -The “Helgoland” class, to which these vessels belong, represents the -second group of German Dreadnoughts. They are undoubtedly powerful -units, but the design has been sharply criticised in Germany. Displacing -22,440 tons, and with a designed speed of twenty knots, which has been -slightly exceeded in service, this class is armed with twelve 12-in., -fourteen 5·9-in., fourteen 21-pounders, and six submerged torpedo -tubes. - -The big guns are in twin turrets, of which four are placed on the -broadside, and two on the centre-line. This disposition allows only -eight guns to be trained on either beam; in other words, only 66 per -cent. of the heavy armament is available on the broadside. The designers -have explained this apparent defect by pointing out that if the ship -were attacked on both sides simultaneously it could reply effectively on -each broadside. Nevertheless, this system was not approved by German -experts, and was subsequently abandoned in favour of a turret -disposition which permits the free use of all big guns on each beam, as -in the “Kaiser” and “König” classes. - -The “Helgolands” have 11¾-in. armour on the water-line. They are very -steady in rough weather, and all have done well at gunnery. The maximum -coal supply is 3,000 tons. A complement of 1,106 officers and men is -carried. - - -NASSAU CLASS. - -(Completed 1909-10.) - - -NASSAU. WESTFALEN. RHEINLAND. POSEN. - -The “Nassau” class, to which these vessels belong, were the first -Dreadnoughts to be built by Germany. For their size they have an -extremely powerful armament, but too much was obviously attempted on -the displacement, and they are admittedly failures. - -These ships displace 18,600 tons. They have exceeded their designed -speed of nineteen knots by more than one knot. - -The armament comprises twelve 11-in., twelve 5·9-in., sixteen -21-pounders, and six submerged torpedo tubes. Owing to the disposition -of the four broadside turrets only eight of the big guns can be used on -one broadside, so that the ships, in spite of their more numerous -armament, can train only the same number of heavy guns on the beam as -the British Dreadnought. So much room is taken up by the gun positions -and their magazines, &c., that space between decks is very limited, and -the officers and men can scarcely be accommodated. - -Over vital parts of the hull there is 11½-in. armour, but the turrets -have much thinner protection. It is held by experts that these ships -would be quickly put out of action if subjected to heavy fire, and it is -considered doubtful whether they would be able to stand for long the -concussion of their own numerous heavy guns. - -The complement is 966 officers and men. The full coal capacity is 2,700 -tons. - - -BATTLE-CRUISERS. - - -DERFFLINGER. - -(Completed 1914.) - -The “Derfflinger” is Germany’s newest battle-cruiser. Laid down at the -end of 1911 at Hamburg, she was intended to be launched on June 14th -last year, but, owing to a mishap to the slipway, she did not go afloat -until a fortnight later. - -She was performing her trials when war broke out, but was then no doubt -hurriedly completed and placed in commission. Her displacement is 26,200 -tons, and she has a length on the waterline of 689-ft., with a maximum -breadth of 95-ft. - -High speed and great fuel endurance are the outstanding features of this -ship, which in proportion to her size is by no means heavily armed. The -main battery consists of eight 12-in. guns in four double turrets, all -on the centre line. Twelve 5·9-in. quick-firers represent the secondary -battery, and twelve 21-pounders the anti-torpedo armament. There are in -addition some special anti-aerocraft guns. Four submerged torpedo tubes -are fitted. - -The maximum thickness of the armour belt is 12-in., but great attention -has been paid to the protection of the guns and other important -positions. The fuel capacity reaches the enormous figure of 4,300 tons, -which includes about 1,000 tons of oil. The turbines are of a new -pattern, designed to work up to 63,000 shaft horse-power, giving a speed -of 26½ knots; but there is every reason to suppose this figure will be -exceeded in service. - -A peculiarity is the straight stem, no ram being fitted. The appearance -of this huge vessel is strikingly formidable, and she is undoubtedly a -most valuable addition to the German cruiser squadron, though in -armament she is outclassed by contemporary British battle-cruisers. -Complement, 1,125 officers and men. - - -SEYDLITZ. - -(Completed 1913.) - -The battle-cruiser Seydlitz is in a class by herself, though her design -closely resembles that of the Moltke and the Goeben, of which she is a -slightly larger edition. Her displacement is 24,600 tons, length 656 -ft., and she has Parsons’ turbines of 63,000 h.p., designed for a speed -of 26½ knots, though she is reported to have attained over twenty-eight -knots on trial. - -She was built at the Blohm and Voss yard, Hamburg, and was commissioned -last year. Her armament comprises ten 11-in., twelve 5·9-in., and twelve -21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. The big guns, -mounted in double turrets, are so disposed that all can be fired on -either broadside, whilst eight can be trained astern and six ahead. - -On the waterline amidships there is a 12-in. armour belt. The gun -positions are also well protected. The maximum fuel capacity is 3,350 -tons, equivalent to a steaming radius of 12,000 miles at moderate speed. - -This ship, however, is a notorious “coal-eater,” and consumes an -enormous amount of fuel when running at high speed. - -Her complement numbers 1,108 officers and men. - - -MOLTKE CLASS. - - -MOLTKE. GOEBEN. - -(Completed 1911-12.) - -These ships displace 22,640 tons, the length on water line is 610 ft., -and the extreme breadth 96½ ft. They are propelled by Parsons’ turbines, -of 52,000 h.p., designed to give a speed of twenty-five knots, but on -trial the maximum speed was slightly over twenty-eight knots, and since -being in service these two battle-cruisers are said to have proved -themselves to be the fastest armoured vessels in the German fleet. The -fuel capacity is over 3,000 tons, and at economical speed the vessels -can cover 12,000 miles without replenishing their bunkers. - -The armament is fairly powerful. It consists of ten 11-in., twelve -5·9-in., and twelve 21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. -Two turrets amidships are en echelon, the remaining three being on the -centre line, so that all ten big guns can be fired on either broadside. -These ships are reported to have special arrangements for rapidly -loading the heavy guns, but the report is not authenticated. - -For battle-cruisers the protection is remarkably good, there being -11-in. armour on the waterline. In every respect these vessels are among -the most powerful units of the German fleet. - -They have a complement of 1,013 officers and men. - - -VON DER TANN. - -(Completed 1910.) - -The Von der Tann was the first battle-cruiser built by Germany. She was -launched in 1909 and commissioned in the following year. The design of -the British Invincible was closely followed, but certain improvements -were introduced. - -On a displacement of 19,100 tons there is carried an armament of eight -11-in. and ten 5·9-in guns, with sixteen 21-pounders for repelling -torpedo attack. Four submerged torpedo tubes are fitted. The vessel has -a length of 560 ft. She is equipped with Parsons’ turbines of 43,600 -h.p., designed for a speed of twenty-five knots. On trial she touched -twenty-eight knots, and has done even better than this since. - -The four double turrets are so disposed that all eight guns are -available on either broadside through a very wide arc. The vitals of the -ship are protected by an armour belt 9¾-in. thick. She can carry 2,600 -tons of fuel, which enables her to steam about 11,000 miles at -economical speed. - -Her complement numbers 911 officers and men. The Von der Tann flies the -flag of Rear-Admiral Tapken, Junior Admiral of the Scouting Squadron. - - -PRE-DREADNOUGHTS. - - -DEUTSCHLAND CLASS. - -(1906-08.) - - -DEUTSCHLAND. POMMERN. SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. SCHLESIEN. HANNOVER. - -The main characteristics of the “Deutschland” class, to which these -vessels belong, are as follow: Displacement, 13,000 tons; speed, 19½ -knots; armament, four 11-in., fourteen 6·7-in., twenty 21-pounder guns, -and six submerged torpedo tubes. The armour belt is 9¾ in. at its -thickest, with 11-in. armour on the turrets. The 6·7-in. guns are in a -broadside battery, protected by 6¾-in. plates. - -[Illustration: =VICE-ADMIRAL INGENOHL.= - -Commander-in-Chief, German High Seas Fleet.] - -These are popular ships in the German navy, owing to their handiness, -good speed, and sea-keeping qualities. The armament is not so formidable -as it looks, owing to the slow rate of fire from the secondary battery. -The 6·7-in. projectile weighs 154 lbs., and is thus too heavy to be -handled by manual power, a fact which takes this gun out of the -quick-firing category. - -In fighting value the ships compare with our Formidables. The coal -supply is limited to 1,750 tons. The complement is 743 officers and men. -The “Deutschland” was for some years flagship of the High Sea Fleet. - - -BRAUNSCHWEIG CLASS. - -(Completed 1904-06.) - - -BRAUNSCHWEIG. ELSASS. PREUSSEN. HESSEN. LOTHRINGEN. - -The same in every respect as the “Deutschland” class, except that the -armour belt is only 9-in. thick. - - -WITTELSBACH CLASS. - -(Completed 1902-03.) - - -WITTELSBACH. WETTIN. ZÄHRINGEN. SCHWABEN. MECKLENBURG. - -The “Wittelsbach” class, to which these vessels belong, has the -following characteristics: Displacement, 11,643 tons; speed 18 knots; -armament, four 9·4-in., eighteen 5·9-in., twelve 21-pounders, and six -submerged torpedo tubes. Amidships there is a belt of 9-in. armour, with -10-in. plating on the big-gun turrets. - -Although the heavy guns are too weak for modern tactics, the -exceptionally powerful secondary battery was considered to compensate -for this defect. To older ships of the pre-Dreadnought period the -“Wittelsbach” class might still prove formidable opponents. - -In service they have been found defective in sea-keeping qualities, and -the high freeboard and lofty superstructure offer an inviting target to -hostile guns. - -Normally these ships form part of the reserve fleet. Proposals to -reconstruct and modernise them two years ago were rejected, on the -ground of their insignificant fighting value. - -The coal supply is 1,800 tons. A complement of 683 officers and men is -borne. - - -KAISER FRIEDRICH CLASS. - -(Completed 1898-1901.) - - -KAISER FRIEDRICH III. KAISER WILHELM II. KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE. -KAISER KARL DER GROSSE. KAISER BARBAROSSA. - -Particulars of the Kaiser Friedrich class, of which these ships are -representatives, are as follows: Displacement, 10,600 tons; speed, 17 -knots; armament, four 9·4-in., fourteen 5·9-in., fourteen 21-pounder -guns and five submerged torpedo tubes. Protection is afforded by a -narrow belt 12-in. thick amidships, which tapers to 4-in. at the bows. -The stern has no side armour. - - [Illustration] - - =KAISER CLASS.= - - KAISER, FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE, KAISERIN, PRINZREG-LUITPOLD, KÖNIG - ALBERT. - - Displacement: 24,200 tons. - - Speed: 21 knots; Guns: 10 12·2in., 14 6in., 12 24pdrs.; Torpedo tubes: - 5. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 8 12·2in. 10 12·2in. 6 12·2in. - 4 6in. 7 6in. 4 6in. - -In their original form each ship carried eighteen 5·9-in. guns, but all, -excepting the Kaiser Karl der Grosse, underwent complete reconstruction -six or seven years ago, when four 5·9-in. guns and much of the clumsy -top-hamper were removed. This reduction in weight brought the lower edge -of the armour belt dangerously near the surface, with the result that -when the ships are rolling the belt comes out of the water, and the -lower hull is thus exposed to the smallest projectile. - -Owing to this grave defect the ships were withdrawn from active service, -and have been in reserve ever since they were reconstructed. - -Maximum coal capacity is 1,000 tons. The complement numbers 622 officers -and men. - - -BRANDENBURG CLASS. - -(Completed 1893-94.) - - -BRANDENBURG. WÖRTH. - -These vessels are the two oldest battleships in the German navy. The -class consisted originally of four ships, but two of them (Kurfürst -Friedrich Wilhelm and Weissenburg) were sold to Turkey in 1910, and are -now included in the Turkish fleet as the Haireddin Barbarossa and Torgut -Reis. The displacement is 9,870 tons, the present speed about 16 knots. - -Six 11-in. guns of obsolete type form the main armament, which is -mounted in three double turrets on the centre line. This disposition -enables all six heavy guns to fire on either beam. There are also eight -4·1-in. and eight 21-pounder guns, with two submerged and one -above-water torpedo tubes. - -On the water-line amidships is a 16-in. belt of compound armour, and the -big gun positions are protected by 12-in. plating. About 1,050 tons of -coal can be stored. The complement is 585 officers and men. The fighting -value of this class under modern conditions is practically nil. - - -COAST DEFENCE SHIPS. - -(Completed 1890-7.) - - -AEGIR. HAGEN. HILDEBRAND. BEOWULF. ODIN. HEIMDALL. FRITHJOF. SIEGFRIED. - -These vessels comprise the very oldest class of German armoured ships, -and are used only for the local defence of harbours and coasts. The -displacement is 4,000 tons. The speed originally was 15 knots, but is -now considerably less. - -The armament consists of three old 9·4-in. and ten 21-pounder guns, with -four torpedo tubes. A narrow belt of 9-in. armour protects the -waterline, but elsewhere the hull has very little protection. - -The complement numbers 307 officers and men. - - -GERMAN ARMOURED CRUISERS. - - -BLÜCHER. - -(Completed 1909.) - -The “Blücher” is the most modern of Germany’s armoured cruisers, as -distinct from the battle-cruiser class. She was laid down in 1906, at -Kiel, as a “reply” to the British “Invincibles,” then building. - -At that date the details of the new British ships were carefully -guarded, with the result that the Germans, acting on incorrect -information, designed a cruiser which was far behind the “Invincible” in -every respect. The Blücher displaces 15,550 tons, and is 527-ft. in -length. - -She has reciprocating engines of 32,000 h.p., for a designed speed of 24 -knots, which was increased to 25·8 knots on trial. - -The armament consists of twelve 8·2-in., eight 5·9-in., and sixteen -21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. The 8·2-in. guns -are twin-mounted in armoured turrets, so arranged that eight of these -weapons bear on the broadside. The 5·9-in. guns are in an armoured -battery. - -A 7-in. belt protects the waterline and vitals, and there is plating of -equal thickness on the turrets. The coal supply is 2,200 tons. - -The complement numbers 888 officers and men. The “Blücher,” which until -lately was used for gunnery training purposes, is the only German -warship to be fitted with a tripod mast and a fire-control station on -the British pattern. - - -SCHARNHORST. GNEISENAU. - -(Completed 1907-08.) - -Both these armoured cruisers were launched in 1906. They displace 11,400 -tons, and are 470-ft. in length. With engines designed for 28,000 h.p., -the trial speed was 23 knots. The armament is very powerful for a ship -of this class, and consists of eight 8·2-in., six 5·9-in., and eighteen -21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. - -Four of the big guns are mounted in twin turrets, the remaining four in -broadside casemates. Six of these weapons can be fired on either -broadside. The 5·9-in. guns are in an armoured battery. - -Six-inch armour protects the waterline and vital parts, the same -thickness being on the main gun positions. The maximum coal supply is -2,000 tons. - -A complement of 764 officers and men is carried. - -The “Scharnhorst” flies the flag of the admiral in command of the -cruiser squadron in China, and the “Gneisenau” is also a unit of the -China squadron. - - -YORCK. ROON. - -(Completed 1905.) - -The principal details of these ships are: Displacement, 9,350 tons; -length, 417-ft.; designed h.p., 19,000; speed, 21 knots. Armament -consists of four 8·2-in., ten 5·9-in., and fourteen 21-pounder guns, -with four submerged torpedo tubes. The 8·2-in. guns are mounted in two -double turrets placed forward and aft, the 5·9-in. being in an armoured -battery. - -Protection is very poor. At its thickest the belt is only 4 ins., but -there is 6-in. armour on the turrets. The general design of these ships -is faulty, and they have not proved successful in service. The maximum -coal capacity is 1,400 tons. - -A complement of 633 officers and men is carried. - - -PRINZ ADALBERT. FRIEDRICH KARL. - -(Completed 1903.) - -These are vessels of 8,850 tons displacement, and 410-ft. in length. -They have engines of 17,000 h.p., giving a speed of 21 knots. Their -armament comprises four 8·2-in. guns in twin turrets, ten 5·9-in., and -twelve 21-pounder quick-firers, with four torpedo tubes. The armour belt -is only 4 ins. thick, but the two turrets are protected by 6-in. armour. - -Coal capacity is 1,600 tons with bunkers full. A complement of 591 -officers and men is borne. - - -PRINZ HEINRICH. - -(Completed 1902.) - -This vessel is one of the earliest German armoured cruisers. She was -built specially for service abroad, and was formerly on the China -station. She displaces 8,760 tons, is 410-ft. in length, and originally -steamed at 20½ knots, but is now considerably slower. - -Her armament consists of two 9·4-in., ten 5·9-in., and ten 21-pounder -guns, with four torpedo tubes, three of them submerged. The big guns are -in single turrets placed at each end, whilst the secondary armament is -mounted partly in small turrets, and partly in battery. - -There is only a 4-in. belt on the waterline, with 6-in. plating on the -heavy turrets. The full fuel supply is 1,450 tons. Her complement -numbers 567 officers and men. - - -FÜRST BISMARCK. - -(Completed 1900.) - -This is the oldest armoured cruiser in service. She is at present being -converted into a torpedo training ship, and may not have her full -armament on board. The displacement is 10,750 tons, length 411-ft., -speed 19 knots. She carries four 9·4-in., twelve 5·9-in., ten -21-pounders, and six torpedo tubes. The big guns are in two twin -turrets. An 8-in. belt protects the waterline, and the main gun -positions have plating of equal thickness. This vessel was completed in -1900, having taken more than four years to build. Her present fighting -value is small. The complement is 594 officers and men. - - -PROTECTED CRUISERS. - - -KAISERIN AUGUSTA. - -(Completed 1893.) - -This is the oldest German protected cruiser in service. Launched in -1892, she has a displacement of 5,900 tons, and a speed of 20 knots. She -is armed with twelve 5·9-in. quick-firing guns, and eight 21-pounders, -with three torpedo tubes. There is a thick steel deck, which extends -from bow to stern. The complement is 439 officers and men. - - -VICTORIA LUISE. HERTHA. VINETA. HANSA. FREYA. - -(Completed 1898-99.) - -These are vessels of 5,600 tons displacement, and belong to the training -squadron for cadets and boys. They can steam at about 19 knots, but the -small coal capacity of 900 tons limits their radius of action. The -armament consists of two 8·2-in. guns in single armoured turrets, six -5·9-in., and fourteen 21-pounder quick-firers with three torpedo tubes. - -Amidships there is a 4-in. protective deck, and armour of the same -thickness protects the guns. A complement of 465 officers and men is -carried. - - -GEFION. - -(Completed 1894.) - -This is a protected cruiser of 3,700 tons, with a speed of about 19 -knots, armed with ten 4·1-in. and six smaller quick-firers. There are no -torpedo tubes. A complement of 296 officers and men is carried. - - -HELA. - -(Completed 1896.) - -The “Hela” is a small cruiser of 2,000 tons, with a nominal speed of 20 -knots. She is armed with two 21-pounder and four smaller guns, and has -three torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck over boilers and machinery. -The complement is 191 officers and men. - - -GAZELLE. NIOBE. - -(Completed 1898-1901.) - -These vessels were the first fast light cruisers which Germany has built -in such numbers during recent years. The displacement is 2,600 tons, -and the present speed about 20½ knots. They are armed with ten 4·1-in. -quick-firing guns and two submerged torpedo tubes. With coal bunkers -full the steaming radius at moderate speed is 4,000 knots. A 2-in. steel -deck protects boilers and engines from shell fire. Complement: 270 -officers and men. - - -NYMPHE. THETIS. ARIADNE. AMAZONE. MEDUSA. FRAUENLOB. UNDINE. ARKONA.[5] - -(Completed 1901-03.) - -These ships are protected cruisers of 2,620 tons, with a speed of about -21½ knots. Armament: Ten 4·1-in. quick-firers and two torpedo tubes. -There is a 2-in. curved deck over boilers and machinery spaces. With a -full coal supply on board, these cruisers have a steaming radius at low -speed of slightly more than 4,000 knots. The complement numbers 275 -officers and men. - - [5] Fitted as a mine-layer. - - -HAMBURG. BREMEN. BERLIN. DANZIG. MÜNCHEN. LÜBECK. LEIPZIG. - -(Completed 1904-06.) - -These are protected cruisers of 3,200 tons, with a speed of over 22 -knots. They are armed with ten 4·1-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. -Starting with coal bunkers full, they are capable of steaming 5,000 -knots at low speed without re-coaling. A complement of 303 officers and -men is carried. - - -KŒNIGSBERG. - -(Completed 1907.) - -A protected cruiser of 3,350 tons, with a maximum speed of 24 knots. She -was launched in 1905. Armed with ten 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two -torpedo tubes. The radius of action at low speed is 5,000 knots. -Complement: 322 officers and men. - - -STUTTGART. STETTIN. NURNBERG. - -(Completed 1908.) - -Protected cruisers of 3,350 tons, which are able to travel at nearly 25 -knots. They are armed with ten 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo -tubes. The steaming radius at economical speed is 5,500 knots. -Complement, 322 officers and men. - - -DRESDEN. EMDEN. - -(Completed 1907-08.) - -Protected cruisers of 3,540 tons, with a maximum speed of 24½ knots. The -armament consists of ten 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo -tubes. The steaming radius at low speed is about 5,800 knots. -Complement, 361 officers and men. - - -KOLBERG. MAINZ. AUGSBURG. CÖLN. - -(Completed 1909-11.) - -Protected cruisers of 4,280 tons, turbine driven, with a trial speed of -nearly 27 knots. They are armed with twelve 4·1-in. quick-firing guns -and two torpedo tubes. Their radius of action with bunkers full is -nearly 6,000 knots. The complements consists of 379 officers and men. - - -MAGDEBURG. BRESLAU. STRASSBURG. STRALSUND. - -(Completed 1912.) - -Fast cruisers of 4,478 tons, able to steam at nearly 28 knots. They are -armed with twelve 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. On -the water-line there is 4-in. vertical armour, so that these vessels -are, strictly speaking, armoured cruisers. They have a large coal -supply, and can cover more than 6,000 knots without taking in fresh -fuel. Complement: 370 officers and men. - - -ROSTOCK. KARLSRUHE. GRAUDENZ. REGENSBURG. - -(Completed 1913-14.) - -These are the very latest fast light cruisers. They have a maximum speed -of 28 knots. The armament is twelve 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two -torpedo tubes. At the water-line there is an armour belt 4-in. thick, -and much internal protection. The radius of action at economical speed -is 6,500 knots. A complement of 373 officers and men is carried. - - -GUNBOATS. - - -CONDOR. CORMORAN. SEEADLER. GEIER. - -(Completed 1892-95.) - -Gunboats of 1,600 tons, having a speed of 15 knots. They are armed with -eight 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. Complement: 162 -officers and men. - - -ILTIS. JAGUAR. TIGER. LUCHS. - -(Completed 1898-00.) - -Gunboats of 880 tons, with a speed of about 14 knots, and armed with -small quick-firing guns. The complement numbers 126 officers and men. - - -PANTHER. EBER. - -(Completed 1902-3.) - -Gunboats of 900 tons and 14 knots speed. They carry two 4·1-in. and some -smaller guns. Complement: 130 officers and men. - - -TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS. - - -G 37-42. V 43-48. - -Launched 1914. Displacement 650 tons, speed 32½ knots. Armament: Five -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and four machine guns. -Complement, 73. - - -V 29-30. S 34-36. - -Launched 1913. Displacement 650 tons, speed 32½ knots. Armament: Five -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and four machine guns. -Complement, 73. - - -V 25-28. S 21-33. - -Launched 1913. Displacement 620 tons, speed 32½ knots. Armament: Five -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and four machine guns. -Complement, 73. - - -S 13-24. G 7-12. V 1-6. - -Launched 1912. Displacement 550 tons, speed 32½ knots. Armament: Five -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 73. - - -G 192-197. V 186-191. - -Launched 1910. Displacement 645 tons, speed 32½ knots. Armament: Four -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 83. - - -V 180-185. S 176-179. - -Launched 1909. Displacement 630 tons, speed 32 knots. Armament: Four -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 83. - - -G 174-175. - -Launched 1910. Displacement 645 tons, speed 31½ knots. Armament: Four -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 83. - - -G 169, 170, 172, 173. - -Launched 1908. Displacement 628 tons, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 83. - - -S 165-168. - -Launched 1908. Displacement 600 tons, speed 32 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 83. - - -V 162-164. - -Launched 1909. Displacement 600 tons, Speed 30 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, two machine guns. -Complement, 83. - - -V 150-161. - -Launched 1907. Displacement 545 tons, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 83. - - -S 138-149. - -Launched 1906. Displacement 515 tons, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, one 21-pounder quick-firer, three 4-pounder -quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 80. - - -G 137. - -Launched 1906. Displacement 565 tons, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, one 21-pounder quick-firer, three 4-pounder quick-firers, -and two machine guns. Complement, 80. - - -G 136. - -Launched 1906. Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, four 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 68. - - -G 135. - -Launched 1906. Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, one 24-pounder quick-firer, two 4-pounder quick-firers, -and two machine guns. Complement, 68. - - -G 132-134. - -Launched 1906. Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, four 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 68. - - -S 125-131. - -Launched 1904. Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 60. - - -S 120-124. - -Launched 1904. Displacement 460 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 60. - - -S 114-119. - -Launched 1903. Displacement 415 tons, speed 26 knots. Armament: Three -torpedo tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. -Complement, 56. - - -G 108-113. S 102-107. S 90-101. - -Destroyers of 400 tons, launched in 1901. The maximum speed is 26 knots. -Armament: Three small quick-firers, two machine guns, three torpedo -tubes. The complement is 56 officers and men. - -TAKU.--This is a destroyer of 280 tons and 30 knots speed. She carries -three small guns, and two torpedo tubes. Complement: 49 officers and -men. She was captured from the Chinese during the Boxer campaign. - -D 10.--A destroyer of 350 tons and 28 knots speed, armed with five small -guns, two machine guns, and two torpedo tubes. Complement, 60 officers -and men. - -D 9.--An old destroyer of 375 tons and 24 knots speed. She carries three -small guns, two Maxims, and three torpedo tubes. Complement, 49 officers -and men. - -D 3-8.--Very old destroyers, of more than 300 tons displacement and -about 22 knots speed. They carry some small guns and three torpedo -tubes. Complement, 49 officers and men. - - [Illustration] - - _Helgoland._ - - _Photo: Topical War Service._ - - =HELGOLAND CLASS.= - - HELGOLAND, OSTFRIESLAND, THÜRINGEN, OLDENBURG. - - Displacement: 21,000 tons. - - Speed: 21 knots; Guns: 12 12·2in., 14 6in., 14 24pdrs.; Torpedo tubes: - 6. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 6 12·2in. 8 12·2in. 6 12·2in. - 4 6in. 7 6in. 4 6in. - - -D 1 (CARMEN). D 2 (ALICE ROOSEVELT). - -Very old destroyers, displacing 225 tons, with a speed of 21 knots. -Armament: five small guns and three torpedo-tubes. Complement, 46. - - -SUBMARINES. - -U 1-2.--These are the earliest German submarines, and displace about 150 -to 200 tons. The speed above water does not exceed 9 knots, and two -torpedo-tubes are carried. There is a crew of 11. - -U 3-8.--These boats belong to the second German type. The displacement -is about 250 tons, and the surface and submerged speeds are 12 and 8 -knots respectively. Three torpedo-tubes are fitted. Complement, 14 -officers and men. - -U 9-20.--These boats are believed to be of about 400 tons, with a -surface speed of 15 knots, and to be armed with three or four -torpedo-tubes. The crew consists of 17 officers and men. - -U 21-26.--These submarines displace about 800 tons, and are said to be -able to travel at 18 knots on the surface. They are armed with four -torpedo-tubes and two small quick-firing guns. The complement is about -22 officers and men. - -U 27-36.--These boats are the very latest type. The displacement is -about 900 tons, the surface speed 18 knots, and they can travel at 12 -knots when submerged. The armament consists of four torpedo-tubes and -two quick-firing guns on high-angle mountings. About 30 officers and men -are carried. - - -MINE-LAYERS. - -PELIKAN.--This is the oldest German mine-layer in commission. She was -launched in 1890, displaces 2,300 tons, and can steam at 15½ knots. The -armament consists of four 21-pounder quick-firing guns, and, of course, -a large number of mines charged with high explosives. She is used as a -sea-going training ship for mine work. The complement is 195 officers -and men. - -NAUTILUS.--This ship was specially built for mine-laying work, and was -launched in 1906. Her displacement is 1,935 tons, the designed speed 20 -knots. She carries eight 21-pounder guns, and has magazines for a large -number of naval mines, with special gear for dropping them. Her crew -numbers 198 officers and men. - -ALBATROSS.--This ship, which was specially built for mine-laying work, -was launched in 1907. The displacement is 2,185 tons, the designed speed -20 knots. She is armed with eight 21-pounder quick-firers, and has -magazines for a large number of naval mines, with special gear for -dropping them. The crew numbers 198 officers and men. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JELLICOE - - -Immediately the Home Fleets had been mobilised the Admiralty issued the -following announcement: - - With the approval of his Majesty the King, Admiral Sir John R. - Jellicoe, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., has assumed supreme command of the Home - Fleets, with the acting rank of Admiral, and Rear-Admiral Charles E. - Madden, C.V.O., has been appointed to be his Chief of the Staff. - -His Majesty immediately sent an inspiring message to Admiral Sir John -Jellicoe, as representing the whole Navy, and it was communicated to the -officers and men of the squadrons in all parts of the world. - - At this grave moment in our National history I send to you, and - through you to the officers and men of the Fleets of which you have - assumed command, the assurance of my confidence that under your - direction they will revive and renew the old glories of the Royal - Navy, and prove once again the sure shield of Britain and of her - Empire in the hour of trial. - - GEORGE R.I. - -Admiral Sir John Jellicoe’s reply to the King’s message was as follows: - - On behalf of the officers and men of Home Fleet, beg to tender our - loyal and dutiful thanks to your Majesty for the gracious message, - which will inspire all with determination to uphold the glorious - traditions of the past. - - (Signed) - - Commander-in-Chief, - Home Fleet. - -Sir John Jellicoe, on whom the eyes of the nation are fixed, is one of -the most distinguished admirals of the sea service. He has wide sea -experience, is a splendid administrator, and is at the same time a man -of cool and determined judgment. - -The appointment of Sir John Jellicoe was in itself of the nature of a -romance. He had no small share in shaping the instrument he now -commands, and he chose as his Chief of Staff another most distinguished -officer, who happens to be his brother-in-law. Sir John Jellicoe and -Rear-Admiral Charles Madden served together at the Admiralty on more -than one occasion, both having, indeed, been Sea Lords, and they married -daughters of Sir Charles Cayzer, Bt. - -The Admiralissimo and his chief staff officer are known to be in the -most complete accord on matters of strategy and tactics, and were both -associated in the creation and equipment of the ships of the Home Fleets -on which the fortunes of the British Empire will depend. They were -members of the famous Dreadnought Design Committee, and were associated -with Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, in his many -reforms in naval administration. - -No officer whom the Admiralty could have selected to go afloat at a -juncture of such transcendent importance enjoys so completely the -confidence of the naval service as Sir John Jellicoe. In December, 1912, -he became a member of the Board of Admiralty, and then vacated the -command of the Second Division of the Home Fleet, to which he was -appointed over the heads of eleven vice-admirals--a fact which in itself -points to the high estimation in which he is held by the naval -authorities. - -Born on December 5, 1859, he is the son of Captain J. H. Jellicoe. -Educated at Rottingdean, Sir John Jellicoe entered the Royal Navy as a -cadet on July 15, 1872, passing out of the “Britannia” first of his -“batch” by over a hundred marks. In the examination for sub-lieutenant, -which rank he attained six years later (December 5, 1878), he took three -“firsts,” in itself a remarkable achievement. - -On August 23, 1880, he was promoted lieutenant, and two years -afterwards, as a lieutenant on board the “Agincourt,” he served in the -Egyptian War. He was awarded the Egyptian medal and the Khedive’s bronze -star. On his return to England, in the following year, he studied at the -Royal Naval College, Greenwich, where he won the special £80 prize for -gunnery lieutenants. In May, 1886, while serving on board the “Monarch,” -he was awarded the Board of Trade silver medal for gallantry in saving -life at sea, by commanding a gig which went to the rescue of a stranded -ship near Gibraltar, the sea being so heavy that the boat was capsized, -but he and the crew were washed ashore. He served also as gunnery -lieutenant of the “Colossus,” and on the staff of the “Excellent” -gunnery establishment. - -Gazetted a commander in 1891, he was for a time employed as assistant to -the Director of Naval Ordnance, being subsequently appointed first -lieutenant to the “Sans Pareil,” and later to the ill-fated “Victoria,” -Admiral Sir George Tryon’s flagship, on the Mediterranean station, which -was sunk off Tripoli, on the Syrian coast, in collision with the -“Camperdown,” when the admiral, twenty-one officers, and 350 men were -drowned. At the time of the collision Commander Jellicoe was on the sick -list in his cabin. When the ship capsized he, with the aid of Mr. West, -a midshipman, contrived to keep himself afloat till picked up. Commander -Jellicoe’s silver medal was lost with other effects in the “Victoria,” -and the Board of Trade, so it was reported at the time, intimated that -another medal could be obtained on payment. - -After serving as commander of the “Ramillies” flagship in the -Mediterranean, he was promoted to the rank of captain (January 1st, -1897), and joined the Ordnance Committee. Admiral Sir E. H. Seymour -selected him as flag captain in the “Centurion” on the China station. -During the expedition to succour the Legations at Pekin in 1900, in -which he narrowly escaped death by a severe gunshot wound, Captain -Jellicoe commanded the Naval Brigade and acted as Chief Staff Officer, -when he gained not only the C.B., but was awarded by the German Emperor -the second class of the Red Eagle with crossed swords. - -Returning from China at the end of 1901, he was, in November of that -year, appointed to superintend the building by contract of ships of war; -he next served as Naval Assistant to the Controller of the Navy, which -post he vacated in August, 1903, to take command of the “Drake,” and in -February, 1905, he took up the post of Director of Naval Ordnance and -Torpedoes, in succession to Captain Barry. - -Much has been said about the improvement of good shooting in the Navy, -and in this connection considerable praise is due to Admiral Jellicoe. -Without his help--so a writer in the _United Service Journal_ once -remarked, reflecting a judgment which is known to be well founded--the -good work fostered by Admiral Sir Percy Scott would have been heavily -handicapped--in fact, impossible; for the then Director of Naval -Ordnance proved himself a man of original thought and prompt action, and -one of the most capable gunnery experts in the Navy. - -During the time he was in command of the “Drake,” he turned it into one -of the best shooting ships of the Navy, and while he was at the -Admiralty as Director of Naval Ordnance Captain Jellicoe did all that -was possible to ensure the guns mounted in ships in the first fighting -line being fitted with the most up-to-date day and night sights, as well -as to instal a fire-control set of instruments in each ship for -“spotting” and controlling at long-range shooting. The fittings of the -guns and gunnery appliances generally were also greatly improved during -the tenure of his appointment. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE BRITISH NAVY - - -From the current Navy Estimates the following particulars are taken of -the number of officers and men voted in 1914-15 for the naval service. -First the strength of the Reserves is given, then the number of active -service ratings and lastly the aggregate mobilised for war: - - -ROYAL NAVAL RESERVE - -(Consisting of Merchant Seamen, Yachtsmen, etc.) - - HOME FORCE--GENERAL SERVICE - - Numbers Numbers - Voted borne on - 1914- 1st Jan., - 1915. 1914. - OFFICERS. - Executive Officers 1,340 } - Com. Engr. Officers 140 } 1,790 - Accountant Officers 120 } - Warrant Engineers 190 } - - MEN. - Leading Seamen 220 } - Seamen 10,780 } - Wireless Tel. Operators 120 } 17,280 - Engine Rm. Art. 560 } - Ldg. Strs. 110 } - Stokers 5,490 } - - HOME FORCE--TRAWLER SECTION - - Officers 142 - Men 1,136 - - COLONIAL BRANCHES - - NEWFOUNDLAND: - Men 600 - MALTA: - Men 400 - AUSTRALASIA: - Officers -- - Men -- - ---- 21,348 19,467 - -ROYAL FLEET RESERVE - -(Consisting of Naval Seamen and others who have served in the Fleet for -five years or more) - - MEN - - Class A.--Pensioners. - Seamen Class 3,800 } - Stoker Class 2,500 } - Police rat. 187 } 8,327 - Royal Marines 1,840 } - - Class B.--Non-Pensioners. - Seamen Class 9,150 } - Stoker Class 6,500 } - Police rat. 10 } 18,710 - Royal Marines 3,050 } - - Immediate Class.--Non-Pensioners. - Seamen Class 1,600 } - Stoker Class 1,870 } 4,070 - Royal Marines 600 } - ------ 31,107 27,734 - - ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEERS - - Officers and Men (efficients) [6]4,500 - ----- 4,500 4,605 - - PENSIONERS - - Seamen 6,376 - Royal Marines 1,734 - ----- 8,110 8,740 - ------ ------ - Total 65,065 60,546 - ------------------------------ - Total, Active Service Ratings 151,000 144,871 - Total Reserves 65,065 60,546 - ------- ------- - Grand total [7]216,065 205,417 - - [6] Includes 300 South African Division. - - [7] 1,562 Ranks and Ratings on the Active List. Royal Fleet Reserve - Men and Pensioners have been lent for service under Colonial and - Foreign Governments. - -When war was declared there was no dearth of officers and men for the -British Fleet. The presentation of a Supplementary Estimate to -Parliament by the Admiralty, after the declaration of hostilities, gave -rise to a misunderstanding. This action was a mere formality in order to -keep the right side of Treasury procedure, and it did not mean that -67,000 additional officers and men were going to be raised. What -happened was that Reservists to the number of about 60,000 were called -up and they were forthwith transferred to Vote A., which fixes the -number of active service officers and ratings and provides pay for them. - -Whereas Parliament provided in the spring of 1914 for an active -personnel of 151,000 with 60,000 Reservists, the two totals had to be -added together so as to obtain Parliamentary sanction for full pay being -provided for 211,000. In addition the new vote left room for a slight -actual expansion--consisting of a number of retired officers and a quota -of artisan and other skilled ratings to be forthwith raised. - -Thus we get an aggregate of 218,000 officers and men for service ashore -and afloat. This total includes cadets and boys under training, and -approximately 200,000, it may be assumed, were available for service in -the Home Fleets and the squadrons in distant seas. It is an axiom that -in peace we have more ships than we can man, while in war we shall have -a good surplus of men after manning all the ships. When passing from a -peace to a war footing, Royal Fleet reservists--well-trained men with -from five to seven years’ service--and others became available and the -Fleet was fully mobilised, having no inconsiderable surplus to make good -the casualties of battle. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE GERMAN FLEET - - -There is a certain parallel between the circumstances which have brought -the commanders-in-chief of the British and German battle fleets into the -positions they respectively hold to-day. Just as Admiral Sir John -Jellicoe was long since “ear-marked” for the supreme command of the Home -Fleets, so was Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl selected for the control -of the German High Seas Fleet years before his appointment was actually -gazetted. - -The German commander-in-chief, whose flag now flies in the Dreadnought, -Friedrich der Grosse, is without doubt one of Europe’s most -distinguished naval officers. In a navy where more than elsewhere, a -premium is placed upon scientific leadership, this officer early -attracted the attention of his superiors by reason of the skill and -resourcefulness he displayed during manœuvres. He is said to have -specialised in cruiser tactics, and to have been one of the first -officers to urge upon the Navy Department the wisdom of adopting the -battle-cruiser design when that novel conception materialised in the -British “Invincible.” He is also known as the leading advocate of that -system of tactics which is known in Germany as the “rücksichtslose -Offensive,” and which in homely idiom may be translated as “going for” -the enemy hammer and tongs. - -In a word, Admiral von Ingenohl is the embodiment of the strikingly -progressive spirit which pervades the modern German navy. It is by no -means a spirit of mere reckless dash, which reckons on gaining a victory -solely by impetuous onslaught. Under modern conditions, tactics such as -these might well be fatal to those who employed them, owing to the -deadly precision of heavy guns and the development of the torpedo. The -German school of naval thought favours, instead, a preliminary period of -“mosquito warfare,” seeking thus to reduce both the material and the -moral strength of an enemy before the actual clash of armoured squadrons -takes place. That this idea is faithfully to be adhered to is clear from -the opening incidents of the present campaign at sea, which have already -shown that reliance is placed on the torpedo and the mine as a -preliminary means of diminishing our preponderance in big ships. So far, -indeed, the German plan of campaign has been singularly true to the -principles advocated by the leading German authorities who have written -of naval warfare. They lead us to anticipate a good deal of this -“Kleinkrieg” before the High Seas Fleet emerges from cover. On the other -hand, it were unwise to suppose that the German Fleet will continue to -act strictly by the book, especially in view of the character of its -commander-in-chief. - -In German naval circles Admiral von Ingenohl is known as one of the -first German flag officers who completely freed themselves from the -military traditions in which the fleet was cradled and has been reared. -The German navy, as is well known, was founded as a branch of the army, -and its early development proceeded on distinctly military lines. Until -the present Emperor came to the Throne the head of the Admiralty was -always an army officer, and it followed that, in so far as the different -conditions permitted, the strategy and tactics of the fleet were brought -into line with those of the land forces. Ships were regarded primarily -as units for coast defence, in the most limited sense of the word. This -held true far into the nineties, and it is actually less than two -decades since Germany first undertook the construction of ships which -were specially designed to meet and defeat the foe in open sea. It seems -probable that Admiral von Ingenohl owes something of his broader views -on naval strategy to the large amount of foreign service he has seen. - -Born in 1857 of comparatively humble parents, he entered the navy at the -age of 17. The service in those days enjoyed nothing like its present -prestige. It offered no attractions to the sons of the upper classes, -and was completely overshadowed by the army, then in the zenith of its -brilliance and popularity, after the successful war against France. The -navy drew a large majority of its officers from a class whose social -status was considered scarcely high enough to give its sons the entrée -to the army. Proof of this will be seen in the conspicuous absence of -naval officers who are hereditary nobles. Admiral von Ingenohl, in -common with Grand-Admirals von Tirpitz, von Koester, and several other -flag officers, received his patent of nobility as a mark of Imperial -favour. - -While on his maiden cruise in foreign waters the young officer was -privileged to see some fighting. His ship, the old “Vineta,” was one of -a small German squadron which was assembled to teach the Chinese pirates -a lesson. Nineteen years later he was again in action in the same -quarter of the globe, and against the same opponents, when the gunboat -“Iltis,” which he commanded, shelled a battery at Tamsui, which had -fired on a German steamer. In the intervals of command afloat he was -engaged at the Navy Department, where he put in one spell of nearly -three and a half years as divisional chief of the ordnance board, and -subsequently directed a department of the Admiral Staff. His first -important independent command was the battleship “Wörth,” in her day one -of the best ships in the navy. He was next appointed to the cruiser -“Kaiserin Augusta,” and shortly after to the “Hertha,” a more powerful -ship of the same class. After another short interval of shore work he -was appointed to command the Imperial yacht “Hohenzollern,” where, of -course, he came under the direct eye of the Kaiser, who was quick to -recognise his qualities. - - [Illustration] - - =POSEN CLASS.= - - NASSAU, POSEN, RHEINLAND, WESTFALEN. - - Displacement: 18,900 tons. - - Speed: 20 knots; Guns: 12 11in., 12 6in., 16 24pdrs.; Torpedo tubes: - 6. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 6 11in. 8 11in. 6 11in. - 4 6in. 6 6in. 4 6in. - -As early as 1889 he had been a lieutenant in the old Imperial yacht in -which the Emperor made his first long cruises. On leaving the -“Hohenzollern” in 1908 he was promoted to Rear-Admiral, and placed in -charge of the second division of the First Squadron. In the following -year he hoisted his flag as admiral of the cruiser squadron in China, -whence he was recalled twelve months later to assume charge of the -Second Battle Squadron in home waters. The commander-in-chief of the -High Sea Fleet was then Admiral von Holtzendorff, who, after -Grand-Admiral von Koester (the president of the Navy League), is -considered to be the finest naval strategist in Germany. Under this -officer the battle fleet is said to have increased remarkably in -efficiency, both in regard to gunnery, seamanship, and general -smartness. This period witnessed the introduction into the fleet of -up-to-date shooting methods, and notably of long-range practice. In the -manœuvres of 1912 the Second Squadron, commanded by Admiral von -Ingenohl, was held to have scored a decisive success against a much -stronger fleet, which included seven Dreadnought battleships, whereas -his own squadron was composed of older and weaker ships. In January, -1913, Admiral von Holtzendorff hauled down his flag, and was succeeded -by Admiral von Ingenohl as commander-in-chief. - -The leader of the German battle fleet has, therefore, held his present -appointment for upwards of eighteen months, and it is to be supposed -that he is thoroughly familiar with every unit of his fine force, -especially as the ships in active commission spend more than nine -months of the year at sea. The fleet certainly stands to benefit by this -comparatively long period of single command. It will feel the confidence -born of experience in its distinguished leader, and he in turn, knowing -exactly what his ships can do, need fear no check to his plans by -unsuspected defects in personnel or material. Whatever the near future -may bring, it is certain that the German navy will put forth its utmost -effort to fulfil the hope placed in it by the nation, and those who -anticipate a cheaply purchased naval victory for us are laying up a rude -disappointment for themselves. The material resources of the German -fleet alone can give some idea of its formidability, but its -potentiality will be incalculably increased if the leadership is of the -high order which the reputation of the present commander-in-chief leads -us to expect. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE FOREIGN NAVIES - -PERSONNEL OF THE NAVIES - - ---------------+----------+----------------+--------- - | Officers |Non-commissioned| Total - |(including| officers and | (all - | cadets). | men. |ranks). - ---------------+----------+----------------+--------- - Germany | 4,491 | 74,895 |79,386[8] - ---------------+----------+----------------+--------- - France | 2,844 | 62,611 |65,455 - ---------------+----------+----------------+--------- - Russia | 3,404 | 57,000 |60,404 - ---------------+----------+----------------+--------- - Austria-Hungary| 1,377 | 19,132 |20,509 - ---------------+----------+----------------+--------- - Japan | 4,713 | 49,950 |54,663 - ---------------+----------+----------------+--------- - - [8] Including 7,726 “Seamen Artillerists” and “Marines” who do not - serve at sea. - -NOTES TO PERSONNEL STATISTICS - -GERMANY.--The Imperial German Navy is manned largely by conscription. -About 25 per cent. of the non-commissioned personnel consists, however, -of volunteers, or long-service men, who have made the Navy their -profession. These “professionals,” as they are called, are the backbone -of the fleet. They fill all the really important posts, such as that of -gun-captain, gun-layer, torpedo-gunner, leading signalman, and they are -responsible for the efficiency of the conscripts under their charge. -Seventy-five per cent. of the personnel is represented by conscripts -mainly from the inland districts whose term of service is three years, -and who see the sea for the first time after entering the Navy. -Enrolment takes place each October, and after two or three weeks of -rudimentary instruction on shore, they are distributed among the -battle-fleet and the torpedo flotillas. Hence, at the outbreak of war, -25 per cent. of the German personnel had been under training about 34 -months, 25 per cent. about 22 months, and 25 per cent. no longer than 10 -months. - -Owing to the limited period of service German naval training is -extremely strenuous and intensive. Every effort is made to specialize, -newcomers being selected for certain duties according to the aptitude -they display. The German bluejacket is not a “handy man” in the sense -that the British sailor is, but he is said to be efficient in his own -particular groove. Discipline is exceedingly strict, and the relations -between officers and men are rarely cordial. - -The officers are well educated and very scientific in their methods. - -FRANCE.--The French Navy is manned principally on the conscript system, -but as France has a large maritime population, the majority of the naval -recruits are men who have followed the sea since boyhood and who, -therefore, adapt themselves very quickly to service in the Fleet. There -is also a large percentage of long-service volunteers. The period of -compulsory service was, until lately, two years, but under the new Law -this has been raised to three years. Authorities speak highly of the -French bluejacket’s intelligence and courage. Discipline is good, but -not so strict as in the German Navy. The officers are, as a rule, men of -high scientific attainments and very keen on their work. - -RUSSIA.--The Russian Navy is manned almost exclusively by conscripts, -who serve for five years afloat. Although his education generally leaves -much to be desired, the Russian sailor has many excellent qualities. He -is obedient, courageous, and never gets into a panic. Since the -disastrous war with Japan, the Navy has been purged of many of the -elements which impaired efficiency. The officers are now capable and -zealous. The change which has come over the Fleet is evidenced by an -“order of the day,” recently promulgated, which enjoins all naval -officers never to surrender their ships under any circumstances, but to -sink them if capture is imminent. - -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.--The Austro-Hungarian Navy is manned by conscripts and -volunteers, the former largely predominating. Four years is the period -of service. The men are drawn almost exclusively from the Dalmatian -coast, and represent a very hardy and courageous type. The average of -education is, however, very low, the percentage of illiterates being -abnormal. Although Italian is the mother tongue of the majority, German -is the official language of the Navy. All-round efficiency is maintained -on a high level. The officers are men of excellent education, wide -knowledge, and unlimited zeal. - -JAPAN.--The Japanese Navy is principally manned on a compulsory basis, -the term of active service being three years. The men are excellent in -every way, smart, intelligent, resourceful, and amenable to discipline. -They display a wonderful aptitude for manipulating the complex mechanism -of a modern warship, as was proved in the campaign against Russia. The -officers are highly trained and enterprising. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -GERMAN NAVAL BASES - - -KIEL - -Kiel, in spite of the growing importance of Wilhelmshaven, still retains -its position as Germany’s premier “Reichskriegshafen,” or Imperial War -Port. Its superb harbour, and the international regatta, known as the -“Kieler Woche,” which is held each June, have made Kiel one of the best -known ports of Europe. This year’s regatta, it will be remembered, was -rendered memorable by the presence of the British Second Battle Squadron -and some of our light cruisers. The Imperial Dockyard at Kiel is said to -be one of the best-equipped establishments of its kind in the world. - -It has two large building slips, on one of which the Dreadnought -battleship “Kaiser” was constructed, and there are other slips for the -building of smaller vessels. Of the six graving docks, two are large -enough for Dreadnoughts. There is also a mammoth floating dock capable -of raising vessels up to 39,500 tons, and five other pontoon docks for -ships of smaller dimensions. Upwards of 10,500 officials and hands are -employed at the yard, which specialises in repair and refitting work, -though a good deal of new construction is also undertaken. - -Kiel is the official residence of Prince Henry of Prussia, the Kaiser’s -brother, who is Inspector-General of the Fleet. Some four miles down the -harbour is Holtenau and the locks of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. Kiel is -very strongly defended against both land and seaward attack. The harbour -entrance is guarded by the batteries of Friedrichsort on the west, and -those of Laboe and Möltenort on the east. At Friedrichsort the fairway -is less than 1,000 yards wide, so that ships attempting to force an -entrance would have to run the gauntlet of the heavy fortress guns at -almost point-blank range. Friedrichsort is the home of the State torpedo -factory, which supplies practically the entire navy with these weapons. - -In normal times the Second and Third Battle Squadrons are based in Kiel, -which is also the base for the Baltic Reserve Squadron, the First -Torpedo Division, and the submarine flotillas. Besides the State yard, -there is the immense shipbuilding and engineering establishment known as -the Germania Yard, owned by Krupp, and the Howaldt Yard, both of which -construct warships of the largest size. Hence the building and repairing -facilities at Kiel are very extensive, and they pass automatically under -State control in wartime. Kiel itself is a large and thriving city, with -a population of 180,000. Its growth dates from 1866, when it was wrested -from Denmark by Prussia, with the whole of the Schleswig-Holstein -province. - - -HELIGOLAND. - -Heligoland is the most remarkable of Germany’s naval strongholds. This -island, it will be remembered, was ceded to Germany by us in 1890. At -that date the sea had made such inroads on the soft cliffs that the -complete disappearance of Heligoland at no very distant date was freely -predicted. - -With characteristic thoroughness the Germans took measures to preserve -their new acquisition. Immensely strong breakwaters and sea-walls were -built all round the coast, but violent gales demolished much of the -work, which had to be replaced at great expense, and it is only in -recent years that the ravages of the sea have been completely checked. - -Simultaneously with this work a good deal of land reclamation went on, -with the result that the area of the island has been greatly increased. - -A large harbour for torpedo-boats and submarines has been enclosed by -two long moles. Inside there is a miniature dockyard, with repair shops, -magazines, stores, &c. Outside this harbour there is a safe anchorage -for warships of great size. It is estimated that from beginning to end -the naval works at Heligoland have cost Germany something like -£10,000,000 sterling. - -Fortifications of remarkable strength have been erected. These consist -chiefly of heavy guns, mounted in steel turrets, well concealed from the -view of an enemy at sea, and so placed that every approach to the island -is swept by their fire. As these guns are mounted on the plateau they -have a high command, and attacking ships would have to encounter a -plunging fire. - -Numerous bomb-proof control stations and magazines have been excavated. -It is understood that, given an ample supply of ammunition and -provisions, Heligoland is in a position to resist attack by the -strongest naval force for an indefinite period. - -There is a powerful wireless station, a naval flying depot, and a large -naval hospital. The garrison consists in the main of four companies of -seamen gunners. The commandant is Rear-Admiral Jacobson. - -The high strategical importance of Heligoland is self-evident. Its -position, some thirty-five miles from the mainland, is that of a strong -outpost, defending the estuaries of the Elbe and Weser. A flotilla of -destroyers or submarines based on the island could make things very -uncomfortable for a fleet endeavouring to blockade the German coast, and -it was the recognition of this fact which led to the construction of the -new torpedo harbour. - -Thanks to the wireless station, communication can always be maintained -with the mainland, and also by means of aircraft. - -In common with most military nations, Germany appears to place undue -reliance on fixed defences as an element of sea power, but it is -obvious, from the vast sums of money she has spent on its development, -that Heligoland plays a leading part in the German plan of naval -strategy. - - -BORKUM. - -The island of Borkum came into prominence a few years ago as the result -of an alleged case of espionage, in which two young British naval -officers were concerned. - -Borkum is the first German island of the Frisian group. It commands the -approach to the Ems, and would offer a convenient _point d’appui_ for -naval operations against the German coast. This, apparently, explains -why it has been strongly fortified by the Germans. - -Its guns are said to be numerous, and are well placed among the lofty -sand dunes which are a feature of the island. The garrison is supplied -by the army, and includes some batteries of field artillery and machine -guns. - -The experience gained during naval manœuvres has shown that Borkum would -be a difficult place to surprise. According to report, some of the guns -in position are powerful enough to inflict serious damage on the largest -warships. - - -EMDEN. - -Emden, the southernmost port of Germany on the North Sea, has of late -years acquired considerable naval importance. There have been frequent -reports of the pending establishment of a State dockyard there, in -connection with the Ems-Jade canal, which was to be deepened -sufficiently to allow fairly large warships to traverse it. So far, -however, this project has not been carried out. - -Two years ago Emden became a mine station, and the headquarters of the -“Arkona,” a light cruiser converted into a mine-layer. Harbour works on -a grand scale have lately been completed at Emden. There is a commodious -basin fronted by wharves and warehouses, and fitted with up-to-date -coaling plant. The canal which connects the port with the river is deep -enough to allow the largest ships to come up. - -During the present war it is probable that Emden is being used both as a -mine and torpedo base. It relies for its defence on the batteries at -Borkum, some miles out at sea, as ships entering the River Ems are -compelled to pass close to this island. - -The railway connections of Emden are very good, so good, in fact, that -they are believed to have been dictated by strategical considerations. -Emden has often been spoken of by German writers as a sally port, and as -a convenient point of assembly and embarkation for an army of invasion. - - -WILHELMSHAVEN. - -Wilhelmshaven ranks officially as Germany’s second war harbour, though -its strategical position makes it, in fact, the principal base of a -German fleet operating in the North Sea. It began its career as a naval -station as late as 1869, since when enormous sums of money and infinite -labour have been expended on its development. - -In area the dockyard is almost four times as large as that of Kiel, and -it is even more modern in equipment. It contains a bewildering number -of docks and basins, together with building slips, repair shops, depots, -and store-houses. There are three Dreadnought graving docks and four -smaller ones, and five floating docks, of which the latest can raise -vessels up to 39,500 tons. - -Only one of the building slips is available for constructing -Dreadnoughts, but a second is being lengthened sufficiently for this -purpose. The total number of officials and workmen is about 10,500 under -peace conditions. At Wilhelmshaven were built the Dreadnought -battleships “Nassau,” “Ostfriesland,” and “König,” and at the present -moment the battle-cruiser “Ersatz Hertha” is building there. - -The terminus of the Ems-Jade Canal is inside the dockyard, but so far as -is known this waterway is too shallow to permit the passage of any class -of warship. - -The Jade Channel, which leads to Wilhelmshaven, is exceedingly difficult -to navigate, owing to the innumerable and constantly shifting shoals -with which it is infested. To keep this channel clear elaborate dredging -operations have to be carried on throughout the year, as otherwise it -would speedily silt up and become impassable. Access to the harbour is -gained through huge locks, most of which can be used, if necessary, as -emergency docks for repairing damaged ships. When these locks are closed -the harbour is entirely cut off from the sea, thus affording the ships -inside complete security against torpedo attack. - -Commodious as the harbour is, however, it is not large enough to contain -the whole fleet, and consequently extra moorings were recently laid -outside for cruisers and other small craft. The locks are designed on so -large a scale, and are so efficiently operated that several squadrons of -big ships can be passed through in a few hours. - -Wilhelmshaven is the base of the First Battle Squadron, the Scouting -Squadron (_i.e._, all the battle-cruisers and other cruisers of the High -Sea Fleet), the 2nd Torpedo Division, and of a submarine flotilla. It is -very heavily fortified. - -The approach to the Jade Channel is commanded by the batteries of -Wangerooge, an island garrisoned by seamen gunners, and said to have -very powerful guns. There is a flying station at Wilhelmshaven, with -hangars for a dozen seaplanes. - - -CUXHAVEN - -Cuxhaven has lately become an important German naval base. Situated as -it is at the extreme entrance of the Elbe estuary, it commands the -approach to the great commercial port of Hamburg, seventy miles up the -river. - -Cuxhaven has no dockyard of its own, but it possesses a harbour large -enough to accommodate great ships of war, and certain facilities for -carrying out repairs are provided by the depot of the Hamburg-Amerika -Line, of which it is the headquarters. - -A mile or two west of the harbour are the batteries of Döse, mounting a -number of heavy guns and quick-firers. These defences are controlled by -the navy, and are garrisoned by five companies of seamen gunners. - -Although the mouth of the Elbe is wide, only a narrow channel is -available for vessels of moderate draught, and the defences have -consequently been designed to bring an overwhelming fire to bear on -hostile vessels using this navigable approach. - -For some years Cuxhaven has been the principal mine station of the -German navy. It is the base for the mine-laying and mine-sweeping -divisions, composed of special ships and a large number of old -torpedo-boats equipped for the work. This station is responsible for the -observation mine-fields which close the Elbe to hostile ships in war. It -contains an artillery depot, a powerful wireless station, and barracks -for a large contingent of seamen gunners and marines. - -Cuxhaven, moreover, is the principal base of the German air fleet. An -immense shed, 590-ft. long, 98-ft. high, and capable of sheltering two -of the largest dirigibles, is approaching completion. This structure is -of the revolving type, thus permitting airships to dock or emerge -without being exposed to the wind. It rests in an excavation. When the -shed is lowered the roof is on a level with the surrounding country, and -by this means the location of the shed is hidden from hostile aircraft. - -Near at hand there are permanent hangars for a number of seaplanes, with -workshops for repairing and fitting aircraft of every description. - -The German authorities are credited with the intention of gradually -developing Cuxhaven into a first-class naval base, in order to relieve -the congestion at Wilhelmshaven. - - -BRUNSBÜTTEL. - -Brunsbüttel is the western terminus of the Baltic-North Sea canal. It is -situated about ten miles up the River Elbe, on the Schleswig-Holstein -shore. Some batteries are believed to exist at this point, armed with -guns powerful enough to repel torpedo craft, but the real defences of -the canal locks are the forts at Cuxhaven, at the mouth of the river. - -The widening of the canal, which is now practically completed, -necessitated the construction of new locks on a gigantic scale at each -end. Those at Brunsbüttel were completed early this year, in advance of -the locks at the Kiel end. - -Brunsbüttel has a harbour nearly 1,700-ft. long and 680-ft. wide. Large -supplies of coal and oil are kept here, and there is a well-equipped -coaling plant which enables vessels to coal with great rapidity. The -canal locks are of such massive construction that it is doubtful whether -they could be seriously damaged by torpedo attack. - - [Illustration] - - _Moltke._ - - _Photo: Central News._ - - =MOLTKE CLASS.= - - MOLTKE AND GOEBEN (slight differences). - - Displacement: 23,000 tons. - - Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 10 11in., 12 6in., 12 24pdrs.; Torpedo tubes: - 4. - - [Illustration] - - Astern fire: Broadside: Ahead fire: - 8 11in. 10 11in. 6 11in. - 2 6in. 6 6in. 2 6in. