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diff --git a/old/5424-t/5424-t.tex b/old/5424-t/5424-t.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ada58b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/5424-t.tex @@ -0,0 +1,9033 @@ +% Ben Crowder <crowderb@blankslate.net> +% http://www.blankslate.net/lang/etexts.php + +% Image files scanned in by Sean Crist <kurisuto@unagi.cis.upenn.edu> +% http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi_sweet_about.html + +% OCRed and reformatted for Project Gutenberg by Ben Crowder +% <crowderb@blankslate.net> + +\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{book} + +\usepackage{indentfirst} +\usepackage{float} +\usepackage{exaccent} +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +\usepackage[modulo]{lineno} + +%%% + +% Tell LaTeX that we want Omega fonts +\def\rmdefault{omlgc} +\def\ttdefault{uctt} + +% Load the OCP for UTF-8 encoded text +\ocp\OCPutf=inutf8 +% Load the OCP for reencoding Unicode to omlgc encoding +\ocp\OCPunitolat=uni2lat +% Load the OCP for composing characters we need +\ocp\OCPoiaccents=oiaccents +% Load the OCP for composing typographic symbols +\ocp\OCPfixthings=fixthings +% Set up an OCP list: +% Conversion UTF-8 -> Unicode +% Typographic symbols +% Compose accented characters +% Unicode -> OMLGC encoding +\ocplist\OCPlistutf= + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPutf + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPfixthings + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPoiaccents + \addbeforeocplist 1 \OCPunitolat + \nullocplist +% Activate the OCP list we just built +\pushocplist\OCPlistutf + +%%% + +\pagestyle{fancy} +\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}} +\lhead[\thepage]{\rightmark} +\rhead[\it{An Icelandic Primer}]{\thepage} +\chead[]{} +\lfoot[]{} +\cfoot[]{} +\rfoot[]{} + +%%% + +\newcommand{\gap}[1][.25in]{\hspace{#1}} +\newcommand{\bgap}[1][.5in]{\hspace{#1}} + +%%% + +\newcommand\newcaption{\small\refstepcounter{table}% + \centering Table~\thetable} + +%%% + +\newcommand\emptypage{\clearpage{\pagestyle{empty}\cleardoublepage}} + +%%% + +\title{\Huge{An Icelandic Primer}\\ +\vspace{\baselineskip} +\Large{\textit{With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary}}} +\date{} +\author{By Henry Sweet, M.A.} + +%%% End preamble %%% + +\begin{document} + +\frontmatter + +\maketitle + +%%% Verso %%% + +\noindent +This book has been modified slightly from the original to make the paradigm +references clear. The original was the second edition, published by Oxford +at the Clarendon Press, 1895. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} +\noindent +The original page +images\footnote{http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi\_sweet\_about.html} +were scanned in by Sean Crist\footnote{kurisuto@unagi.cis.upenn.edu}. They +were then OCRed and reformatted for Project Gutenberg into text, HTML, and +\TeX\ by Ben Crowder\footnote{crowderb@blankslate.net}. Other versions of the text +may be found at the current homepage for the +primer\footnote{http://www.blankslate.net/lang/etexts.php} or through Project +Gutenberg\footnote{https://www.gutenberg.org/}. Special thanks to Jonas +Öster\footnote{d97ost@dtek.chalmers.se} for providing the Omega ΩTP code to fix +nondisplaying characters. + +\thispagestyle{empty} + +%%% End verso %%% + +\chapter*{Preface} + +The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of +Icelandic has been felt for a long time---in fact, from the very +beginning of that study in England. The \textit{Icelandic Reader}, +edited by Messrs.\ Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press +Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands +of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary +primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would +have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for +some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to +undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more +formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before +definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to +induce Messrs.\ Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but +they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I +myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my +Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some +students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I +determined to go on. + +In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere +strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have +themselves deviated from it in their \textit{Corpus Poeticum +Boreale}, in the way of separating \textit{ǫ} from \textit{ö}, etc. +My own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the +traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no +practical gain for the beginner in writing \textit{tīme} for \textit{tīmi}, +discarding \textit{ð}, etc., although these changes certainly bring us +nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in +scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to +have \textit{regular} forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far +as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective +distinctions of the MSS.\ supplemented by diacritics. I have not +hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the +latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively---in Icelandic +as well as in Old English and Old Irish---to represent the actual +accents of the MSS. + +In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to +Noreen's \textit{Altisländische Grammatik}, which is by far the best +Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared---at least from that +narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates +itself on phonology and inflections. + +The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and +representative as possible. With such a language, and such a +master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not +difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who +makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales +of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death +of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer +recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the +shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this +book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, +but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the +Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of +their whole political system. As the Reader does not include +poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of +the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity +and corruption---the song of Thor's quest of his hammer. + +In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very +inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts \textit{þ}, +\textit{æ}, \textit{œ}, right at the end of the alphabet. + +I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the +texts and the glossary from Wimmer's \textit{Oldnordisk Læsebog}, which +I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists +in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, +that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in +nearly every case. + +In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book +makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it +contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious +heritage---the old language and literature of Iceland---which our +miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them +of, it will have fulfilled its purpose. + +\begin{flushright} +HENRY SWEET. +\end{flushright} + +\textsc{London,}\\ +\textit{February}, 1886 + +\tableofcontents{} + +\emptypage + +\mainmatter + +\part{Grammar} +\thispagestyle{empty} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Pronunciation} + +\textbf{1.} This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, +between 1200 and 1350. + +\textbf{2.} The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the +addition of \textit{þ} and \textit{ð}, and of the modified letters \textit{ę}, +\textit{ǫ}, \textit{ø}, which last is in this book written \textit{ö}, +\textit{ǫ̈}. + +\section{Vowels} + +\textbf{3.} The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old +English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book +long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)\footnote{Note that the longs +of \textit{ę}, \textit{ö} are written \textit{æ}, \textit{œ}, respectively.}. +See Table~\ref{tab:3} for the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with +examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\begin{tabular}{lcll} + a & \textit{as in} & mann (G.) & halda (\textit{hold})\\ + ā & '' & father & rāð (\textit{advice})\\ + e & '' & été (F.) & gekk (\textit{went})\\ + ē\protect\footnote{Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its sound is + that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.} & & . . . & lēt (let + \textit{pret.})\\ + ę & '' & men & męnn (\textit{men})\\ + æ & '' & there & sær (\textit{sea})\\ + i & '' & fini (F.) & mikill (\textit{great})\\ + ī & & . . . & lītill (\textit{little}) \\ + o & '' & beau (F.) & orð (\textit{word})\\ + ō & & . . . & tōk (\textit{look})\\ + ǫ & '' & not & hǫnd (\textit{hand})\\ + ö & '' & peu (F.) & kömr (\textit{comes})\\ + œ & & . . . & fœra (\textit{bring})\\ + ǫ̈ & '' & peur (F.) & gǫ̈ra (\textit{make})\\ + u & '' & sou (F.) & upp (\textit{up})\\ + ū & & . . . & hūs (\textit{house})\\ + y & '' & tu (F.) & systir (\textit{sister})\\ + ȳ & & . . . & lȳsa (\textit{shine})\\ + au & '' & haus (G.) & lauss (\textit{loose})\\ + ei & = & ę + i & bein (\textit{bone})\\ + ey & = & ę + y & leysa (\textit{loosen})\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:3} +\end{table} + +\textbf{4.} The unaccented \textit{i} in \textit{systir}, etc.\ (which is generally +written \textit{e} in the MSS.) probably had the sound of \textit{y} in +\textit{pity}, which is really between \textit{i} and \textit{e}. The +unacc.\ \textit{u} in \textit{fōru} (they went), etc.\ (which is generally written +\textit{o} in the MSS.) probably had the sound of \textit{oo} in \textit{good}. + +Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of \textit{close} and +\textit{open}, as shown in Table~\ref{tab:4}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllllll} + close: & e & ē & o & ō & ö & œ\\ + open: & ę & æ & ǫ & -- & ǫ̈ & --\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:4} +\end{table} + +\section{Consonants} + +\textbf{5.} Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced +really double, as in Italian. Thus the \textit{kk} in \textit{drekka} (to +drink) must be pronounced like the \textit{kc} in \textit{bookcase}, while the +\textit{k} in \textit{dręki} (dragon) is single, as in \textit{booking}. When final +(or followed by another cons.) double conss.\ are pronounced long, +as in \textit{munn} (mouth \textit{acc.}), \textit{hamarr} (hammer \textit{nom.}), +\textit{steinn} (stone \textit{nom.}), distinguished from \textit{mun} (will +\textit{vb.}), and the accusatives \textit{hamar}, \textit{stein}. + +\textbf{6.} \textit{k} and \textit{g} had a more front (palatal) sound before the front +vowels \textit{e}, \textit{ę}, \textit{i}, \textit{ö}, \textit{ǫ̈}, \textit{y}, and their +longs, as also before \textit{j}, as in \textit{kęnna} (known), \textit{keyra} +(drive), \textit{gǫ̈ra} (make), \textit{liggja} (lie). + +\textbf{7.} \textit{kkj}, \textit{ggj} were probably pronounced simply as double front +\textit{kk}, \textit{gg}, the \textit{j} not being pronounced separately. + +\textbf{8.} {\bf f} had initially the sound of our \textit{f}, medially and finally +that of \textit{v}, as in \textit{gefa} (give), \textit{gaf} (gave), except of +course in such combinations as \textit{ft}, where it had the sound of +\textit{f}. + +\textbf{9.} {\bf g} was a stopped (back or front---guttural or palatal) +cons.\ initially and in the combination \textit{ng}, the two \textit{g}'s in +\textit{ganga} (go) being pronounced as in \textit{go}. It had the open sound of +G.\ \textit{g} in \textit{sagen} medially before the back vowels \textit{a}, \textit{o}, +\textit{ǫ}, \textit{u}, and all conss.\ except \textit{j}, and finally:---\textit{saga} +(tale), \textit{dǫgum} (with days); \textit{sagði} (he said); \textit{lag} (he lay). +Before the front vowels and \textit{j} it had the sound of G.\ \textit{g} in +\textit{liegen}, or nearly that of \textit{j} (our \textit{y}), as in \textit{sęgir} +(says), \textit{sęgja} (to say). + +\textbf{10.} Before voiceless conss.\ (\textit{t}, \textit{s}) \textit{g} seems to have been +pronounced \textit{k}, as in \textit{sagt} (said), \textit{dags} (day's). + +\textbf{11.} The \textit{g} was always sounded in the combination \textit{ng}, +as in \textit{single}, not as in \textit{singer}. + +\textbf{12.} {\bf h} was sounded before \textit{j} in such words as \textit{hjarta} +(heart) much as in E.\ \textit{hue} (= hjū). \textit{hl}, \textit{hn}, \textit{hr}, +\textit{hv} probably represented voiceless \textit{l}, \textit{n}, \textit{r}, +\textit{w} respectively, \textit{hv} being identical with E.\ \textit{wh}: +\textit{hlaupa} (leap), \textit{hnīga} (bend), \textit{hringr} (ring), \textit{hvat} +(what). + +\textbf{13.} {\bf j} is not distinguished from \textit{i} in the MSS\@. It had the +sound of E.\ \textit{y} in \textit{young}: \textit{jǫrð} (earth), \textit{sętja} +(to set). + +\textbf{14.} {\bf p} in \textit{pt} probably had the sound of \textit{f}: \textit{lopt} (air). + +\textbf{15.} {\bf r} was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch. + +\textbf{16.} {\bf s} was always sharp. + +\textbf{17.} {\bf v} (which was sometimes written \textit{u} and \textit{w}) had the sound +of E.\ \textit{w}: \textit{vel} (well), \textit{hǫggva} (hew). + +\textbf{18.} {\bf z} had the sound of \textit{ts}: \textit{bęztr} (best). + +\textbf{19.} {\bf þ} and {\bf ð} were used promiscuously in the older MSS., the +very oldest using \textit{þ} almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic +\textit{þ} is written initially to express the sound of E.\ hard \textit{th}, +\textit{ð} medially and finally to express that of soft \textit{th}; as there +can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old +pronunciation, it is retained in this book: \textit{þing} (parliament), +\textit{faðir} (father), \textit{við} (against). In such combinations as +\textit{pð} the \textit{ð} must of course be pronounced \textit{þ}. + +\section{Stress} + +\textbf{20.} The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable. + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Phonology} + +\section{Vowels} + +\textbf{21.} The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the +most important of which are \textit{mutation} (umlaut), \textit{fracture} +(brechung), and \textit{gradation} (ablaut). + +\subsection{Mutation} + +\textbf{22.} The following changes are {\bf i}-mutations (caused by an older +\textit{i} or \textit{j} following, which has generally been +dropped)\footnote{Many of the \textit{i}'s which appear in derivative and +inflectional syllables are late weakenings of \textit{a} and other +vowels, as in \textit{bani} (death) = Old English \textit{bana}; these +do not cause mutation.}: + +\gap{\bf a} ({\bf ǫ})\ldots {\bf ę} :--- \textit{mann} (man \textit{acc.}), +\textit{męnn} (men); \textit{hǫnd} (hand), \textit{hęndr} (hands). + +\gap{\bf ā}\ldots {\bf æ} :--- \textit{māl} (speech), \textit{mæla} (speak). + +\gap{\bf e} ({\bf ja}, {\bf jǫ})\ldots {\bf i} :--- \textit{verðr} +(worth), \textit{virða} (estimate). + +\gap{\bf u} ({\bf o})\ldots {\bf y} :--- \textit{fullr} (full), \textit{fylla} +(to fill); \textit{lopt} (air), \textit{lypta} (lift). + +\gap{\bf ū}\ldots {\bf ȳ} :--- \textit{brūn} (eyebrow), pl.\ \textit{brȳnn}. + +\gap{\bf o}\ldots {\bf ö} :--- \textit{koma} (to come), \textit{kömr} (comes). + +\gap{\bf ō}\ldots {\bf œ} :--- \textit{fōr} (went), \textit{fœra} (bring). + +\gap{\bf au}\ldots {\bf ey} :--- \textit{lauss} (loose), \textit{leysa} +(loosen). + +\gap{\bf jū} ({\bf jō})\ldots {\bf ȳ} :--- \textit{sjūkr} (sick), \textit{sȳki} +(sickness); \textit{ljōsta} (strike), \textit{lȳstr} (strikes). + +\textbf{23.} The change of \textit{a} into \textit{ę} is sometimes the result of a +following \textit{k}, \textit{g}, or \textit{ng}, as in \textit{dęgi} dat.\ +sg.\ of \textit{dagr} (day), \textit{tękinn} (taken), \textit{gęnginn} (gone), +inf.\ \textit{taka}, \textit{ganga}. \textit{i} appears instead of \textit{e}, and +\textit{u} instead of \textit{o} before a nasal followed by another cons.: +cp.\ \textit{binda} (to bind), \textit{bundinn} (bound) with \textit{bresta} (burst) +ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{brostinn}. + +\textbf{24.} There is also a {\bf u}-mutation, caused by a following \textit{u}, +which has often been dropped: + +\gap{\bf a}\ldots {\bf ǫ} :--- \textit{dagr} (day) dat.\ pl.\ \textit{dǫgum}; +\textit{land} (land) pl.\ \textit{lǫnd}. + +\textbf{25.} Unaccented \textit{ǫ} becomes \textit{u}, as in \textit{sumur} pl.\ of +\textit{sumar} (summer), \textit{kǫlluðu} (they called), infin.\ \textit{kalla}. + +\subsection{Fracture} + +\textbf{26.} The only vowel that is affected by fracture is \textit{e}: when +followed by original \textit{a} it becomes \textit{ja}, when followed by +original \textit{u} it becomes \textit{jǫ}, as in \textit{jarðar} gen.\ of +\textit{jǫrð} (earth)\footnote{Cp.\ German \textit{erde}.}. When followed +by original \textit{i}, the \textit{e} is, of course, mutated to \textit{i}, +as in \textit{skildir} plur.\ nom.\ of \textit{skjǫldr} (shield), gen.\ {\it +skjaldar}. + +\subsection{Gradation} + +\textbf{27.} By gradation the vowels are related as follows:--- + +\gap{\bf a}\ldots {\bf ō} :--- \textit{fara} (go) pret.\ \textit{fōr}, whence by +mut.\ \textit{fœra} (bring). + +\gap{\bf e} (i, ja)\ldots {\bf a}\ldots {\bf u} (o) :--- \textit{bresta} +(burst), prt.\ \textit{brast}, prt.\ pl.\ \textit{brustu}, ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{brostinn}; +\textit{finna} (find), \textit{fundinn} (found \textit{ptc.}), \textit{fundr} +(meeting). + +\gap{\bf e}\ldots {\bf a}\ldots {\bf ā}\ldots {\bf o} :--- \textit{stela} (steal), +prt.\ \textit{stal}, prt.\ pl.\ \textit{stālu}, ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{stolinn}. + +\gap{\bf e}\ldots {\bf a}\ldots {\bf ā}\ldots {\bf e} :--- \textit{gefa} (give), +\textit{gaf} (he gave), \textit{gāfu} (they gave), \textit{gefinn} (given), +\textit{gjǫf} (gift), \textit{u}-fracture of \textit{gef-}, \textit{gæfa} (luck) +mut.\ of \textit{gāf-}. + +\gap{\bf ī}\ldots {\bf ei}\ldots {\bf i} :--- \textit{skīna} (shine), \textit{skein} +(he shone), \textit{skinu} (they shone). \textit{sōl-skin} (sunshine). + +\gap{\bf jū} (jō)\ldots {\bf au}\ldots {\bf u}\ldots {\bf o} :--- \textit{ljūga} +(tell a lie), prt.\ \textit{laug}, prt.\ pl.\ \textit{lugu}, +ptc.\ prt.\ \textit{loginn}. \textit{lygi} (lie \textit{sbst.}) mut.\ of \textit{lug-}. +\textit{skjōta} (shoot), \textit{skjōtr} (swift), \textit{skotinn} (shot +\textit{ptc.}), \textit{skot} (shot \textit{subst.}). + +\subsection{Other changes} + +\textbf{28.} All final vowels are long in accented syllables: \textit{þā} (then), +\textit{nū} (now). + +\textbf{29.} Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long +accented vowels: cp.\ \textit{ganga} (to go) with \textit{fā} (to get), the +dat.\ plurals \textit{knjām} (knees) with \textit{hūsum} (houses). + +\textbf{30.} Vowels are often lengthened before \textit{l} + cons.: \textit{hālfr} +(half \textit{adj.}), \textit{fōlk} (people); cp.\ \textit{fōlginn} (hidden) +with \textit{brostinn} (burst \textit{ptc.}). + +\section{Consonants} + +\textbf{31.} \textit{v} is dropped before \textit{o} and \textit{u}: \textit{vaxa} +(to grow), prt.\ \textit{ōx}, \textit{vinna} (to win), \textit{unninn} +(won \textit{ptc.}), \textit{svelta} (to starve), \textit{soltinn} +(starved, hungry). + +Final \textit{r} is often assimilated to a preceding cons. + +\textbf{32.} \textit{*-lr}, \textit{*-nr}, \textit{*-sr} always become \textit{-ll}, +\textit{-nn}, \textit{-ss} after a long vowel or diphthong, as in \textit{stōll} +(chair \textit{nom.}), acc.\ \textit{stōl}, \textit{steinn} (stone \textit{nom.}), +acc.\ \textit{stein}, \textit{vīss} (wise \textit{masc.\ nom.\ sg.}), \textit{vīs} +fem.\ nom.\ sg., and in unacc.\ syllables, as in the masc.\ sg.\ nominatives +\textit{mikill} (great), fem.\ \textit{mikil}, \textit{borinn} (carried), fem. +\textit{borin}, \textit{ȳmiss} (various) fem.\ \textit{ȳmis}. + +\textbf{33.} Words in which \textit{l}, \textit{n}, \textit{r}, \textit{s} are preceded +by a cons.\ drop the \textit{r} entirely, as in the masc.\ nominatives +\textit{jarl} (earl), \textit{hrafn} (raven), \textit{vitr} (wise), \textit{þurs} +(giant), \textit{lax} (salmon). + +\textbf{34.} If \textit{l} and \textit{n} are preceded by a short accented vowel, +the \textit{r} is generally kept, as in \textit{stelr} (steals), +\textit{vinr}, (friend), \textit{sr} becoming \textit{ss}, as elsewhere. + +\textbf{35.} \textit{r} is kept after \textit{ll}, and generally after \textit{nn}, +as in the masc.\ nom.\ \textit{allr} (all), and in \textit{bręnnr} (burns). + +\textbf{36.} \textit{z} often stands for \textit{ðs} as well as \textit{ts}, as in +\textit{þēr þykkizk} (ye seem) = \textit{*þykkið-sk}, \textit{Vest-firzkr} +(belonging to the West Firths) = \textit{-*firðskr} (\textit{fǫrðr}, +firth). + +\textbf{37.} Inflectional \textit{t} is generally doubled after a long accented +vowel: \textit{fār} (few) neut.\ \textit{fātt} (cp.\ \textit{allr} `all,' +neut.\ \textit{allt}), \textit{sā} (I saw), \textit{sātt} `thou sawest.' + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Inflections} + +\section{Nouns} + +\textbf{38.} \textbf{Gender.} There are three genders in Icelandic---masculine, +feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly +grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. +Compound words follow the gender of their last element. + +\textbf{39.} \textbf{Strong and Weak.} All weak nouns end in a vowel in the +nom.\ sg.\ and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns +end in a cons.\ in the nom.\ sg. + +\textbf{40.} \textbf{Cases.} There are four cases---nominative, accusative, +dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the +gen.\ pl.\ in \textit{-a} (\textit{fiska}, of fishes), and the dat.\ pl.\ in +\textit{-um} (\textit{fiskum}). All strong masculines (\textit{fiskr}) and +some strong feminines (\textit{brūðr}, bride) take \textit{r}\footnote{Subject, +of course, to the assimilations described above.} in the nom.\ sg. Most +strong feminines show the bare root in the nom.\ sg.\ with \textit{u}-mutation, +if possible (\textit{āst}, favour, \textit{fǫr}, journey). The nom.\ pl.\ of all +strong masc.\ and fem.\ nouns ends in \textit{r} (\textit{fiskar}, \textit{āstir}). +The acc.\ pl.\ of fem.\ nouns is the same as the nom.\ pl.\ (\textit{āstir}). +The acc.\ pl.\ of masc.\ strong nouns always ends in a vowel (\textit{fiska}). +The plur.\ nom.\ and acc.\ of neuters is the same as the sing.\ nom.\ and +acc., except that in the plur.\ nom.\ and acc.\ they take \textit{u}-mutation, +if possible (\textit{hūs}, houses, \textit{lǫnd}, lands). + +\textbf{41.} The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the +acc.\ plur. + +\subsection{Strong Masculines} + +\subsubsection{(1) \textit{a}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & fisk-r (\textit{fish}) & fisk-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fisk & fisk-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fisk-i & fisk-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fisk-s & fisk-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:42} +\end{table} + +\textbf{42.} See Table~\ref{tab:42}. So also \textit{heimr} (home, world); +\textit{konungr} (king); \textit{Þōrr} (Thor), acc.\ \textit{Þōr}, +gen.\ \textit{Þōrs}; \textit{steinn} (stone), acc.\ \textit{stein}, +gen.\ \textit{steins}, pl.\ nom.\ \textit{steinar}; \textit{hrafn} (raven), +acc.\ \textit{hrafn}, pl.\ nom.\ \textit{hrafnar}; \textit{þurs} (giant), +acc.\ gen.\ \textit{þurs}, pl.\ nom.\ \textit{þursar}. + +\textbf{43.} Dissyllables in \textit{-r}, \textit{-l}, \textit{-n} generally throw out the +preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: \textit{hamarr} (hammer), +dat.\ \textit{hamri}; \textit{jǫtunn} (giant), pl.\ nom.\ \textit{jǫtnar}. +\textit{kętill} (kettle) and \textit{lykill} (key) show unmutated vowels in the +contracted forms, as in the acc.\ plur.\ \textit{katla}, \textit{lukla}. + +\textbf{44.} Some nouns of this decl.\ take \textit{-ar} in the gen.\ sing., +especially proper names, such as \textit{Hākon}, gen.\ \textit{Hākonar}. + +\textbf{45.} Some nouns add \textit{v} before vowels: \textit{sær} (sea), +gen.\ \textit{sævar}. + +\textbf{46.} The dat.\ sometimes drops the \textit{i}: \textit{sæ} (sea), \textit{Þōr}. +\textit{dagr} (day) mutates its vowel in the dat.\ \textit{dęgi}. + +\textbf{47.} Nouns in \textit{-ir} keep the \textit{i} in the sing., and drop it in the +plur., as shown in Table~\ref{tab:47}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & hęlli-r (\textit{cave}) & hęll-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hęlli & hęll-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hęlli & hęll-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hęlli-s & hęll-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:47} +\end{table} + +\textbf{48.} So also a number of proper names, such as \textit{Skrȳmir}, +\textit{Þōrir}. + +\subsubsection{(2) \textit{i}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & stað-r (\textit{place}) & stað-ir \\ + \textit{Acc.} & stað & stað-i \\ + \textit{Dat.} & stað & stǫð-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & stað-ar & stað-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:49} +\end{table} + +\textbf{49.} See Table~\ref{tab:49}. So also \textit{gripr} (precious +thing), \textit{salr} (hall). + +\textbf{50.} \textit{gęstr} (guest) takes \textit{-i} in the dat.\ sg., and \textit{-s} +in the gen.\ sg. + +\textbf{51.} Those ending in \textit{g} or \textit{k} (together with some others) insert +\textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{bękkr} (bench), \textit{bękk}, +\textit{bękk}, \textit{bękkjar}; \textit{bękkir}, \textit{bękki}, \textit{bękkjum}, +\textit{bękkja}. So also \textit{męrgr} (marrow), \textit{stręngr} (string). + +\subsubsection{(3) \textit{u}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & skjǫld-r (\textit{shield}) & skild-ir \\ + \textit{Acc.} & skjǫld & skjǫld-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & skild-i & skjǫld-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & skjald-ar & skjald-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:52} +\end{table} + +\textbf{52.} See Table~\ref{tab:52}. So also \textit{vǫndr} (twig), +\textit{vǫllr} (plain), \textit{viðr} (wood). \textit{āss} (god) has +plur.\ nom.\ \textit{æsir}, acc.\ \textit{āsu}. \textit{sonr} (son) +has dat.\ sg.\ \textit{syni}, plur.\ nom.\ \textit{synir}. It regularly +drops its \textit{r} of the nom.\ in such compounds as +\textit{Tryggva-son} (son of Tryggvi). + +\subsubsection{(4) \textit{r}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & fōt-r (\textit{foot}) & fœt-r \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fōt & fœt-r \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fœt-i & fōt-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fōt-ar & fōt-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:54} +\end{table} + +\textbf{54.} See Table~\ref{tab:54}. So also \textit{brōðir} (brother), +pl.\ \textit{brœðr}. + +\textbf{55.} Pres.\ participles used as nouns follow this decl.\ in the pl., +following the weak class in the sg., as shown in Table~\ref{tab:55}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bōndi (\textit{yeoman}) & bœndr \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bōnda & bœndr \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bōnda & bōndum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bōnda & bōnda \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:55} +\end{table} + +\textbf{56.} So also \textit{frœndi} (kinsman), pl.\ \textit{frœndr}. + +\subsection{Strong Neuters} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & skip (\textit{ship}) & skip \\ + \textit{Acc.} & skip & skip \\ + \textit{Dat.} & skip-i & skip-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & skip-s & skip-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:57} +\end{table} + +\textbf{57.} See Table~\ref{tab:57}. So also \textit{orð} (word), +\textit{land} (land) pl.\ \textit{lǫnd}, \textit{sumar} (summer) +pl.\ \textit{sumur} (§ 25). + +\textbf{58.} \textit{męn} (necklace), \textit{kyn} (race), \textit{grey} (dog) +insert \textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{greyjum}. +\textit{hǫgg} (stroke) inserts \textit{v} before a vowel: \textit{hǫggvi}. +\textit{knē} (knee), \textit{knē}, \textit{knē}, \textit{knēs}; +\textit{knē}, \textit{knē}, \textit{kjām}, \textit{knjā}. So also \textit{trē} +(tree). + +\textbf{59.} \textit{fē} (money) is contracted: gen.\ \textit{fjār}, dat.\ \textit{fē}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & kvæði (\textit{poem}) & kvæði \\ + \textit{Acc.} & kvæði & kvæði \\ + \textit{Dat.} & kvæði & kvæðum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & kvæði-s & kvæða \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:60} +\end{table} + +\textbf{60.} See Table~\ref{tab:60}. So also \textit{klæði} (cloth). Those in +\textit{k} insert \textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{męrki} +(mark), \textit{męrkjum}, \textit{męrkja}. So also \textit{rīki} (sovereignty). + +\subsection{Strong Feminines} + +\subsubsection{(1) \textit{ar}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & gjǫf (\textit{gift}) & gjaf-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & gjǫf & gjaf-ar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & gjǫf & gjǫf-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & gjaf-ar & gjaf-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:61} +\end{table} + +\textbf{61.} See Table~\ref{tab:61}. So also \textit{mǫn} (mane), +\textit{gjǫrð} (girdle), \textit{ār} (oar). + +\textbf{62.} \textit{ā} (river) contracts: \textit{ā}, \textit{ā}, \textit{ā}, +\textit{ār}; \textit{ār}, \textit{ār}, \textit{ām}, \textit{ā}. + +\textbf{63.} Many take \textit{-u} in the dat.\ sg.: \textit{kęrling} (old woman), +\textit{kęrling}, \textit{kęrlingu}, \textit{kęrlingar}; \textit{kęrlingar}, +\textit{kęrlingar}, \textit{kęrlingum}, \textit{kęrlinga}. So also \textit{laug} +(bath). + +\textbf{64.} Those with a mutated root-vowel (or \textit{i}) insert \textit{j} in +inflection: \textit{ey} (island), \textit{ey}, \textit{eyju}, \textit{eyjar}; +\textit{eyjar}, \textit{eyjar}, \textit{eyjum}, \textit{eyja}. So also +\textit{Frigg}, \textit{Hęl}. \textit{mær} (maid), \textit{mey}, \textit{meyju}, +\textit{meyjar}; \textit{meyjar}, \textit{meyjar}, \textit{meyjum}, \textit{meyja}. + +\textbf{65.} See Table~\ref{tab:65}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & heið-r (\textit{heath}) & heið-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & heið-i & heið-ar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & heið-i & heið-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & heið-ar & heið-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:65} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{(2) \textit{ir}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & tīð & tīð-ir \\ + \textit{Acc.} & tīð & tīð-ir \\ + \textit{Dat.} & tīð & tīð-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & tīð-ar & tīð-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:66} +\end{table} + +\textbf{66.} See Table~\ref{tab:66}. So also \textit{sorg} (sorrow), +\textit{skipun} (arrangement), \textit{hǫfn} (harbour) pl.\ \textit{hafnir}, +and the majority of strong feminines. + +\textbf{67.} Many have \textit{-u} in the dat.\ sg.: \textit{sōl} (sun), \textit{sōl}, +\textit{sōlu}, \textit{sōlar}; \textit{sōlir}, \textit{sōlir}, \textit{sōlum}, +\textit{sōla}. So also \textit{jǫrð} (earth), \textit{stund} (period of time). + +\textbf{68.} One noun has \textit{r} in the nom.\ sg., following \textit{heiðr} in the +sg.: \textit{brūðr} (bride), \textit{brūði}, \textit{brūði}, \textit{brūðar}; +\textit{brūðir}, \textit{brūðir}, \textit{brūðum}, \textit{brūða}. + +\subsubsection{(3) \textit{r}-plurals} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bōk (\textit{book}) & bœk-r \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bōk & bœk-r \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bōk & bōk-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bōk-ar & bōk-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:69} +\end{table} + +\textbf{69.} See Table~\ref{tab:69}. So also \textit{nātt} (night) +pl.\ \textit{nætr}, \textit{bōt} (compensation) pl.\ \textit{bœtr}, +\textit{tǫnn} (tooth) gen.\ \textit{tannar} pl.\ \textit{tęnnr}. + +\textbf{70.} \textit{hǫnd} (hand) pl.\ \textit{hęndr} has dat.\ sg.\ \textit{hęndi}. + +\textbf{71.} \textit{kȳr} (cow) has acc.\ \textit{kū}, pl.\ \textit{kȳr}. + +\textbf{72.} \textit{brūn} (eyebrow) assimilates the \textit{r} of the pl.: +\textit{brȳnn}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & mōðir (\textit{mother}) & mœðr \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mōður & mœðr \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mōður & mœðrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mōður & mœðra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:73} +\end{table} + +\textbf{73.} See Table~\ref{tab:73}. So also \textit{dōttir} (daughter) +pl.\ \textit{dœtr}; \textit{systir} (sister) pl.\ \textit{systr}. + +\subsection{Weak Masculines} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bog-i (\textit{bow}) & bog-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bog-a & bog-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bog-a & bog-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bog-a & bog-a \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:74} +\end{table} + +\textbf{74.} See Table~\ref{tab:74}. So also \textit{māni} (moon), +\textit{fēlagi} (companion). + +\textbf{75.} \textit{hǫfðingi} (chief) and some others insert \textit{j} in inflection: +\textit{hǫfðingja}, \textit{hǫfðingjar}, \textit{hǫfðingjum}. + +\textbf{76.} \textit{lē} (scythe) is contracted; its gen.\ sg.\ is \textit{ljā}. + +\textbf{77.} \textit{oxi} (ox) has pl.\ \textit{öxn}. + +\textbf{78.} \textit{herra} (lord) is indeclinable in the sg. + +\subsection{Weak Neuters} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & hjart-a (\textit{heart}) & hjǫrt-u \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hjart-a & hjǫrt-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hjart-a & hjǫrt-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hjart-a & hjart-na \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:79} +\end{table} + +\textbf{79.} See Table~\ref{tab:79}. So also \textit{auga} (eye). + +\subsection{Weak Feminines} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Singular} & \textbf{Plural} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & tung-a (\textit{tongue}) & tung-ur \\ + \textit{Acc.} & tung-u & tung-ur \\ + \textit{Dat.} & tung-u & tung-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & tung-u & tung-na \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:80} +\end{table} + +\textbf{80.} See Table~\ref{tab:80}. So also \textit{stjarna} (star) +pl.\ \textit{stjǫrnur}, \textit{kirkja} (church), gen.\ plurals +\textit{stjarna}, \textit{kirkna}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rl} + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ęlli (\textit{old age}) \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ęlli \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ęlli \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ęlli \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:81} +\end{table} + +\textbf{81.} See Table~\ref{tab:81}. So also \textit{glęði} (joy) and +many abstract nouns. + +\textbf{82.} \textit{lygi} (falsehood) has pl.\ \textit{lygar}; so also \textit{gǫ̈rsimi} +(precious thing). + +\section{Adjectives} + +\textbf{83.} Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, +though with partly different endings, together with strong and +weak forms. + +\subsection{Strong Adjectives} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ung-r (\textit{young}) & ung-t & ung \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-an & ung-t & ung-a \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-um & ung-u & ung-ri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-s & ung-s & ung-rar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & ung-ir & ung & ung-ar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-a & ung & ung-ar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-um & ung-um & ung-um \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-ra & ung-ra & ung-ra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:84} +\end{table} + +\textbf{84.} See Table~\ref{tab:84}. So also \textit{fagr} (fair), +fem.\ \textit{fǫgr}, neut.\ \textit{fagrt}. + +\textbf{85.} Some insert \textit{j} before \textit{a} and \textit{u}: \textit{nȳr} (new), +\textit{nȳjum}, \textit{nȳjan}. + +\textbf{86.} Some insert \textit{v} before a vowel: \textit{hār} (high), \textit{hāvan}, +\textit{dökkr} (dark), \textit{dökkvir}, \textit{kykr} (alive), \textit{kykvir}. + +\textbf{87.} The \textit{t} of the neut.\ is doubled after a long vowel: \textit{nȳtt}, +\textit{hātt}. Monosyllables in \textit{ð}, \textit{dd}, \textit{tt} form their neut.\ in +\textit{-tt}: \textit{breiðr} (broad), \textit{breitt}; \textit{leiddr} (led), \textit{leitt}. +\textit{gōðr} (good) has neut.\ \textit{gott}. \textit{sannr} (true) has neut.\ \textit{satt}. +In unaccented syllables or if a cons.\ precedes, \textit{tt} is shortened +to \textit{t}: \textit{kallaðr} (called), \textit{kallat}; \textit{blindr} (blind), +\textit{blint}, \textit{harðr} (hard), \textit{hart}, \textit{fastr} (firm), +\textit{fast}. + +\textbf{88.} \textit{l} and \textit{n} assimilate a following \textit{r}: \textit{gamall} +(old), fem.\ \textit{gǫmul}, fem.\ acc.\ \textit{gamla}, dat.\ \textit{gamalli}. +\textit{vǣnn} (beautiful), gen.\ pl.\ \textit{vænna}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & mikill (\textit{great}) & mikit & mikil \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mikinn & mikit & mikla \\ + \textit{Dat.} & miklum & miklu & mikilli \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mikils & mikils & mikillar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & miklir & mikil & miklar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mikla & mikil & miklar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & miklum & miklum & miklum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mikilla & mikilla & mikilla \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:89} +\end{table} + +\textbf{89.} See Table~\ref{tab:89}. So also \textit{lītill} (little). + +\textbf{90.} Dissyllables in \textit{-inn} have \textit{-it} in the neut., and +\textit{-inn} in the masc.\ sg.\ acc.: \textit{tīginn} (distinguished), +\textit{tīgit}, \textit{tīginn}, pl.\ \textit{tīgnīr}. So also \textit{kominn} +(come). + +\textbf{91.} See Table~\ref{tab:91}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & annarr (\textit{other}) & annat & ǫnnur \\ + \textit{Acc.} & annan & annat & aðra \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ǫðrum & ǫðru & annarri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & annars & annars & annarrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & aðrir & ǫnnur & aðrar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & aðra & ǫnnur & aðrar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ǫðrum & ǫðrum & ǫðrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & annarra & annarra & annarra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:91} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Weak Adjectives} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ung-i & ung-a & ung-a \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-a & ung-a & ung-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-a & ung-a & ung-u \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-a & ung-a & ung-u \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ + \textit{Dat.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ung-u & ung-u & ung-u \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:92} +\end{table} + +\textbf{92.} See Table~\ref{tab:92}. So also \textit{fagri}, +\textit{hāvi}, \textit{mikli}, etc. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & yngri (\textit{younger}) & yngra & yngri \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yngra & yngra & yngri \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yngra & yngra & yngri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yngra & yngra & yngri \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & yngri & yngri & yngri \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yngri & yngri & yngri \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yngrum & yngrum & yngrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yngri & yngri & yngri \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:93} +\end{table} + +\textbf{93.} See Table~\ref{tab:93}. So also all comparatives, such as +\textit{meiri} (greater), and pres.\ partic.\ when used as adjectives, +such as \textit{gefandi} (giving), dat.\ pl.\ \textit{gefǫndum}. + +\section{Comparison} + +\textbf{94.} (1) with \textit{-ari}, \textit{-astr}: \textit{rīkr} (powerful), +\textit{rīkari}, \textit{rīkastr}; \textit{gǫfugr} (distinguished), +\textit{gǫfgari}, \textit{gǫfgastr}. + +\textbf{95.} (2) with \textit{-ri}, \textit{-str} and mutation: \textit{langr} +(long), \textit{lęngri}, \textit{lęngstr}; \textit{stōrr} (big), \textit{stœrri}, +\textit{stœrstr}; \textit{ungr} (young), \textit{yngri}, \textit{yngstr}. + +\textbf{96.} The adjectives in Table~\ref{tab:96} are irregular. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + gamall (\textit{old}) & ęllri & ęlztr \\ + gōðr (\textit{good}) & bętri & bęztr \\ + illr (\textit{bad}) & vęrri & vęrstr \\ + lītill (\textit{little}) & minni & minstr \\ + margr (\textit{many}) & fleiri & flestr \\ + mikill (\textit{great}) & meiri & mestr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:96} +\end{table} + +\section{Numerals} + +\textbf{97.