diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-06 22:30:50 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-06 22:30:50 -0800 |
| commit | 5736e60c6d8d7b70dc4c5772131e94e53d4117a8 (patch) | |
| tree | 996fb1fb69d47b735b58ca848db42b3f66315195 /old/54233-h/54233-h.htm | |
| parent | 3a7a1ce3acee136303ded5bde66484f8e3b0a9c8 (diff) | |
Diffstat (limited to 'old/54233-h/54233-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/54233-h/54233-h.htm | 10335 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 10335 deletions
diff --git a/old/54233-h/54233-h.htm b/old/54233-h/54233-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index efc6ef8..0000000 --- a/old/54233-h/54233-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10335 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Vivisectors’ Directory, by Benjamin Bryan. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.footnote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 0.9em; -} - -.footnote .label { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; - text-align: right; -} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.name { - font-size: 120%; - font-weight: bold; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 3em; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.person { - margin-top: 2em; -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vivisectors' Directory - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Vivisectors' Directory - Being a list of the licensed vivisectors in the United - Kingdom, together with the leading physiologists in foreign - laboratories - -Commentator: Frances Power Cobbe - -Editor: Benjamin Bryan - -Release Date: February 25, 2017 [EBook #54233] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger"><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Vivisectors’ Directory</span>;</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BEING A LIST OF THE</span><br /> -LICENSED VIVISECTORS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,<br /> -<span class="smaller">TOGETHER WITH THE</span><br /> -LEADING PHYSIOLOGISTS IN FOREIGN LABORATORIES.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES.</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Edited by</span><br /> -<span class="larger">BENJAMIN BRYAN,</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">WITH A PREFACE BY</span><br /> -FRANCES POWER COBBE.</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">LONDON:<br /> -Published by the <span class="smcap">Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection</span>,<br /> -UNITED WITH THE<br /> -<span class="smcap">International Association for the Total Suppression of Vivisection</span>.<br /> -1884.</p> - -<p class="center">Price, 1s. 6d.; Cloth, 2s.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">London:<br /> -Printed by PEWTRESS & Co.</span>,<br /> -<i>Steam Printing Works</i>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">28, Little Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE.</h2> - -<p>It was reported at the time of the Franco-German war that -the Prussian soldiers profited much by their general acquaintance -with the geography of France, and by the possession of -convenient pocket maps furnished to them of the invaded -districts.</p> - -<p>To supply the combatants in the Anti-Vivisection Crusade -with some such knowledge, and such <i lang="fr">cartes du pays</i> of the -physiologists’ ground, was the original purpose of the <cite>Vivisectors’ -Directory</cite>, as prepared for <span class="smcap">The Zoophilist</span>. It was -recognised by those engaged in the thick of the fight against -scientific cruelty that it was impossible to retain in the -memory the names of all, even of the most notorious Vivisectors, -or to attach to them their particular class of experiments; -nor, in the case of English physiologists, was it practicable -to recall without continual reference to the whole series -of Parliamentary Returns what were the Licenses and -Certificates wherewith they have been annually provided. These -facts,—so often needed in controversy,—it was proposed -to marshal in the compendious form of a <cite>Directory</cite>, so that -each Zoophilist possessed of a copy should be enabled -at a moment’s notice to tell in which province of the “<i lang="it">doloroso -regno</i>” of Research each Vivisector might be found, what were -his titles and address, and the books he had published; -and (if he were a British subject) how many Licenses and -Certificates he had received.</p> - -<p>It is hoped that this original purpose of the <cite>Directory</cite> -has been fairly fulfilled, and that Anti-vivisectionists will universally -find it to be a very serviceable book of reference. It is -not pretended that it is a perfect work, that the names of -all the Vivisectors in Europe have been ascertained, or their -worst deeds always ferreted out. Great pains have been -taken to make the list thus complete, and several able agents -have been employed for the purpose abroad as well as at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span> -home, under the editor’s supervision. But years would -have been needed for the exhaustive completion of the task, -and the publication would have been indefinitely delayed. -As it now appears, the <cite>Directory</cite> presents (it is confidently -believed) a mass of reliable information in a convenient form, -and at a moment when it is urgently needed for use in our -sorrowful controversy.</p> - -<p>But even while this first purpose of the <cite>Directory</cite> was being -patiently carried out, it became obvious to those concerned that -the work would fulfil at the same time another and still more important -end. As name after name appeared for registration, and -cruel experiment followed cruel experiment in endless variety, -the utility of the <cite>Directory</cite> as affording evidence of the extent -to which Vivisection is now carried on in Europe, became -revealed. No doubt or dispute, it was obvious, could possibly -attach to <em>this</em> testimony. There can be no question here of -that “exaggeration” or those “sensational appeals” wherewith -our opponents are wont to charge us. There can be no -“sensational appeal” in a Dictionary; nay, care has been -taken that there should not be one single epithet editorially -applied to any experiment recorded from first to last. The -<cite>Directory</cite> is a mere dry Register, like an ordinary Medical -or Clerical Directory of names, dates, places, degrees, -books, pamphlets, licenses, and certificates. Only some -<i lang="la">verbatim</i> quotations are added, with exact references to chapter -and verse. If these should happen to convey most damning -accusations, it is the Vivisectors themselves who have -registered their own offences.</p> - -<p>But it is a sickening revelation, even to those who have for -years back been steeped to the lips in this Dead Sea literature. -Few or none will have realized, we believe, till they look into -this Directory as a whole, how infinitely varied have been the -devices of the tormentors of animals, how relentless the -diligence of these explorers of living tissues, these harpists -whose instruments are quivering nerves, these diggers -into living brains who leave them “like lately-hoed -potato fields.” Not the poor humble frogs alone, of which -we are wont to hear, but every class of sensitive and -intelligent animal seems to be in turn the victim of -pitiless experiment,—the commonest of all being the -most loving servants of mankind. Not one organ of their -beautiful frames but has been chosen for the explorations of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span> -dozen enquirers, and mangled, burned, torn out, or inoculated -with some horrible disease. The well-known maladies which -result from human drunkenness and vice have been cunningly -conveyed to dogs and apes. The breasts of mother brutes -nursing their young have been cut off, and the mutilated -creatures dropped back to die among their little ones whom -they can no longer feed. Pregnant animals have been continually -cut open. An Italian physiologist (Mosso) injects putrified -human brains into animals. The eyes are chosen as the -special seats for inoculation, because, through the transparent -body the processes of disease can be most easily -watched. Balbiani varnished the skins of dogs, so that -after long hours in which all exudation was stopped, the -creatures expired—stewed, as it were, in their own blackened -blood. Claude Bernard and Alfred Richet baked them -alive in stoves constructed for that hideous purpose. Paul Bert -and Cyon place them under atmospheric pressures till a dog -comes out stiffened all over “like a piece of wood.” Brown-Séquard -and Brondgeest cut the spinal cords of guinea-pigs -and rabbits, and Chauveau opens the spinal canal of horses and -irritates the roots of the nerves. Nasse injects salt into the -veins, and Watson Cheyne injects micrococci into the eyes. -Blondlot and Heidenhain establish fistulas. Aufrecht endeavours -to create kidney disease, and Köbner leprosy. Bacchi -and Donders pour acetic acid on the nerves of the eyes. Audigé, -Colin, Miss Adams, Gréhaut, and Gscheidlen, experiment on -various animals with mineral and vegetable poisons; and -Fayrer, Brunton, and Lacerda with that of snakes. The bile -ducts of dogs and cats are ligatured by Wickham Legg and -Rutherford. Skulls of monkeys and dogs are opened and the -brains mutilated and stimulated with electricity by Ferrier, -Yeo, Horsley, Schäfer, Goltz, Hitzig, Fritsch, Golgi, Grützner, -Günther Leyden, Hermann, Lovèn, Munk, Longet, Luchsinger, -Ott, and Vulpian; and the stomach, heart, liver and spleen, are -cut into and diversely dissected alive by a whole host of -physiologists, Roy, Gaskell, Lépine, Pellacani, Cohnheim, -Marey, Martin, Colasanti, Panum, Moleschott, and Flint.</p> - -<p>When it is remembered that, according to Claude Bernard -in his latest work, we may “take for granted that experiments, -when not otherwise described, are performed on curarized -dogs”—that is, on highly sensitive creatures, placed in -a condition which he himself describes as “accompanied by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> -the most atrocious suffering which the imagination of man -can conceive,”—we have before us in this small <cite>Directory</cite> -a record of agonies before which the brain grows dizzy and -the heart sick. That any man not utterly science-hardened -can contemplate them with indifference, and refuse to lift -his voice against them, is difficult to understand. He who -will look through this little book and then “pass by on the -other side,” might, one would think, have strolled round -Nero’s martyr-lighted gardens and turned unmoved away.</p> - -<p class="right">F. P. C.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY.</h1> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Abraham, Phineas S.</span>, 5, Clare Street, Dublin. M.A.T.C. -Dub.; B. Sc. Loud.; F.R.C.S.E. 1880; (St. Barthol. Lond.; T.C. -Dub. and Paris); 1st Sen. Mod. and Large Gold Medallist in Nat. -Sci. and Mod. in Exper. Sci., T.C. Dub., 1871; Hon. Sec. Dub. -Biol. Club., Contrib. to Proc. Zool. Socs., Lond. and Paris, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection in Physiological Lecture Room -of Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Adams, Hope Bridges</span> (Miss), Student Bedford College, -studied medicine at Leipzig under Professors Ludwig and W. His. -Graduated L.K.Q.C.P. Ireland and M.D. Zurich. Married to Dr. -Walthers. Settled in practice at Frankfort. Leipzig Pathological -Institute.</p> - -<p>“Miss Bridges Adams made a number of experiments on the -secretion of hæmoglobin in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig, -on rabbits and dogs, which she poisoned slowly with chlorate of -potassium and other similar substances, by which the kidneys, -bladder, and spleen were morbidly affected. The animals vomited, -a deposit collected in the bladder, and they died after sufferings -more or less prolonged. Dr. Lebedoff (of St. Petersburg), who is -continuing the investigations, affirms that she attained no definite -result and that the experiments do not give one the impression -of having been carried out with thoroughness.”—<cite>Thier u. Menschen -Freund</cite>, No. 7, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Albertoni</span> (Prof.), Materia Medica R. Univ. Genoa. Substitute -in Chair of Physiology in absence of Prof. Cerradini, Senior -Physician Hospital for Chronic Diseases.</p> - -<p>Author of “Influenza del cervello nella produzione dell’ epilessia; -che cosa avvenga del sangue nella trasfusione;” and joint author with -Dr. Bufalini: “Sull’ aumento delle pulsazioni cardiache dietro l’eccitazione -delle prime radici dorsali;” and with Dr. F. Lussana, of -“Sull’ alcool, ricerche sperimentali”; 3rd art. in “Lo sperimentale,” -1874.</p> - -<p>Experiments in transfusion of blood, tried successfully on dogs, -subsequently on three human patients who died, the transfusion -having “hastened the fatal issue.”—<cite>Archiv. Ital.</cite>, Tome 2, p. 180. -Repeated experiments of Chirone and Curci on apes, arriving at -opposite conclusions.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Albini, Commendatore Giuseppe,</span> Palazzo Dini, Via -Museo Nazionale, Naples. Oculist. Prof. Histology, Anatomy and -Physiology. Director of the Institute of Physiology in Royal -University, Naples. Vice-President of the Academy of Physical and -Mathematical Science. President of the Neapolitan Branch of -Italian Alpine Club.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber das Gift der Salamander Maculata,” Vienna, -1858; “Sull’ azione aspirante del cuore,” Naples, 1862; “Sul -mecanismo della deglutizione,” 1863; “Guarigione di una Fistola -gastrica in un cane,” 1867; “Guida allo studio della Fisiologia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -normale e sperimentale,” 1870; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico -di Parma,” Parma, 1860; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico -di Napoli,” 1860-64.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Anderson, Richard John</span>, 58, Wellington Park, Belfast. M.A. -Qu. Univ. Irel. (1st Hons. in Exper. Science, Gold Medal and Prize), -1870; B.A. (2nd Hons. and Prize in Exper. Science), 1869; M.D. (1st -Hons., Gold Medal and Prize) 1872; M.R.C.S. (Eng., and L.M.) 1872; -(Belfast, St. Barthol. London, Leipzig, Paris, and Heidelberg); Demonstrator -of Anat. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Prof. of Zoology, Galway, 1884.</p> - -<p>Contributed “Abnormal Arrangement of Peritoneum,” Journ. -Anat. and Physiol., 1878; “The Presence of an Astragalo-schapoid -Bone in Man,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1880; “Respiratory Excitation and Depression,” -Dub. Journ. Med. Science, 1880; and other Contributions to -Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Dub. Journ. Med. Science, Virchow’s -Archiv., and Brit. Med. Journ.</p> - -<p><em>Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, -Queen’s College, Belfast, in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments -returned in 1882-83.</em></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Arloing</span>, (Prof.) Prof. Anat. and Physiol, and of practical -experiments in the École Nationale Vétérinaire of Lyons.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Aufrecht</span>, (Dr.), Magdeburg.</p> - -<p>“Experiments in the artificial induction of diseases of the kidneys. -Used formerly to tie the ureter, has now injected <i>Cantharides</i> under -the skin of rabbits, and produced the disease in all its forms.”—<cite>Med. -Centralblatt</cite>, No. 47, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Aubert, Hermann.</span> Prof. Rostock University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie der Netzhaut,” Breslau, 1865; jointly with -Gustav Roever, of Rostock, of “Ueber de Vasomotorischen -Wirkungen des nervus vagus, laryngicus und sympathicus,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 211. This essay describes experiments -on dogs, cats, rabbits, and lambs.</p> - -<p>“Constructor of a ‘handy apparatus’ for bringing animals into -a state of asphyxia in air attenuated or deprived of oxygen.”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, 27, p. 566.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Audigé, R. H. T.</span>, 26, Avenue Bosquet, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of Thèse “Recherches expérimentales sur le spasme des -voies biliaires,” Paris.</p> - -<p>“Alcohols administered in a slow and continuous manner were -found to give rise to various disorders. Vomiting of biliary matter -and glairy mucus together with more or less severe diarrhœa were -observed. Difficulty of breathing, muscular tremor, and even -paresis of the hinder extremities were also recorded. Examination -after death revealed congestive changes of the alimentary canal and -of the liver, but no hepatic cirrhosis. Well-marked hyperæmia of -the lungs and atheroma of the large vessels, especially the aorta -were also detected.… Absinthe when given to the animals gave -rise to great excitement with muscular contracture and cutaneous -hyperæsthesia.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, June 30th, 1883.</p> - -<p>“… We must not overlook the extreme sensitiveness of the -mucous membrane which lines the ducts; we have just seen that -an injection into the biliary ducts of water mixed with a small -quantity of acetic acid produces in dogs acute pain.”—<cite>Collection -de Thèses pour le Doctorat</cite>, Paris, 1874, p. 27.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<p>The biliary ducts of a curarised dog dissected out and then -excited by electricity so as to produce spasms.—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Axenfeld, Alexandre</span>, Camerino, Italy. Prof. pathologie -médicale, Med. Faculty, Paris.</p> - -<p>Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences -Médicales,” Paris, 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bacchi, M. E.</span> M.D., Turin, Laureate Univ., Turin; M.D. -Paris, 1874; Prof. Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Contribution à l’étude de l’étiologie de la sclérochoroïdite -postérieure, Paris, 1874.”</p> - -<p>This Thesis also describes experiments in which neuralgic pains -are produced by the application of electricity to the orbital nerves -of a rabbit—the torture being continued for from half-an-hour to -an hour daily from September 14th to October 30th.</p> - -<p>Exper. IV. “I exposed the upper orbital nerve on the left -side of another rabbit, and then I poured on to it a few drops of -a strong solution of acetic acid. The pain was so violent that the -animal emitted heartrending shrieks and writhed in the throes of a -violent agony.”—<cite>Collection de Thèse pour le Doctorat</cite>, Paris, 1874, -pp. 59 and 61.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Baginsky, Benno.</span> M.D. Berlin, 1872.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Über die Folgen der Drucksteigerung in der Paukenhöhle,” -Virchow’s Archiv., 1881.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs in the Veterinary School of Berlin.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Balbiani</span> (Prof.). Prof. Embryology, Coll. de France.</p> - -<p>Made experiments by varnishing the skins of animals, especially -rabbits and guinea-pigs.—<cite>Traité de physiologie, Béclard</cite>, Paris, 1880, -Vol. I., p. 495. Chiefly known as an Embryologist.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Balfour, Francis Maitland.</span> B. 1851, d. 1882. (Killed by -a fall on the Glaciers of Courmayeur Alps). Educated at Harrow -and Cambridge, where he graduated subsequently; he studied at -the Stazione Zoologica at Naples, under Dr. Dohrn. Was Lecturer -on Natural Science, Embryology, and Comparative Anatomy at -Trinity College, Cambridge. Fell. Roy. Soc. 1878; Mem. Counc. -Roy. Soc.; Pres. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1881; LL.D. Glasgow 1880. -The Professorship of Animal Morphology at Cambridge was created -specially for him. Was for several years one of the editors of the -<cite>Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science</cite>. A Balfour Fund has been -raised to found memorial at Cambridge.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Balfour, John Hutton</span>, Junr., East Brighton Crescent, -Portobello, M.B., Edin. and C.M., 1881.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, -Materia Medica Department, in 1882, and Certificate for Experiments -without Anæsthetics, same year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Barker, John</span>, M.D. Deceased, 1879. M.D. Dublin, 1863; -M.B. 1846, B.A.; F.R.C.S.I. 1863; L. 1846; (T.C. Dublin); -Exam. in Anat. and Surg. and Cur. Mus. M.R.C.S.I.; M.R.I.A.; -formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, Univ. Dublin.</p> - -<p>Author of Cryptogamic Part in “Steel’s Handbook of Field -Botany,” and other papers.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, -Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, 1878-79. -No experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Barlow, John</span>, 85, Kelvingrove Street, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., -1879; M.B. and C.M. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasg., -1881; (Anderson Univ., Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Prof. of Inst. of -Med. Anderson’s Coll. Glasg.; late Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol., -Univ. Glasg.; House Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.</p> - -<p>Contributed “Mode of Demonstrating Pflüger’s Law of Contraction,” -Jour. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XII.; “Physiological Action -of Ozonised Air,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XIII.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory and Class Room in 1878-79-80-83. -Certificate in 1878 and 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures, for -Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Testing previous Discoveries; -in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments -without Anæsthetics; and in 1883 for Illustrations of -Lectures. No Experiments returned in 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bartholow, Robert.</span> Cincinnati. M.D.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” -New York, 1878.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the action of Gelsemium sempervirens.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Battistini, Attilio.</span> M.D. University of Rome.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Beatson, George Thomas</span>, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. -B.A. Cantab., 1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; C.M., 1874; L.R.C.S. Edin., -1874 (Edin. Univ.); formerly Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contributed “On the causes of Expense in the Antiseptic Treatment -of Wounds,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879; “Origin and Composition -of Bodies found in Compound Ganglia,” Journ. Anat. and -Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Diagnosis of Malignant Abdominal Tumours,” -Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological -Laboratory in 1879 and Certificate dispensing with obligation -to kill before recovery from Anæsthetics.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Beaunis, Henri Etienne.</span> Prof, of Physiology, Med. Faculty, -Nancy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouveaux éléments de Physiologie humaine,” Paris, -1876; joint author with M. Bouchard of “Éléments d’Anatomie -descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.</p> - -<p>Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to a detail of -the necessary arrangements of the physiological laboratory, and -particularly recommends students to study physiology by vivisecting -frogs, as being more readily procured than other animals, and -easily held by pinning them on a piece of cork.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Béclard, Jules</span>, au Siége de l’Académie, 39, Rue des Saints-Pères. -B. 1818; M.D. Paris, 1842; Professor of Physiology Med. -Faculty, Paris; Perpetual Sec. Acad. of Medicine, &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité élémentaire de Physiologie,” Paris, 1880; -“Expériences constatant l’électricité du sang chez les animaux -vivants,” Metz, 1863. Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique -des Sciences Médicales,” Paris, 1880.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<p>“When by the aid of appropriate means, we suppress in animals -the cutaneous evaporation, and thus absolutely prevent -the discharge of water, vapour, and carbonic acid, grave -disorders are set up little by little, terminating in death. In order -thus to suppress the functions of the skin, it is advisable to lay -bare, by means of shaving closely, the whole of the skin of a dog, -sheep, rabbit, or horse, and to cover the exposed surface with a -thick drying varnish. Animals thus treated succumb at the expiration -of various periods, but they rarely survive twelve hours. -After death the tissues and organs are found gorged with black -blood. It is probable that the accumulated carbonic acid has -brought on slow asphyxia. When the pulmonary outlet is sealed up, -the asphyxia is rapid.”—<cite>Traité de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, Paris, 1880, -Vol. I., p. 495.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Béclard, Pierre Augustin.</span> B. 1785, d. 1825. Assistant -to M. Roux, 1809; Prosector Med. Faculty Paris, 1811; Prof. Anat., -1818; Mem. Acad. of Med., 1820.</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with Legallois on the Act of Vomiting.—<cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62.</p> - -<p>Author of “Additions à l’Anatomie générale de X. Bichat,” -Paris, 1821; “Éléments d’Anatomie générale,” Paris, 1823; Traité -Élémentaire de Physiologie, Septième Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; -Part II., 1884.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bégin, Louis Jaques.</span> B. at Liège, 1793; d. 1859. Prof. -Physiol., Military Gymnasium, Metz, 1821; M.D. Strasbourg, -1823; Prof. Anat., Physiol. and Surgery, Med. Faculty, Strasbourg; -Pres. Acad. of Med., Paris, 1847; Mem. of numerous -foreign learned societies.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité de Physiologie pathologique,” 1828, &c.; -contributed Art. “Vomissement,” “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique -des Sciences Médicales.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Behrend, F.</span> Student, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Experiments on rabbits under Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect -of uva ursi leaves and arbutin.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol.. 92, -Pt. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bell, Sir Charles.</span> B. 1778, d. 1842. M.E.C.S., Surg. -Roy. Infirm., Edin., 1797; M.R.C.S., Lond., Surg. Middlesex Hosp., -1812; Sen. Prof. Anat. Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg., Lond., and M.C., -1824; Lect. Physiol., Univ. Coll., Lond., 1826; knighted, 1831; -Prof. Surg. Univ. Edin., 1831.</p> - -<p>Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, -1793 (by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A -System of Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition -of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” -London, 1824; “The Nervous System of the Human Body,” London, -1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments,” London, -1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical Transactions,” “Institute -of Surgery,” &c., &c. The discoverer of the double function of the -spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector on record. Among -the published accounts of his experiments is the following:—</p> - -<p>“After delaying long on account of the unpleasant nature of the -operation, I opened the spinal canal of a rabbit and cut the posterior -roots of the nerves of the lower extremity—the creature still -crawled—but I was deterred from repeating the experiment by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -protracted cruelty of the dissection. I reflected that the experiment -would be satisfactory if done on an animal recently knocked -down and insensible—that whilst I experimented on a living animal, -there might be a trembling or action excited in the muscles by touching -a sensitive nerve, which motion it would be difficult to distinguish -from that produced more immediately through the influence of the -motor nerves.”—<cite>Nervous System of the Human Body</cite> (Longman -and Co.), 1830, p. 31.</p> - -<p>The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir -Charles Bell respecting the utility of Vivisection and its moral -aspect:—</p> - -<p>“In concluding these papers, I hope I may be permitted to offer -a few words in favour of Anatomy, as better adapted for discovery -than experiment. Anatomy is already looked upon with prejudice -by the thoughtless and ignorant—let not its professors -unnecessarily incur the censures of the humane. Experiments -have never been the means of discovery—and a survey of what -has been attempted of late years in physiology, will prove -that the opening of living animals has done more to perpetuate -error than to confirm the just views taken from the study -of anatomy and natural motions. In a foreign review of my -former papers the results have been considered as a further -proof in favour of experiments. They are, on the contrary, deductions -from anatomy, and I have had recourse to experiments not -to form my own opinions, but to impress them upon others. It -must be my apology that my utmost efforts of persuasion were lost, -while I urged my statements on the grounds of anatomy alone. -For my own part I cannot believe that Providence should intend -that the secrets of nature are to be discovered by the means of -cruelty, and I am sure that those who are guilty of protracted -cruelties do not possess minds capable of appreciating the laws of -Nature.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 217.</p> - -<p>Similar sentiments are expressed in his “Essay on the Forces -which Circulate the Blood,” Part II., p. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bellesme, Jousset de.</span> School of Physiology, Nantes.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie Comparée Recherches expérimentelles sur -les fonctions du balancier chez les insectes,” Paris, 1879; “Recherches -sur la digestion chez les mollusques céphalopodes,” Comptes -rendus Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 428; “Recherches sur l’action physiologique -du grenat ou résidu de fabrication de la fuchsine,” -Comptes rendus, Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 187.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Belli, Aristide</span> (Prof.), Director of the School of Veterinary -Medicine, Urbino.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bennet, Alex. Hughes</span>, 13, Old Cavendish Street, W. -M.D., Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869, -M.R.C.P., Lond. 1876 (Edin., Lond. and Paris); Mem. Path. -Soc. Lond.; Ext. Mem. and Emer. Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. -Edin.; Physician Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, St. John’s -Wood, and to the Westminster Hospital, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological -Actions of Theine, Caffeine, Quaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine,” -1873; “A Practical Treatise on Electro-Diagnosis in Diseases -of the Nervous System;” “Illustrations of the Superficial Nerves -and Muscles, with their Motor Points,” &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bennett, John Hughes</span>, M.D. Professor of the Institutes -of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh; died 1875.</p> - -<p>President of the Committee which performed the experiments on -the effect of mercury, &c., on the livers of dogs. He was -accustomed to lecture to his class on the benefit of vivisection, and -advised his students to resist every attempt to interfere with it. -Originator and suggestor of Rutherford’s experiments on the bile -ducts.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Béraud, J. B.</span> Author of “Manuel de physiologie,” Paris, 1853. -Experiments on generative organs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bergeron, E. J.</span>, 75, Rue St. Lazare, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1866; -Prof. Med. Fac. and Insp. of Lunatic Asylums for the Department of -Seine, Knight of the Legion of Honour.</p> - -<p>Author of “Les Réactions physiologiques des Poisons,” Paris, -1836; “Sur l’existence normale du cuivre dans l’organisme,” Paris, -1873; “L’empoisonnement par la strychnine,” Paris, 1877, &c.</p> - -<p>At the age of 26, M. Bergeron was commissioned to undertake a -long series of experiments in several poisoning cases.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Berlin, W.</span> (Dr.), Amsterdam University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bernard, Claude.</span> B. at St. Julien, Rhone, France, 1813; -d. 1878. M.D. Paris, 1843; Pupil and Assistant to M. Majendie; -Prof. of Medicine at Faculty of Science, Paris; Member of the -Academy of Science; succeeded Majendie as Professor of Experimental -Physiology at the College of France in 1855; Prof. -Gen. Physiol. at Museum, 1868; Mem. Acad. Med., 1861; Pres. -Biological Soc., 1867; Member of French Academy, 1869; Commander -of the Legion of Honour, 1867. Member of the Institute -of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Leçons de physiologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1854-1855, -2 vols.; “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine expérimentale,” -Paris, 1855; “Leçons sur les effets des Substances toxiques et -Médicamenteuses,” Paris, 1857; “Leçons sur la physiologie et la -pathologie du système nerveux,” Paris, 1858; “Leçons sur les propriétés -physiologiques et les altérations pathologiques des liquides -de la l’organisme,” Paris, 1859; “Leçons de pathologie expérimentale,” -Paris, 1871; “Leçons sur les anæsthétiques et sur l’asphyxie,” Paris, -1875; “Leçons sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1876; “Leçons sur le -diabète et la glycogenèse animale,” Paris, 1877; “Leçons sur les -phénomènes de la vie, etc.,” Paris, 1878; “La science expérimentale,” -Paris, 1878.</p> - -<p>“A physiologist” (Bernard wrote) “is no ordinary man. He is a -learned man, a man possessed and absorbed by a scientific idea. He -does not hear the animals’ cries of pain. He is blind to the blood that -flows. He sees nothing but his idea, and organisms which conceal -from him the secrets he is resolved to discover.”—<cite>Introd. à -l’étude</cite>, p. 180.</p> - -<p>Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These -animals, Bernard tells us (<cite>Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale</cite>, p. 347), -survived respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four -minutes, and so on, according to the heat of the stove and according -to the position of their heads within it, or outside of it. “It -became impossible,” he says of them, “to count the pantings. -At last the creature falls into convulsions and dies—uttering -a cry.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Our hands without doubt are empty at present, but our mouths -may be full of legitimate promises for the future.”—<cite>Sur le Diabète</cite>, -p. 43.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bernstein, Jules</span> (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University. -M.D. Berlin; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine, University of Berlin, -1871; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine at Halle, 1873.</p> - -<p>Author of works on the Nervous System; “Herzstillstand -durch Sympathicusreizung;” “Die fuenf Sinne des Menschen,” in -“Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek,” Vol. XII., 1875; -“Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem.” -Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871.</p> - -<p>Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the -nerves, and his work entitled “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang -im Nerven und Muskelsystem,” is well known to -physiologists.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Berruti, Giuseppe.</span></p> - -<p>Author of “La Crania tornia nella practica ostretica,” Turin, -1876; with Perosini of “De l’ablation des capsules surrenales,” in -<cite>Gazette Hebdomadaire de Méd.</cite>, 1856, p. 863 et 924.</p> - -<p>Performed numerous experiments on Horses.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bert, Paul</span>, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863; -Prof. Physiol. Fac. Sci. at Bordeaux, 1869; obtained the Prize of -20,000 francs from the Academy of Science for his work on “La -Pression Barométrique” in 1875; President Biol. Soc.; Senator and -Minister of Public Worship for France, under the Presidency of -M. Gambetta.</p> - -<p>Author of “Notes d’Anatomie et de Physiologie comparées,” -1867; “La Pression Barométrique,” 1877; Contrib. Scientific -Articles to “La République Française.”</p> - -<p>“He thought it would be interesting to experiment upon newborn -animals (cats), which, it is well known, he tells us, resist -asphyxia much longer than full grown ones. (P. 571.) From his -apparatus for keeping animals in compressed oxygen he draws -a dog in full convulsions, strong enough to enable him to carry -it by one paw, like a bit of wood. (P. 784.) The attacks of -convulsions, under strong tension of oxygen, are, he says, really -curious and startling.” (P. 799.)—<cite>Pression Barométrique.</cite></p> - -<p>“In this experiment a dog was first rendered helpless and incapable -of any movement, even of breathing, which function was -performed by a machine blowing through a hole in its windpipe.” -All this time, however, “its intelligence, its sensitiveness, and its -will, remained intact,” “a condition accompanied by the most -atrocious sufferings that the imagination of man can conceive.” (<i lang="la">Vide</i> -Claude Bernard in <cite>Revue des Deux Mondes</cite>, 1st September, 1864, pp. -173, 182, 183, &c.) “In this condition, the side of the face, the side -of the neck, the side of the fore-leg, interior of the belly and the -hip, were dissected out in order to lay bare respectively the sciatic, -the splanchnics, the median, the pneumo-gastric and sympathetic, -and the infra-orbital nerves. These were excited by electricity for -ten consecutive hours, during which time the animal must have -suffered unutterable torment, unrelieved even by a cry. The inquisitors -then left for their homes, leaving the tortured victim alone -with the engine working upon it, till death came in the -silence of the night and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. -4,111.)—<cite>Archives de Physiologie</cite>, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Betz, Fr. Hugo.</span> M.D.; Surgeon in practice in Schönan, -Silesia, 1877.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra,” Centralblatt -f. d. Med. Wiss., 1874.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the brains of dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bezold, Albert Von.</span> B. 1836, at Ansbach, d. 1868 at -Wurzburg. After studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went -to Berlin to study physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there he -became the friend of Isidor Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In -addition to the study of physiology, Bezold followed Virchow’s -lectures on pathological anatomy and worked in the laboratory of -Hoppe-Seyler, now Prof. of Physiological Chemistry at Tübingen. -He became assistant to Du Bois Reymond, but was soon after called -to the Chair of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the -nervus vagus produced results opposed to the theories of Schiff -and Moleschott. Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg, 1865, where -he extended the laboratory to be one of the most complete in -Germany. While at Jena he had already enlarged the laboratory -there, and had taken a journey to Edinburgh to superintend -the arrangement of Dr. Bennett’s laboratory.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über die Innervation des Herzens,” -Leipsig, 1863; “Untersuchungen über die electrische Erregung -der Nerven und Muskeln” Leipsig, 1861.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bianchi</span>, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples. Electrotherapist. -Prof. Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bichat, Marie François Xavier.</span> B. 1771; d. 1802. Studied -at Nantes, Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of -Desault, whose works he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished -surgery to devote himself entirely to physiology. Physician -to the Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he experimented with various -drugs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses Membranes -en particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques -sur la vie et la mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée -à la Physiologie et à la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,” -Paris, 1802-1803, 5 vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, -5th Vol. by Roux.</p> - -<p>“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”—<cite>Traité de -Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.</p> - -<p>“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living -animals, which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with -a turn-cock is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an -artery is subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration -is allowed free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby -suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The -blood which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; -it becomes analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is -again opened, the blood once more takes a bright hue.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, -p. 336.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bidder, Alfred Von.</span> M.D. Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte -Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint -author with M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -1852; Contrib. to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, -1883; Arch f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1867.</p> - -<p>Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.—<cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Billroth, Theodor.</span> B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. -Surgeon, Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen, -Berlin, and Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery, -Zurich, 1860; Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und accidentelle -Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine Chirurgische -Pathologie und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der allgemeinen -und speciellen Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das Lehren und -Lernen der Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der -deutschen Nation, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” -Vienna, 1876; “Untersuchungen ueber die Entwickelung -der Blutgefässe, nebst Beobachtungen aus der Klinischen Chirurgischen -Universitäts-Klinik zu Berlin,” Berlin, 1876, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Binz, Carl.</span> Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; -studied Med. at Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 -(Bonn); Private Prof. of Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; -Prof. extraordinary and founder of Institute of Pharmacology -University of Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary, 1873. Staff-Surgeon -during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beobachtungen zur inneren Klinik,” Bonn, 1864; -“Grinidzüge der Arznei Mittel Lehre,” “Experimentelle Untersuchungen -ueber das Wesen der Chininwirkung,” Berlin, 1868; -“Ueber den Traum,” Bonn, 1878, etc.</p> - -<p>Experiments with nitrite of sodium on frogs, rabbits, and dogs.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, -Nov. 3, 1883.</p> - -<p>“Binz produced fever in dogs artificially by injecting infusion of -hay or putrid animal matter into their veins, and then tested the -action of quinine by injecting it either at the same time or shortly -afterwards.”—<cite>Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines</cite>, -T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Biondi, Adolfo</span>, Strada Nuova, Monteoliveto 6. Prof. -Pathological Medicine, Royal University, Naples.</p> - -<p>“I cannot imagine that any man in his senses would attempt to -remove a human lung with a tumour in it. It would not be resection -of parts of four ribs which would permit the removal of a -tumour sufficiently large to admit of accurate diagnosis; and I -cannot observe, in the literature just at the moment accessible, that -any other kinds of tumours occur in the lung, save those of hydatid -origin, and those of a cancerous nature. If the tumour were hydatid, -the removal of lung would be unnecessary. If the tumour proved -to be an aneurysm, the disaster would be awful.… The facility -with which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs, and parts of lungs, from -dogs, guinea-pigs, cats, fowls, pigeons, and sheep, and the absence -of mortality from such operations, is likely to be a snare rather -than a help. It does not need saying, that the removal of a healthy -lung, collapsed by the introduction of air into the pleura, would be a -very easy matter, and very different from the removal of a diseased -and adherent organ. There would be as much difference as there is -between normal ovariotomy and removal of a pyosalpinx. It is -perfectly clear that these animals, with their deep and narrow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -chests, differ very much from us with our wide and shallow cavities, -in their power of enduring the accident of acute pneumothorax; -certainly they would differ from us immensely in the facility with -which pneumonotomy may be performed. Their chests are built -for the endurance of the special efforts of great speed, and we -have lost those physical characters; and I venture to say that, if -acute pneumothorax were suddenly inflicted upon sixty-three healthy -adult human beings, death would be the immediate result in the -great majority of the experiments.”—<cite>Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. -Med. Journ., June 20, 1884.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Birch, J. de Burgh</span>, Barnard Castle, Durham. M.D. Edin. (Gold -Medallist), 1880, M.B. and C.M., 1877; (Bristol and Edin. Univ.); -F.R.S.E.; late Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contributed “Constitution and Relations of Bone Lamellæ, -Lacunæ, and Canaliculi, and some effects of Trypsin Digestion on -Bone,” Journ. Physiol. Vol. II.; also contrib. to Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. -and Centralb. d. Med. Wiss.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, -Lecture Room and Physiological Laboratory 1878 and in 1879. -Certificate in 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures; no experiments -returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig W.</span> M.D. (Deceased.) Late -Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Munich.