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -THE KIEL CANAL - - -Although it is a generally accepted fact that the Kiel Canal forms one -of Germany’s most valuable naval bases, it is just possible that its -value in war will be found to be greatly overrated. There is no question -that the size of the locks and the depth of the canal, viz., 36 ft., -will allow battleships of the greatest draught to pass through; but, to -make the point clear, it is necessary to consider the nature of the -navigable channels leading to both the Baltic and the Elbe entrances to -this great strategical undertaking. - -Dealing with the Kiel end of the canal first, the entrance is situated -some seven or eight miles up the estuary leading into Kiel Bay. From -Kiel Bay to the North Sea a vessel has, according to her draught of -water, the choice of three routes into the Kattegat, viz., Little Belt, -Great Belt and the Sound. The first-named could only be used by small -light draught vessels, such as destroyers and submarines. The passage -through the Great Belt, and also that via the Sound, would have to be -navigated by a heavy battleship on a favourable state of the tide. The -least width across the Little Belt is abreast of the town of Fredericia, -in Denmark, where the passage is less than three-quarters of a mile -wide. In the Great Belt the navigable channels are restricted in places -to about a mile or even less in width. Between Helsingor, in Denmark, -and Helsinborg, in Sweden, the Sound is but little over a mile wide and -only about 20 ft. deep at low water. The eastern channel of the Kattegat -has deep water, and the distance between the Scaw, the northern end of -Denmark, and the nearest outlying island off the Swedish coast, is about -twenty-five miles. - -From the above showing, it will be seen that the narrow and tortuous -passages which a warship must use if she wishes to proceed from Kiel Bay -to the North Sea present an easy problem to render them unnavigable by -the use of submarine mines. And, again, the narrowness of the entrance -to the Kattegat lends itself to easy watching by the scouts of a fleet -in the North Sea. German naval authorities, of course, realised the -geographical disadvantages of Kiel years ago, and, in an attempt to -remedy the evil, widened and deepened the Kiel Canal. - -The Elbe entrance of the canal, which is situated at Brunsbüttel, is -some seventeen miles from Cuxhaven, which, as is well known, is the -Gravesend of Hamburg. The channels between Brunsbüttel and Cuxhaven, -which are very narrow, have a sufficient depth at low water for vessels -of a moderate draught, and the anchorage room, except for ships drawing -but a few feet of water, is somewhat limited. A big battleship, drawing -30 ft. or more, as she would do with stores and ammunition on board, -would have to navigate the distance from the canal entrance to Cuxhaven -on a flood tide, and if required to bring up would have to moor in the -usual manner with two anchors. In fact, the same navigational procedure -would have to be followed after passing Cuxhaven until the ship would -nearly reach No. 2 Lightship at the mouth of the Elbe. - -Of course, the Germans have no need to block all the available room in -the Elbe with big ships, for they have many other deep-water anchorages -close at hand. The entrance of the Weser River, from Roter Sand -Lightship to Hohe Weg Lighthouse, and Schillig Road, in the Jade River, -are both excellent big ship anchorages. Turning to available shelter for -smaller craft on the German North Sea coast, this can be found in -numerous inlets and channels from the borders of Denmark in the north to -the entrance of the Ems in the south. - -But now we have reached an important point. We know that the long chains -of off-shore lightships along the German coast have been withdrawn from -their stations, and that the navigation lights on shore have been -discontinued. Should German warships, which we may assume are spread -about in the various anchorages already referred to, make a dart to sea, -especially at night-time, there is every probability of some of them -stranding on the numberless flats and shoals which extend for many miles -seaward from the low-lying shore of Germany. And, with the absence of -lights and with mine-sown channels to navigate, getting back on a dark, -dirty night to their havens would inevitably cause destruction to many a -ship, whether large or small. The wilder the weather, the more toll -would this dangerous coast claim. The British cruisers, when chasing -their quarry, would hold the whip-hand. The sounding machine and -hand-lead would tell them when to ’bout ship. - -[Illustration: Map of Kiel Canal. - -COPYRIGHT: SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR ^The Daily Telegraph^ by ‘GEOGRAPHIA’ -L^{TD} 33 STRAND LONDON W.C. - -ALEXANDER GROSS. F.R.G.S.] - -It is interesting to mention that for two-thirds of the fifty-six miles -in length of the Kiel Canal the banks on either side are practically -flat, and, owing to the nature of the soil, which is largely peat, they -are constantly subsiding into the channel. This, besides necessitating -constant dredging, in order to maintain the great depth of water -required for battleships, forces vessels to proceed at their slowest -speed possible. A battleship would take, therefore, the best part of -twelve hours to get through from the Elbe to Kiel. - -In view of the fact that the distance from Kiel to the Scaw, via the -Sound passage, is 325 miles--from Kiel to the Scaw via the intricate -channels of the Great Belt is about 245 miles--a battleship would occupy -thirty-six hours fully, under the best conditions of tide and weather, -to reach the waters of the North Sea. In these days a naval battle can -be decided in a fractional part of that time. - - - - -CHAPTER X.--THE GREAT FLEETS ENGAGED; TABULAR STATEMENT. - - -THE BRITISH NAVY. - - -BRITISH BATTLESHIPS (Dreadnought Type). - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - =Queen Eliza- | | | | | | - beth Class.= | | | | | | - _Barham_[9] }|27,500| 25 | 900| 1915 |Belt: 13½- |15-in., - _Malaya_[10] }| | | | „ |in.; P.D., |eight; 6-in., - _Queen Eliza- }| | | | |2¾-in.; Guns|sixteen; 12 - beth_[11] }| | | | 1914 |13½-in.; |pr., twelve; - _Warspite_[12]}| | | | „ |G.T. 13½-in.|torpedo - _Valiant_[13] }| | | | 1915 | |tubes, five. - Agincourt[14] |27,500| 22 |1,100| 1914 |Belt: am. 9-|12-in., four- - | | | | |in.; P.D., |teen; 6-in., - | | | | |2½-in.; tur-|twenty;3-in., - | | | | |rets 9-in. |ten. - | | | | | | - =Iron Duke | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Benbow }|25,000| 22·5| 900| 1914 |Belt: 12- |13·5-in., - Emperor of }| | | | |in.; P.D., |ten; 6-in., - India }| | | | „ |2¾-in.; Guns|twelve; 3- - Marlborough }| | | | „ |12-in.; C.T.|in. anti- - Iron Duke }| | | | „ |12-in. |aerial, two - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, four. - | | | | | | - =King George V.| | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Ajax }|23,000| 21 | 900| 1913 |Belt: 12- |13·5, ten; - Audacious }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. |4-in., six- - Centurion }| | | | „ |2¾-in.; Guns|teen; 3 pr., - King George V.}| | | | „ |12-in.; C.T.|four; tor- - | | | | |12-in. |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |three. - Erin[15] |23,000| 21 | 870| 1914 |Belt: 12- |13·5-in., - | | | | |in.; P.D., |ten; 6-in., - | | | | |3-in. |sixteen. - | | | | | | - =Orion Class.= | | | | | | - Conqueror }|22,500| 21 | 800| 1912 |Belt: 12- |13·5-in., - Monarch }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. |ten; 4-in., - Thunderer }| | | | „ |2¾-in.; Bar-|sixteen; 3 - Orion }| | | | 1911 |bette 10-in.|pr., four; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, three. - | | | | | | - =Colossus | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Colossus }|20,000| 21 | 780| 1911 |Belt: am. |12-in., ten; - Hercules }| | | | „ |10-in.; f. |4-in., six- - Neptune }|19,900| | | „ |8-in.; a. 7-|teen; 3 pr., - | | | | |in.; P.D. |four; tor- - | | | | |2¾-in.; Bar-|pedo tubes, - | | | | |bette and |three. - | | | | |C.T. 11-in. | - | | | | | | - =St. Vincent | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Collingwood }|19,250| 21 | 724| 1910 |Belt: am. 9¾|12-in., ten; - Vanguard }| | | | „ |in.; f. 6½- |4-in., eigh- - St. Vincent }| | | | 1909 |in.; a. 6½- |teen; 3 pr., - | | | | |in.; P.D. |four; - | | | | |2¾-in.; Bar-| machine, - | | | | |bette 11-in.|six; torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, three. - | | | | | | - =Bellerophon | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Bellerophon }|18,600| 21 | 780| 1909 |Belt: am. |12-in., ten; - Téméraire }| | | | „ |11-in.; f. | 4-in., six- - Superb }| | | | „ |6-in.; a. 4-|teen; 3 pr., - | | | | |in.; P.D. |four; tor- - | | | | |2¾-in.; Bar-|pedo tubes, - | | | | |bette 11-in.|three. - Dreadnought |17,900| 21 | 770| 1906 | „ „ |12-in., ten; - | | | | | |12 pr., - | | | | | |twenty-four; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, five. - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - [9-13] Not yet completed, but due for completion 1914-15. - - [14] Ex-Turkish _Osman Birindieh_. - - [15] Ex-Turkish _Reshadieh_. - - Note to Armour details: am. = amidships, f. = forward, a. = aft, P.D. - = protective deck, C.T. = conning-tower. - - -BATTLESHIPS (Pre-Dreadnought Type) - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - =Lord Nelson | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Agamemnon }|16,500| 18 | 865| 1907 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - Lord Nelson }| | | | „ |Belt: am. |9·2, ten; 3- - | | | | |12-in.; f. |in., twenty- - | | | | |4-in.; a. 4-|four; tor- - | | | | |in.; P.D. 2-|pedo tubes, - | | | | |in.; Bar- |five. - | | | | |bette 12- | - | | | | |in.; C.T. | - | | | | |12-in. | - | | | | | | - =King Edward | | | | | | - VII. Class.= | | | | | | - Africa }|16,350| 18 | 825| 1906 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - Britannia }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 9-|9·2, four; 6- - Commonwealth }| | | | 1905 |in.; f. 6- |in., ten; 12 - Dominion }| | | | „ |in.; a. 2- |pr., four- - Hibernia }| | | | 1906 |in.; P.D. 2-|teen; 3 pr., - Hindustan }| | | | 1905 |in.; Bar- |fourteen; - King Edward }| | | | |bette 12- |Maxims, two; - VII. }| | | | 1904 |in.; C.T. |torpedo - Zealandia }| | | | 1905 |12-in. |tubes, four. - | | | | | | - =Swiftsure | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Swiftsure }|11,800| 20 | 700| 1904 |(Krupp) |10-in., four; - Triumph }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 7-|7·5, four- - | | | | |in.; f. 3- |teen; 14 pr., - | | | | |in.; a. 2- |fourteen; 12 - | | | | |in.; P.D. 3-|pr., two; 6 - | | | | |in.; Bar- |pr., four; - | | | | |bette 10- |Maxims, four; - | | | | |in.; C.T. |torpedo - | | | | |10-in.; Cas.|tubes, two. - | | | | |7-in. | - | | | | | | - =Formidable | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Bulwark }|15,000| 18 | 781| 1902 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - Formidable }| | | | 1901 |Belt: am. 9-|6-in., - Implacable }| | | | „ |in.; f. 6- |twelve; 12 - Irresistible }| | | | 1902 |in.; P.D. 3-|pr., eigh- - Queen }| | | | „ |in.; Bar- |teen; 3 pr., - Prince of }| | | | |bette 12- |two; Maxims, - Wales }| | | | 1904 |in.; C.T. |two; torpedo - London }| | | | „ |12-in.; |tubes, four. - Venerable }| | | | 1902 |Casemates 6-| - | | | | |in. | - | | | | | | - =Duncan Class.=| | | | | | - Albemarle }|14,000| 19 | 750| 1903 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - Cornwallis }| | | | 1904 |Belt: am. 7-|6-in., - Duncan }| | | | 1903 |in.; f. 5- |twelve; 12 - Exmouth }| | | | „ |in.; a. 1½- |pr., twelve; - Russell }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. |3 pr., six; - | | | | |2½-in.; Bar-|Maxims, two; - | | | | |bette 11- |torpedo - | | | | |in.; C.T. |tubes, four. - | | | | |11-in.; | - | | | | |Casemates 6-| - | | | | |in. | - | | | | | | - =Canopus | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Albion }|12,950| 18 | 700| 1901 |(Harvey |12-in., four; - Canopus }| | | | 1899 |Nic.) Belt: |6-in., - Glory }| | | | 1900 |am. 6-in.; |twelve; 12 - Goliath }| | | | „ |f. 2-in.; a.|pr., twelve; - Ocean }| | | | „ |13-in.; P.D.|3 pr., six; - Vengeance }| | | | 1902 |2½-in.; Bar-|Maxims, two; - | | | | |bette 12- |torpedo - | | | | |in.; C.T. |tubes, four. - | | | | |12-in. Case-| - | | | | |mates 5-in. | - =Majestic | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Cæsar }|14,900| 17 | 750| 1898 |(Harvey) |12-in., four; - Hannibal }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 9-|6-in., - Illustrious }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. 4-|twelve, 12 - Jupiter }| | | | 1897 |in.; Bar- |pr., sixteen; - Magnificent }| | | | 1895 |bette 14- |3 pr., four; - Majestic }| | | | „ |in.; C.T. |Maxims, two; - Mars }| | | | 1897 |14-in. Case-|torpedo - Prince George }| | | | 1896 |mates 6-in. |tubes, five. - Victorious }| | | | 1897 | | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - Note to Armour details: am. = amidships, f. = forward, a. = aft, P.D. - = protective deck, C.T. = conning-tower. - - -BATTLE CRUISERS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - =Queen Mary | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Queen Mary }|27,000| 28 |1,000| 1914 |Belt: 9-in.;|13·5, eight; - Tiger }| | | | 1913 |P.D. 3-in.; |4-in., six- - | | | | |Turrets 9- |teen; 13·5, - | | | | |in. |eight; 6-in., - | | | | | |twelve; tor- - | | | | | |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |two. - =Lion Class.= | | | | | | - Princess Royal}|26,350| 28½ | 980| 1912 |Belt: 9-in.;|13·5, eight; - Lion }| | | | 1911 |Turrets 9- |4-in., six- - | | | | |in.; P.D. 3-|teen; torpedo - | | | | |in. |tubes, two. - | | | | | | - =Australia | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Australia }|19,200| 25 | 780| 1912 |Belt: 8-in.;|12-in., - New Zealand }|18,800| | | „ |P.D. 3-in.; |eight; 4-in., - | | | | |Turrets, 10-|sixteen; - | | | | |in. |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, two. - =Invincible | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Indefatigable }|18,750| 25 | 790| 1911 |(Krupp) |12-in., - Invincible }| | | | 1908 |Belt: am. 7-|eight; 4-in., - Inflexible }|17,250| 25 | 780| „ |in.; f. 6- |sixteen; tor- - Indomitable }| | | | „ |in.; a. 4- |pedo tubes, - | | | | |in.; Turrets|two. - | | | | |7-in.; P.D. | - | | | | |2½-in. | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - Note to Armour details: am. = amidships, f. = forward, a. = aft, P.D. - = protective deck, C.T. = conning-tower. - - -ARMOURED CRUISERS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - =Minotaur | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Defence }|14,600| 23 | 850| 1908|(Krupp) |9·2, four; - Shannon }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 6-|7·5, ten; 12 - Minotaur }| | | | „ |in.; f. 4- |pr., sixteen; - | | | | |in.; a. 3- |torpedo - | | | | |in.; P.D. |tubes, five - | | | | |1¾-in.; Bar-|(submerged). - | | | | |bette 8-in. | - | | | | | | - =Duke of Edin- | | | | | | - burgh Class.= | | | | | | - Achilles }|13,550| 23 | 704| 1907|(Krupp) |9·2, six; - Cochrane }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 6-|7·5, four; 3 - Natal }| | | | „ |in.; f. 4- |pr., twenty- - Warrior }| | | | 1906|in.; a. 3- |four; torpedo - }| | | | |in.; P.D. ¾-|tubes, three. - Duke of Edin- }| | | | |in.; Bar- |9·2, six; 6- - burgh }| | | | 1905|bette 6-in. |in., ten; 3 - Black Prince }| | | | 1906| |pr., twenty; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, three - | | | | | |(submerged). - | | | | | | - =Devonshire | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Antrim }|10,850| 23 | 655| 1905 |(Krupp) |7·5, four; 6- - Argyll }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 6-|in., six; 3- - Carnarvon }| | | | „ |in.; f. 2- |pounders, - Devonshire }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. 2-|twenty; - Hampshire }| | | | „ |in.; Bar- |Maxims, two; - Roxburgh }| | | | „ |bette 5-in.;|torpedo - | | | | |Casemates |tubes, two - | | | | |5-in. |(submerged). - | | | | | | - =Monmouth | | | | | | - Class.= | | | | | | - Berwick }| 9,800| 23 | 537| 1903 |(Krupp) |6-in., four- - Cornwall }| | | | 1904 |Belt: am. 4-|teen; 12 pr., - Cumberland }| | | | „ |in.; f. 2- |eight; pom- - Donegal }| | | | 1903 |in.; P.D. 2-|poms, ten; 3 - Essex }| | | | „ |in.; Bar- |pr., three; - Kent }| | | | „ |bette 5-in.;|torpedo - Lancaster }| | | | 1904 |Casemates, |tubes, two - Monmouth }| | | | 1903 |4-in. |(submerged). - Suffolk }| | | | 1904 | | - | | | | | | - =Drake Class.= | | | | | | - Drake }|14,100| 24 | 900| 1902 |(Krupp) |9·2, two; 6- - Good Hope }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 6-|in., sixteen; - King Alfred }| | | | 1903 |in.; f. 2- |12 pr., - Leviathan }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. 2-|twelve; 3 - | | | | |in.; Bar- |pr., two; - | | | | |bette 6-in.;|machine, six; - | | | | |Casemates |torpedo - | | | | |6-in. |tubes, two - | | | | | |(submerged). - =Cressy Class.=| | | | | | - Aboukir }|12,000| 21 | 755| 1902 |(Krupp) |9·2, two; 6- - Bacchante }| | | | „ |Belt: am. 6-|in., twelve; - Cressy }| | | | 1901 |in.; f. 2- |12 pr., - Euryalus }| | | | 1904 |in.; P.D. 3-|twelve; 3 - Hogue }| | | | 1902 |in.; Bar- |pr., three; - Sutlej }| | | | „ |bette 6-in.;|machine, - | | | | |Casemates |four; tor- - | | | | |5-in. |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |two (sub- - | | | | | |merged). - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - Note to Armour details: am. = amidships, f. = forward, a. = aft, P.D. - = protective deck, C.T. = conning-tower. - - -CRUISERS. - - -------------------+------+------+-----+-------+---------------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| - -------------------+------+------+-----+-------+---------------------- - =Powerful Class.= | | | | | - Terrible |14,200| 22 | 840| 1898 |9·2, two; 6-in., six- - | | | | |teen; 12 pr., four- - | | | | |teen; 3 pr., twelve; - | | | | |torpedo tubes, four - | | | | |(submerged). - | | | | | - =Diadem Class.= | | | | | - Amphitrite }|11,000| 21 | 680| 1900 |6 in., sixteen; 12 - Andromeda }| | | | „ |pr., twelve; 3 pr., - Argonaut }| | | | „ |six; Maxims, two; tor- - Ariadne }| | | | „ |pedo tubes, two. - Diadem }| | | | 1899 | - Europa }| | | | „ | - Spartiate }| | | | 1902 | - | | | | | - =Edgar Class.= | | | | | - Crescent[16] }| 7,350| 20 | 550| 1893 |9·2, two; 6-in., ten; - Edgar }| | | | „ |6 pr., twelve; 3 pr., - Endymion }| | | | 1894 |five; Max., two; 22 - Gibraltar }| | | | „ |torpedo tubes, two - Grafton }| | | | „ |(submerged). - Hawke }| | | | 1893 | - Royal Arthur[17] }| | | | „ | - St. George }| | | | 1894 | - Theseus }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - =Challenger Class.=| | | | | - Challenger }| 5,880| 21 | 454| 1904 |6-in., eleven; 12 pr., - Encounter }| | | | |eight; Maxims, two; - (Australian }| | | | |torpedo tubes, two - Navy). }| | | | 1906 |(submerged). - | | | | | - | | | | | - =Highflyer Class.= | | | | | - Hermes }| 5,600| 20 | 456| 1900 |6-in., eleven; 12 pr., - Highflyer }| | | | „ |eight; Maxims, two; - Hyacinth }| | | | 1901 |torpedo tubes, two - | | | | |(submerged). - | | | | | - =Arrogant Class.= | | | | | - Furious }| 5,750| 20 | 430| 1899 |6-in., ten; 12 pr., - Vindictive }| | | | 1898 |eight; Maxims, two; - | | | | |torpedo tubes, three - | | | | |(two submerged). - | | | | | - =Talbot Class.= | | | | | - Diana }| 5,600| 19·5| 412| 1898 |6-in., eleven; 12 pr., - Dido }| | | | „ |nine; 3 pr., seven; - Doris }| | | | „ |Maxims, two; torpedo - Eclipse }| | | | 1897 |tubes, three. - Isis }| | | | 1898 | - Juno }| | | | „ | - Minerva }| | | | 1897 | - Talbot }| | | | „ | - Venus }| | | | 1898 | - | | | | | - =Chatham Class.= | | | | | - Birmingham }| 5,400| 25 | 400| 1914 |6-in., eight; 3 pr., - }| | | | |four. - Chatham }| | | | 1912 |6-in., eight; nine - Dublin }| | | | 1913 |smaller guns. - Lowestoft }| | | | 1914 |Birmingham, Lowestoft - Nottingham }| | | | 1914 |and Nottingham: 6-in., - Southampton }| | | | 1913 |nine. - | | | | | - =Bristol Class.= | | | | | - Bristol }| 4,800| 27 | 375| 1910 |6-in., two; 4-in., - Glasgow }| | | | „ |ten; machine, four. - Gloucester }| | | | „ | - Liverpool }| | | | „ | - Newcastle }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - =Weymouth Class.= | | | | | - Dartmouth }| 5,250| 25 | 390| 1911 |6-in., eight; smaller - Falmouth }| | | | „ |guns, nine. - Weymouth }| | | | „ | - Yarmouth }| | | | 1912 | - | | | | | - =Colonial Class.= | | | | | - Brisbane[18] }| 5,400| 25·5| 350| ? |6-in., eight; Q.F. and - Melbourne }| | | | 1912 |machine, nine. - Sydney }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - =Arethusa Class.= | | | | | - Royalist }| 3,750| 29 | 280| 1914 |6-in., two; 4-in., - Inconstant }| | | | „ |six; torpedo tubes, - Phaeton }| | | | „ |two. - Penelope }| | | | „ | - Galatea }| | | | „ | - Undaunted }| | | | „ | - Arethusa }| | | | „ | - Aurora }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - =Boadicea Class.= | | | | | - Active }| 3,440| 26 | 320| 1911 |4-in., ten; 3 pr., - Amphion[19] }| | | | 1912 |four. - Bellona[20] }| | | | „ | - Blanche }| | | | „ | - Blonde }| | | | 1911 | - Boadicea[21] }| | | | 1909 | - Fearless }| | | | 1903 | - | | | | | - =Astræa Class.= | | | | | - Astræa }| 4,360| 19·5| 312| 1894 |6-in., two; 4·7, - Bonaventure }| | | | „ |eight; 6 pr., eight; 3 - Cambrian }| | | | „ |pr., one; torpedo - Charybdis }| | | | 1895 |tubes, four (above - Flora }| | | | „ |water). - Forte }| | | | „ | - Fox }| | | | „ | - Hermione }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - =Apollo Class.= | | | | | - Æolus }| 3,400| 20 | 275| 1893 |6-in., two; 4·7, six; - Brilliant }| | | | „ |6 pr., eight; 3 pr., - Melpomene }| | | | 1892 |one; machine, four; - Latona }| | | | 1893 |torpedo tubes, four - Sappho }| | | | „ |(above water). - Scylla }| | | | 1892 | - Sirius }| | | | „ | - Terpsichore }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - =Sentinel Class.= | | | | | - Adventure }| 2,700| 25 | 268| 1905 |4-in., nine; smaller - Attentive }| | | | „ |guns, six; torpedo - Foresight }| | | | „ |tubes, two. - Forward }| | | | „ | - Pathfinder }| | | | „ | - Patrol }| | | | „ | - Sentinel }| | | | „ | - Skirmisher }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - =Topaze Class.= | | | | | - Amethyst }| 3,000| 23 | 300| 1905 |4-in., twelve; 3 pr., - Diamond }| | | | „ |eight; Maxims, two; - Sapphire }| | | | „ |torpedo tubes, two. - Topaze }| | | | „ | - -------------------+------+------+-----+-------+---------------------- - - [16, 17] Crescent and Royal Arthur displace 7,700 tons and have one - 9·2-in. and twelve 6-in. guns. - - [18] Date of completion uncertain. - - [19] Sunk by German Mine, August 6th, 1914. - - [20, 21] Bellona and Boadicea carry only six 6-in. guns. - - -TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS. - - =“M” Class= (1913-14) (Displacement, 1,200-1,350 tons; H.P., 27,000; - 34 knots; armament, four 4-in.; four 21-in. torpedo tubes):--Manly, - Mansfield, Marksman, Mastiff, Matchless, Menace, Mentor, Meteor, - Milne, Minos, Miranda, Monitor, Moorsom, Morris, Murray, Myngs. - - =“L” Class= (1912-13) (Displacement, 965 tons; H.P., 25,000; 29 knots; - armament, three 4-in.; four 21-in. torpedo tubes):--Laertes, Laforey, - Lance, Landrail, Lark, Laurel, Laverock, Lawford, Legion, Lennox, - Leonidas, Liberty, Linnet, Llewellyn, Lookout, Louis, Loyal, Lucifer, - Lydiard, Lysander. - - =“K” Class= (1912-13) (Displacement, 935 tons; H.P., 24,500; 30-32 - knots; armament, three 4-in.; two 21-in. torpedo tubes):--Acasta, - Achates, Ambuscade, Ardent, Christopher, Cockatrice, Contest, Fortune, - Garland, Hardy, Lynx, Midge, Owl, Paragon, Porpoise, Shark, - Sparrowhawk, Spitfire, Unity, Victor. - - =“I” Class= (1911) (Displacement, 750-850 tons; H.P., 16,500-20,000; - 30-35 knots; armament, two 4-in.; two 12 pdrs.; two 21-in. torpedo - tubes):--Acheron, Archer, Ariel, Attack, Badger, Beaver, Defender, - Druid, Ferret, Firedrake, Forester, Goshawk, Hind, Hornet, Hydra, - Jackal, Lapwing, Lizard, Lurcher, Oak, Phœnix, Sandfly, Tigress. - - =“H” Class= (1910) (Displacement, 780 tons; H.P., 13,500; 27-29 knots; - armament, two 4-in.; two 12 pdrs.; two 21-in. torpedo tubes):--Acorn, - Alarm, Brisk, Cameleon, Comet, Fury, Goldfinch, Hope, Larne, Lyra, - Martin, Minstrel, Nemesis, Nereide, Nymphe, Redpole, Rifleman, Ruby, - Sheldrake, Staunch. - - =“G” Class= (1909) (Displacement, 900-1,000 tons; H.P., 2,100; 27 - knots; armament, one 4-in.; two 21-in. torpedo tubes):--Basilisk, - Beagle, Bulldog, Foxhound, Grasshopper, Harpy, Mosquito, Grampus, - Pincher, Racoon, Rattlesnake, Renard, Savage, Scorpion, Scourge, - Wolverine. - - =“F” Class= (1907-09) (Displacement, 865-1,090 tons; H.P., - 14,000-15,500; 33-35 knots; armament, five 12 pdrs. (or two 4-in.); - two 18-in. torpedo tubes):--Afridi, Amazon, Cossack, Crusader, Ghurka, - Maori, Mohawk, Nubian, Saracen, Tartar, Viking, Zulu. - - =“E” Class= (1903-08) (Displacement, 530-560 tons; H.P., 7,500; 25 - knots; armament, four 12 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo tubes):--Arun, - Boyne, Chelmer, Cherwell, Colne, Dee, Derwent, Doon, Eden, Erne, - Ettrick, Exe, Foyle, Garry, Itchen, Jed, Kale, Kennet, Liffey, Moy, - Ness, Nith, Ouse, Ribble, Rother, Stour, Swale, Test, Teviot, Ure, - Usk, Waveney, Wear, Welland. - - =“D” Class= (1895-01) (Displacement, 300-400 tons; H.P., 6,000; 30 - knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five 6 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo - tubes):--Angler, Coquette, Cygnet, Cynthia, Desperate, Fame, Mallard, - Stag. - - =“C” Class= (1895-01) (Displacement, 300-400 tons; H.P., 6,000; 30 - knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five 6 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo - tubes):--Albatross, Avon, Bat, Bittern, Brazen, Bullfinch, Cheerful, - Crane, Dove, Electra, Fairy, Falcon, Fawn, Flirt, Flying Fish, Gipsy, - Greyhound, Kestrel, Leopard, Leven, Osprey, Ostrich, Mermaid, - Racehorse, Recruit, Roebuck, Star, Sylvia, Thorn, Velox, Vigilant, - Violet, Vixen, Vulture. - - =“B” Class= (1895-01) (Displacement, 300-400 tons; H.P., 6,000; 30 - knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five 6 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo - tubes):--Albacore, Arab, Bonetta, Earnest, Express, Griffon, Kangaroo, - Lively, Locust, Myrmidon, Orwell, Panther, Peterel, Quail, Seal, - Spiteful, Sprightly, Success, Syren, Thrasher, Wolf. - - =“A” Class= (1894-95) (Displacement, 275-350 tons; H.P., 4,500; 27 - knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five 6 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo - tubes):--Conflict, Fervent, Lightning, Opossum, Porcupine, Ranger, - Sunfish, Surly, Zephyr. - - -TORPEDO BOATS. - - =Nos. 1-12= (1906-07) Displacement, 247-263 tons; H.P., 3,750; 27-28½ - knots; two 12 pdrs.; three 18-in. torpedo tubes. - - =Nos. 13-36= (1907-08) Displacement, 260-308 tons; H.P., 4,000; 26-27 - knots; two 12 pdrs.; three 18-in. torpedo tubes. - - =Nos. 98, 99, 107-117= (1901-03) Displacement, 178-205 tons; H.P., - 2,850-2,900; 25-26 knots; three 3 pdrs.; three torpedo tubes. - - =Nos. 88-97= (1893-95) Displacement, 112-172 tons; H.P., 1,500-2,500; - 23-24½ knots; three 3 pdrs.; three torpedo tubes. - - -SUBMARINES. - - ------+------+-------+----------------------+----------+---------+ - | No. | Date | | Dis- | | - Class.| in | of | Speed in Knots. | place- | Horse | - |Class.| Build-| | ment. | Power. | - | | ing. | | | | - ------+------+-------+----------------------+----------+---------+ - =A= | 9 |1904-06|Submerged 9-12 surface| 200 Tons|150-500 | - =B= | 10 |1904-06| „ 9-13 „ | 314 „ |189-600 | - =C= | 37 |1906-09| „ 10-14 „ | 320 „ |300-600 | - =D= | 8 |1910-11| „ 10-16 „ | 580 „ |550-1,200| - =E= | 16 |1911-13| „ 10-16 „ | 800 „ | 1,950 | - =F= | 6 |1913-14| „ 12-20 „ |1,000 „ | 5,000 | - ------+------+-------+----------------------+----------+---------+ - - ------+------+-------- - | | - Class.|Tubes.|Guns. - | | - | | - ------+------+-------- - =A= | 2 | - =B= | 2 | - =C= | 2 | - =D= | 3 | - =E= | 4 |Two 3-in. - =F= | 6 |Two 3-in. - ------+------+--------- - - -THE GERMAN NAVY. - - -BATTLESHIPS (Dreadnought Type). - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - _Ersatz | | | | | | - Wörth_[22] }|29,000| 23 | ----| 1916 | |15-in., - “_T_”[23] }| | | | | |eight; 5·9- - | | | | | |in., sixteen. - | | | | | | - Markgraf }|25,600| 21 |1,130| 1914 |Belt: 13¾- |12-in., ten; - Grosser Kur- }| | | | |in. |5·9-in., - fürst }| | | | „ | |fourteen; - König }| | | | „ | |3·4-in., ten; - _Kron- }| | | | | |torpedo - prinz_[24] }| | | | 1915 | |tubes, five. - | | | | | | - König Albert }|24,312| 21 |1,080| 1913 |Belt: 13¾- |12-in., ten; - Kaiserin }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. 3-|5·9-in., - F. der Grosse }| | | | 1912 |in.; Tur- |fourteen; - Kaiser }| | | | „ |rets, 12- |3·4-in., - P. Regent }| | | | |in.; C.T. |twelve; tor- - Luitpold }| | | | 1913 |12-in. |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |five. - | | | | | | - Helgoland }|22,435| 20·5|1,106| 1911 |Belt: 11¾- |12-in., - Oldenburg }| | | | 1912 |in. P.D. 3- |twelve; 5·9- - Ostfriesland }| | | | 1911 |in.; Tur- |in., four- - Thüringen }| | | | „ |rets,11-in.;|teen; 3·4- - | | | | |C.T. 12-in. |in., four- - | | | | | |teen; torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, six. - | | | | | | - Nassau }|18,600| 19 | 966| 1909 |(Krupp) |11-in., - Posen }| | | | 1910 |Belt: am., |twelve; 5·9- - Rheinland }| | | | „ |11-in.; f. |in., twelve; - Westfalen }| | | | 1909 |6-in.; a. 4-|3·4-in., six- - | | | | |in.; P.D. 4-|teen; torpedo - | | | | |in.; Bar- |tubes, six. - | | | | |bette, 12- | - | | | | |in.; C.T. | - | | | | |12-in. | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - [22, 23] To be completed 1916. - - [24] To be completed 1915. - - NOTE TO ARMOUR.--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - Protective decks; C.T. = conning tower. - - -BATTLESHIPS (pre-Dreadnought Type). - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Deutschland }|13,000| 18 | 743| 1906 |(Krupp) |11-in., four; - Hannover }| | | | 1907 |Belt: a.m. |6·7-in., - Pommern }| | | | „ |9¾-in.; f. |fourteen; - Schlesien }| | | | 1908 |4-in.; a. 4-|3·4-in., - Schleswig-Hol-}| | | | |in.; P.D. 3-|twenty; tor- - stein }| | | | „ |in.; Bar- |pedo tubes, - | | | | |bette, 11- |six. - | | | | |in.; case- | - | | | | |mates 6½- | - | | | | |in.; C.T. | - | | | | |12-in. | - | | | | | | - Braunschweig }|13,000| 18 | 743| 1904 |(Krupp) |11-in., four; - Elsass }| | | | „ |Belt: a.m. |6·7-in., - Lothringen }| | | | 1906 |9-in.; f. 4-|fourteen; - Hessen }| | | | 1905 |in.; a. 4- |3·4-in., - Preussen }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. 3-|eighteen; - | | | | |in.; Bar- |torpedo - | | | | |bette, 11- |tubes, six. - | | | | |in.; case- | - | | | | |mates 6-in.;| - | | | | |C.T. 12-in. | - | | | | | | - Mecklenburg }|11,650| 18 | 683| 1903 |(Krupp) |9·4-in., - Wettin }| | | | 1902 |Belt: a.m. |four; 6-in., - Wittelsbach }| | | | „ |9-in.; f. 4-|eighteen; 15- - Schwaben }| | | | 1903 |in.; a. 4- |pdr., twelve; - Zähringen }| | | | 1902 |in.; P.D. 5-|torpedo - | | | | |in.; Bar- |tubes, six. - | | | | |bette 10- | - | | | | |in.; case- | - | | | | |mates 6-in.;| - | | | | |C.T. 10-in. | - | | | | | | - K. Barbarossa }|10,600| 18 | 622| 1901 |(Krupp) |9·4-in., - K. Friedrich }| | | | |Belt: am. |four; 5·9- - III. }| | | | 1898 |12-in.; f. |in., four- - K. Karl der }| | | | |4-in.; a. 4-|teen; 3·4- - Grosse }| | | | 1901 |in.; P.D. 3-|in., four- - K. Wilhelm II.}| | | | 1900 |in.; Bar- |teen; tor- - K. Wilhelm der}| | | | |bette, 10- |pedo tubes, - Grosse }| | | | 1901 |in; case- |five. - | | | | |mates, 6- | - | | | | |in.; C.T. | - | | | | |10-in. | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - NOTE TO ARMOUR.--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - Protective decks; C.T. = conning tower. - - -BATTLE-CRUISERS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - E. Hertha[25] }|28,000| 27 | | | |12-in., - E. Victoria }| | | | | |eight; 5·9- - Louise[26] }| | | | | |in., twelve. - Derfflinger } |26,200| 26½ |1,125| 1914 |Belt, 12-in.|12-in., - Lützow[27] } | | | | 1915 | |eight; 5·9- - | | | | | |in., twelve; - | | | | | |3·4-in., - | | | | | |twelve; tor- - | | | | | |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |four. - | | | | | | - Seydlitz |24,600| 27 |1,108| 1913 |Belt, 12- |11-in., ten; - | | | | |in.; P.D., |5·9-in., - | | | | |2½-in. |twelve; 3·4- - | | | | | |in., twelve; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, four. - | | | | | | - Goeben }|22,640| 28 |1,013| 1912 |Belt, 11- |11-in., ten; - Moltke }| | | | 1911 |in., P.D., |5·9-in., - | | | | |2½-in. |twelve; 3·4- - | | | | | |in., twelve; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, four. - | | | | | | - Von der Tann |19,100| 28 | 850| 1910 |Belt: 10- |11-in., - | | | | |in.; P.D., |eight; 5·9- - | | | | |2½-in. |in., ten; - | | | | | |3·4-in., six- - | | | | | |teen; torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, four. - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - [25] To be completed 1916. - - [26] To be completed 1917. - - [27] To be completed 1915. - - NOTE TO ARMOUR.--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - Protective decks; C.T. = conning tower. - - -ARMOURED CRUISERS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Blücher |15,550| 25½ | 888| 1909 |(Krupp); am.|8·2-in., - | | | | |7-in.; f. 4-|twelve; 5·9- - | | | | |in.; a. 4- |in., eight; - | | | | |in.; P.D. |3·4-in., six- - | | | | |2½-in. |teen; tor- - | | | | | |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |four. - | | | | | | - Gneisenau }|11,500| 22½ | 764| 1908 |(Krupp) |8·2-in., - Scharnhorst }| | | | 1907 |Belt: am. 6-|eight; 5·9- - | | | | |in.; f. 3- |in., six; - | | | | |in.; a. 5- |small guns, - | | | | |in.; P.D. 2-|eighteen; - | | | | |in.; Bar- |torpedo - | | | | |bette, 6- |tubes, four - | | | | |in.; Bat- |(submerged.) - | | | | |tery, 4-in.;| - | | | | |C.T., 8-in. | - | | | | | | - Fürst Bismarck |10,570| 19 | 594| 1900 |(Krupp) |9·4-in., - | | | | |Belt: am. 8-|four; 5·9- - | | | | |in.; f. 4- |in., twelve; - | | | | |in.; a., 4- |3·4-in., ten; - | | | | |in.; P.D., |torpedo - | | | | |2-in.; Bat- |tubes, six. - | | | | |tery, 8-in.;| - | | | | |casemates, | - | | | | |4-in.; C.T.,| - | | | | |8-in. | - | | | | | | - Roon }| 9,350| 21 | 633| 1905 |(Krupp) |8·2-in., - Yorck }| | | | 1905 |Belt: am., |four; 6-in., - | | | | |4-in.; f., |ten; 3·4-in., - | | | | |3-in.; a., |fourteen; - | | | | |3-in; P.D., |torpedo - | | | | |2¾-in.; Bar-|tubes, four. - | | | | |bette, 6- | - | | | | |in.; Bat- | - | | | | |tery, 4-in.;| - | | | | |C.T., 6-in. | - | | | | | | - Prinz Adalbert}| 8,851| 21 | 591| 1903 |(Krupp) |8·2-in., - Friedrich Karl}| | | | 1903 |Belt: am., |four; 6-in., - | | | | |4-in.; f., |ten; torpedo - | | | | |3-in.; a., |tubes, four. - | | | | |3-in.; P.D.,| - | | | | |2-in.; Trt.,| - | | | | |6-in.; Bat- | - | | | | |tery, 4-in.;| - | | | | |G.T., 9-in. | - | | | | | | - Prinz Heinrich | 8,760| 20 | 567| 1902 |(Krupp) |9·4-in., two; - | | | | |Belt: a.m., |6-in., ten; - | | | | |4-in.; f., |3·4-in., ten; - | | | | |2-in.; a., |torpedo - | | | | |2-in.; P.D.,|tubes, four. - | | | | |2-in.; Trt.,| - | | | | |6-in.; Bat- | - | | | | |tery, 4-in.;| - | | | | |C.T., 6-in. | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - NOTE TO ARMOUR.--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - protective deck; C.T. = conning tower. - - -CRUISERS. - - -------------------+------+------+-----+-------+---------------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| - -------------------+------+------+-----+-------+---------------------- - Kaiserin Augusta | 6,000| 21½ | 439| 1894 |6-in., twelve; 3·4- - | | | | |in., eight; torpedo - | | | | |tubes, three. - | | | | | - Freya }| 5,600| 19 | 450| 1898 |8·2, two; 6-in., - Hansa }| | | | 1899 |six; 3·4, four teen; - Hertha }| | | | 1898 |torpedo tubes, three - Victoria Luise }| | | | „ |(submerged). - Vineta }| | | | 1899 | - | | | | | - _E. Gefion_[28] }| 5,500| 28 | -- | -- |5·9-in., ten. - _E. Hela_[29] }| | | | | - | | | | | - Rostock }| 4,870| 28 | 373| 1913 |4-in., twelve; - Karlsruhe }| | | | „ |machine, two; torpedo - Graudenz }| | | | 1914 |tubes, two. - Regensburg }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - Breslau }| 4,520| 27½ | 370| 1912 |4-in., twelve; torpedo - Magdeburg }| | | | „ |tubes, two. - Strassburg }| | | | „ | - Stralsund }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - Augsburg }| 4,281| 26 | 379| 1910 |4-in., twelve; torpedo - Köln }| | | | 1911 |tubes, two. - Kolberg }| | | | 1910 | - Mainz }| | | | 1909 | - | | | | | - Dresden }| 3,620| 24½ | 361| 1907 |4-in., ten; torpedo - Emden }| | | | 1908 |tubes, two. - | | | | | - Koenigsburg }| 3,420| 23½ | 322| 1907 |4·1, ten; torpedo - Nurnburg }| | | | 1908 |tubes, two. - Stettin }| | | | „ | - Stuttgart }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - Bremen }| 3,200| 22½ | 300| 1904 |4·1, ten; torpedo - Berlin }| | | | „ |tubes, two. - Danzig }| | | | 1906 | - Hamburg }| | | | 1904 | - Leipzig }| | | | „ | - Lübeck }| | | | 1905 | - München }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - Arcona }| 2,660| 22 | 281| 1903 |4·1-in., ten; torpedo - Frauenlob }| | | | „ |tubes, two. - Undine }| | | | 1903 | - | | | | | - Amazone }| 2,630| 21 | 275| 1901 |4·1, ten; torpedo - Ariadne }| | | | „ |tubes, two. - Gazelle }| | | | 1898 | - Medusa }| | | | 1901 | - Niobe }| | | | 1899 | - Nymphe }| | | | 1901 | - Thetis }| | | | „ | - | | | | | - Gefion | 3,750| 19 | 300| 1894 |4·1, ten. - | | | | | - Hela | 2,000| 19½ | 191| 1896 |3·4-in., four; smaller - | | | | |guns, six; torpedo - | | | | |tubes, two. - -------------------+------+------+-----+-------+---------------------- - - [28, 29] To be completed 1915. - - -TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS. - - =12 Boats, S 31-36, V 25-30= (1913-14), displacement, 570 tons; speed, - 32½ knots; armament: two 3·4-in., four machine guns, five torpedo - tubes. Complement, 75. - - =12 Boats, S 13-24= (1912-13), displacement, 555 tons; speed, 32½ - knots; armament; two 3·4-in., two machine guns, four torpedo tubes. - Complement, 73. - - =12 Boats, V 1-6, G 7-12= (1911-12), displacement, 560 tons; speed, - 32½ knots; armament: two 3·4-in., two machine guns, four torpedo - tubes. Complement, 73. - - =12 Boats, G 192-197, V 186-191= (1910-11), displacement, 640 tons; - speed, 32 knots; armament: two 3·4-in., two machine guns, four torpedo - tubes. Complement, 83. - - =12 Boats, V 180-185, S 176-179, G 174-175= (1909-10), displacement, - 635 tons; speed, 32 knots; armament, two 3·4-in.; two machine guns, - four torpedo tubes. Complement, 83. - - =11 Boats, G 169-170, G 172-173, S 165-168, V 162-164= (1908-09), - displacement, 610 tons; speed, 30 knots; armament, two 3·4-in., two - machine, three torpedo tubes. Complement, 83. - - =12 Boats, V 150-161= (1907-08), displacement, 545 tons; speed, 30 - knots; armament, two 3·4-in., two machine guns, three torpedo tubes. - Complement, 83. - - =12 Boats, S 138-149= (1906-07), displacement, 515 tons; speed, 30 - knots; armament: one 3·4-in., five smaller guns, three torpedo tubes. - Complement, 80. - - =1 Boat, G 137= (1906), displacement, 565 tons; speed, 33 knots; - armament: one 3·4-in., five smaller guns, three torpedo tubes. - Complement, 80. - - =47 Boats, G 132-136= (1905-06), =S 126-151= (1904-05), =S 120-125= - (1903-04), =S 114-119= (1902-03), =G 108-113= (1901-02), =S 102-107= - (1900-01), =S 90-101= (1898-1900), displacement, 390-475 tons; speed, - 26-27 knots; armament: three 3-pdrs., two machine, three torpedo - tubes. Complement, 60. - - =8 Boats, D 3-10= (1887-98), displacement, 290-345 tons; speed, 22-28 - knots; armament: three (or five) 3-pdrs., three torpedo tubes. - Complement, 50-60. - - =1 Boat “Taku”= (1898), displacement, 270 tons; speed, 30 knots; - armament, two 3-pdrs.; two torpedo tubes. Complement, 49. - - -SUBMARINES. - - =2 Boats, U 1 and U 2= (1906-08), displacement, 197-236 tons; speeds, - 8-10 knots; armament, two torpedo tubes. - - =6 Boats, U 3-U 8= (1908-11), displacement, 240-300 tons; speeds, 8-12 - knots; armament, two torpedo tubes. - - =12 Boats, U 9-U 20= (1910-12), displacement, 450 tons; speeds, 9-15 - knots; armament, three torpedo tubes. - - =16 Boats, U 21-U 36= (1912-14), displacement, 800 tons; speeds, 18-12 - knots; armament: two guns, four (or five) torpedo tubes. - - -MINELAYERS. - - =“Nautilus”= (1906), displacement, 1,900 tons; speed, 20 knots; - armament, eight 3·4-in., 400 naval mines. - - =“Albatross”= (1907), displacement, 2,120 tons; speed, 20 knots; - armament: eight 3·4-in., 400 naval mines. - - =“Pelikan”= (1890), displacement, 2,300 tons; speed, 15 knots; - armament: four 3·4-in., 300 naval mines. - - -THE FRENCH NAVY - - -BATTLESHIPS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Courbet }|23,100| 20 |1,000| 1913 |Belt: am. |12-in., - Jean Bart }| | | | „ |10½-in.; f. |twelve; 5·5- - France }| | | | 1914 |7-in.; a. 7-|in., twenty- - Paris }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. |two; eight - | | | | |3½-in. |smaller; tor- - | | | | | |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |three. - | | | | | | - Condorcet }|18,400| 19 | 680| 1911 |Belt: am. |12-in., four; - Danton }| | | | „ |10-in.; f. |9·4-in., - Diderot }| | | | „ |6-in.; a. 6-|twelve; 3- - Mirabeau }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. 3-|in., sixteen; - Vergiaud }| | | | „ |in.; Bar- |torpedo - Voltaire }| | | | „ |bette 12- |tubes, two. - | | | | |in.; C.T. | - | | | | |12-in. | - | | | | | | - Démocratie }|14,870| 18 | 800| 1907 |Belt: 11- |12-in., four; - Justice }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. |7·6, ten; 4- - Vérité }| | | | 1908 |2½-in.; Tur-|in., eight; - | | | | |ret 12-in. |smaller, - | | | | | |twenty-six; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, five - | | | | | |(two sub- - | | | | | |merged). - | | | | | | - Patrie }|14,865| 18 | 800| 1906 |Belt: 11- |12-in., four; - République }| | | | „ |in.; P.D. 3-|6·4, - | | | | |in.; Turret |eighteen; - | | | | |12½-in. |smaller, - | | | | | |twenty-five; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, five - | | | | | |(two sub- - | | | | | |merged). - | | | | | | - Suffren |12,730| 18 | 750| 1903 |Belt: 12- |12-in., four; - | | | | |in.; P.D. 3-|6·4, ten; 4- - | | | | |in.; Turret |in., eight; - | | | | |12-in. |smaller, - | | | | | |twenty-four; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, four - | | | | | |(two sub- - | | | | | |merged). - | | | | | | - Charlemagne }|11,000| 18 | 650| 1899 |(H.) Belt: |12-in., four; - Gaulois }| | | | „ |am. 12¾-in.;|5·5, ten; 4- - St. Louis }| | | | 1900 |f. 10-in.; |in., eight; - | | | | |a. 10-in. |smaller, 26; - | | | | |P.D. 2¾-in.;|torpedo tubes - | | | | |Barbette |four (sub- - | | | | |15¾-in. |merged). - | | | | | | - Bouvet |12,000| 17½ | 650| 1898 |(H.) Belt: |12-in., two; - | | | | |am. 15¾-in.;|10·8, two; - | | | | |f. 12-in.; |5·5, eight; - | | | | |a. 10-in. |4-in., eight; - | | | | |P.D. 3½-in. |smaller, - | | | | | |thirty; tor- - | | | | | |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |four. - | | | | | | - Masséna |11,700| 18 | 620| |(H.) Belt: |12-in., two; - | | | | |am. 17¾-in.;|10·8, two; - | | | | |f. 10-in.; |5·5, eight; - | | | | |P.D. 3½-in. |4-in., eight; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, four. - | | | | | | - Charles Martel |11,880| 18 | 650| 1896 |(C.) Belt: |12-in., two; - | | | | |am. 17¾-in.;|10·8, two; - | | | | |f. 13½-in.; |5·5, eight; - | | | | |a. 11-in.; |torpedo - | | | | |P.D. 2¾-in. |tubes, six. - | | | | | | - Carnot |12,000| 18 | 650| 1896 |(C.) Belt: |12-in., two; - | | | | |am. 17¾-in.;|10·8, two; - | | | | |f. 10-in.; |5·5, eight; - | | | | |a. 10-in.; |smaller, - | | | | |P.D. 2¾-in. |twenty-two; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, four. - | | | | | | - Jauréguiberry |11,650| 18 | 600| 1896 |(C.) Belt: |12-in., two; - | | | | |am. 17¾-in.;|10·8, two; - | | | | |f. 9-in.; a.|5·5, eight; - | | | | |9-in., P.D. |smaller, - | | | | |2¾-in. |twenty; tor- - | | | | | |pedo tubes, - | | | | | |six. - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - Note to Armour details: am. = amidships, f. = forward, a. = aft, P.D. - = protective deck, C.T. = conning-tower. - - -ARMOURED CRUISERS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Léon Gambetta }|12,350| 22 | 750| 1904 |(Krupp) |7·6, four; - Jules Ferry }| | | | 1906 |Belt: am. |6·4, sixteen; - Victor Hugo }| | | | „ |6¾-in.; t. |smaller - | | | | |3-in.; a. 3-|twenty-four; - | | | | |in.; P.D. |torpedo - | | | | |2½-in.; Bar-|tubes, five - | | | | |bette 6-in.;|(two sub- - | | | | |casemates 4-|merged). - | | | | |in.; C.T. 8-| - | | | | |in. | - | | | | | | - Amiral Aube }|10,000| 21 | 600| 1904 |(Krupp) |7·6, two; - Conde }| | | | „ |Belt: am. |6·4, eight; - Gloire }| | | | 1902 |6¾-in.; f. |4-in., six; - Marseillaise }| | | | 1903 |4-in.; a. 4-|smaller, - | | | | |in.; P.D. |twenty; tor- - | | | | |2½-in.; Tur-|pedo tubes, - | | | | |ret, 8-in.; |five. - | | | | |cas. 4-in.; | - | | | | |C.T. 9-in. | - | | | | | | - Dupetit }| 9,519| 21 | 580| |(H. N.) |7·6, ten; - Thouars }| | | | 1903 |Belt: am. |6·4, eight; - Amiral Gueydon}| | | | 1902 |6¾-in.; f. |4-in., four; - Montcalm }| | | | „ |4-in.; a. 4-|smaller, 22. - | | | | |in.; C.T. | - | | | | |4-in. | - | | | | | | - Jeanne d’Arc |11,270| 22 | 620| 1903 |(H.) Belt: |7·6, two; - | | | | |am. 6-in.; |5·5, four- - | | | | |f. 5-in.; a.|teen; - | | | | |3-in.; P.D. |smaller, - | | | | |2½-in.; Tur-|twenty; tor- - | | | | |ret 7½-in.; |pedo tubes, - | | | | |cas. 5-in.; |two (sub- - | | | | |C.T. 6-in. |merged). - | | | | | | - Desaix }| 7,700| 21 | 500| 1904 |(Krupp) |6·4, eight; - Dupleix }| | | | 1903 |Belt: am. 4-|4-in., four; - Kléber }| | | | 1904 |in.; f. 3- |smaller, six- - | | | | |in.; a. 3- |teen; torpedo - | | | | |in.; P.D. |tubes, two - | | | | |2¾-in.; Tur-|(above - | | | | |ret 4-in.; |water). - | | | | |C.T. 6-in. | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - Note to Armour.--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - protective deck; C.T. = conning tower. - - =Protected Cruisers=: _D’Entrecasteaŭx_ (completed 1898), 7,990 tons, - 19½ knots, armament: 2-9·4 in., 12-5·5 in., 16 smaller, 6 torpedo - tubes. _Gŭichen_ (1902), 8,150 tons, 23 knots, 2-6·4 in., 6-5·5 in., - 15 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes. _Jurien de la Gravière_ (1901), 5,590 - tons, 22 knots, 8-6·4 in., 10 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes. _D’Estrées_ - (1900) 2,421 tons, 20½ knots, 2-5·5 in., 4-3·9 in., 3 torpedo tubes. - _Dŭ-Chayla_ (1897) 3,890 tons, 20 knots, 6-6·4 in., 4-3·9 in., 2 - torpedo tubes. _Lavoisier_ (1899), 2,285 tons, 20 knots, 4-5·5, 2-3·9 - in., 2 torpedo tubes. _Friant_ (1894), 3,882 tons, 19 knots, 6-6·4 - in., 4-3·9 in., 2 torpedo tubes. Also: _Alger_, _Sŭrcoŭf_, _Cosmao_, - very old ships, of small fighting value. - - =Destroyers=: =80 boats= (1901-1914), 310-710 tons, 25-31 knots, armed - with 9 pdrs. or 3·4-in., guns 2-4 torpedo tubes. - - =Torpedo-Boats=: =90-100 boats= (1890-1909), 90-185 tons, 24-30 knots, - armed with small quick-firers and 2-3 torpedo tubes. - - =Submarines=: =75 boats= (1903-14), 106-740 tons, 12-18 knots - (surface), armed with 4-8 torpedo tubes. - - -THE RUSSIAN NAVY - - -BATTLESHIPS--PRE-DREADNOUGHTS - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - A. Pervosvanni}|17,400| 18 | 900| 1911 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - Imperator }| | | | |Belt: am. |8-in., - Pavel I }| | | | „ |8½-in.; f. |twelve; 4·7, - | | | | |5, a. 4-in.;|twenty; tor- - | | | | |P.D. 3-in.; |pedo tubes, - | | | | |Barbette 12,|five. - | | | | |Bty 5, C.T. | - | | | | |8-in. | - | | | | | | - Slava |13,500| 18 | 700| 1905 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - | | | | |Belt: am. 9-|6-in., - | | | | |in.; f. 4, |twelve; - | | | | |a. 4, P.D. |smaller, - | | | | |4-in.; Bar- |twenty-five; - | | | | |bette 10, T.|torpedo - | | | | |6, C.T. 10- |tubes, four - | | | | |in. |(two sub- - | | | | | |merged). - | | | | | | - Cesarevitch |12,912| 18 | 750| 1903 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - | | | | |Belt: am. |6-in., - | | | | |10, f. 4, a.|twelve; 12- - | | | | |4, P.D. 4- |pr., twenty; - | | | | |in.; Bar- |smaller, - | | | | |bette 11- |thirty; tor- - | | | | |in.; Turret |pedo tubes, - | | | | |6-in.; C.T. |three (two - | | | | |10-in. |submerged). - | | | | | | - [30]Pantelei- }| | | | |(Krupp) |12-in., - mon }|12,733| 16 | 700| 1911 |Belt: am. 9,|four; 6-in., - [31]Ivan }| | | | |f. 2, a. 2, |sixteen; 12- - Zlatoust }| | | | 1910 |P.D. 2½-in.;|pr., four- - | | | | |Barbette 12-|teen; - | | | | |in., Battery|smaller, six- - | | | | |5-in., C.T. |teen; torpedo - | | | | |10-in. |tubes, five - | | | | | |(two sub- - | | | | | |merged). - | | | | | | - [32]Evstafi |12,500| 17 | 700| 1911 |(H.) Belt: | 12-in., - | | | | |am. 16-in.; |four; 8-in., - | | | | |P.D. 3-in.; |four; 6-in., - | | | | |Barbette 16-|twelve; - | | | | |in.; Battery|smaller, - | | | | |5-in.; C.T. |twenty-two. - | | | | |12-in. | - | | | | | | - [33]Rostislav | 9,000| 16·5 | 600| „ |(H.) Belt: |10-in., - | | | | |15, P.D. 3- |four; 6-in., - | | | | |in.; Bar- |eight; - | | | | |bette 15- |smaller, - | | | | |in.; Battery|thirty; tor- - | | | | |6, C.T. 10- |pedo tubes, - | | | | |in. |four (above - | | | | | |water). - | | | | | | - [34]G. | | | | |(C.) Belt: |12-in., six; - Pobiedonosetz|11,200| 16 | 550| 1895 |am. 18-in.; |6-in., seven; - | | | | |f. 10-in.; |smaller, - | | | | |a. 10-in.; |twenty; tor- - | | | | |Barbette 12-|pedo tubes, - | | | | |in.; C.T. |six (under - | | | | |16-in. |water). - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - [Four Dreadnoughts were nearly complete when war opened.] - - [30-34] All these ships are in the Black Sea. - - Note to Armour:--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - protective deck; C.T. = conning tower. - - -ARMOURED CRUISERS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Rurik |15,000| 22 | 800| 1907 |(Krupp) |10-in., four; - | | | | |Belt: am. 6,|8·8, eight; - | | | | |f. 4, a. 3, |4·7, twenty; - | | | | |P.D. 1½-in.;|torpedo - | | | | |Barbette 8- |tubes, two - | | | | |in., Battery|(submerged). - | | | | |3, C.T. 8- | - | | | | |in. | - | | | | | | - Admiral }| 7,900| 21 | 570| |(Krupp) |8-in., two; - Makaroff }| | | | 1908 |Belt: am. 8-|6-in., eight; - Pallada }| | | | 1910 |in., f. 4; |smaller, - Bayan }| | | | „ |a. 3; 8-in.,|twenty; tor- - | | | | |f. 4; a. 3; |pedo tubes, - | | | | |P.D. 2-in.; |two (sub- - | | | | |Barbette 7, |merged). - | | | | |Battery 3½, | - | | | | |C.T. 6½. | - | | | | | | - Gromoboi |12,400| 20 | 800| 1900 |(H.) Belt 6-|8-in., four; - | | | | |in.; P.D. 2-|6-in., six- - | | | | |in.; Case- |teen; 12-pr., - | | | | |mates 6-in.;|twenty; - | | | | |C.T. 10-in. |smaller, - | | | | | |twenty-four; - | | | | | |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, two. - | | | | | | - Rossia |12,130| 20 | 750| 1898 |Belt: am. |8-in., four; - | | | | |10-in.; f. |6-in., six- - | | | | |5, a. 4, |teen; 12-pr., - | | | | |P.D. 2½-in.;|twelve; - | | | | |Bulkheads 6,|smaller, - | | | | |Casemates 2,|thirty-six; - | | | | | C.T. 8-in. |torpedo - | | | | | |tubes, six - | | | | | |(above - | | | | | |water). - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - Note to Armour--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - protective deck; C.T. = conning tower. - - =Protected Cruisers=: _Askold_ (completed 1901), 5,905 tons, 23 knots, - armament: 12-6 in., 26 smaller guns, 6 torpedo tubes. _Diana and - Aurora_ (1902), 6,700 tons, 20 knots, armament: 8-6 in., 30 smaller - guns, 4 torpedo tubes. _Oleg, Kagul_[35], _Pamyat Merkurya_,[36] - (1904-05), 6,645 tons, 24 knots, 12-6 in., 26 smaller guns, 2 torpedo - tubes. _Zemtchug_ (1903), 3,106 tons, 23 knots, 8-4·7 in., 12 smaller - guns, 2 torpedo tubes. _Almaz_,[37] (1903) 3,285 tons, 19 knots, 3-4·7 - in., 14 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes. - - =Destroyers=: There are 140 destroyers (1895-1913), 220-1050 tons, - 25-27 knots, armed with 12-pdr. or 4-in. guns and 3-5 torpedo tubes. - Of this total, 31 boats are in the Black Sea or Far East. - - =Torpedo-Boats=: =29 boats= (1897-1902), 118-186 tons, 24-30 knots; - armed with small quick-firers and 1-3 torpedo tubes. - - =Submarines=: =14 boats= (1904-10) 150-370 tons, 9-16 knots (surface), - 2-4 torpedo tubes. - - [35-37] All these ships are in the Black Sea. - - -THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVY. - - -BATTLESHIPS. - - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Name. | Ton- | Speed|Com’-| Com- | Armour. | Armament. - | nage.|(kts.)|ment.|pleted.| | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - Prinz Eugen }|20,000| 22 | 950| 1912 |Belt: am. |12-in., - Tegetthoff }| | | | 1914 |11-in.; f. |twelve; 5·9, - Viribus }| | | | |7-in.; a. 6-|twelve; - Unitis }| | | | 1913 |in.; gun po-|smaller, 22. - | | | | |sitions and | - | | | | |C.T. 12-in. | - | | | | | | - Erz. Ferdinand}|14,500| 20·5| 816| 1910 |(Krupp) |12-in., four; - Radetzki }| | | | 1911 |Belt: am. 9-|9·4 eight; - Zrinyi }| | | | „ |in.; f. 6- |3·9, twenty; - | | | | |in.; a. 4- |3 torpedo - | | | | |in.; gun po-|tubes (sub- - | | | | |sitions and |merged). - | | | | |C.T. 10-in. | - | | | | | | - Erzherzog }|10,500| 20 | 875| |(Krupp) |9·4, four; - Friedrich }| | | | 1906 |Belt: am. |7·6, 3-in., - Erz. Karl }| | | | „ |8½-in.; P.D.|fourteen, - Erz. Ferdinand}| | | | |2½-in.; Bar-|twelve; - Max }| | | | 1907 |bette 9½- |smaller, 28; - | | | | |in.; Baty. |torpedo - | | | | |6-in.; C.T. |tubes, two - | | | | |8½-in. |(submerged). - | | | | | | - Habsburg }| 8,300| 19 | 630| 1903 |(Krupp) |9·4, three; - Arpad }| | | | 1904 |Belt: am. |6-in., - Badenberg }| | | | 1903 |8¾-in.; f. |twelve; - | | | | |2-in.; a. 2-|smaller, 28; - | | | | |in.; Bar- |torpedo - | | | | |bette, 8- |tubes, two - | | | | |in.; cas. 6,|(submerged). - | | | | |C.T. 8-in. | - ---------------+------+------+-----+-------+------------+------------- - - Note to Armour:--am. = amidships; f. = forward; a. = aft; P.D. = - protective deck; C.T. = conning tower. - - =Cruisers=: _Sankt Georg_ (1906), 7,180 tons, 21 knots, armour belt - 6½-in., armament: 2-9·4 in., 5-7·6 in., 4-6 in., 17 smaller, 2 torpedo - tubes. _Kaiser Karl VI._ (1900), 6,150 tons, 20 knots, armour belt 8½ - in., armament: 2-9·4 in., 8-6 in., 28 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes. - _Kaiserin Maria Theresa_ (1895), 5,185 tons, 19 knots, armour belt - 4-in., armament: 2-7·6 in., 8-6 in., 20 smaller, 4 torpedo tubes. - _Admiral Spaun_, _Saida_, _Helgoland_, _Novara_ (1910-14), 3,500 tons, - 27 knots, 9-4 in. (_Spaun_, 7-4 in.), 2 torpedo tubes, _Aspern_, - _Zenta_, _Szigetvar_ (1899-1901) 2,300 tons, 20 knots, 8-4·7 in., 12 - smaller, two torpedo tubes, _Kaiser Franz Josef_, _Kaiserin Elisabeth_ - (1890-91) 3,966 tons, 19 knots, 8-6 in., 20 smaller, 4 torpedo tubes. - _Panther_, _Leopard_, _Tiger_ (1887-89), 1,600 tons, 18½ knots, 4-4·7 - in. - - =Destroyers=: 18 boats (1905-1913), 390-800 tons, 28-32 knots, armed - with 12 pdr. or 4-in. guns, 2 torpedo tubes. - - =Torpedo-Boats=: 54 boats (1906-1914), 110-250 tons, 26-28½ knots, - armed with small guns and 2 torpedo tubes. - - =Submarines=: 6 boats (1909-1910), 270 tons, 12 knots (surface), 2-3 - torpedo tubes. - - -JAPANESE NAVY - - =Dreadnoughts=: _Kawachi_, _Settsu_ (completed 1912), 20,800 tons, 20½ - knots, 12-in. belt, armament: 12-12 in., 10-6 in., 8-4·7 in., 12 - smaller, 5 torpedo tubes. Complement, 960. - - _Satsuma_, _Aki_ (1910-11), 19,500 tons, 20 knots, 9-in. belt, - armament: 4-12 in., 12-10 in., 8-6 in. (Satsuma has 12-4·7 in. - instead), 5 torpedo tubes. Complement, 900. - - =Battle Cruisers=: _Kongo_, _Hiyei_ (1913-14), 27,500 tons, 27 knots, - belt 10 in., armament: 8-14 in., 16-6 in., 16 smaller, 8 torpedo - tubes. Complement, 1,100. - - =Other Armoured Ships=: 11 Battleships (Aki, Satsuma, Kashima, Katori, - Iwami, Mikasa, Hizen, Suwo, Sagami, Asahi, Shikishima, Fuji, Tango) - completed 1898-1906, displacement 10,960-16,400 tons, 17-18½ knots, - and armed with 12-in., 10-in., and 6-in. guns, also torpedo tubes. - Thirteen Armoured Cruisers (Kurama, Ibuki, Ikoma, Tsukuba, Asama, - Tokiwa, Idzumo, Iwate, Azuma, Yakuba, Aso, Kasūga, Nisshin) completed - 1899-1910, displacement 7,700-14,600 tons, 20-24 knots, armed with - 12-in. or 8-in. guns, 6-in. and 4·7-in. quick-firers, and torpedo - tubes. - - =Protected Cruisers=: 20 Vessels (Chikuma, Hirado, Yahagi, Tone, Yodo, - Mogami, Otowa, Tsushima, Nŭtaka, Soya, Tsuguru, Kasagi, Chitose, - Akashi, Suma, Akitsushima, Itsukushima, Hashidate, Chiyoda, Yaeyama), - 1890-1912, 1,230 tons-6,600 tons, speed 18-25 knots. - - There are also 54 destroyers (completed 1898-1913), 42 torpedo-boats - (1900-1905), and 15 submarines (1904-1914). - - -British and German Naval Guns - - BRITISH. - - -------+-------+----------+----------+---------+--------- - Calibre|Weight | Length | Weight | Muzzle | Muzzle - of Gun.|(tons).| (in | of |Velocity | Energy - in. | |calibres).|Projectile|(in foot-|(in foot- - | | | (in lbs.)| seconds)| tons). - -------+-------+----------+----------+---------+--------- - 15 | 96 | 45 | 1,950 | 2,500 | 84,510 - | | | | | - | | {| 1,250 |} | - 13·5 | 76 | 45 {| 1,400 |} 2,800 | 69,000 - | | | | | - 12 | 68 | 50 | 850 | 2,950 | 51,290 - 12 | 58 | 45 | 850 | 2,900 | 49,500 - 12 | 50 | 40 | 850 | 2,580 | 39,250 - 10 | 34 | 45 | 500 | 3,000 | 30,000 - 9·2 | 28 | 50 | 380 | 3,000 | 23,000 - 9·2 | 25 | 40 | 380 | 2,350 | 14,520 - 7·5 | 15½ | 50 | 200 | 3,000 | 12,500 - 7·5 | 14 | 45 | 200 | 2,600 | 9,300 - 6 | 8 | 50 | 100 | 3,000 | 6,000 - 6 | 7½ | 45 | 100 | 2,750 | 5,250 - 6 | 7 | 40 | 100 | 2,200 | 4,300 - 4·7 | 2 | 40 | 40 | 2,188 | -- - 4 | 2 | 50 | 31 | 3,000 | 1,900 - - GERMAN. - - 15 | 82½ | 45 | 1,675 | 2,920 | 99,000 - 12 | 47 | 50 | 860 | 3,084 | 56,660 - 12 | 42½ | 45 | 860 | 2,920 | 50,830 - 11 | 36 | 50 | 661 | 3,084 | 43,600 - 11 | 32¾ | 45 | 661 | 2,920 | 39,000 - 11 | 29 | 40 | 661 | 2,756 | 34,800 - 9·4 | 18 | 40 | 419 | 2,750 | 22,000 - 8·2 | 15 | 50 | 275 | 3,084 | 18,170 - 8·2 | 13¾ | 45 | 275 | 2,900 | 16,300 - 8·2 | 12 | 40 | 275 | 2,750 | 14,500 - 6·7 | 6¾ | 40 | 154 | 2,756 | 6,452 - 5·9 | 5 | 45 | 101 | 2,920 | 5,856 - 5·9 | 4½ | 40 | 101 | 2,756 | 5,200 - 4·1 | 1½ | 40 | 35 | 2,750 | 1,890 - 3·4 | 1·1| 40 | 21 | 2,750 | -- - -------+-------+----------+----------+---------+--------- - - - _Wyman & Sons Ltd., Printers, London and Reading._ - - - - -INDEX - - - Asquith, Mr., 12, 36, 38 - - Balfour, Mr. A. J., 22, 35 - Battenberg, Prince Louis of, 10 - Beatty, Rear-Admiral Sir David, 43 - British Navy, The: - Armoured Cruisers: - Aboukir, 76 - Achilles, 73 - Antrim, 74 - Arethusa, 77 - Argyll, 74 - Aurora, 77 - Bacchante, 76 - Berwick, 42, 75 - Black Prince, 40, 73 - Carnarvon, 74 - Cochrane, 73 - Cornwall, 75 - Cressy, 76 - Cumberland, 75 - Defence, 40, 72 - Devonshire, 74 - Donegal, 75 - Drake, 75, 135 - Duke of Edinburgh, 40, 73 - Essex, 42, 75 - Euryalus, 76 - Galatea, 77 - Good Hope, 75 - Hampshire, 41, 74 - Hogue, 76 - Inconstant, 77 - Kent, 75 - King Alfred, 75 - Lancaster, 42, 75 - Leviathan, 75 - Minotaur, 41, 72 - Monmouth, 75 - Natal, 73 - Penelope, 77 - Phaeton, 77 - Roxburgh, 74 - Royalist, 77 - Shannon, 72 - Suffolk, 42, 75 - Sutlej, 76 - Undaunted, 77 - Warrior, 40, 73 - Attached Ships: - Hussar, 40 - Imogene, 40 - Battle Cruisers: - Australia, 42, 65 - Indefatigable, 40, 65 - Indomitable, 25, 40, 66 - Inflexible, 25, 40, 66 - Invincible, 25, 66, 142 - Lion, 64 - New Zealand, 65 - Princess Royal, 64 - Queen Mary, 64 - Tiger, 63 - Destroyers: - Acasta, 91 - Achates, 91 - Acheron, 92 - Acorn, 93 - Afridi, 94 - Alarm, 93 - Albacore, 98 - Albatross, 97 - Amazon, 94 - Ambuscade, 91 - Angler, 97 - Arab, 98 - Archer, 92 - Ardent, 91 - Ariel, 92 - Arun, 96 - Attack, 92 - Avon, 97 - Badger, 92 - Basilisk, 40, 93 - Bat, 97 - Beagle, 40, 93 - Beaver, 92 - Bittern, 97 - Blenheim (Depot Ship), 40 - Bonetta, 98 - Boyne, 96 - Brazen, 97 - Brisk, 93 - Bulldog, 40, 93 - Bullfinch, 97 - Cameleon, 93 - Cheerful, 97 - Chelmer, 41, 96 - Cherwell, 96 - Christopher, 91 - Cockatrice, 91 - Colne, 41, 96 - Comet, 93 - Conflict, 98 - Contest, 91 - Coquette, 97 - Cossack, 94 - Crane, 97 - Crusader, 95 - Cygnet, 97 - Cynthia, 97 - Dee, 96 - Defender, 92 - Derwent, 96 - Desperate, 97 - Doon, 96 - Dove, 97 - Druid, 92 - Earnest, 98 - Eden, 96 - Electra, 97 - Erne, 96 - Ettrick, 96 - Exe, 96 - Express, 98 - Fairy, 97 - Falcon, 97 - Fame, 41, 97 - Fawn, 97 - Ferret, 92 - Fervent, 98 - Firedrake, 92 - Flirt, 97 - Flying Fish, 97 - Forester, 92 - Fortune, 91 - Foxhound, 40, 93 - Foyle, 96 - Fury, 93 - Garland, 91 - Garry, 96 - Ghurka, 94 - Gipsy, 97 - Goldfinch, 93 - Goshawk, 92 - Grampus, 40, 93 - Grasshopper, 40, 93 - Greyhound, 97 - Griffon, 98 - Hardy, 91 - Harpy, 40, 93 - Hind, 92 - Hope, 93 - Hornet, 92 - Hydra, 92 - Itchen, 96 - Jackal, 92 - Jed, 41, 96 - Kale, 96 - Kangaroo, 98 - Kennet, 41, 96 - Kestrel, 97 - Laertes, 90 - Laforey, 90 - Lance, 90 - Landrail, 90 - Lapwing, 92 - Lark, 90 - Larne, 93 - Laurel, 90 - Laverock, 90 - Lawford, 90 - Legion, 90 - Lennox, 90 - Leonidas, 90 - Leopard, 97 - Leven, 97 - Liberty, 90 - Liffey, 96 - Lightning, 98 - Linnet, 90 - Lively, 98 - Lizard, 92 - Llewellyn, 90 - Locust, 98 - Lookout, 90 - Louis, 90 - Loyal, 90 - Lucifer, 90 - Lurcher, 92 - Lydiard, 90 - Lynx, 91 - Lyra, 93 - Lysander, 90 - Mallard, 97 - Maori, 95 - Martin, 93 - Mermaid, 97 - Midge, 91 - Minstrel, 93 - Mohawk, 94 - Mosquito, 40, 93 - Moy, 96 - Myrmidon, 98 - Nemesis, 93 - Nereide, 93 - Ness, 96 - Nith, 96 - Nubian, 94 - Nymphe, 93 - Oak, 92 - Opossum, 98 - Orwell, 98 - Osprey, 97 - Ostrich, 97 - Ouse, 96 - Owl, 91 - Panther, 98 - Paragon, 91 - Parramatta, 42 - Peterel, 98 - Phœnix, 92 - Pincher, 40, 93 - Porcupine, 98 - Porpoise, 91 - Quail, 98 - Racehorse, 97 - Racoon, 40, 93 - Ranger, 98 - Rattlesnake, 40, 93 - Recruit, 97 - Redpole, 93 - Renard, 40, 93 - Ribble, 41, 96 - Rifleman, 93 - Roebuck, 97 - Rother, 96 - Ruby, 93 - Sandfly, 92 - Saracen, 94 - Savage, 40, 93 - Scorpion, 40, 93 - Scourge, 40, 93 - Seal, 98 - Shark, 91 - Sheldrake, 93 - Sparrowhawk, 91 - Spiteful, 98 - Spitfire, 91 - Sprightly, 98 - Stag, 97 - Star, 97 - Staunch, 93 - Stour, 96 - Success, 98 - Sunfish, 98 - Surly, 98 - Swale, 96 - Swift, 95 - Sylvia, 97 - Syren, 98 - Tartar, 94 - Test, 96 - Teviot, 96 - Thorn, 97 - Thrasher, 98 - Tigress, 92 - Unity, 91 - Ure, 96 - Usk, 41, 96 - Velox, 97 - Victor, 91 - Vigilant, 97 - Viking, 95 - Violet, 97 - Vixen, 97 - Vulture, 97 - Warrego, 42 - Waveney, 96 - Wear, 96 - Welland, 41, 96 - Wolf, 98 - Wolverine, 40, 93 - Yarra, 42 - Zephyr, 98 - Zulu, 95 - Dreadnoughts: - Agamemnon, 62 - Agincourt, 55, 133 - Ajax, 57 - Audacious, 57 - Bellerophon, 61 - Benbow, 54 - Centurion, 57, 134 - Collingwood, 60 - Colossus, 59, 134 - Conqueror, 58 - Dreadnought, 24, 25, 61 - Emperor of India, 54 - Erin, 56 - Hercules, 59 - Iron Duke, 54 - King George V., 43, 57 - Lord Nelson, 62 - Marlborough, 54 - Monarch, 58, 133 - Neptune, 59 - Orion, 58 - St. Vincent, 60 - Superb, 61 - Téméraire, 61 - Thunderer, 58 - Vanguard, 60 - Flotilla Leaders: - Kempenfelt, 99 - Nimrod, 99 - Gunboats: - Alacrity, 41 - Bramble, 41 - Britomart, 41 - Cadmus, 41 - Clio, 41 - Dwarf, 42 - Thistle, 41 - Pre-Dreadnoughts: - Africa, 67 - Albemarle, 69 - Albion, 70 - Britannia, 67, 133 - Bulwark, 70 - Cæsar, 71 - Canopus, 70 - Commonwealth, 67 - Cornwallis, 69 - Dominion, 67 - Duncan, 69 - Exmouth, 69 - Formidable, 70 - Glory, 70 - Goliath, 70 - Hannibal, 71 - Hibernia, 67 - Hindustan, 67 - Illustrious, 71 - Implacable, 70 - Irresistible, 70 - Jupiter, 71 - King Edward VII., 67 - London, 70 - Magnificent, 71 - Majestic, 71 - Mars, 71 - Ocean, 70 - Prince George, 71 - Prince of Wales, 70 - Queen, 70 - Russell, 69 - Swiftsure, 41, 51, 68 - Triumph, 41, 51, 68 - Venerable, 70 - Vengeance, 70 - Victorious, 71 - Zealandia, 67 - Protected Cruisers: - Active, 82 - Adventure, 84 - Æolus, 88 - Amethyst, 84 - Amphitrite, 79 - Andromeda, 79 - Argonaut, 79 - Ariadne, 79 - Astræa, 42, 87 - Attentive, 84 - Bellona, 83 - Birmingham, 80 - Blanche, 83 - Blonde, 83 - Boadicea, 83 - Brilliant, 88 - Bristol, 42, 82 - Cambrian, 87 - Challenger, 85 - Charybdis, 87 - Chatham, 40, 81 - Crescent, 78 - Dartmouth, 41, 81 - Diadem, 79 - Diamond, 84 - Diana, 87 - Dido, 87 - Doris, 87 - Dublin, 40, 81 - Eclipse, 87 - Edgar, 78 - Encounter, 42, 85 - Endymion, 78 - Europa, 79 - Falmouth, 81 - Fearless, 82 - Flora, 87 - Foresight, 84 - Forward, 84 - Fox, 41, 87 - Furious, 86 - Gibraltar, 78 - Glasgow, 42, 82 - Gloucester, 40, 82 - Grafton, 78 - Hawke, 78 - Hermes, 85 - Hermione, 87 - Highflyer, 85 - Hyacinth, 42, 85 - Isis, 87 - Juno, 87 - Liverpool, 82 - Lowestoft, 80 - Medea, 89 - Melbourne, 42, 80 - Melpomene, 88 - Minerva, 87 - Newcastle, 41, 82 - Niobe, 79 - Nottingham, 80 - Pandora, 86 - Pathfinder, 84 - Patrol, 84 - Pegasus, 42, 86 - Pelorus, 86 - Perseus, 86 - Philomel, 41, 89 - Pioneer, 86 - Prometheus, 86 - Proserpine, 86 - Psyche, 41, 86 - Pyramus, 41, 86 - Rainbow, 88 - Royal Arthur, 78 - Sapphire, 84 - Sappho, 88 - Sentinel, 84 - Sirius, 88 - Skirmisher, 84 - Spartiate, 79 - Southampton, 81 - Sydney, 42, 80 - Talbot, 87 - Terrible, 79 - Theseus, 78 - Topaze, 84 - Torch, 41 - Venus, 87 - Vindictive, 86 - Weymouth, 40, 81 - Yarmouth, 41, 81 - River Gunboats: - Kinsha, 41 - Moorhen, 41 - Nightingale, 41 - Robin, 41 - Sandpiper, 41 - Snipe, 41 - Teal, 41 - Woodcock, 41 - Woodlark, 41 - Widgeon, 41 - Sloops: - Alert, 41 - Algerine, 42 - Espiègle, 41 - Odin, 41 - Shearwater, 42 - Sphinx, 41 - Submarines: - AE 1, 42, 100 - AE 2, 42, 100 - B 6, 41 - B 7, 41 - B 8, 41 - B 9, 40 - B 10, 40 - B 11, 40 - C 36, 41 - C 37, 41 - C 38, 41 - Class “A,” 99 - Class “B,” 99 - Class “C,” 99 - Class “D,” 100 - Class “E,” 100 - Class “F,” 100 - Nautilus, 100 - Swordfish, 100 - Torpedo Boats: - No. 035, 41 - No. 036, 41 - No. 037, 41 - No. 038, 41 - No. 044, 41 - No. 045, 41 - No. 046, 41 - No. 063, 41 - No. 064, 41 - No. 070, 41 - No. 83, 41 - No. 88, 41 - No. 89, 41 - No. 90, 41 - No. 91, 41 - No. 92, 41 - No. 93, 41 - No. 94, 41 - No. 95, 41 - No. 96, 41 - - Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 25 - Cayzer, Sir Charles, Bt., 132 - Churchill, Mr. Winston, 10, 29, 31, 33 - - Fisher, Lord, 21-26, 29, 133 - - German Navy, The: - Armoured Cruisers: - Blücher, 115 - Friedrich Karl, 117 - Fürst Bismarck, 118 - Gneisenau, 116 - Prinz Adalbert, 117 - Prinz Heinrich, 118 - Roon, 117 - Scharnhorst, 116 - Yorck, 117 - Battle Cruisers: - Derfflinger, 106 - Goeben, 108 - Moltke, 108 - Seydlitz, 107 - Von der Tann, 109 - Coast Defence Ships: - Aegir, 114 - Beowulf, 114 - Frithjof, 114 - Hagen, 114 - Heimdall, 114 - Hildebrand, 114 - Odin, 114 - Siegfried, 114 - Dreadnoughts: - Friedrich der Grosse, 102, 141 - Grosser, 101 - Helgoland, 103 - Kaiser, 102, 151 - Kaiserin, 102 - König, 101, 157 - König Albert, 102 - Kronprinz, 101 - Kurfurst, 101 - Markgraf, 101 - Nassau, 104, 157 - Oldenburg, 103 - Ostfriesland, 103, 157 - Posen, 104 - Prinzregent Luitpold, 102 - Rheinland, 104 - Thüringen, 103 - Westfalen, 104 - Gunboats: - Condor, 124 - Cormoran, 124 - Eber, 124 - Geier, 124 - Iltis, 124, 144 - Jaguar, 124 - Luchs, 124 - Panther, 124 - Seeadler, 124 - Tiger, 124 - Mine-Layers: - Albatross, 130 - Arkona, 121 - Nautilus, 130 - Pelikan, 130 - Pre-Dreadnoughts: - Brandenburg, 131 - Braunschweig, 111 - Deutschland, 110 - Elsass, 111 - Hannover, 110 - Hessen, 111 - Kaiser Barbarossa, 112 - Kaiser Friedrich III., 112 - Kaiser Karl der Grosse, 112 - Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, 112 - Kaiser Wilhelm II., 112 - Lothringen, 111 - Mecklenburg, 111 - Pommern, 110 - Preussen, 111 - Schlesien, 110 - Schleswig-Holstein, 110 - Schwaben, 111 - Wettin, 111 - Wittelsbach, 111 - Wörth, 113, 144 - Zähringen, 111 - Protected Cruisers: - Amazone, 121 - Ariadne, 121 - Arkona, 121 - Augsburg, 123 - Berlin, 121 - Bremen, 121 - Breslau, 123 - Cöln, 123 - Danzig, 121 - Dresden, 122 - Emden, 122 - Frauenlob, 121 - Freya, 119 - Gazelle, 120 - Gefion, 120 - Graudenz, 123 - Hamburg, 121 - Hansa, 119 - Hela, 120 - Hertha, 119, 144 - Kaiserin Augusta, 119, 144 - Karlsruhe, 123 - Kœnigsberg, 122 - Kolberg, 123 - Leipzig, 121 - Lübeck, 121 - Magdeburg, 123 - Mainz, 123 - Medusa, 121 - München, 121 - Niobe, 120 - Nurnberg, 122 - Nymphe, 121 - Regensburg, 123 - Rostock, 123 - Stettin, 122 - Stralsund, 123 - Strassburg, 123 - Stuttgart, 122 - Thetis, 121 - Undine, 121 - Victoria Luise, 119 - Vineta, 119, 144 - Submarines: - Nos. U1, U2, 129 - Nos. U3 to U8, 129 - Nos. U9 to U20, 129 - Nos. U21 to U26, 129 - Nos. U27 to U36, 129 - Torpedo-Boat Destroyers: - No. D1 (Carmen), 129 - No. D2 (Alice Roosevelt), 129 - Nos. D3 to D8, 128 - No. D9, 128 - No. D10, 128 - Nos. G7 to G12, 125 - Nos. G37 to G42, 125 - Nos. G108 to G113, 128 - Nos. G132 to G134, 127 - No. G135, 127 - No. G136, 127 - No. G137, 127 - Nos. G169, G170, G172, G173, 126 - Nos. G174, G175, 126 - Nos. G192 to G197, 125 - Nos. S13 to S24, 125 - Nos. S21 to S33, 125 - Nos. S34 to S36, 125 - Nos. S90 to S101, 128 - Nos. S102 to S107, 128 - Nos. S114 to S119, 128 - Nos. S120 to S124, 127 - Nos. S125 to S131, 127 - Nos. S138 to S149, 126 - Nos. S165 to S168, 126 - Nos. S176 to S179, 125 - Nos. V1 to V6, 125 - Nos. V25 to V28, 125 - Nos. V29, V30, 125 - Nos. V43 to V48, 125 - Nos. V150 to V161, 126 - Nos. V162 to V164, 126 - Nos. V180 to V185, 125 - Nos. V186 to V191, 123 - Taku, 128 - Grey, Sir Edward, 27 - - Haldane, Lord, 33, 34 - Hankey, Captain Maurice, C.B., 38 - “Hohenzollern,” German Imperial Yacht 43, 144 - Hollmann, Admiral von, 18 - Holtzendorff, Admiral von, 145 - - Ingenohl, Admiral Friedrich von, 141 _et seq._ - - Jacobson, Rear-Admiral, 154 - Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., 14, 29, 33, 54, 131 _et - seq._, 141 - - Koester, Grand-Admiral von, 144, 145 - - Lapeyrère, Admiral Boué du, 44 - - McKenna, Mr. Reginald, 26, 27, 28, 29 - Madden, Rear-Admiral Charles E., C.V.O., 131 - - Ottley, Rear-Admiral Sir Charles, 38 - - Perris, Mr. G. H., 33 - Prussia, Prince Henry of, 152 - - Scott, Sir Percy, 29, 135 - Selborne, Lord, 21, 22, 30 - Seymour, Admiral Sir E. H., 134 - - Tapken, Rear-Admiral, 110 - Tirpitz, Grand-Admiral von, 18, 144 - Tweedmouth, Lord, 26 - - Warrender, Vice-Admiral Sir George, 43 - White, Mr. Arnold, 15 - Wilson, Sir Arthur, 29 - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - - Footnotes have been moved to under the paragraph or table in which - they are referenced. - - Inconsistent (Kiao Chau/Kiau-Chau, Nurnburg/Nurnberg, Cöln/Köln) and - unusual spelling, capitalisation and hyphenation as used in the source - document have been retained unless mentioned below. - - The inconsistencies between the text and the tabulated data (Chapter - X.) have been retained, as have been the repeated entries in the - tabulated data. - - The names of ships have been copied verbatim from the original work - (except as listed below), although there is some doubt about some of - the spellings. - - Page 176, Edgar Class, 22 torpedo tubes: it is unclear what the 22 - refers to. - - Page 178, Birmingham: this ship is listed with two different sets of - armament in the source document (a third set is listed in the body of - the text). - - Page 197: the breves (ŭ) in the French names were copied from the - source document. - - - CHANGES MADE - - Some minor punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected - silently. - - Chapter X: Table headers and Note to Armour have been added where - necessary/relevant. - - The decimal point has been standardised to ·. - - Page 20: Reischstag → Reichstag (2x) - Page 44: Lapeyrére → Lapeyrère - Page 50, table: several repeated entries deleted in order to make the - (sub-)totals correspond with the ones given - Page 51: Espiégle → Espiègle - Page 55: £2,000,000 complete → £2,000,000 to complete - Page 101: KURFURST → KURFÜRST - Page 111: ZHAHRINGEN → ZÄHRINGEN - Page 137/138 (table): one blank column inserted on page 137 to match - page 138 - Page 139: precedure → procedure - Page 152: based on Kiel → based in Kiel; owned by Krupps → owned by - Krupp - Page 162: Brünsbuttel → Brunsbüttel - Page 163: Brünsbuttel → Brunsbüttel - Page 168, table: confusing and missing footnote markers in the source - document; markers have been inserted/corrected for HMS - Agincourt and HMS Reshadieh (cf. descriptions on pages 55 - and 56, respectively). - Page 169: HMS Orion included in Orion Class. - Page 173: Australian Class → Australia Class - Page 179: Colonial. → Colonial Class. - Page 184: Heligoland → Helgoland - Page 190: Munchen → München - Page 196: Leon Gambetta → Léon Gambetta - Page 197: Kleber → Kléber - Page 204: Albermarle → Albemarle - Page 205: Phæton → Phaeton - Page 206: Kestral → Kestrel - Page 208: Temeraire → Téméraire - Page 209/210: O35-O70 → 035-070 - Page 210: Gniessenau → Gneissenau; Kurfurst → Kurfürst; Schlesin → - Schlesien - Page 111: Zhahringen → Zähringen - Page 212: Lapeyrére → Lapeyrère - Page 248: Espiégle → Espiègle - Illustration KAISER CLASS: KONIG → KÖNIG - Illustration HELGOLAND CLASS: THURINGEN → THÜRINGEN - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Fleets at War, by Archibald Hurd - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLEETS AT WAR *** - -***** This file should be named 54275-0.txt or 54275-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/7/54275/ - -Produced by Brian Coe, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/54275-0.zip b/old/54275-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4e6de5f..0000000 --- a/old/54275-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h.zip b/old/54275-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a348062..