} See Table~\ref{tab:97_1} and Table~\ref{tab:97_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rll} + & \textbf{Cardinal} & \textbf{Ordinal} \\ + 1. & einn (\textit{one}) & fyrstr (\textit{first}) \\ + 2. & tveir & annarr \\ + 3. & þrīr & þriði \\ + 4. & fjōrir & fjōrði \\ + 5. & fimm & fimmti \\ + 6. & sex & sētti \\ + 7. & sjau & sjaundi \\ + 8. & ātta & ātti \\ + 9. & nīu & nīundi \\ + 10. & tīu & tīundi \\ + 11. & ellifu & ellifti \\ + 12. & tōlf & tōlfti \\ + 13. & þrettān & þrettāndi \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:97_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rl} + & \textbf{Cardinal} \\ + 14. & fjōrtān \\ + 15. & fimmtān \\ + 16. & sextān \\ + 17. & sjautān \\ + 18. & ātjān \\ + 19. & nītjān \\ + 20. & tuttugu \\ + 21. & einn ok tuttugu, etc. \\ + 30. & þrīr tigir, etc. \\ + 100. & tīu tigir \\ + 110. & ellifu tigir \\ + 120. & hundrað \\ + 1200. & þūsund \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:97_2} +\end{table} + +\textbf{98.} \textit{einn} is declined like other adjectives. See +Table~\ref{tab:98}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & einn & eitt & ein \\ + \textit{Acc.} & einn & eitt & eina \\ + \textit{Dat.} & einum & einu & einni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & eins & eins & einnar \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:98} +\end{table} + +It also has a pl.\ \textit{einir}, \textit{einar}, \textit{ein}; gen. +\textit{einna}, etc.\ in the sense of `some.' + +\textbf{99.} The next three show various irregularities. See +Table~\ref{tab:99}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & tveir & tvau & tvær \\ + \textit{Acc.} & tvā & tvau & tvær \\ + \textit{Dat.} & tveim & tveim & tveim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & tvęggja & tvęggja & tvęggja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:99} +\end{table} + +\textbf{100.} Similarly \textit{bāðir} (both). See Table~\ref{tab:100}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & bāðir & bæði & bāðar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & bāða & bæði & bāðar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bāðum & bāðum & bāðum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & bęggja & bęggja & bęggja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:100} +\end{table} + +\textbf{101.} See Table~\ref{tab:101}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & þrīr & þrjū & þrjār \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þrjā & þrjū & þrjār \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þrim & þrim & þrim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þriggja & þriggja & þriggja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:101} +\end{table} + +\textbf{102.} See Table~\ref{tab:102}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Nom.} & fjōrir & fjogur & fjōrar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fjōra & fjogur & fjōrar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fjōrum & fjōrum & fjōrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fjogurra & fjogurra & fjogurra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:102} +\end{table} + +\textbf{103.} The others are indeclinable up to \textit{þrīr tigir}, etc.; the +\textit{tigir} being declined regularly as a plural strong \textit{u}-masculine +\textit{tigir}, \textit{tigu}, \textit{tigum}, \textit{tiga}. + +\textbf{104.} \textit{hundrað} is a strong neut.: \textit{tvau hundruð} (240), \textit{tveim +hundruðum}, etc. It governs the gen.\ (as also does \textit{þūsund}): +\textit{fimm hundruð gōlfa}, `five (six) hundred chambers.' + +\textbf{105.} \textit{þūsund} is a strong \textit{ir}-feminine: \textit{tvær þūsundir} +(2400). + +\textbf{106.} \textit{hundrað} and \textit{þūsund} are rarely = 100 and 1000. + +\textbf{107.} Of the ordinals \textit{fyrstr} and \textit{annarr} (§ 91) are strong, the +others weak adjectives. \textit{þriði} inserts a \textit{j}: \textit{þriðja}, etc. + +\section{Pronouns} + +\subsection{Personal} + +\textbf{108.} See Table~\ref{tab:108_1} and Table~\ref{tab:108_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & ek (\textit{I}) & þū (\textit{thou}) & -- \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mik & þik & sik (\textit{oneself}) \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mēr & þēr & sēr \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mīn & þīn & sīn \\ + \\ + \textit{Dual Nom.} & vit & it & -- \\ + \textit{Acc.} & okkr & ykkr & sik \\ + \textit{Dat.} & okkr & ykkr & sēr \\ + \textit{Gen.} & okkar & ykkar & sīn \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & vēr (\textit{we}) & þēr (\textit{ye}) & -- \\ + \textit{Acc.} & oss & yðr & sik (\textit{oneselves}) \\ + \textit{Dat.} & oss & yðr & sēr \\ + \textit{Gen.} & vār & yðar & sīn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:108_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & hann (\textit{he}) & þat (\textit{it}) & hon (\textit{she}) \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hann & þat & hana \\ + \textit{Dat.} & honum & þvī & hęnni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hans & þess & hęnnar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & þeir (\textit{they}) & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þā & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þeim & þeim & þeim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þeira & þeira & þeira \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:108_2} +\end{table} + +\textbf{109.} \textit{ek} was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, +being sometimes added twice over: \textit{mætta-k} (I might), \textit{sā-k-a-k} +(I saw not; \textit{a}=`not'). So also \textit{þū}: \textit{er-tu} (art thou), +\textit{skalt-u} (shalt thou) = \textit{*skalt-tu}. + +\subsection{Possessive} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & minn (\textit{my}) & mitt & mīn \\ + \textit{Acc.} & minn & mitt & mīna \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mīnum & mīnu & minni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & mīns & mīns & minnar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & mīnir & mīn & mīnar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & mīna & mīn & mīnar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & mīnum & mīnum & mīnum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & minna & minna & minna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:110} +\end{table} + +\textbf{110.} See Table~\ref{tab:110}. So also \textit{þinn} (thy), +\textit{sinn} (his, etc., reflexive). + +\textbf{111.} \textit{vārr}, \textit{vārt}, \textit{vār} (our) is regular: acc.\ masc.\ +\textit{vārn}, masc.\ plur.\ \textit{vārir}, \textit{vāra}, \textit{vārum}, +\textit{vārra}, etc. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & yðarr (\textit{your}) & yðart & yður \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yðarn & yðart & yðra \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yðrum & yðru & yðarri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yðars & yðars & yðarrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & yðrir & yður & yðrar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & yðra & yður & yðrar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & yðrum & yðrum & yðrum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & yðarra & yðarra & yðarra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:112} +\end{table} + +\textbf{112.} See Table~\ref{tab:112}. So also \textit{okkarr} (our two) +and \textit{ykkarr} (your two). + +\textbf{113.} \textit{hans} (his), \textit{þess} (its), \textit{hęnnar} (her), and +\textit{þeira} (their) are indeclinable. + +\subsection{Demonstrative} + +\textbf{114.} See Table~\ref{tab:114}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & sā (\textit{that}) & þat & sū \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þann & þat & þā \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þeim & þvī & þeiri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þess & þess & þeirar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & þeir & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þā & þau & þær \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þeim & þeim & þeim \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þeira & þeira & þeira \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:114} +\end{table} + +\textbf{115.} \textit{hinn}, \textit{hitt}, \textit{hin} (that) is inflected like +\textit{minn} (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc.\ masc.\ +\textit{hinn}, plur.\ masc. \textit{hinir}, \textit{hina}, \textit{hinum}, +\textit{hinna}. + +\textbf{116.} See Table~\ref{tab:116}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & þessi (\textit{this}) & þetta & þessi \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þenna & þetta & þessa \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þessum & þessu & þessi \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þessa & þessa & þessar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & þessir & þessi & þessar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & þessa & þessi & þessar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & þessum & þessum & þessum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & þessa & þessa & þessa \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:116} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Definite} + +\textbf{117.} The prefixed definite article is declined as shown in +Table~\ref{tab:117}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & inn & it & in \\ + \textit{Acc.} & inn & it & ina \\ + \textit{Dat.} & inum & inu & inni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & ins & ins & innar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & inir & in & inar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & ina & in & inar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & inum & inum & inum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & inna & inna & inna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:117} +\end{table} + +\textbf{118.} When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In +its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short +(un-accented) vowel, as in \textit{auga-t} (the eye), but keeps it after +a long vowel, as in \textit{ā-in} (the river), \textit{trē-it} (the tree). +The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; +not, however, after the \textit{-ar}, \textit{-r}, of the gen.\ sg., nor in +\textit{męnninir} (men, \textit{nom.}), \textit{męnn-ina} (men, \textit{acc.}). +The \textit{-m} of the dat.\ pl.\ is dropped before the suffixed \textit{-num}. +See Table~\ref{tab:118_1} and Table~\ref{tab:118_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & fiskr-inn & skip-it & gjǫf-in \\ + \textit{Acc.} & fisk-inn & skip-it & gjǫf-ina \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fiski-num & skipi-nu & gjǫf-inni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fisks-ins & skips-ins & gjafar-innar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & fiskar-nir & skip-in & gjafar-nar\\ + \textit{Acc.} & fiska-na & skip-in & gjafar-nar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & fisku-num & skipu-num & gjǫfu-num \\ + \textit{Gen.} & fiska-nna & skipa-nna & gjafa-nna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:118_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & bogi-nn & auga-t & tunga-n \\ + \textit{Acc.} & boga-nn & auga-t & tungu-na \\ + \textit{Dat.} & boga-num & auga-nu & tungu-nni \\ + \textit{Gen.} & boga-ns & auga-ns & tungu-nnar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & bogar-nir & augu-n & tungur-nar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & boga-na & augu-n & tungur-nar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & bogu-num & augu-num & tungnu-num \\ + \textit{Gen.} & boga-nna & augna-nna & tungna-nna \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:118_2} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Relative} + +\textbf{119.} The ordinary relative pron.\ is the indeclinable \textit{er}, often +preceded by \textit{sā}: \textit{sā er} = he who, who, \textit{sū er} who fem. + +\subsection{Interrogative} + +\textbf{120.} The neut.\ \textit{hvat} has gen.\ \textit{hvess}, dat.\ \textit{hvī}, which +last is chiefly used as an adverb = `why.' + +\textbf{121.} See Table~\ref{tab:121}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & hvārr (\textit{which of two}) & hvārt & hvār \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvārn & hvārt & hvāra \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvārum & hvāru & hvārri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvārs & hvārs & hvārrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & hvārir & hvār & hvārar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvāra & hvār & hvārar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvārum & hvārum & hvārum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvārra & hvārra & hvārra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:121} +\end{table} + +\textbf{122.} See Table~\ref{tab:122}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & hvęrr (\textit{which, who}) & hvęrt & hvęr \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvęrn & hvęrt & hvęrja \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvęrjum & hvęrju & hvęrri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvęrs & hvęrs & hvęrrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & hvęrir & hvęr & hvęrjar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & hvęrja & hvęr & hvęrjar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & hvęrjum & hvęrjum & hvęrjum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & hvęrra & hvęrra & hvęrra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:122} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Indefinite} + +\textbf{123.} \textit{einn-hvęrr}, \textit{eitthvęrt}, \textit{einhvęr} (some one) +keeps an invariable \textit{ein-} in the other cases, the second element +being inflected as above. + +\textbf{124.} \textit{sumr} (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective. + +\textbf{125.} See Table~\ref{tab:125}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & nakkvarr (\textit{some}) & nakkvat & nǫkkur \\ + \textit{Acc.} & nakkvarn & nakkvat & nakkvara \\ + \textit{Dat.} & nǫkkurum & nǫkkuru & nakkvarri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & nakkvars & nakkvars & nakkvarrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & nakkvarir & nǫkkur & nakkvarar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & nakkvara & nǫkkur & nakkvarar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & nǫkkurum & nǫkkurum & nǫkkurum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & nakkvarra & nakkvarra & nakkvarra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:125} +\end{table} + +\textbf{126.} See Table~\ref{tab:126}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Masc.} & \textbf{Neut.} & \textbf{Fem.} \\ + \textit{Sg.\ Nom.} & engi (\textit{none, no}) & ekki & engi \\ + \textit{Acc.} & engan & ekki & enga \\ + \textit{Dat.} & engum & engu & engri \\ + \textit{Gen.} & engis & engis & engrar \\ + \\ + \textit{Pl.\ Nom.} & engir & engi & engar \\ + \textit{Acc.} & enga & engi & engar \\ + \textit{Dat.} & engum & engum & engum \\ + \textit{Gen.} & engra & engra & engra \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:126} +\end{table} + +\textbf{127.} In \textit{hvār-tvęggja} (each of the two, both) the first element +is declined as above, the second is left unchanged. + +\section{Verbs} + +\textbf{128.} There are two classes of verbs, \textit{strong} and \textit{weak}. +Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs +by adding \textit{ð} (\textit{d}, \textit{t}). + +\textbf{129.} The \textit{ð} of the 2 pl.\ is dropt before \textit{þit} (ye two) +and \textit{þēr} (ye): \textit{gefi þēr}, \textit{gāfu þit}. + +\textbf{130.} There is a middle voice, which ends in \textit{-mk} in the 1 +pers.\ sg.\ and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding \textit{sk} to +the active endings, \textit{r} being dropt, the resulting \textit{ts}, +\textit{ðs} being written \textit{z} (§ 36): \textit{kvezk} (active \textit{kveðr} +`says'), \textit{þu fekkzk} (\textit{fekkt} `gottest'). + +\textbf{131.} The following is the conjugation of the strong verb \textit{gefa} +(give), which will show those endings which are common to all +verbs: + +\subsection{Active} + +See Table~\ref{tab:131_1}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & gef & gef-a \\ + 2. & gef-r & gef-ir \\ + 3. & gef-r & gef-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gef-um & gef-im \\ + 2. & gef-ið & gef-ið \\ + 3. & gef-a & gef-i \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & gaf & gæf-a \\ + 2. & gaf-t & gæf-ir \\ + 3. & gaf & gæf-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gāf-um & gæf-im \\ + 2. & gāf-uð & gæf-ið \\ + 3. & gāf-u & gæf-i \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\textit{Imperative sg.} 2 gef; \textit{pl.} 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið. + +\textit{Participle pres.} gef-andi; \textit{pret.} gef-inn. + +\textit{Infin.} gefa. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:131_1} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Middle} + +See Table~\ref{tab:131_2}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & gef-umk & gef-umk \\ + 2. & gef-sk & gef-isk \\ + 3. & gef-sk & gef-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gef-umk & gef-imk \\ + 2. & gef-izk & gef-izk \\ + 3. & gef-ask & gef-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & gāf-umk & gæf-umk \\ + 2. & gaf-zk & gæf-isk \\ + 3. & gaf-sk & gæf-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & gāf-umk & gæf-imk \\ + 2. & gāf-uzk & gæf-izk \\ + 3. & gāf-usk & gæf-isk \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\textit{Impers.\ sg.} 2 gef-sk; \textit{pl.} 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} gef-andisk; \textit{pret.} gef-izk \textit{neut.} + +\textit{Infin.} gef-ask. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:131_2} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Strong Verbs} + +\textbf{132.} In the strong verbs the plur.\ of the pret.\ indic.\ generally +has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg.\ pret.\ of +the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl.\ pret.: \textit{gāfumk}. +The pret.\ subj.\ has the vowel of the pret.\ indic.\ plur.\ mutated: +\textit{skaut} (he shot), \textit{skutu} (they shot), \textit{skyti} (he +might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: +\textit{hljōpi}, inf.\ \textit{hlaupa} (leap). + +\textbf{133.} The pres.\ indic.\ sing.\ mutates the root-vowel in all three +persons: \textit{ek skȳt}, \textit{þū skȳtr}, \textit{hann skȳtr}, +infin.\ \textit{skjōta} (shoot). \textit{e} however is not mutated: \textit{ek gef}, +\textit{þū gefr}. The inflectional \textit{r} is liable to the same +modifications as the \textit{r} of nouns (§ 32): \textit{skīnn}, \textit{vęx}, +infin.\ \textit{skīna} (shine), \textit{vaxa} (grow). + +\textbf{134.} Verbs in \textit{ld} change the \textit{d} into \textit{t} in the 1, 3 +sg.\ pret.\ indic.\ and in the imper.\ sg.: \textit{helt} (held), \textit{halt} +(hold!), infin.\ \textit{halda}. \textit{nd} becomes \textit{tt}, and \textit{ng} +becomes \textit{kk} under the same conditions: \textit{binda} (bind), +\textit{ganga} (go), pret.\ \textit{batt}, \textit{gekk}, imper.\ \textit{bitt}, +\textit{gakk}. + +\textbf{135.} The \textit{t} of the 2 sg.\ pret.\ indic.\ is doubled after a long +accented vowel: \textit{þū sātt} (thou sawest). If the 1 sg.\ pret.\ indic.\ ends +in \textit{t} or \textit{ð}, the 2 sg.\ ends in \textit{zt}: +\textit{lēt} (I let), \textit{þū lēzt}, \textit{bauð} (I offered) \textit{þū +bauzt}. + +\textbf{136.} There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished +mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites. + +\subsubsection{I.\ \textbf{`Fall'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{137.} See Table~\ref{tab:137}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + falla (\textit{fall}) & fęllr & fell & fellu & fallinn \\ + lāta (\textit{let}) & lætr & lēt & lētu & lātinn \\ + rāða (\textit{advise}) & ræðr & rēð & rēðu & rāðinn \\ + heita (\textit{call}) & heitr & hēt & hētu & heitinn \\ + halda (\textit{hold}) & hęldr & helt & heldu & haldinn \\ + ganga (\textit{go}) & gęngr & gekk & gengu & gęnginn \\ + fā (\textit{get}) & fær & fekk & fengu & fęnginn \\ + auka (\textit{increase}) & eykr & jōk & jōku & aukinn \\ + būa (\textit{dwell}) & bȳr & bjō & bjoggu & būinn \\ + hǫggva (\textit{hew}) & hǫggr & hjō & hjoggu & hǫggvinn \\ + hlaupa (\textit{leap}) & hleypr & hljōp & hljōpu & hlaupinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:137} +\end{table} + +\textbf{138.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:138} have weak preterites in +\textit{r}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + grōa (\textit{grow}) & grœr & gröri & gröru & grōinn \\ + rōa (\textit{row}) & rœr & röri & röru & rōinn \\ + snūa (\textit{twist}) & snȳr & snöri & snöru & snūinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:138} +\end{table} + +\textbf{139.} \textit{heita} in the passive sense of `to be named, called' has a +weak present: \textit{ek heiti}, \textit{þū heitir}. + +\subsubsection{II.\ \textbf{`Shake'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{140.} See Table~\ref{tab:140}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + fara (\textit{go}) & fęrr & fōr & fōru & farinn \\ + grafa (\textit{dig}) & gręfr & grōf & grōfu & grafinn \\ + hlaða (\textit{load}) & hlęðr & hlōð & hlōðu & hlaðinn \\ + vaxa (\textit{grow}) & vęx & ōx & ōxu & vaxinn \\ + standa (\textit{stand}) & stęndr & stōð & stōðu & staðinn \\ + aka (\textit{drive}) & ękr & ōk & ōku & ękinn \\ + taka (\textit{take}) & tękr & tōk & tōku & tękinn \\ + draga (\textit{draw}) & dręgr & drō & drōgu & dręginn \\ + flā (\textit{flay}) & flær & flō & flōgu & flęginn \\ + slā (\textit{strike}) & slær & slō & slōgu & slęginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:140} +\end{table} + +\textbf{141.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:141} have weak presents. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + hęfja (\textit{lift}) & hęfr & hōf & hōfu & hafinn \\ + deyja (\textit{die}) & deyr & dō & dō & dāinn \\ + hlæja (\textit{laugh}) & hlær & hlō & hlōgu & hlęginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:141} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{III.\ \textbf{`Bind'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{142.} See Table~\ref{tab:142}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bresta (\textit{burst}) & brestr & brast & brustu & brostinn \\ + hverfa (\textit{turn}) & hverfr & hvarf & hurfu & horfinn \\ + svelga (\textit{swallow}) & svelgr & svalg & sulgu & sōlginn \\ + verða (\textit{become}) & verðr & varð & urðu & orðinn \\ + skjālfa (\textit{shake}) & skelfr & skalf & skulfu & skolfinn \\ + drekka (\textit{drink}) & drekkr & drakk & drukku & drukkinn \\ + finna (\textit{find}) & finnr & fann & fundu & fundinn \\ + vinna (\textit{win}) & vinnr & vann & unnu & unninn \\ + binda (\textit{bind}) & bindr & batt & bundu & bundinn \\ + springa (\textit{spring}) & springr & sprakk & sprungu & sprunginn \\ + stinga (\textit{pierce}) & stingr & stakk & stungu & stunginn \\ + bregða (\textit{pull}) & bregðr & brā & brugðu & brugðinn \\ + sökkva (\textit{sink}) & sökkr & sǫkk & sukku & sokkinn \\ + stökkva (\textit{spring}) & stökkr & stǫkk & stukku & stokkinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:142} +\end{table} + +\textbf{143.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:143} have weak presents (which +makes however no difference in their conjugation). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bręnna (\textit{burn}) & bręnnr & brann & brunnu & brunninn \\ + ręnna (\textit{run}) & ręnnr & rann & runnu & runninn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:143} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{IV.\ \textbf{`Bear'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{144.} See Table~\ref{tab:144}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bera (\textit{carry}) & berr & bar & bāru & borinn \\ + nema (\textit{take}) & nemr & nam & nāmu & numinn \\ + fela (\textit{hide}) & felr & fal & fālu & fōlginn \\ + koma (\textit{come}) & kömr & kom & kvāmu & kominn \\ + sofa (\textit{sleep}) & söfr & svaf & svāfu & sofinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:144} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{V.\ \textbf{`Give'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{145.} See Table~\ref{tab:145}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + drepa (\textit{kill}) & drepr & drap & drāpu & drepinn \\ + gefa (\textit{give}) & gefr & gaf & gāfu & gefinn \\ + kveða (\textit{say}) & kveðr & kvað & kvāðu & kveðinn \\ + meta (\textit{estimate}) & metr & mat & mātu & metinn \\ + reka (\textit{drive}) & rekr & rak & rāku & rekinn \\ + eta (\textit{eat}) & etr & āt & ātu & etinn \\ + sjā (\textit{see}) & sēr\footnote{sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj.\ sē, sēr, sē; sēm, sēð, sē.} & sā & sā\footnote{sām, sāið, sā.} & sēnn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:145} +\end{table} + +\textbf{146.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:146} have weak presents. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + biðja (\textit{ash}) & biðr & bað & bāðu & beðinn \\ + sitja (\textit{sit}) & sitr & sat & sātu & setinn \\ + liggja (\textit{lie}) & liggr & lā & lāgum & leginn \\ + þiggja (\textit{receive}) & þiggr & þā & þāgu & þeginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:146} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{VI.\ \textbf{`Shine'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{147.} See Table~\ref{tab:147}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bīta (\textit{bite}) & bītr & beit & bitu & bitinn \\ + drīfa (\textit{drive}) & drīfr & dreif & drifu & drifinn \\ + grīpa (\textit{grasp}) & grīpr & greip & gripu & gripinn \\ + līða (\textit{go}) & līðr & leið & liðu & liðinn \\ + līta (\textit{look}) & lītr & leit & litu & litinn \\ + rīða (\textit{ride}) & rīðr & reið & riðu & riðinn \\ + sīga (\textit{sink}) & sīgr & seig & sigu & siginn \\ + slīta (\textit{tear}) & slītr & sleit & slitu & slitinn \\ + stīga (\textit{advance}) & stīgr & steig & stigu & stiginn \\ + bīða (\textit{wait}) & bīðr & beið & biðu & beiðnn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:147} +\end{table} + +\textbf{148.} Vīkja (see Table~\ref{tab:148}) has a weak present. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + vīkja (\textit{move}) & vīkr & veik & viku & vikinn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:148} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{VII.\ \textbf{`Choose'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{149.} See Table~\ref{tab:149}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + bjōða (\textit{offer}) & bȳðr & bauð & buðu & boðinn \\ + brjōta (\textit{break}) & brȳtr & braut & brutu & brotinn \\ + fljōta (\textit{float}) & flȳtr & flaut & flutu & flotinn \\ + hljōta (\textit{receive}) & hlȳtr & hlaut & hlutu & hlotinn \\ + kjōsa (\textit{choose}) & kȳss & kaus & kusum & kosinn \\ + njōta (\textit{enjoy}) & nȳtr & naut & nutu & notinn \\ + skjōta (\textit{shoot}) & skȳtr & skaut & skutu & skotinn \\ + drjūpa (\textit{drop}) & drȳpr & draup & drupu & dropinn \\ + ljūga (\textit{tell lies}) & lȳgr & laug & lugu & loginn \\ + lūka (\textit{close}) & lȳkr & lauk & luku & lokinn \\ + lūta (\textit{bend}) & lȳtr & laut & lutu & lotinn \\ + fljūga (\textit{fly}) & flȳgr & flō & flugu & floginn \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:149} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Weak Verbs} + +\textbf{150.} There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of +the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form +their pret.\ with \textit{ð} (\textit{d}, \textit{t}): \textit{heyra} (hear), +\textit{heyrða}. Those of the second form their pret.\ in the same +way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: \textit{hafa} (have) +\textit{hafða}. Those of the third form their pret.\ in \textit{-aða}: +\textit{kalla} (call), \textit{kallaða}. + +\subsubsection{I.\ \textbf{`Hear'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{151.} See Table~\ref{tab:151_1} (active) and Table~\ref{tab:151_2} +(middle). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & heyr-i & heyr-a \\ + 2. & heyr-ir & heyr-ir \\ + 3. & heyr-ir & heyr-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-um & heyr-im \\ + 2. & heyr-ið & heyr-ið \\ + 3. & heyr-a & heyr-i \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & heyr-ða & heyr-ða \\ + 2. & heyr-ðir & heyr-ðir \\ + 3. & heyr-ði & heyr-ði \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-ðum & heyr-ðim \\ + 2. & heyr-ðuð & heyr-ðið \\ + 3. & heyr-ðu & heyr-ði \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\textit{Imper.\ sg.} 1.\ heyr; \textit{pl.} 1.\ heyr-um, 2.\ heyr-ið. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} heyr-andi; \textit{pret.} heyr-ðr. + +\textit{Infin.} heyr-a. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:151_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & heyr-umk & heyr-umk \\ + 2. & heyr-isk & heyr-isk \\ + 3. & heyr-isk & heyr-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-umk & heyr-imk \\ + 2. & heyr-izk & heyr-izk \\ + 3. & heyr-ask & heyr-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & heyr-ðumk & heyr-ðumk \\ + 2. & heyr-ðisk & heyr-ðisk \\ + 3. & heyr-ðisk & heyr-ðisk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & heyr-ðumk & heyr-ðimk \\ + 2. & heyr-ðuzk & heyr-ðizk \\ + 3. & heyr-ðusk & heyr-ðisk \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\textit{Imper.\ sg.} 2.\ heyr-sk; \textit{pl.} 1.\ heyr-umk, 2.\ heyr-izk. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} heyr-andisk; \textit{pret.} heyr-zk \textit{neut.} + +\textit{Infin.} heyr-ask. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:151_2} +\end{table} + +\begin{center} +\textit{A.\ Without vowel-change} +\end{center} + +\textbf{152.} The inflectional \textit{ð} becomes \textit{d} after long syllables ending +in \textit{l} or \textit{n}: \textit{sigla} (sail), \textit{siglda}; \textit{nęfna} +(name), \textit{nęfnda}, \textit{nęfndr}. + +\textbf{153.} \textit{-ðð} becomes \textit{dd}: \textit{leiða} (lead), \textit{leidda}. + +\textbf{154.} \textit{ð} after \textit{s} and \textit{t} becomes \textit{t}: \textit{reisa} +(raise), \textit{reista}; \textit{mœta} (meet), \textit{mœtta}. Also in a few +verbs in \textit{l}, \textit{n}: \textit{mæla} (speak), \textit{mælta}; +\textit{spęnna} (buckle), \textit{spęnta}. + +\textbf{155.} After \textit{nd} and \textit{pt} it is dropped: \textit{sęnda} (send), +\textit{sęnda}, \textit{sęndr}; \textit{lypta} (lift), \textit{lypta}. + +\textbf{156.} It is preserved in such verbs as the following: \textit{dœma} +(judge), \textit{dœmða}; \textit{fœra} (lead), \textit{fœrða}; \textit{hęrða} +(harden), \textit{hęrða}; \textit{hleypa} (gallop), \textit{hleypða}. + +\begin{center} +\textit{B.\ With vowel-change} +\end{center} + +\textbf{157.} All these verbs have \textit{j} preceded by a short syllable +(tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons.\ after it (dȳja), or +\textit{gg} (lęggja); the \textit{j} being kept before \textit{a} and +\textit{u}, as in the pres.\ ind.\ of \textit{spyrja} (ask): \textit{spyr}, +\textit{spyrr}, \textit{spyrr}; \textit{spyrjum}, \textit{spyrið}, +\textit{spyrja}, pres.\ subj.\ 1 sg.\ \textit{ek spyrja}; they unmutate +their vowel in the pret.\ and ptc.\ pret.\ (spurða, spurðr), the +mutation being restored in the pret.\ subj.\ \textit{spyrða}, +\textit{spyrðir}, etc. The ptc.\ pret.\ often has an \textit{i} before the +\textit{ð}. See Table~\ref{tab:157}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + bęrja (\textit{strike}) & barða & barðr \\ + lęggja (\textit{lay}) & lagða & lag(i)ðr \\ + tęlja (\textit{tell}) & talða & tal(i)ðr \\ + vękja (\textit{wake}) & vakða & vakðr \\ + flytja (\textit{remove}) & flutta & fluttr \\ + dȳja (\textit{shake}) & dūða & dūðr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:157} +\end{table} + +\textbf{158.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:158} keep the mutated vowel +throughout. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + sęlja (\textit{sell}) & sęlda & sęldr \\ + sętja (\textit{set}) & sętta & sęttr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:158} +\end{table} + +\begin{center} +\textit{C.} +\end{center} + +\textbf{159.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:159} are irregular. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + sœkja (\textit{seek}) & sōtta & sōttr \\ + þykkja (\textit{seem}) & þōtta & þōttr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +Subj.\ pret.\ \textit{sœtta}, \textit{þœtta}. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:159} +\end{table} + + +\textbf{160.} The verb in Table~\ref{tab:160} has an adj.\ for its +partic.\ pret. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lll} + gǫ̈ra (\textit{make}) & gǫ̈rða & gǫ̈rr. \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:160} +\end{table} + +\subsubsection{II.\ \textbf{`Have'}-conjugation} + +\textbf{161.} The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of +conj.\ I, except that some of them have imperatives in \textit{-i}: +\textit{vaki}, \textit{þęfi}; \textit{uni}. \textit{lifa}, \textit{sęgja} +have imper.\ \textit{lif}, \textit{sęg}. They mutate the vowel of the +pret.\ subj.\ (ynða). Their partic.\ pret.\ generally occurs only in +the neut.; sometimes the \textit{a} is dropped. See Table~\ref{tab:161}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{llll} + lifa (\textit{live}) & lifi & lifða & lifat \\ + una (\textit{be contented}) & uni & unða & unat \\ + skorta (\textit{be wanting}) & skorti & skorta & skort \\ + þola (\textit{endure}) & þoli & þolða & þolat \\ + þora (\textit{dare}) & þori & þorða & þorat \\ + nā (\textit{attain}) & nāi & nāða & nāðr, nāit \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:161} +\end{table} + +\textbf{162.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:162} show mutation. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{llll} + sęgja (\textit{say}) & sęgi & sagða & sagðr \\ + þęgja (\textit{be silent}) & þęgi & þagða & þagat \\ + hafa (\textit{have}) & hęfi & hafða & hafðr \\ + kaupa (\textit{buy}) & kaupi & keypta & keyptr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:162} +\end{table} + +\textbf{163.} The present indic.\ of the first three is shown in +Table~\ref{tab:163}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + \textit{Sing.} 1. & hęfi & sęgi & þęgi \\ + 2, 3. & hęfir & sęgir & þęgir \\ + \\ + \textit{Plur.} 1. & hǫfum & sęgjum & þęgjum \\ + 2. & hafið & sęgið & þęgið \\ + 3. & hafa & sęgja & þęgja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:163} +\end{table} + +\textbf{164.} The rest of \textit{hafa} is regular. Pres.\ subj.\ \textit{hafa}, +\textit{hafir}, \textit{hafi}; \textit{hafim}, \textit{hafið}, \textit{hafi}. +Pret.\ indic.\ \textit{hafða}, \textit{hafðir}, \textit{hafði}; \textit{hǫfdum}, +\textit{hǫfðuð}, \textit{hǫfðu}. Pret.\ subj.\ \textit{hęfða}, \textit{hęfðir}, +\textit{hęfði}; \textit{hęfðim}, \textit{hęfðið}, \textit{hęfði}. +Imper.\ \textit{haf}, \textit{hǫfum}, \textit{hafið}. Ptc.\ \textit{hafandi}, +\textit{hafðr}. + +\subsubsection{III.\ \textbf{`Call'}-conjugation} + +See Table~\ref{tab:164_1} (active) and Table~\ref{tab:164_2} (middle). + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & kall-a & kall-a \\ + 2. & kall-ar & kall-ir \\ + 3. & kall-ar & kall-i \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-um & kall-im \\ + 2. & kall-ið & kall-ið \\ + 3. & kall-a & kall-i \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & kall-aða & kall-aða \\ + 2. & kall-aðir & kall-aðir \\ + 3. & kall-aði & kall-aði \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-uðum & kall-aðim \\ + 2. & kǫll-uðuð & kall-aðið \\ + 3. & kǫll-uðu & kall-aði \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\textit{Imper.\ sing.} 2.\ kall-a; \textit{plur.} 1.\ kǫll-um, 2.\ kall-ið. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} kall-andi; \textit{pret.} kallaðr (\textit{neut.} kallat). + +\textit{Infin.} kalla. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:164_1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & kǫll-umk & kǫll-umk \\ + 2. & kall-ask & kall-isk \\ + 3. & kall-ask & kall-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-umk & kall-imk \\ + 2. & kall-izk & kall-izk \\ + 3. & kall-ask & kall-isk \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & kǫll-uðumk & kǫll-uðumk \\ + 2. & kall-aðisk & kall-aðisk \\ + 3. & kall-aðisk & kall-aðisk \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & kǫll-uðumk & kall-aðimk \\ + 2. & kǫll-uðuzk & kall-aðizk \\ + 3. & kǫll-uðusk & kall-aðisk \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\textit{Imper.\ sing.} 2.\ kall-ask; \textit{pl.} 1.\ kǫll-umk, 2.\ kall-izk. + +\textit{Partic.\ pres.} kall-andisk; \textit{pret.} kall-azk \textit{neut.} + +\textit{Infin.} kall-ask. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:164_2} +\end{table} + + +\textbf{165.} So also \textit{byrja} (begin), \textit{hęrja} (make war), \textit{vakna} +(awake). + +\subsection{Strong-Weak Verbs} + +\textbf{166.} The verbs in Table~\ref{tab:166} have old strong preterites +for their presents, from which new weak preterites are formed. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + \textbf{Infin.} & \textbf{Third Pres.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Sing.} & \textbf{Prt.\ Pl.} & \textbf{Ptc.\ Prt.} \\ + eiga (\textit{possess}) & ā & eigu & ātta & āttr \\ + kunna (\textit{can}) & kann & kunnu & kunna & kunnat \textit{n.} \\ + mega (\textit{can}) & mā & megu & mātta & mātt \textit{n.} \\ + muna (\textit{remember}) & man & munu & munða & munat \textit{n.} \\ + munu (\textit{will}) & mun & munu & munða & --- \\ + skulu (\textit{shall}) & skal & skulu & skylda & skyldr \\ + þurfa (\textit{need}) & þarf & þurfu & þurfta & þurft \textit{n.} \\ + unna (\textit{love}) & ann & unnu & unna & unnt \textit{n.} \\ + vita (\textit{know}) & veit & vitu & vissa & vitaðr \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:166} +\end{table} + +\textbf{167.} Of these verbs \textit{munu} and \textit{skulu} have preterite infinitives: +\textit{mundu}, \textit{skyldu}. + +\subsection{Anomalous Verbs} + +\textbf{168.} \textit{Vilja} (will) in the present is shown in +Table~\ref{tab:168}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lllll} + & \textbf{Sing.} & \textbf{Plur.} \\ + 1. & vil & viljum \\ + 2. & vill & vilið \\ + 3. & vill & vilja \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3.5in} +\noindent\textit{Subj.\ pres.} vili. \textit{Pret.\ ind.} vilda. \textit{Ptc.\ prt.} viljat. +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:168} +\end{table} + + +\textbf{169.} \textit{Vera} (be) is shown in Table~\ref{tab:169}. + +\begin{table}[htbp] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rlll} + & \textbf{Indicative} & \textbf{Subjunctive} \\ + \textit{Present sg.} 1. & em & sē \\ + 2. & ert & sēr \\ + 3. & er & sē \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & erum & sēm \\ + 2. & eruð & sēð \\ + 3. & eru & sē \\ + \\ + \textit{Preterite sg.} 1. & var & væra \\ + 2. & vart & værir \\ + 3. & var & væri \\ + \\ + \textit{pl.} 1. & vārum & værim \\ + 2. & vāruð & værið \\ + 3. & vāru & væri \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\begin{center} +\begin{minipage}{3in} +\noindent\textit{Imper.\ sg.} ver; \textit{pl.} verið. \textit{Ptc.\ prt.} verit \textit{n.} +\end{minipage} +\end{center} +\newcaption +\label{tab:169} +\end{table} + + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Composition} + +\textbf{170.} Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. +Thus by the side of \textit{skip-stjōrn} (ship-steering) we find +\textit{skips-brot} (ship's breaking, shipwreck), \textit{skipa-hęrr} (army of +ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, +as in \textit{konungs-skip} (king's ship). + +\section{Derivation} + +\subsection{Prefixes} + +\textbf{171.} Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old +English. + +\gap\textbf{al-} `quite,' `very': \textit{al-būinn} `quite ready,' \textit{al-snotr} +`very clever.' + +\gap\textbf{all-} `all,' `very': \textit{all-valdr} `all-ruler, monarch,' +\textit{all-harðr} `very hard,' \textit{all-stōrum} `very greatly.' + +\gap\textbf{and-} `against': \textit{and-lit} `countenance' (\textit{lita}, look), +\textit{and-svar} `answer.' + +\gap\textbf{fjǫl-} `many': \textit{fjǫl-męnni} `multitude' (\textit{maðr}, man). + +\gap\textbf{mis-} `mis-': \textit{mis-līka} `displease.' + +\gap\textbf{ū-} `un-': \textit{ū-friðr} `war' (\textit{friðr}, peace), \textit{ū-happ} +`misfortune' (\textit{happ} luck). + +\subsection{Endings} + +\subsubsection{(a) Nouns} + +\begin{center} +\textit{Personal} +\end{center} + +\textbf{172.} \textbf{-ingr, -ingi, -ing}: \textit{vīkingr} `pirate,' \textit{hǫfðingi} +`chief,' \textit{kęrling} `old woman.' + +\begin{center} +\textit{Abstract} +\end{center} + +\textbf{173.} \textbf{-ð}, fem.\ with mutation: \textit{fęgrð} `beauty' (\textit{fagr}, +fair), \textit{fęrð} `journey' (\textit{fara}, go), \textit{lęngð} `length' +(\textit{langr}, long). + +\gap\textbf{-ing}, fem.: \textit{svipting} `pulling,' \textit{vīking} `piracy,' +\textit{virðing} `honour.' + +\gap\textbf{-leikr}, masc.: \textit{kœr-leikr} `affection' (\textit{hœrr}, dear), +\textit{skjōt-leikr} `speed' (\textit{skjōtr}, swift). + +\gap\textbf{-an, -un}, fem.: \textit{skipan} `arrangement,' \textit{skęmtun} +`amusement.' + +\subsubsection{(b) Adjectives} + +\textbf{174.} \textbf{-ugr}: \textit{rāðugr} `sagacious,' \textit{þrūðugr} `strong.' + +\gap\textbf{-ōttr}: \textit{kollōttr} `bald,' \textit{ǫndōttr} `fierce.' + +\gap\textbf{-lauss} `-less': \textit{fē-lauss} `moneyless,' \textit{ōtta-lauss} +`without fear.' + +\gap\textbf{-ligr} `-ly': \textit{undr-ligr} `wonderful,' \textit{sann-ligr} +`probable' (\textit{sannr}, true). + +\gap\textbf{-samr}: \textit{līkn-samr} `gracious,' \textit{skyn-samr} `intelligent.' + +\gap\textbf{-verðr} `-ward': \textit{ofan-verðr} `upper.' + +\subsubsection{(c) Verbs} + +\textbf{175.} \textbf{-na}: \textit{brotna} `be broken' (\textit{brotinn}, broken), +\textit{hvītna} `become white,' \textit{vakna} `awake.' Used to form +intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj. + +\subsubsection{(d) Adverbs} + +\textbf{176.} \textbf{-liga} `-ly': \textit{undar-liga} `wonderfully,' \textit{stęrk-liga} +`strongly' (\textit{stęrkr}, strong). + +\gap\textbf{-um}, dat.\ pl.: \textit{stōrum} `greatly' (\textit{stōrr}, great). + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Syntax} + +\textbf{177.} Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has +several peculiarities of its own. + +\section{Concord} + +\textbf{178.} Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: \textit{allir +męnn vāru būnir} `all the men were ready,' \textit{allir vāru drepnir} +`all were killed.' + +\textbf{179.} A plural adj.