</p> - -<p>Author of “Commentatio de nervi accessorii Willissii anatomia -et physiologia,” Darmstadt, 1832; “Commentatio de novis quibusdam -experimentis chemico-physiologicus ad illustrandam -doctrinam de respiratione institutis. Praemissae sunt literae -L. Gmelin,” Heidelberg, 1837; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des -Hundeeiess,” Brunswick, 1845; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des -Meerschweinschens,” Giessen, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des -Rehes,” Giessen, 1854; “Das Hirngewicht des Menschen,” -Bonn, 1880; and joint author with Carl Voit of “Die Gesetze der -Ernährung des Fleischfressers durch neue Untersuchungen festgestellt,” -Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Das Studium und die -Ausübung der Medicino durch Frauem,” Munich, 1872; Contrib. -to Encyclopédie Anatomique.</p> - -<p>Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, on the -accessory and vagus nerves, which he cut through between the -cranium and first vertebra, with the result that the sound of the -voice became changed. “Was most successful with a goat, in which -he succeeded in cutting both accessory nerves, when it could no -longer be said to have a voice at all.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bizzozero, Giulio.</span> B. at Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D. Pavia, -1866; Prof. of Histology, Pavia; Prof. of General Pathology, 1872; -Professor of General Pathology, Royal Univ. Turin; Free Prof. -Microscopy applied to clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza -at the experimental Laboratory of the University of Pavia. Has -founded a Laboratory at Turin. Knight of the Order of the Crown -of Italy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia -vibratili,” 1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e -sulle cettule sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici -del cervello e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” -1868-69; “Sui rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -“Sui linfatici e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; -“Recherches sur la physiopathologie du sang” (for which the -Acad. of Turin has lately awarded him the prix Riberi of -20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element morphologique du sang et de -son importance dans la thrombose et la coagulation,” dans -Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of “L’Archivio -delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates the results -of his experiments.</p> - -<p>Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and -omentum or mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but -“to avoid objection to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also -performed a great number of experiments on animals not under -anæsthetics, but tied to the table.—<cite>Archiv. Ital.</cite>, Tom. II.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Blix, Magnus Gustaf.</span> B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory -of Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala, -1882.</p> - -<p>Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society, -Upsala,” principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, -viz., “Bidrag till laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: -Ophthalmometriska studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; -Till Melysning affragan, Muravida varmenomfattes till -mekaniskt arbete vid Muskelcontractioner,” 1881; “Mya midsag -till ophthalmometriens utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande perimeter,” -1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Block, Carl Otto</span>, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.</p> - -<p>Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found -they did not die if a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he -became desirous of making the same experiment on men. His first -victim was a girl of fourteen, who died a few hours after the -operation (resection of a piece of the lung).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Blondlot, Nicolas.</span> B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof. -Chemistry and Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; -“Essai sur les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; -“Recherches sur la digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, -1855.</p> - -<p>In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of experiments -on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is -generally spoken of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment -of a fistula into the stomach of the lower animals. (His -method is given in detail in “Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, -another vivisector, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a -Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists, -in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account of a number of -successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Boccardo, Giuseppe.</span> Assistant, Physiological Institute, -R. University, Naples.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore.</span> Prof. Experimental -Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai -de critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873.</p> - -<p>“All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been -made on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -were made on rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results obtained -amount to little or nothing. We must say once for all that our -experiments with strychnine and quinine have also given no exact -result.”—<cite>Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat</cite>, Paris, 1873, p. 25.</p> - -<p>“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters -act under identical conditions, the results obtained are not -always the same.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Böhm, R.</span> Prof. in Marburg.</p> - -<p>Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the -exfoliation of intestinal epithelium.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XCII., -part 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bohr</span> (Dr.). Prof. of Physiology, Copenhagen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bornhardt, A.</span> Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. -Med., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der Bogengänge -des Ohrlabyrinths.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XII, p. 471.</p> - -<p>Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains -had been extirpated.—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bouchard, Charles.</span> Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris.</p> - -<p>Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.” -Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris, -1869; “Recherches nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments -d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bousfield, Edward Collins</span>, Wellesley House, Ashley Road, -Bristol. L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St. Barthol.); -Physiol. Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed “On -a hitherto unnoted feature of the blood in Leucocythaemiæ,” Lancet -1879; “Effects of the Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880; “Case -illustrating the Pathology of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical -School 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bowditch, H. P.</span> Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School, -Boston, U.S.</p> - -<p>Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the -extremities.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brachet, Jean Louis.</span> B. at Eivors (France), 1789, d. at -Lyons, 1858. Hosp. Surg., Physician to Prisons, Professor of Physiology -School of Medicine, Physician to Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Chev. de -la Leg. d’Honn., Prof. Materia Med. and Therap., Mem. Acads. of -Med. Paris, Vienna, Madrid, Turin; Mem. Acad. Sci., Arts, and -Belles Lettres of Lyons, Dijon, Toulouse, Genoa; Mem. Med. Socs. -of Paris, Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen, Toulouse, Marseilles, Copenhagen, -Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans, Besançon, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “Dissertation Physiologique sur la cause des mouvement -de dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches -Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” -Paris, 1830; “Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,” Lyons, -1844; “Considérations sur le Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” -Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de l’Homme,” Lyons, -1855; “De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made -numerous researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary -system.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Braidwood, Peter Murray</span>, 17, Rodney Street, Liverpool, and -2, Delamere Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist) -1863; F.R.C.S. Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, -and Vienna); Astley Cooper Prizem. 1868; Honourable mention -from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from Imp. Council of Russia -1872; Fothergillian Medallist 1877; F.R.M.S.; Ext. Mem. (late -Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Exam. in Med. Jurisp. Univ. Edin.; -Co-Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Med. and Surg. Reports. -Author “On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the -Domestic Management of Children.” Contrib. “On the Physiological -Action of Dajaksch,” Edin. Med. Journ. 1864; “First and -Second Reports on the Life History of Contagion,” Brit. Med. Journ. -1875-76-77-78, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing -with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. -No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brailey, William Arthur</span>, 16, Orchard Street, Portman -Square, W. M.A.; M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. -and L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond. 1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fell. -Down. Coll. Camb. and late Inter. Coll. Lect. in Nat. Sci.; 1st Class -Nat. Sci. Tripos 1867; Exhib. in Biol. Prelim. Sci. Exam. M.B. Lond. -1865; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Comm. Ophth. Soc.; Lect. on Comp. -Anat. Guy’s and St. George’s Hosp. Med. Schs.; Curator and Regist. -Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Ophth. Surg. Evelina Hosp.; late House -Phys. Addenbrooke’s Hosp. Camb. Contributed “On Pathology of -Increased Tension,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Reps. 1877 and 1879; -“A Theory of Elancoma,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Reps. 1880, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and -Lecture Room in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 -and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brewer</span> (Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Dr. Brewer published in the <cite>Detroit Therapeutic Gazette</cite> -for September, 1882, an account of fifty experiments made -by him on frogs, kittens, cats, and dogs, with the liquid -extract of <i>Manaca</i> (a Brazilian plant) which he either exhibited -“<i lang="la">per oram</i>” (to quote literally) or injected subcutaneously. The -experiments were evidently made with great care, and entailed a -good many difficult vivisectional operations, such as the cutting of -the crural and sciatic nerves, the tying of the femoral artery, the -cutting of the spinal cord, and the ablation of the cerebrum. Great -pains were taken, and no fewer than eight experiments were instituted, -for the sole purpose of ascertaining whether Manaca affected -the nerves directly or through the intermediation of the blood, as -most poisons do, prussic acid not excepted.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brodie, Sir Benjamin.</span> B. 1783, d. 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805; Asst. -to Mr. Wilson as Demonst. of Anat.; Asst. Surg. St. George’s 1810; -Croonian Lecturer to Roy. Soc.; Prof. Anat. and Surg. Roy. Coll. -Surg. 1819; Sergeant Surgeon to William IV. 1832; was created a -Baronet 1834; Mem. Court of Exam. Coll. Surg. 1835; President -Roy. Coll. Surg. 1844; President Roy. Soc. 1858.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes -in which Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.” <cite>Edin. -Review</cite>, Vol. XVIII., p. 370, 1811.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> - -<p>As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in -observations and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.—<cite>Quar. -Jour. Science and the Arts</cite>, Jan., 1823, p. 341.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brondgeest, P. J.</span></p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” -Mueller’s Archiv., 1860.</p> - -<p>The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:—“Cut the -spinal cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each -posterior limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the creature -by the head. If we then observe the situation of the two limbs, -a difference is perceived, which has been shown to be invariable in -sixty-two experiments. The foot of which the nerve is cut is limp -and pendant; that of which the nerve is intact is slightly bent in all -its articulations. M. Brondgeest made similar experiments on rabbits -and birds.… If we detach by one of its extremities a -muscle newly prepared on a living animal, taking care to preserve -its nerve, and attach to the extremity of this muscle a certain weight, -… we shall see that it will augment in weight.”—<cite>Traité de -Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brouardel, Paul.</span> M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s -Hosp. 1873; Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées -contre le diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène -publique et de médecine légale.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Browne, James Crichton.</span> M.D.; Medical officer of the West -Riding Lunatic Asylum.</p> - -<p>“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed -two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life, to -ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to -pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 -animals in all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in -discovering an antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of -testing it on human beings has yet occurred; witness has been -denounced for this cruelty, although pycrotoxine is much used for -poisoned wheat; in each case the animal dies in convulsions.”—<cite>Dig. -Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, London, 1876, p. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard</span>, Laboratory of -Exper. Med., Collége de France, Paris. B. at Mauritius, 1818. M.D. -Paris, 1840; Prof. Med. Fac., Paris, 1869; Suc. Claude Bernard as -Prof. Exper. Med. at College of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures, -Smithsonian Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System -of Surgery, Vol. III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and -Practical Med., New York; “Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered -at the opening of the Medical Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; -Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous -System, Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures on Diagnosis -and Treatment of functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c., Philadelphia, -Cambridge, U.S., &c.</p> - -<p>“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to -the action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or -diminution of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed -by a marked increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which -are behind the place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -to the posterior columns of the spinal cord are always followed by a -degree of hyperæsthesia greater than after the laying bare of -the nervous centres—hyperæsthesia which appeared in all parts of -the body behind the place injured.… Before the operation in -rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces agitation -but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the least -pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes -the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure -upon the skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is -performed on the lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena -are always the same—that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia -in the various parts of the body which receive their nerves -from the part of the spinal cord which is behind the section. It has -been so in all the animals I have operated upon, and I have already -made this experiment upon animals belonging to more than twenty -species. As long as the animals live after the section of the posterior -columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist, except in the cases -where re-union takes place between the two surfaces of the section; -but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after the operation -than it is after a month or many months.”—<cite>Brown-Séquard</cite>, -“<cite>Lancet</cite>” 1,823 and 1,819.</p> - -<p>M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation -almost exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological -topics, especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the -sympathetic nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal -of the supra-renal capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and -Papers giving details of his Experiments.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bruns, Paul Victor.</span> B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, -1833; M.D., 1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; -Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840.</p> - -<p>Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, -1854-60; “Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung -der Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung -schlechtgeheilte Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung -eines Polypen in der Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” -Tübingen, 1862; “Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, -1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,” Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” -Tübingen, 1870.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brunton, Thomas Lauder</span>, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish -Square, W. M.D., Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours and Gold -Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., Lond., -1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and -Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ. Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med. Soc., London; Mem. (late -Sen. Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap., -and Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. Edin., -and R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London; Member -of the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize -Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” -“Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological -Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations -to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes -Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>; “The -Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -“Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous -Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl -in Angina Pectoris,” <cite>Lancet</cite>, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition -of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; -“On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian -Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. -Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.</p> - -<p>“The number of animals required in experiments for research -varies enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of -different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and -cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to -how the cats are obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series -of investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method -pursued, and gives reasons for it. No beneficial discovery has yet -been arrived at; the experiments are still proceeding.”—<cite>Dig. Ev. -Roy. Com.</cite>, London, 1876, pp. 38-9.</p> - -<p>“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise -a frog and lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, -and another piece of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix -the body of the frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a -pair of scissors, draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery -with very fine pins over the hole. In an hour and a half, or two -hours afterwards, white corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels -and wander over the field. We may then inject our drug into the -circulation, or apply it locally to the mesentery.”—<cite>Experimental -Investigation into the action of Medicines</cite>, T. Lauder Brunton, London, -1875, p. 23.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 -for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without -Anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules -and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and -for Experiments without Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted -upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; -in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and -also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. No experiments on -Horses, Mules or Asses in either year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Budge, Julius</span> (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. -Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology -Univ. Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, -1856.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine, -1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; -“Allgemeine Pathologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf -Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda der Speciellen Physiologie -des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke des Athems,” -Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” -Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.</p> - -<p>“From observations on human patients we have already learnt -that pain causes movements of the bladder. But we can also -demonstrate this fact experimentally. Not always, but in many -instances I have seen that in curarised animals in whom it is well -known the sensibility of the nerves long outlasts their mobility, that -the pressure of the water rose when I galvanized the trigeminal -nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -membrane of the nose, or when I irritated the central end of a -nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. 1865, -II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements -of the bladder,”—“<cite>Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge.</cite>” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 515.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bufalini, Giovanni.</span> Prof. Siena University.</p> - -<p>Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche -Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., -p. 338.</p> - -<p>Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation -of dogs.—<cite>Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche</cite>, Vol V., p. 338.</p> - -<p>“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of -inanition. The authors present a graphic table, indicating the -quantity of hæmoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and, -according to daily observations on a bitch subjected for 43 days -to an absolute fast with the exception of one ration of water. At -the last there were quick oscillations in the temperature … an -interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by further experiments, -which the authors engage to make. A second series of experiments -was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days -was practised the transfusion of blood.”—<cite>Archives Italiennes</cite>, -Tom. II., p. 253.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Burkart, Rudolph.</span> M.D. Bonn, 1869.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,” -Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus -auf die Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. I., p. 107; -“Studien ueber die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und -ueber die Beziehungen derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen -athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.</p> - -<p>The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, -such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with -electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the -abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In -Exp. VII., after a continuation of the electrical excitement for -2h. 20m., the action of the diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on -frogs are also recorded.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cadiat</span> (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical -Courses.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Capparelli, A.</span>, M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.</p> - -<p>Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under -chloroform; others curarized.—Communicated to Academy of Medicine, -Turin, June, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cash, John Theodore.</span> M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. -and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and -Leipsig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital -Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of -Lectures in 1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash -can also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, -King’s College, London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth -Road.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cerradini, Giulio.</span> Prof. Univ. of Genoa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chambard</span> (Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp. -Mental Dis.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Charcot, Jean Martin</span>, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; -Phys. to La Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of -Med., Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la -Pneumonie chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la -Médecine scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les -maladies des vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; -“Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons -sur les maladies du foie; des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; -Joint Editor of “Archives de Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism -and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Charles, T. W. Cranstoun</span>, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. -M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. -Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. -Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; -Lect. on Pract. Physiol. St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; late Med. -Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol. St. Thomas’ Hosp.; formerly Demonst. -and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll., Belfast. Contrib. -“Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological -Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned -in 1879.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chauveau, A.</span>, 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des -Travaux d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf -pneumogastrique,” &c.</p> - -<p>Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s <cite>Journal de -Physiologie</cite>. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the -spinal marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.” -His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and -asses, who “lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large -volume of their spinal marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to -his purpose.” “The animal is fixed on a table; an incision is made -on its back of from thirty to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ -are opened with the help of chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal -marrow exposed.” No mention of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous -mule. “When one pricks the marrow near the line of emergence of -the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the most violent pain.… -Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the line of emergence—<i lang="fr">douleur -intense</i>. Case 20. Old white horse lying on the litter, unable -to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever point I scratch -the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent suffering.”—<cite>Journal -de Physiologie</cite>, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cheyne, Wm. Watson</span>, 6, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish -Square, London, W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), -1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); -Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, -1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; -Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. of Surg. -King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. Anat.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s Coll. -Hosp., London.</p> - -<p>Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History -and Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating -Wounds,” <cite>Internat. Encyl. Surg.</cite> Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and -Lond. Med. Record, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological -Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation -to Kill in 1880-81-82-83.</i></p> - -<p>“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from -M. Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. -Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks -containing serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous -animals; and he has in some cases succeeded in producing -tuberculosis by the injection of these cultivations into other -animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected -into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of -these seven animals six were under observation for a sufficient -length of time for the development at least of local tuberculosis. -In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments -detailed in this report inoculation was made into the anterior -chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable; syringes purified -by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations of -these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, -and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs -were under observation for a considerable time without the -development of tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that -thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci with which -Toussaint works, and obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no -case did tuberculosis occur.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.</p> - -<p>“<i>Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882.</i>—Experiment with pus from -the wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick -and foul smelling.</p> - -<p>“1. One minim was injected <em>into the left eye</em> of a rabbit. Panophthalmos -[inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted -and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, -and in December was apparently well. It died on January -10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)</p> - -<p>“<i>Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.</i>—The bacilli were rubbed -up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material -was injected <em>into the right eyes</em> of three rabbits. Into the <em>left eyes</em> -the following materials were injected:—</p> - -<p>“No. 1.—One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with -one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. -This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected -into the left eye of No. 1.</p> - -<p>“<i>Result in No. 1.</i>—On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was -a well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris—the -coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but -apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left -eye was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right -eye become converted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This -animal died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)—“Report -to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by -Research.”—<cite>Practitioner</cite>, April, 1883.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chirone, Vincenzo.</span> Prof. at Palermo.</p> - -<p>Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of -pirotoxine and cinchonidine.</p> - -<p>Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio, -Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia, -compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, 1871—Presso -V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo -della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con -medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”—Presso -l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore -avvenga durante la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” -1873; “L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del -Prf. Cantani. Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; -“Meccanismo di azione della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla -fibra muscolare in generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del -Prof. A. Bernard nel Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima -(Lo Sperimentale), 1874; parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; -“Mécanisme de l’action de la quinine sur la circulation. Recherches -expérimentales, executées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, -1875—Masson éditeurs; “Due parole sul nesso naturale tra -le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore. Lettera al Prof. F. -Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’ iniezione nelle -vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi -(Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica -della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; -“Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. -Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e -redatta da Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia -attivitá muscolare e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta -ai Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” -1876; “Due parole di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. -Pagliani (L’Osservatore, Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; -“Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto -della R. Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche -di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione fisiologica della chinina -sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte nel laboratorio di -Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876), dal Dott. Leone -Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La Scienza e -l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti, pei medici -e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10; Collaborazione -all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, Bezoardo, -Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), Calaguala, -Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, -Cerato, Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China -(monografia), Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), -Cioccolatte medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chossat, Charles Etienne.</span> B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. -Prof. Univ. Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, -1843; “De l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” -Paris, 1823.</p> - -<p>“… During all the operations, and in a great number of -thermometrical observations, the animal has been placed upon its -back, the fore and hind feet secured to make certain that the -body should remain motionless. This position, which is extremely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -convenient for the experimenter, is no doubt far less so for the -animal experimented upon.… As Legallois had affirmed, probably -from the results of his own experiments on rabbits, ‘that by -tying an animal down on its back its temperature may be sufficiently -lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long enough in that -position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by prolonging -its duration.”—<cite>Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la -Chaleur Animale</cite>, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.</p> - -<p>“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded -that the sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in -animals. But if, after having cut the brain transversely in front of -the pons varolis, after having suppressed all nervous action by a -cerebral shock violent enough to cause death, after having cut both -the pneumo-gastric nerves, after having made various sections of the -spinal cord, after having dissected out the sympathetic nerve above -the solary plexus, after having practised ligature of the aorta below -the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals -submitted to these mutilations has been lowered and they have -died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep up artificial -breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, it -cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects -of cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased -temperature was evidently the consequence and not the cause of -death.”—Gavarret, Art. “<cite>Chaleur Animale</cite>” <cite>Dict. des Sciences -Médicales</cite>, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.</p> - -<p>“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments -on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, -and have arrived at this result—that the animals die when they -have lost in weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their -original weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals -to complete deprivation of food and drink, and abandoned them -thus until they died. He examined them all every twenty-four -hours at noon and at midnight.”—Gavarret’s “<cite>Animal Heat</cite>” p. 394.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chudzinski</span> (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of -Anthropology.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ciaccio</span> (Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ciniselli, Giuseppe.</span> Prof. Pavia University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cleland, John</span>, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., -1856; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; -formerly Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. -Galway.</p> - -<p>Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection -of the Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and -various other papers.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Coats, Joseph</span>, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. -Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; -(Univ. Glasg., Leipsig, and Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. -Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. -and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lect. on Path. and Pathologist Glasg. -Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.; Editor of Glasg. -Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s Arb., 1869;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -“Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” Glas. -Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate -dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in -1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo.</span> Prof. Sassari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cohnheim, Julius.</span> B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d. Aug. -14, 1884. Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs. -Berlin, Wurzburg, Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow -at Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864; Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. -Path. Anat. at Breslau, 1872, where was founded under his -direction a new Pathological Institute. Accepted the Professorship -of Gen. Path. and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on -General Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis -Rechberg, of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung -für das Herz.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (<em>whom see</em>) “to -elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which -exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.”</p> - -<p>“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably -accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude -from the outset that they are the result of the closing of the -coronary artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the -heart, and even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, -and certainly without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who -has made frequent experiments on dogs in which the pressure of -the blood has been noted down during a long period, knows very -well that intermittent pulsation, and even greater irregularities, are -not unfrequent occurrences in narcotised and bound or curarised -animals—irregularities which disappear or re-appear, as the case -may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic beating of the -heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose coronary -arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens spontaneously -(according to our experience) in dogs which -have already been used for a long succession of experiments, -which have resulted in the natural alteration of the -action of the heart, and in whom the arterial pressure has been -lowered to a great degree, more especially when for hours the thorax -has been open, and experiments have been made on the greater -vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial pressure, -etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations -of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be -the cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes -this naif remark), “Many observers have expressed surprise at -the amount of pain which a dog’s heart can bear!”—“<cite>Ueber die -Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für das Herz</cite>,” Virchow’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.</p> - -<p>“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs -under curari with artificial respiration, but several were under -morphia; with rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing -with all narcotics.”—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Colasanti, Joseph.</span> M.D. Univ. Rome.</p> - -<p>Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di -Roma, 1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” -“Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at -Bonn. “… For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, -with well developed muscles and little fat. The method of preparing -them for the desired experiments was as follows:—The dog was -fastened on to the vivisection table. The abdomen was opened by -a long cut in the linea alba from the sternum to the symphysis oss. -pub.; to the right and left of the linea alba the muscles of the skin -and abdomen were cut across and separated, so as to leave space -for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and the vena cava -ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their sheaths, -and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the -artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended -to supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”—“<cite>Zur -Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes.</cite>”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Colin, Gabriel Constant.</span> B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. -Prof. Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les -grands ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des -animaux,” 1854-56; “Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des -moutons, due à la présence d’une linguitale dans les ganglions -mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a number of articles to the “Receuil -de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” -“Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.”</p> - -<p>“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay -and Colin:—Starve a horse, make an open wound in the -æsophagus, and inject thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux -vomica, or from three to four grains of strychnine. At the end of -a quarter of an hour the horse will die in characteristic convulsions.”—<cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, p. 155.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cornil, André Victor</span>, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. -M.D. Paris, 1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the -Hospital de Lourcine.</p> - -<p>Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons -élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des Connaisances -Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel -d’Histologie Pathologique.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Corona, Augusto</span> (Prof.) Director of Sassari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Corrado</span> (Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological -Pathology Hospital of San Spirito.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Couty</span> (Mons.), Rio Janeiro.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Coyne, Paul,</span> M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. -Prof. Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of -Histology of the Hospital La Charité, Paris.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse -des larynx et sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés -de la rougeole,” Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cryan, Robert,</span> 54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. -Irel., 1873; L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., -Carm. Sch. Dub. and Univ. Glasg.); Phys. St. Vincent’s Hosp.; -Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Cath. Univ.; M.R.T.A. Mem. Med. Soc., -Coll. Phys. Irel., Surg. Soc. Irel. and Path. and Obst. Socs. Dub.; -late Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. Carm. Sch.</p> - -<p>Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.; <cite>Dub. Quart. -Journ., and Med. Press and Circular</cite>.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory -of Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations -of Lectures.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cunningham, Daniel John</span>, University, Edinburgh. M.D. -Edin. (Gold Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, -Edin.; F.R.S., Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anat. (late Asst. -and Junior Demonst. of Anat.), Univ. Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Roy. -Vet. Coll., Edin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several -Articles to <cite>Journ. Anat. and Physiology</cite>, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde -Street, Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates -for Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No -experiments in 1878, 1880, and 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Curci</span> (Signor).</p> - -<p>Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and cinchonidine.—<cite>Archiv. -Ital.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Currie, Andrew Stark</span>, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. -Edin., 1874; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological -Laboratory, 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cyon, Elias de</span>, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. -Physiology Univ. St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. -Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und -experimentelle erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” -Paris, 1867; “Methodik der physiologischen Experimente -und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,” Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; -“Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires -et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion de -l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section -des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1—(Experiments on pigeons, -dogs, rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude -Bernard.)</p> - -<p>Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in -1874; also in Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, -and that of Claude Bernard, at Paris. To observe the -action excited by barometrical pressure upon the organism, he -placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but -improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -animal were brought into communication with a manometer placed -outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by -an electric current.</p> - -<p>… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular -canals is appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact -idea of the unceasing movements of the pigeon; it can -neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly, nor perform any systematic -movements whatever, nor retain for an instant even any -position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons -which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a -napkin, so as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus -pinioned I placed them in a hammock, specially constructed for -pigeons having had the semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding -these precautions, it has frequently happened that I have -found the pigeons dead in a corner of the laboratory.… So -violent were the muscular contractions, that though enfolded in a -napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out of the -hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the brain -ended their sufferings.”—“Functions des canaux,” etc.; <cite>Bibl. de -l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles</cite>, Vol. -XVIII., pp. 45-46.</p> - -<p>“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of -animals in physiological experiments, will do well to remember -how often he has prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe -treatment for a patient, in order to obtain some insight into how it -was likely to act. Many a surgical operation is performed, <em>less for -the benefit of the patient than for the service of science;</em> and the -utility of the knowledge aimed at thereby is often <em>much more -trifling</em> than that attained by Vivisection of an animal.”—<cite>Methodik</cite>, -p. 8.</p> - -<p>“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with -the same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a -surgeon undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects -extraordinary consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a -living animal, he who approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable -necessity, may very likely be able to repeat one or two vivisections, -but will never become an artist in vivisection. He who cannot -follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely visible to the naked eye, -into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing it to a new branching, -with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he who feels no enjoyment -when at last, parted from its surroundings and isolated, he can -subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or when, in some deep -cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his finger-ends, he -ligatures and divides an invisible vessel—to such a one there is -wanting that which is most necessary for a successful vivisector. -The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto insuperable -is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector. And -the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full -of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch, -and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished—this -sensation has much in common with that which -inspires a sculptor, when he shapes forth fair living forms from a -shapeless mass of marble.”—<cite>Methodik</cite>, 1876, p. 15.</p> - -<p>“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation -(<cite>Methodik</cite>, p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to -the ordinary vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> -the rabbit’s head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that -hand rests on the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as a <i lang="fr">point -d’appui</i> for the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of -the temple the instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus -avoiding the hard portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife -directly into the cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes -under the knife. Now holding the head of the animal very firmly, -the blade of the knife is directed backwards and downwards, and -pressed hard in this direction against the base of the skull. The -nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian ganglion, which is -announced by a violent cry of agony (<i lang="de">einen heftigen Schmerzensschrei</i>) -of the animal.’”</p> - -<p>“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and -the art of vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of -the English Universities entreated me not to announce my work -in any of the English newspapers, as they feared that public -opinion might be still more aroused.”—Letter to the <cite>Gaulois</cite>, -December, 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Czermak, Johann Nepomuk.</span> B. at Prague in Bohemia, -1828; Med. and Chir. Doct.; formerly Prof. Univs. Cracow and -Pesth; Prof. Univ. Prague, 1860; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Jena, 1865; -Prof. Univ. Leipsig, 1870; founded Physiological Laboratories in -each of the above Universities; inventor of the laryngoscope, and -also of several instruments for securing animals during vivisection.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen -Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der -sogenannten Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe -wahrzunehmen,” Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge -gehalten im akademischen Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die -Physiologie als allgemeines Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; -“Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der -electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871; “Ueber das Herz u. den -Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig, 1871; “Nachweiss -echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,” Vienna, -1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische -Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, -1873.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dareste, Camille,</span> 37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, -1847; Prof. Nat. Hist., Lyceum of Versailles; Prof. Zool., Fac. -Sci. Lille, 1864; Direct. of Lab. of Teratology Med. Fac., Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités -ou Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. -Dareste has made a special study of Animal Monstrosities, and articles -by him on this subject have appeared in several journals, including -the “Comptes Rendus of the Académie des Sciences.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dastre</span> (Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Prof. Nat. Hist. Lycée Louis -le Grand; Prof. (Suppléant) of Physiol. Fac. Sci.; Prof. of -Physiol., La Sorbonne, Paris.</p> - -<p>Has translated from the English “Des lésions des nerfs et leurs -conséquences,” by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited “Chaleur Animale,” -by Claude Bernard.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Davidson, Alex. Dyce</span>, 224, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.A. -Aberd., 1863; M.D. 1870; M.B. and C.M. (both with highest Honours), -1866; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1866; (Univ. Aberd. and Paris); Lect. on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -Opth. Surg. and Ophthalmoscopy Univ. Aberd.; Opth. Surg. Roy. -Infirm. Aberdeen; Surg. Aberd. Opth. Inst. Blind Asyl., and Female -Orphan Inst.; Professor of Materia Medica Univ. Aberdeen; Phys. -Hosp. for Incurables. Contrib. several Papers, etc., to Annales -d’Oculietique and other journals.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection unrestricted as to place in 1878, -also in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics -in 1878; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Davison, James</span>, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, -Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin).</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal -College of Surgeons, Ireland, and 45, Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, -1881, and at the Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, -1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Deahna, Dr. A.</span> Prof. Physiol. at Freiburg, in Bresgau; -Phys. on Staff of Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879.</p> - -<p>Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Beiträge zur -Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässemuskeln,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XII., p. 157.</p> - -<p>Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all -curarised, and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">De Paoli, Giovanni.</span> Prof. Genoa University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Descoust</span> (Dr.), 16, Rue Hérold, Paris. Prof, of Pract. Med. -Jurisp. Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Desfossez</span> (Dr.), Boulogne-sur-Seine. Phys. Hosp. Ophthalmology.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Desgranges</span> (Dr.), 55, Place de la République, Lyons. Prof. of -Surgery Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dittmar, Carl.</span> M.D. 1867, Phys. at Hildesheim; Mem. of -Acad. of Sci. of Saxony.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Lage der sogenannten Gefässnervencentrums -in der Medulla oblongata;” “Ein neuer Beweiss für die -Reizbarkeit der centripetalen Fasern des Rückenmarks” (Ber. der. -Sächs. Gessellschaft d. Wiss., 1870).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Donders, Frans-Cornelius.</span> B. 1818. Studied at the -Military Medical School of Utrecht. Was Military Surgeon at the -Hospital of Hague. Professor of Physiol., Histol., and Ophthalmol. -at the University of Utrecht, 1847. In 1863 received from -his Government a grant of money for the construction of a modern -Physiological Laboratory, which was inaugurated 1867. Corr. -Mem. Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1873, and Institute of France, -1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Lehre von den Augenbewegungen,” 1847; “Onder -Zockingen gedaan in het physiologisch laboratorium,” etc., Utrecht, -1849, 1857, 1867, etc.; and of several articles in Graefe’s “Archiv. -für Ophthalmologie.”</p> - -<p>“MM. Snellon and Donders took a rabbit, cut the nerve on the right -side of the cervical region, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a -fragment of glass into the sore, which was then sewn up. At the end of -six days a tumour was set up in the left ear. At the end of twelve days -the wound on the right ear was opened by tearing its borders.… -In the other ear meanwhile the swelling had considerably increased, -and a vast purulent abscess was formed in its interior.… Here are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -some more curious results. Cut the right nerve in the neck of a -rabbit, and when the vessels of the globe of the eye are dilated pour -concentrated acetic acid on both eyes. The sight is instantly violently -distressed; the epithelium being cauterised soon becomes detached, -… and at the end of four weeks the pupil of the eye can no longer -be seen.”—<cite>Traité de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dowdeswell, George Francis</span>, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, -Oxford. M.A., F.C.S., F.R.S., &c.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “On the structural changes which are produced in the -liver under the influence of the Salts of Vanadium,” “Journal -of Physiology,” Vol. I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, and University -College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; -also at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory, besides -former places in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments -without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879; Certificate Dispensing -with obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates for Experiments -without anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, -Mules, and Asses in 1881-83, and Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or -Asses in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1878, 1879, and 1880. -No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Du Bois Reymond, Emil.</span> B. Berlin, 1818. Studied -Geology at Bonn; Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin under J. Müller; -Ph. D. 1843 (Bonn and Berlin); Prof. Physiol. Univ. Berlin (successor -to J. Müller), 1858; Mem. and Perpetual Sec. of Imp. Acad. -of Science, Berlin, 1867.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen ueber thierische Elektricität,” -Berlin, 1848, etc.; “Ueber Thierische Bewegung,” Berlin, 1851; -“Ueber die Grenzen des Naturerkennens,” Leipsig, 1872; “Abhandlungen -über allgemeine Muskel und Nervenphysik,” 1877; “Der -physiologische Unterricht sonst und jetzt,” Berlin, 1878; “Culturgeschichte -und Naturwissenschaft,” Leipsig, 1878. Since 1857, -co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy.</p> - -<p>In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the -results in “Poggendorf’s Annals” (1843).</p> - -<p>It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the loftiest -summit of Doubt, the man of science bravely disdains to fill the -yawning desert around him with phantoms of his imagination. He -looks without terror into the merciless machinery of Nature, -utterly devoid as it is of any spark of Deity.”—<cite>Dr. Nordwall’s Address -to Scandinavian League</cite>, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Du Castel</span> (Dr.), 14, Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Phys. Hospital, -Teuon.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Durham, Arthur Edward</span>, 82, Brook Street, W. F.R.C.S. -Eng. (Exam.), 1860; M. 1858 (Guy’s) 1st M.B. 1857; Prizem. 1854, -Univ. Lond.; F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Chairm. -Bd. of Exam. R.C.S. Eng.; Mem. Path. Clin. and Hunt. Socs.; -Surg. and Lect. on Surg.; late Lect. on Anat. and Lect. on Use of -Microscope, Guy’s Hosp.; Con. Surg. St. Alban’s Hosp. and -Disp.; late Demonst. of Anat., Lect. on Nat. Philos., and Surg. -Regist. Guy’s Hosp.; late Pres. Quekett Micros. Club.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p>Late Editor Guy’s Hosp. Reps.; Author of “Sleeping and -Dreaming,” an Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of -Sleep,” etc.</p> - -<p>“… It occurred to me that the artificial exposure of the brains -of living animals might afford opportunity for more definite observation -and further inquiry. With this idea I made numerous -experiments and observations.… It was suggested to me that -the perforation of the skull placed its contents in an unusual condition -with regard to atmospheric pressure, and that thus an -unnatural state of the circulation might be induced.… To -obviate this and other possible objections, I replaced the portions of -bone removed by accurately fitting watch glasses, and rendered the -junction of their edges with the bone air-tight, by means of inspissated -Canada balsam.… I satisfied myself of the accuracy of -these observations by repeated experiments upon different animals. -My experiments upon dogs were the most satisfactory; those upon -rabbits least so.”—From “<cite>Physiology of Sleep</cite>” Guy’s Hospital -Reports, Vol. VI., 1860, p. 153, &c.</p> - -<p>“The method employed by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as -that employed by Durham in the experiments he made upon -animals to verify the observations of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and -others, on human patients.”… “The results obtained by -physiological experimentation, to prove that sleep is accompanied -by cerebral congestion, according to some, and according to others -by cerebral anemia, are not more valuable than the results of -clinical observation. Firstly, the animals upon which the experiments -have been made have been wounded more or less severely, -and thereby both excitement and pain have been caused; all have, -therefore, necessarily been placed under pathological conditions. It -is impossible to wound the head and open the skull without causing -a severe shock to the system of the animals, and a more or less -violent irritation of the brain; that is to say, not without producing -a certain amount of pain. And we know the influence that pain can -have, not only on the functions of the great organic apparatus (circulation, -respiration, animal heat), but also on the anatomical and -physiological state of the nerve centres. Another influence which, -according to our idea, very considerably diminishes the value of the -results of physiological investigation, is that sleep has always been -produced by narcotics and anæsthetics in the animals submitted to -experimental observations.”… “We conclude from this study -that the real state of cerebral circulation, during natural sleep, does -not seem to have been arrived at, notwithstanding the great number -of observations and experiments lately made on this interesting -subject.”—<span class="smcap">Dr. Marvaud</span>, <cite>Gazette Médicale de Paris</cite>, 1878 (p. 81-2).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Eckhard, C.</span> M.D. Prof. Univ., Giessen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie,” Giessen; -“Die Bildung und Prüfung des Arztes;” “Experimental physiologie -des Nervensystems;” “Lehrbuch der Anatomie des -Menschen.”</p> - -<p>“It is known that there is no unity of opinion amongst the -observers of the phenomena which occur during artificial respiration -in animals poisoned by strychnine, and that furthermore those who -agree about the facts insist upon giving these different meanings.”—“<cite>Ueber -den Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration</cite>,” -“Beiträge,” p. 37.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Expansion of the walls of the chest and abdomen by injection -of gas into the lungs. First I cut away so much of the larynx -through the open mouth of a frog that the animal can no longer -close it at will. Then I sew the under jaw firmly to the upper jaw. -I stop up the one nostril by forcing into it a short thick piece of -wire. Then a similarly short and thick canula which is in communication -with the gasometer is fixed into the other nostril. As soon -as the frog shows symptoms of strychnine cramps, its lungs are set -in communication with the gasometer by opening the tap; a side -offshoot of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.”—“<cite>Strychnine, -&c.</cite>” p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Eichhorst, Hermann.</span> M.D.; Prof. Clin. Med., Univ. of -Göttingen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie -für practishe Aertzte und Studirende;” “Die trophischen Beziehungen -der Nervi vagi zum Herzmuskel,” in Centralbl. f. d. Med. -Wiss., 1879; “Lehrbuch der Physikalischen Untersuchungs-Methoden -innerer Krankheiten,” Brunswick, 1881; “Ueber Nervendegeneration -und Nervenregeneration,” Archiv. für path. Anat., -Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on birds.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ellenberger</span> (Prof.) Prosector Veterinary Sch., Berlin.</p> - -<p>“Professor Ellenberger, of Dresden, cut through the facial -nerves of five old and emaciated horses. In the fifth it is stated -‘that it showed signs of considerable pain during the operation.’ -The others were apparently so exhausted that even this operation -made little impression on them. Claude Bernard once made the -same operation on a horse, and gave as the result that the nostrils -are no more capable of opening, and thus the animals die of suffocation, -since they breathe only through the nostrils. This explanation -has been hitherto accepted but is now disputed by Ellenberger, who -maintains that there is no danger for animals so operated on if kept -quiet, but only if they exert themselves, and he recommends if -paralysis of these nerves occurs, as is not unfrequently the case, -that one shall leave the cure to natural means.”—<cite>Archiv. f. Thierheilkunde</cite>, -vii., 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Emery, C.</span> Prof. of Zoo., Univ. Bologna.</p> - -<p>Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” -Paris, 1882, &c.</p> - -<p>Studies on the kidneys of fishes.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Engelhardt, Gustav</span> (Dr.) Prof. at Nuremberg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen der Iris,” -in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in -Wurzburg,” 1869, p. 308.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the eyes of rabbits.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Engelmann, Theodor W.</span> Prof. at Utrecht.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie des Ureters,” “Beiträge zur Physiologie des -Protoplasma,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., “Beiträge zur allgemeinen -Muskel und Nerven Physiologie,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. III.; -“Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen,” Pflüger’s -Archiv, Vol. XXIII., 1880; “Ueber Reizung Contractilen -Protoplasmas durch plötzliche Beleuchtung,” Onderzack, Physiol.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “Ueber die Bewegungen der Oscillarien und -Diatomeen,” Ibid; “Ueber Degeneration von Nervensfasern, Ein -Beitrag zur cellular physiologie,” Pflüger, Vol. XIII., p. 474.</p> - -<p>Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; -also on curarized frogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ercolani, Count Giovanbattista.</span> B. at Bologna, 1819. -Prof. at the Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna. -Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute. -Member of many learned Societies, and of the Institute of France. -Exiled from Florence for political causes he repaired to Turin, -where he devoted himself to scientific studies and experiments, -Director of the Veterinary School of San Salvario. Rector of -the Univ. of Bologna from 1868 to 1871, &c., &c. Mem. Inst. of -Rome, and of Acad. of Berlin and St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla Transformazione degli Elementi Istologico Nell’ -Organismo Animale,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorfosi delle Piante,” -Bologna, 1878, &c., &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Erichsen, John Eric</span>, 6, Cavendish Place, W. F.R.C.S., Eng. -(Exam.), 1845, and Mem. Council (Univ. College); F.R.S.; Mem. -various Socs. home and foreign; Surg. Extraordinary to H.M. the -Queen; Emerit. Prof. of Surg. and Clinical Surg., Univ. Coll.; Cons. -Surg., Univ. Coll. Hosp.; late Exam. in Surg., Univ. Lond., Roy. Coll. -Phys., Lond. Roy. Coll. Surg., and Univ. Durham; late Pres. R.C.S., -Eng., and Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.</p> - -<p>Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edit.; “Pathology -and Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edit. for which the Roy. Humane -Soc. awarded the Fothergill Gold Medal, value 50 guineas; “A -Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on -Aneurism, &c.” (Sydney Society); “Railway Injuries of the -Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism and the Causes of Death -after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874; “Concussion of the -Spine,” 2nd Edit., 1882. Contrib. various papers on surgical subjects -to Lancet, Med. and Chir. Trans., Med. Gaz., and Edin. Med. -Surg. Journal.</p> - -<p>“‘Experiment 9. Three mongrel terriers, A, B, C, were properly -secured.… One of the jugular veins of the centre dog was -then exposed, and a ligature was passed under it, so that it might -be punctured so as to avoid the occurrence of plethora and apoplexy -when the carotid arteries of the two lateral dogs were connected -with the corresponding vessels of the central one.… The -central dog began to struggle.… The lateral dogs were both -alive, but evidently enfeebled by loss of blood.’”—<cite>Edinburgh Medical -and Surgical Journal</cite>, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental Inquiry -into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E. -Erichsen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Esbach</span>, Dr., 6, Place de Valois, Paris. Lab. Hosp. de Necker.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ewart, J. Cossar</span>, Univ., Edin. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), -1878; M.B. and C.M. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; -Regius Prof. of Nat. Hist. Univ. Edin.; Director Scott. Zool. -Station; formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.: Conserv. -Mus. Univ. Coll. London, and Lecturer on Anat., Edin. Sch. of Med.</p> - -<p>Author of “Manual of Pract. Anat.,” Part 1, 1879. Contrib. -Journ. Anat. and Physiol. Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiological -Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal -College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Experiments without -Anæsthetics 1881 and 1882. No Experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Exner, Sigismund.</span> Asst. Prof. at the Physiol. Inst. Vienna.</p> - -<p>Author of “Zur Lehre von den Gehörsempfindungen,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XIII., p. 228.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Falchi</span> (Dr.) Chef de Clinique Ophthalmogique, Turin.</p> - -<p>Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the -eyes of animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fano, J.</span>, M.D., Free Prof. and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Florence.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre -automatique dans le tractus bulbo spinal,” “Arch. Ital. de -Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III., p. 365.</p> - -<p>Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes.</p> - -<p>“On turtles alone I have made more than fifty experiments. The -experiments on fishes I have only just commenced, and they do not -allow me to draw from them any valid conclusions on the subject. -My attempts to extend my researches to the superior vertebrates—that -is to say, to mammals and birds—are limited to two experiments -on unweaned puppies and one experiment on a pigeon.”—<cite>Arch. -Ital. de Biol.</cite>, Vol. III., 1833, p. 367.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fayrer, Sir Joseph</span>, K.C.S.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish -Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; F.R.C.S. Edin., -1858; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1847; LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. -Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S. Lond.; Vice-Pres. Zool. Soc., Lond.; -Pres. Epidem. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med -Chir. and Obst. Socs., etc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Asiat. Soc. Bengal; -Fell. Acad. Sci. Philadelph.; Hon. Phys. to H.M. the Queen and -to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh; -Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council; Pres. Med. -Board, India Office; Mem. Army Sanit. Commiss.; Mem. Senate -Army Med. Sch., Netley; late Prof. Med. Coll. and Sen. Surg. -Med. Coll. Hosp. Calcutta; late Pres. Med. Fac. Univ. Calcutta; -Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by -Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and -Pathological Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological -Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes -(conjointly with Dr. L. Brunton),” etc. etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates -for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, -Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on -Horses, Mules or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“The experiments, of which this is a summary, were commenced -in October, 1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at -such intervals as time and other and more important avocations -permitted.… The living creatures experimented on have been -the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, -frogs, toads, snails.”—“<cite>Summary of Experiments on Snake Poison</cite>,” -by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times, April 1st, 1871, p. 374.</p> - -<p>“After careful consideration, fully admitting that in permanganate -of potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralize snake-poison, -I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention -to a local remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the -value of which depends on its efficient application to the contaminated -part (which Dr. Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be -reliable). We are still, then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the -remarks made by me in 1868 are as applicable now as they were -then. They were as follows:—‘To conceive of an antidote, as that -term is usually understood, we must imagine a substance so subtle -as to follow, overtake, and neutralise the venom in the blood, and -that shall have the power of counteracting or neutralising the -poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on the vital force. -Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our experience of -drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find it.’”—<cite>Sir J. -Fayrer</cite>, “<cite>Address to Medical Society of London</cite>,” <cite>British Medical -Journal</cite>, Feb. 2, 1884.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fede, Francesco.</span> Prof. Naples University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fehleisen, F.</span> M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute -Berlin, 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Aetiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883.</p> - -<p>“The beautiful experiments of Fehleisen, on erysipelas, have definitely -established the fact that this disease is due to the growth of -micrococci in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He succeeded in -cultivating these organisms in gelatinised meat-infusion, and inducing -the disease by the cultivated micrococcus in rabbits, and also in -man.”—<cite>British Medical Journal</cite>, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Feltz</span> (Prof.) Nancy Med. Faculty; Prof. Path. Anat. and -Physiol. Med. Fac., Nancy.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ferrari, Italo.</span> Assist. Prof. at the Physiol. Lab. Univ., Parma.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ferrier, David</span>, 16, Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. -M.D. Edin., 1870; M.B. and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1868; F.R.C.P. -Lond., 1877; M. 1872; M.A. Aberd. (Double First), 1863; LL.D. -(Edin. and Heidelberg); F.R.S.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Clin., Paris; -Accad. Reale de Med., Turin; Lauréat de l’Institut de France, -1878; Prof. Forensic Med. King’s Coll.; Asst. Phys. King’s Coll. -Hosp.; Marshall Hall Prizem., 1883; Prof. of For. Med. King’s -Coll.; Phys. Nat. Hosp. for Paralysed and Epileptic, etc.; Lecturer -on Physiol. Middlx. Hosp. Med. Sch. and Exam. For. Med. Univ. -Edin. and Univ. Lond.</p> - -<p>Author of Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of -the Corpora Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in -Cerebral Physiology and Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; -“The Localisation of Function in the Brain;” “Experiments on the -Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture), Phil. Trans., Part II., -1875, etc., etc. Joint Author of “Guy’s Forensic Medicine;” “The -Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of Cerebral -Disease; Joint Editor of “Brain,” and author of various Papers -therein.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological -Laboratory, in 1882-83, with Certificate dispensing with obligation -to kill in same years.</i></p> - -<p>Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of -various parts of the skull.—<cite>Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 169.</p> - -<p>(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments -in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters -live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and -that would entirely prevent them from carrying on research.—(3327.) -Do you think that there are many such persons? Yes.—(3328.) -And who are practising in their own laboratories, and -unconnected with medical schools do you mean? I used to do so -when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed -experiments there for my own purposes of research.”</p> - -<p>…</p> - -<p>(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at -King’s College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional -work if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to -perform my experiments.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 173.</p> - -<p>(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you -express yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is -possible to avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to -experiments, the means should be adopted either by chloroform or -ether, or opium or other anæsthetic; but that where the administration -of an anæsthetic would prejudice the object for which the -experiment was conceived, that the experiment is still justifiable, -notwithstanding the fact that it might inflict a certain amount of -pain on the animal.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 170.</p> - -<p>“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced -by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys -which he had operated upon some months previously.… -In striking contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by -Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the -middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. -There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia” -(paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation -of the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial -paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. -From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the -animal was able to lift it up. The arm it never had been able to -use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been -coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of all -auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, -as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to the head.”—<cite>Lancet’s</cite> -Report of the Proceedings at the International Medical -Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.</p> - -<p>“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.—The right hemisphere of a monkey -had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of -localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed -included the ascending parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, -the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three -frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for -eight hours, the animal recovered sufficiently to sit up and take -food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its -cage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> - -<p>“June 19th.—The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating -and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No -change was perceptible during the whole of this day.</p> - -<p>“June 20th.—The wound was oozing, and the animal was less -active; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary -motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made -attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer -from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left -hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently -annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently -endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. -Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, -became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions -on the left side of the body becoming general. This state -continued till.…</p> - -<p>“June 23rd.—…</p> - -<p>“June 24th.—Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, -and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging -the right after it.</p> - -<p>“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”—<cite>Croonian -Lecture</cite>, “<cite>Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys</cite>,” Philos. Trans., -1875, pp. 441-42.</p> - -<p>“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.—This, though not successful as -regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. -The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at -the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot -wires, which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of -the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the -sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make -sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. -The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only -making slight movements when disturbed, and then with its left -limbs.</p> - -<p>“7 p.m.—The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by -grunting discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, -chiefly the left, but occasionally with the right. On testing the -cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron, reaction was decisive over -the whole of the left side, but quite abolished in the right. The -animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently -closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was -found dead at 11.30 p.m. The following experiment is a repetition -of the last, and was only partially successful.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 464.</p> - -<p>“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation -in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., -XII., XIII., with the results:—</p> - -<p>“V. In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as -the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death -occurred before a more careful exploration could be made. The -application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side, -caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming -sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and -to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted -while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the -limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained -as the animal died from hæmorrhage.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 429.</p> - -<p>“Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -conclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of -clinical and pathological observation.… The decisive settlement -of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological -research.… Experiments have led to different views in -different hands.”—Ferrier (<cite>Functions of the Brain</cite>, Preface).</p> - -<p>“Physiological experiments conducted in these regions are most -indefinite. The usual plan of investigation, viz., that of applying -stimuli to the brain substance, leads either to negative results, or, if -electrical stimulation is used, to results which, owing to the unavoidable -dispersal of the currents in numerous directions, are not sufficiently -localised to form the basis for trustworthy conclusions. In -place of exact observations after section and stimulation of different -regions, we have here the far less refined method of observation -after lesions—lesions induced in the most delicate and complicated -organ of the body by means so absurdly rough that, as Ludwig has -forcibly put it, they may be compared to injuries to a watch by means -of a pistol-shot. The results obtained in this way are attributable -to the most diverse causes; for, apart from the fact that it is impossible -to localise the lesion itself, the results may be due to -irritation of centres, paralysis of centres, stimulation of conducting -apparatus, or paralysis of conducting apparatus, without our being -able to say which. Hence the interpretation of even those phenomena -which are constant in their occurrence is always uncertain. -The third and best method of investigation which is possible is -the observation of cases of disease in which the exact nature of the -lesions is accurately ascertained after death.”—<cite>Hermann’s Human -Physiology</cite>, translated by Professor Gamgee, London, 1878. (Chapter -on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fick, Adolf.</span> B. at Cassel, 1829. M.D., 1852, Extraordinary -Prof., 1856, and later, Prof. of Physiology in ordinary Univ. Zurich; -Prof. Physiol. at Wurzburg, 1868.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die medicinische Physik,” Brunswick, 1857; “Compendium -der Physiologie des Menschen mit Einschluss der Entwickelungageschichte,” -Vienna, 1860; “Anatomie und Physiologie der -Sinne,” Lahr, 1862; and numerous papers on physiology which -have appeared under the title of “Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen -Laboratorium der Würzburger Hochschule,” Wurzburg, 1874.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the influence of mechanical stimulation of -the cerebro-spinal organs described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., -1867,” p. 198.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Filehne, Wilhelm</span>, M.D. Prof. Extraordinary Univ. of -Erlangen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Wirkungen des Amylnitrites,” Mueller’s Archives, -1879, Physiol. Abtheil; “Ueber Apnoë und die Wirkung eines -energischen Kohlensäurestromes auf die Schleimhäute des Respirationsapparats -und ueber den Einfluss beider auf verschiedene -Krampfformen,” Reichert u. du Bois Reymond, Archiv für Anat. -u. s. w. Jahrg. 1873, p. 361.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fiori, Andrea</span>, M.D. Assistant Prof. University, Modena.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fleming, William James</span>, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow. -M.D. Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; -(Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Lect. on Physiol. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. School<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -of Med.; Ext. Disp. Surg. Roy. Infirm.; Exam. in Physiol. F.P.S. -Glasg.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among -Living Tissues,” Lancet, 1876; “The Motions of the Brain” (with -illust. graphic tracings), Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of -the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse -Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary -Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing -with obligation to Kill in 1880, Certificate for Experiments without -Anæsthetics in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Flint, Austin.</span> B. Northampton, Mass., U.S., 1836; M.D., Jeff. -Med. Coll., 1857; Prof. Phys. Univ.; Buffalo, 1858; Professor of -Physiology and Microscopy, Bellevue Hosp.; Medical College, New -York, and Long Island College Hospital; Fell. New York Acad. -of Med.; Resident Mem. of Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; -Essay on “The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which received -the French Inst. prize of 1,500 fr.; contrib. to “American Journ. -of Med. Science,” etc.</p> - -<p>“… For some years the author has been in the habit of -employing vivisections in public teachings.”—Preface to “<cite>Physiology -of Man</cite>,” Vol. I., p. 8.</p> - -<p>“We have long been in the habit, in class demonstrations, of -removing the optic lobe on one side from a pigeon.… -The experiment of dividing the sympathetic in the neck, especially -in rabbits, is so easily performed that the phenomena observed by -Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been repeatedly verified. We -have often done this in class demonstrations.” “The cerebral -lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, an -operation … which we practice yearly as a class demonstration.” -“Our own experiments, which have been very numerous during -the last fifteen years, are simply repetitions of those of Flourens, -and the results have been the same without exception.” We have -frequently removed both kidneys from dogs and when the operation -is carefully performed the animals live from three to five days.“—Dr. -Flint’s <cite>Report to the Medical Congress</cite>, August, 1881.</p> - -<p>“It is not desirable to administer an anæsthetic, and it is much -more satisfactory to divide the nerve without etherising the animal, -as the evidence of pain is an important guide in this delicate operation.”—<cite>Text-Book</cite>, -p. 641.</p> - -<p>Speaking of an experiment by which an animal was caused to -vomit from a pig’s bladder which had been substituted for a -stomach, Dr. Flint says in his “<cite>Physiology of Man</cite>,” Vol II., -p. 300:—“These experiments were made simply for class demonstrations, -and have never before been published.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie.</span> B. at Thezan (Hérault), -1794, D. at Mougeron, near Paris, 1867; M.D., Montpellier, 1813, -pupil of De Candolle and Cuvier; Prof. at the Jardin des Plantes; -Mem. of Inst. of France; Perpetual Sec. Acad. des Sciences; -Mem. Academy of France; Commander Leg. of Hon.; Mem. of -principal Litt. and Scient. Socs. of Europe.