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/54275-h.htm b/old/54275-h/54275-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 0432607..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/54275-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13489 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Fleets at War, by Archibald Hurd. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - - a - {text-decoration: none;} - a:hover - {text-decoration: underline;} - .adbox - {text-align: center; padding: 1em; width: 22em; margin: 1em auto; border: solid medium;} - .adbox p - {text-indent: 0; line-height: 1.5em;} - .allclear - {clear: both;} - .bb - {border-bottom: solid thin;} - .bl - {border-left: solid thin;} - body - {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - .bookprice - {font-size: 2em; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;} - .br - {border-right: solid thin;} - .bt - {border-top: solid thin;} - .center - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - .dtboxin - {text-align: center; padding: 1em; border: solid medium;} - .dtboxout - {text-align: center; padding: .25em; width: 22em; margin: 2em auto; border: solid medium;} - .figcenter - {margin: 1.5em auto; text-align: center;} - .fnanchor - {vertical-align: top; font-size: .7em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;} - .fnanchor.lg - {font-size: .8em;} - .footnote - {margin: 1em 0; font-size: .9em; line-height: .9em;} - .footnote .label - {position: absolute; right: 88%; text-align: right; font-size: .9em;} - .footnote p - {margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 2.5em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0;} - .fsize80 - {font-size: .8em;} - .fsize90 - {font-size: .9em;} - .fsize150 - {font-size: 1.5em;} - .fsize200 - {font-size: 2em;} - h1, - h2, - h3, - h4, - h5 - {text-align: center; clear: both; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 1.25em; - font-weight: normal;} - h1 - {margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em; font-size: 2.5em; font-weight: normal;} - h2 .h2chapx - {font-size: 1.5em;} - h2 .h2line1 - {line-height: 2em; font-size: 1.5em;} - h2 .h2line2 - {line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 1em;} - h5 - {font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: .75em;} - h5.inline - {float: left; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} - h5.small - {font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0;} - .hind04 - {text-align: justify;} - .hind04 p - {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} - hr - {width: 34%; margin: 2em 33%; color: black; clear: none;} - hr.chap - {width: 26%; margin: 2em 37%; page-break-after: avoid; clear: both;} - hr.tb - {width: 6%; margin: 1em 47% 0 47%; clear: both;} - .left - {text-align: left;} - .lg - {font-size: larger;} - .mapcredit - {font-size: .7em; text-indent: 0;} - .nowrap - {white-space: nowrap; display: inline-block; text-indent: 0;} - .oldtype - {font-family: "Old English Text MT",sans-serif;} - p - {margin-top: 0; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0; text-indent: 1em;} - p.blankbefore1 - {margin-top: 1em;} - p.blankbefore2 - {margin-top: 2em;} - p.blankbefore4 - {margin-top: 4em;} - p.center - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - p.highline2 - {line-height: 2em;} - p.highline3 - {line-height: 3em;} - p.highline15 - {line-height: 1.5em;} - p.largeillo - {text-align: right; font-size: .8em; margin-bottom: .75em;} - @media handheld {p.largeillo {display: none;}} - p.noindent - {text-indent: 0;} - .padl0 - {padding-left: 0;} - .padl1 - {padding-left: .5em;} - .padl2 - {padding-left: 1em;} - .padl4 - {padding-left: 2em;} - .padl6 - {padding-left: 3em;} - .padr0 - {padding-right: 0;} - .padr1 - {padding-right: .5em;} - .padr2 - {padding-right: 1em;} - .padr4 - {padding-right: 2em;} - .pagenum - {position: absolute; right: 2%; font-size: .75em; text-align: right; color: gray; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal; - font-style: normal; text-indent: 0;} - @media handheld {.pagenum {display: none;}} - .photocredit - {font-size: .8em; text-align: right;} - .right - {text-align: right;} - .righttext - {float: right; padding-left: 1em; display: inline-block;} - @media handheld {.righttext {float: right; display: inline-block;}} - .scr - {display: block;} - @media handheld {.scr {display: none;}} - .shipplate - {text-align: center; margin: 2em auto; width: 600px; border: solid thin;} - .shipplate .figcenter - {margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: 0;} - .shipplate p.classname - {line-height: 3em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - .shipplate p.classships - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - .shipplate p.techdata - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - .shipplate p.photodetail - {font-size: .8em; text-indent: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} - .smcap - {font-variant: small-caps;} - .squadcomp - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - .squadcomp p - {margin-top: .5em;} - .squadcomp p.heading - {line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center;} - sub - {font-size: .6em; vertical-align: -10%;} - sup - {font-size: .6em; vertical-align: 30%;} - table - {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; border-collapse: collapse;} - table.fire - {white-space: nowrap; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: .5em;} - table.fire td - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; line-height: 1.5em;} - table.fire th - {width: 8em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - table.guns - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - table.guns td.caldec - {text-align: left; padding-left: 0; border-right: solid thin;} - table.guns td.calibre - {text-align: right; padding-right: 0;} - table.guns td.length - {text-align: right; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 1em;} - table.guns td.muzen - {text-align: right; padding-right: .5em;} - table.guns td.muzvel - {text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; border-right: solid thin;} - table.guns td.projweight - {text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; border-right: solid thin;} - table.guns td.thincol - {width: .001em;} - table.guns td.weight - {text-align: right; padding-right: 0;} - table.guns td.weightfrac - {text-align: left; padding-left: 0; border-right: solid thin;} - table.guns th - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; white-space: nowrap;} - table.navyact - {white-space: nowrap; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: .5em;} - table.navyact td - {line-height: 1.25em;} - table.navyact td.heading - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; line-height: 2em;} - table.navyact td.nr - {text-align: right; width: 2em;} - table.navyact td.type - {text-align: left; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} - table.personnel - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: nowrap;} - table.personnel td.country - {text-align: left; text-indent: 0; padding-right: 2em; border-right: solid thin;} - table.personnel td.number - {text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; border-right: solid thin;} - table.personnel td.numberlast - {text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0;} - table.personnel th - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - table.personnel tr - {border-bottom: solid thin;} - table.rnreserve - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - table.rnreserve td - {font-size: .9em; line-height: .9em;} - table.rnreserve td.brace - {width: .5em; border-top: solid thin; border-bottom: solid thin; border-right: solid thin;} - table.rnreserve td.description - {text-align: left; padding-right: 2em; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; vertical-align: top;} - table.rnreserve td.line - {width: .5em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; padding-left: 0;} - table.rnreserve td.number - {text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; vertical-align: bottom;} - table.rnreserve td.totnumber - {text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; vertical-align: middle;} - table.rnreserve th - {line-height: 2em;} - table.rnreserve th.lowline - {line-height: 1em;} - table.shiptable - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - table.shiptable td.armament - {text-align: justify; padding-right: 0; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -.5em; vertical-align: middle;} - table.shiptable td.armour - {text-align: justify; padding-right: .5em; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -.5em; border-right: solid thin; - vertical-align: middle;} - table.shiptable td.brace - {width: .5em; border-top: solid thin; border-bottom: solid thin; border-right: solid thin;} - table.shiptable td.classname - {padding-top: 1em; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; border-right: solid thin; text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} - table.shiptable td.line - {width: .5em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; padding-left: 0; border-right: solid thin;} - table.shiptable td.men - {text-align: right; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; border-right: solid thin;} - table.shiptable td.shipname - {text-align: left; text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em; white-space: nowrap;} - table.shiptable td.speed - {text-align: right; padding-right: 0;} - table.shiptable td.speeddec - {text-align: left; padding-left: 0; border-right: solid thin;} - table.shiptable td.tons - {text-align: right; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; border-right: solid thin;} - table.shiptable td.year - {text-align: right; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: 1em; border-right: solid thin;} - table.shiptable th - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; border-top: solid thin; border-bottom: solid thin; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; - white-space: nowrap;} - table.strengths - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; max-width: 30em;} - table.strengths td.number - {text-align: right; padding-left: 1em; vertical-align: bottom;} - table.strengths td.number.top - {vertical-align: top;} - table.strengths td.shipclass - {text-align: justify; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 1em; text-indent: -2em; vertical-align: top;} - table.strengths td.shiptype - {text-align: justify; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-indent: -1em; vertical-align: top;} - table.strengths td.total - {text-align: left; padding-left: 4em; text-indent: 0; vertical-align: top;} - table.submarines - {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; white-space: nowrap;} - table.submarines th - {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; border-top: solid thin; border-bottom: solid thin; padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} - table.toc - {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} - table.toc td - {line-height: 2em;} - table.toc td.chapname - {vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; padding-right: 2em;} - table.toc td.chapno - {vertical-align: top; text-align: right; padding-right: 2em;} - table.toc td.pagno - {vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right;} - td.blankbefore15 - {padding-top: 1.5em;} - td.highline - {line-height: 2em;} - td.thinline - {line-height: .001em;} - .textquote - {margin: 1em 0 1em 7.5%;} - .textquote p - {margin-top: .5em;} - th - {font-weight: normal;} - .tnbot - {border: dashed thin; margin: 1em 10%; padding: 1em;} - .tnbot h2 - {font-size: 1em;} - .tnbot p - {text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;} - .tnbox - {border: dashed thin; margin: 1em 20%; padding: 1em;} - .top - {vertical-align: top;} - ul.index - {list-style: none; margin: 1em 0;} - ul.index li - {text-align: justify; margin: 0;} - ul.index li.letterstart - {margin-top: .75em;} - ul.index li.level0 - {padding-left: 0;} - ul.index li.level1 - {padding-left: 2em;} - ul.index li.level2 - {padding-left: 4em;} - ul.propositions - {list-style: none; margin: .75em 0 .75em 5%;} - ul.propositions li - {margin: .5em 0; text-indent: 1em; text-align: justify;} - ul.victories - {list-style: none; margin: .5em 0 .5em 5%;} - ul.victories li - {text-align: justify; text-indent: 1em; margin: .25em 0;} - .underl - {text-decoration: underline;} - .w2m - {width: 2em;} - .w325 - {width: 325px;} - .w550 - {width: 550px;} - .w600 - {width: 600px;} - - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Fleets at War, by Archibald Hurd - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Fleets at War - -Author: Archibald Hurd - -Release Date: March 3, 2017 [EBook #54275] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLEETS AT WAR *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Harry Lam and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="tnbox"> -<p class="center">Please see the <a href="#TN">Transcriber’ Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p> -</div> - -<div class="scr"> -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover_sm.jpg" alt="cover" width="383" height="600" /> -</div> -</div><!--scr--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="dtboxout"> -<div class="dtboxin"> -<p class="center highline2 fsize200"><span class="oldtype"><b>The Daily Telegraph</b></span><br /> -<b>WAR BOOKS</b></p> -</div> -</div> - -<h1>THE FLEETS AT WAR</h1> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center highline3"><span class="oldtype fsize150"><b>The Daily Telegraph</b></span></p> - -<p class="center highline3"><span class="fsize200"><b>WAR BOOKS</b></span></p> - -<p class="center">CLOTH <span class="bookprice">1/-</span> NET.</p> - -<div class="adbox"> - -<p class="center"><span class="underl">VOL. I. <span class="fsize80">(3rd Enormous Edition.)</span></span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="fsize150"><i>HOW THE WAR BEGAN</i></span><br /> -<span class="fsize80"><i>By W. L. COURTNEY, LL.D., and J. M. KENNEDY</i></span></p> - -<p class="fsize80">Is Britain’s justification before the Bar of History.</p> - -<p class="center blankbefore1"><span class="underl">VOL. II.</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="fsize150"><i>THE FLEETS AT WAR</i></span><br /> -<span class="fsize80"><i>By ARCHIBALD HURD</i>,</span></p> - -<p class="fsize80">The key book to the understanding of the NAVAL situation</p> - -<p class="center blankbefore1"><span class="underl">VOL. III.</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="fsize150"><i>THE CAMPAIGN OF SEDAN</i></span><br /> -<span class="fsize80"><i>By GEORGE HOOPER</i></span></p> - -<p class="fsize80">The key book to the MILITARY situation.</p> - -<p class="center blankbefore1"><span class="underl">VOL. IV.</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="fsize150"><i>THE CAMPAIGN ROUND LIEGE</i></span><br /> -</p> - -<p class="fsize80">¶ Describes in wonderful detail the heroic defence of -Liege, and shows how the gallant army of Belgium -has upset and altered the whole plan of advance as devised -by the Kaiser and his War Council.</p> - -</div><!--adbox--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter w325"> - -<img src="images/illo004.jpg" alt="" width="325" height="566" /> -<p class="photocredit"><i>Photo: Speaight, Ltd.</i></p> -<p class="center highline15"><b>ADMIRAL SIR JOHN JELLICOE.</b><br /> -Supreme Admiral, British Home Fleet.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="center fsize200 highline15"><b>THE FLEETS AT<br /> -WAR</b></p> - -<p class="center blankbefore4"><span class="fsize80">BY</span><br /> -ARCHIBALD HURD<br /> -<span class="fsize80">Author of “Command of the Sea,” “Naval Efficiency,”<br /> -“German Sea Power: Its Rise, Progress, and Economic<br /> -Basis” (part author), etc.</span></p> - -<p class="center blankbefore4">HODDER AND STOUGHTON<br /> -<span class="fsize80">LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO<br /> -MCMXIV</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2>PREFACE</h2> - -<p class="highline15">It is hoped that this volume will prove of permanent -value as presenting a conspectus of the -great navies engaged in war when hostilities -opened, and in particular of the events of singular -significance in the naval contest between -Great Britain and Germany which occurred in -the years immediately preceding the war.</p> - -<p class="highline15">Grateful acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. C. -Bywater for valuable assistance in preparing this -volume.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore1 right padr4">A. H.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - -<table class="toc" summary="toc"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="2" class="left"><span class="smcap fsize80">Chapter</span></th> -<th class="right"><span class="smcap fsize80">Page</span></th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno"> </td> -<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Introduction—The Opening Phase</span></td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page9">9</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">I.</td> -<td class="chapname">THE RELATIVE STANDING OF THE BRITISH AND GERMAN FLEETS</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page49">49</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">II.</td> -<td class="chapname">THE BRITISH NAVY</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page54">54</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">III.</td> -<td class="chapname">THE GERMAN NAVY</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page101">101</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">IV.</td> -<td class="chapname">ADMIRAL JELLICOE</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page131">131</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">V.</td> -<td class="chapname">OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE BRITISH NAVY</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page137">137</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">VI.</td> -<td class="chapname">THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE GERMAN FLEET</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page141">141</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">VII.</td> -<td class="chapname">OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE FOREIGN NAVIES</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page147">147</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">VIII.</td> -<td class="chapname">GERMAN NAVAL BASES</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page151">151</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">IX.</td> -<td class="chapname">THE KIEL CANAL</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page161">161</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chapno">X.</td> -<td class="chapname">THE GREAT FLEETS ENGAGED: TABULAR STATEMENT</td> -<td class="pagno"><a href="#Page168">168</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo012.jpg" alt="map" width="479" height="550" /> -</div> - -<p class="largeillo"><a href="images/illo012lg.jpg">Large map</a> (550 kB).</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page9">[9]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">INTRODUCTION<br /> -THE OPENING PHASE</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">Peaceful Victories of British Sea Power</span></span></h2> - -<p>The declaration of war against Germany, followed -as it was by similar action against Austria-Hungary, -was preceded by a sequence of events -so remarkable in their character that if any -British writer had made any such forecast in -times of peace he would have been written down -as a romantic optimist.</p> - -<p>Owing to a series of fortunate circumstances, -the British Fleet—our main line of defence and -offence—was fully mobilised for war on the -morning before the day—August 4th at 11 p.m.—when -war was declared by this country, and we -were enabled to enter upon the supreme contest -in our history with a sense of confidence which -was communicated to all the peoples of the -British Empire. This feeling of assurance and -courage furnished the best possible augury for -the future.</p> - -<p>Within a fortnight of diplomatic relations -being broken off with Germany, and less than a<span class="pagenum" id="Page10">[10]</span> -week after Austria-Hungary by her acts had -declared her community of interest with her ally, -the British Navy, without firing a gun or sending -a single torpedo hissing through the water, had -achieved four victories.</p> - -<ul class="victories"> - -<li>(1) Germany’s elaborate scheme to produce -a feeling of panic in this country—hence the -army of spies, who took advantage of our -open hospitality, using the telephone and -providing themselves with bombs and arms, -had failed.</li> - -<li>(2) Germany’s over-sea commerce was -strangled.</li> - -<li>(3) British trade on the seas began to -resume its normal course owing to the -growing confidence of shipowners and -shippers.</li> - -<li>(4) The British Expeditionary Force, as -detailed for foreign service, had been transported -to the Continent under a guarantee -of safety given by the British Fleet.</li> - -</ul><!--victories--> - -<p>These successes were due to the influence of -sea-power. Confidence in the Navy, its ships -and men, and a belief in the competency of Mr. -Winston Churchill and Prince Louis of Battenberg -and the other Sea Lords, and the War Staff, -steadied the nerve of the nation when it received -the first shock. Apparently the crisis developed -so swiftly that there was no time for effective -co-operation between the German spies. All the -mischievous stories of British reverses which were<span class="pagenum" id="Page11">[11]</span> -clumsily put in circulation in the early period of -hostilities were tracked down; for once truth was -nearly as swift as rumour, though the latter was -the result of an elaborately organised scheme for -throwing the British people off their mental -balance. It was conjectured that if a feeling of -panic could be created in this country, a frightened -nation would bring pressure to bear on the -naval and military authorities and our strategic -plans ashore and afloat would be interfered with. -A democracy in a state of panic cannot make war. -The carefully-laid scheme miscarried. Never was -a nation more self-possessed. It had faith in its -Fleet.</p> - -<p>In the history of sea power, there is nothing -comparable with the strangulation of German -oversea shipping in all the seas of the world. -It followed almost instantly on the declaration of -war. There were over 2,000 German steamers, -of nearly 5,000,000 tons gross, afloat when hostilities -opened. The German sailing ships—mostly -of small size—numbered 2,700. These -vessels were distributed over the seas far and -wide. Some—scores of them, in fact—were captured, -others ran for neutral ports, the sailings of -others were cancelled, and the heart of the German -mercantile navy suddenly stopped beating. -What must have been the feelings of Herr Ballin -and the other pioneers as they contemplated -the ruin, at least temporary ruin, of years of -splendid enterprise? The strategical advantages -enjoyed by England in a war against Germany, -lying as she does like a bunker across Germany’s -approach to the oversea world, had never been<span class="pagenum" id="Page12">[12]</span> -understood by the mass of Germans, nor by their -statesmen. Shipowners had some conception of -what would happen, but even they did not anticipate -that in less than a week the great engine -of commercial activity oversea would be brought -to a standstill.</p> - -<p>By its prompt action on the eve of war in instituting -a system of Government insurance of -war risks, Mr. Asquith’s administration checked -any indication of panic among those responsible -for our sea affairs. The maintenance of our -oversea commerce on the outbreak of hostilities -had been the subject of enquiry by a sub-committee -of the Committee of Imperial Defence. -When war was inevitable, the Government produced -this report, and relying on our sea power, -immediately carried into effect the far-reaching -and statesmanlike recommendations which had -been made, for the State itself bearing 80 per -cent. of the cost of insurance of hull and -cargoes due to capture by the enemies. Thus -at the moment of severest strain—the outbreak -of war—traders recognised that in carrying on -their normal trading operations overseas they -had behind them the wholehearted support of -the British Government, the power of a supreme -fleet, and the guarantee of all the accumulated -wealth of the richest country in the world. None -of the dismal forebodings which had been indulged -in during peace were realised. Traders were convinced -by the drastic action of the Government -and by the ubiquitous pressure of British sea -power on all the trade routes that, though some -losses might be suffered owing to the action of<span class="pagenum" id="Page13">[13]</span> -German cruisers and converted merchantmen, -the danger was of so restricted a character and -had been so admirably covered by the Government’s -insurance scheme that they could “carry -on” in calm courage and thus contribute to the -success of British arms. Navies and armies must -accept defeat if they have not behind them a -civil population freed from fear of starvation.</p> - -<p>Even more remarkable, perhaps, than either -of these victories of British sea power was the -safe transportation to the Continent of the -Expeditionary Force as detailed for foreign -service. Within a fortnight of the declaration -of war, while we had suffered from no threat -of invasion or even of such raids on the coast -as had been considered probable incidents in the -early stage of war, the spearhead of the British -Army had been thrust into the Continent of -Europe.</p> - -<p>It is often the obvious which passes without -recognition. The official intelligence that the -Expeditionary Force had reached the Continent -fired the imagination of Englishmen, and they -felt no little pride that at so early a stage in -the war the British Army—the only long-service -army in the world—should have been able to -take its stand beside the devoted defenders of -France and Belgium.</p> - -<p>It is, of course, obvious that the army of an -island kingdom cannot leave its base except it -receive a guarantee of safe transport from the -Navy. The British Army, whether it fights in -India, in Egypt, or in South Africa, must always -be carried on the back of the British Navy.<span class="pagenum" id="Page14">[14]</span> -If during the years of peaceful dalliance and -fearful anticipation it had been suggested that, -in face of an unconquered German fleet, we could -throw an immense body of men on the Continent, -and complete the operation within ten days or -so from the declaration of war, the statement -would have been regarded as a gross exaggeration. -This was the amazing achievement. It -reflected credit on the military machinery; but -let it not be forgotten that all the labours of -the General Staff at the War Office would have -been of no avail unless, on the day before the -declaration of war, the whole mobilised Navy -had been able to take the sea in defence of British -interests afloat.</p> - -<p>We do well not to ignore these obvious facts, -because they are fundamental. The Navy must -always be the lifeline of the Expeditionary Force, -ensuring to it reinforcements, stores, and everything -necessary to enable it to carry out its -high purpose. That the Admiralty, with the -approval of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, felt -itself justified in giving the military authorities -a certificate of safe transport before the command -of the sea had been secured indicated high confidence -that when the German fleet did come -forth to accept battle the issue would be in -no doubt, though victory might have to be -purchased at a high price.</p> - -<p>Nor was this all. Thanks to the ubiquitous -operations of the British Navy, the Government -was able to move two divisions of troops from -India, and to accept all the offers of military aid -which were immediately made by the Dominions.<span class="pagenum" id="Page15">[15]</span> -It was realised in a flash by all the scattered -people of the Empire that the Fleet, with its -tentacles in every sea, maintains the Empire -in unity: when “the earth was full of anger,” -the seas were full of British ships of war.</p> - - - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo019a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="311" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. King George V.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Cribb, Southsea.</i></span></p> -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p class="classname"><b>KING GEORGE V CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">KING GEORGE V, CENTURION, AUDACIOUS, -AJAX.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 23,000 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 13·5in., 16 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 5.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo019b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="249" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>4 13·5in.</td> -<td>10 13·5in.</td> -<td>4 13·5in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p>It was in these circumstances that the war -opened. Every incident tended to remind the -people of the British Isles and the subjects of -the King who live in the far-flung Dominions -and those who reside in the scattered Crown -Colonies and Dependencies of the essential truth -contained in the phrases which had come so -trippingly to the lips in days of peace. Men -recognised that the statement of our dependence -upon the sea as set forth in the Articles of War -was a declaration of policy which we had done -well not to ignore:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>“It is upon the Navy that, under the -good Providence of God, the wealth, prosperity -and peace of these islands and of -the Empire do mainly depend.”</p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p>How true these words rang when, in defence of -our honour, we had to take up the gage thrown -down by the Power which claimed supremacy as -a military Power and aspired to primacy as a -naval Power. Those who turned to Mr. Arnold -White’s admirable monograph on “The Navy -and Its Story,” must admit that this writer, in -picturesque phrase, had set forth fundamental -facts:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>“Since the first mariner risked his life -in a canoe and travelled coastwise for his<span class="pagenum" id="Page16">[16]</span> -pleasure or his business, Britain has acquired -half the seaborne traffic of the world. She -relies on her Navy to fill the grocer’s shop, -to bring flour and corn to our great cities -and to keep any possible enemy at a distance. -So successfully has the British Navy -done its work that many generations of -Englishmen have grown up without hearing -the sound of a gun fired in anger. Every -other nation in Europe has heard the tramp -of foreign soldiery in the lifetime of men -still living and felt the pain and shame of -invasion.</p> - -<p>“Five times in the history of England -the British Navy has stood between the -would-be master of Europe and the attainment -of his ambition. Charlemagne, Charles -V., Philip II. of Spain, Louis XIV. of France, -and Napoleon—all aspired to universal -dominion. Each of these Sovereigns in -turn was checked in his soaring plans by -British sea power.”</p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p>When the British peoples awoke to the fact -that they owed it to themselves and their past -to join in humbling another tyrant, they -gained confidence in the task which confronted -them from the glorious record of the past achievements -of those who, relying upon command of -the sea, had crushed in the dust the mightiest -rulers that had ever tried to impose their yoke -on humanity.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo024a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="338" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Orion.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Sport & General.</i></span></p> -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p class="classname"><b>ORION CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">ORION, CONQUEROR, MONARCH, -THUNDERER.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 22,500 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 13·5in., 16 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 3.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo024b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="252" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>4 13·5in.</td> -<td>10 13·5in.</td> -<td>4 13·5in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p>In a spirit of calmness, patience and courage -the British people took up the task which their<span class="pagenum" id="Page17">[17]</span> -sense of honour forced upon them all unwillingly. -Glancing back over the record of naval progress -during the earlier years of the twentieth century -we cannot fail to recognise that, in spite of many -cross currents and eddies of public opinion, -fate had been preparing the British peoples, all -unconsciously, for the arbitrament of a war -on the issue of which would depend all the interests, -tangible and intangible, of the four hundred -and forty million subjects of the King—their -freedom, their rights to self government, their -world-wide trade, and that atmosphere which -distinguishes the British Empire from every -other empire which has ever existed. In the -years of peace men had often asked themselves -whether a new crisis would produce the men of -destiny to defend the traditions we had inherited -from our forefathers. While peace still reigned, -they little realised that the men of destiny were -quietly, but persistently, working out our salvation. -When the hour struck England was fully -prepared, confident in her sea power, to take up -the gage in defence of all the democracies of the -world against the tyrant Power which sought to -impose the iron caste of militarism and materialism -upon nations that had outgrown mediæval -conditions.</p> - -<p>If we would realise the bearing of British naval -policy in the years which preceded the outbreak -of war, we shall do well to cast aside all party -bias and personal animosities and study the -sequence of events after the manner of the -historian who collates the material to his hand, -analyses it without fear or favour, and sets down<span class="pagenum" id="Page18">[18]</span> -his conclusions in all faithfulness. Pursuing this -course we are carried back to the year 1897. -Since the German Emperor had ascended the -throne in 1888, he had endeavoured to communicate -to his subjects the essential truths as to -the influence of sea power upon history which he -had read in Admiral Mahan’s early books. His -educational campaign was a failure. In spite of -all the efforts of Admiral von Hollmann, the -Minister of Marine, the Reichstag refused to -vote increased supplies to the Navy. At last, -when he had been finally repulsed, first by the -Budget Committee and then by the Reichstag -itself, Admiral von Hollmann retired admitting -defeat. The Emperor found a successor in a -naval officer who, then unknown, was in a few -years to change radically the opinion of Germans -on the value of a fleet. Born on March 19th, -1849, at Custrin, and the son of a judge, Alfred -Tirpitz became a naval cadet in 1865, and was -afterwards at the Naval Academy from 1874 to -1876. He subsequently devoted much attention -to the torpedo branch of the service, and was -mainly responsible for the torpedo organisation -and the tactical use of torpedoes in the German -Navy—a work which British officers regard with -admiration.<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor1" href="#Footnote1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span> Subsequently he became Inspector -of her Torpedo Service, and was the first Flotilla -Chief of the Torpedo Flotillas. Later he was -appointed Chief of the Staff at the naval station<span class="pagenum" id="Page19">[19]</span> -in the Baltic and of the Supreme Command of -the German Fleet. During these earlier years -of his sea career, Admiral Tirpitz made several -long voyages. He is regarded as an eminent -tactician, and is the author of the rules for German -naval tactics as now in use in the Navy. -In 1895 he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral, -and became Vice-Admiral in 1899. In -1896 and 1897 he commanded the cruiser squadron -in East Asia, and immediately after -became Secretary of State of the Imperial Navy -Office. In the following year he was made a -Minister of State and Naval Secretary, and in -1901 received the hereditary rank of nobility, -entitling him to the use of the honorific prefix -“Von.”</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote1"><a href="#FNanchor1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> German Sea Power: Its Rise, Progress and -Economic Basis, by Archibald Hurd and Henry Castle -(London: John Murray 1913).</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p>With the advent of this sailor-statesman to -the Marineamt, the whole course of German -naval policy changed, and in 1898 the first -German Navy Act was passed authorising a -navy on a standard which far exceeded anything -hitherto attained. It provided for the following -ships:</p> - -<table class="navyact" summary="German fleet"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="heading">THE BATTLE FLEET</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="nr">19</td> -<td colspan="2" class="type">battleships (2 as material reserve).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="nr">8</td> -<td colspan="2" class="type">armoured coast defence vessels.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="nr">6</td> -<td colspan="2" class="type">large cruisers.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="nr">16</td> -<td colspan="2" class="type">small cruisers.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="heading">FOREIGN SERVICE FLEET<span class="pagenum" id="Page20">[20]</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="heading"><span class="smcap">Large Cruisers</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">For East Africa</td> -<td class="nr">2</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">For Central and South America</td> -<td class="nr">1</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">Material reserve</td> -<td class="nr">3</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="left padl6">Total</td> -<td class="nr"><span class="bt">6</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="heading"><span class="smcap">Small Cruisers</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">For East Asia</td> -<td class="nr">3</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">For Central and South America</td> -<td class="nr">3</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">For East Africa</td> -<td class="nr">2</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">For the South Seas</td> -<td class="nr">2</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="type">Material reserve</td> -<td class="nr">4</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="left padl6">Total</td> -<td class="nr"><span class="bt">14</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="nr">1</td> -<td colspan="2" class="type">Station ship.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p>This dramatic departure in German naval -policy aroused hardly a ripple of interest in -England. Then occurred the South African War, -the seizure of the “Bundesrat,” and other incidents -which were utilised by the German Emperor, -the Marine Minister, and the official Press Bureau, -with its wide extending agencies for inflaming -public opinion throughout the German Empire -against the British Navy. The ground having -been well prepared, in 1900 the naval measure of<span class="pagenum" id="Page21">[21]</span> -1898, which was to have covered a period of six -years, was superseded by another Navy Act, -practically doubling the establishment of ships -and men. This is not the time, nor does space -permit, to trace the evolution of German naval -policy during subsequent years or to analyse -the successive Navy Acts which were passed -as political circumstances favoured further expansion. -The story—and it is a fascinating narrative -in the light of after events—may be read -elsewhere. The fact to be noted is that the -British peoples generally viewed the early indications -of German naval policy without suspicion -or distrust. Most men found it impossible to -believe that any Power could hope to challenge -the naval supremacy which had been won at -such great sacrifice at the Battle of Trafalgar, -and which the British people had continued to -enjoy virtually without challenge throughout -the nineteenth century.</p> - -<p>Happily, the hour when preparations had to be -made, if made at all, to maintain in face of any -rivalry our sea command, produced the man. -In the autumn of 1901 Lord Selborne, then First -Lord of the Admiralty, paid a special visit to -Malta to discuss the naval situation with a naval -officer with whose name not a thousand people in -the British Isles were then familiar. Sir John -Fisher had, as recently as 1899, taken over the -command of the Mediterranean Squadron; he -had already made a great name in the service as -a man of original thought and great courage, -possessing a genius for naval politics and naval -administration. He had represented the British<span class="pagenum" id="Page22">[22]</span> -Navy at the Hague Peace Conference, but he -might have walked from end to end of London, -and not a dozen people would have recognised -him. In the following March, thanks to Lord -Selborne, he became Second Sea Lord, and a naval -revolution was inaugurated. Elsewhere I have -recapitulated the remarkable Navy of the renaissance -of British sea power.<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor2" href="#Footnote2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></span></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote2"><a href="#FNanchor2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, September, 1914.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p>First, attention was devoted to the <i>personnel</i>. -New schemes of training for officers and men and -for the Naval Reserve were introduced. A new -force—the Royal Fleet Reserve—was established, -consisting of naval seamen and other ratings who -had served afloat for five years or more; a -Volunteer Naval Reserve was initiated; steps -were taken to revise the administration of the -naval establishments ashore, and to reduce the -proportion of officers and men engaged in peace -duties, freeing them for service in ships afloat. -On the anniversary of Trafalgar in 1904, after a -short period in command at Portsmouth in order -to supervise personally the reforms in training -and manning policy already introduced, Sir John -Fisher—Lord Fisher as he is now known—returned -to the Admiralty as First Sea Lord. Instantly, -with the support of Lord Selborne and Mr. Balfour, -then Prime Minister, to whom all honour is -due, the new Board proceeded to carry into -effect vast correlated schemes for the redistribution -of the fleets at sea and the more rapid -mobilisation of ships in reserve, the reorganisation -of the Admiralty, and the re-adjustment of our<span class="pagenum" id="Page23">[23]</span> -world naval policy to the new conditions in accordance -with a plan of action which the new First -Sea Lord had prepared months in advance.</p> - -<p>Our principal sea frontier has been the Mediterranean. -It was necessary to change it, and the -operation had to be carried out without causing -undue alarm to our neighbours—at that time we -had no particular friends, though the foundations -of the Entente were already being laid. Without -asking your leave from Parliament, the great -administrative engine, to which Lord Fisher -supplied fuel, proceeded to carry out the most -gigantic task to which any Governmental Department -ever put its hand. Overseas squadrons -which had no strategic purpose were disestablished; -unimportant dockyards were reduced to -cadres; ships too weak to fight and too slow to -run away were recalled; a whole fleet of old ships, -which were eating up money and adding nothing -to our strength, were scrapped; the vessels in -reserve were provided with nucleus crews. With -a single eye to the end in view—victory in the -main strategical theatres—conservative influences -which strove to impede reform were beaten down. -With the officers and men taken out of the weak -ships, and others who were wrenched from comfortable -employment ashore, a great fleet on our -new frontier was organised.</p> - -<p>In the preamble to the German Navy Act of -1900 it had been stated:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>“It is not absolutely necessary that the -German Battle Fleet should be as strong as -that of the greatest naval Power, for a great<span class="pagenum" id="Page24">[24]</span> -naval Power will not, as a rule, be in a -position to concentrate all its striking force -against us. But even if it should succeed in -meeting us with considerable superiority of -strength, the defeat of a strong German -Fleet would so substantially weaken the -enemy that, in spite of the victory he might -have obtained, his own position in the world -would no longer be secured by an adequate -fleet.”</p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p>Lord Fisher had not studied the progress of the -German naval movement without realising that -in this passage was to be found the secret of the -strategic plan which the German naval authorities -had formed. With the instinct of a great strategist, -he reorganised the whole world-wide -machinery of the British Navy, in order to suit -the new circumstances then developing.</p> - -<p>The war in the Far East had shown that changes -were necessary in the design of British ships of all -classes. The First Sea Lord insisted that the -matter should have immediate attention, and a -powerful committee of naval officers, shipbuilders, -and scientists began its sittings at the Admiralty. -The moment its report was available, Parliament -was asked for authority to lay down groups of -ships of new types, of which the “Dreadnought” -was the most famous. <i>In the preceding six years, -sixteen battleships had been laid down for Great -Britain, while Germany had begun thirteen; our -sea power, as computed in modern ships of the line, -had already begun to shrink.</i> Secretly and rapidly, -four units of the new type—the “Dreadnought,”<span class="pagenum" id="Page25">[25]</span> -with her swift sisters, the “Indomitable,” “Inflexible,” -and “Invincible”—were rushed to -completion. No battleship building abroad -carried more than four big guns; the “Dreadnought” -had ten big guns, and her swift consorts -eight.<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor3" href="#Footnote3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span> Thus was the work of rebuilding the -British Fleet initiated. Destroyers of a new type -were placed in hand, and redoubled progress was -made in the construction of submarines, which -Lord Fisher was the first to realise were essential -to this country, and were capable of immense -development as offensive engines of warfare. -We gained a lead of eighteen months over other -Powers by the determined policy adopted.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote3"><a href="#FNanchor3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> It is officially admitted by the United States -Navy Department that it had prepared plans for -a ship similar in armament to the Dreadnought in -1904, and was awaiting the approval of Congress -before beginning construction. American officers -had come to the same conclusions as to the inevitable -tendency of battleship design as the British -Admiralty.</p> - -<p>Owing to the delay imposed by the necessity of -obtaining the consent of Congress, the United States -lost the advantage; in the exercise of its powers, -the British Admiralty acted directly the designs of -the new ships were ready.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p>Just as the task of rebuilding the Fleet had been -initiated, a change of Government occurred, -and there was reason to fear that the stupendous -task of reorganising and re-creating the bases -of our naval power would be delayed, if not -abandoned. In Lord Fisher the nation had, -fortunately, a man of iron will. Though Sir -Henry Campbell-Bannerman, above all things<span class="pagenum" id="Page26">[26]</span> -desirous of arresting the rivalry in naval armaments, -was Prime Minister, and Lord Tweedmouth -was First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord -Fisher, supported by his colleagues on the Board, -insisted on essentials. Delays occurred in German -shipbuilding, and the Admiralty agreed that -British shipbuilding could be delayed. In 1906, -1907, and 1908 only eight Dreadnoughts were -begun. Subsequent events tend to show that this -policy was a political mistake, though we -eventually obtained more powerful ships by the -delay. Germany was encouraged to believe that -under a Liberal Administration she could overtake -us. <i>Between 1906 and 1908 inclusive we laid down -eight large ships of the Dreadnought type; and -Germany laid down nine, and began to accelerate -her programme of 1909.</i></p> - -<p>Then occurred a momentous change in British -affairs. Lord Tweedmouth, after the famous -incident of the German Emperor’s letter, retired -from office (1908), and his place was taken by -Mr. Reginald McKenna, who was to show that a -rigid regard for economy was not incompatible -with a high standard of patriotism. In association -with the Sea Lords, he surveyed the naval -situation. In the following March occurred the -naval crisis. Germany had accelerated her construction, -and our sea power was in peril. The -whole Board of Admiralty determined that there -was no room for compromise. Mr. McKenna, it is -now no secret, found arrayed against him a large -section of the Cabinet when he put forward the -stupendous programme of 1909, making provision -for eight Dreadnoughts, six protected<span class="pagenum" id="Page27">[27]</span> -cruisers, twenty destroyers, and a number of -submarines. The naval crisis was accompanied -by a Cabinet crisis, in spite of the fact that Sir -Edward Grey, as Foreign Secretary, gave the -naval authorities his full support. <i>Unknown to -the nation, the Admiralty resigned, and for a time -the Navy had no superior authority.</i> This dramatic -act won the day. The Cabinet was converted; -the necessity for prompt, energetic action was -proved. The most in the way of compromise to -which the Board would agree was a postponement -in announcing the construction of four of the -eight armoured ships. But from the first there -was no doubt that, unless there was a sudden -change in German policy, the whole octette would -be built. When the programme was presented -to the House of Commons, the Prime Minister -and Sir Edward Grey gave to Mr. McKenna their -wholehearted support; either the Government -had to be driven from office, or the Liberal Party -had to agree to the immense commitment represented -in the Navy Estimates. The programme -was agreed to.</p> - -<p>This, however, is only half the story. Neither -the Government nor the Admiralty was in a -position to tell the country that, though all the -ships were not to be laid down at once, they -would all be laid down in regular rotation, in order -that they might be ready in ample time to meet -the situation which was developing. Perhaps it -was well in the circumstances that this fact was -not revealed. Public opinion became active. -The whole patriotic sentiment of the country was -roused, and the jingle was heard on a thousand<span class="pagenum" id="Page28">[28]</span> -platforms, “We want eight and we won’t wait.” -The Admiralty, which had already determined -upon its policy, remained silent and refused to -hasten the construction of the ships. Quietly, -but firmly, the Board resisted pressure, realising -that it, and it only, was in possession of all the -facts. Secrecy is the basis of peace as well as -war strategy. The naval authorities were unable -to defend themselves by announcing that they -were on the eve of obtaining a powerful weapon -which could not be ready for the ships if they -were laid down at once. By waiting the Navy -was to gain the most powerful gun in the world.</p> - -<p>In order to keep pace with progress in Germany, -it was necessary to lay down two of the eight -ships in July, and be satisfied with the 12-inch guns -(projectile of 850 lbs.) for these units. The construction -of the other six vessels was postponed in -order that they might receive the new 13·5-inch -gun, with a projectile of about 1,400 lbs. Two of the -Dreadnoughts were began at Portsmouth and -Devonport Dockyards in the following November, -and the contracts for the remaining four were not -placed until the spring, for the simple reason that -the delivery of the new guns and mountings -and their equipment could not be secured for -the vessels, even if their hulls were started without -a moment’s delay. Thus we obtained six -battleships which are still unique; in no other -Navy is so powerful a gun to be found to-day as -the British 13·5-inch weapon. In 1910 and in -1911 Mr. McKenna again fought for national -safety, and he won the essential provision for the -Fleet. He risked his all in defence of our sea<span class="pagenum" id="Page29">[29]</span> -power. He was probably during those years of -struggle the most unpopular Minister the Liberal -Party ever had. What has been the sequel of his -tenacity and courage and patriotism? What -has been gained owing to the bold front which -Lord Fisher presented, as First Sea Lord, supported -by his colleagues? Sixteen of the eighteen -battleships and battle-cruisers of the Dreadnought -type, the fifteen protected cruisers, and -the sixty destroyers, with a group of submarines, -which the Board over which Mr. McKenna presided -secured, constituted the spearhead of the -British Fleet when the crisis came and war had -to be declared against Germany in defence of our -plighted word.</p> - -<p>With the addition of one more chapter, this -story of the renaissance of British sea power is -complete. In the autumn of 1911, over seven -years after Lord Fisher had begun to shake the -Navy into renewed life, encouraged Sir Percy -Scott in his gunnery reforms, and brought to the -Board the splendid intellect of Sir John Jellicoe, -Mr. Winston Churchill replaced Mr. McKenna -as First Lord. Thus the youngest statesman of -the English-speaking world realised his ambition. -Lord Fisher, under the age clause, had already -been compelled to vacate his seat on the Board, -retiring with a peerage, and his successor, Sir -Arthur Wilson, was also on the eve of retirement. -Mr. McKenna had to be freed to take over the -Welsh Church Bill and to place his legal mind -at the service of the country at the Home Office. -He had done his work and done it well. Mr. -Winston Churchill proved the ideal man to put<span class="pagenum" id="Page30">[30]</span> -the finishing touches to the great task which -had been initiated during Lord Selborne’s period -of office. Perhaps the keynote of his administration -is to be found in the attention which he -devoted to the organisation of the War Staff, the -elements of which had been created by former -Boards, and the readjustment of the pay of -officers and men. No service is efficient for war -in which there exists a rankling feeling of injustice. -The rates of pay of officers and men -were revised and increased; facilities were opened -up for men of the lower deck to reach commissioned -rank. About 20,000 officers and men -were added to the active service of the Fleet. -At the same time with the ships provided by -former Boards, the organisation of the ships in -Home waters was placed on a higher standard -of efficiency, particular attention being devoted -to the organisation of the older ships so as to -keep them efficient for war. The Naval Air -Service was established, and its development -pressed forward with all speed. Thus the work -of reform and the task of changing the front of -the British Navy had been brought to completion, -or virtual completion, at the moment when -Germany, by a concatenation of circumstances, -was forced into a position where she had to fight -the greatest of sea Powers, or admit the defeat of -all her ambitions.</p> - -<p>A study of the sequence of events which -immediately preceded the outbreak of hostilities -is hardly less interesting than the earlier and -dramatic incidents which enabled us to face -the supreme crisis in our history with a measure<span class="pagenum" id="Page31">[31]</span> -of assured confidence. On March 17th, 1914, -Mr. Winston Churchill spoke in the House of -Commons on the Navy Estimates. It is common -knowledge that he had just fought a stern battle -in the Cabinet for adequate supplies, and it was -assumed at the time, from various incidents, that -he had been compelled to submit to some measure -of retrenchment. He received, however, Cabinet -authority to ask Parliament for the largest sum -ever devoted to naval defence—£51,500,000. -In the course of his speech on these Estimates he -made the announcement that there would be no -naval manœuvres in 1914. He stated:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>“We have decided to substitute this year -for the grand manœuvres—not, of course, -for the numberless exercises the Fleet is -always carrying out—a general mobilisation -of the Third Fleet.<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor4" href="#Footnote4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></span> We are calling up the -whole of the Royal Fleet Reserve for a -period of eleven days, and those who come -up for that period will be excused training -next year, and will receive £1 bounty in -addition to their regular pay.</p> - -<p>“We have had a most admirable response. -10,170 men, seamen, and others, and 1,409 -marines, are required to man the ships of -the Third Fleet. We have already, in the -few days our circular has been out, received -replies from 10,334 men volunteers, and -from 3,321 marines. I think that reflects -great credit on the spirit of the Reserve<span class="pagenum" id="Page32">[32]</span> -generally, and also reflects credit upon the -employers, who must have greatly facilitated -this operation all over the country. I hereby -extend to them the thanks of the Admiralty.</p> - -<p>“This test is one of the most important -that could possibly be made, and it is really -surprising to me that it has never been -undertaken before. The cost, including the -bounty of £1, will be about £50,000. Having -no grand manœuvres yields a saving of -£230,000, so there is a net saving on the -substitution of £180,000.”</p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote4"><a href="#FNanchor4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The Third Fleet consists of the oldest ships of the -Navy maintained in peace with skeleton crews.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p>It was hardly surprising in the circumstances -that many persons thought the Admiralty was -bent merely upon economy. If the naval authorities -had had foreknowledge of the course of events -they could not, in fact, have adopted a wiser -course. From March onwards, week by week -down to the middle of July, the elaborate and -complicated drafting arrangements were examined -and readjusted. Then, after the assassinations -at Sarajevo and on the eve of the final developments -on the Continent, which were to make war -inevitable, the test mobilisation was carried out. -The principal ships passed before the King off -the Nab Lightship, a column of seaplanes and -aeroplanes circling high above the ships, and then -disappeared in the Channel to carry out what were -believed to be peace exercises, but were, in fact, -to prove the manœuvres preliminary to war. Later -in the same week, the vessels of the Patrol -Flotillas were engaged in testing a new scheme -for sealing this narrow exit to the North Sea.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo041a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="398" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Neptune.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Sport & General.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>NEPTUNE CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">COLOSSUS, NEPTUNE, HERCULES (slight -differences).</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 19,200 to 20,000 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 16 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 3.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo041b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="304" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>8 12in.</td> -<td>10 12in.</td> -<td>6 12in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page33">[33]</span></p> - -<p>A week afterwards the thunderbolt fell; the -crisis found the First and Second Fleets ready in -all respects for war, and, after additional reserves -had been called out on Sunday, August 2nd, the -Admiralty was able to give the nation a certificate -that by 4 a.m. the following morning the British -Navy had been raised from a peace footing to a -war footing, and was fully mobilised.</p> - -<p>Immediately the curtain fell, hiding from view -the movements of all British men-of-war, not -only in the main strategical theatre, but in the -outer seas. Two battleships, which had just been -completed for Turkey by those whom Mr. G. H. -Perris had denounced only a short time before -in his pamphlet as the “War Traders,” were taken -over by the Admiralty, proving valuable accessions -to our naval strength. Two swift destroyer-leaders -were also compulsorily purchased from -Chile, the appointment of Admiral Sir John -Jellicoe as supreme British Admiral of the Home -Fleets was announced, and all the preliminaries -to the great war drama on the sea were completed -without delay, confusion, or panic. The nation -will remember in gratitude the courage and -decision exhibited by Mr. Churchill in the hour -of supreme crisis. He proved himself a statesman.</p> - -<p>This is not the place to relate the story of the -renaissance of British military power. The virtue -of the measures adopted by Lord Haldane as -Secretary for War lay in the fact that he did -homage to the essential principle which must -underlie all schemes of defence by an island -kingdom, which is the nerve centre of a maritime<span class="pagenum" id="Page34">[34]</span> -Empire. As in Opposition he had been foremost -in advertising our dependence upon the sea, so in -office, as Minister responsible for the Army, he -based all his schemes on the assumption that the -British Army is the projectile of a supreme fleet, -to be hurled oversea as soon as the naval authority -is able to give guarantee of safe passage. It was -in the light of this essential truth that the Expeditionary -Force was organised, and the Volunteers -converted into the Territorial Army. Mistakes -were, no doubt, made; no man who avoids them -can ever expect to do anything. But at practically -no additional expense, and without, therefore, -withdrawing a penny from the necessary -provision of the fleet, Lord Haldane initiated and -completed military schemes, the value of which -became apparent when we were confronted with -the necessity of entering upon a contest with two -of the great military powers of Europe, which -possessed fleets of such a standing that they could -offer challenge to our supremacy afloat.</p> - -<p>The survey of British naval policy in the -years immediately preceding the war would be -incomplete were no reference made to the fact, -of which we were insistently reminded when -hostilities opened, that sea power, even more -than military power, must stand defeated from -the very outset, unless it is supplemented by -economic power. In the past the weakness of -all democracies when faced by war has been -apparent. However great the power on the -sea, however formidable the military arm ashore, -the real strength of a people lies in itself. -It must be ready on the instant to organise<span class="pagenum" id="Page35">[35]</span> -every department of life on a war basis. Armed -forces which have not behind them a resolute -community are robbed of more than half their -power. A feeling of panic is always apt to -infect a democracy, and then under the palsy -of fear the tendency is for pressure to be brought -to bear on the supreme naval and military -authorities, with the result that strategic plans, -matured in peace, become confused and ineffective. -An illustration of the influence of -the fears of the civil population upon war policy -was furnished during the Spanish-American War. -Under the pressure of nervous public opinion, -the Naval Board was compelled to depart from -the sound strategy of concentration upon the -main objective, and to dissipate no little of the -power at its command in order to provide some -measure of local protection for various coast -towns. Fortunately, British naval policy had -been developed on lines which minimised this -peril, and our economic resources had been surveyed, -and adequate preparations made to -afford to our sea power every possible economic -support. As to the first, fear of invasion or -raids, the coast and port guard ships, with little -more than skeleton crews, had been abolished; -in their place patrol flotillas of destroyers and -submarines had been created to keep an efficient -and active watch and ward along the sea frontier -which the enemy at our door might threaten. -This provision was supplemented by the mobilisation -of all our national resources, under the -direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. -When Mr. Balfour founded this body he builded<span class="pagenum" id="Page36">[36]</span> -better than he knew. When war came not only -were the main fleets not tied to our shores, but -every department of State had before it a complete -plan of the duty which it had to perform -in order to give that national support to the -fleet, without which it could not hope to achieve -victory.</p> - -<p>During the years which immediately preceded -war the Committee of Imperial Defence was -quietly at work co-ordinating the naval and -military arms, and laying the foundation of a -wide-spreading organisation. On July 25th, 1912, -Mr. Asquith, in a speech in the House of Commons, -gave the nation some conception of the character -of one aspect of the work which was then being -quietly performed by this small body, unrecognised -by our Constitution, and regarded, as it -had been since its birth, with no little suspicion -and distrust. Mr. Asquith related that the -Committee of Imperial Defence had appointed -what was styled “a sub-committee for the co-ordination -of departmental action at the outbreak -of war.” Describing this particular work of the -Committee of Imperial Defence, Mr. Asquith -added:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>“This sub-committee, which is composed -of the principal officials of the various -Departments of State, has, after many -months of continuous labour, compiled a -War-Book. We call it a War-Book—and -it is a book which definitely assigns to each -Department—not merely the War Office -and the Admiralty, but the Home Office,<span class="pagenum" id="Page37">[37]</span> -the Board of Trade, and every Department -of the State—its responsibility for action -under every head of war policy. The -Departments themselves, in pursuance of -the instructions given by the War-Book, -have drafted all the proclamations, Orders -in Council, letters, telegrams, notices, and -so forth, which can be foreseen. Every -possible provision has been made to avoid -delay in setting in force the machinery in -the unhappy event of war taking place. It -has been thought necessary to make this -Committee permanent, in order that these -war arrangements may be constantly kept -up to date.”