\ or pronoun referring to two nouns of different +(natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: \textit{þā +gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki} (masc.), \textit{ok Þjālfi} (masc.), +\textit{ok Rǫskva} (fem.). \textit{þā er þau} (neut.) \textit{hǫfðu lītla hrið +gęngit\ldots} `he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R\@. When they +had walked for some time\ldots' + +\section{Cases} + +\textbf{180.} The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very +characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb +can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by +the verb, it is put in the dative, as in \textit{kasta spjōti} `throw a +spear' (lit.\ `throw \textit{with} a spear'), \textit{hann helt hamarskaptinu} +`he grasped the handle of the hammer,' \textit{heita þvī} `promise +that,' \textit{jāta þvī} `agree to that.' + +\section{Adjectives} + +\textbf{181.} The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E.\ after the +definite article, \textit{þessi} and other demonstratives. \textit{annarr} +(other) is always strong. + +\textbf{182.}, An adj.\ is often set in apposition to a following noun to +denote part of it: \textit{eiga hālft dȳrit} `to have half of the +animal,' \textit{ǫnnur þau} `the rest of them,' \textit{of miðja nātt} `in the +middle of the night.' + +\subsection{Pronouns} + +\textbf{183.} \textit{sā} is often put pleonastically before the definite article +\textit{inn}, both before and after the subst.: \textit{sā inn ungi maðr} `that +young man,' \textit{hafit þat it djūpa} `the deep sea.' + +\textbf{184.} The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or +else \textit{einn}, \textit{einnhvęrr} is used. + +\textbf{185.} A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a +dual pron.\ of the first and second persons, or a plur.\ of the +third person: \textit{þit fēlagar}, `thou and thy companions,' \textit{með +þeim Āka} `with him and Āki.' Similarly \textit{stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir +fēlagar} `Thor and his companions get up.' + +\textbf{186.} The plurals \textit{vēr}, \textit{þēr} are sometimes used instead of the +singulars \textit{ek}, \textit{þū}, especially when a king is speaking or being +spoken to. + +\textbf{187.} \textit{sik} and \textit{sēr} are used in a strictly reflexive sense, +referring back to the subject of the sentence, like \textit{se} in +Latin: \textit{Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr} `Thor asked him to +supper with him.' + +\subsection{Verbs} + +\textbf{188.} The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, +and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries +\textit{skal} (shall), \textit{hafa} (have), \textit{vera} (be) with the +infin.\ and ptc.\ pret., much as in modern English. + +\textbf{189.} The historical present is much used, often alternating +abruptly with the preterite. + +\textbf{190.} The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: +\textit{spara} `spare,' \textit{sparask} `spare oneself, reserve one's +strength.' (2) intransitively: \textit{būa} `prepare,' \textit{būask} `become +ready, be ready'; \textit{sętja} `set,' \textit{sętjask} `sit down'; +\textit{sȳna} `show,' \textit{sȳnask} `appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: +\textit{bęrja} `strike,' \textit{bęrjask} `fight'; \textit{hitta}, `find,' +\textit{hittask} `meet.' In other cases it specializes the meaning of +the verb, often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: \textit{koma} +`come,' \textit{komask} `make one's way.' + +\textbf{191.} The impersonal form of expression is widely used in +Icelandic: \textit{rak ā storm} (acc.) \textit{fyrir þeim} `a storm was driven +in their face.' + +\textbf{192.} The indef.\ `one' is expressed in the same way by the third +pers.\ sg., and this form of expression is often used when the +subject is perfectly definite: \textit{ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar} +`and this feat shall be tried (by you).' + +\textbf{193.} The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration +is very common: \textit{Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit +bjarndȳri, `ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'} `King Harold was told that a +bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct +narration is also used after \textit{at} (that): \textit{hann svarar at `ek +skal rīða til Hęljar'} `he answers that he will ride to Hel.' + +\emptypage + +\part{Texts} + + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Thor} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða\\ +Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna.\\ +Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita, en hǫll hans heitir\\ +Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir;\\ +þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt. + +Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann-\\ +grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina;\\ +þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi.\\ +Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg-\\ +risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt:\\ +hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira.\\ +Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann\\ +spęnnir þeim um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En\\ +þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn-\\ +glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En\\ +engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans.\\ + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Thor and Ūgarðaloki} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr fōr með hafra sīna\\ +ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er Loki er kallaðr; koma\\ +þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um\\ +kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru\\ +þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er soðit var, þā sęttisk\\ +Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar\\ +með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr\\ +bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr-\\ +stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn\\ +hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr\\ +bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok sprętti ā knīfi sīnum, ok\\ +braut til męrgjar. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu\\ +fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn\\ +Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp\\ +hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr,\\ +ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga\\ +hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var\\ +lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat\\ +allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr\\ +lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en þat er sā augnanna,\\ +þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; hann\\ +hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir.\\ +En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka-\\ +fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau\\ +āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum\\ +mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn\\ +þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu-\\ +męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan. + +Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī\\ +Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir\\ +hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann\\ +upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau\\ +hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu\\ +þau þann dag allan til myrkrs. Þjālfi var allra manna\\ +fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott.\\ +Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu þeir sēr til nāttstaðar, ok\\ +fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā\\ +ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt-\\ +bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin\\ +undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok\\ +hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til\\ +hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk\\ +Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru\\ +þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja\\ +sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at\\ +dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok sēr hvar lā maðr skamt frā\\ +honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut\\ +stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of\\ +nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum\\ +āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en\\ +þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt einu sinni at slā hann með ham-\\ +rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā nęfndisk Skrȳmir:\\ +`en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, `at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni\\ +ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka\\ +minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn;\\ +sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en\\ +afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef\\ +Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk\\ +Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð,\\ +en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at\\ +þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir\\ +nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk\\ +fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi\\ +leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli.\\ +Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at\\ +sofna; `en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok būið til nātt-verðar\\ +yðr.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk\\ +nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt\\ +mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar-\\ +ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann\\ +sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip\\ +þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum\\ +fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en\\ +Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī\\ +hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir\\ +til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga\\ +þau þā undir aðra eik. Er þat þēr satt at sęgja, at ekki var\\ +þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at\\ +Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā\\ +stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok\\ +hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at\\ +hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar\\ +Skrȳmir, ok mælti: `hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð\\ +mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr\\ +skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā\\ +var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat,\\ +ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri\\ +skyldi hann sjā sik sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir\\ +sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir\\ +mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir\\ +þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er\\ +upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ-\\ +mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: `hvārt\\ +munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði,\\ +er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð\\ +mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa\\ +ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar-\\ +innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið\\ +kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā\\ +skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun\\ +ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki\\ +munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur-\\ +sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok\\ +þann ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram\\ +fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla\\ +þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag-\\ +garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn\\ +frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit at æsirnir bæði þā heila\\ +hittask. + +Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs\\ +dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok sęttu\\ +hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga\\ +til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr.\\ +Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir\\ +þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna\\ +ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var\\ +hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn\\ +ā tvā bękki, ok flesta œrit stōra. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir\\ +konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint\\ +til þeira, ok glotti um tǫnn, ok mælti: `seint er um langan\\ +veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða er annan veg en ek hygg, at þessi\\ +svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk\\ +þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við\\ +būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars\\ +konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā\\ +er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: `kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em\\ +al-būinn at reyna, at engi er hēr sā inni er skjōtara skal eta\\ +mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: `īþrōtt er þat, ef\\ +þū ęfnir, ok freista skal þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā\\ +bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista\\ +sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar-\\ +gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi\\ +at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju\\ +troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði\\ +ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū\\ +ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki\\ +hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann\\ +mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er\\ +Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarðaloki, at þetta er\\ +gōð īþrōtt, ok kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē vel at sēr\\ +būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō\\ +lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða-\\ +loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum\\ +vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er\\ +nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā\\ +taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann\\ +snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða-\\ +loki: `þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū\\ +skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit\\ +þeir męnn er mēr þykkja fōthvatari en svā.' Þā taka þeir\\ +aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda,\\ +ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā\\ +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi\\ +trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna,\\ +er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en\\ +er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, ok er\\ +Þjālfi eigi þā kominn ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt\\ +er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira\\ +īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā\\ +miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā\\ +mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju\\ +við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera;\\ +ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at\\ +hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af.\\ +Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī\\ +hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `af horni þessu þykkir þā\\ +vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn\\ +drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju-\\ +maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk\\ +ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr;\\ +tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal\\ +þurfa at lūta optar at sinni ī hornit. En er hann þraut\\ +örindit, ok hann laut ōr horninu, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum,\\ +ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē\\ +lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `vel er\\ +drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri\\ +sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en\\ +þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.'\\ +Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at\\ +hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem\\ +honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins\\ +vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk\\ +hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna\\ +hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð\\ +ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `hvat er nū, Þōrr?\\ +muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun\\ +hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu\\ +inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr; en ekki\\ +muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir\\ +kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr\\ +līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr\\ +hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok\\ +þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā\\ +hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp\\ +hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki:\\ +`auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr\\ +hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at\\ +ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: `freista mā ek ęnn of\\ +nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var\\ +heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En\\ +hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `þat\\ +gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja\\ +upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla\\ +þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu\\ +minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr\\ +einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok\\ +tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en\\ +kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en\\ +er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti\\ +kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā\\ +mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði;\\ +kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr-\\ +męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: `svā lītinn\\ +sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við\\ +mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um\\ +ā bękkina, ok mælti: `eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er\\ +eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti\\ +hann: `sjām fyrst, kalli mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna\\ +Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā\\ +męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī\\ +næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar-\\ +ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um.\\ +at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at\\ +fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til\\ +þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip-\\ +tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum\\ +fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok\\ +sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum\\ +fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki\\ +Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī\\ +gōðum fagnaði. + +En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir\\ +fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom\\ +þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi\\ +gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā\\ +snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr\\ +með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar-\\ +ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn\\ +orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en\\ +sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi\\ +hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; `en þō veit\\ +ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek\\ +þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: `nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna,\\ +er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni---ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k\\ +rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa\\ +mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at\\ +þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær\\ +haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr,\\ +svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til\\ +fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā\\ +hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp\\ +skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū\\ +hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr\\ +mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt\\ +hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer-\\ +skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber-\\ +ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of\\ +leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it\\ +fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en\\ +sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna\\ +slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er\\ +Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at\\ +þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok\\ +þōtti þēr seint līða,---en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat\\ +undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir\\ +hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr\\ +til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit\\ +ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann:\\ +`eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt-\\ +tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā,\\ +er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi\\ +sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd\\ +ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki\\ +sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var\\ +þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū\\ +fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi\\ +mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin\\ +ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum\\ +skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið\\ +eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg\\ +mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu\\ +þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til\\ +hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā\\ +sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til\\ +borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr\\ +hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann\\ +þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð-\\ +vanga. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Balder} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at\\ +sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr\\ +ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā\\ +hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast;\\ +ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki;\\ +hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En\\ +sū nāttūra fylgir honum at engi mā haldask dōmr hans.\\ +Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim\\ +stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir: + +\begin{verse} + Breiðablik heita,\gap þar er Baldr hęfir\\ + \gap sēr of gǫ̈rva sali;\\ + ī þvī landi\gap er ek liggja veit\\ + \gap fæsta feikn-stafi. +\end{verse} + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{The Death of Balder} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði\\ +drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði\\ +āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat\\ +gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg\\ +tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn\\ +ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin,\\ +fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var\\ +þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā\\ +þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir\\ +hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt,\\ +sakaði hann ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er\\ +þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr\\ +sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā\\ +sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir\\ +hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri,\\ +ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: `eigi munu\\ +vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum\\ +þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: `hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira\\ +Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: `vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir\\ +vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr ungr\\ +at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki\\ +tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð\\ +utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti\\ +Loki við hann: `hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar:\\ +`þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em\\ +vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: `gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra,\\ +manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa\\ +þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.'\\ +Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka;\\ +flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok\\ +hęfir þat mest ū-happ verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum.\\ +Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok\\ +svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok vāru\\ +allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi\\ +mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er\\ +æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā var hitt þō fyrr, at grātrinn\\ +kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā\\ +sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða,\\ +sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa\\ +āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā\\ +mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask\\ +vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rīða ā hęl-veg\\ +ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn,\\ +ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr\\ +Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā\\ +var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig\\ +Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut. + +En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring-\\ +horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann\\ +vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en\\ +skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir\\ +gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi,\\ +ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum,\\ +en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu\\ +þeir eigi haldit, nema þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā\\ +fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā\\ +at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð\\ +Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð\\ +hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit\\ +ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps\\ +dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā\\ +bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með\\ +Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er\\ +Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt\\ +honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti\\ +margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum\\ +fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru\\ +með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en\\ +Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja\\ +kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg-\\ +risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir\\ +heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja\\ +nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr\\ +Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði. + +En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr\\ +dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann\\ +kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er\\ +þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar-\\ +innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn\\ +fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; `en eigi\\ +dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra\\ +manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at `ek\\ +skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat\\ +sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar\\ +riðit um Gjallarbrū; `en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā\\ +reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig\\ +hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði\\ +hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at\\ +hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr heim til hallar-\\ +innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī\\ +ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um\\ +nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at\\ +Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill\\ +grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi svā reyna,\\ +hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; `ok ef allir hlutir ī\\ +heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara\\ +til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við,\\ +eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir\\ +hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni\\ +til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar,\\ +Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī\\ +Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt. + +Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja\\ +at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir,\\ +ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr;\\ +svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir\\ +koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok\\ +hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum hvar\\ +gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr\\ +ōr hęlju. Hon svarar: + +\begin{verse} + `Þǫkk mun grāta\gap þurrum tārum\\ + Baldrs bālfarar;\\ + kyks nē dauðs\gap naut-k-a-k karls sonar;\\ + haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!' +\end{verse} + +En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son,\\ +er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Hēðinn and Hǫgni} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt.\\ +Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda-\\ +son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er\\ +hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī\\ +braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok\\ +spurði til hans at Hēðinn hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā\\ +er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn\\ +hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt\\ +til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom þar sem heitir Hā-ey, þā\\ +var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður\\ +sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru\\ +orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti\\ +Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt\\ +dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at\\ +Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok\\ +svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja\\ +liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð\\ +honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni:\\ +`of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek\\ +dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal\\ +verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki\\ +sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: `sverði\\ +hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin-\\ +holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat,\\ +ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til\\ +skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp\\ +með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu\\ +konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er\\ +fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir\\ +annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli,\\ +ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir\\ +dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er\\ +sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{The Death of Olaf Tryggvason} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu.\\ +Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar;\\ +ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum\\ +við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein\\ +konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok\\ +kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full-\\ +kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi\\ +Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs\\ +konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja\\ +þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði\\ +at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding\\ +Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi\\ +hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu\\ +þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva-\\ +son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar\\ +fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa-\\ +vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar svā,\\ +at Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir\\ +Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung,\\ +ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs. + +Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum,\\ +þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð\\ +Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr\\ +þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl\\ +leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok\\ +sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil\\ +vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik\\ +við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs,\\ +var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum\\ +fyrrum tęngðum, er Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur\\ +hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann\\ +kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk\\ +fęrðina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti.\\ +En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk\\ +heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi\\ +jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn\\ +hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr,\\ +ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland,\\ +ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs\\ +við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, svā þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla\\ +at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung. + +Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana-\\ +konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn\\ +Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi\\ +jarl sęgir konungi: `ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at\\ +lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā\\ +mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā\\ +þvī, at ū-friðr muni fyrir, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu\\ +liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar\\ +fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.'\\ +Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt\\ +konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu\\ +męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu meira smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu\\ +þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu,\\ +ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: `mēr er\\ +kunnast,' sęgir hann, `hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en\\ +þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi\\ +þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip,\\ +en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum,\\ +hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi\\ +ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā\\ +röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana-\\ +konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða\\ +seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna. + +Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr\\ +jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr\\ +ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir\\ +hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu\\ +ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir\\ +eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir:\\ +`þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn\\ +langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: `ekki er þetta Ormr hinn\\ +langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði\\ +af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu\\ +meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: `hræddr er\\ +Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin\\ +ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: `ekki er þetta konungs\\ +skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat\\ +ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok\\ +missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En\\ +stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku\\ +þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip,\\ +ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā\\ +ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr\\ +jarl mælti: `mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en\\ +Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn:\\ +`eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta\\ +er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr\\ +liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā\\ +hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat\\ +um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af\\ +þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp\\ +Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: `hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī\\ +kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn\\ +var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra\\ +slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn\\ +heyrðu: `þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta,\\ +þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn\\ +saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af\\ +tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu\\ +þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū\\ +skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi.\\ +En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu\\ +at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara\\ +Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu\\ +allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr\\ +Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at-\\ +lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs,\\ +Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi\\ +eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason;\\ +en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask\\ +alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip\\ +er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn,\\ +er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan-\\ +verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok\\ +svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan. + +Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā\\ +þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn-\\ +ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum\\ +undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir\\ +honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl\\ +sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: `ok er meiri vān at\\ +ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er\\ +Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip\\ +er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi;\\ +hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu\\ +Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl-\\ +manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er\\ +þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en\\ +lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar\\ +hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: `lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu\\ +mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði\\ +Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā\\ +gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti. + +Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum.\\ +Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn\\ +skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku\\ +at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma,\\ +ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja\\ +fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra\\ +skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: `ef Orminn\\ +skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur\\ +skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir:\\ +`eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.'