</p> - -<p>Author of “Analyse de la Philosophie Anatomique, où l’on considère<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> -plus particulièrement l’influence qu’aura cet ouvrage sur -l’état actuel de la Physiologie,” Paris, 1819; “Recherches sur les -fonctions du grand sympathique,” 1823; “Recherches expérir -mentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans -les animaux vertébrés,” Paris, 1824; “Expériences sur le système -nerveux,” Paris, 1825; “Expériences sur l’action de la moëlle -épinière sur la circulation,” Paris, 1829; “De l’instinct et de -l’intelligence des animaux,” Paris, 1841; “Recherches sur le -développement des os et des dents,” Paris, 1842; “Mécanisme de la -respiration des poissons,” Paris, 1843; “Anatomie Générale de la -peau et des membranes Muqueuses,” Paris, 1843; “Examen de la -Phrénologie, réfutation des doctrines matérialistes de Gall, Spurzheim, -et Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Théorie expérimentale de la -formation des os,” Paris, 1847; “Nouvelles recherches touchant -l’histoire de la circulation du sang,” Journal des Savants, 1849; -“De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur la terre,” -Paris, 1856; “De la vie et de l’intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “De la -raison du génie et de la folie,” Paris, 1861; “Psychologie comparée,” -Paris, 1864, and a great number of contributions to the “Comptes -rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.”</p> - -<p>Made numerous experiments on ruminating animals, on rabbits, -on the brains of fishes, and on the semi-circular canals of the brains -of ducks, fowls, and pigeons.</p> - -<p>“The description given by Flourens of the phenomena resulting -from the section of the semi-circular canals in rabbits, is almost -entirely inaccurate.”—Cyon, “<cite>Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires</cite>,” -Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2.</p> - -<p>“Flourens supported his bold hypothesis almost solely by experiments -on pigeons and other inferior animals. The few experiments -on mammals, which he mentions, are very meagrely described and of -trifling value.”—Goltz, “<cite>Verrichtungen des Grosshirns</cite>, p. 3.</p> - -<p>“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, state the following:—‘Majendie -sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the distinctions of -the sensory and the motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he -sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove that he had made a mistake. I,’ -added M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have -proved that Majendie’s first opinion was correct; the reflex motions, -which he did not quite understand, had caused his doubts. To -arrive at this result, I also have had to sacrifice a great number of -dogs.’”—Blatin, <cite>Nos Cruautés</cite>, pp. 201-202.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Foderholm, A.</span> M.D., Stockholm.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and rabbits with carbon oxide.—<cite>Scandinavian -Med. Archives</cite>, 1874.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fortunatow, A.</span> Physiol. Inst., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Fettresorption und histologische Structur -der Dünndarmzotten,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 285.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the bile of frogs and lampreys.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Foster, Michael</span>, Shelford, Cambridge. M.D. Lond., 1859; -M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. -(Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S.; Fell. -Univ. Coll., Lond.; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Camb.; Fell, and late -Praelect. of Physiol. Trin. Coll., Camb.; late Fuller Prof. Physiol. -Roy. Inst., Great Britain; and Prof. of Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -Lond. Member of the Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by -Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Text Book of Physiology;” “Primer of Physiology;” -joint author of “Elements of Embryology;” “Handbook of Physiological -Laboratory.” Editor “Journ. of Physiol.” Contrib. Journ. -Anat. and Physiol., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University -Physiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place -in 1878-79-80-81-82. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, -also Two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill in 1878. -No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fothergill, John Milner</span>, 110, Park Street, Grosvenor -Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1865; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; L.R.C.P. -Edin., 1865; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1865; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, and -Berlin); Mem. Gen. Com. Univ. Edin.; Assoc. Fell. Coll. Phys. -Philadelphia; Phy. City of Lond. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest; late -Asst. Phys. W. Lond. Hosp.; formerly Sen. Res. Med. Off. Leeds -Dispensary.</p> - -<p>Author of “Digitalis: its Mode of Action and its Use” (Hastings -Prize Essay British Med. Assoc.), 1870; “The Heart and its -Diseases, with their Treatment, including the Gouty Heart,” -2nd edit., 1879; “The Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment; or -the Principles of Therapeutics,” 2nd edit., 1880; “The Antagonism -of Therapeutic Agents, and what it Teaches” (Fothergill Prize -Essay, Med. Soc.), London, 1878; “Animal Physiology,” 1881, etc., -and numerous contribs. to <cite>Lancet</cite>, <cite>Brit. Med. Journal</cite>, <cite>Brain</cite>, <cite>Practitioner</cite>, -etc.</p> - -<p>“Our object was to verify the assertions of several authors, but -more especially those of Fothergill, who asserts that digitalis -occasions a contraction of the small arteries; which he has noticed -occurs in the web of a frog’s foot. The experiments which I have -made in connexion with this fact have given negative results. With -a view to observe this action, I have often examined the webs of -frogs’ feet for hours under the microscope without succeeding in -observing any change in the small arteries.”—<cite>Pflüger’s Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. V., p. 168.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Foulis, D.</span>, Glasgow. Lect. Path. Roy. Inf. Med. School; M.D.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary -Medical School in 1881. Certificate dispensing with obligation -to kill, 1881. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fox, Wilson</span>, 67, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1855; -B.A., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1866; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Phys. Extraordinary -to H. M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to their R. I. H. the -Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh; Fell. of Univ. Coll.; Holme Prof. -Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; and Phys. Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Corr. Mem. -Phys. Med. Gesellschaft, Warzburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Diseases of the Stomach;” “On the Artificial Production -of Tubercle” (Lect. R.C.P.), and various contrib. to Med. Chir. -Trans., Phil. Trans., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory and -Curator’s Rooms, in 1882 and 1883; also same years a Certificate -dispensing with obligation to kill. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<p>“It is not without historical interest that Dr. Wilson Fox has -formally confessed his belief in the fallacies of his former experiments, -and basing this opinion upon the results of a careful series -of similar investigations carried out, at his request, by Dr. Dawson -Williams, in Dr. Burdon-Sanderson’s laboratory, he has expressed -his belief in the specific nature of the tubercular virus. Dr. Fox has -found, on repetition of his former experiments, that any injury to -rodents does not cause tubercle, but that it is only produced by the -inoculation of tubercular material.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, Dec. 29th, -1883, p. 1298.</p> - -<p>“Wilson Fox operated on a considerable number of animals (117 -guinea-pigs and 12 rabbits), and he experimented with every -variety of matter whether tuberculous or not.”—<cite>Arch. de Méd.</cite>, 1883, -Vol. XI., p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fraenkel, Albert.</span> M.D.; Assistant at the Medical School -and Private Lecturer at the University, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift,” 1883, No. 37, -and to Allgem. Med. Central-Zeitung, 1883, Nos. 11 and 62.</p> - -<p>Verified the experiments published by Paul Bert in his “Pression -barométrique.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Franck, François</span>, 5, Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris. Prof. -Nat. Hist. of Organic Bodies and Physiol., Coll. France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Effet des excitations des nerfs sensibles sur le cœur et -la circulation artérielle, dans Travaux du Lab. de M. Marcy,” 1876; -“Recherches, expérimentales sur les effets cardiaques, vasculaires -et respiratoires des excitations douloureuses,” “Comptes -rendus” l’Acad. des Sci., 1876-1878. Contrib. Art. “De la -Dissociation des filets irido dilatateurs et des nerfs vasculaires au -dessus du ganglion cervical supérieur;” to Gaz. Méd. de Paris, -1878, p. 378, “experiments on dogs.” Contrib. “Physiologie expérimentale: -innervation du cœur,” Gaz. Hebdom. No. 15, (1879), -p. 230; No. 16, p. 246; No. 18, p. 277; No. 19, p. 295; No. 21, -p. 326; “Système Nerveux physiologie générale,” Dict. encyclop. -des Sciences Médicales, Paris, 1879; also various articles to Gazette -Médicale de Paris; Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biol., and Journal -de l’Anat. et de Physiologie.</p> - -<p>Inventor of an apparatus for submitting animals to rapid or slow -variations of temperature.—<cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite>, June 7th, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fraser, J. L.</span>, Edinburgh. M.D.; Lab. Vet. College, Clyde, -Street; Physiol. Class Room.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fraser, Thomas Richard</span>, 37, Melville Street, and University, -Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. -Edin., 1869; M. 1868; (Edin.) F.R.S. Lond. & Edin.; Corr. Mem. -Therap. Soc. Paris, etc. Prof. of Mat. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean:” -Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. XXIV.; “An Investigation into some -previously undescribed Tetanic Systems produced by Atropia in cold -blooded Animals,” etc., and various other papers to Journ. Anat. and -Physiol., Practitioner, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, -Materia Medica Department, in 1878-79-81-82. Certificates for -Experiments without Anæsthetics, in 1878-79-81-82. Two Certificates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -for the same purpose in 1878. No experiments returned -in 1878-81-82.</i></p> - -<p>[In Return for 1881 entered as J. L. Fraser.]</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fredericq, Léon.</span> M.D., Prof. in Ord. Univ. of Liège, -Belgium.</p> - -<p>Author of “Expériences sur l’innervation respiratoire;” Supp. -Du Bois Raymond’s Arch., 1883, p. 51; Contrib. to Du Bois -Reymond’s Archives, 1883.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the innervation of respiratory centres; also on -the effects of ice on the exposed spinal cord of rabbits. Has used -dogs, rabbits, and ducks for his experiments.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor.</span> Born 1819, at Aurich. In -1838 studied at Göttingen; 1842, practised medicine at Aurich, -where he acquired some renown as an oculist. Studied also at the -Institutions of Prague, Vienna, Holland, Belgium, and France. -Private Prof. of Med. in Göttingen. Director of the Academical -Hospital, Kiel. Conducted two ambulance hospitals during the -Schleswig-Holstein War. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics, -Breslau, 1851. Professor of clinical medicine and director of La -Charité, Berlin, 1859; councillor and member of the Scientific -Deputation for medical affairs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber Gallert oder Colloidgeschwülste,” Göttingen, -1847; “Ueber die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit,” Brunswick, 1857; -“Klinik der Leberkrankheiten,” Brunswick, 1859-62 (translated -into French, English, and Italian). Contrib. numerous articles to -Liebig’s, Poggendorf’s, and Wöhler’s Dictionaries of Chemistry, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fritsch, Gustav Theodor.</span> M.D. B. at Kottbus, 1838. -Studied in Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg. Anat. Inst. Berlin, -1867. Extraordinary Prof. same Univ., 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of “Drei Jahre in Süd Afrika,” Breslau, 1868; “Ueber -das stereoskopische Sehen im Mikroskop,” Berlin, 1873; “Untersuchungen -ueber den feineren Bau des Fischgehirns mit besonderer -Berücksichtigung der Homologien bei anderen Wirbelthierklassen,” -Berlin, 1878. Joint author with E. Hitzig of “Ueber elektrische -Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns,” in Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Wissensch. -III., 1870, p. 300-332.</p> - -<p>“By means of perfected electric apparatus G. Fritsch and E. -Hitzig were enabled to satisfy themselves that the surface of the -brain in the rabbit reacted under the influence of the electric -current. They then made a series of experiments on dogs, and -published results which did not perhaps attract sufficient attention, -and which were in opposition to the opinions till then accepted.”—<cite>Art. -“Cerveau,” Encyclopédie des Sciences Médicales</cite>, Vol. XIV., -1873, p. 210.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fubini, Simon.</span> B. 1841. M.D. Turin; Prof. of Physiol. -Univ. of Turin; Prof. Univ. Palermo.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla Condrina, Osservazioni di Moleschott e Fubini, -Annotazione sopra la saliva parotidea e sopra il sudore;” “Gemelli -xiphoide juncti,” Giornale della R. Accademia di medicina, No. 1 e 2, -1878, &c. Editor of Turin Medical Gazette.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Funke, Otto.</span> B. at Chemnitz, 1828. Studied Univ. Leipsig, -1846; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1854; Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Breslau, -1860; Mem. Academy of Saxony.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “Atlas der physiologischen Chemie,” Leipsig, 1858; -last part of “Günther’s Lehrbuch der Physiologie für Akademische -Vorlesungen,” Leipsig, 1870; “Lehrbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, -1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gamgee, Arthur</span>, Owen’s Coll., Manchester, and Oaklands, -Bowdon, Cheshire. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; -F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; M. 1871 (Edin.); F.R.S. London; Brackenbury -Professor of Physiol. and Histol. and Dean of Med. Department -Owen’s College, Manchester; Exam. in Physiol. Univ. London; late -Lecturer on Physiol. Surg. Hall; Physician Roy. Hosp. for Sick -Children, and Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Assoc. for -Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Text Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the -Animal Body,” 1880; Translator and Editor “Hermann’s Elementary -Human Physiology;” Joint Editor Journ. of Physiol., Cambridge; -also of numerous Papers in various Journs. and Trans. of Learned -Socs.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, in -1878-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83. -Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and -for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1878. -No Experiments returned in 1881. No Experiments on Horses, -Mules or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“(Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) You are of opinion that in -inflicting operations, in themselves very painful, upon living animals, -curare ought not to be trusted as taking away sensibility to pain? -I should think not. I would add this: I do not believe that -physiologists use it for that purpose. It is used in order to eliminate -a series of fallacies which obtrude themselves in physiological -experiments.”—<cite>Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, London, 1876.</p> - -<p>“Nor was I guilty of the want of taste and judgment with which -she (Miss Cobbe) taunts me and English physiologists in general, -of exonerating themselves at the expense of their continental -confrères. ‘Unquestionably’ I said ‘there have been brutal things -done by physiologists, <em>never</em> as far as I am aware by English and -<em>very rarely</em> by continental physiologists.’”—<cite>Manchester Guardian</cite>, -Feb. 13, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gaskell, W. H.</span>, Cambridge. M.A., M.D.</p> - -<p>Author of “On the Vasomotor Nerves of Striated Muscles,” -Studies of the Physiol. Lab. Univ. Cambridge, p. 132.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological -Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. No -Experiments returned in 1880-81 and 1882.</i></p> - -<p>“15th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, quite young, weighs -7½ kilogrammes (about 16½ lbs.). Extensor vein prepared on both -sides; ligature placed under left crural nerve. Morphia and -curare given. Artificial respiration.” &c.</p> - -<p>“31st January, 1878.—Dog, weight 8 kilogrammes (about -17⅔ lbs.). Morphia and curare. Artificial respiration. Right -extensor vein and right crural nerve prepared.” &c.</p> - -<p>“20th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, weight 6¼ kilo (about -13¾ lbs.). Morphia given. Left extensor vein prepared, and left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -crural nerve cut and ligatured at 4.2 p.m. Between 3.40 and -4.7 p.m., 0·015 grms. curare were injected into jugular vein; -artificial respiration.” &c.</p> - -<p>“February 18, 1878.—Large sheep dog, weight 20·5 kilo, -(about 45¼ lbs.). Morphia given, 0·075 grms. curare, injected -into jugular vein. Abdomen opened in middle line, and left -abdominal sympathetic trunk cut and ligatured about the fourth -lumbar ganglion.” &c.</p> - -<p>“March 4, 1878.—Spaniel bitch, weight 13¾ kilo, (about 30¼ lbs.). -After the termination of the curve given in Fig. 3, 0·06 grms. -curare were injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration -was performed, and the left crural nerve was laid free.” &c.—“Further -Researches on the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary -Muscles,” by W. H. Gaskell, M.A., Trin. Coll. Camb., “<cite>Journ. -Physiol.</cite>” Vol. I., pp. 265-6, 276, 228, 295.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gautier, E. J. Armand</span>, 72, Rue d’Assas, Paris. B. at Narbonne. -M.D., 1862; Agrégé de Clinic., Med. Fac.; Member Acad. -de Méd.</p> - -<p>Author of “Études sur les fermentations proprement dites et les -fermentations physiologiques et pathologiques,” Paris, 1869; “Chimie -appliquée à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à l’hygiène et les -méthodes de recherches les plus nouvelles,” Paris, 1874.</p> - -<p>“Made experiments with the venom of snakes (<i>Naja tripudians</i>).”—<cite>Archiv. -de med.</cite>, Vol. 2, 1881, p. 360.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gavarret, Louis-Denis Jules</span>, 73, Rue de Grenelle, Paris. -B. 1809. M.D., 1843; Prof. Med. Physics at Med. Faculty; Mem. -Acad. of Medicine, 1858; Inspector-General of Public Instruction -for Medicine, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author jointly with M. Andral of “Investigations sur la nature -du sang et l’organisation physique de l’homme,” 1840-43; “Sur la -chaleur produite par les corps vivants,” 1853. “Des Images -par reflexion et par refraction,” Paris, 1856. “Physique biologique, -les phénomènes physiques de la Vie,” Paris, 1869, etc., etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gergens, E.</span> M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s Archiv., -Vol. XIV., p. 340; “Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung mit dem -Influenz-Apparat,” Pflüger, Vol. XIV., p. 65. Joint author (with E. -Baumann) of “Ueber das Verhalten des Guanidin, Dicyanidin, und -Cyandin im Organismus,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 205. Assisted Prof. -Goltz in his work, “Ueber Verrichtungen des Grosshirns.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with E. Baumann on dogs and rabbits, -also on the brains of the former.</p> - -<p>“… I dissected out the above-mentioned nerves in some -of the animals I had used before, and tried direct stimulation. -Naturally even a weak current must have a powerful effect, when -in immediate contact with the nerve, and the result was as I had -anticipated. The animals croaked once and made the wildest efforts -to escape.…”—“<cite>Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung</cite>,” -pp. 67-68.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gerlach, Leo.</span> M.D., Erlangen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Beziehungen der N. Vagi zu den glatten -Muskelfasern der Lunge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII., p. 491.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> - -<p>Made experiments on curarised dogs and rabbits in the Laboratory -of Prof. Kühne, in Heidelberg, also in the Physiological Institute -at Erlangen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gibbes, Heneage</span>, 94, Gower Street, W.C. M.D., Aberd., -1881, M.B. and C.M., 1879; L.R.C.P., Lond. 1879; (Univ. Aberd. -and St. Barthol.); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Aberd.; Fell. Roy. -Micros., Med., and Zool. Socs.; Mem. Path. Soc., Phys. Met. Disp.; -Lect. on Physiol. and Histol. West. Hosp.; late Curator Anat. Mus., -King’s Coll.</p> - -<p>Author of “Practical Histology and Pathology,” 2nd edit. -Contrib. various papers to Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Lancet, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory and Outhouse -in the garden, 94, Gower Street, W.C., 1883. Certificate -dispensing with obligation to kill same year. Dr. Gibbes could -also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory and -Anatomical Theatre, King’s College, London.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gibson, George Alexander</span>, 1 Randolph Cliff, Edinburgh. -M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. Edin., and C.M. 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; -M. 1879 (Edin. Dub. and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Edin.; -F.R.S.E.; F.G.S. Lond.; Hon. Mem. (late Pres.) Dialec. Soc. Edin.; -Mem. Brit. Association for Adv. of Sci.; and British Med. Assoc.; -Lect. on Med. Anat. and Phys. Diagnosis, Edin. Sch. Med.; formerly -Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to <cite>Lancet</cite>, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Nature, -Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Veterinary College, Clyde -Street, Edinburgh Laboratory and Physiological Class Room in -1879, and at University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, -in 1880. Certificates for Testing previous Discoveries in 1879 and -1880. No experiments returned in 1879.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gierke</span> (Dr.) Asst. Prof. Physiol. Inst., Breslau University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Glaevecke, Ludwig Christian H. J.</span> M.D. First Asst. -Clin. Hosp. at Kiel, 1881.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Ausscheidung und Vertheilung des Eisens -im thierischen Organismus,” Kiel, 1883.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on animals to ascertain the effects of subcutaneous -injections of iron.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gluck, Theodor.</span> M.D. Asst. Inst. Clinic. Surg. Univ. of -Berlin.</p> - -<p>Extirpated sections of lungs in rabbits and dogs, and hopes to -persuade the medical profession to sanction extirpation and resection -of the lungs as a method of operative surgery.—<cite>Archiv. fuer -Klinische Chirurgie von Langenbeck, Billroth, Gurlt</cite>, Vol. 26, p. 916, -Berlin, 1881. (See Block.)</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton</span>, 13, St. Thomas Street, -London, S.E. B.A. Lon. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold -Medal in For. Med.), 1873; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P. -Lond., 1872 (Guy’s and Paris); Prizem. 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist -in Chir. Med., and in Chir. Surg., 1873; Mem. Path. and Chir. Socs.; -Assistant Surg. and Demonst. of Pract. Physiol., Guy’s Hosp. -Contribs. to <cite>Lancet</cite>, <cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, <cite>Guy’s Hosp. Reps.</cite>, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital School<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> -Buildings in 1881; also Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, -1881. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Golgi, M. C.</span> Prof., Pavia.</p> - -<p>Experiments on cerebral localization.—<cite>Archiv. Ital.</cite></p> - -<p>Author of “Di una reazione apparamente nera delle cellule nervose -ottenuta col bicloruro di mercurio.”—<cite>Arch. p. l. scienze -mediche</cite>, Vol. III., 1879, N. 11.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Goltz, Friedrich.</span> Direct. of Inst. for Exper. Physiol., -Strasburg; formerly prosector Univ. Königsberg, Prussia.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren -des Frosches,” Berlin, 1869; “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns,” -1881; “Wider die Humanaster,” 1883; “Ueber die physiologische -Bedeutung der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths,” Pflüger’s -Archiv., Vol. III., p. 172.</p> - -<p>“I owe the fundamental idea of my method of experimentation to -the memory of my experience as prosector at Königsberg. I have -often dissected out the arteries of the brain filled with torpid -matter.… I resolved to try whether it would be possible -to rinse out the living brain and spare the larger veins. The very -first effort was so successful that it encouraged me to proceed, and -that was the origin of this work.… All my experiments -were made on dogs which I chloroformed before the operation. To -bare the skull, I generally made first a cut in the centre and separated -the skin on one side, so that the muscles of the temples were -visible. Then according to the experiment I wished to make, a -portion of the muscle was cut away to expose the place in the bone -where the hole was to be bored. According to the requirements of -the case, one, two, or still more holes were bored, and after making -a cut in the head skin, the brain matter was rinsed out. I generally -used spring water, heated to the temperature of the blood.… -At all events till now, as far as my knowledge of the literature of -this subject goes, no one has succeeded in making such extensive -destruction of the brain and still preserving life. I have succeeded -in a series of experiments made at different intervals, in so seriously -injuring one hemisphere, that all the circumvolutions that touched the -skull had disappeared. The animal lived for weeks with its crippled -brain, and served for many observations.”—<cite>Verrichtungen des -Grosshirns</cite>, pp. 3-8. (A work dedicated to his “English Friends.”)</p> - -<p>“It is not often that two physiologists agree in matters relating -to the physiology of the brain.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 9.</p> - -<p>“I do not by any means claim that my researches can be of any -value in themselves for the pathology of the human brain. Let the -pathologists continue steadily to collect facts, then the apparent -contradictions between the experiments on animals and the observations -at the bedside will soon be reconciled.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 176.</p> - -<p>“The fact that both in tortoises and in toads, the extirpation of -the cerebellum and the superior two-thirds of the bulbus <em>does not -abolish</em> the sense of equilibrium, proves that the too widely generalised -theory of Goltz which localises this sense in the cerebellum, as -also that of Vulpian, who in the inferior vertebrates, places the seat -of this sense in the part corresponding to the annular protuberance -of the superior vertebrates, are both equally inexact.—Florence, -June, 1883.”—<span class="smcap">Fano</span>, “<cite>Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau -centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo-spinal.</cite>”—<cite>Arch. ital. de -Biol.</cite>, Vol. III., p. 368.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> - -<p>“It is self evident, that Goltz’s experience, when quoted against -the localizations of functions in the cortex of the brain is of no worth.”… -(p. 11). “Professor Goltz’s assumption that irritation sets -up inhibitory processes, having their seat in the cerebrum, which -cause, through paralysis of certain centres situated in the cerebellum -and its connections, all the non-permanent disturbances,—this -assumption is inadmissible” (p. 13).—Munk, <cite>Ueber die -Functionen der Grosshirn-Rinde.</cite></p> - -<p>“After I had laid bare the bone behind the ear of the pigeon, I -bored out, bit by bit, with the help of a sharp hollow chisel, the -ear labyrinths on both sides of the head. The bleeding caused by -this operation is very considerable. In those cases where I -endeavoured to destroy entirely both labyrinths, the birds died soon -after the operation with violent rolling movements or somersaults. -For this reason I afterwards contented myself with breaking out -pieces of the superficial canals. Many of the thus injured birds I -have kept alive a long time, and especially two which I had operated -upon half a year ago, and which I exhibited at the Congress of -Naturalists at Innspruck on 21st September, 1869.”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. III., pp. 177-78.</p> - -<p>“The sanguinary part of the operation begins with the insertion -of the cannula to supply artificial respiration. Then the right -carotid artery is dissected out. Afterwards, while artificial respiration -is being set up, a square opening is made in the left wall of -the chest with a knife and the bone scissors. The opening is -extended far into the right pleural cavity, and widened downwards till -it reaches the diaphragm which is severed from the ribs. It is best -to make the opening in the chest large enough to avoid any pressure -on the heart from the lungs or other neighbouring parts. The -pericardium is opened wide so that the greatest possible surface of -the heart may be exposed to the action of the atmospheric air. -After this sanguinary preparation the catheter is introduced from -the right carotis into the aorta, and from thence to the left ventricle -of the heart. As soon as it has reached this point (which fact can -be ascertained by feeling the exposed heart) the stopper (of the -instrument previously described) is withdrawn. The next systole -sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is -immediately checked by fixing the gutta percha end of the previously -set manometer on this conducting catheter. Now begins -the observation which richly repays the tedious and bloody preparation. -The heart pumps out the manometer with surprising -rapidity.… We have repeated this experiment six times.”—“<cite>Ueber -die Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens</cite>,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVII., p. 113.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gombault</span> (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Prof. Path. -Anat. Practical Courses.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Greenfield, William Smith</span>, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. -M.D. Lond., 1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. and -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. and Clin. Socs.; Fell. Roy. -Micros. Soc.; Prof. of Gen. Path. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; late -Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Path. Anat. St. Thomas’s Hosp.; Prof. -Superint. Brown Inst.; Phys. Roy. Infirm. for Childr. and Wom., -Waterloo Road; Phys. Roy. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest, and Med. -Regist. St. Thomas’s Hosp.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> - -<p>Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological -Anatomy.” Author of Sect. on “Renal Pathology,” new Syd. Soc. -Atlas of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Allied Diseases” -(for Path. Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Contrib. “Lectures -on the Pathology of Anthrax and Allied Diseases,” Lancet and Brit. -Med. Journ., 1880 and 1881; various papers in Trans. Path. and -Clin. Socs. and elsewhere.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory -Stables and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for -Experiments without anæsthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments -returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gréhant, Louis François Nestor</span>, 17, Rue de Berthollet, -Paris. B. at Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Asst. curator at -the Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris; formerly Mem. Biol. Soc., Paris; -<i lang="fr">préparateur</i> of the Course of Physiol. at Fac. of Sci.</p> - -<p>Author of “Tableau d’analyse chimique conduisant à la détermination -de la base et de l’acide d’un sel inorganique isolé, avec les -couleurs caracteristiques des precipités,” Paris, 1862; “Recherches -physiques sur la respiration de l’homme,” Paris, 1864; “Manuel de -physique médicale,” Paris, 1869; “Sur l’endomose des gaz à travers -les poumous détachés,” Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “Sur l’activité -physiologique des reins,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1879; “Recherches quantitatives -sur l’èlimination de l’oxyde de carbone,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>; “Recherches -comparatives sur l’exhalation de l’acide carbonique par les poumons,” -Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; “Influence de la section -des pneumogastriques sur l’exhalation d’acide carbonique par les -poumons” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Gréhant recently made an interesting communication to -the Biological Society, on the quantity of alcohol that would be -necessary to produce fatal effect. With this view he performed a -series of experiments, the results of which were always identical. -By means of an œsophagal tube, Dr. Gréhant injected into the -stomach of a dog thirty grammes of alcohol every half hour until -the animal died. At the post-mortem examination, he found that the -blood of the animal contained a proportion of one part of absolute -alcohol to 100 parts of blood.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. 125.</p> - -<p>“I prepared in a large gutta percha balloon a mixture of 100 -litres of air and 255 cubic centimetres of pure oxide of carbon, which -made 1/392 of poisonous gas; I then opened the jugular vein in a -dog of 9 kilos., and with a long india-rubber catheter introduced -into the vena cava inferior, drew out 30 centimetres of blood, put it -into a flask and defibrinised it by agitating it a few minutes. The -animal’s head was then placed in a gutta percha muzzle communicating -with the top of the balloon containing the oxide of carbon, -and the animal was allowed to breathe into it for half-an-hour. -During the last two minutes a second quantity of blood was taken -from the vena cava and defibrinised; then the animal was allowed -to breathe in the air, and half-an-hour later a third sample of blood -was taken.…”—<cite>On the absorption of Oxide of Carbon</cite> (Note -presented to the Acad. of Sc. by M. Gréhant, April 8, 1878,) -<cite>Archives de Méd.</cite>, 1878, Vol. I., p. 750.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Griffini, L.</span> Prof. Path. Anat. Lab. Univ. of Messina.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sur l’action toxique de la salive humane,” Arch. -ital. de Biol., Paris, 1882.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> - -<p>“After the experiments of Vulpian showing that the saliva of a -healthy man has a poisonous effect on rabbits, it was necessary to -seek for an explanation of this unforeseen result. Therefore, the author -of this essay determined to make a series of experiments to explain -the malady which is produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection -of human saliva.”—<cite>Arch. ital. de Biol.</cite>, Vol. II., Part I., p. 106.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Groves, J. W.</span>, King’s College, London.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological -Laboratory in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gruber, A.</span> Prof. Zool. and Zoot., Freiburg, in Baden -University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Grützner, P.</span> Prof. Animal Physiol., Berne University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber Verschiedene Arten der Nervenerregung.” -Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XVII., p. 215; “Beiträge zur Physiologie der -Harnsecretion,” Ibid., Vol. II.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and rabbits in the Physiological Institute -at Breslau.</p> - -<p>“Exp. II. Dog not curarised: spinal marrow cut through at the -beginning of the operation; also the vagi severed, nitrate of soda -injected.</p> - -<p>“Exp. III. Dog strongly curarised, and the medulla stimulated -repeatedly by galvanic currents. Injections of nitrate of soda.</p> - -<p>“Exp. VII. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, -medulla subjected to electric stimulation. The vagi cut through.</p> - -<p>“Exp. XI. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, -digitalis and strychnine injected. Result cramps.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite> -Vol. II., p. 370.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gscheidlen, Richard.</span> M.D.; Prof. Physiol.; Direct. -Physiol. Lab., Wurzburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber einige Physiologische Wirkungen der Calabarbohne,” -in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium -in Wurzburg,” Leipsig, 1869; “Physiologische Methodik,” -4th edit., Brunswick, 1879.</p> - -<p>Forty-one experiments on rabbits and cats.</p> - -<p>“… Large doses cause violent cramps and convulsions. -The animal struggles for breath, and writhes on the board -to which it is fastened, and all the symptoms of the most violent -dyspnœa set in. If the skin of the animal is slightly raised, it can -be observed that the venous blood-vessels are puffed and swollen -and contain dark blood. It soon becomes impossible to see how the -animal breathes, and death follows.”—<cite>Untersuchungen aus dem -Physiologischen Lab. in Wurzburg</cite>, 1869, p. 275.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Guareschi, I.</span> Univ. Turin.</p> - -<p>Extract of putrified human brains injected into frogs, results -resembling those of curare. Communicated to R. Academy -Sciences, Turin, May, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gubler, Adolphe Goblet.</span> B. at Metz, 1822, d. 1879. -Studied Med. Paris; Silver Medallist, 1847; M.D. Paris, 1849; -Chef de Clinique of Prof. Bouillaud, 1850; Mem. Acad. Med., 1865; -succeeded Prof. G. See, Prof. Therapeutics, 1868.</p> - -<p>Founded “Journal de Thérapeutique,” 1874; Author of “Commentaires -Thérapeutiques du Codex,” 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Guébhart</span> (Mons.), Paris. Prof. Physics Medical Faculty.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Günther, Albert</span>, Surbiton, Surrey. M.A. and Ph.D. Tübingen, -1853; M.D. 1862; Diploma in Med. and Surg. Stuttgart, 1857; -F.R.S.; F.Z. S.; Mem. Royal Soc. Sc. Upsala; Corr. Mem. Bristol -Nat. Soc. and Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc.; Assist. Keeper Zool. -Dept. British Museum.</p> - -<p>Author of “Medical Zoology,” Stuttgart, 1858; Catalogue “Fish,” -British Museum, 1859-70, &c.; late Editor “The Record of Zoological -Literature.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with L. Brück on the influence of -lesions of certain portions of the brain on animal heat.—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, 1870, p. 578.</p> - -<p>“… I requested the students, Messrs. Brück and -Günther, to repeat the experiments of Tscheschichin and Sewitzky.… -The animals were, as in previous experiments, rabbits. The -lesions were invariably made through the unopened skull.… -Out of 23 experiments, 11 gave positive, and 12 negative results. -These experiments have given us the following facts for further -study:—The division of the brain between the pons varolis and the -medulla oblongata may produce heightened temperature. Seven -experiments of this section were made; in two only the results -were as above; but in these two cases the evidence was in a -high degree satisfactory. In four cases the temperature sank after -the operation; in one the action was so positive that the temperature -of the animal which had been bound for seven hours did not -sink any lower after the operation, which it is well known -generally happens.”—Heidenhain, Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. III., -pp. 579-80.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. -Also Certificate for Experiments without anæsthetics same year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hall, Marshall.</span> B. at Basford, Notts., 1790; d. 1857. M.D., -Edin., 1812; M. 1827; F.R.C.P., 1841; Lect. on the Theory and -Practice of Medicine at St. Thomas’ Hosp.; Consulting Phys. to -Moorcroft Lunatic Asylum, Uxbridge; Gulstonian Lecturer Roy. -Coll. Physicians, 1842; F.R.S.L., and E.</p> - -<p>Author of “The Principles of Diagnosis,” London and Nottingham, -1817; “Medical Essays,” London and Nottingham, 1825; -“Diseases of Females,” 1826; “Effects of Loss of Blood,” 1828; -“Researches principally relative to the morbid and curative effects -of loss of blood,” London, 1830; “An essay on the circulation of -the Blood, especially as observed in the minute and capillary vessels -of the Batrachia and of Fishes,” London, 1831; “Lectures on the -nervous system and its diseases,” London, 1836; “Memoirs on the -nervous system,” London, 1837; “Practical observations and suggestions -in medicine,” London, 1846; “Essay on the theory of convulsive -diseases,” London, 1848.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hällsten, K.</span> Prof. Physiol. in Helsingfors, Finland.</p> - -<p>Author of “Handledning för nybegynnare vid histologiska -öfningar” (Manual of practical histology for beginners), Helsingfors, -1878. Contrib. to Scandinavian Med. Archives.</p> - -<p>Made experimental researches on the irritability of various parts -of the same nerve.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harley, George</span>, 25, Harley Street. M.D. Edin., 1850; -F.R.C.P. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1858; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1850; -F.R.S.; F.C.S.; Corr. Mem. Roy. Acad. Med. Madrid; Roy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -Acad. Sci. Bavaria; Phys. and Med. Soc. Wurzburg; Med. Soc. -Halle, and Micros. Soc. Giessen; Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Fell. -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin., etc., etc., -formerly Prof. Med. Jurisprudence and Lect. on Histology and -Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Pres. Paris Med. Soc.</p> - -<p>Editor of “A Year Book of Medicine, Surgery and their allied -Sciences,” London, 1860, etc.; author of “On Digestion,” 1859; -“Action of Chem. and Phys. Agents on the Blood,” Phil. Trans. -1865; “Jaundice, its pathology and treatment,” London, 1863; -“Albuminaria, with and without Dropsy, its different forms and -treatment,” London, 1866; “Diabetes, its different forms and -different treatments,” London, 1866, etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the physiological action of animal poisons, -on dogs, cats, and frogs.</p> - -<p>“The experiments were performed at University College, in the -presence of my colleagues, Professors Sharpey, Ellis, and Williamson.… -A large dog was bitten by one of the snakes over the right -eye.… In three minutes the dog became very restless, and gave -a low whine as if of pain. After moving about the room for ten -minutes searching for a comfortable place to lie down on, he placed -himself in the coolest part of the chamber, and laid his head on the -cold stones, as if to relieve headache. He moaned as if in distress.… -As the effects of the poison passed away, the pulse gradually -recovered.… The serpent was once more allowed to bite him. -The same train of symptoms again appeared, but in a more intense -degree, and within twenty-five minutes he had become insensible.… -Half an hour after being bitten the second time, convulsive -twitchings began to appear in the fore limbs and muscles of the -neck. In ten minutes more the whole body became convulsed. The -limbs were stretched out and the head jerked backwards.… -In two hours and a quarter the animal appeared to be dead, but on -making an incision into the thorax, he gave a gasp. After waiting -some time without observing any further sign of life, another incision -was made, when he again gasped, but only once.”—“<cite>On the -influence of physical and chemical agents upon the blood</cite>,” <cite>Trans. -Roy. Soc.</cite>, Vol. 155, p. 700.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harris, Vincent Dormer</span>, 39, Wimpole Street, Cavendish -Square, London, W. M.D. Lond., 1876; M.B. (Honours), 1874; -M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and -Vienna); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Sen. Phys. -Met. Disp.; Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Asst. Phys. -Victoria Pk. Hosp.; late Assist. Phys. W. London Hosp.; Casualty -Phys., House Phys., Ophth. House Surg. and Regist. St. Barthol. -Hosp.</p> - -<p>Joint Author of “The Manual for the Physiological Laboratory;” -Author of “Remarks on Angina Pectoris,” “Tufnell’s -Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm,” “The Diagnostic value of Cardiac -Murmurs,” and other papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps.; “Condition -of the Spinal Cord in Tetanus;” Path. Soc. Trans.; Contrib. to -Lancet, Med. Times Gaz., Path. Soc. Trans., Quart. Micros. Journ., -Journ. Anat. and Physiol., &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures, 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880 and -1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harting</span> (Prof.), Utrecht University.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harvey, Reuben J.</span> D. 1882. B.A. Dublin, 1866; M.D., -1873; M.B. and M. Ch., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879; L. 1876 (T.C. -Dublin, Vienna and Wurzburg); M.R.T.A.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub.; -Lect. Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med.; Asst. Phys. and Pathol. House -of Indust. Hosps.; Phys. Cork Street Fever Hosp.; late Exam. -Anat. Univ. Dub.; Phys. for Dis. of Throat; Nat. Eye and Ear -Infirm.; Ex-Schol. and Sen. Moderator T.C. Dub.; Ex. Med. and -Schol. and Demonstrator of Anatomy Univ. Dub. Contrib. -“Histology of Tendon,” Irish Hosp. Gaz. 1873; “Ueber die -Zwischensubstanz der Hoden,” Centralblatt, 1875.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Carmichael School of Medicine, -Dublin Physiological Laboratory, and 212, Great Brunswick -Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures in 1878-79-81; also, Certificate Dispensing with -obligation to kill in 1881, and Certificate for Experiments without -Anæsthetics in 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Haughton, Edward</span>, Spring Grove House, Upper Norwood. -M.D. Edin., 1856; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1855; B.A.T.C.D., 1858; L.M. -Combe Lying-in Hosp. Gold Medal in Exper. and Nat. Sci.; Lect. -on Med. Jurisprudence Steeven’s Hosp. Med. Sch. Dub., 1859.