</p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p>What happened in the last days of July, 1914? -During the period of strained relations, the War-Book -was opened, and every official in every -State Department concerned—eleven in all—had -before him a precise statement of exactly -what contribution he had to make in mobilising -the State as an economic factor for war. Proclamations, -Orders in Council, letters, and telegrams -flowed forth throughout the British Isles, and -to the uttermost parts of the Empire, in accordance -with the pre-arranged plan which had been -so assiduously elaborated. Hardly had the Navy -been mobilised, the Army Reserves called out to -complete the regular Army, and the Territorials -embodied, than the nation realised that, without -confusion, it had itself been placed upon a war -footing. The creation of the British War-Book -must be acclaimed as a monument to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page38">[38]</span> -perspicacity of Mr. Asquith and the Ministers who -assisted him on the Committee of Defence, and -to the splendid labours of the Secretary of the -Committee, Captain Maurice Hankey, C.B., and -the small staff associated with him. This -organisation, which owed so much to the “staff -mind” of its former secretary, Rear-Admiral -Sir Charles Ottley, imposed upon the nation a -charge of only about £5,000 a year, which was -returned increased by a thousandfold when the -crisis came, and the United Kingdom, existing -under the most artificial conditions owing to its -dependence on the sea for food and raw materials, -was prepared, for the first time in its history, to -offer to its fleets and armies the wholehearted -and organised support of the richest nation in -the world.</p> - -<p>When the curtain fell upon the seas, the nation -had the assurance that everything which foresight -could suggest had been done to make -secure our essential supremacy. The newspapers -preserved a discreet silence as the Home Fleets -took up their stations in the main strategical -area. They were convinced, by irrefutable evidence, -that adequate power had been concentrated -in this theatre to enable the North Sea -to be sealed, thus confining the main operations -of the naval war to one of the smallest water -areas in the world.</p> - -<p>Those who study the conspectus of British -sea power at the moment when the fog of war -hid from view all that was occurring in distant -waters would miss the real significance of the -picture which British sea power presented at this<span class="pagenum" id="Page39">[39]</span> -dramatic moment if they failed to recognise the -means by which the British Navy was able to impose -an iron grip upon the great highways which -are the life blood of British commerce. When war -occurred the British sea power was predominant -in all the outer seas in contrast with every -other Power engaged in hostilities. At every -point the British fleet was supreme in contrast -with every other Power now engaged -in hostilities. Austria and Italy were hardly -represented outside the Mediterranean; Germany -had only one armoured ship and two small -cruisers in the Mediterranean and a few small -cruisers in the Atlantic; in the Pacific, though -she had the largest squadron of any Continental -Power, the Admiralty regarded our -forces as being at least twice as strong. This -balance of strength was maintained in accordance -with the terms of the Anglo-Japanese -Alliance.</p> - -<p>From the moment of the ultimatum all the -Empire was at war. At a hundred and one -points of naval and military importance a state -of war existed. Wherever the British flag was -flying—and it flies over about one quarter of -the habitable globe—officers and men of the sea -and land services stood awaiting the development -of events.</p> - -<p>What precise orders were issued by the Admiralty -cannot be revealed, but telegrams which -were received during the early days of hostilities -indicated that at all the great junctions of the -Empire sections of the British Navy had been -concentrated, and their commanding officers<span class="pagenum" id="Page40">[40]</span> -directed to omit no measure necessary to maintain -the lifeline of the Empire.</p> - -<p>Under the scheme of concentration which for -ten years previously had been the outstanding -feature, not only of British naval policy, but of -the naval policy of all the Great Powers of Europe, -the number of ships in distant seas had been -reduced, but the fighting value of the British -units was higher than ever before. The character -of the British naval representation outside -home waters when war began may be appreciated -from the following official statement of the -composition of the squadrons which were held -on the leash by the Admiralty, awaiting the -development of events:</p> - -<div class="squadcomp"> - -<p class="heading">MEDITERRANEAN FLEET.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Battle Cruiser Squadron.</span>—Inflexible (Flag), -Indefatigable, Indomitable.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Armoured Cruiser Squadron.</span>—Defence -(Flag), Black Prince, Duke of Edinburgh, Warrior.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cruisers.</span>—Chatham, Dublin, Gloucester, Weymouth.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Attached Ships.</span>—Hussar, Imogene.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Destroyer Flotilla.</span>—Blenheim (Depot Ship), -Basilisk, Beagle, Bulldog, Foxhound, Grampus, -Grasshopper, Harpy, Mosquito, Pincher, Racoon, -Rattlesnake, Renard, Savage, Scorpion, Scourge, -Wolverine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Submarines.</span>—B 9, B 10, B 11.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page41">[41]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Torpedo Boats.</span>—Nos. 044, 045, 046, 063, -064, 070.</p> - -<p class="heading">GIBRALTAR.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Submarines.</span>—B 6, B 7, B 8.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Torpedo Boats.</span>—83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, -94, 95, 96.</p> - -<p class="heading">EASTERN FLEET.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">East Indies Squadron.</span>—Battleship Swiftsure -(Flag), cruisers Dartmouth, Fox; sloops Alert, -Espiègle, Odin, Sphinx.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">China Squadron.</span>—Battleship Triumph; -armoured cruisers Minotaur (Flag), Hampshire; -cruisers Newcastle, Yarmouth; gunboats, etc., -Alacrity, Bramble, Britomart, Cadmus, Clio, -Thistle.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">New Zealand Division.</span>—Cruisers Philomel, -Psyche, Pyramus, Torch.</p> - -<p class="heading">ATTACHED TO CHINA SQUADRON.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Destroyers.</span>—Chelmer, Colne, Fame, Jed, -Kennet, Ribble, Usk, Welland.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Submarines.</span>—C 36, C 37, C 38.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Torpedo Boats.</span>—Nos. 035, 036, 037, 038.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">River Gunboats.</span>—Kinsha, Moorhen, Nightingale, -Robin, Sandpiper, Snipe, Teal, Woodcock, -Woodlark, Widgeon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page42">[42]</span></p> - -<p class="heading">AUSTRALIAN FLEET.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Battle Cruisers.</span>—Australia (Flag.)</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cruisers.</span>—Encounter, Melbourne, Sydney.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Destroyers.</span>—Parramatta, Warrego, Yarra.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Submarines.</span>—AE 1, AE 2.</p> - -<p class="heading">CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cruisers.</span>—Hyacinth (Flag), Pegasus, Astræa.</p> - -<p class="heading">WEST COAST OF AFRICA.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Gunboat.</span>—Dwarf.</p> - -<p class="heading">S.E. COAST OF AMERICA.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cruiser.</span>—Glasgow.</p> - -<p class="heading">WEST COAST OF AMERICA.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sloops.</span>—Algerine, Shearwater.</p> - -<p class="heading">WEST ATLANTIC.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Armoured Cruisers.</span>—Suffolk, Berwick, Essex, -Lancaster; cruiser Bristol.</p> - -</div><!--squadcomp--> - -<p>This narrative of the opening phases of the -war between six of the great fleets of the world -would be incomplete were no reference made -to the conditions of the German Fleet. A month<span class="pagenum" id="Page43">[43]</span> -before the final cleavage between the two nations, -Kiel had kept high festival in honour of the -British Navy. At the invitation of the German -Government, Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender -had taken some of the finest battleships of the -British Navy into this German port. During the -Regatta Week official Germany entertained the -officers and men with the utmost hospitality, -and, for a time, the Emperor had his flag, the -flag of an honorary admiral of the British Navy, -flying from the mainmast of one of the latest -“Dreadnoughts,” the “King George V.,” and -was in technical command of this important -section of the Home Fleet. Luncheons, dinners, -and receptions filled the days over which the -yacht racing extended, and when Sir George -Warrender steamed out of Kiel to meet at a -rendezvous at sea the British squadron, under -Rear-Admiral Sir David Beatty, which had been -visiting the Baltic ports of Russia, and the other -squadrons which had been entertained by the -peoples of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, every -indication encouraged the belief that peace was -more completely assured than at any time during -this century.</p> - -<p>The Kiel festivities at an end, the High Sea -Fleet, reinforced by a number of reserve ships, -put to sea for its summer cruise in Norwegian -waters. The Emperor, in the Royal Yacht -“Hohenzollern,” also left for the coast of Norway. -These were the conditions when the bolt fell. -Can it be doubted that, when in after years and -in full knowledge, the history of the war is -written, it will be concluded that Germany, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page44">[44]</span> -giving her support to Austria-Hungary, had no -thought that this would involve her use of her -fleet against the greatest sea Power of the world? -With much labour, and at great sacrifice, she -had created a formidable diplomatic weapon to -be brandished in the eyes of a timid and commercially-minded -people—and such she believed -the British people to be; but it was not a fleet -of sufficient standing to face the greatest sea -Power with confidence.</p> - -<p>The war occurred at an unpropitious moment -not only for Germany, but for her ally, Austria-Hungary, -so far as sea power was concerned. -This country had, it is true, almost completed -her first programme of four “Dreadnoughts,” -but her navy was still deficient in cruisers—possessing -six only—as well as in torpedo craft. -In combination Austria-Hungary and Italy could -have faced the naval forces of France and -Great Britain in the Mediterranean, but in -isolation the former’s position was from the first -well-nigh hopeless, and her ships retired to Pola -at the outbreak of the war.</p> - -<p>The French fleet was in good condition to -take the seas. Under the spur furnished by -German acts and German words it had been -strengthened in ships and men, its administration -ashore remodelled, and its fleets at sea reorganised. -The Republican Government had confided the -supreme command of its battle forces to one of -the most conspicuously able sailors of the period, -Admiral Boué du Lapeyrère, and could enter on -the war in its naval aspects with confidence and -courage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page45">[45]</span></p> - -<p>Russia was not so fortunate. She had only -comparatively recently taken serious steps to -replace the fleet she lost in the war with Japan. -A ship-building project, known as the “Minor -Programme,” was being carried out, but so far -none of the vessels it comprised had become -available for service. When war occurred, four -“Dreadnoughts,” which were begun as far back -as 1909, were not yet ready, and seven others -were on the stocks, but not yet launched. Eight -small cruisers laid down under the “Minor -Programme” were building, two of them in a -German yard, and the remainder in Russia, and -there was besides a large flotilla of torpedo -craft under construction. With all these vessels -in commission, the Russian Navy would have -become once more a factor to be reckoned with. -As it happened, Russia faced the war practically -without any considerable sea power.</p> - -<p>When hostilities had begun, a dramatic incident -reminded the world that Japan, the ally -of Great Britain in the Far East, was not viewing -the course of events unconcerned. On Monday, -August 16th, it was announced that the Japanese -Government had delivered an ultimatum to -Germany in the following terms:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>“We consider it highly important and -necessary in the present situation to take -measures to remove the causes of all disturbance -of peace in the Far East, and to -safeguard general interests as contemplated -in the Agreement of Alliance between Japan -and Great Britain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page46">[46]</span></p> - -<p>“In order to secure firm and enduring -peace in Eastern Asia, the establishment -of which is the aim of the said Agreement, -the Imperial Japanese Government sincerely -believes it to be its duty to give advice to -the Imperial German Government to carry -out the following two propositions:</p> - -<ul class="propositions"> - -<li>1. Withdraw immediately from -Japanese and Chinese waters the German -men-o’-war and armed vessels of -all kinds, and to disarm at once those -which cannot be withdrawn.</li> - -<li>2. To deliver on a date not later -than September 15th to the Imperial -Japanese authorities, without condition -or compensation, the entire leased territory -of Kiau-Chau, with a view to the -eventual restoration of the same to -China.</li> - -</ul><!--propositions--> - -<p>“The Imperial Japanese Government announces -at the same time that in the -event of its not receiving by noon on -August 23rd an answer from the Imperial -German Government signifying unconditional -acceptance of the above advices -offered by the Imperial Japanese Government, -Japan will be compelled to take such -action as it may deem necessary to meet -the situation.”</p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p>When Germany was confronted with heavy -odds, Japan remembered the events following -the war of 1894-5, when this Power,<span class="pagenum" id="Page47">[47]</span> -having joined in robbing her of the spoil of her -victory over China, herself entered into possession -of Kiao Chau, as the price for the lives -of two murdered missionaries.</p> - -<p>Thus, at the touch of German arrogance, -four great sea Powers of the world arrayed -themselves against her—the British, French, -and Russian fleets in European waters, and the -great navy of Japan in the Pacific.</p> - -<p>In this wise did the struggle for the command -of the sea open. Germany reaped as she had -sown. Since 1898 she had boasted how she -would challenge the greatest sea Power. When -the day and hour came it was not the British -fleet only, but the navies of France, Russia, and -Japan which confronted her. By her words -and acts she had alienated the sympathies of -every nation except her ally, Austria-Hungary. -The war began with her fleets and squadrons -sheltering behind the forts of her naval bases, -and with a few cruisers in the Atlantic being -hunted by an overpowering force of British and -French ships. Such was the fruit of her diplomacy -and her forward naval policy; her shipping -suffered instant strangulation; her colonies were -divorced from the Motherland, and she was confronted -with the approaching ruin of that world-politic -which had been her pride and inspiration.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo060a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="387" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Vanguard.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Sport & General.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>VANGUARD CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">ST. VINCENT, VANGUARD, COLLINGWOOD.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 19,250 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 18 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 3.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo060b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="305" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>6 12in.</td> -<td>8 12in.</td> -<td>6 12in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page49">[49]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER I</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">The Relative Standing of the British and -German Fleets</span></span></h2> - -<p>The relative strength of the British and German -navies at the moment when war was declared -is of historical interest.</p> - -<p>The appended particulars have been prepared -from “Fighting Ships, 1914,” and brought up-to-date -by the inclusion of the two Turkish battleships -and the two Chilian destroyer leaders, which -were purchased on the outbreak of hostilities by -the British Government.</p> - -<p class="center highline2"><span class="smcap">British Navy.</span></p> - -<table class="strengths" summary="Relative fleet strengths"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Super-Dreadnought battleships</td> -<td class="number">11</td> -<td rowspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Super-Dreadnought battle-cruisers</td> -<td class="number">3</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">14</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Dreadnought battleships</td> -<td class="number">13</td> -<td rowspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Dreadnought battle-cruisers</td> -<td class="number">5</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">18</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Total of ships of Dreadnought era:<br />(Three more super-Dreadnoughts near -completion, and due to commission late in 1914.)</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number top bt">32</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Pre-Dreadnoughts:<span class="pagenum" id="Page50">[50]</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="4" class="w2m"> </td> -<td class="shiptype">Powerful ships all completed between 1905 and 1908</td> -<td class="number">8</td> -<td rowspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">Older and less powerful ships completed between 1895 and 1904</td> -<td class="number">30</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">38</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="total">Total battleships</td> -<td class="number bt">70</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Armoured Cruisers:</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="4"> </td> -<td class="shiptype">Big, heavily-armed ships completed between 1905 and 1908</td> -<td class="number">9</td> -<td rowspan="3"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">“County” class, slower and less powerful, completed between 1903 and 1905</td> -<td class="number">15</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">“Drake” and “Cressy” class, bigger and better, but slightly older -ships, completed between 1901 and 1903</td> -<td class="number">10</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="total">Total armoured cruisers</td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">34</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Cruisers:</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2"> </td> -<td class="shiptype">Big protected cruisers, “Diadem” class, 21 knots, 6in. guns (1889-1902)</td> -<td class="number">6</td> -<td rowspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">Older and smaller (1890-1892)</td> -<td class="number">9</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">15</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="shipclass">Fast Light Cruisers:</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="8"> </td> -<td class="shiptype">“Arethusa” class, 3,500 tons, 30 knots, burning oil, completed 1914</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">8</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">“Town” class, 5,400 to 4,800 tons, 25 knots (1910-1914)</td> -<td class="number">15</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">25-knot ships, round about 300 tons (1903-1907)<span class="pagenum" id="Page51">[51]</span></td> -<td class="number">15</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">30</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">20-knot ships, 2,100 to 5,400 tons (1896-1900)</td> -<td rowspan="3"> </td> -<td class="number">16</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">19-knot ships, 5,600 tons (1895-1896)</td> -<td class="number">9</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shiptype">Older ships, 2,500 to 4,300 tons, 16·5 to 19·5 knots (1890-1893)</td> -<td class="number">9</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="total">Total protected cruisers</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number bt">87</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Destroyers, 36 to 25<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots (1893-1914)</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="number">227</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Torpedo-boats, 26 to 20 knots (1885-1908)</td> -<td class="number">109</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Submarines, from 1,000 to 200 tons, speed from 20 to 11·5 knots -surface, 12 to 7 knots submerged (1904-1913)</td> -<td class="number">75</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Minelayers</td> -<td class="number">7</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass blankbefore15">Repair Ships</td> -<td class="number">3</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p>It need hardly be added that a number -of these vessels—including the two Pre-Dreadnought -battleships “Swiftsure” and “Triumph” -and groups of cruisers, destroyers, and submarines—were -on duty in the outer seas when -war opened.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page52">[52]</span></p> - -<p class="center highline2"><span class="smcap">German Fleet.</span></p> - -<table class="strengths" summary="Relative fleet strength"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Super-Dreadnoughts (3 building)</td> -<td colspan="2" class="number">None</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Dreadnought battleships</td> -<td class="number">13</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Dreadnought battle-cruisers</td> -<td class="number">5</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">18</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="w2m"> </td> -<td class="shiptype">(Three other battleships are due to commission in 1914.)</td> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Pre-Dreadnought battleships (1891-1908)</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">22</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Old coast defence battleships (1889-1893)</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">8</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Armoured cruisers (1897-1909) 8,900 to 15,500 tons, 24·5 to 19 knots</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">9</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Big protected cruisers (1892-1910), 6,000 tons, 19 knots</td> -<td class="number">6</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">24-knot cruisers (1904-1913), 3,000 to 5,000 tons</td> -<td class="number">25</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="number">31</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td class="shiptype">(Most of these ships have belt armour as thick as that of the British “County” -class of armoured cruisers.)</td> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Small cruisers, 21 knots (1893-1910)</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">12</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Destroyers (1889-1913), 34 to 26 knots</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">152</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Torpedo-boats (1887-1898), 26 to 22 knots</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">45</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Submarines, about equal to British in size and speed</td> -<td colspan="2" class="number">30 to 40</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="shipclass">Minelayers</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="number">2</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page53">[53]</span></p> - -<p>All the German Navy, except one battle-cruiser, -two armoured cruisers, and a few light -cruisers, were concentrated in the North Sea -and Baltic when war occurred.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page54">[54]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER II</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">The British Navy</span></span></h2> - -<h3>BRITISH BATTLESHIPS<br /> -DREADNOUGHTS</h3> - -<h4>IRON DUKE CLASS.</h4> - -<h5>IRON DUKE<br />(Flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir John -Jellicoe, Commander-in-Chief of the Home -Fleets).<br /> -MARLBOROUGH.<br />EMPEROR OF INDIA.<br /> -BENBOW.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h5> - -<p>These fine ships are the very latest additions to -the British battle-fleet. The displacement is -25,000 tons, but with a full supply of coal, ammunition, -and stores on board the actual figure is -nearly 27,000 tons. The length over all is 645 ft., -the maximum breadth is 89<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ft., and under normal -conditions the ship draws 28 ft. of water. Parsons’ -turbines, designed for 29,000 h.p., give a -speed of 21 knots, which was exceeded by over -one knot on trial. An extremely powerful armament -is carried. It consists of ten 13·5-in. and -twelve 6-in. guns, with some small quick-firers -on high-angle mountings for use against aircraft.</p> - -<p>The big guns, mounted in twin turrets, are -all on the centre line, and can thus be trained<span class="pagenum" id="Page55">[55]</span> -on either broadside, while four train ahead and -the same number astern. Ten of the 6-in. guns -are disposed in an upper-deck battery forward, -the remaining two in casemates right at the -stern. This disposition was adopted owing to -the fact that torpedo attacks are usually delivered -from ahead, and it is necessary, therefore, -that as many quick-firing guns as possible -can be trained on the approaching boats before -they are able to discharge their torpedoes.</p> - -<p>Armour protection is very complete in this -class. On the waterline there is a 12-in. belt, -with 10-in. armour rising above this as far as -the upper deck. The belt thins to 6-in. forward -and aft, but the extreme ends of the ship are -unarmoured. On the turrets there is 12-in. -armour, with 6-in. plating over the secondary -battery. Four 21-in. submerged torpedo tubes -are fitted. The fuel supply is well over 3,000 -tons. The complement of these ships totals more -than 1,000 officers and men. They each cost -over £2,000,000 to complete.</p> - -<h5>AGINGOURT.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h5> - -<p>This battleship, although she was only launched -in January, 1913, has had a very chequered -career. Originally laid down as the Rio de -Janeiro for the Brazilian Government at Elswick, -she was purchased before completion by -Turkey, and was on the point of leaving for -Turkish waters under the name of Osman I.,<span class="pagenum" id="Page56">[56]</span> -when she was taken over by the British Admiralty -on the outbreak of war with Germany. Turkey -is understood to have made a protest, but the -transfer is an accomplished fact, and this fine -vessel has already passed into our battle fleet. -She is quite unique in design. The displacement -is 27,500 tons, length 632 ft., and the designed -speed, which was made on trial, 22 knots.</p> - -<p>Her main armament consists of no fewer than -fourteen 12-in. guns, mounted in seven double -turrets on the centre-line, an arrangement which -permits all fourteen weapons to be fired on either -broadside. In the secondary battery are mounted -twenty 6-in. quick-firing guns, and the tale of -weapons is completed by sixteen small quick-firers -and three torpedo tubes. The ship is -armoured with 9-in. plates amidships, tapering -to 6 in. and 4 in. at the ends. Armour of the -same thickness (9-in.) protects the 12-in. turrets, -and there is 6-in. plating over the secondary guns. -The maximum coal capacity is 3,500 tons. A -complement of 1,100 officers and men is required -to work this huge vessel, which cost nearly -£2,700,000 to build and equip.</p> - -<h5>ERIN.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h5> - -<p>This vessel was laid down at Barrow for the -Turkish Government, and named Reshadieh, -but was taken over by the British Admiralty on -the outbreak of war with Germany. Launched -in September, 1913, she displaces 23,000 tons,<span class="pagenum" id="Page57">[57]</span> -is 525 ft. long, and has turbines of 31,000 h.p., -which are expected to give a speed of 21 knots. -In general her design corresponds to that of -the Iron Duke class. The armament consists -of ten 13·5-in., sixteen 6-in., and four 12-pounder -guns, with five submerged torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>The five double turrets in which the big guns -are mounted are on the centre-line, thus allowing -all ten weapons to be used on each broadside. -Armour protection is very complete, the main -belt being 12 in., the turrets 12 in., and the -secondary battery 5 in. thick. Her coal capacity -is 2,100 tons. The complement is 900 officers -and men. The price paid for this ship has not -yet been made public.</p> - -<h4>KING GEORGE V. CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1912-13.)</h4> - -<h5>KING GEORGE V.<br />CENTURION.<br /> -AJAX.<br />AUDACIOUS.</h5> - -<p>These fine vessels are among the most powerful -of our super-Dreadnought battleships. The displacement -is nominally 23,000 tons, but when in -service, with maximum fuel, stores, &c., on board, -they displace about 25,000 tons. They are 596 ft. -in length, with a beam of 89 ft., and their turbines -of 27,000 h.p. drive them at a speed of 21<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. -The armament consists of ten 13·5-in. and sixteen -4-in. guns, with three submerged torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page58">[58]</span></p> - -<p>All the big guns, which are mounted in pairs -in turrets on the centre line, can fire on either -broadside. Protection is afforded by a 12-in. -armour belt amidships, with thinner plating -above and at the ends. The turrets are of 11-in. -armour. The secondary battery of 4-in. quick-firers -is practically unprotected. A maximum -fuel supply of 2,700 tons can be carried. The -complement is 900 officers and men. Each of -these ships cost more than £1,900,000 to build -and equip.</p> - -<h4>ORION CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1911-12.)</h4> - -<h5>ORION.<br /> -MONARCH.<br /> -CONQUEROR.<br /> -THUNDERER.</h5> - -<p>Super-Dreadnoughts of 22,500 tons displacement -and 545 ft. in length. The Orion class, -to which these ships belong, inaugurated the -“super-Dreadnought” era by reason of the -super-calibre guns with which they are armed. -They are propelled by Parsons’ turbines of -27,000 h.p. at a speed of 21 knots, but did considerably -better than this on the trial runs. -The main armament comprises ten 13·5-in. -breech-loading guns, firing a 1,250 lb. projectile -at the rate of two per minute.</p> - -<p>These guns are mounted in five twin turrets -on the centre line of the vessel, and all of them -can be trained on either broadside. Sixteen<span class="pagenum" id="Page59">[59]</span> -4-in. quick-firers are mounted for use against -torpedo craft, and there are three 21-in. submerged -torpedo tubes. The armour belt is -12-in. thick amidships, the turrets 11-in. -Some of the smaller guns are protected by 4-in. -armour. Coal and oil to the amount of 2,700 -tons can be carried. The complement of these -ships is 900 officers and men. They cost complete -nearly £2,000,000.</p> - -<h4>NEPTUNE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1911.)</h4> - -<h5>NEPTUNE.<br /> -HERCULES.<br /> -COLOSSUS.</h5> - -<p>These are Dreadnought battleships of 20,000 -tons displacement. They are 510 ft. in length, -and have Parsons’ turbines of 25,000 h.p., which -give them a speed of 21 knots. The main battery -consists of ten 12-in. guns, 50 calibres (<i>i.e.</i>, 50 ft.) -long, mounted in five twin turrets. Two of -these turrets are in echelon amidships, the remaining -three being on the centre line, an arrangement -that permits all ten guns to come into -action on either broadside through a limited -arc.</p> - -<p>In the class to which these ships belong the -super-posed turret appeared for the first time -in the British Navy. Sixteen 4-in. quick-firers -and three submerged torpedo tubes complete<span class="pagenum" id="Page60">[60]</span> -the armament. There is an 11-in. armour belt -on the waterline, similar protection being given -to the big guns. The fuel capacity is 2,700 -tons. The complement numbers over 800 officers -and men. These vessels cost about £1,700,000 -apiece to complete.</p> - -<h4>ST. VINCENT CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1910.)</h4> - -<h5>ST. VINCENT.<br /> -VANGUARD.<br /> -COLLINGWOOD.</h5> - -<p>These are Dreadnought battleships with a displacement -of 19,250 tons. They are 500 ft. long, -and have Parsons’ turbines of 24,500 h.p., which -give them a top speed of 21 knots. Their main -battery comprises ten 12-in. guns of powerful -type, mounted in five twin turrets, the disposition -of which allows eight guns to be used -on either beam. They also carry eighteen 4-in. -quick-firers, some mounted on top of the turrets, -and others in the superstructure. There are -three submerged torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>The waterline is protected by armour barely -10-in. thick, this being also the thickness of the -turret armour. Coal and oil to the amount of -2,700 tons can be carried. The complement of -these battleships numbers rather more than 800 -officers and men. They cost about £1,700,000 -to build and complete.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page61">[61]</span></p> - -<h4>BELLEROPHON CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1909.)</h4> - -<h5>BELLEROPHON.<br /> -SUPERB.<br /> -TEMERAIRE.</h5> - -<p>These ships are some of our earliest Dreadnoughts. -Their displacement is 18,900 tons, length -490 ft. Parsons’ turbines of 23,000 h.p. propel -them at a maximum speed of 21 knots, which they -can maintain for several hours without difficulty. -Ten 12-in. guns form the primary armament, -which is mounted in five twin turrets, so disposed -as to allow eight guns to fire on the broadside. -They carry, further, sixteen 4-in. quick-firing -guns to repel attack by torpedo craft, and -there are three torpedo tubes below water.</p> - -<p>On the waterline and the big-gun positions -there is 11-in. armour. The maximum supply -of coal and oil is 2,700 tons. The complement -is 800 officers and men. These battleships cost -about £1,700,000 to build and complete.</p> - -<h5>DREADNOUGHT.<br /> -(Completed 1906.)</h5> - -<p>This famous battleship was laid down at Portsmouth -in October, 1905, and completed by -December, 1906, and thus established a record -for speedy construction. She was designed by a<span class="pagenum" id="Page62">[62]</span> -committee of experts to meet the requirements of -modern naval tactics, and with various modifications -the main principles she embodied have -since been almost universally adopted. She displaces -17,900 tons, and is 520 ft. long. Parsons’ -turbines of 23,000 h.p. give her a speed of 21 -knots. She was the first battleship ever fitted -with turbine machinery.</p> - -<p>The armament consists of ten 12-in. guns, -mounted in five twin turrets, which are so placed -as to give a broadside fire of eight and an axial -fire of six guns. For keeping off torpedo craft a -battery of twenty-four 12-pounder quick-firers is -provided. There are five submerged torpedo -tubes. Waterline and vitals are protected by -11-in. armour, as also are the gun turrets. The -ship has a great amount of internal protection -against mine or torpedo explosion. She can -carry 2,700 tons of coal. The complement numbers -about 800 officers and men. This battleship -cost upwards of £1,800,000 to build and equip.</p> - -<h4>LORD NELSON CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1908-09.)</h4> - -<h5>LORD NELSON.<br /> -AGAMEMNON.</h5> - -<p>These battleships are sometimes called semi-Dreadnoughts, -because they approximate to the -Dreadnought type in tonnage and armament. -The displacement is 16,500 tons, length 410 ft., -and engines of 16,750 h.p., giving a speed of over -18 knots. Each of these vessels is armed with<span class="pagenum" id="Page63">[63]</span> -four 12-in. and ten 9·2-in. breech-loading guns, -all mounted in armoured turrets. The four 12-in. -and eight of the 9·2-in. guns are in twin turrets, -the other two 9·2-in. being in single turrets. -The disposition of the armament is such that -four 12-in. and five 9·2-in. can fire on each broadside. -An outstanding defect is the smallness of -the double 9·2-in. turrets, which hardly give -elbow room to the crews and do not allow full -advantage to be taken of the extraordinary -rapidity with which the 9·2-in. piece can be -worked when there is plenty of space.</p> - -<p>On the whole, however, these ships are extremely -powerful units. For driving off torpedo -craft there are twenty-four 12-pounder quick-firers -mounted in the superstructure. Five torpedo -tubes are fitted. Armour protection consists -of a 12-in. belt amidships, and there is -similar plating on the 12-in. turrets, the smaller -turrets having 8-in. armour. The fuel capacity -is 2,500 tons. Each battleship carries 750 -officers and men and cost £1,650,000 to build and -complete.</p> - -<h3>BATTLE CRUISERS</h3> - -<h5>TIGER.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h5> - -<p>This is the largest battle cruiser in the British -Navy. She was built at Clydebank, and was -approaching completion at the outbreak of war. -The displacement is 28,000 tons, length 660 ft.,<span class="pagenum" id="Page64">[64]</span> -and Parsons’ turbines of 100,000 h.p. give a speed -of at least 28 knots. Her armament comprises -eight 13·5-in., twelve 6-in., and some smaller -guns, with three torpedo tubes. The big -guns are in double turrets on the centre-line, -and all can be fired on either broadside. The -6-in. guns are mounted in an armoured battery.</p> - -<p>For a battle cruiser this ship is heavily -armoured. She has a belt at least 10 in. thick -amidships, and the turrets are of equal thickness. -She can store as much as 4,000 tons of coal and -oil. The complement is about 1,100 officers -and men. In appearance the “Tiger” is quite -unlike other British battle cruisers. She has -three equal-sized funnels and only one mast. -Her total cost is understood to be not less than -£2,200,000.</p> - -<h4>LION CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1912-13.)</h4> - -<h5>LION.<br /> -QUEEN MARY.<br /> -PRINCESS ROYAL.</h5> - -<p>These battle cruisers displace 27,000 tons, -are 660 ft. in length, and 88<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ft. broad. They -have turbines of about 70,000 h.p., which enable -them to steam at 28 knots, though this speed -has been greatly exceeded in service. The main -armament consists of ten 13·5-in. guns, discharging -a projectile of 1,400 lb. weight, at the -rate of two rounds per minute.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo077a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="258" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Bellerophon.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Symonds & Co.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>BELLEROPHON CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">BELLEROPHON, TEMERAIRE, SUPERB.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 18,000 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 16 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 3.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo077b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="290" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>6 12in.</td> -<td>8 12in.</td> -<td>6 12in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page65">[65]</span></p> - -<p>These weapons are mounted in four double -turrets on the centre-line, and can thus be fired -on either broadside. Sixteen 4-in. quick-firers -are carried for repelling torpedo attack. There -are also two submerged torpedo tubes. The -main armour belt is about 9 in. thick, with 10-in. -plating on the turrets. The full fuel capacity -is 3,000 tons, and the complement numbers -980 officers and men. These ships averaged -£2,085,000 to build and complete.</p> - - -<h4>INDEFATIGABLE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1911-13.)</h4> - -<h5>INDEFATIGABLE.<br /> -NEW ZEALAND.<br /> -AUSTRALIA.</h5> - -<p>These vessels displace about 19,000 tons. -They are 555 ft. in length, 80 ft. broad, and are -designed for a speed of 25 knots, which was much -exceeded during trials. The main armament -consists of eight 12-in. guns, mounted in four -double turrets, two being placed fore and -aft, and two diagonally amidships, thus permitting -all eight guns to be discharged on -either broadside.</p> - -<p>In addition there are sixteen 4-in. quick-firers -mounted in the superstructure, and two -submerged torpedo tubes. A 7-in. armour belt -protects the waterline, the same thickness being -on the turrets. The fuel capacity is 2,500 tons, -including oil. A complement of 790 officers -and men is carried. These ships cost about -£1,500,000 each to build and complete.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page66">[66]</span></p> - -<h4>INVINCIBLE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1908-09.)</h4> - -<h5>INVINCIBLE.<br /> -INDOMITABLE.<br /> -INFLEXIBLE.</h5> - -<p>The Invincible class were the first battle-cruisers -to be built. The type is a cruiser edition -of the Dreadnought, combining great offensive -qualities with high speed. The displacement is -17,250 tons, length 530 ft., and the turbines of -41,000 h.p. are designed for a speed of 25 knots. -In service, however, these vessels have steamed -at more than 28 knots. They are armed with -eight 12-in guns, mounted in four double turrets, -one turret being placed at each end and the -other two en echelon amidships.</p> - -<p>This system enables all eight weapons to be -fired on either broadside through a very limited -arc. Sixteen 4-in. guns are mounted for repelling -torpedo attack. The waterline and vital -parts are protected by 7-in. armour, this being -also the thickness of the turret plates. Coal -to the amount of 2,500 tons can be carried. The -complement is 780 officers and men. These -vessels each cost over £1,700,000 to build and -equip.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page67">[67]</span></p> - -<h3>PRE-DREADNOUGHTS.</h3> - -<h4>KING EDWARD CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1904-06.)</h4> - -<h5>KING EDWARD VII.<br /> -ZEALANDIA.<br /> -BRITANNIA.<br /> -HIBERNIA.<br /> -DOMINION.<br /> -COMMONWEALTH.<br /> -HINDUSTAN.<br /> -AFRICA.</h5> - -<p>The King Edward class is considered to be the -finest homogeneous group of pre-Dreadnought -battleships in the world. The displacement is -16,350 tons, length 425 ft., and engines of 18,000 -h.p. give a speed of over 19 knots. The armament -consists of four 12-in., four 9·2-in., ten 6-in., -twelve 12-pounder, and twelve 3-pounder guns, -with four torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>All eight big guns are mounted in armoured -turrets, the 6-in. weapons being in a box battery. -Broadside fire is from four 12-in., two 9·2-in., -and five 6-in. guns. A 9-in. armour belt protects -vital parts. On the main turrets there is -12-in. plating, and the smaller guns also have -good protection. The maximum coal supply is -2,200 tons. A complement of 820 officers and -men is carried. These ships each cost about -£1,450,000 to build and equip.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page68">[68]</span></p> - -<h4>SWIFTSURE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1904.)</h4> - -<h5>SWIFTSURE.<br /> -TRIUMPH.</h5> - -<p>These battleships were built for the Chilian -Government, but both were purchased by Great -Britain before they were completed. The displacement -is 11,980 tons, length 436 ft., and -engines of 12,500 h.p. give a speed of 20 knots. -For their size the armament of these vessels is -most formidable. It comprises four 10-in., fourteen -7·5-in., and fourteen 14-pounder guns, with -two torpedo tubes. The 10-in. weapons are in -two twin turrets, the 7·5-in. guns being in an -armoured battery.</p> - -<p>The waterline and vital parts are protected by -7-in. of armour, which is increased to 10-in. -on the turrets and there is 6-in. plating over -the secondary battery. The coal supply is -2,000 tons. A complement of 700 officers -and men is carried. The ships each cost -£845,000 to build and complete. In all but very -calm weather they lose much of their fighting -value owing to the nearness of the 7·5-in. battery -to the water, a position which makes it impossible -to work these guns in a seaway. In other -respects, too, the type is considered inferior to -standard British design.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo084a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="309" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Dreadnought.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Sport & General.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classships">DREADNOUGHT.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 17,900 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 12in., 24 12pdrs.; -Torpedo tubes: 5.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo084b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="292" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>6 12in.</td> -<td>8 12in.</td> -<td>6 12in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page69">[69]</span></p> - -<h4>DUNCAN CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1903-04.)</h4> - -<h5>DUNCAN.<br /> -EXMOUTH.<br /> -CORNWALLIS.<br /> -ALBEMARLE.<br /> -RUSSELL.</h5> - -<p>These are vessels of 14,000 tons displacement, -405 ft. in length, with engines of 18,000 h.p., and -a speed of 20 knots. Their armament consists -of four 12-in., twelve 6-in., and ten 12-pounder -guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. The -12-in. guns are in turrets, the 6-in. in casemates. -Broadside fire is from four 12-in. and six 6-in. -guns.</p> - -<p>The class to which these ships belong was designed -with a view to speed, to gain which sacrifices -were necessary. Hence the armour protection -is very light, the thickness of the belt -being only 7-in. on the waterline. The turrets -are of the same moderate thickness. The maximum -fuel capacity is 2,000 tons. A complement -of 750 officers and men is carried. The average -cost was £1,000,000 to build and complete.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page70">[70]</span></p> - -<h4>FORMIDABLE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1901-04.)</h4> - -<h5>FORMIDABLE.<br /> -IMPLACABLE.<br /> -VENERABLE.<br /> -PRINCE OF WALES.<br /> -IRRESISTIBLE.<br /> -LONDON.<br /> -BULWARK.<br /> -QUEEN.</h5> - -<p>This class displaces 15,000 tons, is 400 ft. long, -and has engines of 15,000 h.p., giving a speed -of about 18<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. It is armed with four 12-in., -twelve 6-in., and sixteen 12-pounder guns, with -four submerged torpedo tubes. The waterline -is armoured with 9-in., the turrets with 12-in. -plates, and there is 6-in. armour on the casemates -containing the secondary guns. The full -coal capacity is 2,100 tons. These ships carry -780 officers and men. They cost more than -£1,000,000 to build and equip.</p> - -<h4>CANOPUS CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1900-02.)</h4> - -<h5>CANOPUS.<br /> -GOLIATH.<br /> -VENGEANCE.<br /> -OCEAN.<br /> -GLORY.<br /> -ALBION.</h5> - -<p>These ships belong to a class of old pre-Dreadnoughts -which are rapidly losing their fighting -value. They displace 12,950 tons, are 390 ft. long,<span class="pagenum" id="Page71">[71]</span> -and have engines of 13,500 h.p., which give a -speed of nearly 19 knots. The armament comprises -four 12-in., twelve 6-in., and ten 12-pounder -guns, all of obsolescent pattern. There are four -torpedo tubes. A belt only 6-in. thick protects -the waterline, but there is 12-in. armour on the -gun turrets. Coal to the amount of 1,750 tons -can be carried. The complement numbers 750 -officers and men. These ships cost about £850,000 -each. They were designed with very light -draught to enable them to navigate the Suez -Canal. They are still comparatively fast steamers.</p> - -<h4>MAJESTIC CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1895-98.)</h4> - -<h5>MAGNIFICENT.<br /> -MAJESTIC.<br /> -VICTORIOUS.<br /> -PRINCE GEORGE.<br /> -ILLUSTRIOUS.<br /> -JUPITER.<br /> -CÆSAR.<br /> -MARS.<br /> -HANNIBAL.</h5> - -<p>The Majestic class is the oldest group of -battleships in the Navy. The displacement is -14,900 tons, length 390 ft. and engines of 12,000 -h.p. give them a maximum speed of 17<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. -They are armed with four 12-in., twelve 6-in., -and sixteen 12-pounder guns of old type, with -five torpedo tubes. The armour belt is 9-in. -amidships, and there is 14-in. armour on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page72">[72]</span> -big gun turrets. Coal to the amount of 1,900 -tons can be stowed. A complement of 750 -officers and men is carried. The ships cost -slightly more than £900,000 each to build and -complete.</p> - -<h3>ARMOURED CRUISERS</h3> - -<h4>MINOTAUR CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1908.)</h4> - -<h5>MINOTAUR.<br /> -DEFENCE.<br /> -SHANNON.</h5> - -<p>These vessels are armoured cruisers of 14,600 -tons, 490 ft. in length, and have engines of 27,000 -h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. They carry -a very powerful armament, consisting of four -9·2-in., ten 7·5-in., and sixteen 12-pounder -guns. The 9·2-in. and 7·5-in. guns are in -armoured turrets, the four first named being -mounted in pairs, the 7·5 in. singly.</p> - -<p>Protection is afforded by a 6-in. belt amidships, -with 8-in. armour on the 9·2-in. turrets, and 6-in. -armour on the smaller turrets. The maximum -coal supply is 2,250 tons. A complement of -about 800 officers and men is borne. These -ships cost more than £1,400,000 each to build -and complete.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page73">[73]</span></p> - -<h4>WARRIOR CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1906-07.)</h4> - -<h5>WARRIOR.<br /> -ACHILLES.<br /> -NATAL.<br /> -COCHRANE.</h5> - -<p>These are armoured cruisers of 13,550 tons. -They are 480 ft. in length, and have engines of -23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. The -armament consists of six 9·2-in. and four 7·5-in. -guns, all mounted in single turrets, and so disposed -that six heavy guns bear on each broadside. -There are, besides, twenty-four 3-pounder -quick-firers for use against torpedo-craft, and -three submerged torpedo tubes. The armour -belt and turrets are 6 in. thick. The maximum -coal capacity is 2,000 tons, and a complement -of over 700 officers and men is carried. Each -vessel cost about £1,200,000 to build and complete.</p> - -<h4>BLACK PRINCE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1906.)</h4> - -<h5>BLACK PRINCE.<br /> -DUKE OF EDINBURGH.</h5> - -<p>These armoured cruisers have a displacement -of 13,550 tons, are 480 ft. long, and have engines -of 23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23·3 knots. -They are armed with six 9·2-in., ten 6-in., and -twenty 3-pounder guns, with three torpedo<span class="pagenum" id="Page74">[74]</span> -tubes. The big guns are mounted in single -turrets, the 6-in. weapons being in an armoured -battery.</p> - -<p>Owing to the low freeboard of these ships, -their 6-in. guns are too near the water to be -worked in rough weather. They are protected -on the waterline by a 6-in. armour belt, with -similar plating on the gun turrets and battery. -The full coal capacity is 2,000 tons. These -cruisers carry 700 officers and men. They cost -nearly £1,200,000 to build and complete.</p> - -<h4>DEVONSHIRE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1905-06.)</h4> - -<h5>ANTRIM.<br /> -CARNARVON.<br /> -HAMPSHIRE.<br /> -DEVONSHIRE.<br /> -ROXBURGH.<br /> -ARGYLL.</h5> - -<p>Armoured cruisers displacing 10,850 tons, 450 ft. -in length, with engines of 20,500 h.p., giving -a speed of 22·3 knots. The armament is weak -for vessels of this size, and consists only of four -7·5-in. and six 6-in. guns, with twenty small -quick-firers and two torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>The 7·5-in. guns are mounted in turrets, the -6-in. weapons in casemates. There is a 6-in. -belt amidships, and 6-in. plating on the turrets -and casemates. The maximum coal capacity -is 1,800 tons. A complement of 655 officers -and men is carried. The average cost, complete, -of these ships was nearly £900,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page75">[75]</span></p> - -<h4>“COUNTY” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1903-04.)</h4> - -<h5>KENT.<br /> -ESSEX.<br /> -MONMOUTH.<br /> -BERWICK.<br /> -SUFFOLK.<br /> -DONEGAL.<br /> -LANCASTER.<br /> -CORNWALL.<br /> -CUMBERLAND.</h5> - -<p>The displacement of this class is 9,800 tons. -They are 440 ft. in length, and have engines -of 22,000 h.p., which drive them at a speed -of 23 knots. The armament consists of fourteen -6-in., eight 12-pounder, and three smaller quick-firing -guns. Four of the 6-in. weapons are -mounted in twin turrets placed at the bow -and stern, the remainder being in casemates. -There are two torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>Protection is very light throughout, there being -only a 4-in. belt amidships, with 5-in. armour on -the turrets. The full coal supply is 1,600 tons. -A complement of 540 officers and men is carried. -Each ship cost complete about £750,000.</p> - -<h4>DRAKE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1902-03.)</h4> - -<h5>DRAKE.<br /> -LEVIATHAN.<br /> -GOOD HOPE.<br /> -KING ALFRED.</h5> - -<p>These vessels are among the best of the older -armoured cruisers. Each displaces 14,100 tons,<span class="pagenum" id="Page76">[76]</span> -is 500 ft. long, and has engines of 30,000 h.p., -giving a speed of 23 knots. On trial and in -service this speed has been much exceeded, -and the ships can still steam at 24 knots. They -are armed with two 9·2-in. breech-loaders, sixteen -6-in., and twelve 12-pounder quick-firing -guns.</p> - -<p>The big weapons are in single turrets, one -placed at each end of the ship, the 6-in. guns -being mounted in casemates. Two torpedo tubes -are fitted. The armour protection on the turrets, -casemates, and belt has a uniform thickness -of 6-in. Coal to the amount of 2,500 tons is -stored in the bunkers. The complement consists -of 900 officers and men. These cruisers averaged -about one million sterling complete.</p> - -<h4>CRESSY CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1901-04.)</h4> - -<h5>CRESSY.<br /> -SUTLEJ.<br /> -ABOUKIR.<br /> -HOGUE.<br /> -BACCHANTE.<br /> -EURYALUS.</h5> - -<p>The Cressy group are the oldest class of armoured -cruisers on the active list. They displace -12,000 tons, are 440 ft. in length, and have -engines of 21,000 h.p., producing a speed of 21 -knots, which was exceeded on trial by one knot. -The armament comprises two 9·2-in. breech-loaders, -twelve 6-in., and twelve 12-pounder -quick-firing guns, with two torpedo tubes.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo093a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="347" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Agamemnon.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Cribb, Southsea.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>AGAMEMNON CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">AGAMEMNON AND LORD NELSON.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 16,500 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 18<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots; Guns: 4 12in., 10 9·2in.; -Torpedo tubes: 5.]</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo093b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="313" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>2 12in.</td> -<td>4 12in.</td> -<td>2 12in.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>4 9·2in.</td> -<td>5 9·2in.</td> -<td>4 9·2in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page77">[77]</span></p> - -<p>The big guns are mounted in single turrets -fore and aft, the 6-in. weapons in casemates. -There is a 6-in. belt amidships, armour of the -same thickness on the turrets, and 5-in. plating -on the casemates. The coal bunkers can store -1,600 tons. A complement of 750 officers and -men is carried. The cost of this class when -complete averaged £750,000.</p> - -<h4>ARETHUSA CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h4> - -<h5>ARETHUSA.<br /> -AURORA.<br /> -GALATEA.<br /> -INCONSTANT.<br /> -PENELOPE.<br /> -PHAETON.<br /> -ROYALIST.<br /> -UNDAUNTED.</h5> - -<p>These are the light armoured cruisers which -Mr. Churchill has described as “destroyers of -destroyers.” They displace 3,600 tons, are 410 -ft. long, and have turbines of 37,000 h.p., giving -a speed of 30 knots. The armament consists of -two 6-in., six 4-in., and four machine guns, with -four torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>There is a belt of 3-in. armour amidships, -with 3<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in. plating above this. The boilers are -fired entirely by oil fuel, of which about 750 tons -are carried. The complement numbers about -270 officers and men. The cost of this class has -not yet been made public.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page78">[78]</span></p> - -<h3>PROTECTED CRUISERS<br /> -<span class="fsize90">(With protective decks instead of armoured -belts.)</span></h3> - -<h4>EDGAR CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1893-94.)</h4> - -<h5>EDGAR.<br /> -HAWKE.<br /> -THESEUS.<br /> -ENDYMION.<br /> -GRAFTON.<br /> -GIBRALTAR.</h5> - -<p>These vessels are the oldest cruisers we possess, -displacing 7,350 tons, and having a speed of -19<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. They are armed with two 9·2-in., -ten 6-in., and seventeen smaller guns, with two -torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 1,250 tons. Complement, -544 officers and men. Cost over -£400,000.</p> - -<h4>ROYAL ARTHUR CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1893-94.)</h4> - -<h5>ROYAL ARTHUR.<br /> -CRESCENT.</h5> - -<p>This class displaces 7,700 tons, and has a speed -of 19<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. The armament is one 9·2-in., -twelve 6-in., and seventeen smaller guns, with -two torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck over -engines and boilers. Coal capacity, 1,250 tons. -Complement, 560 officers and men. Cost, about -£400,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page79">[79]</span></p> - -<h5>TERRIBLE.<br /> -(Completed 1898.)</h5> - -<p>This is the largest protected cruiser in the -British Navy. She displaces 14,200 tons, and -can steam at 22 knots. Her armament consists -of two 9·2-in., sixteen 6-in., and many smaller -guns, with four torpedo tubes. Over engines -and boilers there is a steel deck 6-in. thick. -Coal capacity, 3,000 tons. Complement, 840 -officers and men. Cost complete, £708,000.</p> - -<h4>DIADEM CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1899-1902.)</h4> - -<h5>DIADEM.<br /> -NIOBE.<br /> -AMPHITRITE.<br /> -ARIADNE.<br /> -EUROPA.<br /> -ANDROMEDA.<br /> -ARGONAUT.<br /> -SPARTIATE.</h5> - -<p>Protected cruisers of 11,000 tons and 20<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots -speed, armed with sixteen 6-in. and twelve -12-pounder quick-firing guns, with two torpedo -tubes. Engines and boilers are protected by a -4-in. steel deck. Coal capacity, 2,000 tons. -Complement, 677 officers and men. Cost, about -£550,000. The Niobe is now a unit of the -Canadian Navy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page80">[80]</span></p> - -<h4>MELBOURNE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1913.)</h4> - -<h5>MELBOURNE.<br />SYDNEY.</h5> - -<p>These are protected cruisers belonging to the -Australian Navy. They displace 5,600 tons, -are 430 ft. long, and have a speed of 25<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. -The armament consists of eight 6-in. and some -small quick-firers, with two submerged torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p>The coal capacity is 1,000 tons. A complement -of 400 officers and men is carried. They -each cost complete about £350,000.</p> - -<h4>NOTTINGHAM CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h4> - -<h5>NOTTINGHAM.<br /> -BIRMINGHAM.<br /> -LOWESTOFT.</h5> - -<p>Three of our latest light cruisers. They are -of 5,440 tons, with turbines of 22,000 h.p., giving -a speed of 25<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. The armament is nine -6-in. and four small quick-firers, with two submerged -torpedo tubes. There is a thin armour -belt on the waterline. Coal capacity, 1,000 -tons. The complement is 400 officers and men.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo100a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="258" /> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>LION CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">LION, PRINCESS ROYAL.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 26,350 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8 13·5in., 16 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 3.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo100b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="260" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>2 13·5in.</td> -<td>8 13·5in.</td> -<td>4 13·5in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page81">[81]</span></p> - -<h4>CHATHAM CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1912-13.)</h4> - -<h5>SOUTHAMPTON.<br /> -CHATHAM.<br /> -DUBLIN.</h5> - -<p>These vessels are light cruisers of 5,400 tons, -with turbines of 22,000 h.p., and a speed of 25<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -knots. They carry an armament of eight 6-in. -and four small quick-firers, with two torpedo -tubes submerged. Coal capacity, 1,000 tons. -Complement, 400 officers and men. Cost complete, -about £350,000.</p> - -<h4>FALMOUTH CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1911-12.)</h4> - -<h5>FALMOUTH.<br /> -WEYMOUTH.<br /> -DARTMOUTH.<br /> -YARMOUTH.</h5> - -<p>Light cruisers displacing 5,250 tons, driven -by turbines of 22,000 h.p. at a speed of 24<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> -knots. They are armed with eight 6-in. and -four small quick-firers, and two submerged -torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,000 tons. -Complement, 390 officers and men. Cost complete, -about £335,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page82">[82]</span></p> - -<h4>BRISTOL CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1910.)</h4> - -<h5>GLASGOW.<br /> -LIVERPOOL.<br /> -BRISTOL.<br /> -GLOUCESTER.<br /> -NEWCASTLE.</h5> - -<p>These vessels are light cruisers of 4,800 tons, -propelled by turbines of 22,000 h.p., at a speed -of 25 knots. The armament is two 6-in., ten -4-in., and some small quick-firers, with two submerged -torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 850 tons. -Complement, 375 officers and men. Cost complete, -over £350,000.</p> - -<h4>ACTIVE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1911-12.)</h4> - -<h5>ACTIVE.<br /> -FEARLESS.</h5> - -<p>These vessels belong to the Scout category, -and displace 3,440 tons. Their turbines of -18,000 h.p. give a speed of 25 knots, but this is -often exceeded. They are armed with ten 4-in. -and four smaller quick-firers, and have two deck -torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 600 tons. Complement, -320 officers and men. They averaged -complete about £270,000. The ill-fated Amphion -was a sister-ship.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page83">[83]</span></p> - -<h4>BLANCHE CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1910-11.)</h4> - -<h5>BLANCHE.<br /> -BLONDE.</h5> - -<p>Light cruisers of the Scout type. They displace -3,350 tons, and have turbines of 18,000 -h.p., giving a speed of 25 knots. The armament -is ten 4-in. and four 3-pounder quick-firers, with -two torpedo tubes mounted on deck. Coal -capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 285 officers -and men. Cost complete, about £275,000.</p> - -<h4>BOADICEA CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1909-10.)</h4> - -<h5>BELLONA.<br /> -BOADICEA.</h5> - -<p>Light cruisers of the Scout type, displacing -3,300 tons, and having a speed of 25 knots, -which is frequently exceeded by two knots. -Armament: Six 4-in., four 3-pounder quick-firing -guns, two deck torpedo tubes. Coal -capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 263 officers -and men. Cost complete, £330,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page84">[84]</span></p> - -<h4>SENTINEL CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1905-06.)</h4> - -<h5>ADVENTURE.<br /> -ATTENTIVE.<br /> -FORESIGHT.<br /> -FORWARD.<br /> -PATHFINDER.<br /> -PATROL.<br /> -SENTINEL.<br /> -SKIRMISHER.</h5> - -<p>These vessels were the first fleet scouts. They -are of about 3,000 tons displacement, and have -engines of 16,500 h.p., which give them a speed of -25 knots. As originally armed, they carried a -battery of 12-pounders, but these were replaced -recently by nine 4-in. quick-firers, a change which -much increased the fighting value. The coal supply -is 400 tons, and they have a complement of 268 -officers and men. The average cost, complete, -was over £270,000.</p> - -<h4>“GEM” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1905.)</h4> - -<h5>AMETHYST.<br /> -TOPAZE.<br /> -DIAMOND.<br /> -SAPPHIRE.</h5> - -<p>Light cruisers of 3,000 tons, with a speed of -22 knots. Armed with twelve 4-in. and some -smaller quick-firing guns, with two torpedo tubes -on deck. The coal supply is 500 tons, the complement -296 officers and men, and the average cost, -complete, was about £235,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page85">[85]</span></p> - -<h4>CHALLENGER CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1904-06.)</h4> - -<h5>CHALLENGER.<br /> -ENCOUNTER (Australian Navy).</h5> - -<p>These vessels are protected cruisers of 5,880 -tons, capable of steaming 21 knots. The armament -consists of eleven 6-in. and some smaller -quick-firing guns. Over the engines and boilers -there is a 3-in. steel protective deck. The coal -capacity is 1,225 tons, the complement 454 officers -and men, and they averaged, complete, £360,000.</p> - -<h4>HIGHFLYER CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1900-01.)</h4> - -<h5>HERMES.<br /> -HYACINTH.<br /> -HIGHFLYER.</h5> - -<p>These protected cruisers displace 5,600 tons. -They have a speed of 20 knots, and are armed with -eleven 6-in., several smaller quick-firing guns, -and two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is -1,100 tons. They carry a complement of 456 -officers and men, and each ship cost, complete, -over £280,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page86">[86]</span></p> - -<h4>PELORUS CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1897-1901.)</h4> - -<h5>PROSERPINE.<br /> -PELORUS.<br /> -PEGASUS.<br /> -PYRAMUS.<br /> -PANDORA.<br /> -PERSEUS.<br /> -PROMETHEUS.<br /> -PSYCHE.<br /> -PIONEER.</h5> - -<p>The displacement of this class is about 2,200 -tons, speed 20 knots, and the armament consists -of eight 4-in. and some smaller quick-firing guns, -with two torpedo tubes mounted on deck. The -coal capacity is 520 tons. They have a complement -of 234 officers and men, and each vessel cost -complete, about £150,000.</p> - -<h4>ARROGANT CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1898-99.)</h4> - -<h5>FURIOUS.<br /> -VINDICTIVE.</h5> - -<p>Protected cruisers of 5,750 tons and 19 knots -speed, armed with ten 6-in. and some smaller -quick-firing guns, and two torpedo tubes. Coal -capacity is 1,175 tons. The complement consists -of 429 officers and men. Each cost complete, -over £280,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page87">[87]</span></p> - -<h4>TALBOT CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1897-98.)</h4> - -<h5>ECLIPSE.<br /> -MINERVA.<br /> -TALBOT.<br /> -DIANA.<br /> -DORIS.<br /> -JUNO.<br /> -VENUS.<br /> -ISIS.<br /> -DIDO.</h5> - -<p>These vessels are protected cruisers of 5,600 -tons, with a speed of 19<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. They are armed -with eleven 6-in. and some smaller guns, and have -two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,050 -tons, and the complement 416 officers and men. -Each cost complete about £275,000.