\\ +Ūlfr mælti: `vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun\\ +stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok\\ +snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: `skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig\\ +sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.' + +Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, bar hann hātt\\ +mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var\\ +hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan\\ +kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at\\ +riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum,\\ +þā spyrr hann: `hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt\\ +oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr\\ +tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: `ekki hræðumk\\ +vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi\\ +fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum\\ +var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr\\ +konungr sęgir: `bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt-\\ +bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir\\ +eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?'\\ +`Þar er,' sęgja þeir `Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði\\ +Ōlāfr konungr: `hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan\\ +fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru\\ +Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.' + +Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr\\ +sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski\\ +lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs\\ +Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā\\ +hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði\\ +ekki til orrostu. + +Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram-\\ +byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum\\ +fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu\\ +vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip\\ +er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er\\ +undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir\\ +frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr\\ +konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr\\ +Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā\\ +fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn,\\ +ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum\\ +við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō\\ +þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst,\\ +ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa\\ +af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr\\ +jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir\\ +ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs\\ +konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti\\ +hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā\\ +gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta\\ +hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum,\\ +at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema\\ +Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var\\ +hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum\\ +langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta. + +Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt\\ +með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit,\\ +ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti\\ +eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at\\ +varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar;\\ +þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn\\ +Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin,\\ +til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir\\ +lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera.\\ +En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi\\ +annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með\\ +vāpnum sīnum. + +Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi;\\ +hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr.\\ +Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir\\ +ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til,\\ +ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom\\ +ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar,\\ +ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā\\ +mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir\\ +sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr:\\ +`skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr\\ +skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr\\ +drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā\\ +mælti Ōlāfr konungr: `hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr\\ +svarar: `Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' `Eigi mun svā\\ +mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, `tak boga minn, ok\\ +skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann,\\ +ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: `ofveikr,\\ +ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā\\ +skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk. + +Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok\\ +skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum\\ +gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok\\ +sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu;\\ +mælti þā hātt: `hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē\\ +at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: `sverð vār eru slæ ok\\ +brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk\\ +upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk\\ +mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā\\ +męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi\\ +hvar hann var sārr. + +Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms-\\ +mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest\\ +mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit.\\ +Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr\\ +jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn við fimtānda\\ +mann. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs,\\ +með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk\\ +svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er\\ +honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar\\ +varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā\\ +Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar,\\ +þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð\\ +þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum,\\ +þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok\\ +veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit\\ +lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn\\ +vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar\\ +ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var. + +Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir\\ +hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok vāpna, Kolbjǫrn var ok\\ +allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu\\ +in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit\\ +fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu,\\ +en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en\\ +lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir\\ +męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli\\ +stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir\\ +hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn\\ +hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu.\\ +Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka\\ +hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā\\ +yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari\\ +skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er\\ +lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā\\ +ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī\\ +eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn\\ +upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var\\ +hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar\\ +var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið\\ +gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum,\\ +þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall-\\ +freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp\\ +sīðast allra manna fyrir borð. + +Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við\\ +Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta,\\ +er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En\\ +þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði\\ +hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi\\ +jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda-\\ +snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir\\ +Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr\\ +konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat\\ +svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj-\\ +unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok\\ +eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar\\ +sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir\\ +verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis\\ +ī Noregi. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Auðun} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr\\ +utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs,\\ +ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með\\ +Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri,\\ +ok þā þessi laun af honum---utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā.\\ +Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður\\ +sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra\\ +bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok\\ +var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti\\ +bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands,\\ +ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir\\ +þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla\\ +eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til\\ +Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með\\ +sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins\\ +konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī\\ +landit, þar sem konungr var fyrir, þā gęngr hann upp af\\ +skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi\\ +konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi\\ +mikil, `ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn\\ +ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann\\ +konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan:\\ +`āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk\\ +eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: `villtu sęlja oss dȳrit\\ +við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: `eigi vil ek\\ +þat, herra!' `Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, `at ek gefa þēr tvau\\ +verð slīk, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla\\ +þīna eigu.' `Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr\\ +mælti: `villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: `eigi, herra!'\\ +Konungr mælti: `hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar:\\ +`fara,' sęgir hann, `til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.'\\ +Haraldr konungr sęgir: `hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr\\ +at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa,\\ +eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask\\ +með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at\\ +nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: `herra! þat er ā yðru\\ +valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr\\ +ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: `hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir\\ +leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr,\\ +ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok\\ +kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' `Þvī heit ek þēr,'\\ +sagði Auðun. + +Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā\\ +til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr\\ +hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann\\ +kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt,\\ +ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit:\\ +`ek ætla,' sęgir hann, `at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki\\ +lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk\\ +ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; `en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, `at\\ +þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.'\\ +`Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar;\\ +en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta,\\ +at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en\\ +fē sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok\\ +er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat ęptir sem\\ +ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at\\ +hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt\\ +saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā\\ +gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir\\ +borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera,\\ +er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: `hvęrr\\ +er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: `ek em Īslęnzkr maðr,\\ +herra,' sęgir hann, `ok kominn nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū\\ +af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k\\ +þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir\\ +mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu\\ +farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti:\\ +`er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' `Satt er þat,' sęgir hann.\\ +Konungr mælti: `ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek\\ +sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr\\ +gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok\\ +sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er\\ +hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar\\ +handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek\\ +mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu,\\ +ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun!\\ +kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr\\ +með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi\\ +um hrīð. + +Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung:\\ +`braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint:\\ +`hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, `ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?'\\ +Hann sęgir: `suðr vil ek ganga.' `Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott\\ +rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, `þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū\\ +fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit,\\ +ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr\\ +til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr.\\ +Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg.\\ +Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann\\ +aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran;\\ +gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum\\ +til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr\\ +matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr\\ +aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā\\ +staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju-\\ +skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi\\ +til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok\\ +hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik.\\ +Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun\\ +ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf\\ +ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld-\\ +sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum\\ +þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir\\ +hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr\\ +mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram\\ +at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr\\ +ūt, ok mælti: `gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik\\ +grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram,\\ +ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok\\ +þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd\\ +honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, `ok hęfir þū mikit\\ +skipazk,' segir hann, `sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr\\ +inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr\\ +sagði: `eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir\\ +hann sēt fyr sinni sāl hęldr en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra\\ +honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með\\ +honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr\\ +bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu\\ +gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing.\\ +Auðun sęgir: `Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er\\ +þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt\\ +til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: `þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga\\ +kosit.' Auðun mælti: `eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir\\ +hann, `at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, en mōðir mīn\\ +troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri\\ +er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar:\\ +`vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, `ok mannliga, ok muntu verða\\ +giptu-maðr; þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at mēr myndi eigi\\ +mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til\\ +er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā. + +Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā\\ +bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa,\\ +ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma\\ +þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa\\ +skipit. Þā spurði konungr: `hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā\\ +þetta skip?' Hann svarar: `vel, herra!' Konungr mælti:\\ +`þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann\\ +þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok\\ +skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: `þō\\ +villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek\\ +spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok\\ +hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr\\ +þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum\\ +gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af\\ +silfri, `ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir\\ +skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir\\ +konungr, `at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū\\ +fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō\\ +konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: `þō\\ +at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi\\ +ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa\\ +gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein\\ +konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,'\\ +sęgir hann, `at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga\\ +svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef\\ +þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok\\ +far nū heill!' + +Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja\\ +upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er\\ +hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds\\ +konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann\\ +fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr\\ +tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok `sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, `ok drekk\\ +hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon-\\ +ungr: `hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun\\ +svarar: `þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði:\\ +`launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?'\\ +Auðun svarar: `gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir\\ +Haraldr konungr: `mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr\\ +silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum\\ +gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' `Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir\\ +Auðun, `at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til\\ +mīn at lęggja.' `Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, `ok\\ +launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: `gaf hann mēr\\ +knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' `Þat\\ +var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, `en launat mynda ek þēr\\ +þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: `gaf\\ +hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan,\\ +ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr\\ +sagði: `þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt\\ +hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt\\ +launaði hann fleira?' `Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun,\\ +`at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi\\ +ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu\\ +ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn,\\ +ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni\\ +svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann\\ +fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr,\\ +dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði,\\ +sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu,\\ +ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk.\\ +Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um\\ +sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr. + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Þrymskviða} + +\resetlinenumber +\begin{linenumbers} + +\begin{verse} +1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr,\gap er hann vaknaði,\\ +ok sīns hamars\gap of saknaði:\\ +skęgg nam at hrista,\gap skǫr nam at dȳja,\\ +rēð Jarðar burr\gap um at þreifask. + +2. Ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað:\\ +`heyr-ðu nū, Loki!\gap hvat ek nū mæli,\\ +er engi veit\gap jarðar hvęrgi\\ +nē upp-himins:\gap āss er stolinn hamri!' + +3. Gengu þeir fagra\gap Freyju tūna,\\ +ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað:\\ +`muntu mēr, Freyja!\gap fjaðr-hams ljā,\\ +ef ek minn hamar\gap mætta-k hitta?' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Freyja kvað: + +\begin{verse} +4. `Þō munda-k gefa þēr,\gap þōtt ōr gulli væri,\\ +ok-þō sęlja\gap at væri ōr silfri.' + +5. Flō þā Loki,\gap fjaðrhamr dunði,\\ +unz fyr utan kom\gap āsa garða,\\ +ok fyr innan kom\gap jǫtna heima. + +6. Þrymr sat ā haugi,\gap þursa drōttinn,\\ +greyjum sīnum\gap gull-bǫnd snöri\\ +ok mǫrum sīnum\gap mǫn jafnaði. +\end{verse} + +\noindent Þrymr kvað: + +\begin{verse} +7. `Hvat er með āsum?\gap hvat er með ālfum?\\ +hvī er-tu einn kominn\gap ī Jǫtunheima?' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Loki kvað: + +\begin{verse} +`Ilt er með āsum,\gap ilt er með ālfum;\\ +hęfir þū Hlō-riða\gap hamar of fōlginn?' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Þrymr kvað: + +\begin{verse} +8. `Ek hęfi Hlōriða\gap hamar of fōlginn\\ +ātta rǫstum\gap fyr jǫrð neðan;\\ +hann engi maðr\gap aptr of heimtir,\\ +nema fœri mēr\gap Freyju at kvān.' + +9. Flō þā Loki,\gap fjaðrhamr dunði,\\ +unz fyr utan kom\gap jǫtna heima\\ +ok fyr innan kom\gap āsa garða;\\ +mœtti hann Þōr\gap miðra garða,\\ +ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað: + +10. `Hęfir þū örindi\gap sem ęrfiði?\\ +sęg-ðu ā lopti\gap lǫng tīðindi:\\ +opt sitjanda\gap sǫgur of fallask,\\ +ok liggjandi\gap lygi of bęllir.' +\end{verse} + +\noindent Loki kvað: + +\begin{verse} +11. `Hęfi-k ęrfiði\gap ok örindi:\\ +Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar,\gap þursa drōttinn;\\ +hann engi maðr\gap aptr of heimtir,\\ +nema honum fœri\gap Freyju at kvān.' + +12. Ganga þeir fagra\gap Freyju at hitta,\\ +ok hann þat orða\gap alls fyrst of kvað:\\ +`bitt-u þik, Freyja,\gap brūðar līni!\\ +vit skulum aka tvau\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +13. Vreið varð þā Freyja\gap ok fnāsaði,\\ +allr āsa salr\gap undir bifðisk,\\ +stǫkk þat it mikla\gap męn Brīsinga:\\ +`mik veizt-u verða\gap ver-gjarnasta,\\ +ef ek ęk með þēr\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +14. Sęnn vāru æsir\gap allir ā þingi\\ +ok āsynjur\gap allar ā māli,\\ +ok of þat rēðu\gap rīkir tīvar,\\ +hvē þeir Hlōriða\gap hamar of sœtti. + +15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr,\gap hvītastr āsa\\ +(vissi hann vel fram,\gap sem vanir aðrir):\\ +`bindum vēr Þōr þā\gap brūðar līni,\\ +hafi hann it mikla\gap męn Brīsinga! + +16. Lātum und honum\gap hrynja lukla\\ +ok kvenn-vāðir\gap of knē falla,\\ +en ā brjōsti\gap breiða steina,\\ +ok hagliga\gap of hǫfuð typpum!' + +17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr,\gap þrūðugr āss:\\ +`mik munu æsir\gap argan kalla,\\ +ef ek bindask læt\gap brūðar līni.' + +18. Þā kvað þat Loki,\gap Laufeyjar sonr:\\ +`þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr!\gap þeira orða;\\ +þegar munu jǫtnar\gap Āsgarð būa,\\ +nema þū þinn hamar\gap þēr of heimtir.' + +19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā\gap brūðar līni\\ +ok inu mikla\gap męni Brīsinga. + +20. Lētu und honum\gap hrynja lukla\\ +ok kvenn-vāðir\gap of knē falla,\\ +en ā brjōsti\gap breiða steina,\\ +ok hagliga\gap of hǫfuð typðu. + +21. Þā kvað þat Loki,\gap Laufeyjar sonr:\\ +`mun ek ok með þēr\gap ambātt vera,\\ +vit skulum aka tvær\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +22. Sęnn vāru hafrar\gap heim of reknir,\\ +skyndir at skǫklum,\gap skyldu vel ręnna:\\ +bjǫrg brotnuðu,\gap brann jǫrð loga,\\ +ōk Ōðins sonr\gap ī Jǫtunheima. + +23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr,\gap þursa drōttinn:\\ +`standið upp, jǫtnar!\gap ok strāið bękki!\\ +nū fœra mēr\gap Freyju at kvān,\\ +Njarðar dōttur,\gap ōr Nōa-tūnum. + +24. Ganga hēr at garði\gap gull-hyrndar kȳr,\\ +öxn al-svartir\gap jǫtni at gamni;\\ +fjǫlð ā ek meiðma,\gap fjǫlð ā ek męnja,\\ +einnar mēr Freyju\gap āvant þykkir.' + +25. Var þar at kveldi\gap of komit snimma,\\ +ok fyr jǫtna\gap ǫl fram borit;\\ +einn āt oxa,\gap ātta laxa,\\ +krāsir allar,\gap þær er konur skyldu,\\ +drakk Sifjar verr\gap sāld þrjū mjaðar. + +26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr,\gap þursa drōttinn:\\ +`hvar sāttu brūðir\gap bīta hvassara?\\ +sāk-a-k brūðir\gap bīta breiðara,\\ +nē inn meira mjǫð\gap mey of drekka.' + +27. Sat in al-snotra\gap ambātt fyrir,\\ +er orð of fann\gap við jǫtuns māli:\\ +`āt vætr Freyja\gap ātta nāttum,\\ +svā var hon ōð-fūs\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +28. Laut und līnu,\gap lysti at kyssa,\\ +en hann utan stǫkk\gap ęnd-langan sal:\\ +`hvī eru ǫndōtt\gap augu Freyju?\\ +þykkir mēr ōr augum\gap eldr of bręnna.' + +29. Sat in alsnotra\gap ambātt fyrir,\\ +er orð of fann\gap við jǫtuns māli:\\ +`svaf vætr Freyja\gap ātta nāttum,\\ +svā var hon ōðfūs\gap ī Jǫtunheima.' + +30. Inn kom in arma\gap jǫtna systir,\\ +hin er brūð-fjār\gap of biðja þorði:\\ +`lāttu þēr af hǫndum\gap hringa rauða,\\ +ef þū ǫðlask vill\gap āstir mīnar,\\ +āstir mīnar,\gap alla hylli!' + +31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr,\gap þursa drōttinn:\\ +`berið inn hamar\gap brūði at vīgja,\\ +lęggið Mjǫllni\gap ī meyjar knē,\\ +vīgið okkr saman\gap Vārar hęndi!' + +32. Hlō Hlōriða\gap hugr ī brjōsti,\\ +er harð-hugaðr\gap hamar of þękði;\\ +Þrym drap hann fyrstan,\gap þursa drōttin,\\ +ok ætt jǫtuns\gap alla lamði. + +33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu\gap jǫtna systur,\\ +hin er brūðfjār\gap of beðit hafði;\\ +hon skell of hlaut\gap fyr skillinga,\\ +en hǫgg hamars\gap fyr hringa fjǫlð.\\ +Svā kom Ōðins sonr\gap ęndr at hamri. +\end{verse} + +\end{linenumbers} + +\emptypage + +\chapter{Notes} + +The references marked Gr.\ are to the paragraphs of the Grammar. + + +\section{Thor} + +Line 3.\ \textbf{Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita}, `he reigns +(there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e.\ in the place which is called +Þ\@. The plur.\ \textit{heita} agrees with \textit{þrūðvangar}, as in l.\ 14 +below: \textit{þat eru jārnglōfar} `that is (his) iron gloves.' + +l.\ 5.\ \textbf{þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt}, `that is the +largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e.\ the largest +house that has been built. Note the plur.\ \textit{hūs} of a single +house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being +often a detached building. + +l.\ 13.\ \textbf{spęnnir þeim}, Gr.\ § 154; cp.\ line 49 of +``Thor and Ūtgarðaloki.'' + +\section{Thor and Ūtgarðaloki} + +l.\ 1.\ \textbf{fōr með hafra sīna\ldots ok með honum sā, āss er\ldots} We +see here that \textit{með} generally takes an acc.\ to denote passive, +and a dat.\ to denote voluntary accompaniment. + +l.\ 5.\ \textbf{soðit} refers to some such subst.\ as \textit{slātr} (meat) +understood. + +l.\ 11.\ \textbf{sprętti ā\ldots} \textit{ā} is here an adv. + +l.\ 12.\ \textbf{til męrgjar.} \textit{til} here implies intention---to get at +the marrow. + +l.\ 20.\ \textbf{þat er sā augnanna}, `the little he saw of the eyes.'--- +Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the +man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight +of them. + +l.\ 21.\ The second \textbf{hann} refers, of course, to Thor. + +l.\ 34.\ \textbf{til myrkrs}, till it was dark. + +l.\ 36.\ \textbf{þeir}, the masc.\ instead of the neut.\ pl., as in l.\ 32 +\textbf{foll.}, showing that \textit{leituðu} is meant to refer only to +the men of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr.\ § 179.) + +l.\ 46.\ \textbf{sēr hvar lā maðr}, `saw where a man lay,' i.e.\ saw a man +lying. + +l.\ 51.\ \textbf{einu sinni}, for once in his life. + +l.\ 52.\ \textbf{nęfndisk Skrȳmir}, said his name was Skr. + +l.\ 66.\ \textbf{būið til} (\textit{prp.}) \textbf{nātt-verðar yðr}, prepare supper for +yourselves. + +l.\ 77.\ \textbf{Er þat þēr satt at sęgja}. \textit{satt} is in apposition to +\textit{þat}---`that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that\ldots' + +l.\ 88.\ \textbf{sjā sik}, see himself alive. + +l.\ 104.\ \textbf{þann} = \textit{þann veg}, that way, course. + +l.\ 108.\ \textbf{at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask}. The full sense is, +`that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might +meet again safe and sound.' + +l.\ 111.\ \textbf{sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr}, threw back the +backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e.\ threw +back their heads. + +l.\ 118.\ \textbf{œrit stōra}, `rather big,' i.e.\ very big. + +l.\ 120.\ \textbf{glotti um tǫnn}, `grinned round a tooth,' i.e.\ showed +his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS.\ read \textit{við} instead of +\textit{um}. + +l.\ 121.\ \textbf{er annan veg en ek hygg, at\ldots?} is it otherwise than +as I think, namely that\ldots? i.e.\ am I not right in thinking +that\ldots? + +l.\ 127.\ \textbf{engi er hēr sā inni er\ldots} = engi er hēr-inni sā-er\ldots + +l.\ 129.\ \textbf{freista skal}, Gr.\ § 192. + +l.\ 140.\ \textbf{kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē\ldots} `says that there +is more probability of that, namely that he is\ldots than of the +contrary,' i.e.\ says that he will have to be\ldots + +l.\ 150.\ \textbf{fōthvatari en svā}, `more swift-footed than so---under +these circumstances,' i.e.\ than you. + +l.\ 156.\ \textbf{ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn\ldots} = þā er Þjālfi eigi +kominn\ldots + +l.\ 172.\ \textbf{at sinni}, this time. + +l.\ 172.\ \textbf{hann}, acc. + +l.\ 173.\ \textbf{laut ōr horninu}, bent back from the horn. + +l.\ 188.\ \textbf{mestr} refers to \textit{drykkr} understood. + +l.\ 218.\ \textbf{kalli}, Gr.\ § 192. + +l.\ 241.\ \textbf{þō} refers to \textit{uni}. + + +\section{Balder} + +l.\ 7.\ \textbf{engi} agrees with \textit{dōmr}. + + +\section{The Death of Balder} + +l.\ 11.\ \textbf{hann}, acc. + +l.\ 20.\ \textbf{ungr}, too young. + +l.\ 31.\ \textbf{ū-happ} is in apposition to \textit{þat}; cp.\ line 7 +of ``Balder''. + +l.\ 33.\ \textbf{vāru með einum hug til\ldots} had the same feelings +towards. + +l.\ 36.\ \textbf{var\ldots fyrr}, was beforehand, prevented. + +l.\ 42.\ \textbf{vili}, subj.\ `whether he will';---change of construction. + +l.\ 55.\ \textbf{nema}, `unless,' here = `until.' + +l.\ 89.\ \textbf{heim}. This use of \textit{heim} in the sense of `someone +else's home.' is frequent. Cp.\ our `drive a nail home.' + +l.\ 94.\ \textbf{svā} refers to \textit{ok ef allir hlutir\ldots}, the \textit{ok} +being pleonastic. + +l.\ 108.\ \textbf{hvar}, cp.\ line 46 of ``Thor and Ūtgarðaloki.'' + +l.\ 113.\ \textbf{karl}, `old man,' here = Odin. + + +\section{Hēðinn and Hǫgni} + +l.\ 6.\ \textbf{Hēðinn} = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a +pronoun is frequent. + +l.\ 9.\ \textbf{þar}, cp.\ line 3 of ``Thor.'' + + +\section{The Death of Olaf Tryggvason} + +l.\ 17.\ \textbf{svā at}, so that, i.e.\ just when. + +l.\ 30.\ \textbf{er}, namely that. + +l.\ 33.\ \textbf{austan at sigla}, is in a kind of apposition to +\textit{fęrðina}. + +l.\ 40.\ \textbf{svā}, also. + +l.\ 48.\ \textbf{muni fyrir}, awaits you, is impending. + +l.\ 53.\ \textbf{meira}, adv., better, faster. + +l.\ 149.\ \textbf{bar hann hātt}, impers.\ w.\ acc.; he was in a conspicuous +place. + +l.\ 244.\ \textbf{við fimtānda mann}, one of fifteen, with fourteen men. + +l.\ 259.\ \textbf{vāpna} is governed by the second half of the genitival +compound \textit{klæða-būnað}, which is here considered as two +independent words. + + +\section{Auðun} + +l.\ 17.\ \textbf{var fyrir}, was to be found. + +l.\ 26.\ \textbf{tvau verð slīk}, double the price you gave. + +l.\ 55.\ \textbf{fē} is probably dat.\ here, but may be nom. + +l.\ 56.\ \textbf{ęptir sem\ldots}, according as, in accordance with what. + +l.\ 64.\ \textbf{nū\ldots nū}, lately\ldots just now. + +l.\ 116.\ \textbf{hęldr} is here used pleonastically in a kind of +apposition to the preceding \textit{bętr}. + +l.\ 125.\ \textbf{en}, and = while. + +l.\ 129.\ \textbf{þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at\ldots}, this single thing +is the case, namely that\ldots i.e.\ the only thing is that\ldots + + +\section{Þrymskviða} + +l.\ 7.\ \textbf{jarðar} is governed by \textit{hvęrgi}. + +l.\ 9.\ \textbf{tūna}. Poetical construction of gen.\ to denote goal of +motion. + +l.\ 15.\ \textbf{þō} goes with the following \textit{at} = \textit{ok sęlja, þōat (þōtt) +væri ōr silfri}. + +l.\ 32.\ \textbf{fœri} may be either sg.\ or pl.\ 3 pers. + + + +\part{Glossary} + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{Introductory Notes} + +æ \textit{follows} að, ð \textit{follows} d, ę \textit{follows} e, œ +\textit{follows} oð, ǫ \textit{follows} o, ö \textit{follows} ǫ, þ +\textit{follows} t. + +The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. + +(-rs) etc.\ means that the \textit{r} of the nom.\ is kept in inflection. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{A} + +\noindent +\textbf{-a} \textit{adv.} not. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā} \textit{sf.} river. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eiga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} on, in. + +\noindent +\textbf{āðr} \textit{adv., cj.} before. + +\noindent +\textbf{aðrir} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{annar}. + +\noindent +\textbf{æsir} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{āss}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ætla} \textit{wv.} 3, consider, deem: `ætlask fyrir,' intend. + +\noindent +\textbf{ætt} \textit{sf.} 2, race, descent, family. + +\noindent +\textbf{ætta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eiga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{af} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} from; of; with; \textit{adv.} `drekka af,' drink off. + +\noindent +\textbf{af-hūs} \textit{sn.} out-house, side room. + +\noindent +\textbf{afl} \textit{sn.} strength, might. + +\noindent +\textbf{af-taka} \textit{wf.} damage, injury. + +\noindent +\textbf{āgætliga} \textit{adv.} splendidly. + +\noindent +\textbf{aka} \textit{sv.} 2, drive (a chariot, etc.). + +\noindent +\textbf{ākafliga} \textit{adv.} vehemently, hard---`kalla a.' call loudly. + +\noindent +\textbf{akarn} \textit{sn.} acorn. + +\noindent +\textbf{akkeri} \textit{sn.} anchor. + +\noindent +\textbf{ālar-ęndir} \textit{sm.} thong-end, end of a strap. + +\noindent +\textbf{al-būinn} \textit{adj.\ w.\ gen.} quite ready. + +\noindent +\textbf{aldinn} \textit{adj.} old. + +\noindent +\textbf{aldri} \textit{adv.} never. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-lęngðar} \textit{adv.} for some time. + +\noindent +\textbf{ālfr} \textit{sm.} elf. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-lit} \textit{snpl.} appearance, countenance [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-harðr} \textit{adj.} very hard, very violent. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-lītill} \textit{adj.} very little. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-mann-skœðr} \textit{adj.} (very injurious to men), very murderous + (of a battle) [skaði, `injury']. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-mikill} \textit{adj.} very great. + +\noindent +\textbf{allr} \textit{adj.} all, whole; `með ǫllu,' entirely; `alls fyrst,' + first of all. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-stōrum} \textit{adv.} very greatly. + +\noindent +\textbf{all-valdr} \textit{sm.} monarch, king. + +\noindent +\textbf{al-snotr} \textit{adj.} very clever. + +\noindent +\textbf{al-svartr} \textit{adj.} very black, coal-black. + +\noindent +\textbf{alt} \textit{adv.} quite. + +\noindent +\textbf{ambātt} \textit{sf.} 2, female slave, maid. + +\noindent +\textbf{and-lit} \textit{sn.} face [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{annarr} \textit{prn.} second; following, next; other; one of the + two---`annar\ldots annarr,' one\ldots the other. + +\noindent +\textbf{aptann} \textit{sm.} evening. + +\noindent +\textbf{aptastr} \textit{adj.} most behind. + +\noindent +\textbf{aptr} \textit{adv.} back, backwards, behind. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār} \textit{sf.} oar. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār} \textit{sn.} year. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{argr} \textit{adj.} cowardly, base. + +\noindent +\textbf{ār-maðr} \textit{sm.} steward. + +\noindent +\textbf{armr} \textit{adj.} wretched. + +\noindent +\textbf{ās-męgin} \textit{sn.} divine strength. + +\noindent +\textbf{āss} \textit{sm.} 3, (Scandinavian) god. + +\noindent +\textbf{āst} \textit{sf.} 2, affection, love, \textit{often in pl.} + +\noindent +\textbf{āst-sæll} \textit{adj.} beloved, popular. [sæll, `happy']. + +\noindent +\textbf{āsynja} \textit{wf.} (Scandinavian) goddess [āss]. + +\noindent +\textbf{āt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{at} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance + with, after. + +\noindent +\textbf{at} \textit{adv.} to. + +\noindent +\textbf{-at} \textit{adv.} not. + +\noindent +\textbf{at-laga} \textit{wf.} attack [lęggja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{at-rōðr (-rar)} \textit{sm.} 2, rowing against, attack. + +\noindent +\textbf{ātta} \textit{num.} eight. + +\noindent +\textbf{ātta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{eiga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{auð-kęndr} \textit{adj.} easy to be recognized, easily + distinguishable. + +\noindent +\textbf{auðr} \textit{adj.} desert, deserted, without men. + +\noindent +\textbf{auð-sēnn} \textit{adj.} evident. + +\noindent +\textbf{auga} \textit{wn.} eye. + +\noindent +\textbf{aug-sȳn} \textit{sf.} sight. + +\noindent +\textbf{auka} \textit{sv.} 1, increase; \textit{impers., w.\ dat.\ of what is + added} `jōk nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation + increased). + +\noindent +\textbf{austan} \textit{adv.} from the east. + +\noindent +\textbf{aust-maðr} \textit{sm.} Easterner, Norwegian. + +\noindent +\textbf{austr} \textit{sn.} the east---`ī au.,' eastwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{austr} \textit{adv.} eastwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{austr-vegr} \textit{sm.} the East, \textit{especially} Russia. + +\noindent +\textbf{āvalt} \textit{adv.} continually, all the time. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-vanr} \textit{adj.} wanting; \textit{impers.\ neut.\ in} `einnar + mēr Freyju āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want. + +\noindent +\textbf{ā-vinnr} \textit{adj.} toilsome, \textit{only in the impers.\ neut.} + `mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{B} + +\noindent +\textbf{bað} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{biðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāðir} \textit{prn.} both, \textit{neut.\ as adv.\ in} `bæði\ldots ok,' + both\ldots and. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{biðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bǣða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{biðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bǣði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bāðir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{baggi} \textit{wm.} bag; bundle. + +\noindent +\textbf{bak} \textit{sn.} back, `vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with + the back, i.e.\ turns one's back to it = be a coward. + +\noindent +\textbf{bak-borði} \textit{wm.} larboard. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāl} \textit{sn.} flame; funeral pile. + +\noindent +\textbf{bāl-fǫr} \textit{sf.} funeral. + +\noindent +\textbf{bani} \textit{wm.} death. + +\noindent +\textbf{bar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bardagi} \textit{wm.} battle. + +\noindent +\textbf{barð} \textit{sn.} edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship + formed by the continuation of the keel. + +\noindent +\textbf{barða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bęrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{barði} \textit{wm.} war-ship with a sharp prow, ram. + +\noindent +\textbf{barn} \textit{sn.} child. + +\noindent +\textbf{batt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{binda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bauð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{beiða} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.\ of thing and dat.\ of pers. + benefited}, ask, demand. + +\noindent +\textbf{bein} \textit{sn.} bone. + +\noindent +\textbf{bękkr} \textit{sm.} 2, bench. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęlla} \textit{wv.} 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, \textit{generally + in a bad sense}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bera} \textit{sv.} 4, carry, take; bear, endure. \textbf{berask at}, + happen. \textbf{b.\ fram}, bring forward, out. \textbf{b.\ vāpn niðr}, + shoot down. \textbf{b.\ rāð sīn saman}, hold council, deliberate. + +\noindent +\textbf{berg-risi} \textit{wm.} hill-giant. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, strike---`b.