</p> - -<p>Author of “The Laws of Vital Force,” 1869; “Practical -Biopathy,” 1881, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hay, Matthew</span>, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Edin. -(Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. and C.M. (First Class Honours), 1878 -(Univs. Glasg., Edin., and Strasbourg); Ettles Prizem. 1878; Goodsir -Prizem. 1881; Sanitary Research, Sch., 1883; Fell. Roy. Phys. -Soc. Edin.; Vice-Pres. Chem. Soc. Edin,; Mem. Nat. Sci. Club; -Prof. Med. Logic and Med. Jurisp. Univ. Aberd.; formerly Asst. -to Prof. of Mat. Med. and Demonstrator of Pract. Mat. Med. Univ. -Edin.; Phys. New Town Disp. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Action of Saline Cathartics,” from Anal. and Physiol. -Vol. XVI.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Materia -Medica Department in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with -obligation to kill in 1880-81-82-83.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Haycraft, John Berry.</span> M.B.</p> - -<p>Author of “On some Physiological Results of Temperature Variation,” -Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Physiological -Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department -of Medical Jurisprudence in 1880 and 1881. No experiments -returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hayem, Georges</span>, Rue de l’échelle 9, Paris. B. Paris, 1841. -M.D. 1868; Prof. Med. Fac. Paris; Hospital Physician; Sub-Director -of the Lab. of Path. Anat. (école des Hautes études); -Editor of the Revue des Sciences Médicales.</p> - -<p>Author of “Études sur les diverses formes d’encéphalite,” Paris, -1868; “Des Bronchites, Pathologie générale et classification,” -Paris, 1869; “Des Hémorrhagies intra rachidiennes,” Ibid., 1872.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heger, Paul.</span> Prof. Physiol. Univ. Brussels.</p> - -<p>Author of “Étude critique et expérimentale sur l’émigration des -lobules blancs, envisagée dans ses rapports avec l’inflammation.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heiberg, H.</span> Prof. Path. Anat. Christiania, Norway.</p> - -<p>Author of “Om Hvirvelsöjlen hos nyfödte og dens Forhold til -chorda dorsalis” (The spinal chord at birth and its relation to the -chorda dorsalis) Norsk Magas. for Lägevidens-Kab., Vol. VIII. -(1879), p. 292.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the cornea of rabbits, rats, cats, fowls, -toads, &c.—<i lang="la">Vide</i> <cite>Appen. Rep. Roy. Com.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Heinrich.</span> B. at Marienwerder, -West Prussia, 1834. Prof. of Physiol, and Microscopic -Anat. Med. Fac. Breslau; Lect. Physiol. Institute.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologische Studien,” Berlin, 1856; “Die Vivisection -im Dienste der Heilkunde,” Leipsig, 1879; “Beiträge zur -Kenntniss des Pancreas,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. X., p. 557; “Ueber -die Absonderung der Fundusdrüsen des Magens,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. XIX., p. 148.</p> - -<p>“The following observations, in so far as they relate to temporary -fistula, were made in the summer of 1872; … those relating to permanent -fistula belong principally to a series of experiments made with -the students, Messrs. Jastrow, Langondorff and Körner. The principal -results of both series proved that the secretion of the pancreas if -arrested may be made to <em>continue</em>; or if present may be rendered -more active. However, I must at once observe that the disturbances, -the causes of which are still unknown to us, which almost -invariably render useless all experiments on the pancreas, were -also often present in those I am about to describe.…</p> - -<p>“The experiments were invariably made on curarised animals. -In such cases we have noticed the striking fact when the rapidity -of secretion had been measured before and after curarisation, there -was always a diminution during the curare anæsthesia, in contradiction -to the result of Bernstein’s experiments; in which the secretion -increased under the influence of the poison.” “<cite>Beiträge zur -Kenntniss der Pancreas.</cite>”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. X., pp. 606-607.</p> - -<p>Permanent fistula of the stomach established in dogs, then they -were curarised and the spinal marrow stimulated with electrodes to -cause secretion from the pancreas. These experiments were undertaken -with the aid of students.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heinsius von A.</span>, M.D., Prof. Physiol., Leyden University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Eiweisskörper des Blutes,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. II., p. 1; “Ueber Serumalbumin und Eieralbumin und ihre -Verbindungen,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 549.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Helmholtz-Hermann, Ludwig Ferdinand von.</span> B. -Potsdam, 1821; studied med. La Charité, Berlin; Military Surgeon, -Potsdam; Prof. Anat. Acad., 1848; Prof. Physiol., Königsberg, -1849; Prof. Physiol., Bonn, 1855; Heidelberg, 1858; Prof. of Experimental -Physics, Med. Fac., Berlin Univ., 1871; Corr. French -Acad. of Sciences, 1870; Privy Councillor.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft,” Berlin, 1847; “Handbuch -der Phys. Optik.,” Leipsig, 1856-1866; “Lehre von den -Tonempfindungen,” Brunswick, 1862, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Henderson, Thomas Beath</span>, 239, Bath Street, Glasgow. -M.D., Glasgow, 1878; M.B. and C.M., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.); Mem. -Med. Chir. Path. and Clin. Socs. Glasg., and Brit. Med. Assoc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “On the Inhalation of Phosphuretted Hydrogen,” Journ. -Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -Medical School, 1878-79-80. Certificates Dispensing with obligation -to kill, 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1879 -and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Henle, Frederick Gustav Charles. B.</span> at Furth, Franconia, -1809. Studied med. at Heidelberg and Bonn; M.D., 1832; -Prosector Anat. Museum, Berlin, 1837; Prof. of Micros. Anat. and -Gen. Path., 1840; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. Zurich, 1844; -Prof. Anat. Physiol. Path. and Anthrop., Heidelberg, 1852; Prof. -at Göttingen.</p> - -<p>Founder of “Journal der rationelle Medizin;” Author of “Ueber -Schleim u. Eiterbildung,” Berlin, 1838; “Vergleichende Anatomie -des Kehlkopfes,” Leipsig, 1839; “Pathologische Untersuchungen,” -Berlin, 1840; “Rationelle Pathologie,” Brunswick, 1846; “Handbuch -der Allgemeinen Anatomie,” Berlin, 1841; “Handbuch der -Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen,” Brunswick, 1855; etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Henry, Arthur.</span> Student at Physiol. Instit., Breslau.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with Paul Wollheim at the instigation of Prof. -Heidenhain on the pancreatic secretion of herbivorous animals, -sheep, and rabbits—during two semesters—by creating biliary -fistulas.—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XIV., p. 457, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hensen, V.</span> Prof. experimental Physiol., Kiel University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Beobachtung der Tonhöhe -eines gesungenen Tones,” Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879, p. 155.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hering, E.</span> Prof. of experimental Physiol., Prague University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Nerven-und-Muskelphysiologie,” -Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien) Vol. LXXIX., 1879; -“Ueber Muskelgeräusche des Auges,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>; “Zur Erklärung der -Farbenblindheit der Theorie der Gegenfarben,” Prag., 1880; -“Kritik einer Abhandlung von Donders,” Prag., 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hermann, Ludimar.</span> Prof. Physiol. and Med. Physics, -Zurich Univ.</p> - -<p>Author of “Grundriss der Physiolgie des Menschen,” Berlin, -1863; “Untersuchungen ueber den Stoffwechsel der Muskeln,” -Berlin, 1867; “Ein Beitrag zum Verständniss der Verdanung und -Ernährens,” Zurich, 1869; “Lehrbuch der experimentellen Toxicologie,” -Berlin, 1874; “Ueber schiefen Durchgang von Strahlenbündeln, -etc.,” Zurich, 1874; “Die Vivisectionsfrage für das grössere -Publicum beleuchtet,” Leipsig, 1877. Editor of “Centralblatt f. -die Medicinischen Wissenschaften,” Berlin, 1863, etc.</p> - -<p>“Our experiments were intended to decide how far the -objection raised on several sides was justified, that the results of -the experiments made by Fritsch and Hitzig on the cortex of the -cerebrum did not arise from the excitation of the cortex itself, but -of the more internal parts.… The experiments were made -during the summer term of 1874, all on middle-sized dogs, and -were carried out successfully.… There were only six; as the -results were all the same, there was no reason to make more of these -cruel experiments.… I conclude with the remark that the -experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig, however interesting and precious -they may be, do not justify any conclusions concerning the functions -of the cortex.”—“<cite>Ueber electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde</cite>,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. X., pp. 78-84.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> - -<p>“The advancement of our knowledge, and not utility to medicine, -is the true and straightforward object of all vivisection. No true -investigator in his researches thinks of the practical utilization. -Science can afford to despise this justification with which vivisection -has been defended in England.”—<cite>Die Vivisectionsfrage.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Herzen, Alex.</span> B. Russia, 1839. Prof. Physiol., Lausanne -University. Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and -Switzerland; joined Schiff at Florence, and became one of the promoters -of the new scientific and philosophical movement in Italy. -He afterwards retired to Sienna, where he pursued in solitude his -studies on experimental Physiology. Prof. Physiol. at the Instituto -superiore at Florence, 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,” -London, 1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” -Turin, 1864; “Sul l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi -fisiologica del libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri -i loro prottettori e la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione -di Psicologia Sociale,” 1871; “Cos ’è la Fisiologia,” Florence, -1877; “Lezione sulla digestione,” Florence, 1877; “Il Moto -psichico e la Coscienza,” Florence, 1877; and in French a volume -of “Récits et Nouvelles.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hifberg</span> (Dr.), Christiania University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">His, Wilhelm.</span> B. at Bâle, 1831; studied med. at Bâle and -Berlin, under J. Müller; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Bâle, 1857; Prof. -Physiol. Leipsig, 1872.</p> - -<p>Author of “Crania Helvetica,” Bâle, 1864; “Ueber die erste -Anlage des Wirbelthierliebs,” Leipsig, 1868; “Unser Körperform -und das phys. Problem ihrer Einstehung,” Leipzig, 1875. Contrib. -to “Archiv. für Anthropologie” and “Archiv. f. Anatomie;” -“Ueber die Anfänge des peripherischem Nervensystems” Arch. -f. Anat. und Physiol., 1879, p. 456; “Abbildungen ueber das Gefässsystem -der menschlischen Netzhaut und derjenigen des Kaninchens,” -Ibid., Vol. f., 1880, p. 224; “Die Lehre vom Bindesubstanzkeim,” -Ibid., 1882, p. 62.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hitzig, Eduard.</span> B. Berlin, 1838. Studied Berlin and -Wurzburg. M.D., Berlin, 1862. Private Instructor in Internal -Medicine Univ. Berlin, 1872. Prof. Mental Diseases, Zurich, and -Director of the Lunatic Asylum of the Canton, 1875. Prof. of -Pathology and Therapeutics of the brain, Med. Fac., Halle University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Krankheiten des Nervensystems,” in “Handbuch -der speciellen Pathologie in Therapie;” “Untersuchungen ueber -das Gehirn,” Berlin, 1874; “Ziele und Zwecke der Psychiatrie,” -Zurich, 1876.</p> - -<p>“Experiments on the extirpation of the cerebrum, furnished the -material of a work in which Goltz imagines he has refuted the -opinions expressed by me on the functions of this organ. I had -already made jointly with Herr Fritsch a small number of -analogous experiments, concerning the portion named by me, -gyrus E; but later I carried out the experiments in a systematic -manner on the whole convexity of the cerebrum. In the last series -some observations are published in which I thought to have given -the last and most uncontestable proof of the localisation of the -brain.”—“<cite>Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn</cite>,” <cite>neue Folger, Reichert -und Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv.</cite>, 1876, p. 692.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Holmgrén, F.</span> Prof. Physiol., Upsala University.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Ueber die wirkliche Natur der positiven Stromschwankungen -bei der einzelnen Muskelzuckung” to Du Bois Reymond’s -Archives for 1871; “Ueber den Augenabstand der Farbenblinden,” -Arch. f. Ophthalmol., Vol. XXV., p. 135; “Ueber die -Retinaströme,” Untersuch. a. d. Physiol. Inst. 3d. Heidelberg, 1880.</p> - -<p>“There is a poison (curare) which lames every spontaneous -movement, leaving all other functions untouched. This venom is -therefore the most cruel of all poisons. It changes us instantly -into a living corpse, which hears and sees and knows everything, -but is unable to move a single muscle, and under its influence no -creature can give the faintest indication of its hopeless condition. -The heart alone continues to beat.”—<cite>Holmgrén, Physiology of -present Times</cite>. <cite>Future</cite>, 1868, p. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hoppe-Seyler, F.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Strasburg -Univ.; Director of Physiol. Chem. Lab.</p> - -<p>Author of “Med. Chem. Untersuchungen,” Tübingen, 1871; -“Physiologische Chemie,” Berlin, 1879; “Ueber die Ursache der -Athembewegungen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Weis., No. 51; “Ueber -das Methämoglobin,” Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemic, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hoppe, I.</span> Prof. extraord. Clin. Med., Med. Fac. Bâle University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Horsley, Victor Alex. Haden.</span> 129, Gower Street, W.C. -Prof. Supt. of Brown Institution, 1884. M.B. Lond. and B.S. -(Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in Surg.), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., -1883; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; -Surg. Regist. (late House Surgeon) Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Asst. to -Prof. of Path. Univ. Coll.</p> - -<p>Author of “Report on Septic Bacteria,” Rep. Med. Off. Loc. -Govt. Bd.; (with Dr. Mott) “On the Existence of Organisms in -Living Tissues,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. III; (with Dr. Bastian) “Arrest -of Development of Left Upper Limb associated with an Extremely -Small Right Ascending Parietal Convolution,” “Brain,” Vol. III.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; -New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory with -Curator’s Rooms in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures, and for dispensing with obligation to kill in 1882. No -experiments returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Horvath, Alexis.</span> M.D., Kieff.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Respiration,” Pflüger’s -Archiv., Vol. XIII.; “Zur Abkühlung der Warmblüter, Pflüger, -Vol. XII., p. 278.</p> - -<p>Dogs and rabbits plunged up to the neck in freezing water.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Houckgeest, van Braam.</span> Military surgeon, Amsterdam.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über Peristaltik des Magens und -Darmencanals,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. VI., p. 266, 1872.</p> - -<p>Cut away the abdominal walls of rabbits, substituting glass, in -order to observe the peristaltic action of the intestines. Also placed -rabbits in a bath, then cut open the abdomen, keeping the head -above water, so as to allow the N. splanchnicus to be dissected out. -This nerve, he states, is easier to find in a small, thin male rabbit -after it has been kept fasting for 24 hours. Subsequent to this the -nerve was acted upon by a Du Bois Reymond’s apparatus. The -animals invariably died after a period of from one to five hours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hughes, Jas. Stannus</span>, 1, Merrion Square West, Dublin. -M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel., 1864; F.R.C.S.T., 1844; L. 1838; L.M. Dub. -Lying-in Hosp.; Vice-Pres. Path. Soc. Dub.; Mem. Counc. Surg. -and Zool. Socs., Irel.; Corr. Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Lord-Lieut.’s -Household, Dub. Castle; Prof. of Surg. R.C.S.T.; Exam. in -Surg. Queen’s Univ. Irel.; Surg. Jervis St. Hosp.; Cons. Surg. -Coombe Lying-in Hosp.; Surg. Convalescent Home, Stillorgan; -formerly Surg. Gen. Disp.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Treatise on Diseases of the Prostrate Gland,” 1860; -Contrib. “On Diseases of the Spinal Column,” Dub. Med. Press, -1850; “Ulcers of the Lower Extremities, etc.,” Ibid., 1851; “Opium -in Peritonitis, with Cases,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz., 1856.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons -Dublin Physiological Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No -experiments returned in 1881-82-83.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Huiziga</span> (Dr.), Groningen University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Unerregbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge,” -Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 81.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Huxley, Thomas Hy.</span>, 4, Marlborough Place, St. John’s Wood, -N.W. B. Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Char. Cross); Ph. D. -Breslau; LL.D. Edin., Dub. and Cantab.; Knt. of the Order of the -North Star (Sweden), Pres. R.S.; Fell. Linn., Geol. and Roy. Med. -Chir. Socs.; Mem. Anthrop. Inst. of Haarlem; Corr. Mem. Acad. Nat. -Sci. Philadelphia, Roy. Soc. of Sci. Göttingen, Inst. of France, and -Acads. of Berlin and St. Petersburg, etc., etc. Prof. Biol. Normal -Sch. of Sci. and Roy. Sch. of Mines; late Exam. in Phys. and -Comp. Anat. Univ. Lond.; F.R.C.S. 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. -Certificate for experiments without Anæsthetics, 1882.</i></p> - -<p>Author of “The Oceanic Hydrozoa,” 1857; “Evidence as to -Man’s Place in Nature,” 1863; “Lectures on the Elements of -Comparative Anatomy,” 1864; “Elementary Lessons in Physiology,” -1866-67; “An Introduction to the Classification of Animals,” -1869; “Lay Sermons,” 1870; “Manual of the Anatomy of -Vertebrated Animals,” 1871; “Critiques and Addresses,” 1873; -“Elementary Biology,” 1875; “Manual of the Anatomy of -Invertebrated Animals,” 1877; “American Addresses,” 1877; -“Physiography,” 1878; “The Crayfish: An Introduction to the -Study of Zoology,” 1880; “Science and Culture,” 1881; numerous -Memoirs in Trans. Roy., Linn., Zool., and Geol. Socs., etc.</p> - -<p>“The following ‘Lessons in Elementary Physiology’ are primarily -intended to serve the purpose of a text book for teachers and -learners in boys’ and girls’ schools.”—“<cite>Lessons in Elementary -Physiology</cite>,” London, 1866, Preface, p. 1.</p> - -<p>“If the vessels of a limb of a living animal be tied in such a -manner as to cut off the supply of blood from the limb, without -affecting it in any other way, all the symptoms of death will set in. -The limb will grow pale and cold, it will lose its sensibility and -volition, the animal will no longer have power over it; it will stiffen, -and eventually mortify and decompose.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 74.</p> - -<p>“If in a living animal, the anterior roots of a spinal nerve be cut, -the animal loses all control over the muscles to which that nerve is -distributed, though the sensibility of the region of the skin supplied -by the nerve is perfect.… On the other hand, if the end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -the sensory root connected with the trunk be irritated, no apparent -effect is produced, while, if the end connected with the cord be thus -served, violent pain immediately follows.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 268.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Israel, James.</span> M.D.; Chief Phys., Jewish Hosp., Berlin.</p> - -<p>“On the 26th of March this year (1883), I inserted a small portion -of infected tissue out of the peripleural abscess of a patient suffering -from primary aktinomykosis of the lungs through an incision -into the abdomen. The rabbit showed no symptoms of illness -during life; the patient died.… The rabbit was killed June 12th, -1883. In the abdomen were found a number of swellings from -the size of a cherry to that of a grain of hemp seed.… This -gives the first proof of the possibility of transmitting aktinomykosis -from man to animals.… Evidently the rabbit is not a very -favourable subject for the development of this disease.”—<cite>Centralblatt -für die Med. Wiss.</cite>, No. 27, July 7th, 1883, p. 481-82.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jacobson, H.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Berlin Univ. Lect. Dis. of -Heart and Exp. Path., 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jäger, S. de.</span> Prof. Vet. Coll., Utrecht; formerly Asst. Physiol. -Inst., Leyden.</p> - -<p>Author of “Over de bloedsbeweging in de Longen,” Leiden, 1879; -“Die Lungen circulation und der arterielle Blutdruck,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XXVII., p. 163, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">James, Alexander</span>, 11, Albyn Place, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. -1876; M.B. and C.M., 1872; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877; (Univ. Edin.) -Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Med. Chir. Soc. -Edin.; Lect. on Insts. of Med. and Clin. Med.; Edin. Sch. of Med.; -late Med. Off. New Town Disp., House Surgeon Liverp. Infirm. for -Childr., Res. Phys. Clin. Wards and Res. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Edin.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh, Dr. -James’ Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures 1879 and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jankowski, K. W.</span>, Moscow, M.D.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Bedeutung der Gefässnerven für die -Entstehung des Oedems.”—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. 93, Part II., -Aug., 1883.</p> - -<p>“Experiment I., July 24, 1882. Morphium injected into the vein -in the front paw of a large dog. Complete narcosis followed immediately. -Both hind feet were bound tightly together with an india-rubber -band and immersed in water warmed to 70 degrees. The -feet were held under the water about two minutes till the hair -could be easily pulled out of the skin; then they were taken out of -the water and untied. After this, the Nervus ischiadicus on the right -side was cut through. About half-an-hour afterwards both feet -showed signs of inflammation. They began to swell rapidly, and -pustules filled with transparent matter appeared between the toes. -On both sides the lymph vessels were now dissected out, and armed -with cannulæ. To excite the flow of lymph the legs were pumped -up and down every ten minutes for about five minutes at a time.… -Two hours after this experiment the dog died, probably from -the excessive dose of morphium injected.”—“<cite>Ueber die Beudetung -der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des Oedems</cite>,” Virchow’s -Archiv, Vol. XCIII., p. 269.</p> - -<p>Nineteen similar experiments on dogs were made in the Pathological -Institute at Leipzig.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jennings, Chas. Egerton</span>, London Hospital, E.; and Abbey -House, Malmesbury, Wilts. L.R.C.P., London, 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng. -and L.S.A., 1881 (Lond. Hosp.); Obst. Schol. 1880; Fell. Obst. Soc.; -Mem. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Res. Acc. (formerly House Phys.), Lond. -Hospital; late Clin. Asst. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Transfusion; its History, Indications, and Modes of -Application.” Contrib. “Treatment of Hydrophobia by Curara,” -“Lancet,” 1881; “The Intravenous Injection of Fluid for Severe -Hæmorrhage,” Ibid., 1882; “The Morbid Anatomy and Pathology -of Hydrophobia,” Ibid., 1882.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection, and performed experiments at -the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy’s Hospital, up -to 2nd December; also, at Physiological Laboratory and Museum -of the University of the Durham College of Medicine, 1883. Certificate -dispensing with the obligation to kill, same year.</i></p> - -<p>Experiments on transfusion.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jolyet, F.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Bordeaux, Exper. Med. 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouvelles recherches sur le nerf pneumogastrique, -démontrant que les filets originaires de ce nerf, avant tout anastomoses, -possèdent, chez le chien une fonction motrice propre sur l’œsophage -et sur l’estomac.”—<cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite>, 1879, No. 6, p. 72.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kaess, C.</span> M.D. Prosector, Giessen.</p> - -<p>Articles in Eckhard’s Beiträge, X., 1883.</p> - -<p>Experiments on dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kahler, O.</span> Prof. extraor. Univ. Prague; Lect. Dis. of Spine.</p> - -<p>Author of “Weitere Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen -Anatomie des Central nervensystems” (jointly with Pick) Arch. f. -Psychiat., Vol. X., p. 179, 1879; “Ueber die Noë’sche Thermosäule,” -Prag. Med. Wochenschr. 1882, No. 47.</p> - -<p>Injected wax into the spinal column of dogs to study the effects -of pressure on the spine.—<cite>Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde</cite> (Prague and -Leipsig), Vol. III., 1882, p. 187.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kelsch</span> (Prof.) Prof. Path. Anat. Lille Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kinberg, J. G. H.</span>, Stockholm. Prof. Med. and Chir. Inst.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Klebs, Edwin.</span> B. 1834, Königsberg. Studied univs. -Königsberg, Wurzberg, Jena, and Berlin; Asst. Physiol. Lab. -Königsberg; assistant to Virchow, 1861; Prof. Path. Anat., -Berne, 1866; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1871; Prof. at Prague, 1873; -Lect. on Path. Anat., Path. Histology and Path. Chemistry Med. -Fac. Univ. Zurich, 1883.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Aufgaben und die Bedeutung der experimentellen -Pathologie” (Inaugural Discourse Univ. Zurich), -Leipsig, 1882; “Ueber Symbiose Ungleichartiger Organismen,” -Biol. Centrabl., Vol. II., Nos. 10, 11, 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Klein, Emanuel,</span> M.D., F.R.S. Assist. Prof. Lab. Brown -Instit., Wandsworth Road; Lect. Histol. at Med. Sch. St. Bartholomew’s -Hosp.; formerly Prof. Histology Univ. of Vienna.</p> - -<p>Author of first section of “Handbook for the Physiological -Laboratory;” “Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Structur des -Zellkernes und der Lebererscheinungen der Drüsenzellen” -in Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 17 (1879), p. 289; “Observations -on the Glandular Epithelium and Division of Nuclei in -the skin of the newt,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci., No. LXXV. (1879), -pp. 261-404; “On the termination of the nerves in the mammalian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -cornea,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Oct., 1880, p. 459; “The organ of Jacobson in the -dog,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, July, 1882, p. 299; “The Anatomy of the Lymphatic -System,” 1883, London; “Atlas of Histology” (jointly with Dr. -Noble Smith), London, 1879.</p> - -<p>(<i>Chairman</i>) (3,538): What is your own practice with regard to the -use of anæsthetics in experiments that are otherwise painful? (<i>Dr. -Klein</i>): Except for teaching purposes, for demonstration, I never use -anæsthetics where it is not necessary for convenience. If I demonstrate, -I use anæsthetics. If I do experiments for my inquiries -in pathological research, except for convenience sake, as for instance -on dogs and cats, I do not use them. On frogs and the lower -animals I never use them. (3,539). When you say that you only use -them for convenience sake, do you mean that you have no regard -at all to the sufferings of the animals?—No regard at all. (3,540.) -You are prepared to establish that as a principle which you approve?—I -think that with regard to an experimenter, a man who -conducts special research, and performs an experiment, he has no -time, so to speak, for thinking what will the animal feel or suffer. -His only purpose is to perform the experiment, to learn as much from -it as possible, and to do it as quickly as possible. (3,541.) Then for -your own purposes you disregard entirely the question of the suffering -of the animal in performing a painful experiment.—I do. (3,542.) -Why do you regard it then when it is for a demonstration?—Because -I know that there is a great deal of feeling against it in this country, -and when it is not necessary, one should not perhaps act against the -opinion or the belief of certain individuals of the auditorium. One -must take regard of the feelings and opinions of those people before -whom one does the experiment. (3,543.) Then am I wrong in attributing -to you that you separate yourself entirely from the feeling -which you observe to prevail in this country in regard to humanity -to animals?—I separate myself as an investigator from myself as a -teacher. (3,544.) But in regard to your proceedings as an investigator, -you are prepared to acknowledge that you hold as entirely -indifferent the sufferings of the animal which is subjected to your -investigation?—Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that that is a general -practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the feelings of the -animals?—I believe so. (3,547.) But you believe that, generally -speaking, there is a very different feeling in England?—Not among -the physiologists; I do not think there is. (3553.)—<cite>Min. of Ev. -R. Com.</cite>, London, 1876.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Köbner, Heinrich.</span> Prof. in Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Uebertragungsversuche von Lepra auf Thiere.”</p> - -<p>Experiments to give leprosy to animals.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -88 vol., p. 282.</p> - -<p>“One monkey, two guinea-pigs, two young white rats, one white -mouse, two rabbits, one pigeon, three eels, one mud-fish, and one frog -were inoculated in several parts of the body with leprous matter, -and also small portions of tissue impregnated with bacilli were engrafted. -Leprosy did not break out in any of the animals.”—<cite>Note -by O. Israel</cite>, <cite>Centralbl. f. Wiss. Med. No. 5</cite>, 1883, p. 79.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert.</span> M.D. Geheimrath. -Direct. of the Pathol. Instit. of Sanit. Med. Berlin.</p> - -<p>“You saw the dog which was injected with a minimum quantity -of tubercle bacilli. The injection was made in the abdominal -cavity, and produced an exquisite tubercular peritonitis. Nevertheless, -the dog finally recovered entirely, and seemed perfectly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> -well. Then the same dog was used again, and a large number of bacilli -were introduced into the abdominal cavity. You will see that the -dog is fatally ill. Now, if one attack conferred immunity, it ought -to have been impossible to produce this second attack. Hence I do -not think it possible to prevent the disease in that way, nor do I -think it necessary to try it.”—“<cite>Dr. Robert Koch interviewed</cite>,” <cite>Med. -Times</cite>, Aug. 26th, 1882, p. 255.</p> - -<p>“The result of Koch’s inoculation experiments he (Dr. Formad) -discredited, because the successful ones had been made only on -animals that have a very strong predisposition to tuberculosis, and -contract it from inoculation of non-specific substances, while others, -which were claimed to be successful, he regarded as cases of pseudotuberculosis. -The view in regard to the bacilli tuberculosis to which -Dr. Formad inclined, was that they do not cause the disease, while -it is likely that they do ‘condition the fatal disease.’ The remarks -were received with marked interest, and were followed by a brief -discussion, participated in by Drs. Wood, Gross, Tyson, Bartholow, -Cohen, and others. Some of the speakers seem to have adopted -Koch’s views, and it was spoken of as a matter of congratulation -that one so well fitted as Dr. Formad should have presented the -arguments against them, since the truth would be arrived at all the -more surely if the new doctrine were put upon its defence, and not -allowed to establish itself without due scrutiny.”—<cite>Philadelphia -Med. News</cite>, Oct. 28, 1882. (Reprinted in <cite>Med. Times</cite>, Dec. 2, 1882.)</p> - -<p>“Dr. Koch’s conclusions enjoy a very considerable <i lang="fr">succès -d’estime</i>, but that esteem would perhaps be less were it clearly -understood that the original intention, and indeed the justification, -of the method of dry cultivation has been quietly dropped, while -the method itself has been put to a use for which it is not at all -suited.”—<cite>Med. Times</cite>, July 15, 1882, p. 78.</p> - -<p>“As yet we have no certain instance of animals falling spontaneously -ill of cholera in periods of cholera. All experiments also, -which have hitherto been made on animals with cholera substances, -have either given a negative result, or, if they were said to give a -positive result, they were not sufficiently supported by evidence, or -were disputed by other experimenters. We occupied ourselves, -nevertheless, in the most careful and detailed manner, with experiments -on animals. Because great value must be laid on the results -on white-mice obtained by Thiersch. I took fifty mice with me from -Berlin, and made all kinds of experiments on them,” but … “our -mice remained healthy. We then made experiments on monkeys, -cats, poultry, dogs, and various other animals that we were able to -get hold of; but we were never able to arrive at anything in animals -similar to the cholera-process.… Hence, I think, that all the -animals on which we can make experiments, and all those, too, which -come into contact with human beings, are not liable to cholera.… -We must, therefore, dispense with them as a material for affording -proofs.”—<cite>Koch’s</cite> “<cite>Address to the German Board of Health</cite>,” “<cite>Brit. -Med. Journ.,”</cite> Sept. 6, 1884, p. 454.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kölliker, Rudolph Albrecht.</span> B. 1817, at Zurich; -Studied Univs. Zurich, Bonn, and Berlin; For. Asst. to Henle, -M.D., Zurich, 1843; Prof. Physiol. and Comp. Anat., Zurich, 1845; -Prof. at Wurzburg, 1847.</p> - -<p>Author “Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, für Aertzte -und Studirende,” Leipsig, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschichte des<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -Menschen und der Höheren Thiere,” Leipsig, 1861; “Untersuchungen -ueber die Letzten Endigungen der Nerven,” Leipsig, -1862 (in progress).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Krabbe, H.</span> M.D.; Prof. of Physiol. and Anat. at Roy. -Vet. Coll., Copenhagen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kraft</span> (Dr.), Breslau. Asst. Prof. at the Path. Institute.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kries, J. Von.</span> Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Baden; Lec. Physiol. -Movement and Sensation, Physiol. Inst.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen zur Mechanik des quergestreiften -Muskels,” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., Vol. for 1880; “Die -Gesichtsempfindungen und ihre Analyse,” Arch. f. Physiol., 1882 -(Supplement).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Krivoratow, M.</span>, Moscow. Medical Student Strasburg; pupil -of Prof. Goltz.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kronecker, H.</span>, 35, Dorotheenstrasse, Berlin. Prof. Extraor. -Physiol. Univ. Berlin; Lect. Exper. Physiol.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Unfähigkeit der Froschherzspitze, elektrische -Reize zu summiren,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu, Berlin, May -16, 1879; Co-editor (with Senator) of “Centralblat für die medicinischen -Wissenschaften.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with Dr. Theodore Cash in the Physiological -Institute in Berlin.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kueltz, E.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Marburg University; Exam. in -Physiol. Lect. on Physiol. of Sensory Organs, 1883.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der Glycogenbildung in der -Leber,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXIV., 1880; “Ueber die Schicksale -des Chloralhydrates und Butychloralhydrates im Thierkörper,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XXVIII., 1882.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab. Univ. of Marburg.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kühne, W.</span> Prof. of Experimental Physiol. Med. Fac., -Heidelberg University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber künstlichen Diabetes bei Fröschen,” Göttingen, -1856; “Myologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1860; “Ueber die -peripherische Endorgane der motorischen Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862; -“Untersuchungen ueber das Protoplasma und die Contractilität,” -Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber das Verhalten des Muskels zum Nerven;” -Untersuchungen aus dem physiol. Institute d. Universität, -Heidelberg, Vol. III., 1879; “Notiz ueber die Netzhautfarbe -belichteter menschlichen Augen,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. III., 1879; “Beobachtungen -ueber die Absonderung des Pancreas” (jointly with Lea), -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. II., 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kussmaul, Adolf.</span> B. 1822, at Graben, near Carlsruhe; -studied at Heidelberg and Wurzburg; Military surgeon in Baden, -1848; Prof. extraord. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1857; Prof. Med. -Erlangen, 1859; Prof. Freiburg, 1863; Prof. Strasburg, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Entwickelungs—Phasen der exacten Medicin,” -“Ueber die Ursachen und den Gang unseres Ablebens,” Freiburg, -1866; “Zwanzig Briefe über Menschenpocken und Kuhpockenimpfung,” -Freiburg, 1870; jointly (with Tenner); “Untersuchungen -zur Natur-Lehre des Menschen und der Thiere,” 1856; “Untersuchungen -ueber Ursprung und Wesen der fallsuchtartigen Zuckungen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -bei der Verblutung so wie der Fallsucht überhaupt,” Frankfort, -1857.</p> - -<p>“For all those who do not hold the view that words and thoughts -originate from sources above and outside the nerve substance, the -localization of the functions of speech in portions of the cortex -follows as a necessary postulate of logic.… Physiological -Experiment, as we might expect, leaves us here in the lurch.”—Art. -“Disturbances of speech,” <cite>Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia of Medicine</cite>, Vol. -XIV., p. 720.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Laborde, J. V.</span>, 15, Rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. -Prof. Pract. Physiol., Pract. Courses.</p> - -<p>Chief Editor of the “Tribune Médicale.”</p> - -<p>Experimented (30th April, 1884), with the head of the decapitated -criminal, Campi, by transfusing the blood of a living dog into it, -bringing back a hideous semblance of lifelike motions.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lacerda (M.) de</span>, Rio de Janeiro.</p> - -<p>Injected snake poison under the skin of dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and -guinea-pigs to try the effect of permanganate of potash as an antidote.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Landois, Leonard.</span> B. Munster, 1837; Stud. and Asst. at -Physiol. Inst., Greifswald; Prof. extraord., 1868; Prof. in ord. -Physiol. and Dir. Physiol. Inst., 1872; Prof. Micros. Anat., Histol., -and Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., same place, 1883.</p> - -<p>Author of: “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Vienna, -1879-80; “Ueber tönende Vocal-flammen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. -Wiss. No. 18, 1880, p. 321.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lankester, Edwin Ray</span>, M.A., F.R.S. B. 1847, London; -Educated St. Paul’s School, and Christ Ch., Oxon; Fell. and -Lect. Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1872; Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. -Univ. Coll., Lon., 1875; Fellow Roy. Soc., 1875.</p> - -<p>Author of: “A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the old red Sandstone -of Britain,” Part I., 1870; “Comparative Longevity,” 1871; -“Contributions to the Developmental History of the Mollusca,” -1875; and the English Edition of Haekel’s “History of Creation.” -Contrib. to “Athenæum, Academy, Nature,” Chief Editor of -“Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science.”</p> - -<p>“… He has taken a prominent part in the defence of Scientific -Experiment on live animals.”—<cite>Men of the Time</cite>, 10th Edit., p. 604.</p> - -<p>“If you allow experiment at all, you must admit the more of it -the better, since it is certain that for many years to come the -problems of physiology demanding experimental solution will -increase in something like geometrical ratio instead of decreasing.”—E. -Ray Lankester, <cite>Spectator</cite>, Jan. 10, 1874.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lange, O.</span> B. 1834. Path. Lect. Univ. Copenhagen, 1877; -formerly Asst. to Prof. Schiff, Physiol. Lab., Florence.</p> - -<p>Editor of “Hospital Journal.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Langendorff, Oscar.</span> Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. -Königsberg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Versuche ueber die Pancreas-Verdauung der -Vögel,” Mueller’s Archiv., 1879; Contrib. to Centralb. f. d. Med. -Wiss., Archiv. fuer Anat. u. Physiol., etc.</p> - -<p>Found by experiment that after frogs had been immersed for -several hours in oil or water, or after they had been suffocated by -ligature of the aortic bulb, their muscles had an acid reaction.—<cite>Med. -Centralb.</cite>, 1882, No. 50.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Langley, J. N.</span> M.A., St. John’s Coll., Camb.</p> - -<p>Author of “The action of Pilocarpin on the sub-maxillary -gland of the dog,” Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part -III., 1877, p. 42. “On the changes in serous glands during -secretion,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 261; “On the -structure of serous glands in rest and activity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. -Lond., 1879, p. 377; “Preliminary account of the structure of -the cells of the liver and the changes which take place in -them under various conditions,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., -1882, p. 20.</p> - -<p>“The sub-maxillary gland of the dog was chosen for experiment, -owing to its exposed condition, and the comparative ease with -which its nerves can be isolated; a few experiments were made on -the parotid, but these were not increased in number, since there -seems little reason to doubt that that which is true for one -salivary gland is also true for the rest.… In observing the flow -of blood all the veins going to the jugular were tied, except the -veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular was tied and -cut across on the peripheral side of the ligature, and the blood -allowed to run into a narrow test tube…; or a cut was made -just at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself clamped, and -the blood collected as before.… The pilocarpin was injected -sometimes into the saphena vein, and sometimes through the facial -artery direct into the gland, in the manner described by Heidenhain.… -In every case the stimulus used was a Daniell’s Cell with a -Du Bois Reymond’s induction apparatus.”—<cite>Studies from the Physiol. -Lab. Camb.</cite>, Part III. (1877), pp. 44, 45, 46.</p> - -<p>Also experiments on dogs, rabbits, frogs, and toads.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological -Laboratory New Museum in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill in 1879.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lannegrace</span> (Dr.), Montpelier. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., -Montpelier.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, Nicola.</span> B. Ferrandina, 1846; -Studied Salerno and Naples; Chir. Asst. Milan, 1871; Prof. 1873; -Phys. and Vet. Sur. Basilicate; Direct. Chirurg. Clinic and Prof. -of Surg. and Exper. Physiol. High School for Vet. Med., Milan.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla struttura dei tendini, ricerche istologische,” -Milan, 1871; “Manuale di Ostetricia Veterinaria,” Milan, -1872; “Trattato di Patologia e Terapia chirurgica generale -e speciale degli animali domestici,” Milan, 1873; “La Medicina -sperimentale e le Scuole Veterinaria,” Milan, 1873, &c. Founded, -1878, the journal “La Clinica Veterinaria, Rivista di Medicina e -Chirurgia practica degli Animali domestici.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lapper, Edwin</span>, 36, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin. -L.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876 (Ledw. Sch. Dub.); Fell. Chem. Soc. Lond.; -Lect. on Chem. Ledw. Sch. of Med.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Dub. Journ. Med. Sci. 1876.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, -Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No -experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lassègue, Jean Louis.</span> B. Paris, 1800.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches Physiologiques et Chimiques pour -servir à l’histoire de la digestion,” Paris, 1825.</p> - -<p>Bound the thoracic duct of dogs, death following 50 days after -the operation.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Latschenberger, Joh.</span> M.D.; Prof. extraord. Physiol. -Chem. Univ. Freiburg.</p> - -<p>Joint Author, with Deahna, of “Beiträge zur lehre von der -reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässmuskeln,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. -XII., p. 157.</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with Deahna.</p> - -<p>“We first set ourselves the task of studying the effects of blood -pressure in long continued stimulation of the ends of sensory nerves. -The animals experimented upon were rabbits, dogs and cats.… -The nerves experimented upon were the N. vagus, N. depressores, -and N. ischiadicus. After the nerve was cut through, the central -end was stimulated. The nerves in the neck were in most cases -drawn outwards and laid upon the electrodes in such a manner that -the stimulated portion should be completely surrounded by air.”—<cite>Beiträge -zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung, &c.</cite>, pp. 159, 160.