</p> - -<h4>ASTRÆA CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1894-95.)</h4> - -<h5>ASTRÆA.<br /> -CAMBRIAN.<br /> -CHARYBDIS.<br /> -FLORA.<br /> -FOX.<br /> -HERMIONE.</h5> - -<p>The displacement of these cruisers is 4,360 tons. -They have a speed of 19<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, and are armed -with two 6-in., eight 4·7-in., and some smaller -guns. The coal capacity is 1,000 tons. A complement -of 312 officers and men is carried. They -averaged complete about £225,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page88">[88]</span></p> - -<h4>SAPPHO CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1893.)</h4> - -<h5>SAPPHO.</h5> - -<p>A light cruiser of 1,400 tons displacement, with -a speed of 19<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. She is armed with two -6-in., eight 4·7-in., and some smaller guns, and -has four torpedo tubes. The coal supply is 1,000 -tons. Her complement is 273 officers and men. -She cost complete £176,000.</p> - -<h4>ÆOLUS CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1892-93.)</h4> - -<h5>ÆOLUS.<br /> -RAINBOW (Canadian Navy).<br /> -SIRIUS.<br /> -MELPOMENE.<br /> -BRILLIANT.</h5> - -<p>These light cruisers displace 3,600 tons, and -have a speed of 20 knots. They are armed with -two 6-in., six 4·7-in., and some smaller guns, -besides four torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is -535 tons. The complement is 273 officers and -men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page89">[89]</span></p> - -<h4>PEARL CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1892.)</h4> - -<h5>PHILOMEL.</h5> - -<p>A light cruiser of 2,575 tons, with a speed of -19 knots. Armament: Eight 4·7-in., and thirteen -smaller guns. Two torpedo tubes. Coal capacity -440 tons. The complement is 217 officers and -men, and the ship cost complete about £164,000. -She is the only vessel of the Pearl Class remaining -on the active list.</p> - -<h4>MEDEA CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1889.)</h4> - -<h5>MEDEA.</h5> - -<p>This is the oldest light cruiser on the active -list. She displaces 2,800 tons, has a speed of -19 knots, and is armed with six 4·7-in., and fourteen -smaller guns, besides four torpedo tubes. -The coal capacity is 400 tons. The complement -is about 200 officers and men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page90">[90]</span></p> - -<h3>DESTROYERS.</h3> - -<h4>“L” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h4> - -<h5>LLEWELLYN.<br /> -LENNOX.<br /> -LOYAL.<br /> -LEGION.<br /> -LAFOREY.<br /> -LAWFORD.<br /> -LOUIS.<br /> -LYDIARD.<br /> -LEONIDAS.<br /> -LUCIFER.<br /> -LAERTES.<br /> -LYSANDER.<br /> -LANCE.<br /> -LOOKOUT.<br /> -LAUREL.<br /> -LIBERTY.<br /> -LARK.<br /> -LANDRAIL.<br /> -LAVEROCK.<br /> -LINNET.</h5> - -<p>These are among the very latest destroyers. -They were launched in 1913, and have a displacement -of 965 tons. The designed speed is 29 knots, -which was exceeded on trial. They consume oil -fuel only. The armament consists of three 4-in. -guns and four torpedo tubes, and they carry 100 -officers and men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page91">[91]</span></p> - -<h4>“K” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1913.)</h4> - -<h5>ACASTA.<br /> -ACHATES.<br /> -AMBUSCADE.<br /> -ARDENT.<br /> -FORTUNE.<br /> -CHRISTOPHER.<br /> -COCKATRICE.<br /> -CONTEST.<br /> -GARLAND.<br /> -PARAGON.<br /> -PORPOISE.<br /> -UNITY.<br /> -VICTOR.<br /> -LYNX.<br /> -MIDGE.<br /> -OWL.<br /> -SHARK.<br /> -SPARROWHAWK.<br /> -SPITFIRE.<br /> -HARDY.</h5> - -<p>These destroyers were built under the 1911 programme. -The displacement is 935 tons, and -they can steam at more than 30 knots. The -armament is three 4-in. guns and two torpedo -tubes. Oil fuel only is consumed. The complement -is 100 officers and men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page92">[92]</span></p> - -<h4>“I” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1911-12.)</h4> - -<h5>LURCHER.<br /> -FIREDRAKE.<br /> -OAK.<br /> -BADGER.<br /> -BEAVER.<br /> -ACHERON.<br /> -ARIEL.<br /> -ARCHER.<br /> -ATTACK.<br /> -GOSHAWK.<br /> -HIND.<br /> -FORESTER.<br /> -HORNET.<br /> -HYDRA.<br /> -DEFENDER.<br /> -DRUID.<br /> -JACKAL.<br /> -TIGRESS.<br /> -LAPWING.<br /> -LIZARD.<br /> -SANDFLY.<br /> -PHŒNIX.<br /> -FERRET.</h5> - -<p>Ocean-going destroyers of about 700 tons, with -a speed of more than 30 knots. The armament -consists of two 4-in. and two 12-pounder guns, -with two torpedo tubes. Oil only is consumed. -The complement is seventy-two officers and men. -These boats were built under the 1910 programme.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page93">[93]</span></p> - -<h4>“H” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1910-11.)</h4> - -<h5>ACORN.<br /> -ALARM.<br /> -BRISK.<br /> -CAMELEON.<br /> -COMET.<br /> -FURY.<br /> -GOLDFINCH.<br /> -HOPE.<br /> -LARNE.<br /> -LYRA.<br /> -MARTIN.<br /> -MINSTREL.<br /> -NEMESIS.<br /> -NEREIDE.<br /> -NYMPHE.<br /> -REDPOLE.<br /> -RIFLEMAN.<br /> -RUBY.<br /> -SHELDRAKE.<br /> -STAUNCH.</h5> - -<p>These destroyers were built under the 1909 -programme. Their displacement is 760 tons, -the designed speed 27 knots. The armament is -two 4-in. and two 12-pounder guns, with two -torpedo tubes. Oil only is consumed. The -complement is 76 officers and men.</p> - -<h4>“G” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1910.)</h4> - -<h5>BASILISK.<br /> -BEAGLE.<br /> -BULLDOG.<br /> -FOXHOUND.<br /> -GRASSHOPPER.<br /> -HARPY.<br /> -MOSQUITO.<br /> -GRAMPUS.<br /> -PINCHER.<br /> -RACOON.<br /> -RATTLESNAKE.<br /> -RENARD.<br /> -SAVAGE.<br /> -SCORPION.<br /> -SCOURGE.<br /> -WOLVERINE.</h5> - -<p>These destroyers, which were built under the -1908 programme, have a displacement of 976<span class="pagenum" id="Page94">[94]</span> -tons and a speed of 27 knots. They are armed -with one 4-in. and three 12-pounder guns, and -two torpedo tubes. The complement is 96 -officers and men.</p> - -<h4>“F” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1908-9.)</h4> - -<h5>AFRIDI.<br /> -COSSACK.<br /> -GHURKA.<br /> -MOHAWK.<br /> -TARTAR.</h5> - -<p>These are ocean-going destroyers, displacing -about 880 tons, with a speed of more than 33 -knots. They are armed with five 12-pounder -guns and two torpedo tubes. Oil only is consumed -in the furnaces. Complement, 60 officers -and men.</p> - -<h4>“F” CLASS.<br /> -(Continued.)</h4> - -<h5>SARACEN.<br /> -AMAZON.<br /> -NUBIAN.</h5> - -<p>These destroyers are of 975 tons displacement, -and have a speed of more than 33 knots. The -armament is two 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. -Oil only is consumed. The complement is 67 -officers and men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page95">[95]</span></p> - -<h4>“F” CLASS.<br /> -(Continued.)</h4> - -<h5>CRUSADER.<br /> -MAORI.<br /> -ZULU.</h5> - -<p>Ocean-going destroyers of more than 1,000 -tons displacement, with a speed of nearly 34 -knots. They burn oil fuel only. Armed with -two 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Complement, -71 officers and men.</p> - -<h4>“F” CLASS.<br /> -(Continued.)</h4> - -<h5>VIKING.</h5> - -<p>An ocean-going destroyer of 1,090 tons and -a speed of 34 knots. She is armed with two -4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Oil only is -burned. The complement is 71 officers and -men.</p> - -<h5>SWIFT.<br /> -(Completed 1908.)</h5> - -<p>This is the largest destroyer in the British -Navy, and also the fastest. She displaces 2,170 -tons, and is designed for a speed of 36 knots, -but is said to have done as much as 39 knots in -service. The armament is four 4-in. guns and -two torpedo tubes. She is officially classed as -a flotilla leader.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page96">[96]</span></p> - -<h4>“E” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1902-5.)</h4> - -<h5>ARUN.<br /> -BOYNE.<br /> -CHELMER.<br /> -CHERWELL.<br /> -COLNE.<br /> -DEE.<br /> -DERWENT.<br /> -DOON.<br /> -EDEN.<br /> -ERNE.<br /> -ETTRICK.<br /> -EXE.<br /> -FOYLE.<br /> -GARRY.<br /> -ITCHEN.<br /> -JED.<br /> -KALE.<br /> -KENNET.<br /> -LIFFEY.<br /> -MOY.<br /> -NESS.<br /> -NITH.<br /> -OUSE.<br /> -RIBBLE.<br /> -ROTHER.<br /> -STOUR.<br /> -SWALE.<br /> -TEST.<br /> -TEVIOT.<br /> -URE.<br /> -USK.<br /> -WAVENEY.<br /> -WEAR.<br /> -WELLAND.</h5> - -<p>These destroyers comprise the “River” class. -They displace about 550 tons, have a speed of -25<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, and are armed with four 12-pounder -guns and two torpedo tubes. The complement -is 72 officers and men.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo117a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="378" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Indefatigable.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Cribb, Southsea.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>INDEFATIGABLE CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">INDEFATIGABLE, AUSTRALIA, -NEW ZEALAND.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 18,750 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8 12in., 16 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 3.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo117b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="269" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>6 12in.</td> -<td>8 12in.</td> -<td>6 12in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page97">[97]</span></p> - -<h4>“D” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1897-1900.)</h4> - -<h5>ANGLER.<br /> -COQUETTE.<br /> -CYGNET.<br /> -CYNTHIA.<br /> -DESPERATE.<br /> -FAME.<br /> -MALLARD.<br /> -STAG.</h5> - -<p>These boats represent the older type of destroyers. -They displace more than 300 tons, -have a speed of 30 knots, and are armed with -one 12-pounder, five smaller guns, and two -torpedo tubes. The complement is 60 officers -and men.</p> - -<h4>“C” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1897-98.)</h4> - -<h5>ALBATROSS.<br /> -AVON.<br /> -BAT.<br /> -BITTERN.<br /> -BRAZEN.<br /> -BULLFINCH.<br /> -CHEERFUL.<br /> -CRANE.<br /> -DOVE.<br /> -ELECTRA.<br /> -FAIRY.<br /> -FALCON.<br /> -FAWN.<br /> -FLIRT.<br /> -FLYING FISH.<br /> -GIPSY.<br /> -GREYHOUND.<br /> -KESTREL.<br /> -LEOPARD.<br /> -LEVEN.<br /> -MERMAID.<br /> -OSPREY.<br /> -OSTRICH.<br /> -RACEHORSE.<br /> -RECRUIT.<br /> -ROEBUCK.<br /> -STAR.<br /> -SYLVIA.<br /> -THORN.<br /> -VELOX.<br /> -VIGILANT.<br /> -VIOLET.<br /> -VIXEN.<br /> -VULTURE.</h5> - -<p>A comparatively old group of destroyers of -30 knots speed. Armed with one 12-pounder,<span class="pagenum" id="Page98">[98]</span> -five smaller guns, and two torpedo tubes. The -complement is about 60 officers and men.</p> - -<h4>“B” CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1895-1900.)</h4> - -<h5>ALBACORE.<br /> -ARAB.<br /> -BONETTA.<br /> -EARNEST.<br /> -EXPRESS.<br /> -GRIFFON.<br /> -KANGAROO.<br /> -LIVELY.<br /> -LOCUST.<br /> -MYRMIDON.<br /> -ORWELL.<br /> -PANTHER.<br /> -PETEREL.<br /> -QUAIL.<br /> -SEAL.<br /> -SPITEFUL.<br /> -SPRIGHTLY.<br /> -SUCCESS.<br /> -SYREN.<br /> -THRASHER.<br /> -WOLF.</h5> - -<p>An early class of destroyer, with a speed of -30 knots. Armament: one 12 pounder, five -6 pounder guns, two torpedo tubes. Complement: -about 60 officers and men.</p> - -<h4>“A” CLASS.<br /> -(1894-5.)</h4> - -<h5>CONFLICT.<br /> -FERVENT.<br /> -LIGHTNING.<br /> -OPOSSUM.<br /> -PORCUPINE.<br /> -RANGER.<br /> -SUNFISH.<br /> -SURLY.<br /> -ZEPHYR.</h5> - -<p>These are our oldest destroyers, having been -launched nearly twenty years ago. The speed -is 27 knots. Armament: one 12-pounder, five -smaller guns, two torpedo tubes. Complement, -50 officers and men.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo122a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="312" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>H.M.S. Indomitable.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Symonds & Co.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>INDOMITABLE CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">INDOMITABLE, INFLEXIBLE, INVINCIBLE.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 17,250 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8 12in., 16 4in.; -Torpedo tubes: 3.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo122b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="288" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>6 12in.</td> -<td>8 12in.</td> -<td>6 12in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page99">[99]</span></p> - -<h3>FLOTILLA LEADERS.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h3> - -<h5>KEMPENFELT.<br /> -NIMROD.</h5> - -<p>These two large destroyers were ordered by the -Chilian Government from Messrs. White & Co., -and purchased by the British Admiralty on the -outbreak of war. The displacement is 1,850 -tons, speed more than 31 knots, and the armament -consists of six 4-in. quick-firers, two Maxims, -and three torpedo tubes. The complement is -about 110 officers and men.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>SUBMARINES.</h3> - -<p>“A” CLASS.—These submarines are the oldest -in commission. The displacement is 204 tons, -and on the surface they can travel at 12 knots, -below water at 9 knots. They are armed with two -torpedo tubes. Complement: 11 officers and -men.</p> - -<p>“B” CLASS.—These boats displace 314 tons, -and have a surface and submerged speed of 13 -and 9 knots respectively. They are armed with -two torpedo tubes. Sixteen officers and men are -carried.</p> - -<p>“C” CLASS.—This class has a displacement -of about 320 tons. Above water their speed is -14 knots, below it is 10 knots. They are fitted -with two torpedo tubes, and have a crew of 16 -officers and men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page100">[100]</span></p> - -<p>“D” CLASS.—These are fairly new boats of -about 550 tons displacement. On the surface -the speed is 16 knots, below water it is 10 knots. -They are armed with three torpedo tubes, and -are also believed to have a quick-firing gun. -The complement is about 20 officers and men.</p> - -<h4>“E” CLASS.</h4> - -<p>The “E” class comprises our latest boats, and -no official details of the class have been -published. The displacement, however, is about -800 tons, and the surface speed 16 knots. There -are four torpedo tubes and two quick-firing -guns, the latter being on disappearing mountings. -About 25 officers and men are carried.</p> - -<h5>A.E. 1 and A.E. 2.<br /> -(Australian boats.)</h5> - -<p>These boats are identical with the “E” -class.</p> - -<h5>NAUTILUS.<br /> -“F” CLASS.<br /> -SWORDFISH.</h5> - -<p>These boats, although not officially described, -are known to be of extremely powerful type. -They displace nearly 1,000 tons, can travel at -18 or 19 knots on the surface and 12 below, and -are armed with six torpedo tubes and two guns. -The complement is about 27 officers and men.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page101">[101]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER III</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">The German Navy</span></span></h2> - -<h3>GERMAN BATTLESHIPS.<br /> -DREADNOUGHTS.</h3> - -<h4>KÖNIG CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1914-15.)</h4> - -<h5>GROSSER KURFÜRST.<br /> -KÖNIG.<br /> -KRONPRINZ.<br /> -MARKGRAF.</h5> - -<p>The “König” class, to which these vessels belong, -are the last battleships to carry the 12-in. gun, -as the battleships laid down since are to be armed -with 15-in. weapons. The “Königs” are considered -by German experts to be very successful ships. -The displacement is 25,500 tons, the length on -the water-line 574 ft., and the engines are intended -to develop 28,000 s.h.p. = 20<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots.</p> - -<p>The normal coal supply is 1,000 tons, but, if -necessary, no fewer than 3,600 tons of fuel, -including oil, can be carried. Ten 12-in. guns, -50 cals. long, represent the main armament. -They are mounted in five twin turrets, all on -the centre line, so arranged that four guns can -fire ahead or astern, and all ten on either broadside. -Fourteen 5·9-in. quick-firing guns are<span class="pagenum" id="Page102">[102]</span> -mounted in an armoured broadside battery, seven -being available on either beam.</p> - -<p>There are also ten 21-pounder quick-firers for -repelling torpedo attack. Five submerged -torpedo tubes, to discharge the 19<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in. torpedo, -are fitted.</p> - -<p>These ships are strongly armoured, having a -belt 13<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> in. thick amidships, with good protection -to guns and main fighting stations. The last -vessel of this class, the “Kronprinz,” is not -expected to be ready before next year.</p> - -<p>The complement numbers 1,130.</p> - -<h4>KAISER CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1912-13.)</h4> - -<h5>KAISER.<br /> -FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE.<br /> -KAISERIN.<br /> -PRINZREGENT LUITPOLD.<br /> -KÖNIG ALBERT.</h5> - -<p>In design the ships of this class are very similar -to our “Neptune” class, but are much larger, the -displacement being 24,300 tons. The designed -speed is 20<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, but some ships of the class did -much better than this on trial, one of them, the -“Kaiser,” steaming at 23<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots for a short -period. These were the first German battleships -to be fitted with turbines.</p> - -<p>The armament consists of ten 12-in. guns, -fourteen 5·9-in., and twelve 21-pounder quick-firers, -with five submerged torpedo tubes. The -big guns are twin-mounted in five turrets, two<span class="pagenum" id="Page103">[103]</span> -of which are placed diagonally amidships, whilst -the other three turrets are on the centre line. -By this means all the big guns can be trained -on either broadside, through a fairly wide arc. -Stern fire is nominally from eight, bow fire from -six guns. The 5·9-in. quick-firers are in an -armoured battery.</p> - -<p>A feature of this class is the very strong -armour belt, which is 13<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> in. over vital parts -amidships. Each ship carries 1,080 officers and -men, but the Friedrich der Grosse, which is the -flagship of the commander-in-chief, has a complement -of more than 1,100.</p> - -<p>Two vessels of this class, “Kaiser” and -“König Albert,” recently completed an ocean -cruise of 20,000 miles, and are said to have proved -excellent sea boats. Their maximum fuel capacity -is 3,600 tons.</p> - -<h4>HELGOLAND CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1911-12.)</h4> - -<h5>HELGOLAND.<br /> -OSTFRIESLAND.<br /> -THÜRINGEN.<br /> -OLDENBURG.</h5> - -<p>The “Helgoland” class, to which these vessels -belong, represents the second group of German -Dreadnoughts. They are undoubtedly powerful -units, but the design has been sharply criticised -in Germany. Displacing 22,440 tons, and -with a designed speed of twenty knots, which -has been slightly exceeded in service, this class -is armed with twelve 12-in., fourteen 5·9-in.,<span class="pagenum" id="Page104">[104]</span> -fourteen 21-pounders, and six submerged torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p>The big guns are in twin turrets, of which four -are placed on the broadside, and two on the -centre-line. This disposition allows only eight -guns to be trained on either beam; in other -words, only 66 per cent. of the heavy armament -is available on the broadside. The designers -have explained this apparent defect by -pointing out that if the ship were attacked on -both sides simultaneously it could reply effectively -on each broadside. Nevertheless, this -system was not approved by German experts, -and was subsequently abandoned in favour of a -turret disposition which permits the free use -of all big guns on each beam, as in the “Kaiser” -and “König” classes.</p> - -<p>The “Helgolands” have 11<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in. armour on -the water-line. They are very steady in rough -weather, and all have done well at gunnery. -The maximum coal supply is 3,000 tons. A -complement of 1,106 officers and men is carried.</p> - -<h4>NASSAU CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1909-10.)</h4> - -<h5>NASSAU.<br /> -WESTFALEN.<br /> -RHEINLAND.<br /> -POSEN.</h5> - -<p>The “Nassau” class, to which these vessels -belong, were the first Dreadnoughts to be built -by Germany. For their size they have an extremely -powerful armament, but too much was<span class="pagenum" id="Page105">[105]</span> -obviously attempted on the displacement, and -they are admittedly failures.</p> - -<p>These ships displace 18,600 tons. They have -exceeded their designed speed of nineteen knots -by more than one knot.</p> - -<p>The armament comprises twelve 11-in., twelve -5·9-in., sixteen 21-pounders, and six submerged -torpedo tubes. Owing to the disposition of the -four broadside turrets only eight of the big -guns can be used on one broadside, so that -the ships, in spite of their more numerous armament, -can train only the same number of heavy -guns on the beam as the British Dreadnought. -So much room is taken up by the gun positions -and their magazines, &c., that space between -decks is very limited, and the officers and men -can scarcely be accommodated.</p> - -<p>Over vital parts of the hull there is 11<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in. -armour, but the turrets have much thinner protection. -It is held by experts that these ships -would be quickly put out of action if subjected -to heavy fire, and it is considered doubtful -whether they would be able to stand for long -the concussion of their own numerous heavy -guns.</p> - -<p>The complement is 966 officers and men. The -full coal capacity is 2,700 tons.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page106">[106]</span></p> - -<h3>BATTLE-CRUISERS.</h3> - -<h5>DERFFLINGER.<br /> -(Completed 1914.)</h5> - -<p>The “Derfflinger” is Germany’s newest battle-cruiser. -Laid down at the end of 1911 at Hamburg, -she was intended to be launched on June -14th last year, but, owing to a mishap to the -slipway, she did not go afloat until a fortnight -later.</p> - -<p>She was performing her trials when war broke -out, but was then no doubt hurriedly completed -and placed in commission. Her displacement -is 26,200 tons, and she has a length on -the waterline of 689-ft., with a maximum breadth -of 95-ft.</p> - -<p>High speed and great fuel endurance are the -outstanding features of this ship, which in proportion -to her size is by no means heavily armed. -The main battery consists of eight 12-in. guns -in four double turrets, all on the centre line. -Twelve 5·9-in. quick-firers represent the secondary -battery, and twelve 21-pounders the anti-torpedo -armament. There are in addition some special -anti-aerocraft guns. Four submerged torpedo -tubes are fitted.</p> - -<p>The maximum thickness of the armour belt is -12-in., but great attention has been paid to the -protection of the guns and other important -positions. The fuel capacity reaches the enormous -figure of 4,300 tons, which includes about<span class="pagenum" id="Page107">[107]</span> -1,000 tons of oil. The turbines are of a new -pattern, designed to work up to 63,000 shaft -horse-power, giving a speed of 26<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots; but -there is every reason to suppose this figure will -be exceeded in service.</p> - -<p>A peculiarity is the straight stem, no ram -being fitted. The appearance of this huge vessel -is strikingly formidable, and she is undoubtedly -a most valuable addition to the German cruiser -squadron, though in armament she is outclassed -by contemporary British battle-cruisers. Complement, -1,125 officers and men.</p> - -<h5>SEYDLITZ.<br /> -(Completed 1913.)</h5> - -<p>The battle-cruiser Seydlitz is in a class by -herself, though her design closely resembles that -of the Moltke and the Goeben, of which she is -a slightly larger edition. Her displacement is -24,600 tons, length 656 ft., and she has Parsons’ -turbines of 63,000 h.p., designed for a speed of -26<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, though she is reported to have attained -over twenty-eight knots on trial.</p> - -<p>She was built at the Blohm and Voss yard, -Hamburg, and was commissioned last year. -Her armament comprises ten 11-in., twelve -5·9-in., and twelve 21-pounder guns, with four -submerged torpedo tubes. The big guns, mounted -in double turrets, are so disposed that all can be -fired on either broadside, whilst eight can be -trained astern and six ahead.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page108">[108]</span></p> - -<p>On the waterline amidships there is a 12-in. -armour belt. The gun positions are also well -protected. The maximum fuel capacity is -3,350 tons, equivalent to a steaming radius of -12,000 miles at moderate speed.</p> - -<p>This ship, however, is a notorious “coal-eater,” -and consumes an enormous amount of -fuel when running at high speed.</p> - -<p>Her complement numbers 1,108 officers and -men.</p> - -<h4>MOLTKE CLASS.</h4> - -<h5>MOLTKE.<br /> -GOEBEN.<br /> -(Completed 1911-12.)</h5> - -<p>These ships displace 22,640 tons, the length -on water line is 610 ft., and the extreme breadth -96<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ft. They are propelled by Parsons’ turbines, -of 52,000 h.p., designed to give a speed of twenty-five -knots, but on trial the maximum speed was -slightly over twenty-eight knots, and since being -in service these two battle-cruisers are said to -have proved themselves to be the fastest armoured -vessels in the German fleet. The fuel capacity is -over 3,000 tons, and at economical speed the -vessels can cover 12,000 miles without replenishing -their bunkers.</p> - -<p>The armament is fairly powerful. It consists -of ten 11-in., twelve 5·9-in., and twelve 21-pounder -guns, with four submerged torpedo -tubes. Two turrets amidships are en echelon,<span class="pagenum" id="Page109">[109]</span> -the remaining three being on the centre line, -so that all ten big guns can be fired on either -broadside. These ships are reported to have -special arrangements for rapidly loading the -heavy guns, but the report is not authenticated.</p> - -<p>For battle-cruisers the protection is remarkably -good, there being 11-in. armour on the waterline. -In every respect these vessels are among -the most powerful units of the German fleet.</p> - -<p>They have a complement of 1,013 officers and -men.</p> - -<h5>VON DER TANN.<br /> -(Completed 1910.)</h5> - -<p>The Von der Tann was the first battle-cruiser -built by Germany. She was launched in 1909 -and commissioned in the following year. The -design of the British Invincible was closely -followed, but certain improvements were introduced.</p> - -<p>On a displacement of 19,100 tons there is -carried an armament of eight 11-in. and ten -5·9-in guns, with sixteen 21-pounders for repelling -torpedo attack. Four submerged torpedo -tubes are fitted. The vessel has a length -of 560 ft. She is equipped with Parsons’ turbines -of 43,600 h.p., designed for a speed of -twenty-five knots. On trial she touched twenty-eight -knots, and has done even better than this -since.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page110">[110]</span></p> - -<p>The four double turrets are so disposed that -all eight guns are available on either broadside -through a very wide arc. The vitals of -the ship are protected by an armour belt 9<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in. -thick. She can carry 2,600 tons of fuel, which -enables her to steam about 11,000 miles at economical -speed.</p> - -<p>Her complement numbers 911 officers and men. -The Von der Tann flies the flag of Rear-Admiral -Tapken, Junior Admiral of the Scouting Squadron.</p> - -<h3>PRE-DREADNOUGHTS.</h3> - -<h4>DEUTSCHLAND CLASS.<br /> -(1906-08.)</h4> - -<h5>DEUTSCHLAND.<br /> -POMMERN.<br /> -SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.<br /> -SCHLESIEN.<br /> -HANNOVER.</h5> - -<p>The main characteristics of the “Deutschland” -class, to which these vessels belong, are as follow: -Displacement, 13,000 tons; speed, 19<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots; -armament, four 11-in., fourteen 6·7-in., twenty -21-pounder guns, and six submerged torpedo -tubes. The armour belt is 9<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> in. at its thickest, -with 11-in. armour on the turrets. The 6·7-in. -guns are in a broadside battery, protected by 6<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in. -plates.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo135.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="600" /> -<p class="center highline15"><b>VICE-ADMIRAL INGENOHL.</b><br /> -Commander-in-Chief, German High Seas Fleet.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page111">[111]</span></p> - -<p>These are popular ships in the German navy, -owing to their handiness, good speed, and sea-keeping -qualities. The armament is not so formidable -as it looks, owing to the slow rate of -fire from the secondary battery. The 6·7-in. -projectile weighs 154 lbs., and is thus too heavy to -be handled by manual power, a fact which takes -this gun out of the quick-firing category.</p> - -<p>In fighting value the ships compare with our -Formidables. The coal supply is limited to -1,750 tons. The complement is 743 officers and -men. The “Deutschland” was for some years -flagship of the High Sea Fleet.</p> - -<h4>BRAUNSCHWEIG CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1904-06.)</h4> - -<h5>BRAUNSCHWEIG.<br /> -ELSASS.<br /> -PREUSSEN.<br /> -HESSEN.<br /> -LOTHRINGEN.</h5> - -<p>The same in every respect as the “Deutschland” -class, except that the armour belt is only -9-in. thick.</p> - -<h4>WITTELSBACH CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1902-03.)</h4> - -<h5>WITTELSBACH.<br /> -WETTIN.<br /> -ZÄHRINGEN.<br /> -SCHWABEN.<br /> -MECKLENBURG.</h5> - -<p>The “Wittelsbach” class, to which these vessels -belong, has the following characteristics: Displacement, -11,643 tons; speed 18 knots; armament, -four 9·4-in., eighteen 5·9-in., twelve<span class="pagenum" id="Page112">[112]</span> -21-pounders, and six submerged torpedo tubes. -Amidships there is a belt of 9-in. armour, with -10-in. plating on the big-gun turrets.</p> - -<p>Although the heavy guns are too weak for -modern tactics, the exceptionally powerful -secondary battery was considered to compensate -for this defect. To older ships of the pre-Dreadnought -period the “Wittelsbach” class might -still prove formidable opponents.</p> - -<p>In service they have been found defective in -sea-keeping qualities, and the high freeboard -and lofty superstructure offer an inviting target -to hostile guns.</p> - -<p>Normally these ships form part of the reserve -fleet. Proposals to reconstruct and modernise -them two years ago were rejected, on the ground -of their insignificant fighting value.</p> - -<p>The coal supply is 1,800 tons. A complement -of 683 officers and men is borne.</p> - -<h4>KAISER FRIEDRICH CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1898-1901.)</h4> - -<h5>KAISER FRIEDRICH III.<br /> -KAISER WILHELM II.<br /> -KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE.<br /> -KAISER KARL DER GROSSE.<br /> -KAISER BARBAROSSA.</h5> - -<p>Particulars of the Kaiser Friedrich class, of -which these ships are representatives, are as -follows: Displacement, 10,600 tons; speed, 17 -knots; armament, four 9·4-in., fourteen 5·9-in., -fourteen 21-pounder guns and five submerged -torpedo tubes. Protection is afforded by a -narrow belt 12-in. thick amidships, which tapers -to 4-in. at the bows. The stern has no side -armour.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo140a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="405" /> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>KAISER CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">KAISER, FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE, KAISERIN,<br /> -PRINZREG-LUITPOLD, KÖNIG ALBERT.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 24,200 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 21 knots; Guns: 10 12·2in., 14 6in., 12 24pdrs.; -Torpedo tubes: 5.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo140b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="214" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>8 12·2in.</td> -<td>10 12·2in.</td> -<td>6 12·2in.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>4 6in.</td> -<td>7 6in.</td> -<td>4 6in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page113">[113]</span></p> - -<p>In their original form each ship carried eighteen -5·9-in. guns, but all, excepting the Kaiser -Karl der Grosse, underwent complete reconstruction -six or seven years ago, when four 5·9-in. guns -and much of the clumsy top-hamper were removed. -This reduction in weight brought the -lower edge of the armour belt dangerously near -the surface, with the result that when the ships -are rolling the belt comes out of the water, and -the lower hull is thus exposed to the smallest -projectile.</p> - -<p>Owing to this grave defect the ships were -withdrawn from active service, and have been -in reserve ever since they were reconstructed.</p> - -<p>Maximum coal capacity is 1,000 tons. The -complement numbers 622 officers and men.</p> - -<h4>BRANDENBURG CLASS.<br /> -(Completed 1893-94.)</h4> - -<h5>BRANDENBURG.<br /> -WÖRTH.</h5> - -<p>These vessels are the two oldest battleships in -the German navy. The class consisted originally -of four ships, but two of them (Kurfürst Friedrich -Wilhelm and Weissenburg) were sold to<span class="pagenum" id="Page114">[114]</span> -Turkey in 1910, and are now included in the -Turkish fleet as the Haireddin Barbarossa and -Torgut Reis. The displacement is 9,870 tons, -the present speed about 16 knots.</p> - -<p>Six 11-in. guns of obsolete type form the main -armament, which is mounted in three double -turrets on the centre line. This disposition -enables all six heavy guns to fire on either beam. -There are also eight 4·1-in. and eight 21-pounder -guns, with two submerged and one above-water -torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>On the water-line amidships is a 16-in. belt of -compound armour, and the big gun positions -are protected by 12-in. plating. About 1,050 -tons of coal can be stored. The complement is -585 officers and men. The fighting value of -this class under modern conditions is practically -nil.</p> - -<h3>COAST DEFENCE SHIPS.<br /> -(Completed 1890-7.)</h3> - -<h5>AEGIR.<br /> -HAGEN.<br /> -HILDEBRAND.<br /> -BEOWULF.<br /> -ODIN.<br /> -HEIMDALL.<br /> -FRITHJOF.<br /> -SIEGFRIED.</h5> - -<p>These vessels comprise the very oldest class -of German armoured ships, and are used only<span class="pagenum" id="Page115">[115]</span> -for the local defence of harbours and coasts. -The displacement is 4,000 tons. The speed -originally was 15 knots, but is now considerably -less.</p> - -<p>The armament consists of three old 9·4-in. -and ten 21-pounder guns, with four torpedo -tubes. A narrow belt of 9-in. armour protects -the waterline, but elsewhere the hull has very -little protection.</p> - -<p>The complement numbers 307 officers and -men.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>GERMAN ARMOURED CRUISERS.</h3> - -<h5>BLÜCHER.<br /> -(Completed 1909.)</h5> - -<p>The “Blücher” is the most modern of Germany’s -armoured cruisers, as distinct from the -battle-cruiser class. She was laid down in 1906, -at Kiel, as a “reply” to the British “Invincibles,” -then building.</p> - -<p>At that date the details of the new British -ships were carefully guarded, with the result -that the Germans, acting on incorrect information, -designed a cruiser which was far behind the -“Invincible” in every respect. The Blücher -displaces 15,550 tons, and is 527-ft. in length.</p> - -<p>She has reciprocating engines of 32,000 h.p., -for a designed speed of 24 knots, which was -increased to 25·8 knots on trial.</p> - -<p>The armament consists of twelve 8·2-in., eight -5·9-in., and sixteen 21-pounder guns, with four -submerged torpedo tubes. The 8·2-in. guns are<span class="pagenum" id="Page116">[116]</span> -twin-mounted in armoured turrets, so arranged -that eight of these weapons bear on the broadside. -The 5·9-in. guns are in an armoured -battery.</p> - -<p>A 7-in. belt protects the waterline and vitals, -and there is plating of equal thickness on the -turrets. The coal supply is 2,200 tons.</p> - -<p>The complement numbers 888 officers and -men. The “Blücher,” which until lately was -used for gunnery training purposes, is the only -German warship to be fitted with a tripod mast -and a fire-control station on the British pattern.</p> - -<h5>SCHARNHORST.<br /> -GNEISENAU.<br /> -(Completed 1907-08.)</h5> - -<p>Both these armoured cruisers were launched -in 1906. They displace 11,400 tons, and are 470-ft. -in length. With engines designed for 28,000 h.p., -the trial speed was 23 knots. The armament is -very powerful for a ship of this class, and consists -of eight 8·2-in., six 5·9-in., and eighteen -21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p>Four of the big guns are mounted in twin -turrets, the remaining four in broadside casemates. -Six of these weapons can be fired on -either broadside. The 5·9-in. guns are in an -armoured battery.</p> - -<p>Six-inch armour protects the waterline and -vital parts, the same thickness being on the -main gun positions. The maximum coal supply -is 2,000 tons.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page117">[117]</span></p> - -<p>A complement of 764 officers and men is -carried.</p> - -<p>The “Scharnhorst” flies the flag of the admiral -in command of the cruiser squadron in -China, and the “Gneisenau” is also a unit of -the China squadron.</p> - -<h5>YORCK.<br /> -ROON.<br /> -(Completed 1905.)</h5> - -<p>The principal details of these ships are: Displacement, -9,350 tons; length, 417-ft.; designed -h.p., 19,000; speed, 21 knots. Armament consists -of four 8·2-in., ten 5·9-in., and fourteen -21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo -tubes. The 8·2-in. guns are mounted in two -double turrets placed forward and aft, the 5·9-in. -being in an armoured battery.</p> - -<p>Protection is very poor. At its thickest the -belt is only 4 ins., but there is 6-in. armour on -the turrets. The general design of these ships is -faulty, and they have not proved successful in -service. The maximum coal capacity is 1,400 -tons.</p> - -<p>A complement of 633 officers and men is -carried.</p> - -<h5>PRINZ ADALBERT.<br /> -FRIEDRICH KARL.<br /> -(Completed 1903.)</h5> - -<p>These are vessels of 8,850 tons displacement, -and 410-ft. in length. They have engines of -17,000 h.p., giving a speed of 21 knots. Their -armament comprises four 8·2-in. guns in twin<span class="pagenum" id="Page118">[118]</span> -turrets, ten 5·9-in., and twelve 21-pounder quick-firers, -with four torpedo tubes. The armour -belt is only 4 ins. thick, but the two turrets are -protected by 6-in. armour.</p> - -<p>Coal capacity is 1,600 tons with bunkers full. -A complement of 591 officers and men is borne.</p> - -<h5>PRINZ HEINRICH.<br /> -(Completed 1902.)</h5> - -<p>This vessel is one of the earliest German -armoured cruisers. She was built specially for -service abroad, and was formerly on the China -station. She displaces 8,760 tons, is 410-ft. in -length, and originally steamed at 20<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, -but is now considerably slower.</p> - -<p>Her armament consists of two 9·4-in., ten -5·9-in., and ten 21-pounder guns, with four -torpedo tubes, three of them submerged. The -big guns are in single turrets placed at each end, -whilst the secondary armament is mounted partly -in small turrets, and partly in battery.</p> - -<p>There is only a 4-in. belt on the waterline, with -6-in. plating on the heavy turrets. The full fuel -supply is 1,450 tons. Her complement numbers -567 officers and men.</p> - -<h5>FÜRST BISMARCK.<br /> -(Completed 1900.)</h5> - -<p>This is the oldest armoured cruiser in service. -She is at present being converted into a torpedo<span class="pagenum" id="Page119">[119]</span> -training ship, and may not have her full armament -on board. The displacement is 10,750 tons, -length 411-ft., speed 19 knots. She carries four -9·4-in., twelve 5·9-in., ten 21-pounders, and six -torpedo tubes. The big guns are in two twin -turrets. An 8-in. belt protects the waterline, and -the main gun positions have plating of equal -thickness. This vessel was completed in 1900, -having taken more than four years to build. Her -present fighting value is small. The complement -is 594 officers and men.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>PROTECTED CRUISERS.</h3> - -<h5>KAISERIN AUGUSTA.<br /> -(Completed 1893.)</h5> - -<p>This is the oldest German protected cruiser in -service. Launched in 1892, she has a displacement -of 5,900 tons, and a speed of 20 knots. -She is armed with twelve 5·9-in. quick-firing -guns, and eight 21-pounders, with three torpedo -tubes. There is a thick steel deck, which extends -from bow to stern. The complement is -439 officers and men.</p> - -<h5>VICTORIA LUISE.<br /> -HERTHA.<br /> -VINETA.<br /> -HANSA.<br /> -FREYA.<br /> -(Completed 1898-99.)</h5> - -<p>These are vessels of 5,600 tons displacement, -and belong to the training squadron for cadets<span class="pagenum" id="Page120">[120]</span> -and boys. They can steam at about 19 knots, -but the small coal capacity of 900 tons limits -their radius of action. The armament consists -of two 8·2-in. guns in single armoured turrets, -six 5·9-in., and fourteen 21-pounder quick-firers -with three torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p>Amidships there is a 4-in. protective deck, -and armour of the same thickness protects the -guns. A complement of 465 officers and men is -carried.</p> - -<h5>GEFION.<br /> -(Completed 1894.)</h5> - -<p>This is a protected cruiser of 3,700 tons, with -a speed of about 19 knots, armed with ten 4·1-in. -and six smaller quick-firers. There are no torpedo -tubes. A complement of 296 officers and -men is carried.</p> - -<h5>HELA.<br /> -(Completed 1896.)</h5> - -<p>The “Hela” is a small cruiser of 2,000 tons, -with a nominal speed of 20 knots. She is armed -with two 21-pounder and four smaller guns, and -has three torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck -over boilers and machinery. The complement is -191 officers and men.</p> - -<h5>GAZELLE.<br /> -NIOBE.<br /> -(Completed 1898-1901.)</h5> - -<p>These vessels were the first fast light cruisers -which Germany has built in such numbers during<span class="pagenum" id="Page121">[121]</span> -recent years. The displacement is 2,600 tons, -and the present speed about 20<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. They are -armed with ten 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two -submerged torpedo tubes. With coal bunkers -full the steaming radius at moderate speed is -4,000 knots. A 2-in. steel deck protects boilers -and engines from shell fire. Complement: 270 -officers and men.</p> - -<h5>NYMPHE.<br /> -THETIS.<br /> -ARIADNE.<br /> -AMAZONE.<br /> -MEDUSA.<br /> -FRAUENLOB.<br /> -UNDINE.<br /> -ARKONA.<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor5" href="#Footnote5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></span><br /> -(Completed 1901-03.)</h5> - -<p>These ships are protected cruisers of 2,620 tons, -with a speed of about 21<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. Armament: -Ten 4·1-in. quick-firers and two torpedo tubes. -There is a 2-in. curved deck over boilers and -machinery spaces. With a full coal supply on -board, these cruisers have a steaming radius at -low speed of slightly more than 4,000 knots. The -complement numbers 275 officers and men.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote5"><a href="#FNanchor5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Fitted as a mine-layer.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<h5>HAMBURG.<br /> -BREMEN.<br /> -BERLIN.<br /> -DANZIG.<br /> -MÜNCHEN.<br /> -LÜBECK.<br /> -LEIPZIG.<br /> -(Completed 1904-06.)</h5> - -<p>These are protected cruisers of 3,200 tons, with -a speed of over 22 knots. They are armed with<span class="pagenum" id="Page122">[122]</span> -ten 4·1-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Starting -with coal bunkers full, they are capable of steaming -5,000 knots at low speed without re-coaling. -A complement of 303 officers and men is carried.</p> - -<h5>KŒNIGSBERG.<br /> -(Completed 1907.)</h5> - -<p>A protected cruiser of 3,350 tons, with a maximum -speed of 24 knots. She was launched in -1905. Armed with ten 4·1-in. quick-firing guns -and two torpedo tubes. The radius of action at -low speed is 5,000 knots. Complement: 322 -officers and men.</p> - -<h5>STUTTGART.<br /> -STETTIN.<br /> -NURNBERG.<br /> -(Completed 1908.)</h5> - -<p>Protected cruisers of 3,350 tons, which are able -to travel at nearly 25 knots. They are armed -with ten 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo -tubes. The steaming radius at economical speed -is 5,500 knots. Complement, 322 officers and -men.</p> - -<h5>DRESDEN.<br /> -EMDEN.<br /> -(Completed 1907-08.)</h5> - -<p>Protected cruisers of 3,540 tons, with a maximum -speed of 24<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. The armament consists -of ten 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo -tubes. The steaming radius at low speed is<span class="pagenum" id="Page123">[123]</span> -about 5,800 knots. Complement, 361 officers and -men.</p> - -<h5>KOLBERG.<br /> -MAINZ.<br /> -AUGSBURG.<br /> -CÖLN.<br /> -(Completed 1909-11.)</h5> - -<p>Protected cruisers of 4,280 tons, turbine driven, -with a trial speed of nearly 27 knots. They are -armed with twelve 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and -two torpedo tubes. Their radius of action with -bunkers full is nearly 6,000 knots. The complements -consists of 379 officers and men.</p> - -<h5>MAGDEBURG.<br /> -BRESLAU.<br /> -STRASSBURG.<br /> -STRALSUND.<br /> -(Completed 1912.)</h5> - -<p>Fast cruisers of 4,478 tons, able to steam at -nearly 28 knots. They are armed with twelve -4·1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. -On the water-line there is 4-in. vertical armour, -so that these vessels are, strictly speaking, -armoured cruisers. They have a large coal supply, -and can cover more than 6,000 knots without -taking in fresh fuel. Complement: 370 officers -and men.</p> - -<h5>ROSTOCK.<br /> -KARLSRUHE.<br /> -GRAUDENZ.<br /> -REGENSBURG.<br /> -(Completed 1913-14.)</h5> - -<p>These are the very latest fast light cruisers. -They have a maximum speed of 28 knots. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page124">[124]</span> -armament is twelve 4·1-in. quick-firing guns and -two torpedo tubes. At the water-line there is an -armour belt 4-in. thick, and much internal protection. -The radius of action at economical -speed is 6,500 knots. A complement of 373 -officers and men is carried.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>GUNBOATS.</h3> - -<h5>CONDOR.<br /> -CORMORAN.<br /> -SEEADLER.<br /> -GEIER.<br /> -(Completed 1892-95.)</h5> - -<p>Gunboats of 1,600 tons, having a speed of -15 knots. They are armed with eight 4·1-in. -quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. Complement: -162 officers and men.</p> - -<h5>ILTIS.<br /> -JAGUAR.<br /> -TIGER.<br /> -LUCHS.<br /> -(Completed 1898-00.)</h5> - -<p>Gunboats of 880 tons, with a speed of about -14 knots, and armed with small quick-firing guns. -The complement numbers 126 officers and men.</p> - -<h5>PANTHER.<br /> -EBER.<br /> -(Completed 1902-3.)</h5> - -<p>Gunboats of 900 tons and 14 knots speed. -They carry two 4·1-in. and some smaller guns. -Complement: 130 officers and men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page125">[125]</span></p> - -<h3>TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS.</h3> - -<h5 class="small">G 37-42. -V 43-48.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1914. Displacement 650 tons, -speed 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. Armament: Five torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and four -machine guns. Complement, 73.</p> - -<h5 class="small">V 29-30. -S 34-36.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1913. Displacement 650 tons, -speed 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. Armament: Five torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and four -machine guns. Complement, 73.</p> - -<h5 class="small">V 25-28. -S 21-33.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1913. Displacement 620 tons, -speed 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. Armament: Five torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and four -machine guns. Complement, 73.</p> - -<h5 class="small">S 13-24. -G 7-12. -V 1-6.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1912. Displacement 550 tons, -speed 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. Armament: Five torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 73.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 192-197. -V 186-191.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1910. Displacement 645 tons, -speed 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. Armament: Four torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 83.</p> - -<h5 class="small">V 180-185. -S 176-179.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1909. Displacement 630 tons, -speed 32 knots. Armament: Four torpedo<span class="pagenum" id="Page126">[126]</span> -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 83.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 174-175.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1910. Displacement 645 tons, -speed 31<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. Armament: Four torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 83.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 169, 170, 172, 173.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1908. Displacement 628 tons, -speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 83.</p> - -<h5 class="small">S 165-168.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1908. Displacement 600 tons, -speed 32 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 83.</p> - -<h5 class="small">V 162-164.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1909. Displacement 600 tons, -Speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, two machine -guns. Complement, 83.</p> - -<h5 class="small">V 150-161.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1907. Displacement 545 tons, -speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, two 21-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 83.</p> - -<h5 class="small">S 138-149.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1906. Displacement 515 tons, -speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, one 21-pounder quick-firer, three 4-pounder<span class="pagenum" id="Page127">[127]</span> -quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, -80.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 137.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1906. Displacement 565 tons, -speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, one 21-pounder quick-firer, three 4-pounder -quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, -80.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 136.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1906. Displacement 480 tons, -speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, four 4-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 68.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 135.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1906. Displacement 480 tons, -speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, one 24-pounder quick-firer, two 4-pounder -quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, -68.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 132-134.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1906. Displacement 480 tons, -speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, four 4-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 68.</p> - -<h5 class="small">S 125-131.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1904. Displacement 480 tons, -speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 60.</p> - -<h5 class="small">S 120-124.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1904. Displacement 460 tons, -speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo<span class="pagenum" id="Page128">[128]</span> -tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 60.</p> - -<h5 class="small">S 114-119.</h5> - -<p>Launched 1903. Displacement 415 tons, -speed 26 knots. Armament: Three torpedo -tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two -machine guns. Complement, 56.</p> - -<h5 class="small">G 108-113. -S 102-107. -S 90-101.</h5> - -<p>Destroyers of 400 tons, launched in 1901. -The maximum speed is 26 knots. Armament: -Three small quick-firers, two machine guns, -three torpedo tubes. The complement is 56 -officers and men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">TAKU.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—This is a destroyer of 280 tons and -30 knots speed. She carries three small guns, -and two torpedo tubes. Complement: 49 -officers and men. She was captured from the -Chinese during the Boxer campaign.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">D 10.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—A destroyer of 350 tons and 28 knots -speed, armed with five small guns, two machine -guns, and two torpedo tubes. Complement, -60 officers and men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">D 9.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—An old destroyer of 375 tons and 24 -knots speed. She carries three small guns, -two Maxims, and three torpedo tubes. Complement, -49 officers and men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">D 3-8.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—Very old destroyers, of more than -300 tons displacement and about 22 knots speed. -They carry some small guns and three torpedo -tubes. Complement, 49 officers and men.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo157a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="321" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>Helgoland.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Topical War Service.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>HELGOLAND CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">HELGOLAND, OSTFRIESLAND, THÜRINGEN, -OLDENBURG.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 21,000 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 21 knots; Guns: 12 12·2in., 14 6in., 14 24pdrs.; -Torpedo tubes: 6.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo157b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="283" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>6 12·2in.</td> -<td>8 12·2in.</td> -<td>6 12·2in.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>4 6in.</td> -<td>7 6in.</td> -<td>4 6in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page129">[129]</span></p> - -<h5>D 1 (CARMEN).<br /> -D 2 (ALICE ROOSEVELT).</h5> - -<p>Very old destroyers, displacing 225 tons, -with a speed of 21 knots. Armament: five -small guns and three torpedo-tubes. Complement, -46.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>SUBMARINES.</h3> - -<h5 class="inline">U 1-2.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—These are the earliest German submarines, -and displace about 150 to 200 tons. -The speed above water does not exceed 9 knots, -and two torpedo-tubes are carried. There is a -crew of 11.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">U 3-8.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—These boats belong to the second -German type. The displacement is about 250 -tons, and the surface and submerged speeds are -12 and 8 knots respectively. Three torpedo-tubes -are fitted. Complement, 14 officers and -men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">U 9-20.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—These boats are believed to be of -about 400 tons, with a surface speed of 15 knots, -and to be armed with three or four torpedo-tubes. -The crew consists of 17 officers and -men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">U 21-26.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—These submarines displace about -800 tons, and are said to be able to travel at 18 -knots on the surface. They are armed with four -torpedo-tubes and two small quick-firing guns. -The complement is about 22 officers and men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">U 27-36.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—These boats are the very latest -type. The displacement is about 900 tons, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page130">[130]</span> -surface speed 18 knots, and they can travel at -12 knots when submerged. The armament consists -of four torpedo-tubes and two quick-firing -guns on high-angle mountings. About 30 officers -and men are carried.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>MINE-LAYERS.</h3> - -<h5 class="inline">PELIKAN.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—This is the oldest German mine-layer -in commission. She was launched in -1890, displaces 2,300 tons, and can steam at -15<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots. The armament consists of four 21-pounder -quick-firing guns, and, of course, a -large number of mines charged with high explosives. -She is used as a sea-going training -ship for mine work. The complement is 195 -officers and men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">NAUTILUS.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—This ship was specially built for -mine-laying work, and was launched in 1906. -Her displacement is 1,935 tons, the designed -speed 20 knots. She carries eight 21-pounder -guns, and has magazines for a large number -of naval mines, with special gear for dropping -them. Her crew numbers 198 officers and -men.</p> - -<h5 class="inline">ALBATROSS.</h5> - -<p class="noindent">—This ship, which was specially -built for mine-laying work, was launched in -1907. The displacement is 2,185 tons, the -designed speed 20 knots. She is armed with -eight 21-pounder quick-firers, and has magazines -for a large number of naval mines, with -special gear for dropping them. The crew -numbers 198 officers and men.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page131">[131]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER IV</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">Admiral Sir John Jellicoe</span></span></h2> - -<p>Immediately the Home Fleets had been mobilised -the Admiralty issued the following announcement:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>With the approval of his Majesty the King, -Admiral Sir John R. Jellicoe, K.C.B., -K.C.V.O., has assumed supreme command -of the Home Fleets, with the acting rank of -Admiral, and Rear-Admiral Charles E. -Madden, C.V.O., has been appointed to be -his Chief of the Staff.</p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p>His Majesty immediately sent an inspiring -message to Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, as representing -the whole Navy, and it was communicated -to the officers and men of the squadrons in -all parts of the world.</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>At this grave moment in our National -history I send to you, and through you to -the officers and men of the Fleets of which -you have assumed command, the assurance -of my confidence that under your direction -they will revive and renew the old glories of -the Royal Navy, and prove once again the -sure shield of Britain and of her Empire in -the hour of trial.</p> - -<p class="right padr2"><span class="smcap">George R.I.</span></p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page132">[132]</span></p> - -<p>Admiral Sir John Jellicoe’s reply to the King’s -message was as follows:</p> - -<div class="textquote"> - -<p>On behalf of the officers and men of Home -Fleet, beg to tender our loyal and dutiful -thanks to your Majesty for the gracious -message, which will inspire all with determination -to uphold the glorious traditions of -the past.</p> - -<p><span class="padl2">(Signed)</span> -<span class="righttext"><span class="padr2">Commander-in-Chief,</span><br /> -<span class="padl6">Home Fleet.</span></span></p> - -</div><!--textquote--> - -<p class="allclear blankbefore2">Sir John Jellicoe, on whom the eyes of the -nation are fixed, is one of the most distinguished -admirals of the sea service. He has wide sea -experience, is a splendid administrator, and is -at the same time a man of cool and determined -judgment.</p> - -<p>The appointment of Sir John Jellicoe was in -itself of the nature of a romance. He had no -small share in shaping the instrument he now -commands, and he chose as his Chief of Staff -another most distinguished officer, who happens -to be his brother-in-law. Sir John Jellicoe and -Rear-Admiral Charles Madden served together -at the Admiralty on more than one occasion, both -having, indeed, been Sea Lords, and they married -daughters of Sir Charles Cayzer, Bt.</p> - -<p>The Admiralissimo and his chief staff officer -are known to be in the most complete accord on -matters of strategy and tactics, and were both -associated in the creation and equipment of the -ships of the Home Fleets on which the fortunes -of the British Empire will depend. They were -members of the famous Dreadnought Design -Committee, and were associated with Admiral<span class="pagenum" id="Page133">[133]</span> -of the Fleet, Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, in his -many reforms in naval administration.</p> - -<p>No officer whom the Admiralty could have -selected to go afloat at a juncture of such transcendent -importance enjoys so completely the -confidence of the naval service as Sir John -Jellicoe. In December, 1912, he became a -member of the Board of Admiralty, and then -vacated the command of the Second Division -of the Home Fleet, to which he was appointed -over the heads of eleven vice-admirals—a fact -which in itself points to the high estimation in -which he is held by the naval authorities.</p> - -<p>Born on December 5, 1859, he is the son of -Captain J. H. Jellicoe. Educated at Rottingdean, -Sir John Jellicoe entered the Royal Navy -as a cadet on July 15, 1872, passing out of the -“Britannia” first of his “batch” by over a -hundred marks. In the examination for sub-lieutenant, -which rank he attained six years -later (December 5, 1878), he took three “firsts,” -in itself a remarkable achievement.</p> - -<p>On August 23, 1880, he was promoted lieutenant, -and two years afterwards, as a lieutenant -on board the “Agincourt,” he served in the -Egyptian War. He was awarded the Egyptian -medal and the Khedive’s bronze star. On his -return to England, in the following year, he -studied at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, -where he won the special £80 prize for gunnery -lieutenants. In May, 1886, while serving on -board the “Monarch,” he was awarded the -Board of Trade silver medal for gallantry in -saving life at sea, by commanding a gig which<span class="pagenum" id="Page134">[134]</span> -went to the rescue of a stranded ship near Gibraltar, -the sea being so heavy that the boat was -capsized, but he and the crew were washed ashore. -He served also as gunnery lieutenant of the -“Colossus,” and on the staff of the “Excellent” -gunnery establishment.</p> - -<p>Gazetted a commander in 1891, he was for a -time employed as assistant to the Director of -Naval Ordnance, being subsequently appointed -first lieutenant to the “Sans Pareil,” and later to -the ill-fated “Victoria,” Admiral Sir George -Tryon’s flagship, on the Mediterranean station, -which was sunk off Tripoli, on the Syrian coast, -in collision with the “Camperdown,” when the -admiral, twenty-one officers, and 350 men were -drowned. At the time of the collision Commander -Jellicoe was on the sick list in his cabin. -When the ship capsized he, with the aid of Mr. -West, a midshipman, contrived to keep himself -afloat till picked up. Commander Jellicoe’s -silver medal was lost with other effects in the -“Victoria,” and the Board of Trade, so it was -reported at the time, intimated that another -medal could be obtained on payment.</p> - -<p>After serving as commander of the “Ramillies” -flagship in the Mediterranean, he was promoted -to the rank of captain (January 1st, 1897), and -joined the Ordnance Committee. Admiral Sir -E. H. Seymour selected him as flag captain in -the “Centurion” on the China station. During -the expedition to succour the Legations at Pekin -in 1900, in which he narrowly escaped death by -a severe gunshot wound, Captain Jellicoe commanded -the Naval Brigade and acted as Chief<span class="pagenum" id="Page135">[135]</span> -Staff Officer, when he gained not only the C.B., -but was awarded by the German Emperor the -second class of the Red Eagle with crossed -swords.</p> - -<p>Returning from China at the end of 1901, he -was, in November of that year, appointed to -superintend the building by contract of ships -of war; he next served as Naval Assistant to the -Controller of the Navy, which post he vacated -in August, 1903, to take command of the “Drake,” -and in February, 1905, he took up the post of -Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes, in -succession to Captain Barry.</p> - -<p>Much has been said about the improvement -of good shooting in the Navy, and in this connection -considerable praise is due to Admiral -Jellicoe. Without his help—so a writer in the -<i>United Service Journal</i> once remarked, reflecting -a judgment which is known to be well founded—the -good work fostered by Admiral Sir Percy -Scott would have been heavily handicapped—in -fact, impossible; for the then Director of -Naval Ordnance proved himself a man of original -thought and prompt action, and one of the most -capable gunnery experts in the Navy.</p> - -<p>During the time he was in command of the -“Drake,” he turned it into one of the best shooting -ships of the Navy, and while he was at the -Admiralty as Director of Naval Ordnance -Captain Jellicoe did all that was possible to -ensure the guns mounted in ships in the first -fighting line being fitted with the most up-to-date -day and night sights, as well as to instal a -fire-control set of instruments in each ship for<span class="pagenum" id="Page136">[136]</span> -“spotting” and controlling at long-range shooting. -The fittings of the guns and gunnery appliances -generally were also greatly improved during the -tenure of his appointment.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page137">[137]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER V</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">Officers and Men of the British Navy</span></span></h2> - -<p>From the current Navy Estimates the following -particulars are taken of the number of officers -and men voted in 1914-15 for the naval service. -First the strength of the Reserves is given, then -the number of active service ratings and lastly -the aggregate mobilised for war:</p> - -<table class="rnreserve" summary="Royal Navy Reserve"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7" class="center">ROYAL NAVAL RESERVE<br /> -(Consisting of Merchant Seamen, Yachtsmen, etc.)<br /> -<span class="smcap">Home Force—General Service</span></th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="5"> </th> -<th class="center lowline padl2"><span class="nowrap">Numbers<br />Voted<br />1914-<br />1915.</span></th> -<th class="center lowline padl2"><span class="nowrap">Numbers<br />borne on<br />1st Jan.,<br />1914.</span></th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7" class="center">OFFICERS.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Executive Officers</td> -<td class="number">1,340</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="totnumber">1,790</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Com. Engr. Officers</td> -<td class="number">140</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Accountant Officers</td> -<td class="number">120</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Warrant Engineers</td> -<td class="number">190</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7" class="center">MEN.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Leading Seamen</td> -<td class="number">220</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="totnumber">17,280</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="6"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Seamen</td> -<td class="number">10,780</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Wireless Tel. Operators</td> -<td class="number">120</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Engine Rm. Art.</td> -<td class="number">560</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Ldg. Strs.</td> -<td class="number">110</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Stokers</td> -<td class="number">5,490</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7"><span class="smcap">Home Force—Trawler Section</span></th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Officers</td> -<td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td> -<td class="number">142</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Men</td> -<td class="number">1,136</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7"><span class="smcap">Colonial Branches</span><span class="pagenum" id="Page138">[138]</span></th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="description"><span class="smcap">Newfoundland:</span></td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="7"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="description"><span class="padl2">Men</span></td> -<td class="number">600</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="description"><span class="smcap">Malta:</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="description"><span class="padl2">Men</span></td> -<td class="number">400</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="description"><span class="smcap">Australasia:</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="description"><span class="padl2">Officers</span></td> -<td class="number">—</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="description"><span class="padl2">Men</span></td> -<td class="number">—</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="totnumber">21,348</td> -<td class="totnumber">19,467</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7">ROYAL FLEET RESERVE</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7" class="center lowline">(Consisting of Naval Seamen and others who have served in<br /> -the Fleet for five years or more)</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7" class="center">MEN</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="7">Class A.