\ grjōti,' stone. \textbf{bęrjask}, + fight. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęrr} \textit{adj.} bare, unsheathed (of a sword). + +\noindent +\textbf{ber-sęrkr} \textit{sm.} 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally + `bear-shirt,' i.e.\ one clothed in a bear's skin.] + +\noindent +\textbf{bętr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vel}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bętri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gōðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęzt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vel}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bęztr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gōðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{beygja} \textit{wv.} 1, bend, arch. + +\noindent +\textbf{bīða} \textit{sv.} 6, \textit{w.\ gen.} wait for; \textit{w.\ acc.} + abide, undergo. + +\noindent +\textbf{biðja} \textit{sv.} 5, ask, beg, pray, \textit{w.\ gen.\ of thing, acc. + of the pers.\ asked, and dat.\ of the person benefited}; express a + wish, bid---`bað hann vel kominn' (vera \textit{understood}), bad + him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell. + +\noindent +\textbf{bifask} \textit{wv.} 1, tremble, shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{bil} \textit{sn.} moment of time. + +\noindent +\textbf{bila} \textit{wv.} 2, fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{bilt} \textit{neut.\ adj.} \textit{only in the impers.} `einum verðr + bilt,' one hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid. + +\noindent +\textbf{binda} \textit{sv.} 3, bind, tie up; dress. + +\noindent +\textbf{birta} \textit{wv.} 1, show [bjartr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{bīta} \textit{sv.} 6, bite; cut. + +\noindent +\textbf{bittu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{binda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bitu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bīta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjarn-dȳri} \textit{sn.} bear. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjartr} \textit{adj.} bright, clear. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{būa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjōða} \textit{sv.} 7, \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} offer, + propose---`b.\ einum fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. + \textbf{b.\ upp}, give up. + +\noindent +\textbf{bjǫrg} \textit{sf.} help; means of subsistence, store of food. + +\noindent +\textbf{blāsa} \textit{sv.} 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal. + +\noindent +\textbf{bleyða} \textit{wf.} coward. + +\noindent +\textbf{blīða} \textit{wf.} gentleness, friendliness. + +\noindent +\textbf{blindr} \textit{adj.} blind. + +\noindent +\textbf{blōð} \textit{sn.} blood. + +\noindent +\textbf{blōt-bolli} \textit{wm.} sacrificial bowl. + +\noindent +\textbf{bœtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bōt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{boga-skot} \textit{sn.} bowshot. + +\noindent +\textbf{bogi} \textit{wm.} bow. + +\noindent +\textbf{bog-maðr} \textit{sm.} bowman, archer. + +\noindent +\textbf{bōndi} \textit{sm.} 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{borð} \textit{sn.} side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between + the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it---`nū er gott beranda + b.\ ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the + horn, i.e.\ its contents are so diminished that it can be + lifted without spilling. + +\noindent +\textbf{borg} \textit{sf.} fortress, castle. + +\noindent +\textbf{borg-hlið} \textit{sn.} castle gate. + +\noindent +\textbf{bōt} \textit{sf.} 3, mending, improvement; \textit{plur.} \textbf{bœtr}, + compensation. + +\noindent +\textbf{bǫrn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{barn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brā} \textit{sf.} eyelid. + +\noindent +\textbf{brā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bregða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bragð} \textit{sn.} trick, stratagem [bregða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{brann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bręnna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brast} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bresta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brātt} \textit{adv.} quickly. + +\noindent +\textbf{braut} \textit{sf.} way---\textbf{ā braut}, \textit{adv.} away. + +\noindent +\textbf{braut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{braut, brott} \textit{adv.} away. + +\noindent +\textbf{bregða} \textit{sv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} jerk, pull, push; + \textbf{b.\ upp}, lift, raise (to strike). change, transform. + +\noindent +\textbf{breiðr} \textit{adj.} broad. + +\noindent +\textbf{bręnna} \textit{wf.} burning; incremation. + +\noindent +\textbf{bręnna} \textit{sv.} 3, burn \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{bręnna} \textit{wv.} 1, burn \textit{trans.} + +\noindent +\textbf{bresta} \textit{sv.} 3, break, crack, burst. + +\noindent +\textbf{brestr} \textit{sm.} crack; loss. + +\noindent +\textbf{brjōst} \textit{sn.} breast. + +\noindent +\textbf{brjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, break---`b.\ (skip)' suffer shipwreck, + \textit{also impers.} `skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked. + +\noindent +\textbf{broddr} \textit{sm.} point. + +\noindent +\textbf{brōðir} \textit{sm.} 4, brother. + +\noindent +\textbf{brotinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brotna} \textit{wv.} 3, break \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{brott} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{braut}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brott-laga} \textit{sf.} retreat. + +\noindent +\textbf{brū} \textit{sf.} bridge. + +\noindent +\textbf{brūð-fē} \textit{sn.} bridal gift. + +\noindent +\textbf{brūðr} \textit{sf.} 2, bride. + +\noindent +\textbf{brūn} \textit{sf.} 3, eyebrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{bryggja} \textit{wf.} pier. + +\noindent +\textbf{brynja} \textit{wf.} corslet. + +\noindent +\textbf{brȳnn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brūn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bryn-stūka} \textit{wf.} corslet-sleeve. + +\noindent +\textbf{bryti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{brȳtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{brjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bū} \textit{sn.} dwelling, home. + +\noindent +\textbf{būa} \textit{sv.} 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. + \textbf{būask}, get ready, prepare \textit{intr.} `er būit við at\ldots' + it is likely to be that\ldots, there is danger of\ldots + +\noindent +\textbf{buðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{būinn} \textit{adj.} ready; in a certain condition---`(við) svā + būit' \textit{adv.} under such circumstances; capable, fit for---`vel + at sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at). + +\noindent +\textbf{bundu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{binda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{burr} \textit{sm.} son. + +\noindent +\textbf{bȳðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{bjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{bȳr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{būa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{byrja} \textit{wv.} 3, begin. + +\noindent +\textbf{byr-vænn} \textit{adj.} promising a fair wind. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{D} + +\noindent +\textbf{daga} \textit{wv.} 3, dawn. + +\noindent +\textbf{dagan} \textit{sf.} dawn. + +\noindent +\textbf{dagr} \textit{sm.} day. + +\noindent +\textbf{dalr} \textit{sm.} valley. + +\noindent +\textbf{dauðr} \textit{adj.} dead. + +\noindent +\textbf{dęgi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{dagr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{deyja} \textit{sv.} 2, die. + +\noindent +\textbf{djūpr} \textit{adj.} deep. + +\noindent +\textbf{dō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{deyja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dōmr} \textit{sm.} decision. + +\noindent +\textbf{dōttir} \textit{sf.} 3, daughter. + +\noindent +\textbf{dǫgurðr} \textit{sm.} breakfast [-urð = -verðr, \textit{cp.} nāttverðr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{dōkkr (-vir)} \textit{adj.} dark. + +\noindent +\textbf{draga} \textit{sv.} 2, draw, drag. \textbf{d.\ saman}, collect. + +\noindent +\textbf{drakk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drekka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drap} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drepa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{draumr} \textit{sm.} dream. + +\noindent +\textbf{dręginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{draga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dreif} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drīfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dręki} \textit{wm.} dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head + as a beak. + +\noindent +\textbf{drekka} \textit{sv.} 3, drink. + +\noindent +\textbf{drepa} \textit{sv.} 5, strike; kill. + +\noindent +\textbf{dreyma} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and acc.\ of the + thing} dream [draumr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{drīfa} \textit{sv.} 6, drive; hasten. + +\noindent +\textbf{drjūpa} \textit{sv.} 7, drop. + +\noindent +\textbf{drō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{draga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drōgu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{draga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drōttinn} \textit{sm.} lord. + +\noindent +\textbf{drōttin-hollr} \textit{adj.} faithful to its master. + +\noindent +\textbf{drukkinn} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} drunk. + +\noindent +\textbf{drupu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{drjūpa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{drykkja} \textit{wf.} drinking [drekka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{drykkju-maðr} \textit{sm.} drinker. + +\noindent +\textbf{drykkr} \textit{sm.} 2, draught. + +\noindent +\textbf{duna} \textit{wv.} 3, resound. + +\noindent +\textbf{dunði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{dynja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dvalða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{dvęlja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{dvęlja} \textit{wv.} 1b, delay. \textbf{dvęljask}, dwell, stop. + +\noindent +\textbf{dvergr} \textit{sm.} dwarf. + +\noindent +\textbf{dyðrill} \textit{sm.} (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{dȳja} \textit{wv.} 1b, shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{dynja} \textit{wv.} 1b, resound. + +\noindent +\textbf{dȳr} \textit{sn.} animal, beast. + +\noindent +\textbf{dyrr} \textit{sfnpl.} door. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{E} + +\noindent +\textbf{eða} \textit{cj.} or. + +\noindent +\textbf{ef} \textit{cj.} if. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, perform, carry out. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęggja} \textit{wv.} 3, incite. + +\noindent +\textbf{eiðr} \textit{sm.} oath. + +\noindent +\textbf{eiga} \textit{wf.} property. + +\noindent +\textbf{eiga} \textit{swv.} possess, have: have as wife, be married to; + have \textit{in the sense of} must. + +\noindent +\textbf{eigi} \textit{adv.} not; no. + +\noindent +\textbf{eign} \textit{sf.} property. + +\noindent +\textbf{eignask} \textit{wv.} 3, appropriate, gain. + +\noindent +\textbf{eik} \textit{sf.} 3, oak. + +\noindent +\textbf{einka-māl} \textit{snpl.} personal agreement, special treaty. + +\noindent +\textbf{einn} \textit{num., prn.} one; the same; a certain, a; alone, + only---`einn saman,' alone, mere. + +\noindent +\textbf{einn-hvęrr} \textit{prn.} a certain, some, a. + +\noindent +\textbf{eira} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} spare. + +\noindent +\textbf{eitr} \textit{sn.} poison. + +\noindent +\textbf{ek} \textit{prn.} I. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{aka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ekki} \textit{prn.\ neut.} nothing; \textit{adv.} not. + +\noindent +\textbf{eldr} \textit{sm.} fire. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęlli} \textit{wf.} old age. + +\noindent +\textbf{ellifti} \textit{adj.} eleventh. + +\noindent +\textbf{ellifu} \textit{num.} eleven. + +\noindent +\textbf{em} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{en} \textit{cj.} but; and. + +\noindent +\textbf{en} \textit{adv.} than, \textit{after compar.} + +\noindent +\textbf{ęndask} \textit{wv.} 1, end, suffice for. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęndi, ęndir} \textit{sm.} end. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęnd-langr} \textit{adj.} the whole length---`ęndlangan sal,' the + whole length of the hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęndr} \textit{adv.} again. + +\noindent +\textbf{engi} \textit{prn.} none, no. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęnn} \textit{adv.} yet, still; besides; after all. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęptir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.} after (of time). \textit{w. + dat.} along, over; in quest of, after; according to, by. + \textit{adv.} afterwards; behind [aptr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęptri} \textit{adj.\ compar.} hind. + +\noindent +\textbf{er} \textit{prn.\ rel.} who, which, \textit{rel.\ adv.} where; + when; because, that. + +\noindent +\textbf{er} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{er} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ęrfiði} \textit{sn.} work; trouble. + +\noindent +\textbf{ert} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{eru} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{eta} \textit{sv.} 5, eat. + +\noindent +\textbf{ey} \textit{sf.} island. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{F} + +\noindent +\textbf{fā} \textit{sv.} 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. + \textbf{fāsk}, wrestle. \textbf{fāsk ā}, be obtained, be. + +\noindent +\textbf{faðir} \textit{sm.} 4, father. + +\noindent +\textbf{fær} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fæstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fār}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fagnaðr} \textit{sm.} 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality. + +\noindent +\textbf{fagr} \textit{adj.} beautiful, fair, fine. + +\noindent +\textbf{fagrliga} \textit{adv.} finely. + +\noindent +\textbf{fall} \textit{sn.} fall. + +\noindent +\textbf{falla} \textit{sv.} 1, fall. \textbf{fallask}, be forgotten, + fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{fang} \textit{sn.} embrace, grasp; wrestling. + +\noindent +\textbf{fann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{finna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fār} \textit{adj.} few---\textit{neut.} fātt \textit{w.\ gen.}: + `fātt manna,' few men. + +\noindent +\textbf{fara} \textit{} go, travel---\textit{w.\ gen.\ in such constr.\ as} + `f.\ fęrðar sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; + experience; `f.\ með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use + up \textit{w.\ dat.} \textbf{farask} \textit{impers.\ in} `fęrsk þeim vel,' + they have a good passage. + +\noindent +\textbf{farmr} \textit{sm.} lading, cargo. + +\noindent +\textbf{fastr} \textit{adj.} firm, fast, strong. + +\noindent +\textbf{fē} \textit{sn.} property, money. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęðrum} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{faðir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fekk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęgrð} \textit{sf.} beauty [fagr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęgrstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fagr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{feikn-stafir} \textit{smpl.} 2, wickedness. + +\noindent +\textbf{fela} \textit{sv.} 3, hide. + +\noindent +\textbf{fēlagi} \textit{wm.} companion. + +\noindent +\textbf{fē-lauss} \textit{adj.} penniless. + +\noindent +\textbf{fē-lītill} \textit{adj.} with little money, poor. + +\noindent +\textbf{fell} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{falla}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęlla} \textit{wv.} 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fengu, fęnginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fęrð} \textit{sf.} 2, journey [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fer-skeyttr} \textit{adj.} four-cornered. + +\noindent +\textbf{fimm} \textit{num.} five. + +\noindent +\textbf{fimtāndi} \textit{adj.} fifteenth. + +\noindent +\textbf{finna} \textit{sv.} 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjaðr-hamr} \textit{sm.} feathered (winged) coat. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjall} \textit{sn.} mountain. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjār} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fē}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjara} \textit{sf.} ebb-tide; beach. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjogur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fjōrir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjōrði} \textit{adj.} fourth. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjōrir} \textit{num.} four. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫlð} \textit{wf.} quantity. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫl-kyngi} \textit{sn.} magic. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫl-męnni} \textit{sn.} multitude; troop [maðr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫrðr} \textit{sm.} 3, firth. + +\noindent +\textbf{fjǫrur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fjara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flā} \textit{sv.} 2, flay, skin. + +\noindent +\textbf{flaug} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fljūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flęginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{flā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flestr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{margr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fljōta} \textit{sv.} 7, float, drift. + +\noindent +\textbf{fljūga} \textit{sv.} 7, fly. + +\noindent +\textbf{flō} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fljūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{floti} \textit{wm.} fleet [fljōtal. + +\noindent +\textbf{flōtti} \textit{wm.} flight [flȳja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{flugu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fljūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fluttu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{flytja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{flȳja} \textit{wv.} 1, flee. + +\noindent +\textbf{flytja} \textit{wv.} 1b, remove, bring. + +\noindent +\textbf{fnāsa} \textit{wv.} 3, snort. + +\noindent +\textbf{fœra} \textit{wv.} 1, bring, take; fasten [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fœrir} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fœti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fōt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōlginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fela}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōlk} \textit{sn.} multitude, troop; people. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fara}. + +\noindent +\textbf{for-tǫlur} \textit{wpl.} representations, arguments [tala]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōstra} \textit{wf.} nurse. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōt-hvatr} \textit{adj.} swift-footed. + +\noindent +\textbf{fōtr} \textit{sm.} foot; leg. + +\noindent +\textbf{fǫður} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{faðir}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fǫr} \textit{sf.} journey [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fǫru-neyti} \textit{sn.} company [njōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{frā} \textit{prp.} from, away from; about, concerning. `ī frā' + \textit{adv.} away. + +\noindent +\textbf{frændi} \textit{sm.} 4, relation. + +\noindent +\textbf{frā-fall} \textit{sn.} death. + +\noindent +\textbf{fram} \textit{adv.} forward, forth. \textit{compar.} \textbf{framar}, + ahead. + +\noindent +\textbf{framastr} \textit{adj.\ superl.} chief, most distinguished. + +\noindent +\textbf{frami} \textit{wm.} advantage, courage. + +\noindent +\textbf{framiðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{fręmja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{fram-stafn} \textit{sm.} prow. + +\noindent +\textbf{frā-sǫgn} \textit{sf.} narrative, relation. + +\noindent +\textbf{freista} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ gen.} try, test. + +\noindent +\textbf{fręmja} \textit{wv.} 1b, perform [fram]. + +\noindent +\textbf{friðr} \textit{sm.} 2, peace. + +\noindent +\textbf{frīðr} \textit{adj.} beautiful, fine. + +\noindent +\textbf{frōðr} \textit{adj.} learned, wise. + +\noindent +\textbf{frœkn} \textit{adj.} bold, daring. + +\noindent +\textbf{frost} \textit{sn.} frost. + +\noindent +\textbf{fugl} \textit{sm.} bird. + +\noindent +\textbf{full-kominn} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} complete; ready (for). + +\noindent +\textbf{fullr} \textit{adj.} full. + +\noindent +\textbf{fundr} \textit{sm.} 2, meeting [finna]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fundu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{finna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{furðu} \textit{adv.} awfully, very. + +\noindent +\textbf{fūss} \textit{adj.} eager. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylgja} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} follow; accompany. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylki} \textit{sn.} troop [fōlk]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylkja} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} draw up (troops) [fōlk]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fylla} \textit{wv.} 1, fill [fullr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyr, fyrir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} before; beyond, + over---`f.\ borð,' overboard; instead of---`koma f.' \textit{adv.} be + given as compensation; for; because of. `f.\ þvī at,' because. + `lītill f.\ sēr,' insignificant. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrir-rūm} \textit{sn.} fore-hold, chief-cabin. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrirrūms-maðr} \textit{sm.} man in the fore-hold. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrr} \textit{adv.} \textit{compar.} before, formerly. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{fyrst}, first. + +\noindent +\textbf{fyrri} \textit{adj.} \textit{compar.} former. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{fyrstr}, first. + +\noindent +\textbf{fȳsa} \textit{wv.} 1, hasten \textit{trans.---impers.} `braut fȳsir + mik,' I feel a desire to go away [fūss]. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{G} + +\noindent +\textbf{gā} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.} heed, care for. + +\noindent +\textbf{gæfa} \textit{wf.} luck [gefa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{gæta} \textit{wv.} 1, watch, take care of [geta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{gaf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gefa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gæfu-maðr} \textit{sm.} lucky man. + +\noindent +\textbf{gaflak} \textit{sn.} javelin. + +\noindent +\textbf{gamall} \textit{adj.} old. + +\noindent +\textbf{gaman} \textit{sn.} amusement, joy. + +\noindent +\textbf{ganga} \textit{sv.} 1, go, \textit{with gen.\ of goal in poetry}; + attack---`g.\ ā skip,' board a ship. \textbf{g.\ af}, be finished. + \textbf{g.\ til}, come up. \textbf{g.\ upp}, land; board a ship; be + used up, expended (of money). + +\noindent +\textbf{garðr} \textit{sm.} enclosure, court; dwelling. + +\noindent +\textbf{gat} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{geta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gefa} \textit{sv.} 5, give. + +\noindent +\textbf{gęgnum, ī gęgnum} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ gen.} through. + +\noindent +\textbf{gekk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ganga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gęlti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gǫltr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gęnginn, gęngr, gengu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ganga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{geta} \textit{sv.} 5, \textit{w.\ gen.} mention, speak of; guess, + suppose. + +\noindent +\textbf{geysi} \textit{adv.} excessively. + +\noindent +\textbf{gipta} \textit{wf.} luck [gefa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{giptu-maðr} \textit{sm.} lucky man. + +\noindent +\textbf{gjafar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gjǫf}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gjǫf} \textit{sf.} gift. + +\noindent +\textbf{glotta} \textit{wv.} 2, smile maliciously, grin. + +\noindent +\textbf{glæsiligr} \textit{adj.} magnificent. + +\noindent +\textbf{gnȳr} \textit{sm.} din, noise. + +\noindent +\textbf{gōðr} \textit{adj.} good---`gott er til eins,' it is easy to get + at, obtain. + +\noindent +\textbf{gōlf} \textit{sn.} floor; apartment, room. + +\noindent +\textbf{gott} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gōðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫfugr} \textit{adj.} distinguished [gefa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫltr} \textit{sm.} 3, boar. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫmul} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{gamall}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫ̈ra} \textit{wv.} 1c, do, make. \textbf{gǫ̈rask}, set about + doing; be made into, become. \textbf{gǫ̈ra at}, accomplish, + carry out. + +\noindent +\textbf{gǫ̈rsimi} \textit{wf.} article of value, treasure. + +\noindent +\textbf{granda} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} injure. + +\noindent +\textbf{grār} \textit{adj.} gray. + +\noindent +\textbf{gras} \textit{sn.} grass; plant, flower. + +\noindent +\textbf{grāta} \textit{sv.} 1, weep, mourn for. + +\noindent +\textbf{grātr} \textit{sm.} weeping. + +\noindent +\textbf{greiða} \textit{wv.} 1, put in order, arrange. + +\noindent +\textbf{greip} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{grīpa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gres-jārn} \textit{sn.} iron wire (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{grey} \textit{sn.} dog. + +\noindent +\textbf{grið} \textit{snpl.} peace, security. + +\noindent +\textbf{griða-staðr} \textit{sm.} sanctuary. + +\noindent +\textbf{grind} \textit{sf.} 3, lattice door, wicket. + +\noindent +\textbf{grīpa} \textit{sv.} 6, seize. + +\noindent +\textbf{gripr} \textit{sm.} 2, article of value, treasure. + +\noindent +\textbf{grjōt} \textit{sn.} stone (collectively). + +\noindent +\textbf{grōa} \textit{sv.} 1, grow; heal. + +\noindent +\textbf{grœr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{grōa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{gruna} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{impers.}---`mik grunar,' I + suspect, think. + +\noindent +\textbf{grunr} \textit{sm.} 2, suspicion. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull} \textit{sn.} gold. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-band} \textit{sn.} gold band. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-būinn} \textit{adj.} adorned with gold. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-hringr} \textit{sm.} gold ring. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-hyrndr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} with gilt horns. + +\noindent +\textbf{gull-roðinn} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} gilt. + +\noindent +\textbf{gȳgr} \textit{sf.} giantess. + +\noindent +\textbf{gyltr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} gilt. + +\noindent +\textbf{gyrða} \textit{wv.} 1, gird. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{H} + +\noindent +\textbf{hæstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hār}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hætta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} desist from, stop. + +\noindent +\textbf{hættligr} \textit{adj.} dangerous, threatening. + +\noindent +\textbf{hættr} \textit{adj.} dangerous. + +\noindent +\textbf{haf} \textit{sn.} sea. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafa} \textit{wv.} 1, have; `h.\ einn nær einu,' bring near to, + expose to; use, utilize. \textbf{at hafask}, undertake. \textbf{til + hafa}, have at hand. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafna} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫfn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafr} \textit{sm.} goat. + +\noindent +\textbf{hafr-staka} \textit{wf.} goatskin. + +\noindent +\textbf{hagliga} \textit{adv.} neatly. + +\noindent +\textbf{hagr} \textit{sm.} condition; advantage---`þēr mun h.\ ā vera,' + will avail thee, be profitable to you. + +\noindent +\textbf{hag-stœðr} \textit{adj.} favourable. + +\noindent +\textbf{halda} \textit{sv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} hold (also with prp. + \textit{ā}); keep. \textit{w.\ acc.} observe, keep (laws, etc.). + \textit{intr.} take a certain direction, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{hālfr} \textit{adj.} half. + +\noindent +\textbf{hālfu} \textit{adv.} by half, half as much again. + +\noindent +\textbf{hallar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫll}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hallar-gōlf} \textit{sn.} hall floor. + +\noindent +\textbf{haltr} \textit{adj.} lame. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamarr} \textit{sm.} hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamars-muðr} \textit{sm.} thin end of hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamar-skapt} \textit{sn.} handle of a hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hamar-spor} \textit{sn.} mark made by a hammer. + +\noindent +\textbf{hana} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{handar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫnd}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hand-skot} \textit{sn.} throwing with the hand. + +\noindent +\textbf{hand-tękinn} \textit{ptc.\ pret.} taken by hand, taken alive. + +\noindent +\textbf{hann} \textit{prn.} he. + +\noindent +\textbf{hār} \textit{sn.} hair. + +\noindent +\textbf{hār} \textit{adj.} high. + +\noindent +\textbf{harð-hugaðr} \textit{adj.} stern of mood. + +\noindent +\textbf{harðr} \textit{adj.} hard; strong. + +\noindent +\textbf{harð-skeytr} \textit{adj.} strong-shooting [skjōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{harmr} \textit{sm.} grief. + +\noindent +\textbf{hāski} \textit{wm.} danger. + +\noindent +\textbf{hā-sæti} \textit{sn.} high seat, dais [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hāsætis-kista} \textit{sf.} chest under the dais. + +\noindent +\textbf{hātt} \textit{adv.} high; loudly. + +\noindent +\textbf{haugr} \textit{sm.} mound. + +\noindent +\textbf{hauss} \textit{sm.} skull. + +\noindent +\textbf{heðan} \textit{adv.} hence. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęfi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hafa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęfja} \textit{sv.} 2, raise, lift; begin. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.} revenge, avenge. + +\noindent +\textbf{heill} \textit{adj.} sound, safe, prosperous. + +\noindent +\textbf{heil-rǣði} \textit{sn.} sound advice, good advice [rāð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{heim} \textit{adv.} to one's home, home (domum). + +\noindent +\textbf{heima} \textit{adv.} at home (domi). + +\noindent +\textbf{heima-maðr} \textit{sm.} man of the household. + +\noindent +\textbf{heim-fūss} \textit{adj.} longing to go home, homesick. + +\noindent +\textbf{heimr} \textit{sm.} home, dwelling; world. + +\noindent +\textbf{heimta} \textit{wv.} 1, fetch, obtain, get back. + +\noindent +\textbf{heita} \textit{sv.} 1, call; \textit{w.\ dat.\ of pers.\ and dat.\ of + thing} promise; \textit{intr.} (\textit{pres.} heiti) be named, + called. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęldr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{halda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęldr} \textit{adv.\ compar.} more willingly, rather, sooner, + more; rather, very. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęl-grindr} \textit{sf.} the doors of hell. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęllir} \textit{sm.} cave. + +\noindent +\textbf{helt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{halda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęl-vegr} \textit{sm.} road to hell. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęlzt} \textit{adv.\ superl.} most willingly, soonest, especially, + most [hęldr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęndi, hęndr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hǫnd}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęnnar, hęnni} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hępta} \textit{wv.} 1, bind; hinder, stop. + +\noindent +\textbf{hēr} \textit{adv.} here---`h.\ af,' etc.\ here-of. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęr-bergi} \textit{sn.} quarters, lodgings. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęrða} \textit{wv.} harden, clench. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęr-fang} \textit{sn.} booty. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęrja} \textit{wv.} 3, make war, ravage [hęrr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęrr} \textit{sm.} army, fleet. + +\noindent +\textbf{herra} \textit{sm.} lord. + +\noindent +\textbf{hęr-skip} \textit{sn.} war-ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{hestr} \textit{sm.} horse. + +\noindent +\textbf{hēt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{heita}. + +\noindent +\textbf{heyra} \textit{wv.} 1, hear. + +\noindent +\textbf{himinn} \textit{sm.} heaven. + +\noindent +\textbf{hingat} \textit{adv.} hither. + +\noindent +\textbf{hinn} \textit{prn.} that. + +\noindent +\textbf{hirð} \textit{sf.} court. + +\noindent +\textbf{hirð-maðr} \textit{sm.} courtier. + +\noindent +\textbf{hiti} \textit{wm.} heat. + +\noindent +\textbf{hitta} \textit{wv.} come upon, find, meet; \textit{trans.} go + to.\ \textbf{hittask}, meet, \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{hjā} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} by, at; in comparison with. + +\noindent +\textbf{hjālmr} \textit{sm.} helmet. + +\noindent +\textbf{hjōn} \textit{snpl.} household. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlaða} \textit{sv.} 2, load, heap up; `h.\ seglum,' take in sails. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlæja} \textit{sv.} 2, laugh. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlaupa} \textit{sv.} 1, jump, leap; run. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlaut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hljōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hleyp} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlaupa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hleypa} \textit{wv.} 1, make to run (i.e.\ the horse), gallop. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlīf} \textit{sf.} shield. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlīfa} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} shelter, cover, protect. + +\noindent +\textbf{hljōp} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlaupa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hljōta} \textit{sv.} 7, get, receive. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlōðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlaða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlōgu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hlæja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlunnr} \textit{sm.} roller (for launching ships). + +\noindent +\textbf{hluti} \textit{wm.} portion [hljōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlutr} \textit{sm.} 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hlut-skipti} \textit{sn.} booty. + +\noindent +\textbf{hnakki} \textit{wm.} back of head. + +\noindent +\textbf{hōf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hęfja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hollr} \textit{adj.} gracious, faithful. + +\noindent +\textbf{hōlmr} \textit{sm.} small island. + +\noindent +\textbf{hon} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{honum} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hann}. + +\noindent +\textbf{horn} \textit{sn.} horn. + +\noindent +\textbf{hœgri} \textit{adj.\ compar.} right (hand). + +\noindent +\textbf{hœla} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} praise, boast of. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfðingi} \textit{wm.} chief [hǫfuð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfða-fjǫl} \textit{sf.} head-board (especially of a bedstead). + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hafa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfn} \textit{sf.} harbour. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫfuð} \textit{sn.} head. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫgg} \textit{sn.} stroke. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫgg-ormr} \textit{sm.} viper. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫgg-orrosta} \textit{wf.} `cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫggva} \textit{sv.} 1, hew, cut, strike. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫll} \textit{sf.} hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{hǫnd} \textit{sf.} 3, hand; side---`hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both + sides, for both parties. + +\noindent +\textbf{hræddr} \textit{adj.} frightened, afraid [\textit{ptc.} of hræðask]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hræðask} \textit{wv.} 1, be frightened, fear. + +\noindent +\textbf{hræzla} \textit{wf.} fear [hræðask]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrafn} \textit{sm.} raven. + +\noindent +\textbf{hratt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrinda}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrauð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hraut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hreyfa} \textit{wv.} 1, move. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrīð} \textit{sf.} period of time. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrīm-þurs} \textit{sm.} frost giant. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrinda} \textit{sv.} 3, push, launch (ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{hrista} \textit{wv.} 1, shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrjōða} \textit{sv.} 7, strip, clear, disable. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, start, burst out. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrǫkk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrökkva}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrökkva} \textit{sv.} 3, start back. + +\noindent +\textbf{hryði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrynja} \textit{wv.} 1b, fall down. + +\noindent +\textbf{hrȳtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{hyggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugi} \textit{wm.} thought. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugr} \textit{sm.} mind, heart; courage, spirit. + +\noindent +\textbf{hugsa} \textit{wv.} 3, consider, think. + +\noindent +\textbf{hundrað} \textit{sn.} hundred. + +\noindent +\textbf{hurð} \textit{sf.} 2, door. + +\noindent +\textbf{hūs} \textit{sn.} room; house. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvar} \textit{adv.} where; that. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārr} \textit{prn.} which of two; each of the two, both. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārr-tvęggja} \textit{prn.} each of the two, both. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārt} \textit{adv.} whether, \textit{both in direct and indirect + questions}. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvārt-tvęggja} \textit{adv.} `hv\ldots ok,' both\ldots and. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvass} \textit{adj.} sharp. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvat} \textit{prn.\ neut.} what. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvart} \textit{adj.} brisk, bold. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvē} \textit{adv.} how. + +\noindent +\textbf{hverfa} \textit{sv.} 3, turn, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęr-gi} \textit{adv.} nowhere---`hv.\ jarðar,' nowhere on + earth; in no respect, by no means. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęrnig} \textit{adv.} how [= hvęrn veg.]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęrr} \textit{prn.} who. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvęrsu} \textit{adv.} how. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvī} \textit{adv.} why. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvirfill} \textit{sm.} crown of head. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvītna} \textit{wv.} 2, whiten. + +\noindent +\textbf{hvītr} \textit{adj.} white. + +\noindent +\textbf{hyggja} \textit{wv.} 1b, think, mean, determine [hugr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{hylli} \textit{wf.} favour [hollr]. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{I} + +\noindent +\textbf{ī} \textit{prp.} in. + +\noindent +\textbf{ī-huga} \textit{wv.} 3, try to remember, consider [hugr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{illa} \textit{adv.} ill, badly. + +\noindent +\textbf{illr} \textit{adj.} ill, bad. + +\noindent +\textbf{inn} \textit{art.} the. + +\noindent +\textbf{inn} \textit{adv.} in \textit{compar.} \textbf{innar}, further in. + +\noindent +\textbf{inna} \textit{wv.} 1, accomplish. + +\noindent +\textbf{innan} \textit{adv.} within, inside. \textbf{fyrir innan} \textit{prp. + w.\ gen.} within, in. + +\noindent +\textbf{inni} \textit{adv.} in. + +\noindent +\textbf{it} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{it} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{inn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ī-þrōtt} \textit{sf.} feat. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{J} + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-breiðr} \textit{adj.} equally broad. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-hǫfugr} \textit{adj.} equally heavy [hęfja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-mikill} \textit{adj.} equally great. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafn-skjōtt} \textit{adv.} equally quick. + +\noindent +\textbf{jafna} \textit{wv.} 3, smooth; compare \textit{w.\ dat.\ of + thing compared.} + +\noindent +\textbf{jafnan} \textit{adv.} always. + +\noindent +\textbf{jarl} \textit{sm.} earl. + +\noindent +\textbf{jārn} \textit{sn.} iron. + +\noindent +\textbf{jārn-glōfi} \textit{sm.} iron gauntlet. + +\noindent +\textbf{jārn-spǫng} \textit{sf.} iron plate. + +\noindent +\textbf{jāta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} agree to. + +\noindent +\textbf{jōk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{auka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{jǫrð} \textit{sf.} earth. + +\noindent +\textbf{jǫtun-heimar} \textit{smpl.} home, world of the giants. + +\noindent +\textbf{jǫtunn,} \textit{sm.} giant. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{K} + +\noindent +\textbf{kær-leikr} \textit{sm.} love, affection [kærr, `dear']. + +\noindent +\textbf{kaf} \textit{sn.} diving; deep water, water under the surface. + +\noindent +\textbf{kafa} \textit{wv.} 3, dive. + +\noindent +\textbf{kalla} \textit{wv.} 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call. + +\noindent +\textbf{kann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kunna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kapp} \textit{sn.} competition. + +\noindent +\textbf{karl} \textit{sm.} man; old man. + +\noindent +\textbf{kasta} \textit{wv.} 3, cast, throw. + +\noindent +\textbf{kaupa} \textit{wv.} 2, buy. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęngr} \textit{sm.} bend. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęnna} \textit{wv.} 1, know; perceive. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęrling} \textit{sf.} old woman [karl]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kęrra} \textit{wf.} chariot. + +\noindent +\textbf{kętill} \textit{sm.} kettle. + +\noindent +\textbf{keypta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kaupa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{keyra} \textit{wv.} 1, drive. + +\noindent +\textbf{kirkja} \textit{wf.} church. + +\noindent +\textbf{kirkju-skot} \textit{sn.} wing of a church. + +\noindent +\textbf{kjōsa} \textit{sv.} 7, choose. + +\noindent +\textbf{klakk-laust} \textit{adv.} uninjured. + +\noindent +\textbf{klæða} \textit{wv.} 1, clothe. + +\noindent +\textbf{klæða-būnaðr} \textit{sm.} apparel. + +\noindent +\textbf{klæði} \textit{snpl.} clothes. + +\noindent +\textbf{knē} \textit{sn.} knee. + +\noindent +\textbf{knīfr} \textit{sm.} knife. + +\noindent +\textbf{knǫrr} \textit{sm.} merchant-ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{knūði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{knȳja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{knūi} \textit{wm.} knuckle. + +\noindent +\textbf{knūtr} \textit{sm.} knot. + +\noindent +\textbf{knȳja} \textit{wv.} 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert + oneself [knūi]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kōlf-skot} \textit{sn.} (distance of a) bolt-shot. + +\noindent +\textbf{kollōttr} \textit{adj.} bald. + +\noindent +\textbf{koma} \textit{sv.} 4, come; happen, turn out; \textit{w.\ dat.} + bring into a certain condition. \textbf{k.\ fyrir}, be paid in + atonement. \textbf{komask}, make one's way (by dint of exertion). + +\noindent +\textbf{kona} \textit{wf.} woman; wife. + +\noindent +\textbf{konr} \textit{sm.} kind---`alls konar,' all kinds; `nakkvars konar,' + of some kind. + +\noindent +\textbf{konunga-stęfna} \textit{wf.} congress of kings. + +\noindent +\textbf{konungr} \textit{sm.} king. + +\noindent +\textbf{konungs-dōttir} \textit{sf.} king's daughter. + +\noindent +\textbf{konungs-skip} \textit{sn.} king's ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{kosinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kjōsa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kost-gripr} \textit{sm.} precious thing, treasure. + +\noindent +\textbf{kostr} \textit{sm.} 2, choice---`at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; + power [kjōsa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫgur-sveinn} \textit{sm.} little boy, urchin. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫpp} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kapp}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫpur-yrði} \textit{sn.} boasting [orð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kǫttr} \textit{sm.} 3, cat. + +\noindent +\textbf{köm} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{koma}. + +\noindent +\textbf{krappa-rūm} \textit{sn.} back cabin. + +\noindent +\textbf{krappr} \textit{adj.} narrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{kraptr} \textit{sm.} strength. + +\noindent +\textbf{krās} \textit{sf.} 2, delicacy. + +\noindent +\textbf{kręfja} \textit{wv.} 1b, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and gen.\ of + thing}, demand. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunna} \textit{swv.} know; feel; venture; like to. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunnandi} \textit{wf.} knowledge, accomplishments. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunnusta} \textit{wf.} knowledge, power. + +\noindent +\textbf{kunnr} \textit{adj.} known. + +\noindent +\textbf{kurr} \textit{sm.} murmur, rumour. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvæði} \textit{sn.} poem. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvæma} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{koma}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvān} \textit{sf.} wife. + +\noindent +\textbf{kveða} \textit{sv.} 5, say. \textbf{kv.\ ā} settle, agree on. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvęðja} \textit{wf.} salutation [kveða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvęðja} \textit{wv.} 1b, greet. + +\noindent +\textbf{kveld} \textit{sn.} evening---`ī kv.,' this evening. + +\noindent +\textbf{kveld-sǫngr} \textit{sm.} vespers. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvenn-vāðir} \textit{sfpl.} woman's clothes. + +\noindent +\textbf{kviðr} \textit{sm.} 3, stomach, belly. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvisa} \textit{wv.} 3, whisper. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvistr} \textit{sm.} 3, branch, twig. + +\noindent +\textbf{kvǫddu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{kvęðja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{kykr (-vir)} \textit{adj.} living. + +\noindent +\textbf{kykvendi} \textit{sn.} living creature, animal. + +\noindent +\textbf{kȳll} \textit{sm.} bag. + +\noindent +\textbf{kyn} \textit{sn.} race, lineage. + +\noindent +\textbf{kȳr} \textit{sf.} 3, cow. + +\noindent +\textbf{kyssa} \textit{wv.} 1, kiss. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{L} + +\noindent +\textbf{lā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{liggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lægri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lāgr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lær-lęggr} \textit{sm.} thigh-bone. + +\noindent +\textbf{læt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lāta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lagða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lęggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lāgr} \textit{adj.} low; short of stature [liggja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lags-maðr} \textit{sm.} companion. + +\noindent +\textbf{lagu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{liggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lamða, lamit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lęmja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{land} \textit{sn.} land, country. + +\noindent +\textbf{land-skjālfti} \textit{wm.} earthquake. + +\noindent +\textbf{langr} \textit{adj.} long, far. + +\noindent +\textbf{lāt} \textit{snpl.} noise. + +\noindent +\textbf{lāta} \textit{sv.} 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; + behave, act; say. + +\noindent +\textbf{lauf} \textit{sn.} foliage. + +\noindent +\textbf{laufs-blað} \textit{sn.} (blade of foliage), leaf. + +\noindent +\textbf{laug} \textit{sf.} bath. + +\noindent +\textbf{laun} \textit{snpl.} reward. + +\noindent +\textbf{launa} \textit{wv.} 3, reward, requite \textit{w.\ dat.\ of the + thing given and of the pers., and acc.\ of the thing requited.} + +\noindent +\textbf{lauss} \textit{adj.} loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation. + +\noindent +\textbf{laust} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ljōsta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{laut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lūta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lax} \textit{sm.} salmon. + +\noindent +\textbf{leðr-hosa} \textit{wf.} leather bag. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęggja} \textit{wv.} 1b, lay, put; `l.\ eitt fyrir einn,' give, + settle on; `l.\ sik fram,' exert oneself; \textit{intr.\ w.} skip + \textit{understood} sail, row---\textbf{l.\ at}, land; attack; \textbf{l.\ frā}, + retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. \textbf{lęggjask}, set + out, proceed; swim [liggja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leið} \textit{sf.} way---`koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leið} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{līða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{leiða} \textit{wv.} 1, lead, conduct [līða]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leiðangr (-rs)} \textit{sm.} levy [leið]. + +\noindent +\textbf{leiga} \textit{wv.} 1, borrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{leikr} \textit{sm.} game; athletic sports, contest. + +\noindent +\textbf{leita} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ gen.\ and dat.} seek; take to, have + recourse to. \textbf{leitask}, feel one's way [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęmja} \textit{wv.} 1b, break. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęngð} \textit{sf.} length [langr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęngi} \textit{adv.} long (of time) [langr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lęngstr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{langr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lēt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lāta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lętja} \textit{wv.} 1b, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and gen.\ of thing}, + hinder, dissuade. + +\noindent +\textbf{lētta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lift. + +\noindent +\textbf{leyniliga} \textit{adv.} secretly. + +\noindent +\textbf{leysa} \textit{wv.} 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lið} \textit{sn.} troop. + +\noindent +\textbf{līða} \textit{sv.} 6, go; pass (of time); \textit{impers.} \textbf{līðr}, + \textit{w.\ dat.} fare, get on. \textit{impers.} `līðr ā (nāttina),' (the + night) is drawing to a close. + +\noindent +\textbf{līf} \textit{sn.} life---`ā līfi,' alive. + +\noindent +\textbf{lifa} \textit{wv.} 2, live. + +\noindent +\textbf{liggja} \textit{sv.} 5, lie. \textbf{l.\ til}, be fitting. + +\noindent +\textbf{līk} \textit{sn.} body; corpse. + +\noindent +\textbf{līka} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} please. + +\noindent +\textbf{līki} \textit{sn.} form [līk]. + +\noindent +\textbf{līking} \textit{sf.} likeness, similarity [līkr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{līknsamr} \textit{adj.} gracious. + +\noindent +\textbf{līkr} \textit{adj.} like. + +\noindent +\textbf{līn} \textit{sn.} linen; linen headdress. + +\noindent +\textbf{list} \textit{sf.} art. + +\noindent +\textbf{līta} \textit{sv.} 6, look at; regard, consider---`l.\ til + eins.' turn to, acknowledge greeting. \textbf{lītask} \textit{impers. + w.\ dat.} seem. + +\noindent +\textbf{litask} \textit{wv.} 3, look round one [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lītill} \textit{adj.} little, small---`lītit veðr,' not very + windy weather. \textbf{lītlu} \textit{adv.} by a little, a little. + +\noindent +\textbf{lītil-ræði} \textit{sm.} degradation [rāð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{litr} \textit{sm.} 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{līzk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{līta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ljā} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.\ and dat.} lend. + +\noindent +\textbf{ljōsta} \textit{sv.} 7, strike, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of instr.\ and acc.\ of + the thing struck}---`l.\ ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, + begin to row. + +\noindent +\textbf{lofa} \textit{wv.} 3, praise. + +\noindent +\textbf{lōga} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} part with. + +\noindent +\textbf{logi} \textit{wm.} flame. + +\noindent +\textbf{lokinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lūka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lopt} \textit{sn.} air---`ā l.,' up. + +\noindent +\textbf{lūka} \textit{sv.} 7, lock, close; \textit{impers.} `lȳkr einu,' + it is finished, exhausted. `l.\ upp,' unlock, open. + +\noindent +\textbf{lukla} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lykill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lustu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ljōsta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lūta} \textit{sv.} 7, bend, bow. + +\noindent +\textbf{lygi} \textit{wf.} lie, falsehood. + +\noindent +\textbf{lykð} \textit{sf.} ending---`at lykðum,' finally. + +\noindent +\textbf{lykill} \textit{sm.} key [lūka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lypta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lift [lopt]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lypting} \textit{sf.} raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship + [lypta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{lȳsa} \textit{wv.} 1, shine. + +\noindent +\textbf{lȳsi-gull} \textit{sn.} bright gold. + +\noindent +\textbf{lȳst} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ljōsta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{lysta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.} desire. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{M} + +\noindent +\textbf{mā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mega}. + +\noindent +\textbf{maðr} \textit{sm.} 4, man. + +\noindent +\textbf{mæla (mælta)} \textit{wv.} 1, speak---`m.\ við einu,' refuse; suggest. + +\noindent +\textbf{mær} \textit{sf.} virgin, maid. + +\noindent +\textbf{mætta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mega}. + +\noindent +\textbf{magr (-ran)} \textit{adj.} thin. + +\noindent +\textbf{māgr} \textit{sm.} kinsman, relation, connection. + +\noindent +\textbf{makligr} \textit{adj.} fitting. + +\noindent +\textbf{māl} \textit{sn.} narrative; \textit{in plur.} poem; proper time, time. + +\noindent +\textbf{mālmr} \textit{sm.} metal. + +\noindent +\textbf{mann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{maðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mann-fōlk} \textit{sn.} troops, crew. + +\noindent +\textbf{mann-hringr} \textit{sm.} ring of men. + +\noindent +\textbf{mannliga} \textit{adv.} manlily. + +\noindent +\textbf{margr} \textit{adj.} many, much. + +\noindent +\textbf{mark} \textit{sn.} mark; importance. + +\noindent +\textbf{marka} \textit{wv.} 3, infer. + +\noindent +\textbf{marr} \textit{sm.} horse. + +\noindent +\textbf{mart} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{margr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{matask} \textit{wv.} 3, eat a meal. + +\noindent +\textbf{matr} \textit{sm.} 2, food. + +\noindent +\textbf{mātta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mega}. + +\noindent +\textbf{māttr} \textit{sm.} 2, might, strength. + +\noindent +\textbf{með} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} with. + +\noindent +\textbf{meðal} \textit{s.} middle---ā m. \textit{w.\ gen.} between. + +\noindent +\textbf{meðan} \textit{adv.} whilst. + +\noindent +\textbf{mega} \textit{swv.} can, may. + +\noindent +\textbf{megin} \textit{} ---`ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; `ǫllum m.,' on all + sides [\textit{corruption of} vegum]. + +\noindent +\textbf{męgin-gjarðar} \textit{sfpl.} girdle of strength [mega]. + +\noindent +\textbf{meiðmar} \textit{sfpl.} treasures. + +\noindent +\textbf{meiri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mikill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{męn} \textit{sn.} necklace, piece of jewelry. + +\noindent +\textbf{męnn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{maðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{męrgr} \textit{sm.} 2, marrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{męrki} \textit{sn.} mark; banner [mark]. + +\noindent +\textbf{mest} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mikill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{meta} \textit{sv.} 5, measure; estimate. + +\noindent +\textbf{mey} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{mær}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mið-garðr} \textit{sm.} (middle enclosure), world. + +\noindent +\textbf{miðgarðs-ormr} \textit{sm.} world-serpent. + +\noindent +\textbf{miðr} \textit{adj.} middle. + +\noindent +\textbf{mik} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mikill} \textit{adj.} big, tall, great. \textbf{mikit} \textit{adv.} + much, very. + +\noindent +\textbf{miklu} \textit{adv.} (\textit{instr.}) much. + +\noindent +\textbf{milli, ā milli} \textit{prp.} between, among. + +\noindent +\textbf{minjar} \textit{sfpl.} remembrance, memorial. + +\noindent +\textbf{minn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{minni} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{lītill}. + +\noindent +\textbf{minnr} \textit{adv.} less. + +\noindent +\textbf{mis-līka} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.} displease, not please. + +\noindent +\textbf{missa} \textit{wf.} loss, want. + +\noindent +\textbf{missa} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ gen.} lose; do without. + +\noindent +\textbf{mistil-teinn} \textit{sm.} mistletoe [teinn, `twig']. + +\noindent +\textbf{mitt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mjǫðr} \textit{sm.} 3, mead. + +\noindent +\textbf{mjǫk} \textit{adv.} very. + +\noindent +\textbf{mōðir} \textit{sf.} 3, mother. + +\noindent +\textbf{mōðr} \textit{sm.} anger. + +\noindent +\textbf{mœtask} \textit{wv.} 1, meet \textit{intr.} [mōt]. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫn} \textit{sf.} mane. + +\noindent +\textbf{morginn} \textit{sm.} morning. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫrk} \textit{sf.} 3, forest. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫrum} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{marr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{mōt} \textit{sn.} meeting. \textbf{ī mōti} \textit{prp.\ w.\ dat.} + against. + +\noindent +\textbf{mǫtu-neyti} \textit{sn.} community of food---`lęggja m.\ sitt,' + make their provision into a common store [matr; njōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{mundu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{munu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{munnr} \textit{sm.} mouth. + +\noindent +\textbf{munr} \textit{sm.} difference---`þeim mun,' to that extent. + +\noindent +\textbf{munu} \textit{swv.} will, may (of futurity and probability). + +\noindent +\textbf{myndi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{munu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{myrkr} \textit{sn.} darkness. + +\noindent +\textbf{myrkr} \textit{adj.} dark. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{N} + +\noindent +\textbf{nā} \textit{wv.} 1, reach, obtain; succeed in. + +\noindent +\textbf{nǣr} \textit{adv.} \textit{w.\ dat.} near; nearly. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{næst}---`þvī n.,' thereupon. + +\noindent +\textbf{nǣtr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{nātt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{nafn} \textit{sn.} name. + +\noindent +\textbf{nakkvarr} \textit{prn.} some, a certain. \textbf{nakkvat} \textit{adv.} + somewhat; perhaps. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt} \textit{sf.} 3, night. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-bōl} \textit{sn.} night-quarters. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-langt} \textit{adv.} the whole night long. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-staðr} \textit{sm.} night-quarters. + +\noindent +\textbf{nāttūra} \textit{wf.} nature, peculiarity. + +\noindent +\textbf{nātt-verðr} \textit{sm.} 2, supper. + +\noindent +\textbf{nauð-syn} \textit{sf.} necessity. + +\noindent +\textbf{naut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{njōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{neðan} \textit{adv.} below. \textbf{fyrir n.} \textit{prp.\ + w.\ dat.} below. + +\noindent +\textbf{nęfja} \textit{adj.} long-nosed (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{nęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, name, call. \textbf{nęfnask}, name + oneself, give one's name as [nafn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{nema} \textit{sv.} 4, take; begin. + +\noindent +\textbf{nema} \textit{adv.} except, unless. + +\noindent +\textbf{nest} \textit{sn.} provisions. + +\noindent +\textbf{nest-baggi} \textit{sm.} provision-bag. + +\noindent +\textbf{niðr} \textit{adv.} down, downwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{nīundi} \textit{adj.} ninth. + +\noindent +\textbf{njōsn} \textit{sf.} spying; news. + +\noindent +\textbf{njōsna} \textit{wv.} 3, spy; get intelligence. + +\noindent +\textbf{njōta} \textit{sv.} 7, enjoy, profit. + +\noindent +\textbf{norðr} \textit{adv.} northwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{nǫkkvi} \textit{wm.} vessel, small ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{nū} \textit{adv.} now; therefore, so. + +\noindent +\textbf{nȳ-vaknaðr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} newly awoke. + +\noindent +\textbf{nȳr} \textit{adj.} new. + +\noindent +\textbf{nȳta} \textit{wv.} 1, profit [njōta]. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{O} + +\noindent +\textbf{oddr} \textit{sm.} point. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōð-fūss} \textit{adj.} madly eager. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōðr} \textit{adj.} mad, furious. + +\noindent +\textbf{œ̄pa} \textit{wv.} 1, shout [ōp, `shout']. + +\noindent +\textbf{œrit} \textit{adv.} enough; very. + +\noindent +\textbf{of} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} over; during; with respect + to, about. \textit{adv.} too (of excess). + +\noindent +\textbf{of} \textit{adv.,} \textit{often used in poetry as a mere expletive.} + +\noindent +\textbf{of-veikr} \textit{adj.} too weak. + +\noindent +\textbf{ofan} \textit{adv.} above; down. + +\noindent +\textbf{ofan-verðr} \textit{adj.} upper, on the top. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{aka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ok} \textit{conj.} and; also---`ok\ldots ok,' both\ldots and; but. + +\noindent +\textbf{okkr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{opt} \textit{adv.} often. \textit{compar.} \textbf{optar}, oftener, + again. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōr} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.} out of. + +\noindent +\textbf{orð} \textit{sn.} word---`ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise. + +\noindent +\textbf{orðinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{orð-sęnding} \textit{sf.} verbal message. + +\noindent +\textbf{orð-tak} \textit{sn.} expression, word. + +\noindent +\textbf{ormr} \textit{sm.} serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head. + +\noindent +\textbf{orrosta} \textit{wf.} battle. + +\noindent +\textbf{oss} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōtta} \textit{wf.} the end of night, just before dawn. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōttalaust} \textit{adj.} without fear. + +\noindent +\textbf{ōx} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vaxa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{oxi} \textit{wm.} ox. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫðlask} \textit{wv.} 3, obtain. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫðru} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{annarr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫl} \textit{sn.} ale. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫldnu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{aldinn}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫndōttr} \textit{adj.} fierce. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫnd-vegi} \textit{sn.} high seat, dais. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫnnur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{annar}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ǫr} \textit{sf.} arrow. + +\noindent +\textbf{ör-æfi} \textit{sn.} harbourless coast. + +\noindent +\textbf{örendi} \textit{sn.} errand. + +\noindent +\textbf{örendi} \textit{sn.} holding the breath, breath. + +\noindent +\textbf{örind-reki} \textit{sm.} messenger [reka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{öxn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{oxi}. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{P} + +\noindent +\textbf{pati} \textit{sm.} rumour. + +\noindent +\textbf{pęnningr} \textit{sm.} penny. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{R} + +\noindent +\textbf{rāð} \textit{sn.} advice; what is advisable---`sjā eitt at rāði,' + consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāða} \textit{sv.} 1, advise, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of thing and dat.\ of pers.}; + consider, deliberate; undertake, begin \textit{w.\ prp.} til \textit{or + infin.}; dispose of, have control over \textit{w.\ prp.} fyrir. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāða-gǫ̈rð} \textit{sf.} deliberation, decision. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāðugr} \textit{adj.} sagacious. + +\noindent +\textbf{ragna-rökr} \textit{sn.} twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna + \textit{gen.\ of} ręgin \textit{neut.\ plur.} `gods.'] + +\noindent +\textbf{ragr} \textit{adj.} cowardly. + +\noindent +\textbf{rāku} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{reka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{rann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ręnna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{rās} \textit{sf.} race. + +\noindent +\textbf{rauðr} \textit{adj.} red. + +\noindent +\textbf{rausn} \textit{sf.} magnificence, anything magnificent. + +\noindent +\textbf{rēð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rāða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{reið} \textit{sf.} chariot. + +\noindent +\textbf{reið} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rīða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{reiða} \textit{wv.} 1, swing, wield, brandish. + +\noindent +\textbf{reið-fara} \textit{adj.} ---`vera vel r.,' have a good passage. + +\noindent +\textbf{reiði} \textit{sn.} trappings, harness. + +\noindent +\textbf{reiðr} \textit{adj.} angry. + +\noindent +\textbf{reka} \textit{sv.} 7, drive; carry out; perform. `r.\ af tjǫld,' take + down awning. + +\noindent +\textbf{rękkja} \textit{wf.} bed. + +\noindent +\textbf{ręnna} \textit{sv.} 3, run. + +\noindent +\textbf{rētta} \textit{wv.} 1, direct; reach, stretch. \textbf{r.\ upp}, pull + up. + +\noindent +\textbf{rēttr} \textit{adj.} right, correct; equitable, fair. + +\noindent +\textbf{reyna} \textit{wv.} 1, try, test. + +\noindent +\textbf{reyr-bǫnd} \textit{supl.} the wire with which the arrow-head was bound + to the shaft. + +\noindent +\textbf{rīða} \textit{sv.} 6, \textit{w.\ dat.} ride. + +\noindent +\textbf{riðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rīða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{riðlask} \textit{wv.} 3, set oneself in motion. + +\noindent +\textbf{rīki} \textit{sn.} power; sovereignty, reign. + +\noindent +\textbf{rīkr} \textit{adj.} powerful, distinguished. + +\noindent +\textbf{ripti} \textit{sn.} linen cloth. + +\noindent +\textbf{rita} \textit{wv.} 3, write. + +\noindent +\textbf{rōa} \textit{sv.} 1, row. + +\noindent +\textbf{rœða} \textit{wv.} 1, talk about, discuss. + +\noindent +\textbf{röra} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{rōa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{rǫst} \textit{sf.} league. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{S} + +\noindent +\textbf{sā} \textit{prn.} that; he; such, such a one. + +\noindent +\textbf{sā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sær} \textit{sm.} sea. + +\noindent +\textbf{særa} \textit{wv.} 1, wound [sār]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sæti} \textit{sn.} seat [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sætt} \textit{sf.} 2, reconciliation, peace. + +\noindent +\textbf{sættask} \textit{wv.} 1, be reconciled, agree. + +\noindent +\textbf{saga} \textit{wf.} narrative, history, story. + +\noindent +\textbf{sagða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sęgja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{saka} \textit{wv.} \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.}---`hann (acc.) sakaði + ekki,' he was not injured. + +\noindent +\textbf{sakna} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ gen.} miss. + +\noindent +\textbf{sāl} \textit{sf.} 2, soul. + +\noindent +\textbf{sāld} \textit{sn.} gallon. + +\noindent +\textbf{salr} \textit{sm.} 2, hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{saman} \textit{adv.} together. + +\noindent +\textbf{sami} \textit{weak adj.} same. + +\noindent +\textbf{sam-laga} \textit{wf.} laying ships together for battle. + +\noindent +\textbf{samt} \textit{adv.} together. + +\noindent +\textbf{sannligr} \textit{adj.} probable; suitable, right. + +\noindent +\textbf{sannr} \textit{adj.} true. + +\noindent +\textbf{sār} \textit{sn.} wound. + +\noindent +\textbf{sārr} \textit{adj.} wounded. + +\noindent +\textbf{sat} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sitja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{satt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sannr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sē} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sē} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sefask} \textit{wv.} 3, be pacified. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęgja} \textit{wv.} 1b, say, relate [saga]. + +\noindent +\textbf{segl} \textit{sn.} sail. + +\noindent +\textbf{seilask} \textit{wv.} 1, stretch \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{seinn} \textit{adj.} late, slow, tedious. \textbf{seint} + \textit{adv.} slowly. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęlja} \textit{wv.} 1, give; sell. + +\noindent +\textbf{sem} \textit{adv.} as; \textit{w.\ subj.} as if; \textit{to strengthen + the superl.}---`sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęnda} \textit{wv.} 1, send. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęndi-maðr} \textit{sm.} messenger. + +\noindent +\textbf{sęnn} \textit{adv.} at the same time, at once; immediately, + forthwith. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēnn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sik}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sēt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{set-berg} \textit{sn.} seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sętja} \textit{wv.} 1, set, place. \textbf{s.\ fram}, launch (a + ship). \textbf{sętjask}, sit down. \textbf{sętjask upp}, sit up + [sitja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sī-byrða} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lay a ship alongside + another. \textit{neut.\ ptc.} \textbf{sībyrt}, close up to [borð]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīð} \textit{adv.} late. \textit{comp.} sīðar, later, afterwards. + \textit{superl.} \textbf{sīðast}, latest, last. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīða} \textit{wf.} side. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīðan} \textit{adv.} afterwards, then; since. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīðari} \textit{adj.\ comp.} later, second (in order). + +\noindent +\textbf{siðr} \textit{sm.} 3, custom. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīga} \textit{sv.} 6, sink. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigla} \textit{wf.} mast [segl]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigla} \textit{wv.} 1, sail. + +\noindent +\textbf{siglu-skeið} \textit{sn.} middle of a ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigr (-rs)} \textit{sm.} victory. + +\noindent +\textbf{sigr-ōp} \textit{} shout of victory. + +\noindent +\textbf{sik} \textit{prn.} oneself. + +\noindent +\textbf{silfr} \textit{sn.} silver. + +\noindent +\textbf{sīn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sik}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sinn} \textit{sn.} time (of repetition)---`einu sinni,' once, + for once. `eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, + i.e.\ only once. + +\noindent +\textbf{sinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sik}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sitja} \textit{sv.} 5, sit. \textbf{s.\ fyrir}, sit in readiness. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjā} \textit{} = þessi. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjā} \textit{sv.} 5, see; `s.\ fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. + \textit{impers.} `lītt sēr þat ā, at'\ldots it will hardly be seen + that\ldots \textbf{sjāsk}, see one another, meet. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjālfr} \textit{prn.} self. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjōða} \textit{sv.} 7, boil; cook. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjōn} \textit{sf.} sight. + +\noindent +\textbf{sjōn-hvęrfing} \textit{sf.} ocular delusion. + +\noindent +\textbf{skal} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skulu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skalf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjālfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skāli} \textit{wm.} hall. + +\noindent +\textbf{skammr} \textit{adj.} short. + +\noindent +\textbf{skap} \textit{sn.} state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour. + +\noindent +\textbf{skapligr} \textit{adj.} suitable, fit. + +\noindent +\textbf{skapt} \textit{sn.} shaft, handle. + +\noindent +\textbf{skar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skarð} \textit{sn.} notch, gap; defect. + +\noindent +\textbf{skaut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skęgg} \textit{sn.} beard; beak (of a ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{skeið} \textit{sn.} race-course, running-ground; + race---`taka sk.,' start in a race. + +\noindent +\textbf{skeina} \textit{wv.} 1, graze. + +\noindent +\textbf{skellr} \textit{sm.} knock. + +\noindent +\textbf{skęmtun} \textit{sf.} amusement, entertainment [skammr, + \textit{literally `shortening (of time)'}]. + +\noindent +\textbf{skera} \textit{sv.} cut, cut up; kill (animal). + +\noindent +\textbf{skiljask} \textit{wv.} 1, separate, part \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{skillingr} \textit{sm.} shilling, coin. + +\noindent +\textbf{skilnaðr} \textit{sm.} separation, parting. + +\noindent +\textbf{skip} \textit{sn.} ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{skipa} \textit{wv.} 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. + `sk.\ til um eitt,' make arrangements for. \textbf{skipask}, take + one's place; change, alter \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{skipa-hęrr} \textit{sm.} fleet. + +\noindent +\textbf{skipan} \textit{sf.} arranging; ship's crew. + +\noindent +\textbf{skips-brot} \textit{sn.} shipwreck. + +\noindent +\textbf{skip-stjōrnar-maðr} \textit{sm.} (steerer), commander of a ship, + captain. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjald-borg} \textit{sf.} wall of shields, testudo. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjālfa} \textit{sv.} 3, shake \textit{intr.} + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, \textit{w.\ dat.} shoot, throw, push. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōt-fœri} \textit{sn.} swiftness. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōt-leikr} \textit{sm.} swiftness. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōt-liga} \textit{adv.} swiftly, quick. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjōtr} \textit{adj.} swift, quick. \textbf{skjōtt} \textit{adv.} + quickly. + +\noindent +\textbf{skjǫldr} \textit{sm.} 3, shield. + +\noindent +\textbf{skōgr} \textit{sm.} forest, wood. + +\noindent +\textbf{skorta} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.\ and of + thing}, want, fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{skot} \textit{sn.} shot; missile [skjōta]. + +\noindent +\textbf{skot-māl} \textit{sn.} shot-measure, range. + +\noindent +\textbf{skotta} \textit{wv.} 3, dangle---sk.\ við drift (of ships). + +\noindent +\textbf{skǫkull} \textit{sm.} shaft (of a cart). + +\noindent +\textbf{skǫmm} \textit{sf.} disgrace, shame. + +\noindent +\textbf{skǫr} \textit{sf.} hair of the head. + +\noindent +\textbf{skreppa} \textit{wf.} bag, wallet. + +\noindent +\textbf{skulfu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjālfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skulu} \textit{swv.} shall. + +\noindent +\textbf{skuta} \textit{wf.} small ship, cutter. + +\noindent +\textbf{skutill} \textit{sm.} trencher, small table. + +\noindent +\textbf{skutil-sveinn} \textit{sm.} page, chamberlain. + +\noindent +\textbf{skutu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skykkr} \textit{sm.} shake---`ganga skykkjum,' shake. + +\noindent +\textbf{skylda} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skulu}. + +\noindent +\textbf{skyldr} \textit{adj.} obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu]. + +\noindent +\textbf{skyn} \textit{sn.} understanding, insight---`kunna, sk.' understand. + +\noindent +\textbf{skynda} \textit{wv.} 1, hasten, bring in haste. + +\noindent +\textbf{skyndiliga} \textit{adv.} hastily, quickly. + +\noindent +\textbf{skynsamliga} \textit{adv.} intelligently, carefully. + +\noindent +\textbf{skȳt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{skjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{slā} \textit{sv.} 2, strike. `slā eldi ī,' light a fire. + +\noindent +\textbf{slæliga} \textit{adv.} sluggishly, weakly. + +\noindent +\textbf{slær} \textit{adj.} blunt. + +\noindent +\textbf{slær} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{slā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{slātr} \textit{sn.} meat. + +\noindent +\textbf{sleikja} \textit{wv.} lick. + +\noindent +\textbf{sleit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{slīta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{slēttr} \textit{adj.} level, smooth; comfortable, easy. + +\noindent +\textbf{slīkr} \textit{adj.} such. + +\noindent +\textbf{slīta} \textit{sv.} 6, tear---\textbf{sl.\ upp}, pull up; \textit{w.\ dat.} + break (agreement). + +\noindent +\textbf{smæri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{smār}. + +\noindent +\textbf{smār} \textit{adj.} small, insignificant. + +\noindent +\textbf{smā-skip} \textit{snpl.} small ships. + +\noindent +\textbf{smā-skūta} \textit{wf.} small cutter. + +\noindent +\textbf{smjūga} \textit{sv.} 7, squeeze through, slip. + +\noindent +\textbf{smugu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{smjūga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{snarpligr} \textit{adj.} vigorous. + +\noindent +\textbf{snarpr} \textit{adj.} sharp; vigorous. + +\noindent +\textbf{snimma} \textit{adv.} early. + +\noindent +\textbf{snöra} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{snūa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{snūa} \textit{sv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} turn \textit{or} (\textit{trans.}) + direct; twist, plait. \textbf{snūask}, turn (\textit{intr.}). + +\noindent +\textbf{soðinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sjōða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sœkja} \textit{wv.} 1c, seek; go---`s.\ aptr,' retreat. + +\noindent +\textbf{sœmð} \textit{sf.} honour [sōma]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sœtti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sœkja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sofa} \textit{sv.} 4, sleep. + +\noindent +\textbf{sofna} \textit{wv.} 3, go to sleep. + +\noindent +\textbf{sǫgur} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{saga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sǫk} \textit{sf.} cause---`fyrir þā s.\ at'\ldots, because. + +\noindent +\textbf{sökkva} \textit{sv.} 3, sink. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōl} \textit{sf.} sun. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōl-skin} \textit{sn.} sunshine. + +\noindent +\textbf{soltinn} \textit{adj.} hungry [\textit{ptc.\ of} `svelta,' starve]. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōma} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ dat.}, be suitable, befitting. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōmi} \textit{wm.} honour. + +\noindent +\textbf{sonr} \textit{sm.} son. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōtt} \textit{sf.} illness. + +\noindent +\textbf{sōtta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sœkja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sǫx} \textit{snpl.} raised prow of a war-ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{spala} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{spǫlr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sparask} \textit{wv.} 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy. + +\noindent +\textbf{spęnna (spęnta)} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing}, gird, + buckle on. + +\noindent +\textbf{spjōt} \textit{sn.} spear. + +\noindent +\textbf{sporðr} \textit{sm.} tail. + +\noindent +\textbf{spori} \textit{sm.} spur. + +\noindent +\textbf{spǫlr} \textit{sm.} rail. + +\noindent +\textbf{sprakk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{springa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sprętta} \textit{wv.} 1, split. + +\noindent +\textbf{springa} \textit{sv.