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lautenbach, B. F.</span> M.D.; Ph. D. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Geneva.</p> - -<p>Author of “On absorption without circulation,” Journ. of Physiol., -Vol. II. (1879), p. 110; “The physiological action of heat,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, -pp. 1 and 302; “Saponin in its relation to Physiology,” Journ. of -Nerv. and Mental Diseases, Vol. IV. (1879), No. 3 (N. Series), p. 393.</p> - -<p>Made experiments, with the assistance of Prof. Schiff, by tying -the portal veins of dogs, &c., which caused death in one or two -hours in the dog, and less in cats and rabbits.—<cite>Philadelphia Med. -Times</cite>, May 26th, 1877.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lazarus, Moritz.</span> B. Filehne, in Posen, 1824. Prof. Philos. -Bern; Prof. Milit. Acad. Berlin, 1868.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Zeitschrift für Klinische Medicin.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and sheep.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lea, A. Sheridan</span>, Trin. College, Cambridge. Physiol. Lab. -New Museum.</p> - -<p>Joint Author (with J. R. Green) of “Some Notes on the Fibrine -Ferment,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. IV., p. 380.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological -Laboratory New Museum, 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No -experiments returned in 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lebedeff, Alexander.</span> Physician, Moscow, Russia.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiol. Institute, Leipsig, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lebedoff, S. A.</span> Asst. Phys., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Pathological Institute, Giessen, on the -secretion of hæmoglobin by the kidneys.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. XCI., p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Legg, John Wickham</span>, 47, Green Street, Park Lane, W. -M.D. Lond., 1868; M.B., 1867; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1869; Fell. Roy. -Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Casualty Phys. and Demonstrator -Morbid Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “On the Changes of the Liver which follow Ligature of -the Bile Ducts;” and various Papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., -Brit. Med. Journal, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>“During the past winter, I have made several observations upon -the changes which follow ligature of the bile ducts in animals. The -animals used were cats; these seem to survive the operation better -than dogs. Most observers find that dogs live only five to ten days -after. The way in which the ligature was applied was as follows:—The -animal was first secured in a Czermak’s holder, and chloroform -given largely, so as to secure a deep narcosis.… A cut is then -made through the linea alba from the xiphoid cartilage downwards -for about two inches.… Pushing aside to the left the -stomach and duodenum, and raising the free edge of the -liver, the bile ducts are seen coming from the liver and -gall bladder.… A ligature is then put around the common -duct and tied close to the duodenum; another is tied tightly on the -duct, about half an inch nearer to the liver, and the duct between -the two ligatures divided by a pair of scissors, the vessel being held -out from the portal vein for that purpose. In two of the cats the bile -found its way again into the intestine; in the later operations, therefore, -I removed altogether about half an inch of the common duct as -is done in making biliary fistulæ. The belly walls were then brought -together with ordinary sutures. It is well to place these close together, -as I lost three of the cats from the giving way of the sutures -and consequent prolapse of the bowels. All the operations recorded -in this paper were done in the pharmacological laboratory of my -friend and colleague, Dr. Brunton.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. I., Jan. 24, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing 8½ lb.; very -fat; bile ducts tied double and cut. The cat died probably on Jan. -26. Examined on Jan. 27. Weather frosty.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. II., Jan. 24, 1873.—Black she cat, weighing 6 lb. 6¾ oz. -Bile duct tied double but not cut. Animal pregnant. The cat died -on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 28.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. III., Feb. 3, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing immediately -after operation 7 lb. 3½ oz. Animal very fat; bile duct tied, but -not cut. Feb. 6.—Cat seems to be dying; it is unable to stand, but -lies on side mewing. Feb. 7.—Found dead at 11 a.m. in the same -place where left yesterday.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. VI., Feb. 3.—A cat not fully grown, very wild, scarcely any -fat on body, weighing immediately after the operation 3 lb. 5 oz. Bile -ducts tied double, but not cut. The animal nearly died under the -chloroform, but recovered with artificial respiration. Cat last seen -alive on Feb. 7.… Found dead on morning of February 12, -and already much decomposed. Cause of death, prolapse of -bowels.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. XVI., June 27.—Black and white cat, well nourished, full -grown. Bile duct tied double and piece cut out. July 3.—As the -cat was now very weak, and seemed about to die, it was determined -to make the diabetic puncture. The cat was therefore laid -prone, a cut made through the skin over the occipital protuberance, -and the chisel applied immediately underneath this. After dividing -the occipital bone, the chisel was passed in a direction downwards -and forwards, so as to cut the line made by joining the two auditory -meatus. The chisel was pushed on until it met with the basilar -bone, and was then withdrawn. Operation was over at 12.30.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -Before the operation the cat had languidly taken a little milk.”—“<cite>On -the changes in the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile Ducts</cite>,” -<cite>Barth. Hosp. Reps.</cite>, Vol. IX., p. 161, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lemoigne</span> (Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società -Zoophila.</p> - -<p>Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Leopold, G.</span> Prof. Univ. Leipsig.</p> - -<p>“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some -experiments of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to -summarise, seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish -legislation from making any such researches themselves.… Dr. -Leopold therefore proceeded thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus -of a pregnant animal, and then the abdomen of one not pregnant, and -transferred in some experiments the embryo only, in others the -embryo and its membranes and placenta, from the uterus of one animal -to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he closed the wound and -observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.… As to the -result, the experiments fall into two groups—one in which peritonitis -followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in -which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became -encapsuled.… In the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, -the animals were killed at periods varying from three to seventy -days after the operation.”—<cite>Med. Times and Gazette</cite>, Jan. 14, 1882, -pp. 41, 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lépine, R.</span>, Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. -Faculty.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” -Paris, 1875; jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente -dont se comportent les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin -grèle au point de vue de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. -de physiol. norm. et path. 1883, p. 93.</p> - -<p>“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, -which were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the -linea alba, a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and -ligatures which at first were not closed were applied to the upper -and lower part; above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut -open with very fine scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. -solution of salt. Then the lower ligature was closed, and -the solution injected into the upper opening, the reabsorption -of which is to be tested. While the syringe was being -withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of the -lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same -process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate -as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end -of the intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the -wound was sewn up, and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain -time—generally an hour or an hour and a-half—killed, and the -contents of the tied loops were examined.”—<cite>Centralb. f. d. Med. -Wiss.</cite>, 1883, p. 679.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lesser, A.</span> Prof. of Toxicology, Med. Fac., Berlin University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lesser, Baron Von L. L.</span> Prof. at Private Policlinic, Med. -Fac., Leipsig University. Path. Institute.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Leube, Wilhelm Olivier.</span> B. Ulm, Wurtemberg, 1842; -studied Med. Tübingen; M.D. 1866; Univs. Munich and Berlin; -studied Physiol. under Du Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and Physiol. -Chem. under Kühne; First Asst. Ziemssen’s Clinic, Erlangen, 1868; -Prof. extraord., 1872; Prof. Med. Clinic, Jena, same year; Prof. -Erlangen, 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und -deren Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois -Reymond’s Archiv, 1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s -Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with strychnine on various animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lewaschew</span> (Dr.), St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on -the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of -the vessels has been contributed to the current number of -Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… -The method of investigation is worthy of mention. Generally -the chief nerve trunks of the hinder extremities of dogs were -the parts subject to irritation by means of a solution of muriatic or -sulphuric acid; it was found that rabbits and cats were unfit for this -continuous form of stimulation, because the action of the acid on the -exposed nerve trunk brought about gangrene; as a strong stimulus was -wanted milder means could not be employed.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, June 2nd, -1883, p. 962.</p> - -<p>Dr. Lewaschew drew a thread moistened with acid through the -nervus ischiadicus of the one leg to set up an irritation in the nerve. -At intervals of from three to six days a thread was sewn nearer the -peripheric end of the nerve. This was continued till the death of -the animals. Some died rapidly of gangrene of the extremities and -septicemia, others at the end of two to four weeks only of putrid -infection and dysentery; many, however, supported the operation -for two or four months. Some of the animals became seized with -epileptic fits, which increased till life ended.—<cite>Petersburg Med. -Wochenschrift</cite>, Vol. XXXI., 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lewes, George Henry.</span> B. London, 1817; d. 1878.</p> - -<p>Studied med., anat., and physiol.</p> - -<p>Author of “On the spinal cord,” 1858; “The nervous system,” -1859; “Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; -“Problems of Life and Mind,” etc.</p> - -<p>“A triton whose cord had been divided some weeks was completely -cut in two. The head-half immediately began crawling away with -great activity, which, as this half contained the heart, and almost -all the viscera, was not surprising. The tail half remained for some -time in a standing posture, and then began to crawl forward. -After three steps it paused, remaining quiet during five minutes, and -began again, but feebly. The tail moved spontaneously, but with -great slowness; when it was touched both tail and legs moved. I -then placed it under a glass, with a moistened sponge inside to -prevent evaporation from the skin, and left it there for two hours, -watching its spontaneous, though very languid movements. If any -reader remains still unconvinced, I can only recommend him to -divide the spinal chord of a frog a little below the shoulders, and keep -the animal for some days or weeks (care must be taken to prevent -water getting to the cord, as that soon kills the animal), watching it, -and testing its sensibility.”—<cite>Physiol. Com. Life</cite>, Vol. II., pp. 255-6.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man in whom accident had -destroyed all sensation and voluntary motion, yet who drew up his -legs when they were tickled, without once feeling the sensation of -tickling.… This case is constantly cited, and is, indeed, very -striking. It seems to have a far greater value than any experiments -on animals can have, because we cannot question animals as to their -sensations; we do not <em>know</em> whether they feel or not. We can only -infer: whereas we can interrogate the human patient.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 861.</p> - -<p>“Has performed a great many experiments (6,354), nearly all -relating to the nerves, (6,365), mostly on frogs and other cold-blooded -animals (6,357), and not more than a dozen rabbits and -pigeons in a dozen years under anæsthetics (6,361-4).… Could -not himself bear to experiment on dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), rabbits -would nearly always do instead (6,413-7).”—<cite>Digest Ev. R. Com.</cite>, -p. 41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lewin, L.</span> M.D. Asst. at the Pharmacol. Instit., Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen ueber Wirkung and Verhalten des -Tannins im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “<cite>Archiv.</cite>,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880; -“Untersuchungen ueber das chemische Verhalten der Folia -Uvae Ursi im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “<cite>Archiv.</cite>” Vol. XCII., 1883.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on rabbits with tannin and other substances.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Leyden, Ernst Victor.</span> B. Danzig, 1832. Studied Med. -Chir., Inst. Friedrich Wilhelm, Berlin; Milit. Surg. Dusseldorf, -Danzig, Gumbinnen and Königsberg; Battaillon Surg. Berlin, 1862-65; -then Prof. and Direct. Med. Clin. Polyclin. Königsberg; -Prof. Strasburg, 1872; succeeded Traube, Berlin, 1876; Privy -Councillor in Med. affairs; Prof. Path. and Therap., Direct. Med. -Clinic, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und -Pathologie des Gehirns,” Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; -Editor “Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Medecin.”</p> - -<p>Inventor of an instrument which can be screwed into an opening -made in the skull of dogs to facilitate the study of the movements -of the then exposed brain. Injected blood of patients suffering from -pneumonia into guinea-pigs.</p> - -<p>“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had, a few years -ago, studied the effects of pressure and agitation on the functions of -the brain mass. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride -between the skull and dura mater. A more extended series of -experimental investigations was subsequently undertaken by Dr. F. -Pagenstecher. Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and -tallow heated to 50° C. between the skull and dura mater of dogs. -As regards the sensibility of the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher -differ.”—Bartholow’s “<cite>Functions of the Human Brain</cite>,” -<cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci.</cite>, April, 1874, pp. 305-306.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lindgren, H. O.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Lund University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lingard, Alfred</span>, 91, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W., -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1873; L.S.A., 1874 (St. Thos.’s, Vienna, Berlin, -and Paris); Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc., Lond., Brit. -Med. Ass., Anthrop. Inst. Great Brit. and Irel., and Soc. Anthrop. -Paris; late House Phys. St. Thos.’s Hosp.; Transl. of Fournier’s -“Syphilis and Marriage;” Contrib. “Ueber den Bau der Symphgefässe -in pathologisch veränderter Haut;” Allge. Wien. Med. Zeit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -1876; “On an Infectious Ulcerative Disease of Skin and Mucous -Membrane caused by a Specific Bacillus,” <cite>Lancet</cite>, 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. -George Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the -Stag Yard, opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above -address in 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. -No experiments returned 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Liouville, Henri.</span> B. Paris, 1837; D. 1882. M.D. 1870; -Chief Direct. Lab. Hôtel Dieu, 1872.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la Généralisation des Anéurismes Miliaires,” -1871; “De l’abus en thérapeutique,” 1875; Contrib. to various -Med. Journals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lister, Sir Joseph</span>, Bt., 12, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. -M.B. Lond., 1852; B.A., 1847; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1852; F.R.C.S. Edin., -1855; F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1860; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; LL.D. Edin., -1878; M.D. Dub., 1879; LL.D. Glasg., 1879; D.C.L. Oxon., 1880; -LL.D. Cantab., 1880; Knt. Comm. 1st Class, Danebrog; Fell. Univ. -Coll. Lond.; Cothenius Medallist German Soc. of Naturalists, 1877; -Roy. Medallist Roy. Soc. Lond., 1880; Laureate French Acad. -Sci., 1881; Hon. Mem. numerous Foreign Societies; Mem. of Assoc. -for Advancement of Medicine by Research; Surg. Extraord. to H.M. -the Queen; Prof. Chir. Surgery, King’s Coll.</p> - -<p>Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anæsthetics” in Holmes’s -System of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Coagulation of the -Blood,” Proc. Roy. Soc.; “On Ligatures of Arteries on the Antiseptic -System;” “De l’influence qu’exerce la position du corps -sur la circulation sanguine,” paper read before Acad. de Méd., -Paris, June, 1878.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on horses and calves.</p> - -<p>“Considers that experiments on living animals is one of the -most important means of increasing knowledge (4,291-2). Attaches -very great importance to demonstration as a means of instruction -(4,339-43).” Thinks that “demonstrations should be performed -under anæsthetics, but that not so much for the purpose of avoiding -pain to the animals as for the sake of avoiding a demoralising -influence on the students” (4,328).—<cite>Digest Ev. R. Com.</cite> pp. 30-31.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Livon, Charles Marie</span>, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. -Exper. Physiol. Sch. Med.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouveau Manuel de Vivisections,” Paris, 1882; -“Du Traitement des Polypes Laryngiens,” 1873.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Loewenfeld, L.</span> Prof., Munich.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle und Kritische Untersuchungen zur -Electrotherapie des Gehirns,” Munich, 1881.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Loewenfeld, of Munich … also made an experimental -inquiry into the effects of both currents, when applied to the brains -of rabbits and kittens, on intercranial circulation.… We cannot, -however, help remarking on an important discrepancy in the -results of his experiments on animals, of which the author himself -does not appear to be aware.”—<cite>Med. Times and Gaz.</cite>, March 4th, -1882, p. 238.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Loewenthal, N.</span> Asst. to Schiff Physiol. Lab. Geneva.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber den Unterschied Zwischen der Secundären -Degeneration des Seitenstrangs nach Hirn und Rückenmarks -verletzungen.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXXI., p. 350.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lombardini</span> (Prof.), Pisa. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Longet, François Achille.</span> B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; -d. Bordeaux, 1871. Mem. Acad. Med. Paris, late Prof. Physiol. -Med. Fac. Univ. Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Mouvement Circulaire de la Matière dans les trois -règnes,” 1866; “Traité de Physiologie,” 1850; “Recherches -Expérimentales sur les fonctions de l’epiglotte et sur les agents de -l’occlusion de la glotte dans la deglutition, le vomissement, etc.,” -1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions des nerfs, -des muscles, du larynx,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur -l’irritabilité musculaire,” 1841; “Anatomie et Physiologie du -systéme nerveux de Phomme et des animaux vertébrés,” 1846; -“Expériences relatives aux effets de l’inhalation de l’ether sulfurique -sur le systéme nerveux,” 1847; “Du Sulfocyanure de potassium -consideré comme un des éléments normaux de la salive,” 1856; -“Fragments sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion,” 1857.</p> - -<p>“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie, led -him to conclusions completely opposed to those of Flourens.”—Art. -“Brain,” <cite>Encyclopédie des Sci. Med.</cite>, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204.</p> - -<p>“Experiments on animals of a different species, so far from -leading to useful results as regarded human beings, had a tendency -to mislead us. In seeking to benefit mankind by vivisections, it -would be necessary to have recourse to pathological facts founded -on experiments on <em>human</em> beings.”—<cite>Longet, quoted in Fleming’s -Essay</cite>, p. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lovèn, Christian.</span> M.D., Prof. Med. Chir. Inst. Stockholm.</p> - -<p>Author of “Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung,” -Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, p. 1.</p> - -<p>“I now come to the results of stimulation of the central nerves. -When a powerful unnarcotised animal was submitted to the -experiment, I observed that in most cases, the arteria auricularis -became smaller at the commencement of the stimulation. This -occurred more surely and quickly as the animal expressed its -sufferings more violently by cries and struggles. This narrowing -of the artery lasted for different, but always very short periods of -time, and then gave place to an enlargement even during continued -stimulation.… This is, however, not always the case when -a great number of experiments are made.… Once it happened -that in an unnarcotised animal, immediately at the commencement -of the stimulation without any signs of narrowing a very powerful -distention occurred. This result appeared in the same animal as -long as the sensitiveness of the nerves remained sufficient to allow -the experiment to be continued.”—<cite>Erweiterung von Arterien durch -Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s Arbeiten</cite>, 1866, pp. 9-10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Luchsinger, B.</span> Prof. Physiology Vet. School, Berne, -formerly Asst. Physiol. Lab. Zurich; Prof. Exper. Pharmacol. Gen. -Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berne.</p> - -<p>Author of: “Zur Kenntniss der Functionen des Rückenmarkes,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI.; “Neue Versuche zu einer Lehre von<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -der Schweiss secretion, ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der Nervencentren,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XIV., p. 869; “Zur Physiologie der Schweiss -secretion,” Virchow’s <cite>Arch.</cite>, Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “Zur Allgemeinen -Physiologie der irritabeln Substanzen,” Bonn, 1879; “Ueber -gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich -(jointly with Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on -electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Also experiments on -dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen, and goats. Cut the nervus -ischiadicus to study the action of muscarin and pilocarpin on the -excretory glands. Also experiments on cats and kittens with Miss -J. A. Kendall.</p> - -<p>“At the sight of a strange dog, still more so on being bound to -the vivisecting table, the cat often breaks out in a violent -perspiration on all four feet. It strikes us naturally -that the first thing to do is to remove totally all these psychical -influences, if it is wished to study thoroughly other causes which -may have the effect of stimulating the perspiratory centres. A -method frequently employed—narcosis—I have purposely never -used; indeed, I <em>never</em> make use of it except for preliminary -operations. If the brain is really narcotised, the other nerve -centres must also have lost much of their excitability, lesser -degrees of narcotisation seem to me to offer very little advantage -for the purpose we have in view.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XIII., -p. 375.</p> - -<p>“By the following experiments Luchsinger believes himself to -have found the most irrefutable proof of the existence of a really -antagonistic action of atropin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands, -and to have finally disposed of my thesis on physiological antagonism. -When he had fully convinced himself of the functions performed by -the sweat glands on the hind feet of chloroformed cats, by cutting -both hip nerves, and stimulating their peripheral ends, and also -by injecting 0·01 grs. of pilocarpin under the skin of the back; -when he had succeeded in completely arresting all secretion of -sweat by the injection of 0·001-0·003 grs. of atropin under the -skin of the back, so that the very strongest stimulation of the -hip nerves remained entirely without effect, he always succeeded -in causing a spontaneous secretion of sweat in the balls -of the toes by the injection of 0·301 grs. of pilocarpin either -into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less than -0·001 grains of pilocarpin, the natural secretion of sweat might not -result, but could be excited by stimulation of the nerves which had -been without effect before. The feet into which no pilocarpin had -been injected remained dry and could not be brought to perspire by -electrical stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these -experiments to be practically the most simple and theoretically the -most explicit, and hence he believes that I shall also allow myself -to be convinced by them of the fallacy of my third thesis. Our -experiments on the same subject have shown us however on the -contrary that Luchsinger’s theories are only partially founded on -correct observation, also that the conclusiveness of his experiments -only appears to him so simple and clear because he has not -thoroughly worked out the whole question, and has allowed himself -to be duped too rapidly by the surprising results which happened -at first.”—Rossbach, “<cite>Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen -Antagonismus der Gifte</cite>,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Luciani, Luigi</span>, 3, Via San Sebastiani, Florence. B. 1842 at -Ascoli, Piceno. Studied Univs. Bologna and Naples. Asst. Physiol. -Lab. Univ. Bologna, 1868; sent to Leipsig to study Exper. Physiol. -under Ludwig, 1872; Prof. Gen. Path. Univ. Parma, 1875; Prof. -Physiol. Univ. Siena, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla fisiologica degli organi centrali del cuore,” -Bologna, 1873; “Nacoro pretodo per la trasfusione diretta del -sangue,” 1874; “Sulla natura frenzionale del centro respiratorio” -(experimental researches made jointly with Prof. Prattili) 1874; -“Sulle funzioni del cervello,” ricerche sperimentali (with Prof. -Tamburini), 1878-79, &c.</p> - -<p>Experiments on starving dogs.—<cite>Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche</cite>, -Vol. V., p. 338.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm.</span> B. Witzenhausen, -1816. Studied Med. at Marburg and Erlangen; Prof. extraord. -Comp. Anat. Marburg, 1846; Prof. Anat. and Physiol., Zurich, -1849; Prof. Physiol. and Physics, Josephinum at Vienna, 1855; -Prof. Leipsig, 1865; Privy Court Councillor; Prof. at Physiol. -Inst.; Vice-President Leipsic Thierschutzverein (Society for the -Protection of Animals).</p> - -<p>Author of “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Heidelberg, -1852; “Die physiologischen Leitungen des Blutdruckes,” -Leipsig, 1865.</p> - -<p>Inventor of an apparatus for cutting through the spinal marrow -of living mammalia, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of an engine -for measuring the rapidity of the circulation of the blood.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lussana Filippo.</span> B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, -Bergamo and Pavia; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Padua; Direct. Univ. -Padua.</p> - -<p>Author of “Osservazioni fisio-patologiche sul sistema nervoso,” -1856; “Il Pancreas,” 1852: “Atropine e Belladonna,” 1852; -“Patologia del Cervelletto,” 1856; “Sperienze sul gran-simpatico,” -1857; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1859; “Sur la fibrine du sang,” -1866; “Fisiologia della donna,” 1867; “Sui processi digestivi” -1868-69; “Fisiologia dei centri nervosi encefalici,” 1871; “Sui -canali semicircolari, Richerche fisio-patologiche,” 1872; “Des centres -moteurs encéphaliques,” 1877; “I movimenti del dolore,” 1878, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lyon</span> (Dr.), St. Petersburg.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Macewen, William</span>, 73, Bath Street, and 5, Ure Place, Montrose -Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869; -F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1874; (Glasg.); Mem. Nat. Hist., Path. and Chir., -and Med. and Chir. Socs., Glasg.; Lect. on Chir. Surg., and Surg. -Glasg. Roy. Infirm.; Casualty Surg. Glasg. City; late Disp. Surg. -Glasg. Roy. Infirm., and Western Infirm., Glasg.; House Phys. Roy. -Infirm. and Asst. Phys. City Asyl., Glasg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments which produce -them;” “Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, -with an Inquiry into the Ætiology and Pathology of Knock -Knee, Bow Legs, and other Osseous Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” -1880; “Observations concerning Transplantation of Bone,” 1881; -“On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,” 1881; “Chromic Gut -and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contrib. to “Glasg. Med. -Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med. -Journ.,” 1880.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical -School 1881 and 1882. Certificates Dispensing with obligation -to kill in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mackay, J. Yule.</span> M.B.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class-room, 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Maclagan, Douglas</span>, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. -1833; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1864.; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833; Vice-Pres. -F.R.S. (Edin.); Prof. of Med. Jurisp., Police and Clin. Med. -Univ. Edin.; Surg. Gen. Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland; Surg.-Maj. -Q.E.R.V.B.; Hon. Mem. Pharm. Soc. Gt. Brit., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. -and Med. Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical -Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for -Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments -returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">MacLeod, Neil</span>, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney -Down, Walthamstow, 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Maier, Rudolf.</span> B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. -Univ. Freiburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle Studien ueber Bleivergiftung,” -Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol XC. (1882), p. 435.</p> - -<p>Fed rabbits and guinea-pigs with lead.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Majendie, François.</span> B. at Bordeaux, 1783; d. at Paris -1855. M.D. Paris, 1808; Mem. Acad. Science and Med. 1821; -held a Professorship of Medicine at the College of France, which -he converted in 1830 into a Professorship of Experimental Physiology.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité élémentaire de la Physiologie,” 1816.</p> - -<p>Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental -Physiology, and was so indifferent to the sufferings of the animals -experimented upon that he has been called cruel by his fellow -workers, and was even accused of having performed experiments on -human beings. On the occasion of his first visit to England he was -openly accused in Parliament, but was so warmly defended by -James Mackintosh and a strong party, that the accusation led to no -result.</p> - -<p>“I recall to mind a poor dog, the roots of whose vertebral nerves -Majendie desired to lay bare. The dog, already mutilated and -bleeding, twice escaped from under the implacable knife, and -threw his front paws around Majendie’s neck, licking him, as if to -soften his murderer and beg for mercy. Vivisectors may laugh, -but I confess I was unable to endure the heartrending spectacle.”—Dr. -Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Malassez</span>, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. -Asst. Direc. Lab. Histol., College of France; formerly Res. Hosp. -Phys.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “De la Numération des globules rouges du sang, &c.” -Paris, 1873. “Sur les perfectionnements les plus récents apportés -aux méthodes et aux appareils de numération des globules sanguines, -et sur un nouveau compte-gouttes,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. -1880, p. 377; “Sur la digestion pancréatique,” <cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite> -No. 51, p. 1880, &c.</p> - -<p>Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments -being that the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.—<cite>Gaz. Méd. -Paris</cite>, 1878, p. 317.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mantegazza, Paolo.</span> B. at Monza, 1831. Stud. Med. Pisa, -Milan, and Pavia; Prof. Chem. Tech. Sch., Milan; Prof. Path. -Univ. Pavia; Prof. Anthrop. Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence; -Senator; Practised Med. in South America. On returning to -Italy founded Lab. of Exper. Path. at Pavia, the first in Europe; -founder Mus. Anthrop., Florence.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, -1859; “Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1867; “Dell’azione del -dolore sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; -“Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle -Scienze medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero). -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1869, etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1870; -“Fisiologia dell’ Amore,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1874; “Il bene ed il male,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” -Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1880.</p> - -<p>Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of -inflicting “intense,” “cruel,” “most atrocious” agony.</p> - -<p>“The <cite>Gazzetta Italiana di Milano</cite> contains an essay of Prof. -Mantegazza on experiments carried on under his direction at the -laboratory of experimental pathology of the University of Pavia. It -will suffice to state that the experiments were intended to study the -action of pain on digestion and nutrition. They were, as the Professor -himself confesses, agonising to the animals subjected to them, -and distressing to the experimenters, and simply proved that loss of -appetite, great weakness, and a peculiar imbibition of moisture were -the result of the pain inflicted. It is added that no alteration of the -spinal marrow could be detected after the agony had been protracted -for <em>one month</em>. Very meagre results of unpardonable cruelty.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, -March 25th, 1871, p. 415.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mapother, Edward Dillon</span>, 6, Merrion Square North, -Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel. (with 1st Honour and Gold Medal), -1857; F.R.C.S.I. 1862; L. 1854 (Richm. Hosp., Qu. Univ. and -R.C.S. Irel.); Pres. Stat. Soc. Dub.; Prof. Physiol. and Ex.-Pres. -R.C.S.I.; late Exam. Surg. Qu. Univ. Irel.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease,” -3rd edit. 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational -and Licensing Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on -Public Health,” 2nd edit., 1867; “The Body and its Health, a -Book for Primary Schools,” 4th edit.; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” -“Hip Joint,” 1853 (obtained Gold Medal of Path. Soc.) Contrib. to -<cite>Dublin Med. Journ.</cite> and <cite>Brit. Med. Press</cite>, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License far Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons -Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. -No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Marey, Etienne Jules</span>, 11, Boulevard Delessert, Paris. B. -at Beaune (Côte d’Or), 1830; stud. Med. at Paris; M.D. 1859; -Prof. Nat. History College of France, 1869; Mem. of the Acad. -of Med., 1872; and Mem. Acad. of Sci. 1878, in the place of Claude -Bernard.</p> - -<p>“To meet the views of M. Marey a physiological station is being -established in the Bois de Boulogne. In his Laboratory at the -College of France M. Marey has been able to make a number of -researches on the physiology of the nerves and muscles; but from -want of space, he has encountered difficulties when he required to -study the functional movements of the various animals. The new -physiological station of the Bois de Boulogne, which will have a -roadway of 3,500 yards in length, will enable M. Marey to make -interesting experiments on this subject.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, 19 Nov., -1881, p. 826.</p> - -<p>Dr. Marey devoted himself to scientific Research, and founded a -Free Lab. of Physiology, which was for some time the only one in -France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l’état physiologique -et dans les maladies,” Paris, 1859; “Physiologie Médicale -de la circulation du sang,” 1863; “Études physiologiques sur les -caracterès graphiques des battements du cœur,” 1863; “Du mouvement -dans les fonctions de la vie,” Paris, 1868; “Physiologie médicale -de la circulation du sang basée sur l’étude graphique des mouvements -du cœur,” Paris, 1868; “Expériences sur la résistance de l’air -pour servir à la physiologie du vol des oiseaux,” Paris, 1869; -“Mémoire sur le vol des insectes et des oiseaux,” 1869; “Mémoire -sur le Torpille,” 1873; “La machine animale,” 1873; “Physiologie -expérimentale,” 1875 (being an account of the works carried on in -his laboratory); “La méthode graphique dans les Sciences expérimentales,” -1878.</p> - -<p>“If it is necessary to register the movements of the heart a -small instrument invented by M. Marey is very useful. The animal -is fastened on its back to a wooden table, and its heart being laid -bare, can be held level with the abdominal region by a pair of bent -tongs.”—<cite>Traité de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Martin, H. Newell.</span> M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., John -Hopkins’ University, Baltimore, U.S.</p> - -<p>Author of “The normal respiratory movements of the frog, -and the influence upon its respiratory centre of stimulation of the -optic lobes,” <cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>, 1878, p. 131; “On the respiratory -function of the internal intercostal muscles,” jointly with E. Murray -Hartwell, M.A., <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24.</p> - -<p>“After dividing the skin in the middle line, I have always removed -a piece of the skull with a small trephine applied in a -lozenge-shaped area which is seen to be bounded on the sides by -four small vessels. The posterior edge of the opening thus made -extends back to about opposite the posterior margin of the cerebral -hemispheres, and the aperture was enlarged with scissors until the -front edges of the optic lobes came into view. These were carefully -and completely separated by a cataract knife from the parts -of the brain in front of them, and the latter were removed from the -cranial cavity; the incision in the skull being usually carried -forwards to facilitate this removal. The edges of the skin were -then brought carefully in contact, without sutures, and the animal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> -placed in a dish containing a little water and left until the wound -healed up … they were not fed, as experience showed me that -for the week or two during which I desired to keep them, they did -better without food; or at least without the exhausting struggle -which the attempt to open their mouths called forth.”—<cite>Journ. -Physiol.</cite>, Vol. I., p. 155.</p> - -<p>“Dogs and cats were employed in our experiments.”—<cite>Journ. -Physiol.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Martin, Hippolyte</span>, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. -Phys. Hos. Dis. Children.</p> - -<p>“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of -Paris, specimens of artificially excited tuberculosis in rabbits, -resulting from the injection of apparently inert powders -(lycopodium, etc.), into the peritoneal cavity.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, -April, 2, 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Martini, Adolfo.</span> M.D. Asst. Prof. Pisa Univ.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Matthias-Duval</span>, 11, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. Agrégé de la -Faculté.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mayer, Sigmund.</span> Prof. Histol. Med. Fac. Univ. Prague.</p> - -<p>Author of “Speciellen Nerven Physiologie” in “Hermann’s Handbuch -der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1879; “Studien zur Physiologie des -Herzens und der Blutgefässe;” “Ueber die Erscheinungen im -Kreislaufsapparate nach zeitweiliger Verschliessung der Aorta,” -Sitzber d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 79, part III., 1879; -“Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen ueber die Hemmung und Wiederherstellung -des Blutstroms im Kopfe,” (11) Centralb. f. d. med. Wiss. -No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “Zur Lehre von der Herzthätigkeit,” Prag. Med. -Wockenschr., No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “Ueber ein Gesetz der Erregung -terminaler Nerven-Substanzen,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), -Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McBride, Peter</span>, 16, Chester Street, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., -1881; M.B. and C.M., 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879; L. -1876 (Edin. and Vienna); Mem. Edin. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Lect. -on Dis. of Ear Edin. Sch. of Med., etc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. -Times and Gazette,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University, Edinburgh Materia -Medica Department, in 1879 and 1880; Certificates for Experiments -without Anæsthetics in 1879 and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McDonnell, Robert</span>, 89, Merrion Square, W. Dublin. A.B. -and M.D. Dub., 1857; F.R.C.S.I. (Exam.), 1853; L.M. Rot. Hosp. -Dub.; (Carm. Sch. and T.C. Dub.); F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Mem. -Counc. Univ. Dub.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub., Roy. Zool. Soc. and Stat. -Soc. Irel.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Dr. Steeven’s -and Jervis St. Hosps.; late Med. Supt. Mountjoy Govt. Prison; -Asst. Surg. Brit. Civ. Hosp. Smyrna and Civ. Surg. Med. Staff, -Crimea; Ex.-Pres. R.C.S., Irel.</p> - -<p>Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of -Surgery;” “Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. -Hosp. Gaz.; “Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> -Lepidosiren Annecteus,” Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions -of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib. “Physiology of Diabetic -Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.; “Observs. -on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gas., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal -of Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; -Editor of “Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.)</p> - -<p><i>Held a License far Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, -Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory -Medical College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great -Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments -returned.</i></p> - -<p>Those who desire to advance science should begin as soon as -they have passed their final examination to experiment independently -in the laboratory; did so himself, and has also made a very few -experiments at his own house, 4, 514-7.—<cite>Digest Ev. R. Com.</cite>, p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McKendrick, John Gray</span>, University, Glasgow. M.D. -Aberd. and C.M., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; LL.D., 1882; (Univs. -Aberd. and Edin.); F.R.S. Edin.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ., -Glasg.; Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit.; formerly -Thomson Lect. on Nat. Sci. Free Church Coll., Aberd., 1879-80; -Lect. on Insts. of Med. Extra. Acad. Sch., Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. -Dick Vet. Coll., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various Papers on -Physiological Subjects in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University, Glasgow, Physiological -Laboratory and Physiological Class Room; also unrestricted -as to place in 1878-79-80. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures in 1878-79-80.</i></p> - -<p>Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals.</p> - -<p>Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4); -and fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a -private laboratory himself (3960-5); and disapproves of licensing -places as likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men.…—<cite>Digest -Ev. R. Com.</cite>, p. 30.</p> - -<p>“On an etherized animal, the degree of reflex stimulation -produced by an electric current of predetermined intensity in -immediate contact with the skin was noted. Afterwards the -exposed cerebral hemispheres were simultaneously stimulated, to -observe whether the reflex action produced by the first stimulation -increased or diminished. This method only led to uncertain -results.”—Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action which -the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” -by John McKendrick (<cite>Edin. Med. Journ.