—Pensioners.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Seamen Class</span></td> -<td class="number">3,800</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="totnumber">8,327</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Stoker Class</span></td> -<td class="number">2,500</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Police rat.</span></td> -<td class="number">187</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Royal Marines</span></td> -<td class="number">1,840</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="7">Class B.—Non-Pensioners.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Seamen Class</span></td> -<td class="number">9,150</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="totnumber">18,710</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Stoker Class</span></td> -<td class="number">6,500</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Police rat.</span></td> -<td class="number">10</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Royal Marines</span></td> -<td class="number">3,050</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="7">Immediate Class.—Non-Pensioners.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Seamen Class</span></td> -<td class="number">1,600</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="totnumber">4,070</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Stoker Class</span></td> -<td class="number">1,870</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description"><span class="padl2">Royal Marines</span></td> -<td class="number">600</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="totnumber">31,107</td> -<td class="totnumber">27,734</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7" class="center">ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEERS</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Officers and Men (efficients)</td> -<td colspan="3"> </td> -<td class="totnumber"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor6" href="#Footnote6" class="fnanchor lg">[6]</a>4,500</span></td> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="totnumber">4,500</td> -<td class="totnumber">4,605</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<th colspan="7" class="center">PENSIONERS</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Seamen</td> -<td colspan="3" rowspan="2"> </td> -<td class="number">6,376</td> -<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="description">Royal Marines</td> -<td class="number">1,734</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4"> </td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="totnumber">8,110</td> -<td class="totnumber">8,740</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="description"><span class="padl4">Total</span></td> -<td class="totnumber bt">65,065</td> -<td class="totnumber bt">60,546</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="description"><span class="padl2">Total, Active Service Ratings</span></td> -<td class="totnumber bt">151,000</td> -<td class="bt"> </td> -<td class="totnumber bt">144,871</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="description"><span class="padl2">Total Reserves</span></td> -<td class="totnumber">65,065</td> -<td> </td> -<td class="totnumber">60,546</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="4" class="description"><span class="padl6">Grand total</span></td> -<td class="totnumber bt"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor7" href="#Footnote7" class="fnanchor lg">[7]</a>216,065</span></td> -<td> </td> -<td class="totnumber">205,417</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote6"><a href="#FNanchor6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Includes 300 South African Division.</p> - -<p id="Footnote7"><a href="#FNanchor7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> 1,562 Ranks and Ratings on the Active List. Royal -Fleet Reserve Men and Pensioners have been lent for service -under Colonial and Foreign Governments.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page139">[139]</span></p> - -<p>When war was declared there was no dearth of -officers and men for the British Fleet. The -presentation of a Supplementary Estimate to -Parliament by the Admiralty, after the declaration -of hostilities, gave rise to a misunderstanding. -This action was a mere formality in order to keep -the right side of Treasury procedure, and it did -not mean that 67,000 additional officers and men -were going to be raised. What happened was -that Reservists to the number of about 60,000 -were called up and they were forthwith transferred -to Vote A., which fixes the number of active -service officers and ratings and provides pay for -them.</p> - -<p>Whereas Parliament provided in the spring of -1914 for an active personnel of 151,000 with 60,000 -Reservists, the two totals had to be added together -so as to obtain Parliamentary sanction for full -pay being provided for 211,000. In addition the -new vote left room for a slight actual expansion—consisting -of a number of retired officers and a -quota of artisan and other skilled ratings to be -forthwith raised.</p> - -<p>Thus we get an aggregate of 218,000 officers -and men for service ashore and afloat. This total -includes cadets and boys under training, and -approximately 200,000, it may be assumed, were -available for service in the Home Fleets and the -squadrons in distant seas. It is an axiom that -in peace we have more ships than we can man, -while in war we shall have a good surplus of men -after manning all the ships. When passing from -a peace to a war footing, Royal Fleet reservists—well-trained -men with from five to seven years’<span class="pagenum" id="Page140">[140]</span> -service—and others became available and the -Fleet was fully mobilised, having no inconsiderable -surplus to make good the casualties of -battle.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page141">[141]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER VI</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">The Commander-in-Chief of the German -Fleet</span></span></h2> - -<p>There is a certain parallel between the circumstances -which have brought the commanders-in-chief -of the British and German battle -fleets into the positions they respectively hold -to-day. Just as Admiral Sir John Jellicoe was -long since “ear-marked” for the supreme command -of the Home Fleets, so was Admiral Friedrich -von Ingenohl selected for the control of the -German High Seas Fleet years before his appointment -was actually gazetted.</p> - -<p>The German commander-in-chief, whose flag -now flies in the Dreadnought, Friedrich der -Grosse, is without doubt one of Europe’s most -distinguished naval officers. In a navy where -more than elsewhere, a premium is placed upon -scientific leadership, this officer early attracted -the attention of his superiors by reason of the -skill and resourcefulness he displayed during -manœuvres. He is said to have specialised in -cruiser tactics, and to have been one of the -first officers to urge upon the Navy Department -the wisdom of adopting the battle-cruiser design<span class="pagenum" id="Page142">[142]</span> -when that novel conception materialised in the -British “Invincible.” He is also known as the -leading advocate of that system of tactics which -is known in Germany as the “rücksichtslose -Offensive,” and which in homely idiom may be -translated as “going for” the enemy hammer -and tongs.</p> - -<p>In a word, Admiral von Ingenohl is the embodiment -of the strikingly progressive spirit -which pervades the modern German navy. It -is by no means a spirit of mere reckless dash, -which reckons on gaining a victory solely by -impetuous onslaught. Under modern conditions, -tactics such as these might well be fatal -to those who employed them, owing to the deadly -precision of heavy guns and the development -of the torpedo. The German school of naval -thought favours, instead, a preliminary period -of “mosquito warfare,” seeking thus to reduce -both the material and the moral strength of an -enemy before the actual clash of armoured squadrons -takes place. That this idea is faithfully to -be adhered to is clear from the opening incidents -of the present campaign at sea, which have already -shown that reliance is placed on the torpedo and -the mine as a preliminary means of diminishing -our preponderance in big ships. So far, indeed, -the German plan of campaign has been singularly -true to the principles advocated by the leading -German authorities who have written of naval -warfare. They lead us to anticipate a good deal -of this “Kleinkrieg” before the High Seas Fleet -emerges from cover. On the other hand, it were -unwise to suppose that the German Fleet will<span class="pagenum" id="Page143">[143]</span> -continue to act strictly by the book, especially in -view of the character of its commander-in-chief.</p> - -<p>In German naval circles Admiral von Ingenohl -is known as one of the first German flag officers -who completely freed themselves from the military -traditions in which the fleet was cradled and -has been reared. The German navy, as is well -known, was founded as a branch of the army, -and its early development proceeded on distinctly -military lines. Until the present Emperor -came to the Throne the head of the Admiralty -was always an army officer, and it followed -that, in so far as the different conditions permitted, -the strategy and tactics of the fleet were -brought into line with those of the land forces. -Ships were regarded primarily as units for coast -defence, in the most limited sense of the word. -This held true far into the nineties, and it is -actually less than two decades since Germany -first undertook the construction of ships which -were specially designed to meet and defeat the -foe in open sea. It seems probable that Admiral -von Ingenohl owes something of his broader -views on naval strategy to the large amount of -foreign service he has seen.</p> - -<p>Born in 1857 of comparatively humble parents, -he entered the navy at the age of 17. The service -in those days enjoyed nothing like its present -prestige. It offered no attractions to the sons of -the upper classes, and was completely overshadowed -by the army, then in the zenith of its -brilliance and popularity, after the successful war -against France. The navy drew a large majority -of its officers from a class whose social status was<span class="pagenum" id="Page144">[144]</span> -considered scarcely high enough to give its sons -the entrée to the army. Proof of this will be -seen in the conspicuous absence of naval officers -who are hereditary nobles. Admiral von Ingenohl, -in common with Grand-Admirals von -Tirpitz, von Koester, and several other flag -officers, received his patent of nobility as a mark -of Imperial favour.</p> - -<p>While on his maiden cruise in foreign waters -the young officer was privileged to see some -fighting. His ship, the old “Vineta,” was one of -a small German squadron which was assembled -to teach the Chinese pirates a lesson. Nineteen -years later he was again in action in the same -quarter of the globe, and against the same -opponents, when the gunboat “Iltis,” which he -commanded, shelled a battery at Tamsui, which -had fired on a German steamer. In the intervals -of command afloat he was engaged at the Navy -Department, where he put in one spell of nearly -three and a half years as divisional chief of the -ordnance board, and subsequently directed a -department of the Admiral Staff. His first -important independent command was the battleship -“Wörth,” in her day one of the best ships -in the navy. He was next appointed to the -cruiser “Kaiserin Augusta,” and shortly after -to the “Hertha,” a more powerful ship of the -same class. After another short interval of -shore work he was appointed to command the -Imperial yacht “Hohenzollern,” where, of course, -he came under the direct eye of the Kaiser, who -was quick to recognise his qualities.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo176a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="365" /> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>POSEN CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">NASSAU, POSEN, RHEINLAND, WESTFALEN.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 18,900 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 20 knots; Guns: 12 11in., 12 6in., 16 24pdrs.; -Torpedo tubes: 6.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo176b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="252" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>6 11in.</td> -<td>8 11in.</td> -<td>6 11in.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>4 6in.</td> -<td>6 6in.</td> -<td>4 6in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page145">[145]</span></p> - -<p>As early as 1889 he had been a lieutenant in -the old Imperial yacht in which the Emperor -made his first long cruises. On leaving the -“Hohenzollern” in 1908 he was promoted to -Rear-Admiral, and placed in charge of the second -division of the First Squadron. In the following -year he hoisted his flag as admiral of the cruiser -squadron in China, whence he was recalled twelve -months later to assume charge of the Second -Battle Squadron in home waters. The commander-in-chief -of the High Sea Fleet was then -Admiral von Holtzendorff, who, after Grand-Admiral -von Koester (the president of the Navy -League), is considered to be the finest naval -strategist in Germany. Under this officer the -battle fleet is said to have increased remarkably -in efficiency, both in regard to gunnery, seamanship, -and general smartness. This period witnessed -the introduction into the fleet of up-to-date -shooting methods, and notably of long-range -practice. In the manœuvres of 1912 the -Second Squadron, commanded by Admiral von -Ingenohl, was held to have scored a decisive -success against a much stronger fleet, which included -seven Dreadnought battleships, whereas -his own squadron was composed of older and -weaker ships. In January, 1913, Admiral von -Holtzendorff hauled down his flag, and was -succeeded by Admiral von Ingenohl as commander-in-chief.</p> - -<p>The leader of the German battle fleet has, -therefore, held his present appointment for upwards -of eighteen months, and it is to be supposed -that he is thoroughly familiar with every -unit of his fine force, especially as the ships in<span class="pagenum" id="Page146">[146]</span> -active commission spend more than nine months -of the year at sea. The fleet certainly stands -to benefit by this comparatively long period of -single command. It will feel the confidence born -of experience in its distinguished leader, and he in -turn, knowing exactly what his ships can do, -need fear no check to his plans by unsuspected -defects in personnel or material. Whatever the -near future may bring, it is certain that the -German navy will put forth its utmost effort to -fulfil the hope placed in it by the nation, and -those who anticipate a cheaply purchased naval -victory for us are laying up a rude disappointment -for themselves. The material resources of -the German fleet alone can give some idea of its -formidability, but its potentiality will be incalculably -increased if the leadership is of the high -order which the reputation of the present commander-in-chief -leads us to expect.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page147">[147]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER VII</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">Officers and Men of the Foreign Navies</span></span></h2> - -<p class="center highline2">PERSONNEL OF THE NAVIES</p> - -<table class="personnel" summary="Personnel"> - -<tr> -<th class="bt br"> </th> -<th class="bt br">Officers<br />(including<br />cadets).</th> -<th class="bt br">Non-com-<br />missioned<br />officers<br />and men.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="bt">Total<br />(all ranks).</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="country">Germany</td> -<td class="number br">4,491</td> -<td class="number br">74,895</td> -<td class="numberlast">79,386</td> -<td class="left padl0"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor8" href="#Footnote8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="country">France</td> -<td class="number br">2,844</td> -<td class="number br">62,611</td> -<td class="numberlast">65,455</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="country">Russia</td> -<td class="number br">3,404</td> -<td class="number br">57,000</td> -<td class="numberlast">60,404</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="country">Austria-Hungary</td> -<td class="number br">1,377</td> -<td class="number br">19,132</td> -<td class="numberlast">20,509</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="country">Japan</td> -<td class="number br">4,713</td> -<td class="number br">49,950</td> -<td class="numberlast">54,663</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote8"><a href="#FNanchor8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Including -7,726 “Seamen Artillerists” and “Marines” -who do not serve at sea.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p class="center highline2">NOTES TO PERSONNEL STATISTICS</p> - -<p>GERMANY.—The Imperial German Navy is -manned largely by conscription. About 25 per cent. -of the non-commissioned personnel consists, however, -of volunteers, or long-service men, who have -made the Navy their profession. These “professionals,” -as they are called, are the backbone of the -fleet. They fill all the really important posts, such<span class="pagenum" id="Page148">[148]</span> -as that of gun-captain, gun-layer, torpedo-gunner, -leading signalman, and they are responsible for -the efficiency of the conscripts under their charge. -Seventy-five per cent. of the personnel is represented -by conscripts mainly from the inland districts whose -term of service is three years, and who see the sea -for the first time after entering the Navy. Enrolment -takes place each October, and after two or three -weeks of rudimentary instruction on shore, they are -distributed among the battle-fleet and the torpedo -flotillas. Hence, at the outbreak of war, 25 per cent. -of the German personnel had been under training -about 34 months, 25 per cent. about 22 months, and -25 per cent. no longer than 10 months.</p> - -<p>Owing to the limited period of service German -naval training is extremely strenuous and intensive. -Every effort is made to specialize, newcomers being -selected for certain duties according to the aptitude -they display. The German bluejacket is not a -“handy man” in the sense that the British sailor -is, but he is said to be efficient in his own particular -groove. Discipline is exceedingly strict, and -the relations between officers and men are rarely -cordial.</p> - -<p>The officers are well educated and very scientific -in their methods.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore1">FRANCE.—The French Navy is manned principally -on the conscript system, but as France has a -large maritime population, the majority of the naval -recruits are men who have followed the sea since -boyhood and who, therefore, adapt themselves very -quickly to service in the Fleet. There is also a large -percentage of long-service volunteers. The period -of compulsory service was, until lately, two years, -but under the new Law this has been raised to three<span class="pagenum" id="Page149">[149]</span> -years. Authorities speak highly of the French bluejacket’s -intelligence and courage. Discipline is good, -but not so strict as in the German Navy. The -officers are, as a rule, men of high scientific attainments -and very keen on their work.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore1">RUSSIA.—The Russian Navy is manned almost -exclusively by conscripts, who serve for five years -afloat. Although his education generally leaves -much to be desired, the Russian sailor has many -excellent qualities. He is obedient, courageous, and -never gets into a panic. Since the disastrous war -with Japan, the Navy has been purged of many of -the elements which impaired efficiency. The officers -are now capable and zealous. The change which has -come over the Fleet is evidenced by an “order of -the day,” recently promulgated, which enjoins all -naval officers never to surrender their ships under -any circumstances, but to sink them if capture is -imminent.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore1">AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.—The Austro-Hungarian -Navy is manned by conscripts and volunteers, the -former largely predominating. Four years is the -period of service. The men are drawn almost exclusively -from the Dalmatian coast, and represent a -very hardy and courageous type. The average of -education is, however, very low, the percentage of -illiterates being abnormal. Although Italian is the -mother tongue of the majority, German is the official -language of the Navy. All-round efficiency is maintained -on a high level. The officers are men of -excellent education, wide knowledge, and unlimited -zeal.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore1">JAPAN.—The Japanese Navy is principally -manned on a compulsory basis, the term of active<span class="pagenum" id="Page150">[150]</span> -service being three years. The men are excellent -in every way, smart, intelligent, resourceful, and -amenable to discipline. They display a wonderful -aptitude for manipulating the complex mechanism -of a modern warship, as was proved in the campaign -against Russia. The officers are highly trained and -enterprising.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page151">[151]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER VIII</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">German Naval Bases</span></span></h2> - -<h3>KIEL</h3> - -<p>Kiel, in spite of the growing importance of -Wilhelmshaven, still retains its position as Germany’s -premier “Reichskriegshafen,” or Imperial -War Port. Its superb harbour, and the international -regatta, known as the “Kieler Woche,” -which is held each June, have made Kiel one of -the best known ports of Europe. This year’s -regatta, it will be remembered, was rendered -memorable by the presence of the British Second -Battle Squadron and some of our light cruisers. -The Imperial Dockyard at Kiel is said to be one -of the best-equipped establishments of its kind -in the world.</p> - -<p>It has two large building slips, on one of which -the Dreadnought battleship “Kaiser” was constructed, -and there are other slips for the building -of smaller vessels. Of the six graving docks, two -are large enough for Dreadnoughts. There is also -a mammoth floating dock capable of raising vessels -up to 39,500 tons, and five other pontoon docks -for ships of smaller dimensions. Upwards of -10,500 officials and hands are employed at the -yard, which specialises in repair and refitting work,<span class="pagenum" id="Page152">[152]</span> -though a good deal of new construction is also -undertaken.</p> - -<p>Kiel is the official residence of Prince Henry -of Prussia, the Kaiser’s brother, who is Inspector-General -of the Fleet. Some four miles down the -harbour is Holtenau and the locks of the Kaiser -Wilhelm Canal. Kiel is very strongly defended -against both land and seaward attack. The harbour -entrance is guarded by the batteries of -Friedrichsort on the west, and those of Laboe and -Möltenort on the east. At Friedrichsort the fairway -is less than 1,000 yards wide, so that ships -attempting to force an entrance would have to -run the gauntlet of the heavy fortress guns at -almost point-blank range. Friedrichsort is the -home of the State torpedo factory, which -supplies practically the entire navy with these -weapons.</p> - -<p>In normal times the Second and Third Battle -Squadrons are based in Kiel, which is also the -base for the Baltic Reserve Squadron, the First -Torpedo Division, and the submarine flotillas. -Besides the State yard, there is the immense -shipbuilding and engineering establishment known -as the Germania Yard, owned by Krupp, and -the Howaldt Yard, both of which construct warships -of the largest size. Hence the building and -repairing facilities at Kiel are very extensive, and -they pass automatically under State control in -wartime. Kiel itself is a large and thriving city, -with a population of 180,000. Its growth dates -from 1866, when it was wrested from Denmark by -Prussia, with the whole of the Schleswig-Holstein -province.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page153">[153]</span></p> - -<h3>HELIGOLAND.</h3> - -<p>Heligoland is the most remarkable of Germany’s -naval strongholds. This island, it will be remembered, -was ceded to Germany by us in 1890. At -that date the sea had made such inroads on the -soft cliffs that the complete disappearance of -Heligoland at no very distant date was freely -predicted.</p> - -<p>With characteristic thoroughness the Germans -took measures to preserve their new acquisition. -Immensely strong breakwaters and sea-walls were -built all round the coast, but violent gales demolished -much of the work, which had to be replaced -at great expense, and it is only in recent years -that the ravages of the sea have been completely -checked.</p> - -<p>Simultaneously with this work a good deal -of land reclamation went on, with the result -that the area of the island has been greatly -increased.</p> - -<p>A large harbour for torpedo-boats and submarines -has been enclosed by two long moles. -Inside there is a miniature dockyard, with repair -shops, magazines, stores, &c. Outside this harbour -there is a safe anchorage for warships of -great size. It is estimated that from beginning -to end the naval works at Heligoland have cost -Germany something like £10,000,000 sterling.</p> - -<p>Fortifications of remarkable strength have been -erected. These consist chiefly of heavy guns, -mounted in steel turrets, well concealed from the -view of an enemy at sea, and so placed that every -approach to the island is swept by their fire. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page154">[154]</span> -these guns are mounted on the plateau they have -a high command, and attacking ships would have -to encounter a plunging fire.</p> - -<p>Numerous bomb-proof control stations and -magazines have been excavated. It is understood -that, given an ample supply of ammunition -and provisions, Heligoland is in a position to -resist attack by the strongest naval force for an -indefinite period.</p> - -<p>There is a powerful wireless station, a naval -flying depot, and a large naval hospital. The -garrison consists in the main of four companies -of seamen gunners. The commandant is Rear-Admiral -Jacobson.</p> - -<p>The high strategical importance of Heligoland -is self-evident. Its position, some thirty-five -miles from the mainland, is that of a strong outpost, -defending the estuaries of the Elbe and -Weser. A flotilla of destroyers or submarines -based on the island could make things very -uncomfortable for a fleet endeavouring to blockade -the German coast, and it was the recognition of -this fact which led to the construction of the new -torpedo harbour.</p> - -<p>Thanks to the wireless station, communication -can always be maintained with the mainland, -and also by means of aircraft.</p> - -<p>In common with most military nations, Germany -appears to place undue reliance on fixed -defences as an element of sea power, but it is -obvious, from the vast sums of money she has -spent on its development, that Heligoland plays -a leading part in the German plan of naval -strategy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page155">[155]</span></p> - -<h3>BORKUM.</h3> - -<p>The island of Borkum came into prominence a -few years ago as the result of an alleged case of -espionage, in which two young British naval -officers were concerned.</p> - -<p>Borkum is the first German island of the -Frisian group. It commands the approach to -the Ems, and would offer a convenient <i>point -d’appui</i> for naval operations against the German -coast. This, apparently, explains why it has been -strongly fortified by the Germans.</p> - -<p>Its guns are said to be numerous, and are well -placed among the lofty sand dunes which are a -feature of the island. The garrison is supplied -by the army, and includes some batteries of field -artillery and machine guns.</p> - -<p>The experience gained during naval manœuvres -has shown that Borkum would be a difficult place -to surprise. According to report, some of the -guns in position are powerful enough to inflict -serious damage on the largest warships.</p> - -<h3>EMDEN.</h3> - -<p>Emden, the southernmost port of Germany -on the North Sea, has of late years acquired considerable -naval importance. There have been -frequent reports of the pending establishment of -a State dockyard there, in connection with the -Ems-Jade canal, which was to be deepened -sufficiently to allow fairly large warships to -traverse it. So far, however, this project has not -been carried out.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page156">[156]</span></p> - -<p>Two years ago Emden became a mine station, -and the headquarters of the “Arkona,” a light -cruiser converted into a mine-layer. Harbour -works on a grand scale have lately been completed -at Emden. There is a commodious basin -fronted by wharves and warehouses, and fitted -with up-to-date coaling plant. The canal which -connects the port with the river is deep enough -to allow the largest ships to come up.</p> - -<p>During the present war it is probable that -Emden is being used both as a mine and torpedo -base. It relies for its defence on the batteries at -Borkum, some miles out at sea, as ships entering -the River Ems are compelled to pass close to this -island.</p> - -<p>The railway connections of Emden are very -good, so good, in fact, that they are believed to -have been dictated by strategical considerations. -Emden has often been spoken of by German -writers as a sally port, and as a convenient point -of assembly and embarkation for an army of -invasion.</p> - -<h3>WILHELMSHAVEN.</h3> - -<p>Wilhelmshaven ranks officially as Germany’s -second war harbour, though its strategical position -makes it, in fact, the principal base of a -German fleet operating in the North Sea. It -began its career as a naval station as late as -1869, since when enormous sums of money and -infinite labour have been expended on its development.</p> - -<p>In area the dockyard is almost four times as -large as that of Kiel, and it is even more modern<span class="pagenum" id="Page157">[157]</span> -in equipment. It contains a bewildering number -of docks and basins, together with building -slips, repair shops, depots, and store-houses. -There are three Dreadnought graving docks and -four smaller ones, and five floating docks, of -which the latest can raise vessels up to 39,500 -tons.</p> - -<p>Only one of the building slips is available for -constructing Dreadnoughts, but a second is -being lengthened sufficiently for this purpose. -The total number of officials and workmen is -about 10,500 under peace conditions. At Wilhelmshaven -were built the Dreadnought battleships -“Nassau,” “Ostfriesland,” and “König,” -and at the present moment the battle-cruiser -“Ersatz Hertha” is building there.</p> - -<p>The terminus of the Ems-Jade Canal is inside -the dockyard, but so far as is known this waterway -is too shallow to permit the passage of any -class of warship.</p> - -<p>The Jade Channel, which leads to Wilhelmshaven, -is exceedingly difficult to navigate, owing -to the innumerable and constantly shifting -shoals with which it is infested. To keep this -channel clear elaborate dredging operations -have to be carried on throughout the year, as -otherwise it would speedily silt up and become -impassable. Access to the harbour is gained -through huge locks, most of which can be used, -if necessary, as emergency docks for repairing -damaged ships. When these locks are closed -the harbour is entirely cut off from the sea, thus -affording the ships inside complete security -against torpedo attack.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page158">[158]</span></p> - -<p>Commodious as the harbour is, however, it -is not large enough to contain the whole fleet, -and consequently extra moorings were recently -laid outside for cruisers and other small craft. -The locks are designed on so large a scale, and -are so efficiently operated that several squadrons -of big ships can be passed through in a few -hours.</p> - -<p>Wilhelmshaven is the base of the First Battle -Squadron, the Scouting Squadron (<i>i.e.</i>, all the -battle-cruisers and other cruisers of the High -Sea Fleet), the 2nd Torpedo Division, and of -a submarine flotilla. It is very heavily fortified.</p> - -<p>The approach to the Jade Channel is commanded -by the batteries of Wangerooge, an -island garrisoned by seamen gunners, and said -to have very powerful guns. There is a flying -station at Wilhelmshaven, with hangars for a -dozen seaplanes.</p> - -<h3>CUXHAVEN</h3> - -<p>Cuxhaven has lately become an important -German naval base. Situated as it is at the -extreme entrance of the Elbe estuary, it commands -the approach to the great commercial -port of Hamburg, seventy miles up the river.</p> - -<p>Cuxhaven has no dockyard of its own, but -it possesses a harbour large enough to accommodate -great ships of war, and certain facilities -for carrying out repairs are provided by the -depot of the Hamburg-Amerika Line, of which -it is the headquarters.</p> - -<p>A mile or two west of the harbour are the -batteries of Döse, mounting a number of heavy<span class="pagenum" id="Page159">[159]</span> -guns and quick-firers. These defences are controlled -by the navy, and are garrisoned by five -companies of seamen gunners.</p> - -<p>Although the mouth of the Elbe is wide, only -a narrow channel is available for vessels of -moderate draught, and the defences have consequently -been designed to bring an overwhelming -fire to bear on hostile vessels using this -navigable approach.</p> - -<p>For some years Cuxhaven has been the principal -mine station of the German navy. It is the -base for the mine-laying and mine-sweeping -divisions, composed of special ships and a large -number of old torpedo-boats equipped for the -work. This station is responsible for the observation -mine-fields which close the Elbe to hostile -ships in war. It contains an artillery depot, a -powerful wireless station, and barracks for a large -contingent of seamen gunners and marines.</p> - -<p>Cuxhaven, moreover, is the principal base of -the German air fleet. An immense shed, 590-ft. -long, 98-ft. high, and capable of sheltering two -of the largest dirigibles, is approaching completion. -This structure is of the revolving type, -thus permitting airships to dock or emerge -without being exposed to the wind. It rests in -an excavation. When the shed is lowered the -roof is on a level with the surrounding country, -and by this means the location of the shed is hidden -from hostile aircraft.</p> - -<p>Near at hand there are permanent hangars -for a number of seaplanes, with workshops for -repairing and fitting aircraft of every description.</p> - -<p>The German authorities are credited with<span class="pagenum" id="Page160">[160]</span> -the intention of gradually developing Cuxhaven -into a first-class naval base, in order to relieve -the congestion at Wilhelmshaven.</p> - -<h3>BRUNSBÜTTEL.</h3> - -<p>Brunsbüttel is the western terminus of the -Baltic-North Sea canal. It is situated about -ten miles up the River Elbe, on the Schleswig-Holstein -shore. Some batteries are believed to -exist at this point, armed with guns powerful -enough to repel torpedo craft, but the real -defences of the canal locks are the forts at Cuxhaven, -at the mouth of the river.</p> - -<p>The widening of the canal, which is now -practically completed, necessitated the construction -of new locks on a gigantic scale at -each end. Those at Brunsbüttel were completed -early this year, in advance of the locks at the -Kiel end.</p> - -<p>Brunsbüttel has a harbour nearly 1,700-ft. -long and 680-ft. wide. Large supplies of coal -and oil are kept here, and there is a well-equipped -coaling plant which enables vessels to coal with -great rapidity. The canal locks are of such -massive construction that it is doubtful whether -they could be seriously damaged by torpedo -attack.</p> - -<div class="shipplate"> - -<div class="figcenter w550"> -<img src="images/illo193a.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="272" /> -<p class="photodetail"><i>Moltke.</i> -<span class="righttext"><i>Photo: Central News.</i></span></p> -</div> - -<p class="classname"><b>MOLTKE CLASS.</b></p> - -<p class="classships">MOLTKE AND GOEBEN (slight differences).</p> - -<p class="techdata">Displacement: 23,000 tons.</p> - -<p class="techdata">Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 10 11in., 12 6in., 12 24pdrs.; -Torpedo tubes: 4.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo193b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="269" /> -</div> - -<table class="fire" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<th>Astern fire:</th> -<th>Broadside:</th> -<th>Ahead fire:</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>8 11in.</td> -<td>10 11in.</td> -<td>6 11in.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>2 6in.</td> -<td>6 6in.</td> -<td>2 6in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--shipplate--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page161">[161]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">CHAPTER IX</span><br /> -<span class="h2line2"><span class="smcap">The Kiel Canal</span></span></h2> - -<p>Although it is a generally accepted fact that -the Kiel Canal forms one of Germany’s most -valuable naval bases, it is just possible that its -value in war will be found to be greatly overrated. -There is no question that the size of -the locks and the depth of the canal, viz., 36 ft., -will allow battleships of the greatest draught -to pass through; but, to make the point clear, -it is necessary to consider the nature of the -navigable channels leading to both the Baltic -and the Elbe entrances to this great strategical -undertaking.</p> - -<p>Dealing with the Kiel end of the canal first, -the entrance is situated some seven or eight -miles up the estuary leading into Kiel Bay. -From Kiel Bay to the North Sea a vessel has, -according to her draught of water, the choice of -three routes into the Kattegat, viz., Little Belt, -Great Belt and the Sound. The first-named -could only be used by small light draught vessels,<span class="pagenum" id="Page162">[162]</span> -such as destroyers and submarines. The passage -through the Great Belt, and also that via the -Sound, would have to be navigated by a heavy -battleship on a favourable state of the tide. -The least width across the Little Belt is abreast -of the town of Fredericia, in Denmark, where -the passage is less than three-quarters of a mile -wide. In the Great Belt the navigable channels -are restricted in places to about a mile or even -less in width. Between Helsingor, in Denmark, -and Helsinborg, in Sweden, the Sound is but -little over a mile wide and only about 20 ft. -deep at low water. The eastern channel of -the Kattegat has deep water, and the distance -between the Scaw, the northern end -of Denmark, and the nearest outlying island -off the Swedish coast, is about twenty-five -miles.</p> - -<p>From the above showing, it will be seen that -the narrow and tortuous passages which a warship -must use if she wishes to proceed from -Kiel Bay to the North Sea present an easy problem -to render them unnavigable by the use of -submarine mines. And, again, the narrowness -of the entrance to the Kattegat lends itself to -easy watching by the scouts of a fleet in -the North Sea. German naval authorities, of -course, realised the geographical disadvantages -of Kiel years ago, and, in an attempt to -remedy the evil, widened and deepened the -Kiel Canal.</p> - -<p>The Elbe entrance of the canal, which is -situated at Brunsbüttel, is some seventeen miles -from Cuxhaven, which, as is well known, is the<span class="pagenum" id="Page163">[163]</span> -Gravesend of Hamburg. The channels between -Brunsbüttel and Cuxhaven, which are very -narrow, have a sufficient depth at low water for -vessels of a moderate draught, and the anchorage -room, except for ships drawing but a few -feet of water, is somewhat limited. A big battleship, -drawing 30 ft. or more, as she would do -with stores and ammunition on board, would -have to navigate the distance from the canal -entrance to Cuxhaven on a flood tide, and if -required to bring up would have to moor in the -usual manner with two anchors. In fact, the -same navigational procedure would have to be -followed after passing Cuxhaven until the ship -would nearly reach No. 2 Lightship at the mouth -of the Elbe.</p> - -<p>Of course, the Germans have no need to block -all the available room in the Elbe with big ships, -for they have many other deep-water anchorages -close at hand. The entrance of the Weser -River, from Roter Sand Lightship to Hohe Weg -Lighthouse, and Schillig Road, in the Jade -River, are both excellent big ship anchorages. -Turning to available shelter for smaller craft -on the German North Sea coast, this can be -found in numerous inlets and channels from the -borders of Denmark in the north to the entrance -of the Ems in the south.</p> - -<p>But now we have reached an important point. -We know that the long chains of off-shore lightships -along the German coast have been withdrawn -from their stations, and that the navigation -lights on shore have been discontinued. Should -German warships, which we may assume are -spread about in the various anchorages already -referred to, make a dart to sea, especially at -night-time, there is every probability of some -of them stranding on the numberless flats and -shoals which extend for many miles seaward -from the low-lying shore of Germany. And, -with the absence of lights and with mine-sown -channels to navigate, getting back on a dark, -dirty night to their havens would inevitably -cause destruction to many a ship, whether large -or small. The wilder the weather, the more -toll would this dangerous coast claim. The -British cruisers, when chasing their quarry, -would hold the whip-hand. The sounding -machine and hand-lead would tell them when -to ’bout ship.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page164">[164-<br />165]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w600"> -<img src="images/illo198.jpg" alt="Map" width="600" height="446" /> -<p class="mapcredit">COPYRIGHT: SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR <span class="oldtype">The Daily Telegraph</span> -by ‘GEOGRAPHIA’ L<sup>TD</sup> 33 STRAND LONDON W.C. -<span class="righttext">ALEXANDER GROSS. F.R.G.S.</span></p> -</div> - -<p class="largeillo allclear"><a href="images/illo198lg.jpg">Large map</a> (460 kB).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page166">[166]</span></p> - -<p>It is interesting to mention that for two-thirds -of the fifty-six miles in length of the -Kiel Canal the banks on either side are practically -flat, and, owing to the nature of the soil, -which is largely peat, they are constantly subsiding -into the channel. This, besides necessitating -constant dredging, in order to maintain the -great depth of water required for battleships, -forces vessels to proceed at their slowest speed -possible. A battleship would take, therefore, -the best part of twelve hours to get through from -the Elbe to Kiel.</p> - -<p>In view of the fact that the distance from -Kiel to the Scaw, via the Sound passage, is -325 miles—from Kiel to the Scaw via the intricate -channels of the Great Belt is about 245 -miles—a battleship would occupy thirty-six hours -fully, under the best conditions of tide and<span class="pagenum" id="Page167">[167]</span> -weather, to reach the waters of the North Sea. -In these days a naval battle can be decided in -a fractional part of that time.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page168">[168]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2chapx">CHAPTER X.—<span class="smcap">The Great Fleets Engaged; Tabular Statement.</span></span></h2> - -<h3>THE BRITISH NAVY.</h3> - -<h4>BRITISH BATTLESHIPS (Dreadnought Type).</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ship details"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Queen Elizabeth Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>Barham</i><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor9" href="#Footnote9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></span></td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">27,500</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">900</td> -<td class="year">1915</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armour">Belt: 13<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; P.D., 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; -Guns 13<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; G.T. 13<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">15-in., eight; 6-in., sixteen; 12 pr., twelve; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>Malaya</i><span class="nowrap"><a href="#Footnote9" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></span></td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>Queen Elizabeth</i><span class="nowrap"><a href="#Footnote9" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></span></td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>Warspite</i><span class="nowrap"><a href="#Footnote9" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></span></td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>Valiant</i><span class="nowrap"><a href="#Footnote9" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></span></td> -<td class="year">1915</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Agincourt<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor14" href="#Footnote14" -class="fnanchor">[14]</a></span></td> -<td class="tons">27,500</td> -<td class="speed">22</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">1,100</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td class="armour">Belt: am. 9-in.; P.D., 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; turrets 9-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., fourteen; 6-in., twenty; 3-in., ten.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Iron Duke Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Benbow</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">25,000</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">22</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec">·5</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">900</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">Belt: 12-in.; P.D., 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Guns 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">13·5-in., ten; 6-in., twelve; 3-in. anti-aerial, two; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Emperor of India</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Marlborough</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Iron Duke</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>King George V. Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Ajax</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">23,000</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">900</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">Belt: 12-in.; P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Guns 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">13·5, ten; 4-in., sixteen; 3 pr., four; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Audacious</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Centurion</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">King George V.</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Erin<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor15" href="#Footnote15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></span></td> -<td class="tons">23,000</td> -<td class="speed">21</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">870</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td class="armour">Belt: 12-in.; P.D., 3-in.</td> -<td class="armament">13·5-in., ten; 6-in., sixteen.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Orion Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page169">[169]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Conqueror</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">22,500</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">800</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">Belt: 12-in.; P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Barbette 10-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">13·5-in., ten; 4-in., sixteen; 3 pr., four; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Monarch</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Thunderer</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Orion</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Colossus Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Colossus</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">20,000</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">780</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">Belt: am. 10-in.; f. 8-in.; a. 7-in.; P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; -Barbette and C.T. 11-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">12-in., ten; 4-in., sixteen; 3 pr., four; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hercules</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Neptune</td> -<td class="tons">19,900</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>St. Vincent Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Collingwood</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">19,250</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">724</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">Belt: am. 9<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> in.; f. 6<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; -a. 6<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Barbette 11-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">12-in., ten; 4-in., eighteen; 3 pr., four; machine, six; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Vanguard</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">St. Vincent</td> -<td class="center br">1909</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Bellerophon Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bellerophon</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">18,600</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">780</td> -<td class="year">1909</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">Belt: am. 11-in.; f. 6-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Barbette 11-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">12-in., ten; 4-in., sixteen; 3 pr., four; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Téméraire</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Superb</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Dreadnought</td> -<td class="tons">17,900</td> -<td class="speed">21</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">770</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -<td class="center br">„<span class="padl2 padr2"> </span>„</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., ten; 12 pr., twenty-four; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote9"><a href="#FNanchor9"><span class="label">[9-13]</span></a> Not yet completed, -but due for completion 1914-15.</p> - -<p id="Footnote14"><a href="#FNanchor14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Ex-Turkish <i>Osman Birindieh</i>.</p> - -<p id="Footnote15"><a href="#FNanchor15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Ex-Turkish <i>Reshadieh</i>.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour details: -am. = amidships, -f. = forward, -a. = aft, -P.D. = protective deck, -C.T. = conning-tower.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page170">[170]</span></p> - -<h4>BATTLESHIPS (Pre-Dreadnought Type)</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ship details"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name.</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Lord Nelson Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Agamemnon</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">16,500</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">865</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 12-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. 2-in.; Barbette 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">12-in., four; 9·2, ten; 3-in., twenty-four; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Lord Nelson</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>King Edward VII. Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Africa</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="tons">16,350</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="men">825</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 9-in.; f. 6-in.; a. 2-in.; P.D. 2-in.; Barbette 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armament">12-in., four; 9·2, four; 6-in., ten; 12 pr., -fourteen; 3 pr., fourteen; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Britannia</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Commonwealth</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Dominion</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hibernia</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hindustan</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">King Edward VII.</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Zealandia</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Swiftsure Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Swiftsure</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">11,800</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">700</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 7-in.; f. 3-in.; a. 2-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Barbette 10-in.; C.T. 10-in.; Cas. 7-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">10-in., four; 7·5, fourteen; 14 pr., fourteen; 12 pr., two; -6 pr., four; Maxims, four; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Triumph</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Formidable Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page171">[171]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bulwark</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="tons">15,000</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="men">781</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 9-in.; f. 6-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Barbette 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.; Casemates 6-in.</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armament">12-in., four; 6-in., twelve; 12 pr., eighteen; 3 pr., two; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Formidable</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Implacable</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Irresistible</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Queen</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Prince of Wales</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">London</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Venerable</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Duncan Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Albemarle</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">14,000</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">19</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">750</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 7-in.; f. 5-in.; a. 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; -P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Barbette 11-in.; C.T. 11-in.; Casemates 6-in.</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">12-in., four; 6-in., twelve; 12 pr., twelve; 3 pr., six; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Cornwallis</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Duncan</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Exmouth</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Russell</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Canopus Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Albion</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="tons">12,950</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="men">700</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armour">(Harvey Nic.) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 2-in.; a. 13-in.; -P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Barbette 12-in.; C.T. 12-in. Casemates 5-in.</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armament">12-in., four; 6-in., twelve; 12 pr., twelve; 3 pr., six; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Canopus</td> -<td class="year">1899</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Glory</td> -<td class="year">1900</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Goliath</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Ocean</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Vengeance</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Majestic Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page172">[172]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Cæsar</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="9" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="tons">14,900</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speed">17</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="9" class="men">750</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="armour">(Harvey) Belt: am. 9-in.; P.D. 4-in.; Barbette 14-in.; C.T. 14-in. Casemates 6-in.</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="armament">12-in., four; 6-in., twelve, 12 pr., sixteen; 3 pr., four; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hannibal</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Illustrious</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Jupiter</td> -<td class="year">1897</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Magnificent</td> -<td class="year">1895</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Majestic</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Mars</td> -<td class="year">1897</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Prince George</td> -<td class="year">1896</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Victorious</td> -<td class="year">1897</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour details: -am. = amidships, -f. = forward, -a. = aft, -P.D. = protective deck, -C.T. = conning-tower.</p> - -<h4>BATTLE CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ship details"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name.</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Queen Mary Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Queen Mary</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">27,000</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">28</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">1,000</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">Belt: 9-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Turrets 9-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">13·5, eight; 4-in., sixteen; 13·5, eight; 6-in., twelve; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Tiger</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Lion Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page173">[173]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Princess Royal</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">26,350</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">28</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">980</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">Belt: 9-in.; Turrets 9-in.; P.D. 3-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">13·5, eight; 4-in., sixteen; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Lion</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Australia Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Australia</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td class="tons">19,200</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">780</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">Belt: 8-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Turrets, 10-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">12-in., eight; 4-in., sixteen; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">New Zealand</td> -<td class="men">18,800</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Invincible Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Indefatigable</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">18,750</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">790</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 7-in.; f. 6-in.; a. 4-in.; Turrets 7-in.; P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">12-in., eight; 4-in., sixteen; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Invincible</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Inflexible</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">17,250</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">780</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Indomitable</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour details: -am. = amidships, -f. = forward, -a. = aft, -P.D. = protective deck, -C.T. = conning-tower.</p> - -<h4>ARMOURED CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ship details"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name.</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Minotaur Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Defence</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">14,600</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">23</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">850</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 3-in.; P.D. 1<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Barbette 8-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">9·2, four; 7·5, ten; 12 pr., sixteen; torpedo tubes, five (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Shannon</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Minotaur</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Duke of Edinburgh Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page174">[174]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Achilles</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="tons">13,550</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speed">23</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="men">704</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 3-in.; P.D. <sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Barbette 6-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">9·2, six; 7·5, four; 3 pr., twenty-four; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Cochrane</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Natal</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Warrior</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Duke of Edinburgh</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">9·2, six; 6-in., ten; 3 pr., twenty; torpedo tubes, three (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Black Prince</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Devonshire Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Antrim</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="tons">10,850</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speed">23</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="men">655</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 2-in.; P.D. 2-in.; Barbette 5-in.; Casemates 5-in.</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armament">7·5, four; 6-in., six; 3-pounders, twenty; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Argyll</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Carnarvon</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Devonshire</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hampshire</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Roxburgh</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Monmouth Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page175">[175]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Berwick</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="9" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="tons">9,800</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speed">23</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="9" class="men">537</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 4-in.; f. 2-in.; P.D. 2-in.; Barbette 5-in.; Casemates, 4-in.</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="armament">6-in., fourteen; 12 pr., eight; pom-poms, ten; 3 pr., three; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Cornwall</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Cumberland</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Donegal</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Essex</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Kent</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Lancaster</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Monmouth</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Suffolk</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Drake Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Drake</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">14,100</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">24</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">900</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 2-in.; P.D. 2-in.; Barbette 6-in.; Casemates 6-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">9·2, two; 6-in., sixteen; 12 pr., twelve; 3 pr., two; machine, six; -torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Good Hope</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">King Alfred</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Leviathan</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Cressy Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Aboukir</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="tons">12,000</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="men">755</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 2-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Barbette 6-in.; Casemates 5-in.</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armament">9·2, two; 6-in., twelve; 12 pr., twelve; 3 pr., three; machine, -four; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bacchante</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Cressy</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Euryalus</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hogue</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Sutlej</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour details: -am. = amidships, -f. = forward, -a. = aft, -P.D. = protective deck, -C.T. = conning-tower.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page176">[176]</span></p> - -<h4>CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ship details"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name.</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Powerful Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Terrible</td> -<td class="tons">14,200</td> -<td class="speed">22</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">840</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -<td class="armament">9·2, two; 6-in., sixteen; 12 pr., fourteen; 3 pr., twelve; torpedo tubes, four (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Diadem Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Amphitrite</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="tons">11,000</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="men">680</td> -<td class="year">1900</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="armament">6 in., sixteen; 12 pr., twelve; 3 pr., six; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Andromeda</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Argonaut</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Ariadne</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Diadem</td> -<td class="year">1899</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Europa</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Spartiate</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Edgar Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Crescent<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor16" href="#Footnote16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></span></td> -<td rowspan="9" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="9" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="tons">7,350</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="9" class="men">550</td> -<td class="year">1893</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="armament">9·2, two; 6-in., ten; 6 pr., twelve; 3 pr., five; Max., two; 22 torpedo -tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Edgar</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Endymion</td> -<td class="year">1894</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Gibraltar</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Grafton</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hawke</td> -<td class="year">1893</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Royal Arthur<span class="nowrap"><a href="#Footnote16" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></span></td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">St. George</td> -<td class="year">1894</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Theseus</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Challenger Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page177">[177]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Challenger</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">5,880</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">454</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">6-in., eleven; 12 pr., eight; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Encounter<br />(Australian Navy).