} 3, burst. + +\noindent +\textbf{spurða} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{spyrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{spyrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, ask; hear of, learn---`sp.\ til eins,' have + news of, hear of his arrival. \textbf{spyrjask}, be known. + +\noindent +\textbf{spyrna} \textit{wv.} 1, kick. + +\noindent +\textbf{staddr} \textit{adj.} placed, staying [\textit{ptc.\ of} `stęðja,' + place]. + +\noindent +\textbf{staðr} \textit{sm.} place---`ī staðinn,' instead. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafaðr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} striped. + +\noindent +\textbf{staf-karl} \textit{sm.} (staff-man), beggar. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafn} \textit{sm.} prow. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafn-būi} \textit{wm.} prow-man. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafn-lē} \textit{wm.} grappling-hook. + +\noindent +\textbf{stafr} \textit{sm.} 2 (\textit{gen.\ sg.} stafs), staff, stick. + +\noindent +\textbf{stakk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stinga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stallari} \textit{sm.} marshall. + +\noindent +\textbf{standa} \textit{sv.} 2, stand. \textbf{st.\ upp}, stand up, rise. + +\noindent +\textbf{starfa} \textit{wv.} 3, work. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęfna} \textit{wv.} 1, steer; take a course, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{steig} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stīga}. + +\noindent +\textbf{steinn} \textit{sm.} stone; jewel. + +\noindent +\textbf{stela} \textit{sv.} 4, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing and acc.\ of pers.} + steal, rob. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęndr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{standa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęrkliga} \textit{adv.} vigorously. + +\noindent +\textbf{stęrkr} \textit{adj.} strong. + +\noindent +\textbf{steypa} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing}, throw; pull off. + \textbf{steypask}, throw oneself. + +\noindent +\textbf{stīga} \textit{sv.} 6, advance, walk, go. \textbf{st.\ upp}, mount + (horse). + +\noindent +\textbf{stīgr} \textit{sm.} path, way. + +\noindent +\textbf{stikill} \textit{sm.} point. + +\noindent +\textbf{stilla (stilta)} \textit{wv.} 1, arrange. \textbf{st.\ til}, + arrange, dispose. + +\noindent +\textbf{stinga} \textit{sv.} 3, pierce; `st.\ stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow + against a ship's side. + +\noindent +\textbf{stirt} \textit{adv.} harshly [\textit{neut.\ of} `stirðr,' stiff]. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{standa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stœrri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stōr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōkkva} \textit{sv.} 3, spring, rebound, start back. + +\noindent +\textbf{stolinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{stela}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōrliga} \textit{adv.} bigly, arrogantly. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-mannligr} \textit{adj.} magnificent, aristocratic. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-męnni} \textit{sn.} great men (collective), aristocracy. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōrr} \textit{adj.} big, great. \textbf{stōrum} \textit{adv.} greatly. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-rāðr} \textit{adj.} (great of plans), ambitious. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-skip} \textit{sn.} big ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{stōr-virki} \textit{sn.} great deed. + +\noindent +\textbf{strā} \textit{wv.} 1, strew, cover with straw. + +\noindent +\textbf{strauk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{strjūka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{stręngr} \textit{sm.} 2, string. + +\noindent +\textbf{strjūka} \textit{sv.} 7, stroke. + +\noindent +\textbf{stund} \textit{sf.} period of time, time. + +\noindent +\textbf{stutt} \textit{adv.} shortly, abruptly [\textit{neut.\ of} `stuttr' + short]. + +\noindent +\textbf{stȳra} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} steer. + +\noindent +\textbf{stȳri} \textit{sn.} rudder. + +\noindent +\textbf{stȳris-hnakki} \textit{wm.} top piece of rudder. + +\noindent +\textbf{styrkr} \textit{sm.} strength; help. + +\noindent +\textbf{sū} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{suðr} \textit{adv.} southward. + +\noindent +\textbf{suðr-ganga} \textit{wf.} journey south (to Rome). + +\noindent +\textbf{sukku} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sökkva}. + +\noindent +\textbf{sumar} \textit{sn.} summer. + +\noindent +\textbf{sumr} \textit{prn.} some. + +\noindent +\textbf{sund} \textit{sn.} sound, channel. + +\noindent +\textbf{svā} \textit{adv.} so, as; as soon as. `ok svā,' also. + +\noindent +\textbf{svaf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sofa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{svara} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of thing}, answer. + +\noindent +\textbf{svardagi} \textit{sm.} oath. + +\noindent +\textbf{sveinn} \textit{sm.} boy. + +\noindent +\textbf{sveinn-stauli} \textit{wm.} small boy. + +\noindent +\textbf{sveit} \textit{sf.} troop. + +\noindent +\textbf{svelga} \textit{sv.} 3, swallow, gulp. + +\noindent +\textbf{sverð} \textit{sn.} sword. + +\noindent +\textbf{sverðs-hǫgg} \textit{sn.} swordstroke. + +\noindent +\textbf{svipan} \textit{sf.} jerk; moment. + +\noindent +\textbf{svipting} \textit{sf.} pull, struggle. + +\noindent +\textbf{sȳnask} \textit{wv.} 1, seem [sjōn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{syni} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sonr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{systir} \textit{sf.} 3, sister. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{T} + +\noindent +\textbf{taka} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ acc.} take, seize, take possession + of; \textit{w.\ inf.} begin; \textit{w.\ dat.} receive (well, ill, etc.). + \textbf{takask}, take place, begin. \textbf{t.\ at}, choose. \textbf{t. + til}, engage in, try. \textbf{t.\ upp}, take to, choose. + +\noindent +\textbf{tala} \textit{wf.} talk, speech. + +\noindent +\textbf{tala} \textit{wv.} 3, speak, talk about, discuss. + +\noindent +\textbf{taliðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{tęlja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tālma} \textit{wv.} 3, hinder. + +\noindent +\textbf{tār} \textit{sn.} tear. + +\noindent +\textbf{taumar} \textit{smpl.} reins. + +\noindent +\textbf{tękinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{taka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęlja} \textit{wv.} 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, + say [tala]. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęngðir} \textit{sfpl.} relationship, connection by marriage. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęngja} \textit{wv.} 1, bind, fasten together. + +\noindent +\textbf{tęngsl} \textit{snpl.} cable. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīða} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.} desire. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīðindi} \textit{snpl.} tidings, news. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīðr} \textit{adj.} usual, happening---`hvat er tītt um þik?' what + is the matter with you? \textbf{tītt} \textit{adv.} often, quickly---`sem + tīðast,' as quickly as possible. + +\noindent +\textbf{tiginn} \textit{adj.} of high rank. + +\noindent +\textbf{tigr} \textit{sm.} ---`fjōrir tigir,' forty. + +\noindent +\textbf{til} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ gen.} to; till; for (of use)---`alt + er t.\ vāpna var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for + (of object, intention)---`brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to + get at the marrow; with respect to---`til vista var eigi + gott,' they were not well off for provisions. + +\noindent +\textbf{til} \textit{adv.} too (of excess). + +\noindent +\textbf{til-vīsan} \textit{sf.} direction, guidance. + +\noindent +\textbf{tītt} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{tīðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tīvi} \textit{wm.} god. + +\noindent +\textbf{tjald} \textit{sn.} tent. + +\noindent +\textbf{tjūgu-skęgg} \textit{sn.} forked beard. + +\noindent +\textbf{tœka} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{taka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tōk} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{taka}. + +\noindent +\textbf{tǫnn} \textit{sf.} 3, tooth. + +\noindent +\textbf{trani} \textit{wm.} crane. + +\noindent +\textbf{trē} \textit{sn.} tree. + +\noindent +\textbf{troða} \textit{sv.} tread. + +\noindent +\textbf{trog} \textit{sn.} trough. + +\noindent +\textbf{tros} \textit{sn.} droppings, rubbish. + +\noindent +\textbf{trūa} \textit{wf.} faith---`þat veit tr.\ mīn at\ldots,' by + my faith. + +\noindent +\textbf{trūa} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ dat.\ of pers.} believe, trust, + rely on. + +\noindent +\textbf{tūn} \textit{sn.} enclosure, dwelling. + +\noindent +\textbf{tveir} \textit{num.} two. + +\noindent +\textbf{tȳna} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} lose. + +\noindent +\textbf{typpa} \textit{wv.} tie in a top-knot. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{Þ} + +\noindent +\textbf{þā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þā} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þiggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þā} \textit{adv.} then. + +\noindent +\textbf{þær} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þakðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þękja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þakka} \textit{wv.} 3, \textit{w.\ acc.\ of thing and dat.\ of + pers.} thank; requite, reward. + +\noindent +\textbf{þambar-skęlfir} \textit{sm.} bowstring-shaker (?). + +\noindent +\textbf{þann} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þannig} \textit{adv.} thither; so [= þann veg]. + +\noindent +\textbf{þar} \textit{adv.} there; then; `þ.\ af,' \textit{etc.}, + thereof. `þar sem,' since, because. `þar til,' until. + +\noindent +\textbf{þarf} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þurfa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þat} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þau} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þegar} \textit{adv.} at once. `þ.\ er,' as soon as. + +\noindent +\textbf{þęginn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þiggja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þęgja} \textit{wv.} 1b, be silent. + +\noindent +\textbf{þeim} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þeir, þeirra} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þękja} \textit{wv.} 1b, roof. + +\noindent +\textbf{þękkja} \textit{wv.} 1, notice. \textbf{þękkjask}, take pleasure + in; accept. + +\noindent +\textbf{þēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þess} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þess} \textit{adv.\ w.\ comp.} the, so much the. + +\noindent +\textbf{þessi} \textit{prn.} this. + +\noindent +\textbf{þiggja} \textit{sv.} 5, receive. + +\noindent +\textbf{þik} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þing} \textit{sn.} meeting, parliament. + +\noindent +\textbf{þinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þjōð} \textit{sf.} nation, race. + +\noindent +\textbf{þō} \textit{adv.} though, yet. + +\noindent +\textbf{þǫkð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þękja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þǫkk} \textit{sf.} thanks, gratitude [þakka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{þola} \textit{wv.} 2, endure, put up with. + +\noindent +\textbf{þora} \textit{wv.} 2, dare. + +\noindent +\textbf{þǫrf} \textit{sf.} need. + +\noindent +\textbf{þorrinn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þverra}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þōtt} \textit{adv.} though [= þō at]. + +\noindent +\textbf{þōtta} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þykkja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þraut} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þrjōta}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þreifask} \textit{wv.} 3, grope, feel. + +\noindent +\textbf{þreyta} \textit{wv.} 1, make exertions, try. + +\noindent +\textbf{þriði} \textit{adj.} third. + +\noindent +\textbf{þriðjungr} \textit{sm.} third. + +\noindent +\textbf{þrīr} \textit{num.} three. + +\noindent +\textbf{þrjōta} \textit{sv.} 7, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.} come to + an end, fail. + +\noindent +\textbf{þrūðugr} \textit{adj.} mighty. + +\noindent +\textbf{þū} \textit{prn.} thou. + +\noindent +\textbf{þumlungr} \textit{sm.} thumb of glove. + +\noindent +\textbf{þunn-vangi} \textit{wm.} temple (of head). + +\noindent +\textbf{þurðr} \textit{sm.} diminution. + +\noindent +\textbf{þurfa} \textit{swv.} \textit{often impers.} require, need. + +\noindent +\textbf{þurr} \textit{adj.} dry. + +\noindent +\textbf{þurs} \textit{sm.} giant. + +\noindent +\textbf{þverra} \textit{sv.} 3, diminish. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvers} \textit{adv.} across. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvī} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{sā}. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvī} \textit{adv.} therefore; \textit{w.\ compar.} the, so much the + more. + +\noindent +\textbf{þvīlikr} \textit{adj.} such. + +\noindent +\textbf{þykkja} \textit{wv.} 1c, seen, be considered. `þykkir einum + fyrir,' there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. + `myndi mēr fyrir þ.\ ī,' I should be displeased. \textbf{þykkjask}, + think. + +\noindent +\textbf{þykkr} \textit{adj.} thick, close. + +\noindent +\textbf{þynna} \textit{wv.} 1, make thin. \textbf{þynnask} get thin. + +\noindent +\textbf{þyrstr} \textit{adj.\ (ptc.)} thirsty. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{U} + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-fœra} \textit{wf.} impassable place; fix, difficulty. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-friðr} \textit{sm.} hostility, war. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-grynni} \textit{sn.} countless number [grunnr, `bottom']. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-happ} \textit{sn.} misfortune. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-hreinn} \textit{adj.} impure. + +\noindent +\textbf{um} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.} around, about, over; \textit{of + time} in, at; \textit{of superiority} beyond; concerning, about. + +\noindent +\textbf{um-rāð} \textit{sn.} advice, help. + +\noindent +\textbf{um-sjā} \textit{sf.} care. + +\noindent +\textbf{una} \textit{wv.} 1, \textit{w.\ dat.} be contented---`u.\ illa,' be + discontented. + +\noindent +\textbf{undan} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ dat.}, \textit{adv.} away (from). + +\noindent +\textbf{undarliga} \textit{adv.} strangely. + +\noindent +\textbf{undarligr} \textit{adj.} strange. + +\noindent +\textbf{undir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} under. + +\noindent +\textbf{undr} \textit{sn.} wonder. + +\noindent +\textbf{ungr} \textit{adj.} young. + +\noindent +\textbf{unninn} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vinna}. + +\noindent +\textbf{unz} \textit{adv.} until. + +\noindent +\textbf{upp} \textit{adv.} up. + +\noindent +\textbf{upp-ganga} \textit{wf.} boarding (ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{upp-haf} \textit{sn.} beginning [hęfja]. + +\noindent +\textbf{upp-himinn} \textit{sm.} high heaven. + +\noindent +\textbf{uppi} \textit{adv.} up; at an end. + +\noindent +\textbf{urðu} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ūt} \textit{adv.} out. \textit{comp.} \textbf{utar}, outer, outwards, + farther away. + +\noindent +\textbf{utan} \textit{adv.} outside; outwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{utan-fęrð} \textit{sf.} journey abroad. + +\noindent +\textbf{utar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ūt}. + +\noindent +\textbf{ūti} \textit{adv.} outside, out on the sea. + +\noindent +\textbf{ūt-lausn} \textit{sf.} ransom. + +\noindent +\textbf{ū-vinr} \textit{sm.} enemy. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{V} + +\noindent +\textbf{vægð} \textit{sf.} forbearance. + +\noindent +\textbf{vænn} \textit{adj.} likely, to be expected. + +\noindent +\textbf{væri} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vætr} \textit{neut.} nothing. + +\noindent +\textbf{vaka} \textit{wv.} 3, be awake, wake up. + +\noindent +\textbf{vakna} \textit{wv.} 3, awake. + +\noindent +\textbf{vald} \textit{sn.} power, control. + +\noindent +\textbf{val-kyrja} \textit{sf.} chooser of the slain, + war-goddess [kjōsa]. + +\noindent +\textbf{valr} \textit{sm.} corpses on the battle-field. + +\noindent +\textbf{vān,} \textit{sf.} hope, expectation, probability. + +\noindent +\textbf{vandræða-skāld} \textit{sn.} the `awkward' poet, the poet + who is difficult to deal with. + +\noindent +\textbf{vandræði} \textit{snpl.} difficulty. + +\noindent +\textbf{vangi} \textit{wm.} cheek. + +\noindent +\textbf{vanr} \textit{adj.} accustomed. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāpn} \textit{sn.} weapon. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāpna-burð} \textit{sm.} bearing weapons, shower of missiles. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāpn-lauss} \textit{adj.} without weapons. + +\noindent +\textbf{var} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vār} \textit{sn.} spring. + +\noindent +\textbf{vār} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vara} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{impers.\ w.\ acc.\ of pers.}---`mik varði,' + I expected. + +\noindent +\textbf{varð} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verða}. + +\noindent +\textbf{varði} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vęrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vargr} \textit{sm.} wolf. + +\noindent +\textbf{variðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vęrja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{varla} \textit{adv.} scarcely. + +\noindent +\textbf{varnaðr} \textit{sm.} goods, merchandise. + +\noindent +\textbf{vāru} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vatn} \textit{sn.} water. + +\noindent +\textbf{vaxa} \textit{sv.} 2, grow; increase. + +\noindent +\textbf{veðr} \textit{sn.} weather. + +\noindent +\textbf{vegr} \textit{sm.} road; way, manner; direction, side; + \textit{in composition}, region, tract, land. + +\noindent +\textbf{veik} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vikja}. + +\noindent +\textbf{veit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vita}. + +\noindent +\textbf{veita} \textit{wv.} 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.). + +\noindent +\textbf{vękja} \textit{wv.} 1b, wake [vaka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{vēl} \textit{sf.} artifice, cunning. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęlja} \textit{wv.} 1b, choose. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęndi} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vǫndr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vēr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vera} \textit{sv.} exist; remain, stay, happen; be. `hvat + lātum hafði verit,' what had caused the noise. \textbf{v.\ at}, be + occupied with. + +\noindent +\textbf{verð} \textit{sn.} worth, value; price. + +\noindent +\textbf{verða} \textit{sv.} 3, happen; happen to come. `v.\ fyrir + einum,' come in one's way, appear before one; become; come into + being, be; `v.\ til eins,' be ready for, undertake; \textit{w.\ infin.} + be obliged, must. `nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have + come into a great perplexity, difficulty. \textbf{v.\ at}, happen. + +\noindent +\textbf{verðr} \textit{adj.} worth; important. + +\noindent +\textbf{ver-gjarn} \textit{adj.} desirous of a husband, loose. + +\noindent +\textbf{verit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vera}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vert} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{verðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, defend---`v.\ baki,' defend with the back, + turn one's back on. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęrja} \textit{wv.} 1b, dress; lay out money, invest. + +\noindent +\textbf{verk} \textit{sn.} work, job. + +\noindent +\textbf{verr} \textit{sm.} man; husband. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęrr} \textit{adv.} \textit{comp.} worse. \textit{superl.} + \textbf{vęrst}, worst. + +\noindent +\textbf{verǫld} \textit{sf.} world. + +\noindent +\textbf{vestan} \textit{adv.} from the west. `v.\ fyrir' \textit{w.\ gen.\ or + acc.}, west of. + +\noindent +\textbf{vestr} \textit{adv.} westwards. + +\noindent +\textbf{vetr} \textit{sm.} winter; year. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęx} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vaxa}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vęxti} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vǫxtr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{við} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.} by, near; towards (of place + and time); with (of various relations). \textit{w.\ dat.} towards, at + (laugh at, etc.); in exchange for, for. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīða} \textit{adv.} widely, far and wide, on many sides. + +\noindent +\textbf{viðar-teinungr} \textit{sm.} tree-shoot, plant. + +\noindent +\textbf{við-bragð} \textit{sn.} push. + +\noindent +\textbf{viðr} \textit{sm.} 3, tree. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīðr} \textit{adj.} wide, broad. + +\noindent +\textbf{við-skipti} \textit{snpl.} dealings. + +\noindent +\textbf{við-taka} \textit{wf.} reception; resistance. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīgja} \textit{wv.} 1, consecrate, hallow. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīgr} \textit{adj.} warlike, able-bodied. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīking} \textit{sf.} piracy, piratical expedition. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīkingr} \textit{sm.} pirate. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīkja} \textit{sv.} 6, turn, move, go. + +\noindent +\textbf{vilja} \textit{swv.} will. + +\noindent +\textbf{villi-eldr} \textit{sm.} wildfire, conflagration. + +\noindent +\textbf{vinātta} \textit{wf.} friendship. + +\noindent +\textbf{vināttu-māl} \textit{snpl.} assurances of friendship. + +\noindent +\textbf{vinna} \textit{sv.} 3, do, perform; win, conquer. \textbf{vinnask + til}, suffice. + +\noindent +\textbf{vinr} \textit{sm.} 2, friend. + +\noindent +\textbf{virðing} \textit{sf.} honour [verðr]. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīsa} \textit{wv.} 2, \textit{w.\ dat.} show, guide. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīss} \textit{adj.} wise; certain. + +\noindent +\textbf{vissa} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{vita}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vist} \textit{sf.} 2, board and lodging; provisions. + +\noindent +\textbf{vit} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{ek}. + +\noindent +\textbf{vita} \textit{swv.} know; be turned in a certain direction. + \textbf{v.\ fram}, see into futurity. + +\noindent +\textbf{vīti} \textit{sn.} punishment, penalty. + +\noindent +\textbf{vītis-horn} \textit{sn.} penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk + as a punishment). + +\noindent +\textbf{vitkask} \textit{wv.} 3, come to one's senses. + +\noindent +\textbf{vitr (-ran)} \textit{adj.} wise. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫllr} \textit{sm.} 3, plain, field. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫndr} \textit{sm.} 3, twig, rod. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫrn} \textit{sf.} defence, resistance. + +\noindent +\textbf{vǫxtr} \textit{sm.} 3, growth, stature. + +\noindent +\textbf{vreiðr} \textit{} = reiðr. + +\emptypage + +\chapter*{Y} + +\noindent +\textbf{yðr} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{þū}. + +\noindent +\textbf{yfir} \textit{prp.} \textit{w.\ acc.\ and dat.} over [ofan]. + +\noindent +\textbf{ȳmiss} \textit{adj.} various, different. + +\noindent +\textbf{ymr} \textit{sm.} rumbling noise. + +\noindent +\textbf{ytri} \textit{adj.} \textit{comp.} outer. \textit{superl.} \textbf{yztr}, + outside(st) [ūt]. + + + +\part{Proper Names} + +\noindent +\textbf{Āki} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Āsa-þōrr} \textit{sm.} (divine) Thor. + +\noindent +\textbf{Āstrīðr} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Auðun} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Baldr (-rs)} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Barði} \textit{wm.} `the Ram' (name of a ship). + +\noindent +\textbf{Bil-skīrnir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Brīsinga-męn} \textit{sn.} Freyja's necklace. + +\noindent +\textbf{Burizleifr} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Dāins-leif} \textit{sf.} relic of Dāinn [`leif,' leaving, heritage]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Dana-konungr} \textit{sm.} king of the Danes. + +\noindent +\textbf{Danir} \textit{smpl.} the Danes. + +\noindent +\textbf{Dan-mǫrk} \textit{sf.} 3, Denmark. + +\noindent +\textbf{Draupnir} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Einarr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Eindriði} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Eirīkr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Erlingr} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Fęn-salr} \textit{sm.} 2. + +\noindent +\textbf{Finnr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Finskr} \textit{adj.} Finnish. + +\noindent +\textbf{Freyja} \textit{wf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Freyr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Frigg} \textit{sf.} wife of Odin. + +\noindent +\textbf{Fulla} \textit{wf.} Frigg's handmaid. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Geira} \textit{wf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Gimsar} \textit{fpl.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Gjallar-brū} \textit{sf.} the bridge over the river Gjǫll. + +\noindent +\textbf{Gjǫll} \textit{sf.} `the Resounder,' the river of Hell. + +\noindent +\textbf{Grœn-land} \textit{sn.} Greenland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Gullin-bursti} \textit{wm.} `Golden-bristle.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Gull-toppr} \textit{sm.} `Gold-top.' + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hā-ey} \textit{sf.} `High-island.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Hākon} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hall-freðr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Haraldr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hēðinn} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Heim-dallr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hęl} \textit{sf.} the goddess of the infernal regions. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hęr-mōðr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hildr} \textit{sf.} [`hildr,' war]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hjaðninga-vīg} \textit{sn.} battle of the Hjaðnings. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hjarrandi} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hlōriði} \textit{wm.} the Thunderer, Thor. + +\noindent +\textbf{Hǫgni} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hring-horni} \textit{wm.} `Ring-prowed.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Hyrningr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hyrrokin} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Hǫðr} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Īs-land} \textit{sn.} Iceland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Īsland-fęrð} \textit{sf.} journey to Iceland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Īslęnzkr} \textit{adj.} Icelandic. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Jōms-borg} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Jōms-vīkingar} \textit{smpl.} the pirates of Jōmsborg. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Kol-bjǫrn} \textit{sm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Laufey} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Litr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Loki} \textit{wm.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Mōð-guðr} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Mœri} \textit{wf.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Nanna} \textit{wf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Nepr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Njarðar} \textit{} \textit{see} \textbf{Njǫrðr}. + +\noindent +\textbf{Njǫrðr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Nōa-tūn} \textit{snpl.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Noregr} \textit{sm.} Norway [= norð-vegr]. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ǫku-þōrr} \textit{sm.} Thor (the driver) [aka]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Ōlāfr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ōðinn} \textit{sm.} Odin. + +\noindent +\textbf{Orkn-eyjar} \textit{sfpl.} Orkneys. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Rōma-borg} \textit{sf.} Rome. + +\noindent +\textbf{Rūm-fęrli} \textit{wm.} pilgrim to Rome [fara]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Rǫskva} \textit{wf.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sax-land} \textit{sn.} Saxony, Germany. + +\noindent +\textbf{Sif} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sigrīðr} \textit{sf.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sig-valdi} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Skjālgr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Skrȳmir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Sleipnir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Slīðrug-tanni} \textit{wm.} [tǫnn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Sœnskr} \textit{adj.} Swedish. + +\noindent +\textbf{Sveinn} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Svīa-konungr} \textit{sm.} king of Sweden. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svīar} \textit{smpl.} Swedes. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svīa-vęldi} \textit{sn.} Sweden [vald]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svī-þjōð} \textit{sf.} Sweden. + +\noindent +\textbf{Svǫlðr (-rar)} \textit{sf.} island of Svolder, near Rügen. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Tann-gnjōstr} \textit{sm.} [tǫnn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Tann-grisnir} \textit{sm.} [tǫnn]. + +\noindent +\textbf{Tryggvi} \textit{wm.} `Trusty.' + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þjālfi} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þōrir} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þor-kęll} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þōrr} \textit{sm.} Thor. + +\noindent +\textbf{Þor-steinn} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þrūð-vangar} \textit{smpl.} `plains of strength.' + +\noindent +\textbf{Þrymyr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Þǫkk} \textit{sf.} + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ūlfr} \textit{sm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ūtgarða-loki} \textit{wm.} + +\noindent +\textbf{Ūt-garðr} \textit{sm.} \textbf{Ūt-garðar} \textit{pl.} `outer enclosure,' + world of the giants. + +\vspace{\baselineskip} + +\noindent +\textbf{Vanir} \textit{smpl.} race of Gods. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vār} \textit{sf.} goddess of betrothal and marriage. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vest-firzkr} \textit{adj.} of the west firths (in Iceland). + +\noindent +\textbf{Vīk} \textit{sf.} `the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vinda-snękkja} \textit{wf.} Wendish ship. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vind-land} \textit{sn.} Wendland. + +\noindent +\textbf{Vindr} \textit{smpl.} the Wends. + +\noindent +\textbf{Ving-þōrr} \textit{sm.} name of Thor. + +\end{document} diff --git a/old/5424-t/exaccent.sty b/old/5424-t/exaccent.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c980b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/exaccent.sty @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +% +% `exaccent.sty' for extended accent. +% +% Copyright(C) 1996 by FUKUI Rei +% +% This file is based on `tsipa.sty' for TSIPA created by +% KOBAYASHI Hajime, FUKUI Rei and SHIRAKAWA Shun. +% +% Version 1.0 1996/06/10 +% +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesPackage{exaccent}[1996/06/10 extended accent Version 1.0] + +{\slshape\xdef\@slshapename{\f@shape}} +{\itshape\xdef\@itshapename{\f@shape}} + +\newcommand\upperaccent{\@ifnextchar[{\upper@accent a\empty}% + {\upper@accent a\empty[\z@]}} +\newcommand\Upperaccent{\@ifnextchar[{\upper@accent b\empty}% + {\upper@accent b\empty[\z@]}} +\newcommand\loweraccent{\@ifnextchar[{\lower@accent a\empty}% + {\lower@accent a\empty[\z@]}} +\newcommand\Loweraccent{\@ifnextchar[{\lower@accent b\empty}% + {\lower@accent b\empty[\z@]}} + +\def\upper@accent#1#2[#3]#4#5{{\leavevmode + \setbox\z@\hbox{#5}\setbox\@ne\hbox{#2% + \if a#1\char#4\else#4\fi}% + \ifx\empty#5\empty\box\@ne\else + \@getaccshift \let\c@lcshift\@pshift + \dimen\z@\ht\@ne + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex \advance\dimen\z@ -1ex \else + \ifdim\ht\@ne=\z@ \dimen\z@\dp\@ne \fi\fi + \vbox{\hsize\wd\z@\offinterlineskip + \hb@xt@\z@{\@accshift{#3}\hb@xt@\wd\z@{% + \hss\vbox to \dimen\z@{\hbox{\box\@ne}\vss}\hss}\hss} + \kern#3 + \hbox{#5}}\fi}} + +\def\lower@accent#1#2[#3]#4#5{{\leavevmode + \setbox\z@\hbox{#5}\setbox\@ne\hbox{#2% + \if a#1\char#4\else#4\fi}% + \ifx\empty#5\empty\box\@ne\else + \@getaccshift \let\c@lcshift\s@bshift + \dimen\z@\ht\@ne + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex \advance\dimen\z@ -1.1ex \else + \ifdim\ht\@ne=\z@ \dimen\z@\dp\@ne \fi\fi + \vtop{\hsize\wd\z@\offinterlineskip + \hbox{#5} + \kern#3 + \hbox{\@accshift{#3}\hb@xt@\wd\z@{% + \hss\vbox to \dimen\z@{\hbox{\box\@ne}\vss}\hss}}}\fi}} + +\newcommand\@getaccshift{\def\@accshift##1{}% + \ifx\f@shape\@slshapename\let\@accshift\@accshiftsl\fi + \ifx\f@shape\@itshapename\let\@accshift\@accshiftsl\fi} + +\newcommand\@accshiftsl[1]{\c@lcshift{#1}\kern-.16667\dimen\@ne} + +\newcommand\@pshift[1]{% + \dimen\@ne-\ht\z@ % get height of the box to be accented + \advance\dimen\@ne -#1% % add margin between the letter and accent + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex + \advance\dimen\@ne 1ex\else + \ifdim\ht\@ne=\z@ + \advance\dimen\@ne -\dp\@ne\fi\fi} + +\newcommand\s@bshift[1]{% + \dimen\@ne\dp\z@ % get depth of the box to be accented + \ifdim\ht\@ne>\z@ + \advance\dimen\@ne \ht\@ne\fi % add ht of the accent + \ifdim\ht\@ne>1ex + \advance\dimen\@ne #1\fi} % add margin between the letter and accent + +\endinput diff --git a/old/5424-t/fixthings.ocp b/old/5424-t/fixthings.ocp Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..22aea85 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/fixthings.ocp diff --git a/old/5424-t/fixthings.otp b/old/5424-t/fixthings.otp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c63701e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/fixthings.otp @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +% OTP for composing various typographic symbols + +% Based on lat2uni.otp from the Omega distribution +% Changes (c) 2002 Jonas ster <d97ost@dtek.chalmers.se> + +% You may use, modify and redistribute this file +% in any way you like. + +input: 2; +output: 2; + +expressions: + +`-'`-'`-' => @"2014; +`-'`-' => @"2013; +%`-' => @"2010; +``'``' => @"201C; +``' => @"2018; +`''`'' => @"201D; +`'' => @"2019; +`,'`,' => @"201E; +`<'`<' => @"00AB; +`>'`>' => @"00BB; + +. => \1; diff --git a/old/5424-t/lineno.sty b/old/5424-t/lineno.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a31d23a --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/lineno.sty @@ -0,0 +1,1517 @@ +\iffalse; awk '/S[H]ELL/' lineno.sty|sh;exit;\fi +%%% To pretty-print this file, feed it to a unix shell! +%%% +%%% $Id: lineno.sty,v 3.11 2002/01/26 23:40:55 stephan Exp $ +%%% +%%% Copyright 1995--2001 Stephan I. B"ottcher <stephan@nevis.columbia.edu> +%%% +%%% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms +%%% of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN +%%% archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either +%%% version 1 of the License, or any later version. +%%% +% \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}%D +% \usepackage{lineno}%D +% +% \title{ +% \texttt{\itshape +% lineno.sty \ v3.08b 2002/02/27 +% }\\\ \\ +% A \LaTeX\ package to attach +% \\ Line numbers to paragraphs +% }\author{ +% Stephan I. B\"ottcher +% }\date{ +% stephan@nevis.columbia.edu +%% \\ Stephan.Boettcher@desy.de +%% \\ Stephan.Boettcher@cern.ch +% \\} +% +% +% \def~{\verb~} +% \catcode`\<\catcode`\~ +% \def<#1>{$\langle${\itshape#1}\/$\rangle$} +% \catcode`\|\catcode`\~ +% \def|#1{{\ttfamily\string#1}} +% \newenvironment{code} +% {\par\runninglinenumbers +% \modulolinenumbers[1] +% \linenumbersep.3em +% \footnotesize +% \def\linenumberfont +% {\normalfont\tiny\itshape}} +% {} +% +% \begin{document}%D +%% \DocInput{lineno.doc}%D +% \pagewiselinenumbers +% \maketitle +% \tableofcontents +% \sloppy +% +% +% +% \section{ +% Introduction +% } +% This package provides line numbers on paragraphs. +% After \TeX\ has broken a paragraph into lines there will +% be line numbers attached to them, with the possibility to +% make references through the \LaTeX\ ~\ref~, ~\pageref~ +% cross reference mechanism. This includes four issues: +% \begin{itemize} +% \item attach a line number on each line, +% \item create references to a line number, +% \item control line numbering mode, +% \item count the lines and print the numbers. +% \end{itemize} +% The first two points are implemented through patches to +% the output routine. The third by redefining ~\par~, ~\@par~ +% and ~\@@par~. The counting is easy, as long as you want +% the line numbers run through the text. If they shall +% start over at the top of each page, the aux-file as well +% as \TeX s memory have to carry a load for each counted line. +% +% I wrote this package for my wife Petra, who needs it for +% transcriptions of interviews. This allows her to +% precisely refer to passages in the text. It works well +% together with ~\marginpar~s, but not to well with displaymath. +% ~\footnote~s are a problem, especially when they +% are split, but we may get there. +% +% lineno.sty works +% surprisingly well with other packages, for +% example, ~wrapfig.sty~. So please try if it +% works with whatever you need, and if it does, +% please tell me, and if it does not, tell me as +% well, so I can try to fix it. +% +% This style option is written for \LaTeXe, later than November 1994, +% since we need the ~\protected@write~ macro. + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1994/11/04] +\ProvidesPackage{lineno} + [2002/01/27 line numbers on paragraphs v3.08b] + +%% v1.00 1995/03/31 SIB: first release for Petras interview transcriptions +%% v1.01 1995/10/28 SIB: added ~pagewise~ mode +%% v1.02 1995/11/15 SIB: added ~modulo~ option +%% v1.03 1995/12/05 SIB: pagewise: try to reduce the hash-size requirements +%% v2.00 1995/12/06 SIB: .. it works, new user interface +%% v2.01 1996/09/17 SIB: put into CVS +%% v2.02 1997/03/17 SIB: add: \@reinserts, for footnotes +%% v2.04 1998/03/09 SIB: add: linenomath environment +%% v2.05 1998/04/26 SIB: add: prevgraf test +%% v2.06 1999/03/02 SIB: LPPL added +%% v3.00 1999/06/11 SiB: include the extension in the main file +%% v3.01 1999/08/28 SiB: \@reinserts -> \holdinginserts +%% v3.02 2000/03/10 SiB: \@LN@output +%% v3.03 2000/07/01 SiB: \@LN@ExtraLabelItems, hyperref +%% v3.04 2000/12/17 SiB: longtable compatibility. +%% v3.05 2001/01/02 SiB: [fleqn] detection. +%% v3.05a 2001/01/04 SiB: [fleqn] detection reverted for eqnarray. +%% v3.06 2001/01/17 SiB: [twocolumn] mode support. +%% v3.07 2001/07/30 SiB: [hyperref] option obsoleted. +%% v3.08 2001/08/02 SiB: linenomath wrapping for \[ \] +%% v3.08a 2001/08/04 SiB: linenomath wrapping for \[ \] fixed +%% v3.08b 2002/01/27 SiB: enquotation typo fix +%% +%% Acknowledgements: +%% v3.06: Donald Arseneau, pointed to mparhack.sty. +%% v3.07+: Frank Mittelbach, points out inconsistencies in the +%% user interface. +% +% \section{ +% Put the line numbers to the lines +% } +% The line numbers have to be attached by the output +% routine. We simply set the ~\interlinepenalty~ to -100000. +% The output routine will be called after each line in the +% paragraph, except the last, where we trigger by ~\par~. +% The ~\linenopenalty~ is small enough to compensate a bunch of +% penalties (e.g., with ~\samepage~). +% +% (New v3.04) Longtable uses +% ~\penaly~-30000. The lineno penalty range was +% shrunk to $-188000 \dots -32000$. (/New v3.04) + +\newcount\linenopenalty\linenopenalty=-100000 +\mathchardef\linenopenaltypar=32000 + +% So let's make a hook to ~\output~, the direct way. The \LaTeX\ +% macro ~\@reinserts~ puts the footnotes back on the page. +% +% (New v3.01) ~\@reinserts~ badly +% screws up split footnotes. The bottom part is +% still on the recent contributions list, and the +% top part will be put back there after the bottom +% part. Thus, since lineno.sty does not play well +% with ~\inserts~ anyway, we can safely experiment +% with ~\holdinginserts~, without making things +% much worse. +% +% Or that's what I thought, but: Just activating +% ~\holdinginserts~ while doing the ~\par~ will +% not do the trick: The ~\output~ routine may be +% called for a real page break before all line +% numbers are done, and how can we get control +% over ~\holdinginserts~ at that point? +% +% Let's try this: When the ~\output~ routine is +% run with ~\holdinginserts=3~ for a real page +% break, then we reset ~\holdinginserts~ and +% restart ~\output~. +% +% Then, again, how do we keep the remaining +% ~\inserts~ while doing further line numbers? +% +% If we find ~\holdinginserts~=-3 we activate it again +% after doing ~\output~. (/New v3.01) +% +% (New v3.02) To work with +% multicol.sty, the original output routine is now +% called indirectly, instead of being replaced. +% When multicol.sty changes ~\output~, it is a +% toks register, not the real thing. (/New v3.02) + +\let\@LN@output\output +\newtoks\output +\output=\expandafter{\the\@LN@output} +\@LN@output={% + \LineNoTest + \if@tempswa + \LineNoHoldInsertsTest + \if@tempswa + \if@twocolumn\let\@makecol\@LN@makecol\fi + \the\output + \ifnum\holdinginserts=-3 + \global\holdinginserts 3 + \fi + \else + \global\holdinginserts-3 + \unvbox\@cclv + \ifnum\outputpenalty=10000\else + \penalty\outputpenalty + \fi + \fi + \else + \MakeLineNo + \fi + } + +% The float mechanism inserts ~\interlinepenalty~s during +% ~\output~. So carefully reset it before going on. Else +% we get doubled line numbers on every float placed in +% horizontal mode, e.g, from ~\linelabel~. +% +% Sorry, neither a ~\linelabel~ nor a ~\marginpar~ should +% insert a penalty, else the following linenumber +% could go to the next page. Nor should any other +% float. So let us suppress the ~\interlinepenalty~ +% altogether with the ~\@nobreak~ switch. +% +% Since (ltspace.dtx, v1.2p)[1996/07/26], the ~\@nobreaktrue~ does +% it's job globally. We need to do it locally here. + +\def\LineNoTest{% + \let\@@par\@@@par + \ifnum\interlinepenalty<-\linenopenaltypar + \advance\interlinepenalty-\linenopenalty + \my@nobreaktrue + \fi + \@tempswatrue + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-\linenopenaltypar\else + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-188000\relax + \@tempswafalse + \fi + \fi + } + +\def\my@nobreaktrue{\let\if@nobreak\iftrue} + +\def\LineNoHoldInsertsTest{% + \ifnum\holdinginserts=3\relax + \@tempswafalse + \fi + } + +% We have to return all the page to the current page, and +% add a box with the line number, without adding +% breakpoints, glue or space. The depth of our line number +% should be equal to the previous depth of the page, in +% case the page breaks here, and the box has to be moved up +% by that depth. +% +% The ~\interlinepenalty~ comes after the ~\vadjust~ from a +% ~\linelabel~, so we increment the line number \emph{after} +% printing it. The macro ~\makeLineNumber~ produces the +% text of the line number, see section \ref{appearance}. +% +% Finally we put in the natural ~\interlinepenalty~, except +% after the last line. + +\def\MakeLineNo{\@tempdima\dp\@cclv \unvbox\@cclv + \sbox\@tempboxa{\hbox to\z@{\makeLineNumber}}% + \stepcounter{linenumber}% + \dp\@tempboxa=\@tempdima\ht\@tempboxa=\z@ + \nointerlineskip\kern-\@tempdima\box\@tempboxa + \ifnum\outputpenalty=-\linenopenaltypar\else + \@tempcnta\outputpenalty + \advance\@tempcnta -\linenopenalty + \penalty\@tempcnta + \fi + } + +% +% +% \section{ +% Control line numbering +% } +% The line numbering is controlled via ~\par~. \LaTeX\ +% saved the \TeX-primitive ~\par~ in ~\@@par~. We push it +% one level further out, and redefine ~\@@par~ to insert +% the ~\interlinepenalty~ needed to trigger the +% line numbering. And we need to allow pagebreaks after a +% paragraph. +% +% New (2.05beta): the prevgraf test. A paragraph that ends with a +% displayed equation, a ~\noindent\par~ or ~wrapfig.sty~ produce empty +% paragraphs. These should not get a spurious line number via +% ~\linenopenaltypar~. + +\let\@@@par\@@par +\newcount\linenoprevgraf + +\def\linenumberpar{\ifvmode\@@@par\else\ifinner\@@@par\else + \advance\interlinepenalty \linenopenalty + \linenoprevgraf\prevgraf + \global\holdinginserts3% + \@@@par + \ifnum\prevgraf>\linenoprevgraf + \penalty-\linenopenaltypar + \fi + \kern\z@ + \global\holdinginserts0% + \advance\interlinepenalty -\linenopenalty + \fi\fi + } + +% The basic commands to enable and disable line numbers. +% ~\@par~ and ~\par~ are only touched, when they are ~\let~ +% to ~\@@@par~/~\linenumberpar~. The line number may be +% reset to 1 with the star-form, or set by an optional +% argument ~[~<number>~]~. + +\def\linenumbers{\let\@@par\linenumberpar + \ifx\@par\@@@par\let\@par\linenumberpar\fi + \ifx\par\@@@par\let\par\linenumberpar\fi + \@ifnextchar[{\resetlinenumber}%] + {\@ifstar{\resetlinenumber}{}}% + } + +\def\nolinenumbers{\let\@@par\@@@par + \ifx\@par\linenumberpar\let\@par\@@@par\fi + \ifx\par\linenumberpar\let\par\@@@par\fi + } + +% What happens with a display math? Since ~\par~ is not executed, +% when breaking the lines before a display, they will not get +% line numbers. Sorry, but I do not dare to change +% ~\interlinepenalty~ globally, nor do I want to redefine +% the display math environments here. +% \begin{displaymath} +% display \ math +% \end{displaymath} +% See the subsection below, for a wrapper enviroment to make +% it work. But that requires to wrap each and every display +% in your LaTeX source. +% +% The next two commands are provided to turn on line +% numbering in a specific mode. Please note the difference: +% for pagewise numbering, ~\linenumbers~ comes first to +% inhibit it from seeing optional arguments, since +% re-/presetting the counter is useless. + +\def\pagewiselinenumbers{\linenumbers\setpagewiselinenumbers} +\def\runninglinenumbers{\setrunninglinenumbers\linenumbers} + +% Finally, it is a \LaTeX\ style, so we provide for the use +% of environments, including the suppression of the +% following paragraph's indentation. + +%%% TO DO: add \par to \linenumbers, if called from an environment. +%%% To DO: add an \@endpe hack if \linenumbers are turned on +%%% in horizontal mode. {\par\parskip\z@\noindent} or +%%% something. + +\@namedef{linenumbers*}{\par\linenumbers*} +\@namedef{runninglinenumbers*}{\par\runninglinenumbers*} + +\def\endlinenumbers{\par\@endpetrue} +\let\endrunninglinenumbers\endlinenumbers +\let\endpagewiselinenumbers\endlinenumbers +\expandafter\let\csname endlinenumbers*\endcsname\endlinenumbers +\expandafter\let\csname endrunninglinenumbers*\endcsname\endlinenumbers +\let\endnolinenumbers\endlinenumbers + +% +% \subsection{ +% Display math +% } +% +% Now we tackle the problem to get display math working. +% There are different options. +% \begin{enumerate}\item[ +% 1.] Precede every display math with a ~\par~. +% Not too good. +% \item[ +% 2.] Change ~\interlinepenalty~ and associates globally. +% Unstable. +% \item[ +% 3.] Wrap each display math with a ~{linenomath}~ +% environment. +% \end{enumerate} +% We'll go for option 3. See if it works: +% \begin{linenomath} +% \begin{equation} +% display \ math +% \end{equation} +% \end{linenomath} +% The star form ~{linenomath*}~ should also number the lines +% of the display itself, +% \begin{linenomath*} +% \begin{eqnarray} +% multi && line \\ +% display && math \\ +% & +% \begin{array}{c} +% with \\ +% array +% \end{array} +% & +% \end{eqnarray} +% \end{linenomath*} +% including multline displays. +% +% First, here are two macros to turn +% on linenumbering on paragraphs preceeding displays, with +% numbering the lines of the display itself, or without. +% The ~\ifx..