</cite>, Feb., 1874, p. 733), -“<cite>Revue des Sciences Médicales</cite>,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64.</p> - -<p>“At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on -the eyes of living animals.… We accordingly instituted a series -of experiments which were practically very troublesome. We -examined the eyes—(1) of the living cat; (2) of the living pigeon; -and (3) of the living owl. In all cases the animals were deeply -under the influence of chloroform during the experiments.</p> - -<p>“1. The Cat.—The animal was securely fixed in Czermak’s rabbit-holder. -The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomatic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -arch was snipped through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much -as possible of the side of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit -was then pushed aside along the superior and the lateral aspect of the -eyeball, so as to reach the optic nerve with as little disturbance as -possible to the vascular arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing -clearly the optic nerve, and staunching hæmorrhage, the nerve was -cut through transversely with sharp scissors. When this was done -the globe could be pulled downwards, inwards, and forwards, so -as to expose a clear transverse section of the nerve. With the -head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now placed on the -cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse section -of the nerve.”—“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr. -McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.—<cite>Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.</cite>, -1876, p. 160.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McReddie, George.</span> M.D. India.</p> - -<p>“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of -the British Medical Ass., 1883), after injecting strychnine into -dogs, has tried the effects of antidotes on the animals, using -inhalations of chloroform, amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He -finds that all these remedies are inefficacious, neither preventing -the fatal result nor arresting the convulsions.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, -May 19th, 1883, p. 973.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McWilliam, John Alexander</span>, Univ. Coll., Gower Street, -W. M.D. Aberd. (highest Honours for Thesis), 1882; M.B. and -C.M. (highest Acad. Honours and John Murray Medal and Schol.), -1880; Univs. Aberd. and Edin., Univ. Coll. Lond., and Univ. -Leipsig; Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll. Lond.; late Teacher of -Exper. Physics and Asst. Demonst. of Anat., Char. Cross Hosp. -Med. Schl., and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Aberd.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College New -Physiological Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological -Laboratory, together with Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate -for Experiments in Illustration to Lectures. No experiments -returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Meissner, G.</span> Prof. Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Göttingen -Univ.; Lec. Physiol. Instit.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Meren, Giovanni.</span> M.D., Asst. Prof. Cagliari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Metzdorf, R.</span> Prof. Lab. Vet. School, Breslau.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Miescher, F.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Bâle Univ.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Milne-Murray, Robt.</span>, 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. M.A. -St. And., 1875; M.B. Edin. and C.M. (Honours) 1879; M.R.C.P. -Edin., 1881 (Univ. Edin.); Mem. Edin. Obst. Soc., late Res. -Phys. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contrib. to <cite>Edin. -Med. Journ.</cite>, 1881 and 1882.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and -1883; also Special Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics -same years.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Moleschott, Giacomo.</span> Rome Univ. Prof. B. 1822 at Herzogenbusch. -M.D. Heidelberg (Univ. Heidelberg and Haarlem); -Practised Med. Utrecht; Private Prof. of Physiol. Chem. and -Anthropol. Heidelberg, 1847; later Prof. Physiol. Zurich; Univ. -Turin 1861; naturalised Italian and Senator, 1876; Prof. Physiology -Univ. Rome 1878.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of Transformation -of Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological -Sketches,” 1861; and joint author (with Donders and Van Deen) of -“Holländische Beiträge zu den anatomischen und physiologischen -Wissenschaften.”</p> - -<p>Founded a Physiol. Lab. at Heidelberg in 1853.</p> - -<p>“M. Moleschott’s experiments consisted in taking the liver out of -animals capable of resisting this mutilation (frogs, for instance, may -survive from eight to fifteen days). More than one hundred frogs -have been thus prepared by M. Moleschott.”—Note, Béclard’s <cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, p. 716, Vol. I., 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mollière, Daniel.</span> Paris.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163.</p> - -<p>Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to produce artificial -deformity of the spine.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Morgan, C. Lloyd,</span> Prof. Geol. and Biol. Univ. Coll., Bristol; -formerly of Rondibosch, South Africa.</p> - -<p>“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:—</p> - -<p>1. Condensing a sunbeam on various parts of the scorpion’s -body.…</p> - -<p>2. Heating in a glass bottle, as this admits of most careful -watching. I have killed some twenty or thirty individuals in -this way.…</p> - -<p>3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.…</p> - -<p>4. Placing in burning alcohol.…</p> - -<p>5. Placing in concentrated sulphuric acid.… The creature -died in about ten minutes.…</p> - -<p>6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I placed a small -pellet of phosphorus near the root of the scorpion’s tail, and lit the -phosphorus with the touch of a heated wire.…</p> - -<p>7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether.</p> - -<p>8. Placing in a bottle with a piece of cotton-wool moistened with -benzine.</p> - -<p>9. Exposing to sudden light.…</p> - -<p>10. Treating with a series of electric shocks.</p> - -<p>11. General and exasperating courses of worry.”</p> - -<p>“I think it will be admitted that some of these experiments were -sufficiently barbarous (the sixth is positively sickening) to induce -any scorpion who had the slightest suicidal tendency to find relief in -self-destruction. I have in all cases repeated the experiments on -several individuals.”—C. Morgan Lloyd, in <cite>Nature</cite>, Feb. 1st, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Moriggia</span> (Prof.), Rome University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mosso, Angelo.</span> Prof. Physiol. Univ. Turin. B. at Turin, -1846. For two years Mosso assiduously attended Schiff’s Laboratory, -afterwards he studied two years at Leipsig under -Ludwig. Then he studied at Paris. From thence he returned -to accept the chair of Materia Medica at Turin, and soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -after with a subsidy from the Government and his University, he -founded the first Laboratory of experimental Chemistry in Italy. -When the Professorship of Physiology became vacant by the translation -of Moleschott to Rome, Mosso accepted it.</p> - -<p>Author of “Movimenti dell’œsofago,” Experimental Researches -(Turin, 1872); “Sopra alcune nuovæ proprieta delle pareti dei vasi -sanguini,” 1873; “Sull’ azione dell’ emetico,” 1874; “Sui movimenti -dell’ iridi,” 1874; “Critica sperimentale della diastole attiva -del cuore,” 1874; “Sopra un nuovo metodo per iscrivere i movimenti -dei vasi sanguigni nell’ uomo,” 1875; “Sull’ azione fisiologica -dell’ aria compressa,” 1875; “Sopra Palternarsi del campo della -visione,” 1875; “Sull’ azione del cloralio,” 1875; “Tre memorie -intorno alla circolazione del sangue nel cervello dell’ nomo,” etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with nitrite of amyl in the Lab. of experimental -Pharmacology of the Univ. of Turin (<cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite>, 1878, -p. 174); also jointly with Guarechi injected extract of putrified -human brain into animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mott, Frederick Walker</span>, 65, Grove Street, Liverpool. -M.B., London (Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in For. Med., 1st -Honours in Med.) and B.S., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1880 (Univ. -Coll. and Vienna); Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll., Liverpool; -late House Phys. and Opht. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp., Lond.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Bacteria, or their Antecedents in Healthy Tissues,” -Journ. of Physiol.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, -Liverpool School of Medicine in 1883; also Certificate dispensing -with obligation to kill.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Munk, Immanuel.</span> B. 1839. Assist. Demonst. Chem. Micros. -Physiol. and Histol. Med. Fac. Univ.; Assist. Vet. School, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Resorption der Fettsäuren, ihre Schicksale -und ihre Verwerthung im Organismus,” Verhandl. d. physiol. -Gesell. zu Berlin, Vol. XIII., 18 Ap., 1879; “Die physiologische -Bedeutung und das Verhalten des Glycerins im Organismus,” -Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. LXXVI. (1879), p. 119; “Ueber den Einfluss -sensibler Reizung a. d. Gallenausscheidung;” Pflüger’s Archiv., -Vol. VIII.; “Physiologie des Menschen und der Säugethiere,” Berlin, -1881.</p> - -<p>Experiments on rabbits. Biliary fistula established. The animals -then submitted to electric stimulations.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Munk, Hermann.</span> Prof. exper. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. -Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Nervenerregung,” -Leipsig, 1868; “Ueber die Sehsphäre und die Riechsphäre -der Grosshirnrinde,” Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1880, p. 449; “Ueber -die Functionen der Grosshirnrinde,” Berlin, 1880.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and monkeys. After the destruction -of their frontal lobes, dogs showed no signs of impaired intellect, -but disturbances were produced in their hind quarters. They turned -round in the direction of the lesion, and a cat-like bending of the -spine took place. Sometimes during the first weeks the dogs held -their heads down, could scarcely seize their meat; monkeys lost -their power of springing, but their intelligence remained unimpaired. -Also experimented with electricity on the exposed muscles.—<cite>Berl. -Akad. Sitzungsber</cite>, 1882, p. 36.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Murrell, William</span>, 38, Weymouth Street, Portland Place, W. -M.D., Brussels, 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; L. 1875; M.R.C.S. -Eng., 1875; L.S.A. 1874 (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. -Lond.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap. (late Lect. on Pract. Physiol. -and Med. Regist.), Westm. Hosp.; formerly Sharpey Physiol. Schol. -and Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Obst. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp. -and Res. Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nitro Glycerine as a remedy for Angina Pectoris,” -1880; “What to do in cases of Poisoning,” 1882 (jointly with Dr. -Ringer); “Action of Atropia on the Nervous System”; “Journ. -Anat. Physiol.,” 1877; “Physiological Action of Aconitia,” Ibid., -1877, etc. Contrib. to “Lancet,” “Practitioner,” etc.</p> - -<p>Has made numerous experiments jointly with Dr. Sydney Ringer -to test the actions of various drugs on cats and frogs.</p> - -<p>“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations -clinically. To eighteen adults—fourteen men and four women—we -ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce -of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were unable to -take it.… One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering from a -little rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt -giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands -turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before -he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing -pains in the head. <em>He was urged to take another dose, but declined -on the ground that he had a wife and family.</em> Another patient had to -sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ‘took all his -strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not -agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more -than the men.… One woman said that ten minutes after taking -the first dose—she did not try a second—she felt a trembling sensation -all over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there, -she perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and -throbbed violently, until she thought they would burst.… -Another woman said she thought she would have died after taking a -dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five -minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours; it upset -her so much that she was afraid she would never get over it. The -only one of the fourteen patients <em>who made no complaint</em> after taking -ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect on -these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to -increase the dose.”—Drs. Ringer and Murrell in <cite>Lancet</cite>, Nov. 3, 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -Physiological Theatre in 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nasse, Hermann.</span> Prof. Med. Fac., Univ. Marburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Ausfluss geschwindigkeit des Blutes aus -den Halsgefässen der Hunde und über die modification derselben -durch Infusion von Kochsalz in die Gefässe,” Pflüger’s Archiv, -Vol. XXII., p. 513.</p> - -<p>“Exper. No. 121, was made on a dog of about 14 kgr. weight, -very thin, whose blood was particularly poor. Blood was -drawn from the carotid artery, the jugular vein, and the vena cava -superior at the same time, the last drops of which already thickened -in the glass cannula. Respiration had ceased. Only once after a -long rest, did the dog draw a deep breath with open mouth as usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -happens immediately before death. The pulsations of the heart -were scarcely perceptible. I then tried electric stimulation of the -nervus vagus, after dissecting it out, but without causing any pulsation -of the heart or breathing, either during the stimulation or -when it ceased. Death was undoubtedly near. I then injected -into the jugular vein a solution of common salt. Tetanus followed -each injection—immediately afterwards the heart began to beat -again and the blood streamed out of the arteries. When the -bleeding ceased, I again injected the solution rather weaker than at -first. No cramps followed but the flow of blood continued. The -third injection produced the same result, but death followed soon -after. The whole experiment had lasted an hour and a-half.”—“<cite>Ueber -die Ausflussgeschwindigkeit d. Blutes</cite>,” <i>etc.</i>, Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXII., pp. 547-8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Naunyn, Bernhardt.</span> B. in Berlin, 1839. Studied at Bonn -and Berlin. Asst. Med. Clin., Berlin, under Prof. Frerichs, 1863; -Prof. Med. Clinic. Dorpat, 1869; Prof. Berne, 1871; Prof. Med. Fac. -Univ., Königsberg, 1872.</p> - -<p>Co-editor with Klebs and Schmiedeberg of “Archiv für experimentelle -Pathologie.” Author of “Handbuch der Intoxicationen” -and “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie,” jointly with R. Boehm, -1874; jointly (with Schreiber) of “Experiments on compression of -the brain,” Arch. f. exper. Pathol. u. Pharmak., Vol. XIV., No. 2, -p. 1. Contrib. various articles to “Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv.”; -also to Ziemssen’s “Cyclopædia of Medicine.”</p> - -<p>“The authors [B. Naunyn and Schreiber] have experimented upon -dogs. A trephine is applied to the parietal bone. A tube is inserted -into the opening thus made. Besides this another tube is brought -into communication with the cerebro-spinal cavity on a level with the -swelling formed by the meninges round the cauda equina. For this -purpose it is sufficient to take out a few of the spinal apophyses of -the corresponding vertebræ. One obtains thus, as it were, two -receptacles communicating by the intermediary of the cephalo-spinal -liquid, and it becomes easy to augment the pressure of this -liquid.… Pain is one of the very first results produced, and it -is the more intense, if the pressure be immediately brought to its -greatest height. Soon, convulsions follow. These seldom are -epileptiform.… Breathing becomes slower, then irregular, then -disappears.”—<cite>Archives Générales de Médecine</cite>, VIIᵉᵐ. Série, -Vol. I., 1882, p. 743.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nepveu, G.</span> Surgeon, Paris; form. Res. Hosp. Sur., La Pitié -Mem. Chir. Soc. Paris.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Newman, David</span>, 18, Woodside Place, Glasgow, N.B. -M.D. Glasg. (with high commendations), 1883; M.B. Glasg. and -C.M. 1878; F.F.P.S. Glasg. 1881 (Univs. Glasg. and Leipsig); Mem. -Philos. Path. and Clin. and Med. and Chir. Socs. Glasg.; Exam. -in Physiol. and Path. Univ. Glasg.; Extra. Disp. Surg. Western -Infirm.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Some Physical Experiments relating to the functions of -the Kidneys,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological -Laboratory in 1879-81-82-83. Certificates dispensing with -obligation to kill in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -the above place. Mr. Newman might also perform experiments -at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School, and under his -Certificates was not limited to a registered place.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nicolaides, R.</span> M.D.; Prof. of Physiol., Athens Univ. -Contrib. to Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, for 1882. -Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab., Athens.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nothnagel, Herrmann.</span> B. 1841 in Alt, Lietzgöricke, -Brandenburg. Studied at Berlin; Asst. of Leyden at Königsberg, -and Instruct. at Univ., 1863; Prof. Univ. Berlin, 1868; Prof. Breslau, -1870; Prof. Freiburg, in Baden, 1872; Prof. Clin. Med. and Path. -Med. Fac. Univ. Jena, 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber den epsileptischen Anfall,” 1870; “Ueber -Neuritis in diagnostischer und pathologischer Beziehung,” 1870; -“Die symptomologie der Darmgeschwüre,” 1881. Contrib. to -“Handbuch der Krankheiten des Nerven systems,” 1874; and to -“Ziemssen’s Cyclopædia of Medicine.”</p> - -<p>“Nothnagel considers himself justified in concluding from his -experiments on rabbits that all the will fibres, without exception, -traverse the lenticular nucleus. This is denied by the French -investigators, who attribute the complete annihilation of voluntary -movement, which Nothnagel achieved by the injection of caustic -solutions into both lenticular nuclei, to a simultaneous destruction -of the internal capsule which, owing to the small size of the lenticular -nuclei in the rabbit, might easily have been overlooked on dissection. -Nothnagel, however, has lately published a brief statement, -in which he adheres to his original assertion.”—Kussmaul, “<cite>On -Disturbances of Speech</cite>,” <cite>Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med.</cite>, -Vol. XIV., London, 1878, p. 680.</p> - -<p>“Unfortunately, the results of experiments upon animals, as -respects the exact localisation of lesions, cannot be transferred -directly to the case of man, except that we have reason to believe, -through an important experiment of Hitzig’s upon an ape, that the -motor centres for the nerves of the extremities and the cranial -nerves lie in the gyrus præcentralis, or centralis anterior (Huschke, -Ecker), in other words, that affections of the cortical substance -of this convolution may produce motor paralysis.”—Nothnagel, -“<cite>Anemia of the Brain</cite>,” <cite>Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med.</cite>, -Vol. XII., London, 1877, p. 152.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Oehl, Eusebio.</span> B. 1827, at Lodi. Laureate in Med., Pavia, -1850; studied Vienna, Paris, and Berlin; Prof. extraord. of Histol., -Pavia, 1860; Prof. of Exper. Physiol., 1864.</p> - -<p>Author of “Indagini di anatomia miscroscopica per servire allo -studio della cute e dell’ epidermide palmare della mano,” Milan, -1856; “Sui cristalli di emoglobina,” Florence, 1862; “Contribuzione -allo Fisiologia del pneumogastrico,” Naples, 1863; “Della -influenza che il 5ᵒ pajo cerebrale dispiega sulla pupilla,” Florence, -1863; “Sull’ ormento di temperatura dei nervi eccitati,” Milan, -1865; “Manuale di Fisiologia per Medici e studenti,” Milan, -1868-77, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ogston, Alexander</span>, 252, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. -Aberd. 1866; M.B. and C.M. 1865; Surg. Aberdeen Roy. Infirm.; -Regius Prof. of Surg. Univ. Aberdeen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “On the functions of the semi-circular canals, &c.,” -1869.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at 252, Union Street, Aberdeen, -1880-81-82. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in -1880-81-82. No Experiments returned in 1882. At the expiration -of Dr. Ogston’s License the above address ceased to be registered -for the performance of Experiments.</i></p> - -<p>“To ascertain the influence of pus alone, injections were first of -all made with that from cold abscesses, which contained no organisms.… -Introduced under spray into a pure subcutaneous -syringe, quantities varying from one to ten minims were injected -into the subcutaneous tissue of the back in chloroformed guinea-pigs, -white mice, and wild mice. In all twenty such injections were -made, with the invariable result that no illness or abscess ensued.… -But a very different effect was produced when similar -injections were made with pus containing micrococci. In every -instance, with the qualifications to be presently made, well-marked -disease was set up. Quantities varying from one to three minims -produced in the animals already mentioned symptoms of blood-poisoning, -lasting from two to five days. The animals refused food, -sat cowering in a retired place in their cage, were listless and -apathetic, their coat was disordered and sometimes wet, their eyes -were kept closed save when startled; and the mice showed the purulent -conjunctivitis and glueing together of the eyelids described -by Koch in his experiments on septicæmia.”—<cite>Report on “Micro-Organisms -in Surgical Diseases,” Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, March 12, 1881, -p. 371.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ollier, Louis Navier Edouard Léopold</span>, Lyons. B. 1825. -M.D. Paris, 1856; Chief Surgeon Hôtel Dieu, and Prof. Clin. Chir. -Med. Faculty Lyons, 1850; Corr. Mem. Acad. Med., 1874; Corr. -Mem. Institute of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Des moyens chirurgicaux de favoriser la reproduction -des os,” 1859; “Recherches expérimentales sur la production -artificielle des os,” 1859; “Des résections des grandes articulations,” -1870; “De l’occlusion inamovible comme méthode générale de -pausement des plaies,” 1874; “De l’éléphantiasis du nez et de son -traitement,” 1876; “Traité expérimental et clinique de la régénération -des os et de la production artificielle du tissu osseuse,” 1867; -“Recherches expérimentales sur la greffe osseuse” in Journal -de Physiologie de Brown-Séquard, Vol. III., 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Oreste, Cavaliere Pietro</span>, Naples. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Orfila, Matthieu Joseph Bonaventure.</span> B. at Mahon -(Minorca), 1787. D. at Paris, 1853.</p> - -<p>Studied the effects of narcotine on animals.</p> - -<p>“Orfila poisoned 6,000 dogs.”—Blatin, <cite>Nos. Cruantés</cite>, p. 206.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Osawa, K.</span>, Tokio, Japan.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über die Leitungsbahnen in Rückenmarke -des Hundes.” Jointly (with E. Tiegel) of “Beobachtungen -über die Functionen des Rückenmarks d. Schlangen.”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI., p. 90.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> - -<p>Made experiments in physiological laboratory at Strasburg; also in -the physiological laboratory of Tokio, on the spinal marrow of -serpents; spinal marrow cut through, and burning coals afterwards -applied to the skin of the animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ott, Isaac.</span> Fell. in Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, -U.S.A. Late Lect. on Exper. Physiol., Univ. Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>Author of “Observations on the physiology of the spinal cord,” -Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II., p. 42; “On crossed hyperæsthesia,” -Ibid., Vol. III., 160; “Notes on Inhibition,” Ibid., p. 163.</p> - -<p>“Method.—The animals employed were young cats with unpigmented -feet: These not only bear the operations better than older -animals, but sweat more easily, and the secretion is more readily -observed. In cases where the cord was to be exposed, the animal -was placed belly downwards, with a block of wood under its -abdominal surface to elevate the vertebræ, and make them more -accessible. The muscles having been separated from the vertebral -arches, and held at a distance by means of weighted hooks, the -spinous processes were cut off, and a small trephine employed to -make openings, about half an inch apart through the arches. The -intervals between these openings were subsequently broken through -by means of strong cutting forceps.… To stimulate the nerves, -or the central nervous systems, a Du Bois coil was used, with -Helmholtz’s arrangement to prevent unipolar action. Tetanizing -currents were employed.”—<cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Paladino, Giovanni.</span> B. 1842, at Potenza. Studied at Naples -and in all the principal physiological laboratories of Europe, under -Ludwig, Du Bois Reymond, and Leukart. Prof. Physiol. Univ. -Naples, 1867; Prof. Anat. and Exper. Physiol. Vet. School, same -place.</p> - -<p>Author of “Istituzioni di Fisiologia,” Naples, 1878; “Lezioni -d’Istologia e Fisiologia Generale,” 1871; joint author (with Lanzilotti -Buonsanti) of “Sulla minuta struttura e sulla fisiologia dei peli -tattili,” in “Bulletino dell’ Assosazione dei Medici e Naturalisti di -Napoli,” 1871, No. 7.</p> - -<p>“Paladino and Lanzilotti Buonsanti have studied the tactile hairs -of the various domestic animals, and of the mouse.… Section -of the nervous facialis (in the horse) and stimulation of its peripheral -end produces action of the tactile hairs. Simultaneous section of -the trigeminus reduces considerably the energy of the action caused -by stimulation of the facialis.”—<cite>Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissensch.</cite>, -1874, p. 116.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Panum, P. L.</span> B. 1820. Prof. Physiol. and Direct. Physiol. -Lab. Copenhagen, 1863; formerly Direct. Phys. Lab. at Kiel.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Veränderungen -der Mengenverhältnisse des Blutes und seine Bestandtheile -durch die Inanition,” Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, 1861; “Haandbog i Menneskels -Physiologie,” Copenhagen, 1872; “Untersuchungen über -die Entstehung der Misbildungen zunächst in den Eiern der Vögel,” -Kiel, 1860.</p> - -<p>Has principally experimented on transfusion, feeding, and starvation. -Has starved dogs four weeks till death occurred. A whelp -was bled till death convulsions set in and then revived by transfusion;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> -then again bled till even reflex movements could no longer be -excited by touching the cornea, and again revived by transfusion. -This was repeated four times; but the dog died half an hour after -the last transfusion.—<cite>Scandinavian Med. Archives</cite>, 1875.</p> - -<p>“On a dog of middle size I opened the trachea and inserted into -it a glass tube.… Then I dissected out and isolated the nervi -vagi; the animal was laid on its back and the thorax opened by -cutting through the cartilage of the ribs and entirely removing the -sternum. The pericardium was now opened … and artificial -respiration introduced. Partly through the suffocation and partly -through pain and terror, the movements of the heart grew very -slow, small, and irregular … but after the artificial respiration -had commenced, they got more vigorous.… Five minutes after -I cut asunder both nervi vagi, at which operation the animal uttered -no sign of pain. A minute after the movements of the heart -were so greatly accelerated that it became difficult to count them.… -It struck us that the heart seemed to have grown smaller than -before we cut asunder the nervi vagi.… Then I stimulated (irritated) -the peripheric ends of the cut nervi vagi with Neif’s electric -apparatus. Almost immediately the heart stood still in diastole.… -The movements of the heart recommenced and grew more -rapid and vigorous than ever, but this soon passed away. The ends -of the nervi vagi were for a second time stimulated … and this -proceeding was repeated six times, always with the same result.… -The pain, which otherwise results from the nervi vagi being cut -asunder, was eliminated, because the far greater pain, occasioned by -the opening of the thorax, had, as every very painful operation will -do, diminished the sensitiveness of the animal so much that it gave -no evidence of pain at the cutting asunder of the nervi vagi. Without -introducing artificial respiration at the opening of the thorax, I -have repeated this experiment scores of times, and always with the -same result.”—Panum, <cite>Scand. Medical Bibl.</cite>, 1857.</p> - -<p>“26th Ex.: I had opened the thorax of a dog and kept its life up -by artificial respiration, having also cut the nervi vagi. Everything -had gone as we desired. The heart worked vigorously and regularly, -and the animal had full consciousness and sensitiveness. On applying -the electrodes of Neif to the heart, its regular movements ceased -immediately.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 134.</p> - -<p>Prof. Panum states that he has “employed” a great number of -animals in experiments of transfusion and injections of putrid -humours. For experiments on death by embolism he has employed -some eighty dogs and rabbits.—“<cite>Experimental Observations</cite>,” -<cite>Virchow’s Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXIX., 1864.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pasteur, Louis.</span> B. at Dole (Jura), 1822. Studied at -Besançon; M.D., 1847; Prof. Physics, Lyceum, Dijon, 1848; Prof. -Strasburg, 1852; Dean Fac. Sciences, Lille, 1854; Scien. Dir. Norm. -Sch., Paris, 1857-1867; Prof. Geol. Physics and Chem. École des -Beaux Arts, 1863; Prof. Chem. Sorbonne, 1867; Mem. Acad. Sci., -1862; Direct. Lab. of Chem. Research, Fac. Sci., Paris; Med. (2) -Roy. Soc. of Gt. Brit.; received Prize of 10,000 fls. from Austria, -and another of 12,000 frs., and a State annuity for his works on -silk-worms, beer, wines and vinegar.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouvel exemple de fermentation déterminé par des -animalcules infusoires, pouvant vivre sans oxygène libre,” 1863; -“Études sur le vin, ses maladies, causes qui les provoquent, etc.,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> -1866; “Études sur le vinaigre, ses maladies, moyens de les prévenir, -etc.,” 1868; “Études sur la maladie des vers à soie,” 1870; -“Études sur la bière,” 1878; “Les Microbes,” 1878, jointly with -M. Tyndall, etc. Contrib. paper on “The attenuation of the virus -of rabies,” Académie des Sciences, May 19, 1884.</p> - -<p>“M. Vulpian injected under the skin of rabbits saliva collected at -the very moment of the experiment, from perfectly healthy -individuals, and this injection killed the rabbit so inoculated in -forty-eight hours. The blood of these rabbits was found to be filled -with microscopic organisms; among which was a special organism -discovered by M. Pasteur in the course of his experiments with -inoculation of the saliva of a child who had died of rabies. One -drop of this blood, diluted in ten grammes of distilled water, and -injected under the skin of other rabbits, also brought on the death -of these animals; the blood of which was similarly filled with -microscopic organisms. These singular results, of which the -interpretation is by no means easy, present also the no less singular -peculiarity of not being stable. Rabbits placed in identical conditions, -and inoculated with the same saliva, experienced no ill effects -from their inoculation, and continued in excellent health. It would -therefore appear that experimental microbiology is not yet on the -way to become either an easy or clear science, notwithstanding M. -Pasteur’s <i lang="la">fiat lux</i>.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, April 9, 1881, p. 571.</p> - -<p>“The question of spontaneous generation I will not attempt to -treat here as it would require special discussion. The experiments -of M. Pasteur have only shown that under the experimental conditions -with which he surrounded himself, conditions which were far -from natural, he did not detect any spontaneous organisation of -matter. Moreover, all those who have devoted themselves to science, -with the sole aim of seeking the truth, as G. Bernard, Huxley, -Häckel, etc., while admitting that M. Pasteur’s experiments had -been properly conducted within the very narrow circle they occupied, -have unanimously rejected the assertions and generalisations -drawn from them by that savant himself.”—Dr. Jousset de Bellesme, -<cite>Progrès Médical</cite>, Vol. X., 1882, p. 340.</p> - -<p>“It is now four years since the study of rabies was first commenced -in my laboratory, and it has been continued without any -other interruption than the enforced cessations which depend on the -conditions of the enquiry, conditions which are very unfavourable. -The incubation of the disease is always of long duration. There -are never sufficient facilities to enable one at a given moment to -multiply experiments. In spite of these material hindrances, which -however the French Government, in its care for the great scientific -interests involved, has done everything in its power to remove, the -experiments which we, my fellow-workers and I, have carried out, -have nevertheless passed beyond the possibility of numbering them.… -If you take any street-dog you please and inoculate rabies -in this manner by trephining, using as inoculating-material a portion -of the bulb of an animal which has died of the disease, you will -invariably convey rabies. The dogs to which the disease has been -communicated in this manner are to be counted by hundreds. The -method has never failed. The same operation has been performed -on hundreds of guinea-pigs and on a yet greater number of rabbits, -without a single failure.”—<cite>Pasteur’s</cite> “<cite>Address Delivered at the -International Med. Congress at Copenhagen</cite>,” Aug. 11th, “<cite>Med. Times -and Gazette</cite>,” Aug. 23rd, 1884.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> - -<p>“In the case where rabies is produced by a bite, or by hypodermic -injection, interference with the length of the incubation period must -be chiefly ascribed to the great variation which is possible in the -amount, always indefinite, of inoculated poison which reaches the -central nervous system. If then we wish to determine the intensity -of the virus from the length of the incubation period, it is unavoidably -necessary to have recourse to inoculation by trephining, which -is absolutely certain in its effects, and to employ larger quantities -than such as would be necessary simply to produce rabies. When -we operate in this way, irregularities in the length of incubation -with the same virus will show a tendency to entirely disappear, because -we always obtain the maximum of effect which the virus can -produce; that maximum corresponding to the minimum duration of -incubation. Thus we have at length obtained a method which has -enabled us to enquire into the possible existence of varying degrees -of virulence, and to mutually compare them. The only secrets in -this method, I repeat, are to inoculate by trephining, and to use a -quantity of virus, which, although very weak, is more than sufficient -to produce rabies in and by itself.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -<p>“As he says substantially in his published report on the subject -of canine madness, which he read before a meeting of the Academy -of Sciences on May 19, the first experiments he has made give him -almost certain hope of success. But, notwithstanding his sanguine -views as to the finally favourable results of his investigations, and -their unqualified benefit to mankind, he has to ‘multiply the proofs -<i lang="la">ad infinitum</i> on different species of the brute creation.’ When this -shall have been done he will then try the remedy on man.”—<cite>Report -of a Conversation with M. Pasteur</cite>, “<cite>Daily Telegraph</cite>,” June 6, 1884.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pavy, Frederick Wm.</span>, 36, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. -Lond., 1853; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1860; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. -Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Anat. Paris, and Med. -Chir. Soc. Edin.; Mem. (formerly Vice-Pres.) Paris Med. Soc.; -Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Phys. and Lect. on Med. (formerly Lect. on -Physiol. and on Comp. Anat.) Guy’s Hosp.; Goulston Lect. R.C.P. -Lond., 1862 and 1863; Croonian Lect., 1878; Lettsom Lect. on -Physiol. Med. Soc., 1859.</p> - -<p>Author of “Researches on Sugar Formation in the Liver,” Philos. -Trans., 1861; “Immunity of Stomach from being Digested by its -own Secretion during Life,” Ibid., 1863; “Remarks on Physiological -Effects of Strychnia and the Woorali Poison,” Guy’s Hosp. Reps., -1856; “Lesion of the Nervous System producing Diabetes,” Ibid., -1859; “Lettsom Lectures on certain points connected with Diabetes,” -“Lancet,” 1860; etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum -Theatre and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -No experiments returned in 1878.</i></p> - -<p>“Has always illustrated his lectures by experiments (2108); but -believes he was the first physiological lecturer in London who did -so (2033).… For purposes of experiment uses dogs, rabbits, -guinea-pigs, and frogs (2089-90); which are bought in the ordinary -way at Leadenhall Market (2101-4); during the season about 20 -dogs and 10 rabbits are used (2096).”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 19.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Through an opening in the stomach of a dog, Bernard introduced, -while digestion was going on, the hind legs of a living frog. -The legs were dissolved away, the animal continuing all the while -alive.… I have repeated this experiment myself, and obtained -a similar result.”… “I performed an experiment, substituting -the ear of a rabbit for the legs of a frog.…. At the end of two -hours the ear was withdrawn, and several spots of erosion were -observed on its surface, but nowhere was it eaten through. On being -replaced for another two-and-a-half hours, the tip to the extent of -about half or three-quarters of an inch was almost completely -removed, a small remnant of it only being left attached by a narrow -shred to the remainder of the ear.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, No. 2,070.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pawlow, S.</span>, St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Folgen der Unterbindung des Pancreasganges bei -Kaninchen;” “Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn,” -Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XX., p. 210, etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory at Breslau; -also in the Laboratory of Prof. Ustimowitsch at St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>“The <cite>Journal of Anat. and Physiol.</cite> for May, 1869, contains a -short communication by Prof. Rutherford relating to the action of -the section of the vagus on the blood pressure. According to Rutherford’s -experiments the results of section of the vagus depend upon the -condition of the alimentary canal; when the canal is full, the section -of the nerves occasions heightened pressure, whereas in starving -animals this operation causes no alteration in the blood pressure. -Rutherford thinks this phenomenon is caused by the depressory -distention of the intestinal vessels by the food contained in them. -He supposes that the sensory nerves ending in the vagus root are -stimulated by the food. The division of these ducts occasions a -reflex narrowing of the vessels and hence heightened pressure. -This important hypothesis of Rutherford’s (neither the amount nor -the duration of blood pressure has been given, nor the time of feeding, -etc.), has, as far as we know, not been tested experimentally, -although the fact is often brought forward. This was the chief -incentive which prompted me to make the following experiments:—All -the experiments (twenty in all) were made exclusively on dogs, -the directions given by Rutherford being carefully followed. The -animals were immediately placed under the effects of curare.… -The nervus vagi were cut through one after the other … other -sensory nerves (mostly the Nervus dorsalis pedis) were cut.… -The results of the experiments made by me in this manner were, -excepting in two cases, diametrically opposed to the results described -by Rutherford.”—<cite>Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn</cite>, -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XX., p. 210.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pekelharing, C. A.</span> Prof. of Physiol., Utrecht Veterinary -School, formerly Prof. at Leyden Univ.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Harnstoffbestimmung,” Pflüger’s -Archiv, Vol. II., p. 602; “Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Peptons,” -Ibid., Vol. XXII., p. 185.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pellacani Paolo.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Turin; formerly -Prof. Univ. Libera, Ferrara, and Modena.</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’action physiologique de quelques substances sur -les muscles de la vessie des animaux et de l’homme,” Archives -Ital. de Biol., Vol II., 1882.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Pharm. Lab., Strasburg, also at Physiol. -Lab., Turin, on the exposed bladders of dogs. The bladders were -<em>sometimes</em> “left in the abdominal cavity.”—<cite>Arch. Ital.</cite>, Vol. II., -p. 303. Also experimented on the effects of curare and strychnine.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Perroncito</span> (Prof.), Turin. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with the virus of anthrax on sheep and oxen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Peyrani</span> (Prof.), Parma University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pflüger, Emil.</span> B. at Hanau, 1829. Prof. of Physiol. Med. -Fac. Bonn University, Geheim. Med. Rath.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre der Respiration” in “Archiv für -die gesammte Physiologie, 1875;” Editor of “Archiv für die -gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und des Thiers,” Bonn, 1868, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Picard, P.</span>, Lyons. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Faculty.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the action of morphine in dogs.—<cite>Gaz. Med. -de Paris</cite>, No. 12, p. 143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pierret</span> (Mons.), Lyons. Prof. of Path. Anat. Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pitres, A.</span>, Paris.</p> - -<p>Author (jointly with M. F. Franck) of “Recherches graphiques sur -les mouvements simples et sur les convulsions provoquées par les -excitations du cerveau,” Travaux du lab. de M. Marey, 1878-79, -p. 413.</p> - -<p>Dogs trepanned, the brain stimulated, muscles of the paw dissected -out, eyelids hooked back to study the change of the diameter of -the pupil during electric stimulation of the brain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Platt, W. B.</span>, Baltimore. M.D. (Harvard), M.R.C.S. (Eng.).</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the action of Resorcin on dogs, rabbits, and -frogs.</p> - -<p>“Exp. 3.—A black and tan male dog, weight 4,675 grammes, -injected at 5.08 p.m. April 10th, 1882, with 1·5 grammes dissolved -in distilled water.… This is injected in 5 places beneath skin of -abdomen.… Up to 5.24 very restless.… 5.29. Same, seems -very unhappy, tremor of hind legs. 5.30. Back arched as he -moves about; holds up left fore-paw high in the air, quivering.… -5.44. Staggers, tumbles, steps about constantly.… -11th—Dog of yesterday seen at 3.20 p.m.… Drags hind legs -after him, as if paraplegic, with much difficulty manages to stand. -A viscid saliva drops from mouth.…. 3.40. Froths copiously -at mouth; lies down as if to sleep.… 6.14. Gasps, -barks, foams at mouth, eyes glare, jaws snap.… 6.36. -Struggles further, a violent spasm, head drawn back -at right angles to body, intermittent jerking of limbs.… 7.22. -Dog appears almost normal, with slightly rapid respiration. Still -does notice noises or objects; greatly exhausted; animal <em>now left</em>.” -“12th.—At 6 a.m. animal found dead after at least 26 hours.”—“<cite>Observations -on the Action of Resorcin</cite>,” <cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci.</cite>, -Jan., 1883, p. 100.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Piso-Borme</span> (Prof.), Cagliari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Popoff, Leo.</span> Phys. and Prof. Univ. St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die naturliche pathologische Injection der -Gallengänge und einige andere, nach der Unterbindung des Ductes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -choledochus bei Thieren beobachtete pathologische Erscheinungen,” -Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. LXXXI. (1880), p. 524; “Ueber die Folgen -der Unterbindung der Ureteren und der Nierenarterien bei Thieren, -im Zusammenhang mit einigen anderen pathologischen Prozessen,” -Ibid., Vol. LXXXII., p. 40.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on rabbits and dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pouchet, Félix Archimède.</span> Born at Rouen, 1800. Died -at Rouen, 1872. M.D. Paris, 1827; Prof. Nat. Hist. Museum of Rouen; -Prof. Med. Sch. Rouen, 1838; Member of several Learned Socs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Histoire naturelle de la famille des Solanées,” -Rouen, 1829; “Zoologie classique, ou Histoire naturelle du règne -animal,” 1841; “Recherches sur l’anatomie et la physiologie des -mollusques,” 1842; “Théorie positive de l’ovulation spontanée, et -de la fécondation des mammiferès et de l’espèce humaine, basée sur -l’observation de toute la série animale,” 1847; “Monographie des -genre hérite,” 1847; “Traité élémentaire de Botanique appliquée,” -1835; “Recherches sur les organes de la circulation, de la -digestion, et de la respiration des animaux infusoires,” 1849; -“Histoire naturelle et agricole du hanneton et de sa larve,” Rouen, -1853; “Histoire des Sciences naturelles an Moyen-Age,” 1853; -“Hétérogénie, on Traité de la génération spontanée,” 1859; -“Recherches et expériences sur les animaux ressuscitants,” 1859; -“Nouvelles expériences sur la génération spontanée et la résistance -vitale,” 1863; “L’Univers, les infiniment grands et les infiniments -petits,” 1865.