</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Highflyer Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hermes</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">5,600</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">456</td> -<td class="year">1900</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">6-in., eleven; 12 pr., eight; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Highflyer</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hyacinth</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Arrogant Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Furious</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">5,750</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">430</td> -<td class="year">1899</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">6-in., ten; 12 pr., eight; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, three (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Vindictive</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Talbot Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Diana</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="9" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="tons">5,600</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speed">19</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="speeddec">·5</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="men">412</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="armament">6-in., eleven; 12 pr., nine; 3 pr., seven; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Dido</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Doris</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Eclipse</td> -<td class="year">1897</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Isis</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Juno</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Minerva</td> -<td class="year">1897</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Talbot</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Venus</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Chatham Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page178">[178]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Birmingham</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="tons">5,400</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="men">400</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td class="armament">6-in., eight; 3 pr., four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Chatham</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -<td class="armament">6-in., eight; nine smaller guns.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Dublin</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">Birmingham, Lowestoft and Nottingham: 6-in., nine.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Lowestoft</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Nottingham</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Southampton</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Bristol Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bristol</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">4,800</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">27</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">375</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">6-in., two; 4-in., ten; machine, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Glasgow</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Gloucester</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Liverpool</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Newcastle</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Weymouth Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Dartmouth</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">5,250</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">390</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">6-in., eight; smaller guns, nine.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Falmouth</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Weymouth</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Yarmouth</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Colonial Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page179">[179]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Brisbane<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor18" href="#Footnote18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></span></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">5,400</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec">·5</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">350</td> -<td class="center br">?</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">6-in., eight; Q.F. and machine, nine.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Melbourne</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Sydney</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Arethusa Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Royalist</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="tons">3,750</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speed">29</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="men">280</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armament">6-in., two; 4-in., six; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Inconstant</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Phaeton</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Penelope</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Galatea</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Undaunted</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Arethusa</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Aurora</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Boadicea Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Active</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="tons">3,440</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speed">26</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="men">320</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="armament">4-in., ten; 3 pr., four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Amphion<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor19" href="#Footnote19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></span></td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bellona<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor20" href="#Footnote20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></span></td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Blanche</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Blonde</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Boadicea<span class="nowrap"><a href="#Footnote20" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></span></td> -<td class="year">1909</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Fearless</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Astræa Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page180">[180]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Astræa</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="tons">4,360</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speed">19</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speeddec">·5</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="men">312</td> -<td class="year">1894</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armament">6-in., two; 4·7, eight; 6 pr., eight; 3 pr., one; torpedo tubes, four (above water).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bonaventure</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Cambrian</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Charybdis</td> -<td class="year">1895</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Flora</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Forte</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Fox</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hermione</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Apollo Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Æolus</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="tons">3,400</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="men">275</td> -<td class="year">1893</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armament">6-in., two; 4·7, six; 6 pr., eight; 3 pr., one; machine, four; -torpedo tubes, four (above water).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Brilliant</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Melpomene</td> -<td class="year">1892</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Latona</td> -<td class="year">1893</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Sappho</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Scylla</td> -<td class="year">1892</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Sirius</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Terpsichore</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Sentinel Class.</b><span class="pagenum" id="Page181">[181]</span></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Adventure</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="tons">2,700</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speed">25</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="8" class="men">268</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -<td rowspan="8" class="armament">4-in., nine; smaller guns, six; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Attentive</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Foresight</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Forward</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Pathfinder</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Patrol</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Sentinel</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Skirmisher</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="classname"><b>Topaze Class.</b></td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Amethyst</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">3,000</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">23</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">300</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">4-in., twelve; 3 pr., eight; Maxims, two; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Diamond</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Sapphire</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Topaze</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote16"><a href="#FNanchor16"><span class="label">[16, 17]</span></a> -Crescent and Royal Arthur displace 7,700 tons and have one 9·2-in. and twelve 6-in. guns.</p> - -<p id="Footnote18"><a href="#FNanchor18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Date of completion uncertain.</p> - -<p id="Footnote19"><a href="#FNanchor19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Sunk by German Mine, August 6th, 1914.</p> - -<p id="Footnote20"><a href="#FNanchor20"><span class="label">[20, 21]</span></a> Bellona and Boadicea carry only six 6-in. guns.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<h4>TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS.</h4> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p><b>“M” Class</b> (1913-14) (Displacement, 1,200-1,350 tons; H.P., 27,000; 34 knots; armament, four 4-in.; -four 21-in. torpedo tubes):—Manly, Mansfield, Marksman, Mastiff, Matchless, Menace, Mentor, Meteor, -Milne, Minos, Miranda, Monitor, Moorsom, Morris, Murray, Myngs.</p> - -<p><b>“L” Class</b> (1912-13) (Displacement, 965 tons; H.P., 25,000; 29 knots; armament, three 4-in.; four 21-in. -torpedo tubes):—Laertes, Laforey, Lance, Landrail, Lark, Laurel, Laverock, Lawford, Legion, Lennox, -Leonidas, Liberty, Linnet, Llewellyn, Lookout, Louis, Loyal, Lucifer, Lydiard, Lysander.</p> - -<p><b>“K” Class</b> (1912-13) (Displacement, 935 tons; H.P., 24,500; 30-32 knots; armament, three 4-in.; two -21-in. torpedo tubes):—Acasta, Achates, Ambuscade, Ardent, Christopher, Cockatrice, Contest, Fortune, -Garland, Hardy, Lynx, Midge, Owl, Paragon, Porpoise, Shark, Sparrowhawk, Spitfire, Unity, Victor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page182">[182]</span></p> - -<p><b>“I” Class</b> (1911) (Displacement, 750-850 tons; H.P., 16,500-20,000; 30-35 knots; armament, two 4-in.; -two 12 pdrs.; two 21-in. torpedo tubes):—Acheron, Archer, Ariel, Attack, Badger, Beaver, Defender, -Druid, Ferret, Firedrake, Forester, Goshawk, Hind, Hornet, Hydra, Jackal, Lapwing, Lizard, Lurcher, -Oak, Phœnix, Sandfly, Tigress.</p> - -<p><b>“H” Class</b> (1910) (Displacement, 780 tons; H.P., 13,500; 27-29 knots; armament, two 4-in.; two 12 pdrs.; -two 21-in. torpedo tubes):—Acorn, Alarm, Brisk, Cameleon, Comet, Fury, Goldfinch, Hope, Larne, -Lyra, Martin, Minstrel, Nemesis, Nereide, Nymphe, Redpole, Rifleman, Ruby, Sheldrake, Staunch.</p> - -<p><b>“G” Class</b> (1909) (Displacement, 900-1,000 tons; H.P., 2,100; 27 knots; armament, one 4-in.; two 21-in. -torpedo tubes):—Basilisk, Beagle, Bulldog, Foxhound, Grasshopper, Harpy, Mosquito, Grampus, Pincher, -Racoon, Rattlesnake, Renard, Savage, Scorpion, Scourge, Wolverine.</p> - -<p><b>“F” Class</b> (1907-09) (Displacement, 865-1,090 tons; H.P., 14,000-15,500; 33-35 knots; armament, five -12 pdrs. (or two 4-in.); two 18-in. torpedo tubes):—Afridi, Amazon, Cossack, Crusader, Ghurka, Maori, -Mohawk, Nubian, Saracen, Tartar, Viking, Zulu.</p> - -<p><b>“E” Class</b> (1903-08) (Displacement, 530-560 tons; H.P., 7,500; 25 knots; armament, four 12 pdrs.; two -18-in. torpedo tubes):—Arun, Boyne, Chelmer, Cherwell, Colne, Dee, Derwent, Doon, Eden, Erne, Ettrick, -Exe, Foyle, Garry, Itchen, Jed, Kale, Kennet, Liffey, Moy, Ness, Nith, Ouse, Ribble, Rother, Stour, -Swale, Test, Teviot, Ure, Usk, Waveney, Wear, Welland.</p> - -<p><b>“D” Class</b> (1895-01) (Displacement, 300-400 tons; H.P., 6,000; 30 knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five -6 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo tubes):—Angler, Coquette, Cygnet, Cynthia, Desperate, Fame, Mallard, Stag.</p> - -<p><b>“C” Class</b> (1895-01) (Displacement, 300-400 tons; H.P., 6,000; 30 knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five -6 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo tubes):—Albatross, Avon, Bat, Bittern, Brazen, Bullfinch, Cheerful, Crane, -Dove, Electra, Fairy, Falcon, Fawn, Flirt, Flying Fish, Gipsy, Greyhound, Kestrel, Leopard, Leven, -Osprey, Ostrich, Mermaid, Racehorse, Recruit, Roebuck, Star, Sylvia, Thorn, Velox, Vigilant, Violet, -Vixen, Vulture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page183">[183]</span></p> - -<p><b>“B” Class</b> (1895-01) (Displacement, 300-400 tons; H.P., 6,000; 30 knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five -6 pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo tubes):—Albacore, Arab, Bonetta, Earnest, Express, Griffon, Kangaroo, -Lively, Locust, Myrmidon, Orwell, Panther, Peterel, Quail, Seal, Spiteful, Sprightly, Success, Syren, -Thrasher, Wolf.</p> - -<p><b>“A” Class</b> (1894-95) (Displacement, 275-350 tons; H.P., 4,500; 27 knots; armament, one 12 pdr.; five 6 -pdrs.; two 18-in. torpedo tubes):—Conflict, Fervent, Lightning, Opossum, Porcupine, Ranger, Sunfish, -Surly, Zephyr.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<h4>TORPEDO BOATS.</h4> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p><b>Nos. 1-12</b> (1906-07) Displacement, 247-263 tons; H.P., 3,750; 27-28<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots; two -12 pdrs.; three 18-in. -torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Nos. 13-36</b> (1907-08) Displacement, 260-308 tons; H.P., 4,000; 26-27 knots; two 12 pdrs.; three 18-in. -torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Nos. 98, 99, 107-117</b> (1901-03) Displacement, 178-205 tons; H.P., 2,850-2,900; 25-26 knots; three 3 pdrs.; -three torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Nos. 88-97</b> (1893-95) Displacement, 112-172 tons; H.P., 1,500-2,500; 23-24<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -knots; three 3 pdrs.; three -torpedo tubes.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<h4>SUBMARINES.</h4> - -<table class="submarines" summary="submarines"> - -<tr> -<th class="br">Class</th> -<th class="br">No.<br />in<br />Class</th> -<th class="br">Date<br />of<br />Building</th> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Speed in Knots</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Dis-<br />place-<br />ment</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Horse<br />Power</th> -<th class="br">Tubes</th> -<th>Guns</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="center br"><b>A</b></td> -<td class="right padr2 br">9</td> -<td class="center br">1904-06</td> -<td class="center padl1">Submerged</td> -<td class="right">9-12</td> -<td class="center padl1 padr1 br">surface</td> -<td class="right">200</td> -<td class="center padl1 padr1 br">Tons</td> -<td colspan="2" class="center padl1 padr1 br">150-500</td> -<td class="center br">2</td> -<td rowspan="4"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="center br"><b>B</b></td> -<td class="right padr2 br">10</td> -<td class="center br">1904-06</td> -<td class="center padl1">„</td> -<td class="right">9-13</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td class="right">314</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td colspan="2" class="center padl1 padr1 br">189-600</td> -<td class="center br">2</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="center br"><b>C</b></td> -<td class="right padr2 br">37</td> -<td class="center br">1906-09</td> -<td class="center padl1">„</td> -<td class="right">10-14</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td class="right">320</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td colspan="2" class="center padl1 padr1 br">300-600</td> -<td class="center br">2</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="center br"><b>D</b></td> -<td class="right padr2 br">8</td> -<td class="center br">1910-11</td> -<td class="center padl1">„</td> -<td class="right">10-16</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td class="right">580</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td colspan="2" class="center padl1 padr1 br">550-1,200</td> -<td class="center br">3</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="center br"><b>E</b></td> -<td class="right padr2 br">16</td> -<td class="center br">1911-13</td> -<td class="center padl1">„</td> -<td class="right">10-16</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td class="right">800</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td colspan="2" class="center padl1 padr1 br">1,950</td> -<td class="center br">4</td> -<td class="left padl1">Two 3-in.</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td class="center br"><b>F</b></td> -<td class="right padr2 br">6</td> -<td class="center br">1913-14</td> -<td class="center padl1">„</td> -<td class="right">12-20</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td class="right">1,000</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td colspan="2" class="center padl1 padr1 br">5,000</td> -<td class="center br">6</td> -<td class="left padl1">Two 3-in.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page184">[184]</span></p> - -<h3>THE GERMAN NAVY.</h3> - -<h4>BATTLESHIPS (Dreadnought Type).</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />ple-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>Ersatz Wörth</i><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor22" href="#Footnote22" -class="fnanchor">[22]</a></span></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">29,000</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">23</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="center br">——</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="year">1916</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">15-in., eight; 5·9-in., sixteen.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">“<i>T</i>”<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor23" href="#Footnote22" -class="fnanchor">[23]</a></span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Markgraf</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">25,600</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">1,130</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">Belt: 13<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">12-in., ten; 5·9-in., fourteen; 3·4-in., ten; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Grosser Kurfürst</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">König</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>Kronprinz</i><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor24" href="#Footnote24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></span></td> -<td class="year">1915</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">König Albert</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">24,312</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">1,080</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armour">Belt: 13<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Turrets, 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">12-in., ten; 5·9-in., fourteen; 3·4-in., twelve; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Kaiserin</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">F. der Grosse</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Kaiser</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">P. Regent Luitpold</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Helgoland</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">22,435</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec">·5</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">1,106</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">Belt: 11<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in. P.D. 3-in.; Turrets,11-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">12-in., twelve; 5·9-in., fourteen; 3·4-in., fourteen; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Oldenburg</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Ostfriesland</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Thüringen</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Nassau<span class="pagenum" id="Page185">[185]</span></td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">18,600</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">19</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">966</td> -<td class="year">1909</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am., 11-in.; f. 6-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. 4-in.; Barbette, 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">11-in., twelve; 5·9-in., twelve; 3·4-in., sixteen; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Posen</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Rheinland</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Westfalen</td> -<td class="year">1909</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote22"><a href="#FNanchor22"><span class="label">[22, 23]</span></a> To be completed 1916.</p> - -<p id="Footnote24"><a href="#FNanchor24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> To be completed 1915.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Note to Armour.</span>—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = Protective decks; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<h4>BATTLESHIPS (pre-Dreadnought Type).</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />ple-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Deutschland</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">13,000</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">743</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: a.m. 9<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. -3-in.; Barbette, 11-in.; casemates 6<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">11-in., four; 6·7-in., fourteen; 3·4-in., twenty; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hannover</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Pommern</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Schlesien</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Schleswig-Holstein</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Braunschweig</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">13,000</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">743</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: a.m. 9-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Barbette, -11-in.; casemates 6-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">11-in., four; 6·7-in., fourteen; 3·4-in., eighteen; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Elsass</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Lothringen</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hessen</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Preussen</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Mecklenburg</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">11,650</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">683</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: a.m. 9-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. 5-in.; -Barbette 10-in.; casemates 6-in.; C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">9·4-in., four; 6-in., eighteen; 15-pdr., twelve; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Wettin</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Wittelsbach</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Schwaben</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Zähringen</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">K. Barbarossa<span class="pagenum" id="Page186">[186]</span></td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">10,600</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">622</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 12-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. 3-in.; -Barbette, 10-in; casemates, 6-in.; C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">9·4-in., four; 5·9-in., fourteen; 3·4-in., fourteen; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">K. Friedrich III.</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">K. Karl der Grosse</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">K. Wilhelm II.</td> -<td class="year">1900</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">K. Wilhelm der Grosse</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Note to Armour.</span>—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = Protective decks; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<h4>BATTLE-CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />ple-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">E. Hertha<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor25" href="#Footnote25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></span></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">28,000</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">27</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="year"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">12-in., eight; 5·9-in., twelve.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">E. Victoria Louise<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor26" href="#Footnote26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Derfflinger</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">26,200</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">26</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">1,125</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -<td class="armour">Belt, 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">12-in., eight; 5·9-in., twelve; 3·4-in., twelve; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Lützow<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor27" href="#Footnote27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></span></td> -<td class="year">1915</td> -<td class="armour"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Seydlitz</td> -<td class="tons">24,600</td> -<td class="speed">27</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">1,108</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -<td class="armour">Belt, 12-in.; P.D., 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">11-in., ten; 5·9-in., twelve; 3·4-in., twelve; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Goeben<span class="pagenum" id="Page187">[187]</span></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">22,640</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">28</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">1,013</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">Belt, 11-in., P.D., 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">11-in., ten; 5·9-in., twelve; 3·4-in., twelve; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Moltke</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Von der Tann</td> -<td class="tons">19,100</td> -<td class="speed">28</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">850</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -<td class="armour">Belt: 10-in.; P.D., 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">11-in., eight; 5·9-in., ten; 3·4-in., sixteen; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote25"><a href="#FNanchor25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> To be completed 1916.</p> - -<p id="Footnote26"><a href="#FNanchor26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> To be completed 1917.</p> - -<p id="Footnote27"><a href="#FNanchor27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> To be completed 1915.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Note to Armour.</span>—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = Protective decks; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<h4>ARMOURED CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />ple-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Blücher</td> -<td class="tons">15,550</td> -<td class="speed">25</td> -<td class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="men">888</td> -<td class="year">1909</td> -<td class="armour">(Krupp); am. 7-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 4-in.; P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">8·2-in., twelve; 5·9-in., eight; 3·4-in., sixteen; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Gneisenau</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">11,500</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">22</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">764</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 3-in.; a. 5-in.; P.D. 2-in.; Barbette, 6-in.; Battery, 4-in.; C.T., 8-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">8·2-in., eight; 5·9-in., six; small guns, eighteen; torpedo tubes, four (submerged.)</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Scharnhorst</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Fürst Bismarck</td> -<td class="tons">10,570</td> -<td class="speed">19</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">594</td> -<td class="year">1900</td> -<td class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 8-in.; f. 4-in.; a., 4-in.; P.D., 2-in.; Battery, 8-in.; casemates, 4-in.; C.T., 8-in.</td> -<td class="armament">9·4-in., four; 5·9-in., twelve; 3·4-in., ten; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Roon<span class="pagenum" id="Page188">[188]</span></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">9,350</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">633</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am., 4-in.; f., 3-in.; a., 3-in; P.D., 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; -Barbette, 6-in.; Battery, 4-in.; C.T., 6-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">8·2-in., four; 6-in., ten; 3·4-in., fourteen; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Yorck</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Prinz Adalbert</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">8,851</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">591</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am., 4-in.; f., 3-in.; a., 3-in.; P.D., 2-in.; Trt., 6-in.; Battery, 4-in.; G.T., 9-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">8·2-in., four; 6-in., ten; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Friedrich Karl</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Prinz Heinrich</td> -<td class="tons">8,760</td> -<td class="speed">20</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">567</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -<td class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: a.m., 4-in.; f., 2-in.; a., 2-in.; P.D., 2-in.; Trt., 6-in.; Battery, 4-in.; C.T., 6-in.</td> -<td class="armament">9·4-in., two; 6-in., ten; 3·4-in., ten; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page189">[189]</span></p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Note to Armour.</span>—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = protective deck; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<h4>CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />ple-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname padr1 br">Kaiserin Augusta</td> -<td class="tons">6,000</td> -<td class="speed">21</td> -<td class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="men">439</td> -<td class="year">1894</td> -<td class="armament">6-in., twelve; 3·4-in., eight; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Freya</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="tons">5,600</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speed">19</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="5" class="men">450</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="armament">8·2, two; 6-in., six; 3·4, fourteen; torpedo tubes, three (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hansa</td> -<td class="year">1899</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hertha</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Victoria Luise</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Vineta</td> -<td class="year">1899</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>E. Gefion</i><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor28" href="#Footnote28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></span></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">5,500</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">28</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="center br">—</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="center br">—</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">5·9-in., ten.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><i>E. Hela</i><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor29" href="#Footnote28" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Rostock</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">4,870</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">28</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">373</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">4-in., twelve; machine, two; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Karlsruhe</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Graudenz</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Regensburg</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Breslau</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">4,520</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">27</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">370</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">4-in., twelve; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Magdeburg</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Strassburg</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Stralsund</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Augsburg<span class="pagenum" id="Page190">[190]</span></td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">4,281</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">26</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">379</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">4-in., twelve; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Köln</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Kolberg</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Mainz</td> -<td class="year">1909</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Dresden</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">3,620</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">24</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">361</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">4-in., ten; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Emden</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Koenigsburg</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">3,420</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">23</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">322</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">4·1, ten; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Nurnburg</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Stettin</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Stuttgart</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bremen</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="tons">3,200</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speed">22</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td rowspan="7" class="men">300</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="armament">4·1, ten; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Berlin</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Danzig</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Hamburg</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Leipzig</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Lübeck</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">München</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Arcona<span class="pagenum" id="Page191">[191]</span></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">2,660</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">22</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">281</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">4·1, ten; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Frauenlob</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Undine</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Amazone</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="tons">2,630</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="7" class="men">275</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="armament">4·1, ten; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Ariadne</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Gazelle</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Medusa</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Niobe</td> -<td class="year">1899</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Nymphe</td> -<td class="year">1901</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Thetis</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Gefion</td> -<td class="tons">3,750</td> -<td class="speed">19</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">300</td> -<td class="year">1894</td> -<td class="armament">4·1, ten.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Hela</td> -<td class="tons">2,000</td> -<td class="speed">19</td> -<td class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="men">191</td> -<td class="year">1896</td> -<td class="armament">3·4-in., four; smaller guns, six; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote28"><a href="#FNanchor28"><span class="label">[28, 29]</span></a> To be completed 1915.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<h4>TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS.</h4> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p><b>12 Boats, S 31-36, V 25-30</b> (1913-14), displacement, 570 tons; speed, 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -knots; armament: two 3·4-in., -four machine guns, five torpedo tubes. Complement, 75.</p> - -<p><b>12 Boats, S 13-24</b> (1912-13), displacement, 555 tons; speed, 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -knots; armament; two 3·4-in., two machine -guns, four torpedo tubes. Complement, 73.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page192">[192]</span></p> - -<p><b>12 Boats, V 1-6, G 7-12</b> (1911-12), displacement, 560 tons; speed, 32<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -knots; armament: two 3·4-in., two -machine guns, four torpedo tubes. Complement, 73.</p> - -<p><b>12 Boats, G 192-197, V 186-191</b> (1910-11), displacement, 640 tons; speed, 32 knots; armament: two 3·4-in., -two machine guns, four torpedo tubes. Complement, 83.</p> - -<p><b>12 Boats, V 180-185, S 176-179, G 174-175</b> (1909-10), displacement, 635 tons; speed, 32 knots; armament, -two 3·4-in.; two machine guns, four torpedo tubes. Complement, 83.</p> - -<p><b>11 Boats, G 169-170, G 172-173, S 165-168, V 162-164</b> (1908-09), displacement, 610 tons; speed, 30 knots; -armament, two 3·4-in., two machine, three torpedo tubes. Complement, 83.</p> - -<p><b>12 Boats, V 150-161</b> (1907-08), displacement, 545 tons; speed, 30 knots; armament, two 3·4-in., two machine -guns, three torpedo tubes. Complement, 83.</p> - -<p><b>12 Boats, S 138-149</b> (1906-07), displacement, 515 tons; speed, 30 knots; armament: one 3·4-in., five smaller -guns, three torpedo tubes. Complement, 80.</p> - -<p><b>1 Boat, G 137</b> (1906), displacement, 565 tons; speed, 33 knots; armament: one 3·4-in., five smaller guns, -three torpedo tubes. Complement, 80.</p> - -<p><b>47 Boats, G 132-136</b> (1905-06), <b>S 126-151</b> (1904-05), <b>S 120-125</b> (1903-04), -<b>S 114-119</b> (1902-03), <b>G 108-113</b> -(1901-02), <b>S 102-107</b> (1900-01), <b>S 90-101</b> (1898-1900), displacement, 390-475 tons; speed, 26-27 knots; -armament: three 3-pdrs., two machine, three torpedo tubes. Complement, 60.</p> - -<p><b>8 Boats, D 3-10</b> (1887-98), displacement, 290-345 tons; speed, 22-28 knots; armament: three (or five) -3-pdrs., three torpedo tubes. Complement, 50-60.</p> - -<p><b>1 Boat “Taku”</b> (1898), displacement, 270 tons; speed, 30 knots; armament, two 3-pdrs.; two torpedo tubes. -Complement, 49.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page193">[193]</span></p> - -<h4>SUBMARINES.</h4> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p><b>2 Boats, U 1 and U 2</b> (1906-08), displacement, 197-236 tons; speeds, 8-10 knots; armament, two torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p><b>6 Boats, U 3-U 8</b> (1908-11), displacement, 240-300 tons; speeds, 8-12 knots; armament, two torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>12 Boats, U 9-U 20</b> (1910-12), displacement, 450 tons; speeds, 9-15 knots; armament, three torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>16 Boats, U 21-U 36</b> (1912-14), displacement, 800 tons; speeds, 18-12 knots; armament: two guns, four (or -five) torpedo tubes.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<h4>MINELAYERS.</h4> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p><b>“Nautilus”</b> (1906), displacement, 1,900 tons; speed, 20 knots; armament, eight 3·4-in., 400 naval mines.</p> - -<p><b>“Albatross”</b> (1907), displacement, 2,120 tons; speed, 20 knots; armament: eight 3·4-in., 400 naval mines.</p> - -<p><b>“Pelikan”</b> (1890), displacement, 2,300 tons; speed, 15 knots; -armament: four 3·4-in., 300 naval mines.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page194">[194]</span></p> - -<h3>THE FRENCH NAVY</h3> - -<h4>BATTLESHIPS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr class="bt bb"> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Courbet</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">23,100</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">1,000</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">Belt: am. 10<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; f. 7-in.; a. 7-in.; P.D. -3<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">12-in., twelve; 5·5-in., twenty-two; eight smaller; torpedo tubes, three.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Jean Bart</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">France</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Paris</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Condorcet</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="tons">18,400</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speed">19</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="6" class="men">680</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armour">Belt: am. 10-in.; f. 6-in.; a. 6-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Barbette 12-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="6" class="armament">12-in., four; 9·4-in., twelve; 3-in., sixteen; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Danton</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Diderot</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Mirabeau</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Vergiaud</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Voltaire</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Démocratie</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">14,870</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">800</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">Belt: 11-in.; P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Turret 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">12-in., four; 7·6, ten; 4-in., eight; smaller, twenty-six; torpedo -tubes, five (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Justice</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Vérité</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Patrie</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">14,865</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">800</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">Belt: 11-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Turret 12<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">12-in., four; 6·4, eighteen; smaller, twenty-five; torpedo tubes, five (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">République</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Suffren<span class="pagenum" id="Page195">[195]</span></td> -<td class="tons">12,730</td> -<td class="speed">18</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">750</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td class="armour">Belt: 12-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Turret 12-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., four; 6·4, ten; 4-in., eight; smaller, twenty-four; torpedo tubes, four (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Charlemagne</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">11,000</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">650</td> -<td class="year">1899</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(H.) Belt: am. 12<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 10-in.; a. -10-in. P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Barbette 15<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">12-in., four; 5·5, ten; 4-in., eight; smaller, 26; torpedo tubes four (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Gaulois</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">St. Louis</td> -<td class="year">1900</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Bouvet</td> -<td class="tons">12,000</td> -<td class="speed">17</td> -<td class="speeddec"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="men">650</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -<td class="armour">(H.) Belt: am. 15<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 12-in.; a. -10-in. P.D. 3<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., two; 10·8, two; 5·5, eight; 4-in., eight; smaller, thirty; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Masséna</td> -<td class="tons">11,700</td> -<td class="speed">18</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">620</td> -<td class="year"> </td> -<td class="armour">(H.) Belt: am. 17<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 10-in.; P.D. 3<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., two; 10·8, two; 5·5, eight; 4-in., eight; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Charles Martel</td> -<td class="tons">11,880</td> -<td class="speed">18</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">650</td> -<td class="year">1896</td> -<td class="armour">(C.) Belt: am. 17<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 13<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; -a. 11-in.; P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., two; 10·8, two; 5·5, eight; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Carnot</td> -<td class="tons">12,000</td> -<td class="speed">18</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">650</td> -<td class="year">1896</td> -<td class="armour">(C.) Belt: am. 17<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 10-in.; a. 10-in.; P.D. -2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., two; 10·8, two; 5·5, eight; smaller, twenty-two; torpedo tubes, four.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Jauréguiberry<span class="pagenum" id="Page196">[196]</span></td> -<td class="tons">11,650</td> -<td class="speed">18</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">600</td> -<td class="year">1896</td> -<td class="armour">(C.) Belt: am. 17<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 9-in.; a. 9-in., -P.D. 2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., two; 10·8, two; 5·5, eight; smaller, twenty; torpedo tubes, six.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour.—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = protective deck; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<h4>ARMOURED CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Léon Gambetta</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">12,350</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">22</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">750</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; t. 3-in.; -a. 3-in.; P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Barbette 6-in.; casemates 4-in.; C.T. 8-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">7·6, four; 6·4, sixteen; smaller twenty-four; torpedo tubes, five (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Jules Ferry</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Victor Hugo</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Amiral Aube</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="tons">10,000</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="4" class="men">600</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 4-in.; -a. 4-in.; P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Turret, 8-in.; cas. 4-in.; C.T. 9-in.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="armament">7·6, two; 6·4, eight; 4-in., six; smaller, twenty; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Conde</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Gloire</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Marseillaise</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Dupetit Thouars</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">9,519</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">580</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(H. N.) Belt: am. 6<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 4-in.; a. 4-in.; C.T. 4-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">7·6, ten; 6·4, eight; 4-in., four; smaller, 22.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Amiral Gueydon</td> -<td class="year">1902</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Montcalm</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Jeanne d’Arc<span class="pagenum" id="Page197">[197]</span></td> -<td class="tons">11,270</td> -<td class="speed">22</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">620</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td class="armour">(H.) Belt: am. 6-in.; f. 5-in.; a. 3-in.; P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; -Turret 7<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; cas. 5-in.; C.T. 6-in.</td> -<td class="armament">7·6, two; 5·5, fourteen; smaller, twenty; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Desaix</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">7,700</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">500</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 4-in.; f. 3-in.; a. 3-in.; P.D. -2<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; Turret 4-in.; C.T. 6-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">6·4, eight; 4-in., four; smaller, sixteen; torpedo tubes, two (above water).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Dupleix</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Kléber</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour.—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = protective deck; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p class="blankbefore2"><b>Protected Cruisers</b>: <i>D’Entrecasteaŭx</i> (completed 1898), 7,990 tons, -19<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, armament: 2-9·4 in., 12-5·5 in., -16 smaller, 6 torpedo tubes. <i>Gŭichen</i> (1902), 8,150 tons, 23 knots, 2-6·4 in., 6-5·5 in., 15 smaller, 2 torpedo -tubes. <i>Jurien de la Gravière</i> (1901), 5,590 tons, 22 knots, 8-6·4 in., -10 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes. <i>D’Estrées</i> -(1900) 2,421 tons, 20<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, 2-5·5 in., 4-3·9 in., -3 torpedo tubes. <i>Dŭ-Chayla</i> (1897) 3,890 tons, 20 knots, -6-6·4 in., 4-3·9 in., 2 torpedo tubes. <i>Lavoisier</i> (1899), 2,285 tons, -20 knots, 4-5·5, 2-3·9 in., 2 torpedo -tubes. <i>Friant</i> (1894), 3,882 tons, 19 knots, 6-6·4 in., 4-3·9 in., 2 torpedo -tubes. Also: <i>Alger</i>, <i>Sŭrcoŭf</i>, -<i>Cosmao</i>, very old ships, of small fighting value.</p> - -<p><b>Destroyers</b>: <b>80 boats</b> (1901-1914), 310-710 tons, 25-31 knots, armed with 9 pdrs. or 3·4-in., guns 2-4 torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Torpedo-Boats</b>: <b>90-100 boats</b> (1890-1909), 90-185 tons, 24-30 knots, armed with small quick-firers and 2-3 -torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Submarines</b>: <b>75 boats</b> (1903-14), 106-740 tons, 12-18 knots (surface), armed with 4-8 torpedo tubes.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page198">[198]</span></p> - -<h3>THE RUSSIAN NAVY</h3> - -<h4>BATTLESHIPS—PRE-DREADNOUGHTS</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name.</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">A. Pervosvanni</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">17,400</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">18</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">900</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 8<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; -f. 5, a. 4-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Barbette 12, Bty 5, C.T. 8-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">12-in., four; 8-in., twelve; 4·7, twenty; torpedo tubes, five.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Imperator Pavel I</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Slava</td> -<td class="tons">13,500</td> -<td class="speed">18</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">700</td> -<td class="year">1905</td> -<td class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 9-in.; f. 4, a. 4, P.D. 4-in.; Barbette 10, T. 6, C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., four; 6-in., twelve; smaller, twenty-five; torpedo tubes, four (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Cesarevitch</td> -<td class="tons">12,912</td> -<td class="speed">18</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">750</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 10, f. 4, a. 4, P.D. 4-in.; Barbette 11-in.; Turret 6-in.; C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., four; 6-in., twelve; 12-pr., twenty; smaller, thirty; torpedo tubes, three (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor30" href="#Footnote30" -class="fnanchor">[30]</a></span>Panteleimon<span class="pagenum" id="Page199">[199]</span></td> -<td rowspan="2" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="tons">12,733</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speed">16</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="men">700</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 9, f. 2, a. 2, P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; -Barbette 12-in., Battery 5-in., C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="armament">12-in., four; 6-in., sixteen; 12-pr., fourteen; smaller, sixteen; -torpedo tubes, five (two submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor31" href="#Footnote30" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></span>Ivan Zlatoust</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor32" href="#Footnote30" -class="fnanchor">[32]</a></span>Evstafi</td> -<td class="tons">12,500</td> -<td class="speed">17</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">700</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -<td class="armour">(H.) Belt: am. 16-in.; P.D. 3-in.; Barbette 16-in.; Battery 5-in.; C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., four; 8-in., four; 6-in., twelve; smaller, twenty-two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor33" href="#Footnote30" -class="fnanchor">[33]</a></span>Rostislav</td> -<td class="tons">9,000</td> -<td class="speed">16</td> -<td class="speeddec">·5</td> -<td class="men">600</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -<td class="armour">(H.) Belt: 15, P.D. 3-in.; Barbette 15-in.; Battery 6, C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td class="armament">10-in., four; 6-in., eight; smaller, thirty; torpedo tubes, four (above water).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br"><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor34" href="#Footnote30" -class="fnanchor">[34]</a></span>G. Pobiedonosetz</td> -<td class="tons">11,200</td> -<td class="speed">16</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">550</td> -<td class="year">1895</td> -<td class="armour">(C.) Belt: am. 18-in.; f. 10-in.; a. 10-in.; Barbette 12-in.; C.T. 16-in.</td> -<td class="armament">12-in., six; 6-in., seven; smaller, twenty; torpedo tubes, six (under water).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="10" class="center">[Four Dreadnoughts were nearly complete when war opened.]</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote30"><a href="#FNanchor30"><span class="label">[30-34]</span></a> All these ships are in the Black Sea.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour.—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = protective deck; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<h4>ARMOURED CRUISERS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name.</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com’-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Rurik</td> -<td class="tons">15,000</td> -<td class="speed">22</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">800</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -<td class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 6, f. 4, a. 3, P.D. 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Barbette 8-in., Battery 3, C.T. 8-in.</td> -<td class="armament">10-in., four; 8·8, eight; 4·7, twenty; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Admiral Makaroff<span class="pagenum" id="Page200">[200]</span></td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">7,900</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">21</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">570</td> -<td class="year">1908</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 8-in., f. 4; a. 3; 8-in., f. 4; a. 3; P.D. -2-in.; Barbette 7, Battery 3<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>, C.T. 6<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">8-in., two; 6-in., eight; smaller, twenty; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Pallada</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Bayan</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Gromoboi</td> -<td class="tons">12,400</td> -<td class="speed">20</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">800</td> -<td class="year">1900</td> -<td class="armour">(H.) Belt 6-in.; P.D. 2-in.; Casemates 6-in.; C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td class="armament">8-in., four; 6-in., sixteen; 12-pr., twenty; smaller, twenty-four; torpedo tubes, two.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="shipname br">Rossia</td> -<td class="tons">12,130</td> -<td class="speed">20</td> -<td class="speeddec"> </td> -<td class="men">750</td> -<td class="year">1898</td> -<td class="armour">Belt: am. 10-in.; f. 5, a. 4, P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Bulkheads 6, Casemates 2, C.T. 8-in.</td> -<td class="armament">8-in., four; 6-in., sixteen; 12-pr., twelve; smaller, thirty-six; torpedo tubes, six (above water).</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour.—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = protective deck; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p class="blankbefore2"><b>Protected Cruisers</b>: <i>Askold</i> (completed 1901), 5,905 tons, 23 knots, armament: 12-6 in., -26 smaller guns, 6 torpedo tubes. <i>Diana and Aurora</i> (1902), 6,700 tons, 20 knots, armament: 8-6 in., 30 smaller guns, -4 torpedo tubes. <i>Oleg, Kagul</i><span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor35" href="#Footnote35" -class="fnanchor">[35]</a></span>, <i>Pamyat Merkurya</i>,<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor36" -href="#Footnote35" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></span> (1904-05), 6,645 tons, 24 knots, 12-6 in., -26 smaller guns, 2 torpedo tubes. <i>Zemtchug</i> (1903), 3,106 tons, 23 knots, 8-4·7 in., 12 smaller guns, 2 -torpedo tubes. <i>Almaz</i>,<span class="nowrap"><a id="FNanchor37" href="#Footnote35" -class="fnanchor">[37]</a></span> (1903) 3,285 tons, 19 knots, 3-4·7 in., 14 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Destroyers</b>: There are 140 destroyers (1895-1913), 220-1050 tons, 25-27 knots, armed with 12-pdr. or 4-in. -guns and 3-5 torpedo tubes. Of this total, 31 boats are in the Black Sea or Far East.</p> - -<p><b>Torpedo-Boats</b>: <b>29 boats</b> (1897-1902), 118-186 tons, 24-30 knots; armed with small quick-firers and 1-3 -torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Submarines</b>: <b>14 boats</b> (1904-10) 150-370 tons, 9-16 knots (surface), 2-4 torpedo tubes.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p id="Footnote35"><a href="#FNanchor35"><span class="label">[35-37]</span></a> All these ships are in the Black Sea.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page201">[201]</span></p> - -<h3>THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVY.</h3> - -<h4>BATTLESHIPS.</h4> - -<table class="shiptable" summary="ships"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="3" class="br">Name.</th> -<th class="br">Ton-<br />nage.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Speed<br />(kts.)</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />ple-<br />ment.</th> -<th class="br">Com-<br />pleted.</th> -<th class="br">Armour.</th> -<th>Armament.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Prinz Eugen</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">20,000</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">22</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">950</td> -<td class="year">1912</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">Belt: am. 11-in.; f. 7-in.; a. 6-in.; gun positions and C.T. 12-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">12-in., twelve; 5·9, twelve; smaller, 22.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Tegetthoff</td> -<td class="year">1914</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Viribus Unitis</td> -<td class="year">1913</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Erz. Ferdinand</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">14,500</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec">·5</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">816</td> -<td class="year">1910</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 9-in.; f. 6-in.; a. 4-in.; gun positions and C.T. 10-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">12-in., four; 9·4 eight; 3·9, twenty; 3 torpedo tubes (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Radetzki</td> -<td class="year">1911</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Zrinyi</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Erzherzog Friedrich</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">10,500</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">20</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">875</td> -<td class="year">1906</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 8<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; P.D. 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; -Barbette 9<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.; Baty. 6-in.; C.T. 8<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">9·4, four; 7·6, 3-in., fourteen, twelve; smaller, 28; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Erz. Karl</td> -<td class="center br">„</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Erz. Ferdinand Max</td> -<td class="year">1907</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td class="br"> </td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Habsburg</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="brace"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="line">-</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="tons">8,300</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speed">19</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="speeddec"> </td> -<td rowspan="3" class="men">630</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armour">(Krupp) Belt: am. 8<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-in.; f. 2-in.; a. 2-in.; -Barbette, 8-in.; cas. 6, C.T. 8-in.</td> -<td rowspan="3" class="armament">9·4, three; 6-in., twelve; smaller, 28; torpedo tubes, two (submerged).</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Arpad</td> -<td class="year">1904</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="shipname">Badenberg</td> -<td class="year">1903</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td colspan="3" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline br"> </td> -<td class="thinline"> </td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="noindent">Note to Armour.—am. = amidships; -f. = forward; -a. = aft; -P.D. = protective deck; -C.T. = conning tower.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page202">[202]</span></p> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p class="blankbefore2"><b>Cruisers</b>: <i>Sankt Georg</i> (1906), 7,180 tons, 21 knots, armour belt -6<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>-in., armament: 2-9·4 in., 5-7·6 in., 4-6 in., -17 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes. <i>Kaiser Karl VI.</i> (1900), 6,150 tons, 20 knots, armour belt 8<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> in., -armament: -2-9·4 in., 8-6 in., 28 smaller, 2 torpedo tubes. <i>Kaiserin Maria Theresa</i> (1895), 5,185 tons, 19 knots, -armour belt 4-in., armament: 2-7·6 in., 8-6 in., 20 smaller, 4 torpedo tubes. <i>Admiral Spaun</i>, <i>Saida</i>, -<i>Helgoland</i>, <i>Novara</i> (1910-14), 3,500 tons, 27 knots, 9-4 in. (<i>Spaun</i>, 7-4 in.), 2 torpedo tubes, <i>Aspern</i>, -<i>Zenta</i>, <i>Szigetvar</i> (1899-1901) 2,300 tons, 20 knots, 8-4·7 in., 12 smaller, two torpedo tubes, <i>Kaiser Franz -Josef</i>, <i>Kaiserin Elisabeth</i> (1890-91) 3,966 tons, 19 knots, 8-6 in., 20 smaller, 4 torpedo tubes. <i>Panther</i>, -<i>Leopard</i>, <i>Tiger</i> (1887-89), 1,600 tons, 18<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, 4-4·7 in.</p> - -<p><b>Destroyers</b>: 18 boats (1905-1913), 390-800 tons, 28-32 knots, armed with 12 pdr. or 4-in. guns, 2 torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Torpedo-Boats</b>: 54 boats (1906-1914), 110-250 tons, 26-28<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, armed with small -guns and 2 torpedo -tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Submarines</b>: 6 boats (1909-1910), 270 tons, 12 knots (surface), 2-3 torpedo tubes.</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page203">[203]</span></p> - -<h4>JAPANESE NAVY</h4> - -<div class="hind04"> - -<p><b>Dreadnoughts</b>: <i>Kawachi</i>, <i>Settsu</i> (completed 1912), 20,800 tons, 20<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -knots, 12-in. belt, armament: 12-12 in., -10-6 in., 8-4·7 in., 12 smaller, 5 torpedo tubes. Complement, 960.</p> - -<p><i>Satsuma</i>, <i>Aki</i> (1910-11), 19,500 tons, 20 knots, 9-in. belt, armament: 4-12 in., 12-10 in., 8-6 in. -(Satsuma has 12-4·7 in. instead), 5 torpedo tubes. Complement, 900.</p> - -<p><b>Battle Cruisers</b>: <i>Kongo</i>, <i>Hiyei</i> (1913-14), 27,500 tons, 27 knots, belt 10 in., armament: 8-14 in., 16-6 in., -16 smaller, 8 torpedo tubes. Complement, 1,100.