~ tests if line numbering is turned on. It +% does not harm to add these wrappers in sections that are +% not numbered. Nor does it harm to wrap a display +% twice, e.q, in case you have some ~{equation}~s wrapped +% explicitely, and later you redefine ~\equation~ to do it +% automatically. + +\newcommand\linenomathNonumbers{% + \ifx\@@par\@@@par\else + \ifnum\interlinepenalty>-\linenopenaltypar + \global\holdinginserts3% + \advance\interlinepenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\predisplaypenalty \linenopenalty + \fi + \fi + \ignorespaces + } + +\newcommand\linenomathWithnumbers{% + \ifx\@@par\@@@par\else + \ifnum\interlinepenalty>-\linenopenaltypar + \global\holdinginserts3% + \advance\interlinepenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\predisplaypenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\postdisplaypenalty \linenopenalty + \advance\interdisplaylinepenalty \linenopenalty + \fi + \fi + \ignorespaces + } + +% The ~{linenomath}~ environment has two forms, with and +% without a star. The following two macros define the +% environment, where the stared/non-stared form does/doesn't number the +% lines of the display or vice versa. + +\newcommand\linenumberdisplaymath{% + \def\linenomath{\linenomathWithnumbers}% + \@namedef{linenomath*}{\linenomathNonumbers}% + } + +\newcommand\nolinenumberdisplaymath{% + \def\linenomath{\linenomathNonumbers}% + \@namedef{linenomath*}{\linenomathWithnumbers}% + } + +\def\endlinenomath{% + \global\holdinginserts0 + \@ignoretrue +} +\expandafter\let\csname endlinenomath*\endcsname\endlinenomath + +% The default is not to number the lines of a display. But +% the package option ~mathlines~ may be used to switch +% that behavior. + +\nolinenumberdisplaymath + +% +% +% \section{ +% Line number references +% } +% The only way to get a label to a line number in a +% paragraph is to ask the output routine to mark it. +% +% We use the marginpar mechanism to hook to ~\output~ for a +% second time. Marginpars are floats with number $-1$, we +% fake marginpars with No $-2$. Originally, every negative +% numbered float was considered to be a marginpar. +% +% The float box number ~\@currbox~ is used to transfer the +% label name in a macro called ~\@LNL@~<box-number>. +% +% A ~\newlabel~ is written to the aux-file. The reference +% is to ~\theLineNumber~, \emph{not} ~\thelinenumber~. +% This allows to hook in, as done below for pagewise line +% numbering. +% +% (New v3.03) The ~\@LN@ExtraLabelItems~ are added for a hook +% to keep packages like ~{hyperref}~ happy. (/New v3.03) + +\let\@LN@addmarginpar\@addmarginpar +\def\@addmarginpar{% + \ifnum\count\@currbox>-2\relax + \expandafter\@LN@addmarginpar + \else + \@cons\@freelist\@currbox + \protected@write\@auxout{}{% + \string\newlabel + {\csname @LNL@\the\@currbox\endcsname}% + {{\theLineNumber}{\thepage}\@LN@ExtraLabelItems}}% + \fi} + +\let\@LN@ExtraLabelItems\@empty + +% \subsection{ +% The linelabel command +% } +% To refer to a place in line ~\ref{~<foo>~}~ at page +% ~\pageref{~<foo>~}~ you place a ~\linelabel{~<foo>~}~ at +% that place. +% +% \linelabel{demo} +% \marginpar{\tiny\raggedright +% See if it works: This paragraph +% starts on page \pageref{demo}, line +% \ref{demo}. +% }% +% If you use this command outside a ~\linenumbers~ +% paragraph, you will get references to some bogus +% line numbers, sorry. But we don't disable the command, +% because only the ~\par~ at the end of a paragraph may +% decides whether to print line numbers on this paragraph +% or not. A ~\linelabel~ may legally appear earlier than +% ~\linenumbers~. +% +% ~\linelabel~, via a fake float number $-2$, puts a +% ~\penalty~ into a ~\vadjust~, which triggers the +% pagebuilder after putting the current line to the main +% vertical list. A ~\write~ is placed on the main vertical +% list, which prints a reference to the current value of +% ~\thelinenumber~ and ~\thepage~ at the time of the +% ~\shipout~. +% +% A ~\linelabel~ is allowed only in outer horizontal mode. +% In outer vertical mode we start a paragraph, and ignore +% trailing spaces (by fooling ~\@esphack~). +% +% The argument of ~\linelabel~ is put into a macro with a +% name derived from the number of the allocated float box. +% Much of the rest is dummy float setup. + +\def\linelabel#1{% + \ifvmode + \ifinner \else + \leavevmode \@bsphack \@savsk\p@ + \fi + \else + \@bsphack + \fi + \ifhmode + \ifinner + \@parmoderr + \else + \@floatpenalty -\@Mii + \@next\@currbox\@freelist + {\global\count\@currbox-2% + \expandafter\gdef\csname @LNL@\the\@currbox\endcsname{#1}}% + {\@floatpenalty\z@ \@fltovf \def\@currbox{\@tempboxa}}% + \begingroup + \setbox\@currbox \color@vbox \vbox \bgroup \end@float + \endgroup + \@ignorefalse \@esphack + \fi + \else + \@parmoderr + \fi + } + +% \modulolinenumbers[3] +% \section{ +% The appearance of the line numbers +% }\label{appearance} +% The line numbers are set as ~\tiny\sffamily\arabic{linenumber}~, +% $10pt$ left of the text. With options to place it +% right of the text, or . . . +% +% . . . here are the hooks: + +\def\makeLineNumberLeft{\hss\linenumberfont\LineNumber\hskip\linenumbersep} + +\def\makeLineNumberRight{\linenumberfont\hskip\linenumbersep\hskip\columnwidth + \hbox to\linenumberwidth{\hss\LineNumber}\hss} + +\def\linenumberfont{\normalfont\tiny\sffamily} + +\newdimen\linenumbersep +\newdimen\linenumberwidth + +\linenumberwidth=10pt +\linenumbersep=10pt + +% Margin switching requires ~pagewise~ numbering mode, but +% choosing the left or right margin for the numbers always +% works. + +\def\switchlinenumbers{\@ifstar + {\let\makeLineNumberOdd\makeLineNumberRight + \let\makeLineNumberEven\makeLineNumberLeft}% + {\let\makeLineNumberOdd\makeLineNumberLeft + \let\makeLineNumberEven\makeLineNumberRight}% + } + +\def\setmakelinenumbers#1{\@ifstar + {\let\makeLineNumberRunning#1% + \let\makeLineNumberOdd#1% + \let\makeLineNumberEven#1}% + {\ifx\c@linenumber\c@runninglinenumber + \let\makeLineNumberRunning#1% + \else + \let\makeLineNumberOdd#1% + \let\makeLineNumberEven#1% + \fi}% + } + +\def\leftlinenumbers{\setmakelinenumbers\makeLineNumberLeft} +\def\rightlinenumbers{\setmakelinenumbers\makeLineNumberRight} + +\leftlinenumbers* + +% ~\LineNumber~ is a hook which is used for the modulo stuff. +% It is the command to use for the line number, when you +% customizes ~\makeLineNumber~. Use ~\thelinenumber~ to +% change the outfit of the digits. +% +% +% We will implement two modes of operation: +% \begin{itemize} +% \item numbers ~running~ through (parts of) the text +% \item ~pagewise~ numbers starting over with one on top of +% each page. +% \end{itemize} +% Both modes have their own count register, but only one is +% allocated as a \LaTeX\ counter, with the attached +% facilities serving both. + +\newcounter{linenumber} +\newcount\c@pagewiselinenumber +\let\c@runninglinenumber\c@linenumber + +% Only the running mode counter may be reset, or preset, +% for individual paragraphs. The pagewise counter must +% give a unique anonymous number for each line. + +\newcommand\resetlinenumber[1][1]{\c@runninglinenumber#1} + +% \subsection{ +% Running line numbers +% } +% Running mode is easy, ~\LineNumber~ and ~\theLineNumber~ +% produce ~\thelinenumber~, which defaults to +% ~\arabic{linenumber}~, using the ~\c@runninglinenumber~ +% counter. This is the default mode of operation. + +\def\makeRunningLineNumber{\makeLineNumberRunning} + +\def\setrunninglinenumbers{% + \def\theLineNumber{\thelinenumber}% + \let\c@linenumber\c@runninglinenumber + \let\makeLineNumber\makeRunningLineNumber + } + +\setrunninglinenumbers\resetlinenumber + +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Pagewise line numbers +% } +% Difficult, if you think about it. The number has to be +% printed when there is no means to know on which page it +% will end up, except through the aux-file. My solution +% is really expensive, but quite robust. +% +% With version ~v2.00~ the hashsize requirements are +% reduced, because we do not need one controlsequence for +% each line any more. But this costs some computation time +% to find out on which page we are. +% +% ~\makeLineNumber~ gets a hook to log the line and page +% number to the aux-file. Another hook tries to find out +% what the page offset is, and subtracts it from the counter +% ~\c@linenumber~. Additionally, the switch +% ~\ifoddNumberedPage~ is set true for odd numbered pages, +% false otherwise. + +\def\setpagewiselinenumbers{% + \let\theLineNumber\thePagewiseLineNumber + \let\c@linenumber\c@pagewiselinenumber + \let\makeLineNumber\makePagewiseLineNumber + } + +\def\makePagewiseLineNumber{\logtheLineNumber\getLineNumber + \ifoddNumberedPage + \makeLineNumberOdd + \else + \makeLineNumberEven + \fi + } + +% Each numbered line gives a line to the aux file +% \begin{verse} +% ~\@LN{~<line>~}{~<page>~}~ +% \end{verse} +% very similar to the ~\newlabel~ business, except that we need +% an arabic representation of the page number, not what +% there might else be in ~\thepage~. + +\def\logtheLineNumber{\protected@write\@auxout{}{% + \string\@LN{\the\c@linenumber}{\noexpand\the\c@page}}} + +% From the aux-file we get one macro ~\LN@P~<page> for each +% page with line numbers on it. This macro calls four other +% macros with one argument each. These macros are +% dynamically defined to do tests and actions, to find out +% on which page the current line number is located. +% +% We need sort of a pointer to the first page with line +% numbers, initiallized to point to nothing: + +\def\LastNumberedPage{first} +\def\LN@Pfirst{\nextLN\relax} + +% The four dynamic macros are initiallized to reproduce +% themselves in an ~\xdef~ + +\let\lastLN\relax % compare to last line on this page +\let\firstLN\relax % compare to first line on this page +\let\pageLN\relax % get the page number, compute the linenumber +\let\nextLN\relax % move to the next page + +% During the end-document run through the aux-files, we +% disable ~\@LN~. I may put in a check here later, to give +% a rerun recommendation. + +\AtEndDocument{\let\@LN\@gobbletwo} + +% Now, this is the tricky part. First of all, the whole +% definition of ~\@LN~ is grouped, to avoid accumulation +% on the save stack. Somehow ~\csname~<cs>~\endcsname~ pushes +% an entry, which stays after an ~\xdef~ to that <cs>. +% +% If ~\LN@P~<page> is undefined, initialize it with the +% current page and line number, with the +% \emph{pointer-to-the-next-page} pointing to nothing. And +% the macro for the previous page will be redefined to point +% to the current one. +% +% If the macro for the current page already exists, just +% redefine the \emph{last-line-number} entry. +% +% Finally, save the current page number, to get the pointer to the +% following page later. + +\def\@LN#1#2{{\expandafter\@@LN + \csname LN@P#2C\@LN@column\expandafter\endcsname + \csname LN@PO#2\endcsname + {#1}{#2}}} + +\def\@@LN#1#2#3#4{\ifx#1\relax + \ifx#2\relax\gdef#2{#3}\fi + \expandafter\@@@LN\csname LN@P\LastNumberedPage\endcsname#1 + \xdef#1{\lastLN{#3}\firstLN{#3}\pageLN{#4}{\@LN@column}{#2}\nextLN\relax}% + \else + \def\lastLN##1{\noexpand\lastLN{#3}}% + \xdef#1{#1}% + \fi + \xdef\LastNumberedPage{#4C\@LN@column}} + +% The previous page macro gets its pointer to the +% current one, replacing the ~\relax~ with the cs-token +% ~\LN@P~<page>. + +\def\@@@LN#1#2{{\def\nextLN##1{\noexpand\nextLN\noexpand#2}% + \xdef#1{#1}}} + +% Now, to print a line number, we need to find the page, +% where it resides. This will most probably be the page where +% the last one came from, or maybe the next page. However, it can +% be a completely different one. We maintain a cache, +% which is ~\let~ to the last page's macro. But for now +% it is initialized to expand ~\LN@first~, where the poiner +% to the first numbered page has been stored in. + +\def\NumberedPageCache{\LN@Pfirst} + +% To find out on which page the current ~\c@linenumber~ is, +% we define the four dynamic macros to do something usefull +% and execute the current cache macro. ~\lastLN~ is run +% first, testing if the line number in question may be on a +% later page. If so, disable ~\firstLN~, and go on to the +% next page via ~\nextLN~. + +\def\testLastNumberedPage#1{\ifnum#1<\c@linenumber + \let\firstLN\@gobble + \fi} + +% Else, if ~\firstLN~ finds out that we need an earlier +% page, we start over from the beginning. Else, ~\nextLN~ +% will be disabled, and ~\pageLN~ will run +% ~\gotNumberedPage~ with four arguments: the first line +% number on this column, the page number, the column +% number, and the first line on the page. + +\def\testFirstNumberedPage#1{\ifnum#1>\c@linenumber + \def\nextLN##1{\testNextNumberedPage\LN@Pfirst}% + \else + \let\nextLN\@gobble + \def\pageLN{\gotNumberedPage{#1}}% + \fi} + +% We start with ~\pageLN~ disabled and ~\nextLN~ defined to +% continue the search with the next page. + +\long\def \@gobblethree #1#2#3{} + +\def\testNumberedPage{% + \let\lastLN\testLastNumberedPage + \let\firstLN\testFirstNumberedPage + \let\pageLN\@gobblethree + \let\nextLN\testNextNumberedPage + \NumberedPageCache + } + +% When we switch to another page, we first have to make +% sure that it is there. If we are done with the last +% page, we probably need to run \TeX\ again, but for the +% rest of this run, the cache macro will just return four +% zeros. This saves a lot of time, for example if you have +% half of an aux-file from an aborted run, in the next run +% the whole page-list would be searched in vain again and +% again for the second half of the document. +% +% If there is another page, we iterate the search. + +\def\testNextNumberedPage#1{\ifx#1\relax + \global\def\NumberedPageCache{\gotNumberedPage0000}% + \PackageWarningNoLine{lineno}% + {Linenumber reference failed, + \MessageBreak rerun to get it right}% + \else + \global\let\NumberedPageCache#1% + \fi + \testNumberedPage + } + +% \linelabel{demo2} +% \marginpar{\tiny\raggedright +% Let's see if it finds the label +% on page \pageref{demo}, +% line \ref{demo}, and back here +% on page \pageref{demo2}, line +% \ref{demo2}. +% }% +% To separate the official hooks from the internals there is +% this equivalence, to hook in later for whatever purpose: + +\let\getLineNumber\testNumberedPage + +% So, now we got the page where the number is on. We +% establish if we are on an odd or even page, and calculate +% the final line number to be printed. + +\newif\ifoddNumberedPage +\newif\ifcolumnwiselinenumbers +\columnwiselinenumbersfalse + +\def\gotNumberedPage#1#2#3#4{\oddNumberedPagefalse + \ifodd \if@twocolumn #3\else #2\fi\relax\oddNumberedPagetrue\fi + \advance\c@linenumber 1\relax + \ifcolumnwiselinenumbers + \subtractlinenumberoffset{#1}% + \else + \subtractlinenumberoffset{#4}% + \fi + } + +% You might want to run the pagewise mode with running line +% numbers, or you might not. It's your choice: + +\def\runningpagewiselinenumbers{% + \let\subtractlinenumberoffset\@gobble + } + +\def\realpagewiselinenumbers{% + \def\subtractlinenumberoffset##1{\advance\c@linenumber-##1\relax}% + } + +\realpagewiselinenumbers + +% For line number references, we need a protected call to +% the whole procedure, with the requested line number stored +% in the ~\c@linenumber~ counter. This is what gets printed +% to the aux-file to make a label: + +\def\thePagewiseLineNumber{\protect + \getpagewiselinenumber{\the\c@linenumber}}% + +% And here is what happens when the label is refered to: + +\def\getpagewiselinenumber#1{{% + \c@linenumber #1\relax\testNumberedPage + \thelinenumber + }} + +% % +% A summary of all per line expenses: +% \begin{description}\item +% [CPU:] The ~\output~ routine is called for each line, +% and the page-search is done. +% \item +% [DISK:] One line of output to the aux-file for each +% numbered line +% \item +% [MEM:] One macro per page. Great improvement over v1.02, +% which had one control sequence per line in +% addition. It blew the hash table after some five +% thousand lines. +% \end{description} +% +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Twocolumn mode (New v3.06) +% } +% +% Twocolumn mode requires another patch to the ~\output~ +% routine, in order to print a column tag to the .aux +% file. + +\let\@LN@orig@makecol\@makecol +\def\@LN@makecol{% + \@LN@orig@makecol + \setbox\@outputbox \vbox{% + \boxmaxdepth \@maxdepth + \protected@write\@auxout{}{% + \string\@LN@col{\if@firstcolumn1\else2\fi}% + }% + \box\@outputbox + }% \vbox +} + +\def\@LN@col#1{\def\@LN@column{#1}} +\@LN@col{1} + +% +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Numbering modulo 5 +% } +% Most users want to have only one in five lines numbered. +% ~\LineNumber~ is supposed to produce the outfit of the +% line number attached to the line, while ~\thelinenumber~ +% is used also for references, which should appear even if +% they are not multiples of five. + +\newcount\c@linenumbermodulo + +\def\themodulolinenumber{{\@tempcnta\c@linenumber + \divide\@tempcnta\c@linenumbermodulo + \multiply\@tempcnta\c@linenumbermodulo + \ifnum\@tempcnta=\c@linenumber\thelinenumber\fi + }} + +% The user command to set the modulo counter: + +\newcommand\modulolinenumbers[1][0]{% + \let\LineNumber\themodulolinenumber + \ifnum#1>1\relax + \c@linenumbermodulo#1\relax + \else\ifnum#1=1\relax + \def\LineNumber{\thelinenumber}% + \fi\fi + } + +\setcounter{linenumbermodulo}{5} +\modulolinenumbers[1] + +% +% \switchlinenumbers +% \modulolinenumbers[1] +% \section{ +% Package options +% } +% There is a bunch of package options, all of them +% executing only user commands (see below). +% +% Options ~left~ (~right~) put the line numbers on the left +% (right) margin. This works in all modes. ~left~ is the +% default. + +\DeclareOption{left}{\leftlinenumbers*} + +\DeclareOption{right}{\rightlinenumbers*} + +% Option ~switch~ (~switch*~) puts the line numbers on the +% outer (inner) margin of the text. This requires running +% the pagewise mode, but we turn off the page offset +% subtraction, getting sort of running numbers again. The +% ~pagewise~ option may restore true pagewise mode later. + +\DeclareOption{switch}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \switchlinenumbers + \runningpagewiselinenumbers} + +\DeclareOption{switch*}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \switchlinenumbers*% + \runningpagewiselinenumbers} + +% In twocolumn mode, we can switch the line numbers to +% the outer margin, and/or start with number 1 in each +% column. Margin switching is covered by the ~switch~ +% options. + +\DeclareOption{columnwise}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \columnwiselinenumberstrue + \realpagewiselinenumbers} + +% The options ~pagewise~ and ~running~ select the major +% linenumber mechanism. ~running~ line numbers refer to a real +% counter value, which can be reset for any paragraph, +% even getting multiple paragraphs on one page starting +% with line number one. ~pagewise~ line numbers get a +% unique hidden number within the document, but with the +% opportunity to establish the page on which they finally +% come to rest. This allows the subtraction of the page +% offset, getting the numbers starting with 1 on top of each +% page, and margin switching in twoside formats becomes +% possible. The default mode is ~running~. +% +% The order of declaration of the options is important here +% ~pagewise~ must come after ~switch~, to overide running +% pagewise mode. ~running~ comes last, to reset the running +% line number mode, e.g, after selecting margin switch mode +% for ~pagewise~ running. Once more, if you specify all +% three of the options ~[switch,pagewise,running]~, the +% result is almost nothing, but if you later say +% ~\pagewiselinenumbers~, you get margin switching, with +% real pagewise line numbers. +% +\DeclareOption{pagewise}{\setpagewiselinenumbers + \realpagewiselinenumbers} + +\DeclareOption{running}{\setrunninglinenumbers} + +% The option ~modulo~ causes only those linenumbers to be +% printed which are multiples of five. + +\DeclareOption{modulo}{\modulolinenumbers\relax} + +% The package option ~mathlines~ switches the behavior of +% the ~{linenomath}~ environment with its star-form. +% Without this option, the ~{linenomath}~ environment does +% not number the lines of the display, while the star-form +% does. With this option, its just the opposite. +% +%%% 1999-06-10: renamed ~displaymath~ to ~mathlines~. + +\DeclareOption{mathlines}{\linenumberdisplaymath} + +% ~displaymath~ now calls for wrappers of the standard +% LaTeX display math environment. This was previously +% done by ~mlineno.sty~. + +\let\do@mlineno\relax +\DeclareOption{displaymath}{\let\do@mlineno\@empty} + +% The ~hyperref~ package, via ~nameref~, requires three more +% groups in the second argment of a ~\newlabel~. Well, why +% shouldn't it get them? (New v3.07) The presencs of the +% ~nameref~ package is now detected automatically +% ~\AtBeginDocument~. (/New v3.07) + +\DeclareOption{hyperref}{\PackageWarningNoLine{lineno}{% + Option [hyperref] is obsolete. + \MessageBreak The hyperref package is detected automatically.}} + +\AtBeginDocument{% + \@ifpackageloaded{nameref}{% + \def\@LN@ExtraLabelItems{{}{}{}}}} + +\ProcessOptions + +% \subsection{ +% Package Extensions +% } +% +% The extensions in this section were previously supplied +% in seperate ~.sty~ files. +% +% \subsubsection{ +% $display math$ +% } +% +% The standard \LaTeX\ display math environments are +% wrapped in a ~{linenomath}~ environment. +% +% (New 3.05) The ~[fleqn]~ option of the standard +% \LaTeX\ classes defines the display math +% environments such that line numbers appear just +% fine. Thus, we need not do any tricks when +% ~[fleqn]~ is loaded, as indicated by presents of +% the ~\mathindent~ register. (/New 3.05) +% +% (New 3.05a) for ~{eqnarray}~s we rather keep the +% old trick. (/New 3.05a) +% +% (New 3.08) Wrap ~\[~ and ~\]~ into ~{linenomath}~, +% instead of ~{displaymath}~. Also save the definition +% of ~\equation~, instead of replicating the current +% \LaTeX\ definition. (/New 3.08) + +\ifx\do@mlineno\@empty + \@ifundefined{mathindent}{ + + \let\LN@displaymath\[ + \let\LN@enddisplaymath\] + \renewcommand\[{\begin{linenomath}\LN@displaymath} + \renewcommand\]{\LN@enddisplaymath\end{linenomath}} + + \let\LN@equation\equation + \let\LN@endequation\endequation + \renewenvironment{equation} + {\linenomath\LN@equation} + {\LN@endequation\endlinenomath} + + }% \@ifundefined{mathindent} + + \let\LN@eqnarray\eqnarray + \let\LN@endeqnarray\endeqnarray + \renewenvironment{eqnarray} + {\linenomath\LN@eqnarray} + {\LN@endeqnarray\endlinenomath} + +\fi + +% \subsubsection{ +% Line numbers in internal vertical mode +% } +% +% The command ~\internallinenumbers~ adds line numbers in +% internal vertical mode, but with limitations: we assume +% fixed baseline skip. + +\def\internallinenumbers{\setrunninglinenumbers + \let\@@par\internallinenumberpar + \ifx\@par\@@@par\let\@par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \ifx\par\@@@par\let\par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \ifx\@par\linenumberpar\let\@par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \ifx\par\linenumberpar\let\par\internallinenumberpar\fi + \@ifnextchar[{\resetlinenumber}%] + {\@ifstar{\let\c@linenumber\c@internallinenumber + \c@linenumber\@ne}{}}% + } + +\let\endinternallinenumbers\endlinenumbers +\@namedef{internallinenumbers*}{\internallinenumbers*} +\expandafter\let\csname endinternallinenumbers*\endcsname\endlinenumbers + +\newcount\c@internallinenumber +\newcount\c@internallinenumbers + +\def\internallinenumberpar{\ifvmode\@@@par\else\ifinner\@@@par\else\@@@par + \begingroup + \c@internallinenumbers\prevgraf + \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\vbox{\makeinternalLinenumbers}}% + \dp\@tempboxa\prevdepth + \ht\@tempboxa\z@ + \nobreak\vskip-\prevdepth + \nointerlineskip\box\@tempboxa + \endgroup + \fi\fi + } + +\def\makeinternalLinenumbers{\ifnum\c@internallinenumbers>0\relax + \hbox to\z@{\makeLineNumber}\global\advance\c@linenumber\@ne + \advance\c@internallinenumbers\m@ne + \expandafter\makeinternalLinenumbers\fi + } + +% \subsubsection{ +% Line number references with offset +% } +% +% This extension defines macros to refer to line +% numbers with an offset, e.g., to refer to a line +% which cannot be labeled directly (display math). +% This was formerly knows as ~rlineno.sty~. +% +% To refer to a pagewise line number with offset: +% \begin{quote} +% ~\linerefp[~<OFFSET>~]{~<LABEL>~}~ +% \end{quote} +% To refer to a running line number with offset: +% \begin{quote} +% ~\linerefr[~<OFFSET>~]{~<LABEL>~}~ +% \end{quote} +% To refer to a line number labeled in the same mode as currently +% selected: +% \begin{quote} +% ~\lineref[~<OFFSET>~]{~<LABEL>~}~ +% \end{quote} + +\newcommand\lineref{% + \ifx\c@linenumner\c@runninglinenumner + \expandafter\linerefr + \else + \expandafter\linerefp + \fi +} + +\newcommand\linerefp[2][\z@]{{% + \let\@thelinenumber\thelinenumber + \edef\thelinenumber{\advance\c@linenumber#1\relax\noexpand\@thelinenumber}% + \ref{#2}% +}} + +% This goes deep into \LaTeX s internals. + +\newcommand\linerefr[2][\z@]{{% + \def\@@linerefadd{\advance\c@linenumber#1}% + \expandafter\@setref\csname r@#2\endcsname + \@linerefadd{#2}% +}} + +\newcommand\@linerefadd[2]{\c@linenumber=#1\@@linerefadd\relax + \thelinenumber} + +% \subsubsection{ +% Numbered quotation environments +% } +% +% The ~{numquote}~ and ~{numquotation}~ +% environments are like ~{quote}~ and +% ~{quotation}~, except there will be line +% numbers. +% +% An optional argument gives the number to count +% from. A star ~*~ (inside or outside the closing +% ~}~) prevent the reset of the line numbers. +% Default is to count from one. + +\newcommand\quotelinenumbers + {\@ifstar\linenumbers{\@ifnextchar[\linenumbers{\linenumbers*}}} + +\newdimen\quotelinenumbersep +\quotelinenumbersep=\linenumbersep +\let\quotelinenumberfont\linenumberfont + +\newcommand\numquotelist + {\leftlinenumbers + \linenumbersep\quotelinenumbersep + \let\linenumberfont\quotelinenumberfont + \addtolength{\linenumbersep}{-\@totalleftmargin}% + \quotelinenumbers + } + +\newenvironment{numquote} {\quote\numquotelist}{\endquote} +\newenvironment{numquotation} {\quotation\numquotelist}{\endquotation} +\newenvironment{numquote*} {\quote\numquotelist*}{\endquote} +\newenvironment{numquotation*}{\quotation\numquotelist*}{\endquotation} + +% \subsubsection{ +% Frame around a paragraph +% } +% +% The ~{bframe}~ environment draws a frame around +% some text, across page breaks, if necessary. +% +% This works only for plain text paragraphs, +% without special height lines. All lines must be +% ~\baselineskip~ apart, no display math. + +\newenvironment{bframe} + {\par + \@tempdima\textwidth + \advance\@tempdima 2\bframesep + \setbox\bframebox\hbox to\textwidth{% + \hskip-\bframesep + \vrule\@width\bframerule\@height\baselineskip\@depth\bframesep + \advance\@tempdima-2\bframerule + \hskip\@tempdima + \vrule\@width\bframerule\@height\baselineskip\@depth\bframesep + \hskip-\bframesep + }% + \hbox{\hskip-\bframesep + \vrule\@width\@tempdima\@height\bframerule\@depth\z@}% + \nointerlineskip + \copy\bframebox + \nobreak + \kern-\baselineskip + \runninglinenumbers + \def\makeLineNumber{\copy\bframebox\hss}% + } + {\par + \kern-\prevdepth + \kern\bframesep + \nointerlineskip + \@tempdima\textwidth + \advance\@tempdima 2\bframesep + \hbox{\hskip-\bframesep + \vrule\@width\@tempdima\@height\bframerule\@depth\z@}% + } + +\newdimen\bframerule +\bframerule=\fboxrule + +\newdimen\bframesep +\bframesep=\fboxsep + +\newbox\bframebox + +% \section{ +% The final touch +% } +% There is one deadcycle for each line number. + +\advance\maxdeadcycles 100 + +\endinput + +% \section{ +% The user commands +% } +% The user command to turn on and off line numbering +% are +% \begin{description}\item +% [|\linenumbers] \ \par +% Turn on line numbering in the current mode. +% \item +% [|\linenumbers*] \ \par$\qquad$ +% and reset the line number to 1. +% \def\NL{<number>]}\item +% [|\linenumbers[\NL] \ \par$\qquad$ +% and start with <number>. +% \item +% [|\nolinenumbers] \ \par +% Turn off line numbering. +% \item +% [|\runninglinenumbers*[\NL] \ \par +% Turn on ~running~ line numbers, with the same optional +% arguments as ~\linenumbers~. The numbers are running +% through the text over pagebreaks. When you turn +% numbering off and on again, the numbers will continue, +% except, of cause, if you ask to reset or preset the +% counter. +% \item +% [|\pagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% Turn on ~pagewise~ line numbers. The lines on each +% page are numbered beginning with one at the first +% ~pagewise~ numbered line. +% \item +% [|\resetlinenumber[\NL] \ \par +% Reset ~[~Set~]~ the line number to 1 +% ~[~<number>~]~. +% \item +% [|\setrunninglinenumbers] \ \par +% Switch to ~running~ line number mode. Do \emph{not} +% turn it on or off. +% \item +% [|\setpagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% Switch to ~pagewise~ line number mode. Do \emph{not} +% turn it on or off. +% \item +% [|\switchlinenumbers*] \ \par +% Causes margin switching in pagewise modes. With the +% star, put the line numbers on the inner margin. +% \item +% [|\leftlinenumbers*] \ \par +% \item +% [|\rightlinenumbers*] \ \par +% Set the line numbers in the left/right margin. With the +% star this works for both modes of operation, without +% the star only for the currently selected mode. +% \item +% [|\runningpagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% When using the pagewise line number mode, do not +% subtract the page offset. This results in running +% line numbers again, but with the possibility to switch +% margins. Be careful when doing line number +% referencing, this mode status must be the same while +% setting the paragraph and during references. +% \item +% [|\realpagewiselinenumbers] \ \par +% Reverses the effect of ~\runningpagewiselinenumbers~. +% \item +% [|\modulolinenumbers[\NL] \ \par +% Give a number only to lines which are multiples of +% ~[~<number>~]~. If <number> is not specified, the +% current value in the counter ~linenumbermodulo~ is +% retained. <number>=1 turns this off without changing +% ~linenumbermodulo~. The counter is initialized to 5. +% \item +% [|\linenumberdisplaymath] \ \par +% Number the lines of a display math in a ~{linenomath}~ +% environment, but do not in a ~{linenomath*}~ +% environment. This is used by the package option +% ~[mathlines]~. +% \item +% [|\nolinenumberdisplaymath] \ \par +% Do not Number the lines of a display math in a +% ~{linenomath}~ environment, but do in a +% ~{linenomath*}~ environment. This is the default. +% \item +% [|\linelabel] \ \par +% Set a ~\linelabel{~<foo>~}~ to the line number where +% this commands is in. Refer to it with the \LaTeX\ +% referencing commands ~\ref{~<foo>~}~ and +% ~\pageref{~<foo>~}~. +% \end{description} +% The commands can be used globally, locally within groups +% or as environments. It is important to know that they +% take action only when the ~\par~ is executed. The +% ~\end{~<mode>~linenumbers}~ commands provide a ~\par~. +% Examples: +% \begin{verse} +% ~{\linenumbers~ <text> ~\par}~ \\ +% \ \\ +% ~\begin{linenumbers}~ \\ +% <text> \\ +% ~\end{linenumbers}~ \\ +% \ \\ +% <paragraph> ~{\linenumbers\par}~ \\ +% \ \\ +% ~\linenumbers~ \\ +% <text> ~\par~ \\ +% ~\nolinenumbers~ \\ +% \ \\ +% ~\linenumbers~ \\ +% <paragraph> ~{\nolinenumbers\par}~ \\ +% \end{verse} +% +% +% \subsection{ +% Customization hooks +% } +% There are several hooks to customize the appearance of the +% line numbers, and some low level hooks for special +% effects. +% \begin{description}\item +% [|\thelinenumber] \ \par +% This macro should give the representation of the line +% number in the \LaTeX-counter ~linenumber~. The +% default is provided by \LaTeX: \par$\qquad$ +% ~\arabic{linenumber}~ +% \item +% [|\makeLineNumberLeft] \ \par +% This macro is used to attach a line number to the left +% of the text page. This macro should fill an ~\hbox to 0pt~ +% which will be placed at the left margin of the +% page, with the reference point aligned to the line to +% which it should give a number. Please use the macro +% ~\LineNumber~ to refer to the line number. +% +% The default definition is \par$\qquad$ +% ~\hss\linenumberfont\LineNumber\hskip\linenumbersep~ +% \item +% [|\makeLineNumberRight] \ \par +% Like ~\makeLineNumberLeft~, but for line numbers on +% the right margin. +% +% The default definition is \par$\qquad$ +% ~\linenumberfont\hskip\linenumbersep\hskip\textwidth~ \par$\qquad$ +% ~\hbox to\linenumberwidth{\hss\LineNumber}\hss~ +% \item +% [|\linenumberfont] \ \par +% This macro is initialized to \par$\qquad$ +% ~\normalfont\tiny\sffamily~ +% \item +% [|\linenumbersep] \ \par +% This dimension register sets the separation of the +% linenumber to the text. Default value is ~10pt~. +% \item +% [|\linenumberwidth] \ \par +% This dimension register sets the width of the line +% number box on the right margin. The distance of the +% right edge of the text to the right edge of the line +% number is ~\linenumbersep~ + ~\linenumberwidth~. The +% default value is ~10pt~. +% \item +% [|\theLineNumber] (for wizards) \ \par +% This macro is called for printing a ~\newlabel~ entry +% to the aux-file. Its definition depends on the mode. +% For running line numbers it's just ~\thelinenumber~, +% while in pagewise mode, the page offset subtraction +% is done in here. +% \item +% [|\makeLineNumber] (for wizards) \ \par +% This macro produces the line numbers. The definition +% depends on the mode. In the running line numbers +% mode it just expands ~\makeLineNumberLeft~. +% \item +% [|\LineNumber] (for wizards) \ \par +% This macro is called by ~\makeLineNumber~ to typeset +% the line number. This hook is changed by the modulo +% mechanism. +% \end{description} +% \end{document}%D +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +echo "expect errors for unknown commands 'iffalse' and 'fi'";# SHELL +awk '/A[W]K/' lineno.sty | awk -f - lineno.sty >lineno.tex; # SHELL +latex lineno; latex lineno; latex lineno; latex lineno; # SHELL + +awk '/DOC A [W] K/' lineno.sty | awk -f - lineno.sty >lineno.doc; # DOC SH + +BEGIN{DOC=-1; # AWK DOC A W K + BEGINCODE = "\\begin{code}\\begin{verbatim}"; # AWK + ENDCODE = "\\end{verbatim}\n\\end{code}"; } # AWK + BEGINCODE = "% \\begin{macrocode}"; # DOC A W K + ENDCODE = "% \\end{macrocode}"; } # DOC A W K +/^[ \t]*$/ { ECNT++; next; } # AWK DOC A W K +/\\documentclass/{ sub("article","ltxdoc") } # DOC A W K +/%D$/ { sub("^%* *",""); sub("%D$",""); # DOC A W K + print > "lineno.drv"; next } # DOC A W K +/^%%/ { next; } # AWK DOC A W K +/^%/ { if (!DOC) { print ENDCODE; } # AWK DOC A W K + DOC=1; ECNT=0; # AWK DOC A W K + sub("^% *",""); # AWK + sub("^% *","% "); # DOC A W K + print; next; } # AWK DOC A W K +DOC<0 { next } # AWK DOC A W K +/^-+-$/ { if (!DOC) print ENDCODE; exit } # AWK DOC A W K +{ if (DOC) { ECNT=DOC=0; print BEGINCODE; } # AWK DOC A W K + while (ECNT>0) { print " "; ECNT--; } # AWK DOC A W K + print $0; } # AWK DOC A W K + diff --git a/old/5424-t/oiaccents.ocp b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.ocp Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d85e4e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.ocp diff --git a/old/5424-t/oiaccents.otp b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.otp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..186b520 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5424-t/oiaccents.otp @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +% OTP for composing various accented characters in +% Old Icelandic + +% (c) 2002 Jonas ster <d97ost@dtek.chalmers.se> + +% You may use, modify and redistribute this file +% in any way you like. + +% Modified 7-24-02 by Ben Crowder <crowderb@blankslate.net> + +input: 2; +output: 2; + +expressions: + +% We want to use these combinations +@"0118 @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{E}}"; +@"0119 @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{e}}"; +@"0118 => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{E}"; +@"0119 => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{e}"; +@"01EA @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{O}}"; +@"01EB @"0308 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0308 "}{\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{o}}"; +@"01EA => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{O}"; +@"01EB => "\Loweraccent{" @"0328 "}{o}"; +`y'@"0304 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{y}"; +`Y'@"0304 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{Y}"; +@"0233 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{y}"; +@"0232 => "\Upperaccent{" @"0304 "}{Y}"; +@"00AF => @"00A0 @"0304; + +% All other characters are left unchanged. + +. => \1; + + |