</p> - -<p><b>Other Armoured Ships</b>: 11 Battleships (Aki, Satsuma, Kashima, Katori, Iwami, Mikasa, Hizen, Suwo, Sagami, -Asahi, Shikishima, Fuji, Tango) completed 1898-1906, displacement 10,960-16,400 tons, 17-18<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> knots, -and armed with 12-in., 10-in., and 6-in. guns, also torpedo tubes. Thirteen Armoured Cruisers (Kurama, -Ibuki, Ikoma, Tsukuba, Asama, Tokiwa, Idzumo, Iwate, Azuma, Yakuba, Aso, Kasūga, Nisshin) completed -1899-1910, displacement 7,700-14,600 tons, 20-24 knots, armed with 12-in. or 8-in. guns, 6-in. -and 4·7-in. quick-firers, and torpedo tubes.</p> - -<p><b>Protected Cruisers</b>: 20 Vessels (Chikuma, Hirado, Yahagi, Tone, Yodo, Mogami, Otowa, Tsushima, Nŭtaka, -Soya, Tsuguru, Kasagi, Chitose, Akashi, Suma, Akitsushima, Itsukushima, Hashidate, Chiyoda, Yaeyama), -1890-1912, 1,230 tons-6,600 tons, speed 18-25 knots.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore1"><span class="padl6">There</span> are also 54 destroyers (completed 1898-1913), -42 torpedo-boats (1900-1905), and 15 submarines -(1904-1914).</p> - -</div><!--hind04--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page204">[204]</span></p> - -<h3>British and German Naval Guns</h3> - -<table class="guns" summary="guns"> - -<tr> -<td colspan="14" class="center highline">BRITISH.</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bt bb"> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Calibre<br />of<br />Gun.<br />in.</th> -<th colspan="2" class="br">Weight<br />(tons).</th> -<th colspan="4" class="br">Length<br />(in<br />calibres).</th> -<th class="br">Weight of<br />Projectile<br />(in lbs.)</th> -<th colspan="4" class="br">Muzzle<br />Velocity<br />(in foot-<br />seconds)</th> -<th>Muzzle<br />Energy<br />(in foot-<br />tons).</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">15</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">96</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td rowspan="16" class="thincol br"> </td> -<td class="projweight">1,950</td> -<td rowspan="16" class="thincol"> </td> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="muzvel">2,500</td> -<td class="muzen">84,510</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="calibre">13</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="caldec">·5</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="weight">76</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="length">45</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="thincol right padr0">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="thincol bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="projweight">1,250</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="thincol bt br bb"> </td> -<td rowspan="2" class="thincol left padl0">-</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="muzvel">2,800</td> -<td rowspan="2" class="muzen">69,000</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="projweight">1,400</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">12</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">68</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td rowspan="13" colspan="2" class="thincol"> </td> -<td class="projweight">850</td> -<td rowspan="13" colspan="2" class="thincol"> </td> -<td class="muzvel">2,950</td> -<td class="muzen">51,290</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">12</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">58</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">850</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,900</td> -<td class="muzen">49,500</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">12</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">50</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">850</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,580</td> -<td class="muzen">39,250</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">10</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">34</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">500</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,000</td> -<td class="muzen">30,000</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">9</td> -<td class="caldec">·2</td> -<td class="weight">28</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td class="projweight">380</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,000</td> -<td class="muzen">23,000</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">9</td> -<td class="caldec">·2</td> -<td class="weight">25</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">380</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,350</td> -<td class="muzen">14,520</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">7</td> -<td class="caldec">·5</td> -<td class="weight">15</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td class="projweight">200</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,000</td> -<td class="muzen">12,500</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">7</td> -<td class="caldec">·5</td> -<td class="weight">14</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">200</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,600</td> -<td class="muzen">9,300</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">6</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">8</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td class="projweight">100</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,000</td> -<td class="muzen">6,000</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">6</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">7</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">100</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,750</td> -<td class="muzen">5,250</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">6</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">7</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">100</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,200</td> -<td class="muzen">4,300</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">4</td> -<td class="caldec">·7</td> -<td class="weight">2</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">40</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,188</td> -<td class="center">—</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">4</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">2</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td class="projweight">31</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,000</td> -<td class="muzen">1,900</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="14" class="center highline">GERMAN.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">15</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">82</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td rowspan="15" colspan="3" class="thincol br"> </td> -<td class="projweight">1,675</td> -<td rowspan="15" colspan="3" class="thincol"> </td> -<td class="muzvel">2,920</td> -<td class="muzen">99,000</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">12</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">47</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td class="projweight">860</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,084</td> -<td class="muzen">56,660</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">12</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">42</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">860</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,920</td> -<td class="muzen">50,830</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">11</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">36</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td class="projweight">661</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,084</td> -<td class="muzen">43,600</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">11</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">32</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">661</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,920</td> -<td class="muzen">39,000</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">11</td> -<td class="caldec"> </td> -<td class="weight">29</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">661</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,756</td> -<td class="muzen">34,800</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">9</td> -<td class="caldec">·4</td> -<td class="weight">18</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">419</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,750</td> -<td class="muzen">22,000</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">8</td> -<td class="caldec">·2</td> -<td class="weight">15</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">50</td> -<td class="projweight">275</td> -<td class="muzvel">3,084</td> -<td class="muzen">18,170</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">8</td> -<td class="caldec">·2</td> -<td class="weight">13</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">275</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,900</td> -<td class="muzen">16,300</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">8</td> -<td class="caldec">·2</td> -<td class="weight">12</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">275</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,750</td> -<td class="muzen">14,500</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">6</td> -<td class="caldec">·7</td> -<td class="weight">6</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">154</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,756</td> -<td class="muzen">6,452</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">5</td> -<td class="caldec">·9</td> -<td class="weight">5</td> -<td class="weightfrac"> </td> -<td class="length">45</td> -<td class="projweight">101</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,920</td> -<td class="muzen">5,856</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">5</td> -<td class="caldec">·9</td> -<td class="weight">4</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">101</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,756</td> -<td class="muzen">5,200</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="calibre">4</td> -<td class="caldec">·1</td> -<td class="weight">1</td> -<td class="weightfrac"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">35</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,750</td> -<td class="muzen">1,890</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td class="calibre">3</td> -<td class="caldec">·4</td> -<td class="weight">1</td> -<td class="weightfrac">·1</td> -<td class="length">40</td> -<td class="projweight">21</td> -<td class="muzvel">2,750</td> -<td class="center">—</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center fsize80 highline2"><i>Wyman & Sons Ltd., Printers, London and Reading.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page205">[205]</span></p> - -<h2><span class="h2line1">INDEX</span></h2> - -<ul class="index"> - -<li class="letterstart">Asquith, Mr., <a href="#Page12">12</a>, <a href="#Page36">36</a>, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Balfour, Mr. A. J., <a href="#Page22">22</a>, <a href="#Page35">35</a></li> -<li class="level0">Battenberg, Prince Louis of, <a href="#Page10">10</a></li> -<li class="level0">Beatty, Rear-Admiral Sir David, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level0">British Navy, The:</li> -<li class="level1">Armoured Cruisers:</li> -<li class="level2">Aboukir, <a href="#Page76">76</a></li> -<li class="level2">Achilles, <a href="#Page73">73</a></li> -<li class="level2">Antrim, <a href="#Page74">74</a></li> -<li class="level2">Arethusa, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Argyll, <a href="#Page74">74</a></li> -<li class="level2">Aurora, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bacchante, <a href="#Page76">76</a></li> -<li class="level2">Berwick, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Black Prince, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page73">73</a></li> -<li class="level2">Carnarvon, <a href="#Page74">74</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cochrane, <a href="#Page73">73</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cornwall, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cressy, <a href="#Page76">76</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cumberland, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Defence, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level2">Devonshire, <a href="#Page74">74</a></li> -<li class="level2">Donegal, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Drake, <a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page135">135</a></li> -<li class="level2">Duke of Edinburgh, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page73">73</a></li> -<li class="level2">Essex, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Euryalus, <a href="#Page76">76</a></li> -<li class="level2">Galatea, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Good Hope, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hampshire, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page74">74</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hogue, <a href="#Page76">76</a></li> -<li class="level2">Inconstant, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kent, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">King Alfred, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lancaster, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Leviathan, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Minotaur, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level2">Monmouth, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Natal, <a href="#Page73">73</a></li> -<li class="level2">Penelope, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Phaeton, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Roxburgh, <a href="#Page74">74</a></li> -<li class="level2">Royalist, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Shannon, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level2">Suffolk, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sutlej, <a href="#Page76">76</a></li> -<li class="level2">Undaunted, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level2">Warrior, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page73">73</a></li> -<li class="level1">Attached Ships:</li> -<li class="level2">Hussar, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level2">Imogene, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level1">Battle Cruisers:</li> -<li class="level2">Australia, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page65">65</a></li> -<li class="level2">Indefatigable, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page65">65</a></li> -<li class="level2">Indomitable, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page66">66</a></li> -<li class="level2">Inflexible, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page66">66</a></li> -<li class="level2">Invincible, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page66">66</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lion, <a href="#Page64">64</a></li> -<li class="level2">New Zealand, <a href="#Page65">65</a></li> -<li class="level2">Princess Royal, <a href="#Page64">64</a></li> -<li class="level2">Queen Mary, <a href="#Page64">64</a></li> -<li class="level2">Tiger, <a href="#Page63">63</a></li> -<li class="level1">Destroyers:</li> -<li class="level2">Acasta, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Achates, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Acheron, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Acorn, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Afridi, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Alarm, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Albacore, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Albatross, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Amazon, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ambuscade, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Angler, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Arab, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Archer, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ardent, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ariel, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Arun, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Attack,<span class="pagenum" id="Page206">[206]</span> <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Avon, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Badger, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Basilisk, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bat, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Beagle, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Beaver, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bittern, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Blenheim (Depot Ship), <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bonetta, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Boyne, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Brazen, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Brisk, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bulldog, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bullfinch, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cameleon, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cheerful, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Chelmer, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cherwell, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Christopher, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cockatrice, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Colne, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Comet, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Conflict, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Contest, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Coquette, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cossack, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Crane, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Crusader, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cygnet, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cynthia, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dee, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Defender, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Derwent, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Desperate, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Doon, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dove, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Druid, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Earnest, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Eden, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Electra, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Erne, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ettrick, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Exe, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Express, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fairy, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Falcon, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fame, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fawn, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ferret, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fervent, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Firedrake, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Flirt, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Flying Fish, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Forester, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fortune, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Foxhound, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Foyle, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fury, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Garland, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Garry, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ghurka, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Gipsy, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Goldfinch, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Goshawk, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Grampus, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Grasshopper, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Greyhound, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Griffon, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hardy, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Harpy, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hind, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hope, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hornet, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hydra, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Itchen, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Jackal, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Jed, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kale, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kangaroo, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kennet, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kestrel, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Laertes, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Laforey, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lance, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Landrail, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lapwing, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lark, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Larne, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Laurel, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Laverock, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lawford, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Legion, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lennox, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Leonidas, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Leopard, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Leven, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Liberty, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Liffey, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lightning, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Linnet, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lively, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lizard, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Llewellyn, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Locust,<span class="pagenum" id="Page207">[207]</span> <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lookout, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Louis, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Loyal, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lucifer, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lurcher, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lydiard, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lynx, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lyra, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lysander, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level2">Mallard, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Maori, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level2">Martin, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Mermaid, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Midge, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Minstrel, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Mohawk, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Mosquito, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Moy, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Myrmidon, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nemesis, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nereide, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ness, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nith, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nubian, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nymphe, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Oak, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Opossum, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Orwell, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Osprey, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ostrich, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ouse, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Owl, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Panther, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Paragon, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Parramatta, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> -<li class="level2">Peterel, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Phœnix, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pincher, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Porcupine, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Porpoise, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Quail, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Racehorse, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Racoon, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ranger, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Rattlesnake, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Recruit, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Redpole, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Renard, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ribble, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Rifleman, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Roebuck, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Rother, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ruby, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sandfly, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Saracen, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Savage, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Scorpion, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Scourge, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Seal, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Shark, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sheldrake, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sparrowhawk, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Spiteful, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Spitfire, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sprightly, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Stag, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Star, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Staunch, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Stour, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Success, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sunfish, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Surly, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Swale, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Swift, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sylvia, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Syren, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Tartar, <a href="#Page94">94</a></li> -<li class="level2">Test, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Teviot, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Thorn, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Thrasher, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Tigress, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level2">Unity, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ure, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Usk, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Velox, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Victor, <a href="#Page91">91</a></li> -<li class="level2">Vigilant, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Viking, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level2">Violet, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Vixen, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Vulture, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level2">Warrego, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> -<li class="level2">Waveney, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Wear, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Welland, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level2">Wolf, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Wolverine, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page93">93</a></li> -<li class="level2">Yarra, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> -<li class="level2">Zephyr, <a href="#Page98">98</a></li> -<li class="level2">Zulu, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level1">Dreadnoughts:</li> -<li class="level2">Agamemnon, <a href="#Page62">62</a></li> -<li class="level2">Agincourt,<span class="pagenum" id="Page208">[208]</span> <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page133">133</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ajax, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> -<li class="level2">Audacious, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bellerophon, <a href="#Page61">61</a></li> -<li class="level2">Benbow, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level2">Centurion, <a href="#Page57">57</a>, <a href="#Page134">134</a></li> -<li class="level2">Collingwood, <a href="#Page60">60</a></li> -<li class="level2">Colossus, <a href="#Page59">59</a>, <a href="#Page134">134</a></li> -<li class="level2">Conqueror, <a href="#Page58">58</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dreadnought, <a href="#Page24">24</a>, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page61">61</a></li> -<li class="level2">Emperor of India, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level2">Erin, <a href="#Page56">56</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hercules, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level2">Iron Duke, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level2">King George V., <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lord Nelson, <a href="#Page62">62</a></li> -<li class="level2">Marlborough, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level2">Monarch, <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page133">133</a></li> -<li class="level2">Neptune, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level2">Orion, <a href="#Page58">58</a></li> -<li class="level2">St. Vincent, <a href="#Page60">60</a></li> -<li class="level2">Superb, <a href="#Page61">61</a></li> -<li class="level2">Téméraire, <a href="#Page61">61</a></li> -<li class="level2">Thunderer, <a href="#Page58">58</a></li> -<li class="level2">Vanguard, <a href="#Page60">60</a></li> -<li class="level1">Flotilla Leaders:</li> -<li class="level2">Kempenfelt, <a href="#Page99">99</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nimrod, <a href="#Page99">99</a></li> -<li class="level1">Gunboats:</li> -<li class="level2">Alacrity, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bramble, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Britomart, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cadmus, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Clio, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dwarf, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> -<li class="level2">Thistle, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level1">Pre-Dreadnoughts:</li> -<li class="level2">Africa, <a href="#Page67">67</a></li> -<li class="level2">Albemarle, <a href="#Page69">69</a></li> -<li class="level2">Albion, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Britannia, <a href="#Page67">67</a>, <a href="#Page133">133</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bulwark, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cæsar, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Canopus, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Commonwealth, <a href="#Page67">67</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cornwallis, <a href="#Page69">69</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dominion, <a href="#Page67">67</a></li> -<li class="level2">Duncan, <a href="#Page69">69</a></li> -<li class="level2">Exmouth, <a href="#Page69">69</a></li> -<li class="level2">Formidable, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Glory, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Goliath, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hannibal, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hibernia, <a href="#Page67">67</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hindustan, <a href="#Page67">67</a></li> -<li class="level2">Illustrious, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Implacable, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Irresistible, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Jupiter, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">King Edward VII., <a href="#Page67">67</a></li> -<li class="level2">London, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Magnificent, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Majestic, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Mars, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ocean, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Prince George, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Queen, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Russell, <a href="#Page69">69</a></li> -<li class="level2">Swiftsure, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level2">Triumph, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level2">Venerable, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Vengeance, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level2">Victorious, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level2">Zealandia, <a href="#Page67">67</a></li> -<li class="level1">Protected Cruisers:</li> -<li class="level2">Active, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level2">Adventure, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Æolus, <a href="#Page88">88</a></li> -<li class="level2">Amethyst, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Amphitrite, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Andromeda, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Argonaut, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ariadne, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Astræa, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Attentive, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bellona, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level2">Birmingham, <a href="#Page80">80</a></li> -<li class="level2">Blanche, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level2">Blonde, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level2">Boadicea, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level2">Brilliant, <a href="#Page88">88</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bristol, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cambrian, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Challenger, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> -<li class="level2">Charybdis, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Chatham, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a></li> -<li class="level2">Crescent, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dartmouth, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a></li> -<li class="level2">Diadem, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Diamond, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Diana, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dido, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Doris, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dublin,<span class="pagenum" id="Page209">[209]</span> <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a></li> -<li class="level2">Eclipse, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Edgar, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Encounter, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> -<li class="level2">Endymion, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Europa, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Falmouth, <a href="#Page81">81</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fearless, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level2">Flora, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Foresight, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Forward, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fox, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Furious, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Gibraltar, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Glasgow, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level2">Gloucester, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level2">Grafton, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hawke, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hermes, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hermione, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Highflyer, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hyacinth, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> -<li class="level2">Isis, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Juno, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Liverpool, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lowestoft, <a href="#Page80">80</a></li> -<li class="level2">Medea, <a href="#Page89">89</a></li> -<li class="level2">Melbourne, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page80">80</a></li> -<li class="level2">Melpomene, <a href="#Page88">88</a></li> -<li class="level2">Minerva, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Newcastle, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level2">Niobe, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nottingham, <a href="#Page80">80</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pandora, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pathfinder, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Patrol, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pegasus, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pelorus, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Perseus, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Philomel, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page89">89</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pioneer, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Prometheus, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Proserpine, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Psyche, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pyramus, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Rainbow, <a href="#Page88">88</a></li> -<li class="level2">Royal Arthur, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sapphire, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sappho, <a href="#Page88">88</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sentinel, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sirius, <a href="#Page88">88</a></li> -<li class="level2">Skirmisher, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Spartiate, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Southampton, <a href="#Page81">81</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sydney, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page80">80</a></li> -<li class="level2">Talbot, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Terrible, <a href="#Page79">79</a></li> -<li class="level2">Theseus, <a href="#Page78">78</a></li> -<li class="level2">Topaze, <a href="#Page84">84</a></li> -<li class="level2">Torch, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Venus, <a href="#Page87">87</a></li> -<li class="level2">Vindictive, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level2">Weymouth, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a></li> -<li class="level2">Yarmouth, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page81">81</a></li> -<li class="level1">River Gunboats:</li> -<li class="level2">Kinsha, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Moorhen, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nightingale, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Robin, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sandpiper, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Snipe, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Teal, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Woodcock, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Woodlark, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Widgeon, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level1">Sloops:</li> -<li class="level2">Alert, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Algerine, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> -<li class="level2">Espiègle, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Odin, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Shearwater, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> -<li class="level2">Sphinx, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level1">Submarines:</li> -<li class="level2">AE 1, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page100">100</a></li> -<li class="level2">AE 2, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page100">100</a></li> -<li class="level2">B 6, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">B 7, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">B 8, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">B 9, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level2">B 10, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level2">B 11, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level2">C 36, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">C 37, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">C 38, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">Class “A,” <a href="#Page99">99</a></li> -<li class="level2">Class “B,” <a href="#Page99">99</a></li> -<li class="level2">Class “C,” <a href="#Page99">99</a></li> -<li class="level2">Class “D,” <a href="#Page100">100</a></li> -<li class="level2">Class “E,” <a href="#Page100">100</a></li> -<li class="level2">Class “F,” <a href="#Page100">100</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nautilus, <a href="#Page100">100</a></li> -<li class="level2">Swordfish, <a href="#Page100">100</a></li> -<li class="level1">Torpedo Boats:</li> -<li class="level2">No. 035, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 036,<span class="pagenum" id="Page210">[210]</span> <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 037, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 038, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 044, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 045, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 046, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 063, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 064, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 070, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 83, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 88, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 89, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 90, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 91, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 92, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 93, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 94, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 95, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. 96, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page25">25</a></li> -<li class="level0">Cayzer, Sir Charles, Bt., <a href="#Page132">132</a></li> -<li class="level0">Churchill, Mr. Winston, <a href="#Page10">10</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a>, <a href="#Page31">31</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Fisher, Lord, <a href="#Page21">21</a>-26, <a href="#Page29">29</a>, <a href="#Page133">133</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">German Navy, The:</li> -<li class="level1">Armoured Cruisers:</li> -<li class="level2">Blücher, <a href="#Page115">115</a></li> -<li class="level2">Friedrich Karl, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> -<li class="level2">Fürst Bismarck, <a href="#Page118">118</a></li> -<li class="level2">Gneisenau, <a href="#Page116">116</a></li> -<li class="level2">Prinz Adalbert, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> -<li class="level2">Prinz Heinrich, <a href="#Page118">118</a></li> -<li class="level2">Roon, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> -<li class="level2">Scharnhorst, <a href="#Page116">116</a></li> -<li class="level2">Yorck, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> -<li class="level1">Battle Cruisers:</li> -<li class="level2">Derfflinger, <a href="#Page106">106</a></li> -<li class="level2">Goeben, <a href="#Page108">108</a></li> -<li class="level2">Moltke, <a href="#Page108">108</a></li> -<li class="level2">Seydlitz, <a href="#Page107">107</a></li> -<li class="level2">Von der Tann, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> -<li class="level1">Coast Defence Ships:</li> -<li class="level2">Aegir, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level2">Beowulf, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level2">Frithjof, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hagen, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level2">Heimdall, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hildebrand, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level2">Odin, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level2">Siegfried, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level1">Dreadnoughts:</li> -<li class="level2">Friedrich der Grosse, <a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page141">141</a></li> -<li class="level2">Grosser, <a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level2">Helgoland, <a href="#Page103">103</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiser, <a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page151">151</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiserin, <a href="#Page102">102</a></li> -<li class="level2">König, <a href="#Page101">101</a>, <a href="#Page157">157</a></li> -<li class="level2">König Albert, <a href="#Page102">102</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kronprinz, <a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kurfurst, <a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level2">Markgraf, <a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nassau, <a href="#Page104">104</a>, <a href="#Page157">157</a></li> -<li class="level2">Oldenburg, <a href="#Page103">103</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ostfriesland, <a href="#Page103">103</a>, <a href="#Page157">157</a></li> -<li class="level2">Posen, <a href="#Page104">104</a></li> -<li class="level2">Prinzregent Luitpold, <a href="#Page102">102</a></li> -<li class="level2">Rheinland, <a href="#Page104">104</a></li> -<li class="level2">Thüringen, <a href="#Page103">103</a></li> -<li class="level2">Westfalen, <a href="#Page104">104</a></li> -<li class="level1">Gunboats:</li> -<li class="level2">Condor, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cormoran, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Eber, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Geier, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Iltis, <a href="#Page124">124</a>, <a href="#Page144">144</a></li> -<li class="level2">Jaguar, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Luchs, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Panther, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Seeadler, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level2">Tiger, <a href="#Page124">124</a></li> -<li class="level1">Mine-Layers:</li> -<li class="level2">Albatross, <a href="#Page130">130</a></li> -<li class="level2">Arkona, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nautilus, <a href="#Page130">130</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pelikan, <a href="#Page130">130</a></li> -<li class="level1">Pre-Dreadnoughts:</li> -<li class="level2">Brandenburg, <a href="#Page131">131</a></li> -<li class="level2">Braunschweig, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Deutschland, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level2">Elsass, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hannover, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hessen, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiser Barbarossa, <a href="#Page112">112</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiser Friedrich III., <a href="#Page112">112</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiser Karl der Grosse, <a href="#Page112">112</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, <a href="#Page112">112</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiser Wilhelm II., <a href="#Page112">112</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lothringen, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Mecklenburg, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Pommern, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level2">Preussen, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Schlesien, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level2">Schleswig-Holstein, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level2">Schwaben,<span class="pagenum" id="Page211">[211]</span> <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Wettin, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Wittelsbach, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level2">Wörth, <a href="#Page113">113</a>, <a href="#Page144">144</a></li> -<li class="level2">Zhringen, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level1">Protected Cruisers:</li> -<li class="level2">Amazone, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Ariadne, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Arkona, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Augsburg, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Berlin, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Bremen, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Breslau, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Cöln, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Danzig, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Dresden, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level2">Emden, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level2">Frauenlob, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Freya, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> -<li class="level2">Gazelle, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level2">Gefion, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level2">Graudenz, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hamburg, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hansa, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hela, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level2">Hertha, <a href="#Page119">119</a>, <a href="#Page144">144</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kaiserin Augusta, <a href="#Page119">119</a>, <a href="#Page144">144</a></li> -<li class="level2">Karlsruhe, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kœnigsberg, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level2">Kolberg, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Leipzig, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Lübeck, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Magdeburg, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Mainz, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Medusa, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">München, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Niobe, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nurnberg, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nymphe, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Regensburg, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Rostock, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Stettin, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level2">Stralsund, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Strassburg, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Stuttgart, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level2">Thetis, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Undine, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level2">Victoria Luise, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> -<li class="level2">Vineta, <a href="#Page119">119</a>, <a href="#Page144">144</a></li> -<li class="level1">Submarines:</li> -<li class="level2">Nos. U1, U2, <a href="#Page129">129</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. U3 to U8, <a href="#Page129">129</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. U9 to U20, <a href="#Page129">129</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. U21 to U26, <a href="#Page129">129</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. U27 to U36, <a href="#Page129">129</a></li> -<li class="level1">Torpedo-Boat Destroyers:</li> -<li class="level2">No. D1 (Carmen), <a href="#Page129">129</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. D2 (Alice Roosevelt), <a href="#Page129">129</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. D3 to D8, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. D9, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. D10, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. G7 to G12, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. G37 to G42, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. G108 to G113, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. G132 to G134, <a href="#Page127">127</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. G135, <a href="#Page127">127</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. G136, <a href="#Page127">127</a></li> -<li class="level2">No. G137, <a href="#Page127">127</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. G169, G170, G172, G173, <a href="#Page126">126</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. G174, G175, <a href="#Page126">126</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. G192 to G197, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S13 to S24, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S21 to S33, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S34 to S36, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S90 to S101, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S102 to S107, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S114 to S119, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S120 to S124, <a href="#Page127">127</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S125 to S131, <a href="#Page127">127</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S138 to S149, <a href="#Page126">126</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S165 to S168, <a href="#Page126">126</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. S176 to S179, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V1 to V6, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V25 to V28, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V29, V30, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V43 to V48, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V150 to V161, <a href="#Page126">126</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V162 to V164, <a href="#Page126">126</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V180 to V185, <a href="#Page125">125</a></li> -<li class="level2">Nos. V186 to V191, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level2">Taku, <a href="#Page128">128</a></li> -<li class="level0">Grey, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Haldane, Lord, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> -<li class="level0">Hankey, Captain Maurice, C.B., <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level0">“Hohenzollern,” German Imperial Yacht 43, <a href="#Page144">144</a></li> -<li class="level0">Hollmann, Admiral von, <a href="#Page18">18</a></li> -<li class="level0">Holtzendorff, Admiral von, <a href="#Page145">145</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Ingenohl, Admiral Friedrich von, <a href="#Page141">141</a> <i>et seq.</i></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Jacobson, Rear-Admiral,<span class="pagenum" id="Page212">[212]</span> <a href="#Page154">154</a></li> -<li class="level0">Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., <a href="#Page14">14</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page54">54</a>, <a href="#Page131">131</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page141">141</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Koester, Grand-Admiral von, <a href="#Page144">144</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Lapeyrère, Admiral Boué du, <a href="#Page44">44</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">McKenna, Mr. Reginald, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page28">28</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a></li> -<li class="level0">Madden, Rear-Admiral Charles E., C.V.O., <a href="#Page131">131</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Ottley, Rear-Admiral Sir Charles, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Perris, Mr. G. H., <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> -<li class="level0">Prussia, Prince Henry of, <a href="#Page152">152</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Scott, Sir Percy, <a href="#Page29">29</a>, <a href="#Page135">135</a></li> -<li class="level0">Selborne, Lord, <a href="#Page21">21</a>, <a href="#Page22">22</a>, <a href="#Page30">30</a></li> -<li class="level0">Seymour, Admiral Sir E. H., <a href="#Page134">134</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Tapken, Rear-Admiral, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level0">Tirpitz, Grand-Admiral von, <a href="#Page18">18</a>, <a href="#Page144">144</a></li> -<li class="level0">Tweedmouth, Lord, <a href="#Page26">26</a></li> - -<li class="letterstart">Warrender, Vice-Admiral Sir George, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level0">White, Mr. Arnold, <a href="#Page15">15</a></li> -<li class="level0">Wilson, Sir Arthur, <a href="#Page29">29</a></li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="tnbot" id="TN"> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Footnotes have been moved to under the paragraph or table in which they are referenced.</p> - -<p>Inconsistent (Kiao Chau/Kiau-Chau, Nurnburg/Nurnberg, Cöln/Köln) and unusual spelling, capitalisation and -hyphenation as used in the source document have been retained unless mentioned below.</p> - -<p>The inconsistencies between the text and the tabulated data (Chapter X.) have been retained, as have been the repeated -entries in the tabulated data.</p> - -<p>The names of ships have been copied verbatim from the original work (except as listed below), although there is some doubt -about some of the spellings.</p> - -<p>Page 176, Edgar Class, 22 torpedo tubes: it is unclear what the 22 refers to.</p> - -<p>Page 178, Birmingham: this ship is listed with two different sets of armament in the source document (a third set is listed -in the body of the text).</p> - -<p>Page 197: the breves (ŭ) in the French names were copied from the source document.</p> - -<p class="center highline2">CHANGES MADE</p> - -<p>Some minor punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected silently.</p> - -<p>Chapter X: Table headers and Note to Armour have been added where necessary/relevant.</p> - -<p>The decimal point has been standardised to ·.</p> - -<p>Page 20: Reischstag → Reichstag (2x)</p> -<p>Page 44: Lapeyrére → Lapeyrère</p> -<p>Page 50, table: several repeated entries deleted in order to make the (sub-)totals correspond with the ones given</p> -<p>Page 51: Espiégle → Espiègle</p> -<p>Page 55: £2,000,000 complete → £2,000,000 to complete</p> -<p>Page 101: KURFURST → KURFÜRST</p> -<p>Page 111: ZHAHRINGEN → ZÄHRINGEN</p> -<p>Page 137/138 (table): one blank column inserted on page 137 to match page 138</p> -<p>Page 139: precedure → procedure</p> -<p>Page 152: based on Kiel → based in Kiel; owned by Krupps → owned by Krupp</p> -<p>Page 162: Brünsbuttel → Brunsbüttel</p> -<p>Page 163: Brünsbuttel → Brunsbüttel</p> -<p>Page 168, table: confusing and missing footnote markers in the source document; markers have been inserted/corrected for HMS -Agincourt and HMS Reshadieh (cf. descriptions on pages 55 and 56, respectively).</p> -<p>Page 169: HMS Orion included in Orion Class.</p> -<p>Page 173: Australian Class → Australia Class</p> -<p>Page 179: Colonial. → Colonial Class.</p> -<p>Page 184: Heligoland → Helgoland</p> -<p>Page 190: Munchen → München</p> -<p>Page 196: Leon Gambetta → Léon Gambetta</p> -<p>Page 197: Kleber → Kléber</p> -<p>Page 204: Albermarle → Albemarle</p> -<p>Page 205: Phæton → Phaeton</p> -<p>Page 206: Kestral → Kestrel</p> -<p>Page 208: Temeraire → Téméraire</p> -<p>Page 209/210: O35-O70 → 035-070</p> -<p>Page 210: Gniessenau → Gneissenau; Kurfurst → Kurfürst; Schlesin → Schlesien</p> -<p>Page 111: Zhahringen → Zähringen</p> -<p>Page 212: Lapeyrére → Lapeyrère</p> -<p>Page 248: Espiégle → Espiègle</p> -<p>Illustration KAISER CLASS: KONIG → KÖNIG</p> -<p>Illustration HELGOLAND CLASS: THURINGEN → THÜRINGEN</p> - -</div><!--tnbot--> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Fleets at War, by Archibald Hurd - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FLEETS AT WAR *** - -***** This file should be named 54275-h.htm or 54275-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/7/54275/ - -Produced by Brian Coe, Harry Lam and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 13c7ebd..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/cover_sm.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/cover_sm.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 29de86f..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/cover_sm.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo004.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo004.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c108297..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo004.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo012.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo012.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4fea023..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo012.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo012lg.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo012lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 33f1a41..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo012lg.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo019a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo019a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e1ebe89..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo019a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo019b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo019b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ee768d7..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo019b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo024a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo024a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 03a7bb0..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo024a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo024b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo024b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4f54f08..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo024b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo041a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo041a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index aad0965..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo041a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo041b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo041b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 22a83f9..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo041b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo060a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo060a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e347b8d..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo060a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo060b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo060b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e4c55cb..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo060b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo077a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo077a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index adab41a..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo077a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo077b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo077b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2142f2d..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo077b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo084a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo084a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4ea97be..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo084a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo084b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo084b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7376ecd..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo084b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo093a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo093a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d2bbda9..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo093a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo093b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo093b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 070c0f7..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo093b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo100a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo100a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2351886..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo100a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo100b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo100b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 31e0013..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo100b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo117a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo117a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 936224d..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo117a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo117b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo117b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 83d9e83..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo117b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo122a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo122a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 96d9f7d..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo122a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo122b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo122b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 56013e5..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo122b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo135.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo135.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4dd9943..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo135.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo140a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo140a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ec50c3c..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo140a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo140b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo140b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fbf6f43..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo140b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo157a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo157a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4820481..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo157a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo157b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo157b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 668a66a..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo157b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo176a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo176a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6653566..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo176a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo176b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo176b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f63f2b0..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo176b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo193a.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo193a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dd39e68..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo193a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo193b.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo193b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c2469ee..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo193b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo198.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo198.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ba48be4..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo198.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/54275-h/images/illo198lg.jpg b/old/54275-h/images/illo198lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 65f9155..0000000 --- a/old/54275-h/images/illo198lg.jpg +++ /dev/null |