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pouchet, Henri Ch. Georges</span>, Paris. (Son of the preceding.) -B. at Rouen, 1833. M.D. Paris, 1864; Replaced Paul Bert at the -Sorbonne in 1875; Prof. Comp. Anat. Museum Nat. Hist., 1879; -Prof. of Biological Chemistry, Medical Faculty.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la Pluralité des Races Humaines,” 1858; “Histologie -Humaine,” 1863, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the extirpation of the spleen in animals, -fishes, and pigeons; also with electricity on fishes.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Power, D’Arcy</span>, 27, Gt. Cumberland Place, Hyde Park, W. -B.A. Oxon. (Exhib. in Nat. Sci. Exeter Coll., 1st class in Nat. Sci.), -1878; M.A., 1881; M.B., 1882; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882; (Oxon., St. -Bartholomew, Vienna, and Dub.); House Surg. (late Ophth. House -Surg.) St. Barthol. Hosp.; Asst. Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. -Hosp. Med. Sch., 1878-81.</p> - -<p>Author of various articles in Quart. Micros. Journ., St. Barthol. -Hosp. Reps. &c.; joint author (with Dr. V. D. Harris) of “Handbook -for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Power, Henry</span>, 37A, Great Cumberland Place, W. M.B. -Lond. (Univ. Med. Schol. in Surg. and Comp. Anat.), 1855: F.R.C.S. -Eng., 1854; M., 1851 (St. Barthol.); Exhib. in Anat. and Physiol. -Univ. Lond., 1852; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; -Mem. Counc. (late Arris and Gale Lect. on Anat. and Physiol.) -R.C.S. Eng.; Sen. Opth. Surg. and Lect. on Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. -Hosp.; Cons. Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. Hosp., Chatham; Exam. in -Anat. and Phys. R.C.S. Eng.</p> - -<p>Editor of 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th edit. of Dr. Carpenter’s “Principles -of Human Physiology,” 1864-69-76; “Illustrations of the -Principle Diseases of the Eye,” 1869; Transl. of “Stricker’s Manual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> -of Human and Comparative Histology,” New Syd. Soc. 1870; and of -“Erb on the Diseases of the Nervous System,” Ziemssen’s Cyclop.; -Editor (with Dr. Sedgwick) of “Mayne’s Expository Lexicon.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments with Dr. Lauder Brunton on the diuretic action -of Digitalis.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Preyer, Thierry William</span>, Jena University. Born at Manchester, -1841; M.D. 1866 (Univs. Bonn, Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna, -and Paris); Prof. Physiol. Jena, 1869, and Direct. of the Physiol. -Instit.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Blausauere,” Bonn, 1868-70, “Reise nach Island -im Sommer,” 1860; “Ueber die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaft,” -Jena, 1866; “Die Empfindungen,” Berlin, 1867; “Der Kampf um -das Dasein,” Bonn, 1868; “Die Blutkrystalle,” Jena, 1871; “Ueber -die Ursache des Schlafs,” Stuttgart, 1877; “Ueber die Grenzen der -Tonwahrnehmung,” Jena, 1876; “Elemente der reinen Empfindungslehre,” -Jena, 1877; “Die Kataplexie und der thierische hypnotismus,” -Jena, 1878; “Akustische Untersuchungen,” Jena, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Priestley, John.</span> Asst. Lect. in Physiol. Owen’s Coll., -Manchester.</p> - -<p>Author of “An Account of the Anatomy and Physiology of -Batrachian Lymph-Hearts,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. I., No. 1, -p. 1.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Owen’s -College, Manchester; also jointly with Prof. A. Gamgee, on dogs, -rabbits, and frogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Prudden, T. Mitchell.</span> M.D. Direct. of the Physiol. and -Pathol. Lab. of the Alumni Association of the Coll. Phys. and Surg., -New York; Lect. on Normal Hist. in Yale Med. Coll. Pathol. to -the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Action of Salicylic Acid upon Blood Cells,” Amer. -Journ. of Med. Sci. 1882, p. 64; “Rhabdomyoma of the Parotid -Gland,” Ibid., 1883, p. 438; “Experimental Studies on the Transplantation -of cartilage,” Ibid., 1881, p. 360.</p> - -<p>“Action (of Salicylic Acid) on the Circulation and Emigration.—This -was studied in the bladder and mesentery of the living -curarized frog, Thorm’s frog-plate being used as in the former -experiments.”—<cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci.</cite>, 1882, p. 67.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Puglia, Guiseppe.</span> Prof. Classe Zoojatrice, Modena.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pugliatti, Guiseppe.</span> Prof. Messina University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Purser, John Mallet</span>, 3, Wilton Terrace, Dublin. M.D.T.C.D., -1874; M.B., 1863; F.R.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876; L. and L.M., 1865; -L.R.C.S.T., 1863; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub., 1863; (Univ. Dub. and -Carm. Sch.); Mem. Path.; Soc. Dub., and Med. Soc. Coll. Phys.; -Prof. of Insts. of Med. Sch. of Physic. T.C. Dub.; Lect. on Physiol. -Carm. Sch. of Med.</p> - -<p>Contrib. papers to various journals.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Laboratory Medical College, -Dr. Steeven’s Hospital, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory, -Carmichael School of Medicine, and 212, Great Brunswick Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> -Dublin, in 1878 and 1879; also in 1888, at Physiological Workroom, -3, Wilton Terrace. No Experiments returned in 1878 and -1879.</i></p> - -<p>“Considers that experiments on live animals are necessary for -demonstration, the greater number would be under anæsthetics -(4793-99A), but some painful ones on the sensitive nerves of warm-blooded -animals are desirable (4793-99A).”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, -London, 1876, p. 35.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Putnam, James J.</span> M.D. Boston, United States.</p> - -<p>Author of “Contribution to the Physiology of the Cortex -Cerebri,” “Boston Surgical and Med. Journ.,” 1874, No. 16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pütz, H.</span> Prof. Extraord. Halle Univ.</p> - -<p>Injected human tuberculous matter into horses. Results negative. -Also fed a calf on 3½ lbs. of tuberculous human lung, and kept it -alive 170 days. Results equally negative. Tuberculous matter -injected into the lungs and abdomen of calves.—<cite>Deutsche Med. -Wochenschrift</cite>, 1882, No. 48, p. 652.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Putzeys, Felix.</span> M.D. Liège.</p> - -<p>Joint author (with Aug. Swan) of “Ueber die physiologische -Wirkung des Schefelsauren Guanidins,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. -XII., p. 597.</p> - -<p>Experiments on frogs with guanidin. Spinal narrow cut, nervus -ischiadicus cut and stimulated, then guanidin injected. Frogs hung -up by a string through the chin and hind members dipped into -guanidin. Heart exposed, nervus vagus cut, and guanidin injected.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pye, Walter</span>, 4, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W., and Thatched -House Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. -1876 (St. Barthol.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. and Med. Soc. Lond.; -Mem. Harv. and Ophth. Socs.; Lect. on Physiol. St. Mary’s Hosp. -Med. Sch.; Asst. Surg. Victoria Hosp. for Children; Anat. Asst. -Mus. R.C.S. Eng., House Surg. and House Phys. St. Barthol. -Hosp.; Lect. on Physiol. St. Mary’s Hosp. Med. Sch.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Philos. Trans., Practitioner, 1877, and other Med. -Journs.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School, 1878 and 1879. Certificate for Experiments -without Anæsthetics conjointly with Dr. Lauder Brunton in 1879. -This Certificate not acted upon. No experiments returned in 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pye-Smith, Philip Henry</span>, 54, Harley Street, Cavendish -Square, W. B.A. Lond. (Hon.) 1858; M.D. (Gold Medal), 1864; -M.B. (Hon.) 1863; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870; M. 1865 (Guy’s and Continental -Schools); Exam. in Physiol. Univ. Lond.; Sen. Asst. Phys. -and Lect. on Physiology Guy’s Hosp.; Secretary of the Association for -the Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Address to the Department of Anatomy and Physiology,” -Brit. Ass., 1879; Report (with Dr. Brunton) on “Intestinal -Secretion,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre -and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing -with obligation to kill in 1878-79-80-82-83. Certificates for -Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878. -No experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses returned.</i></p> - -<p>“Considers that the study of Physiology in its full sense is impossible -without vivisection.”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 19.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Quincke, H.</span> B. 1834, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Prof. -Wurzburg, 1878; afterwards Med. Councillor, Direct. of Clinic. -at Kiel.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre vom Icterus,” Virchow’s Archiv, -1884, Vol. V., Book i., p. 125.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs, rabbits, mice, and pigeons.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Radcliffe, Chas. Bland</span>, 25, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. -Lond., 1861; M.B., 1845; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1858; L., 1848; -Goulston Lect. 1860; Croon. Lect. 1873; Censor. 1875-76; Fell. Roy. -Med. Chir. Soc.; Cons. Phys. Westm. Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Proteus, or the Law of Nature;” “On Epilepsy, -Pain, Paralysis, and certain other Disorders of the Nervous System,” -1883; etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College London, -1878. Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rambaud</span> (Prof.), Rue de l’Hôtel-de-Ville, 77, Lyons. Prof. of -Medicine Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ranvier, L.</span>, Boulevard Saint Michel, 105, Paris. Prof. of -Anatomy Med. Fac., College of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur les éléments du sang,” Travaux du -Laboratoire d’histologie, 1875; “Leçons d’anatomie générale,” -Paris, 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ravaglia, Giuseppe</span> (Prof.), Bologna University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Raynaud, Maurice.</span> B. 1834; d. 1881; late Phys. at La -Charité, Paris; Agrégé of the Fac. of Med.; Mem. of Section of -Med. Path. Acad. of Med.; and Officer of the Legion of Honour.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la transmissibilité de la rage de l’homme au -lapin,” Compt. Rend., Vol. LXXXIX. (1879), p. 714.</p> - -<p>“M. Raynaud has communicated the results of experimental -researches he has made with M. Lannelongue on the transmission of -rabies from man to rabbits.… In a second series of experiments, -inoculations have been made with different liquids extracted -from the tissues of the dead body.… Finally, inoculations -were made from rabbit to rabbit under the most varied conditions; -with the salivary glands, and the lymphatic ganglions; death was the -result. It remains to be seen whether the disease thus communicated -was really hydrophobia. MM. Colin, Dejardin-Baumetz, and -Pasteur think it was not. M. Raynaud, himself, only asserts the -fact weakly, as he draws attention to the absence of the period of -excitement, the short time of incubation, the extreme rapidity with -which death ensues; lastly, he mentions cases where inoculated -animals have recovered after a few days’ illness.… M. -Gosselin thinks the surest method of recognizing the disease would -be by retransmission from the rabbit to the dog.”—<cite>Archives générales -de Médecine</cite>, Vol. I. (1881), p. 369.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Redfern, Peter</span>, 4, Lower Orescent, Belfast, and Templepatrick -House, Donaghdee. M.B. Lond., 1844; M.D., 1847; M.R.C.S. Eng., -1843; F. (exam.) 1851; L.S.A., 1844; Corr. Mem. Soc. de Biol. -Paris; Hon. Mem. Acad. Roy. de Méd. de Belgique; Prof. of Anat. -and Physiol. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Mem. Senate and Exam. in Anat. -and Physiol. Qu. Univ. Irel.; Exam. Anat. Univ. Ireland; Lect. on -Anat. and Physiol. and Exam. King’s Coll. Aberdeen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Abnormal Nutrition in Articular Cartilages, with -Experimental Researches on the Lower Animals,” 1850, etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Queen’s College Belfast Physiological -Laboratory in 1879-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned -in 1882 and 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Régnault, Henri Victor.</span> B. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1810; -D. 1878. Studied at the École Polytechnique; Engineer-in-Chief -of Mines, 1847; Director of the Porcelain Manufactory of Sèvres, -1854; Prof. of Physics, Collége de France, and of Chemistry at -the École Polytechnique, 1840; Member of French Acad., 1840.</p> - -<p>Author of “Cours élémentaire de Chimie.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Regnard, Paul</span>, Boulevard St. Michel, 46, Paris. Prof. of -Physiol. La Sorbonne.</p> - -<p>Inventor (with Félix Jolyet) of a machine to study the modifications -of the products of respiration.—<cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite> (1877), -p. 190-199.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Reichert, C. B.</span> Prof. of Theoretical Hist. and Anat. Med. -Fac. Univ. Berlin.</p> - -<p>Co-editor (with Du Bois-Reymond) of “Archiv. für Anatomie -und Physiologie.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rémy, Charles</span>, Avenue Victoria, 18, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1878. -Phys. La Charité, formerly prosector of Med. Sch., Reims; Mem. -Société Anatomique.</p> - -<p>Author of “Développement des tissus cartilagineux et osseux,” -Paris, 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Retzius, G.</span> Prof. of Med. at Stockholm.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with chromacid, chromacid ammonia, etc., on -the retina of various animals—toads, hens, rabbits, oxen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Reymond.</span> (See Du Bois Reymond.)</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Richards, Vincent</span>, Goalundo, Bengal. F.R.C.S., Edin., -1882; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1863 (Guy’s); Mem. Asiat. Soc., Bengal; -Civil Surg.; Superint. Emigr., Calcutta Port; Surg. E.B.R.V.; -Late Mem. Comm. for Investigat. of Snake Poisoning.</p> - -<p>Joint Author of “Report on Indian and Australian Snake Poisoning.” -Contrib. of “Cholera amongst Emigrants,” Ind. Med. Gaz., -1881, “Experiments with Permanganate of Potash in Cobra -Poisoning.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1882, etc.</p> - -<p>Has made experiments on pigs with cholera virus.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, May -3rd, 1884, p. 814.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Richet, L. Alfred</span>, Laboratory of the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. -M.D., 1844; Res. Surg. Hosp. St. Louis, 1858; La Pitié, 1863; Hôtel -Dieu, 1872; Prof. Clin. Surg. Medical Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Med. -1865.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité pratique d’Anatomie Médico chirurgicale” 1850 -and 1873; Contrib. of numerous Articles to “Archives Générales de -Médicine;” also “Le Roi des Animaux,” “Revue des Deux Mondes, -Tom. 55.”</p> - -<p>M. Richet has found that strong and repeated electrical stimulation, -will cause, in rabbits and dogs, a tetanus comparable in its -results to the traumatic form.</p> - -<p>“In the dogs the electricity employed was not sufficiently powerful -to arrest respiration, and death was due to the elevation of temperature. -The ascent of the thermometer was extremely rapid, so that -after the tetanus had lasted for half-an-hour, the lethal temperature -of 111 or 112 F. was reached.… The proof that the increased -body heat was the cause of death was furnished by the fact -that if the animal is kept cool by artificial means it may bear for more -than two hours extremely strong currents, which cause severe tetanus -without dying for some days. The capacity for generating this -great temperature under electrisation does not disappear even after -prolonged application, and it is not influenced by previous fasting for -two or three days.… Usually death occurs when a temperature -of 112° is attained, but in some cases it reached 112·5 and -even 113·3. If the temperature did not rise above 110° death -did not ensue on the same or the following day; after this point -however, although death may not be immediate, it occurs within 24 -hours.… At 111° the breathing is so frequent that it is -hardly possible to count it and so feeble that scarcely any air enters -the thorax.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, September 17th, 1881, p. 515.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Richet, Charles</span>, Rue Bonaparte, 5, Paris. B. at Paris 1850. -M.D., Paris, 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la sensibilité,” -Paris, 1877.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on fishes reported to the Acad. de Sciences, -Oct. 24, 1881.</p> - -<p>“Pain is a purely central phenomenon. It is a sensation that may -exist, even to intensity, without manifesting its presence by any -external sign, and consequently it is impossible to gauge it. All -physiologists know that during vivisection there is an entire dissimilarity -in the manner in which animals seem to suffer. Some -remain motionless, the eyes fixed, neither struggling nor moaning; -they appear as if struck by stupor. Others on the contrary groan -and howl, never remaining a moment without struggling or endeavouring -to escape. Every incision that is made, every laceration, -every pull is instantly followed by a shock which interferes with -the result of the experiment.… I will point out, moreover, -the fact observed by the physiologists at Alport. The blood of the -animals used for operations is almost devoid of fibrine, like the -blood of animals that have been overworked. As regards dyspepsia -and disorders of the digestive functions which prolonged pain brings -on, the phenomenon is rather psychical than physiological, and pain -acts similarly to grief and privation.”—“<cite>Recherches expérimentelles -et cliniques sur la sensibilité</cite>,” <cite>Collection de Thèses École de Médicine</cite>, -Paris, 1877, p. 255.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> - -<p>“When it is a question of scientific research one must act -resolutely, without considering the pain.”—Revue des deux Mondes, -Feb. 15, 1883.</p> - -<p>“I do not believe that a single experimenter says to himself when -he gives curari to a rabbit, or cuts the spinal marrow of a dog, or -poisons a frog: ‘Here is an experiment which will relieve or will -cure the disease of some men.’ No, in truth, he does not think of -that! He says to himself ‘I shall clear up an obscure point, I will -seek out a new fact.’ And this scientific curiosity which alone -animates him, is explained by the high idea he has formed of Science. -This is why we pass our days in fœtid laboratories (<i lang="fr">dans les salles -nauséabondes</i>), surrounded by groaning creatures, in the midst of -blood and suffering, bent over palpitating entrails.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -<p>“Science has nothing to do with utility, or rather the true utilitarians -are those who have hope in the science of the future.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ringer, Sydney</span>, 15, Cavendish Place, W., M.D. Lond., -1863; M.B., 1860; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870, M. 1863; M.R.C.S. -Eng. and L.S.A. 1859 (Univ. Coll.); Prof. of Med. Univ. Coll.; -Phys. and Prof. of Clin. Med. (late Res. Med. Off.) Univ. Coll. -Hosp.; late Asst. Phys. Childr. Hosp. Great Ormond Street and -Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ringer’s Handbook of Therapeutics,” 10th Edit., -London, 1883; “On the Temperature of the Body,” &c., London, -1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College London -Physiological Theatre in 1878 and 1879.</i></p> - -<p>“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations -clinically. To eighteen adults—fourteen men and four -women—we ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an -ounce of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were -unable to take it. They came back, protesting loudly, and required -no questioning as to the symptoms produced. They seemed to be -pretty unanimous on one point—that it was about the worst medicine -(!) they had ever taken. They said if they ever took another -dose they would expect to drop down dead, and it would serve them -right. One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering a little from -rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt -giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands -turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before -he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing -pains in the head. He was urged to take another dose, but declined -on the ground that he had a wife and family. Another patient had -to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ‘took all his -strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not -agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more -than the men! at all events, they expressed their opinions more -forcibly. One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first -dose—she did not try a second—she felt a trembling sensation all -over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there she -perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed -violently, until she thought they would burst.… Another -woman said she thought she would have died after taking a dose; -it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five minutes -her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours; it upset her so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -much that she was afraid she would never get over it. The only -one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint after taking -ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect on -these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to -increase the dose.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Nov. 3, 1883.</p> - -<p>“In addition to these observations on patients, I made six temperature -experiments on rabbits, but the results obtained were -simply nil. I soon found—a fact with which I was previously -acquainted—that, in those animals, fright exerts a marked influence -on the temperature.”—<cite>Handbook of Therapeutics</cite>, p. 516.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Rickards and I gave to an habitual drunkard, making him -‘dead drunk,’ twelve ounces of good brandy in a single dose, without -the slightest reduction of temperature.”</p> - -<p>“In a boy aged ten, who had never in his life before taken -alcohol in any form, I found, through a large number of observations, -a constant and decided reduction of temperature.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, pp. 340-1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Roberty, O.</span>, 4, Place de la Corderie, Marseilles. Prof. of -Exper. Physiol. School of Medicine.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Robin, Ch. Phil.</span>, 94, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris. M.D. -Paris, 1846; Prof. Histol. Med. Faculty Paris, 1862; Mem. Acad. -Med., 1858; Mem. Biol. Entomological Anatomical Socs. of Paris; -Corr. Acad. Med. Chir. Stockholm; Mem. Institute of France; -Senator.</p> - -<p>Author of “Fermentation” 1848; “Microscopical Anatomy;” -1868-69; “Cellular Anatomy and Physiology,” 1873, and numerous -other works; “Journal de l’Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales -et Pathologiques de l’homme et des animaux” Paris, 1864-1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Röhmann, F.</span> M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Breslau.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beobachtungen an Hunden mit Gallenfistel,” Pflüger’s -Archiv., Vol. XXIX., p. 509.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rolleston, George</span>, M.D. Oxon., 1857; M.B., 1854; F.R.C.P. -Lond. 1859, M. 1856, (St. Barthol.); late F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; -Mem. Gen. Med. Counc. Linacre Prof. of Anat.; Hon. Phys. Radcliffe -Infirmary; late Lee’s Reader in Anat., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “The Brain of Man, and the Brains of Certain Animals,” -“Medical Times and Gazette,” 1862, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Anatomical -Department of Museum in 1878.</i></p> - -<p>“Vivisection is specially likely to tempt a man into certain carelessness; -the passive impressions produced by the sight of suffering -growing as is the law of our nature, weaker, while the habit of, and -the pleasure in experimenting grows stronger by repetition.”—Evid. -Roy. Com., Q. 1287.</p> - -<p>“It is not so easy a thing to know when you have an animal -thoroughly anæsthetised; and what is more, some animals recover -with much greater rapidity than others of the same species from -the same doses of anæsthetics.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Q. 1349.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rollet</span> (Prof.), Gratz University.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rosenthal, Isidor</span>, B. 1836, Erlangen. M.D. Berlin Univ.; -Prof. Physiol. and Hygiene at Med. Fac. Univ. of Erlangen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Athembewegungen u. Innervation derselben, -thierische Wärme,” in Hermann’s “Handbuch der Physiologie;” -“Allgemeine Physiologie der Muskeln u. Nerven,” in “Internationale -Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek;” “Bier u. Branntwein u. -ihre Bedeutung für die Volksgesundheit,” 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rossbach, Michael Joseph.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena; -Director of the Clinic and Policlinic.</p> - -<p>Author of “Pharmakologische Untersuchungen,” Wurzburg, 1876; -“Ueber den Einfluss der Künstlichen Respiration auf Strychnin-vergiftung,” -Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1873, No. 24; “Neue -Studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger, -Vol. XXII., p. 1.</p> - -<p>Experiments on curarised dogs and cats: Nerves dissected out -and stimulated, drugs injected. (<em>See</em> Luchsinger.)</p> - -<p>“At the same time Rossbach also studied the influence of artificial -respiration on the cramps induced by strychnine. He totally contradicts -the results observed by Leube. Artificial respiration, he -finds, does not alter the effects of poison, whether it be given in -doses sufficient to produce cramps only or in fatal doses.”—Eckhart’s -<cite>Beiträge</cite>, Vol. X. (1883), p. 40.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Roth, Wladimir.</span> M.D.; ex-Chef de Clin. at Univ. of Moscow.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with the Venom of Salamanders on frogs.—Rep. -in <cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite>, 1877, p. 409.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Roy, Charles Smart</span>, Cambridge. M.B. Edin. and C.M. 1875 -(Univ. Edin.) M.D. Edin. 1878, (Edin.) G. H. Lewes, Scholar; late -Brown, Prof. of Pathol. Univ., of London; Prof. of Pathol. Univ. of -Cam., 1884; formerly Asstn. to Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Strasburg.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Journ. of Physiol., Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv. and -Virchow’s Archiv.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University New -Museum Physiological Laboratory and at Brown Institution, -London, in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or -Asses, in 1882. Special Certificates for Experiments without -anæsthetics and Certificate permitting Experiments on Cats, Dogs, -Horses, Mules or Asses in 1883. No Experiments returned -on Horses, Mules or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly -in the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the -Leipsic Philological Institute, the experiments being carried out on -rabbits, cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial -respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down -the animal’s windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in -order to keep the blood oxygenated. Then the back, skull, chest, -and abdomen were opened. I don’t suppose these were always -opened in one animal, as in many cases the animal would have died. -No doubt sometimes part of the experiment took place on one, and -sometimes on another. The various organs were dissected out. -The principal nerves such as the sciatic nerve and so on, were tied -in two places and cut. This lasted for many hours. It is stated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> -the animal was under the influence of anæsthetics, but the use of -curare is admitted. In the most scientific opinion, when curare is -used, it neutralizes the use of the anæsthetic. I feel myself at a -great disadvantage in treating of these matters as compared with -the gentlemen beside me; but if I am making a mistake, I trust I -may be corrected. In this instance, however, I believe I am right. -Curare creates paralysis, it paralyses the muscles and prevents the -animal resisting or showing the symptoms by which alone the -existence of anæsthesia can be tested.”—<cite>Mr. Reid’s Speech in -House of Commons</cite>, April 4th, 1883.</p> - -<p>“It was first sought to obtain information upon this subject by -investigating the manner and extent to which the action of the heart -is affected by obstruction of the renal arteries and the other large -branches of the aorta; the facts obtained by taking this line of -inquiry were not however of a kind fitted to throw light upon the -problem which it was specially desired to solve. It soon became -evident that an investigation of the manner in which the renal -secretion and circulation are nominally regulated, and the relation -which these bear to the regulating mechanism of the systemic circulation, -would be best fitted to supply information of the kind -required. The method employed, was to record graphically the -changes in volume of one or both kidneys, while at the same time -the changes in the blood-pressure in the aorta and the rapidity with -which the urine was secreted were also recorded on the same revolving -cylinder or, as continuous tracings, upon the paper of -Ludwig’s kymograph. The method used for recording the changes -in volume of the kidney is the same in principle as that of the plethysmograph. -The kidney is enclosed in a rigid metal box, the arrangement -being such that while the organ can freely expand or contract, and -while the changes in volume are recorded by a lever writing with a -light glass pen upon the kymograph paper, no obstruction is offered -to the entrance and exit of blood by the renal vessels nor to the -outflow of urine by the ureter. The kidney is surrounded by warm -olive oil, which, however, is not in immediate contact with its -surface, but is separated from it by a delicate flexible membrane of -a kind which has already been referred to by the author in several -of his published papers, and which prevents any escape of the oil -by the side of the blood-vessels and other structures entering the -hilus of the gland.… When the instrument is in use, the kidney -lies between two delicate, exceedingly flexible membranes, which -apply themselves closely to its surface and to the surface of the -structures entering the hilus of the organ, and each of these membranes -forms with each of the symmetrical halves of the box a -chamber which is filled with oil and which communicates by a relatively -wide flexible tube with the recording instrument.”</p> - -<p>Experiment “4. After the immediate effect of the operation has -passed off, the volume of the kidney will usually remain unchanged -(with exception of the changes due to the pulse and respiration) for -many hours unless some change in the conditions of the experiment -be intentionally introduced.</p> - -<p>“5. When the <em>Traube-Hering</em> curves of the blood-pressure -present themselves, the volume of the kidney does not expand -with the rhythmic rise in the blood-pressure. With each rise of -the blood-pressure the kidney <em>contracts</em>, expanding with each fall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> -of the blood-pressure. The renal vessels are, therefore, amongst -those to the rhythmic contraction and expansion of which the -<em>Traube-Hering</em> waves are due.</p> - -<p>“6. Arrest for 3 or 4 minutes of the artificial respiration, where -that is employed, and where curare has been previously injected, -causes a contraction of the renal vessels (which may reach 12 per -cent of the post-mortem volume of the kidney) simultaneously -with the rise of aortic blood pressure which is produced by the -asphyxia.</p> - -<p>“7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced -currents causes a powerful contraction of the renal vessels.</p> - -<p>“8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, <i>e.g.</i>, sciatic, -brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal -vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood-pressure. -Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of -the kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to -eliminate reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vessels <em>contract</em> -whether the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause -a rise or a fall of the aortic blood-pressure.</p> - -<p>“9. Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the -thorax, and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve-trunks -causes contraction of the kidney of the <em>opposite</em> side. The extent to -which the kidney contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is -usually very considerable. In one case the kidney contracted on -stimulating with a strong induced current for three minutes to an -extent which was equal to 63 per cent. of the post-mortem volume -of the organ.</p> - -<p>“10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of -the cut splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm -causes contraction of <em>both</em> kidneys; the kidney of the side opposite -to the nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one -on the same side as the stimulated nerve.</p> - -<p>“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the -medulla oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction -of the renal vessels after <em>both</em> splanchnics have been cut at -their point of entrance into the abdominal cavity. Vaso-constrictor -influences may therefore pass from the spinal cord to the kidney by -some other path than the two splanchnics.</p> - -<p>“12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion -of the renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful -whether a vascular tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the -vaso motor centre or centres in the spinal cord is normally present.</p> - -<p>“13. Stimulation of the <em>central</em> ends of the majority of the fine -nerves which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction -of the vessels of the kidney.</p> - -<p>“14. Stimulation of the <em>peripheral</em> end of each and all of the -renal nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction of -the organ.</p> - -<p>“15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) -nerves accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of the peripheral -end of the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction -of the kidney which differs but little in amount from that -produced by the same stimulation when all the renal nerves were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> -intact, but which takes longer time to show itself after the stimulation.”—Extracts -from paper “<cite>On the Mechanism of the Renal -Secretion</cite>,” by C. S. Roy, M.D.; read before the Cambridge -Philosophical Society, May 23, 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Russo, Antonio.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Palermo -University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rutherford, William</span>, University, and 14, Douglas Crescent, -Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1863 (Thesis Gold Medallist); M.R.C.S. -Eng.; (Univs. Edin., Berlin, Vienna, Paris); F.R.S.; Prof. of Insts. -of Med. Univ. Edin.; formerly Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. and -Roy. Inst. Lond.; Annual Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin. and King’s -Coll. Med. Soc.</p> - -<p>Author of “Outlines of Practical Histology,” 1877; “A Text -Book of Physiology,” 1880; “Influence of the Vagus upon the -Vascular System;” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870; “On the -Physiological Action of Drugs on the Secretion of Bile;” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, -1879; “Lectures on Experimental Physiology;” <cite>Lancet</cite>, 1871-72; -etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh, Physiological -Lecture Room and Laboratory in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83; -also a Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics; two -Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill; and two Certificates -for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or -Asses, in 1878; No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by -Professor Rutherford, and reported in the <cite>British Medical Journal</cite>. -I refer to the series of experiments commenced December the 14th, -1878. These experiments were 31 in number; no doubt there were -hundreds of dogs sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but -now I am only referring to one set beginning as I say on the 14th -of December, 1878. There were in this set 31 experiments, but no -doubt many more than 31 dogs were sacrificed. All were performed -on dogs, and the nature of them was this: The dogs were starved -for many hours. They were then fastened down; the abdomen -was cut open; the bile duct was dissected out and cut; a glass tube -was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct -leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various -drugs was placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of -these experiments was simply nothing at all—I mean it led to no -increase of knowledge whatever, and no one can be astonished at -that, because these wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances—their -condition was so abnormal—that the ordinary and -universally recognised effect of well-known drugs was not produced. -These experiments were performed without anæsthetics—the -animals were experimented upon under the influence of a drug -called curari.”—<cite>Mr. Reid’s Speech in the House of Commons, -April 4th, 1883.</cite></p> - -<p>“In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that -description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the -effect would be on the human being?—Certainly not, but merely -as suggesting what the action would be; that is all. The experiment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> -must also be tried upon man before a conclusion can be drawn.”—<cite>Evid. -Roy. Com.</cite> Q. 2966.</p> - -<p>“What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining -whether animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?—When -the mode of rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with -the due result being obtained from the experiment, we do not so -render them. Is that any large proportion of the experiments?—I -should say a considerable proportion. Would it be more than half -the experiments?—I should have a difficulty in saying how many, -but I should think about half the experiments that I have done.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, -2841-3.</p> - -<p>“Where did you study physiology yourself?—I studied it in -Berlin chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experiments -performed for my special benefit; there was a great expenditure -of time and teaching power, and also of animals, to teach me -alone.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Q. 2867.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sanderson, John Burdon</span>, Physiol. Lab. Univ. Mus. Oxford, -M.D. Edin., 1851; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1863, M. (Exam.) 1855 (Edin.); -LL.D., F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; late Jodrell Prof. of Physiol., -Univ. College; Waynflete Prof. of Physiol., Oxford; late -Phys. Consump. Hosp. Brompton; Asst. Phys. and Lect. Middlesex -Hosp.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of Various Papers and Reports. Editor of “Handbook -for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1872.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution, and -University College, London; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for -Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1882. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-83.</i></p> - -<p>“For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must be fixed -air tight in the trachea.… The phenomena as they present -themselves in the dog, may be enumerated as follows:—<i>First -minute</i>—Excessive respiratory movements.… Towards the close -of the first minute the animal becomes convulsed.… <i>Second -minute</i>.… The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye does not -close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil react to light; -all reflex action to stimuli has ceased.… <i>Third and fourth minutes.</i>—As -death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements, -which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as -shallower.… In these spasms which accompany the final gasps -of an asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk -straightened or arched backwards, and the limbs are extended, while -the mouth gapes and the nostrils dilate.”—<cite>Handbook for the Physiological -Laboratory</cite>, p. 320.</p> - -<p>“In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is maintained -in the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, -extending from the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of -the trachea. The external jugular vein of one side is then brought -into view, tied in two places, and divided between ligatures.… -Both ganglia having been thus prepared with as little loss of time -as possible, the sympathetic and vagus nerves are divided, and the -medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then divided.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 278.</p> - -<p>“Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a -rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> -moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to -assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the -skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards -through the cerebellum.… In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards -test for sugar.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 515.</p> - -<p>“The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quantities.… -When the bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty-four -hours; but when it is not tied they will live for a week.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, -p. 505.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Savory, Wm. Scovell</span>, 66, Brook Street, W. M.B. Lond. -(Univ. Med. Schl.), 1848; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.) 1852; M. 1847; -F.R.S.; Mem. Comt. Exam. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng.; Surg. and Lect. -on Surg. St. Bath. Hosp.; Exam. Surg. Univ. Coll.; Surg. Christ’s -Hosp.; late Prof. Comp. Anat. and Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.</p> - -<p>Author of “Life and Death;” “Essays on Pyæmia, &c.;” St. -Bart. Hosp. Reps. and Various Essays in Philos. and Med. and Chir. -Trans. and Med. Journ.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs—to study the relative temperature of -arterial and venous blood.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Vol. I., 1857, pp. 371-398.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Schäfer, Edw. Albert</span>, University College, Gower Street, -W.C. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Jodrell Prof. -of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; formerly Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Course of Practical Histology,” London, 1883; -Contrib. Proc. Roy. Soc. and Journ. Anat. and Phys., &c. &c.; -Editor of Microscopic Part of Quain’s Anatomy, 8th Edition.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -Physiological Theatre, Microscope Room with Ante Room, the -Jodrell Laboratory, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator’s -Rooms in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures and Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-83.</i></p> - -<p>“Then may I take it there are a great number of experiments -which, supposing a frog to be a sensitive animal, must cause a vast -deal of pain, which are not done under chloroform?—There is no -doubt of it. And there is no precaution taken to diminish pain, if -it suffers pain?—I think I may say no special precaution.”—<cite>Evid. -Roy. Com.</cite>, Q. 3,801-2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Schiff, Moritz.</span> B. at Frankfort, O.M., 1823; Studied at Univs. -Heidelberg, Göttingen, and Berlin; Laureate in Med., Gott., 1844; -Pupil of Majendie and Longet; formerly Curator of Ornithological -Museum, Frankfort; Prof. of Ornith. and Path. Anat., Bern, 1855; -Prof. Physiol., Florence, 1872; Prof. Physiol. at Geneva, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of “De vi motoria bascos encephali,” Frankfort, 1845; -“Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des Nervensystems,” 1854; -“Nerven und Muskel-Physiologie,” Lahr, 1838; “Ueber Zuckerbildung -in der Leber,” Wurzburg, 1859; “Sul sistema nervoso -encefalico,” Florence, 1865; “Sur la Physiologie de la Digestion,” -Turin, 1867; “Sulla Misura della Sensazione,” Florence, 1869; -“De l’Inflammation et de la Circulation,” Paris, 1873; “La pupille -comme esthesiomètre,” Paris, 1875, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p> - -<p>“In Professor Schiff’s work, almost every lecture is accompanied -by the sacrifice of some animal; 700 a year, it is stated, thus perish -(1343). Calls attention to a discrepancy between two statements -of Professor Schiff: one stating that the dogs made no noise because -they were not in pain; the other stating that their nerves of vocalisation -had been cut “pour les empêcher.… de discréditer -ainsi les études physiologiques auprês des habitants du quartier” -(1287).”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 11.</p> - -<p>“A number of rabbits were deprived of food until they ate dead frogs -thrown into their hutch. The object of this experiment was to show -that herbivorous animals could live on animal food (See Schiff, -<cite>Physiologie de la Digestive</cite>, Vol. I., p. 67). What use this information -may be put to I leave to the judgment of unbiassed minds to -determine. I know that the rabbits suffered very much before -they were induced to eat the dead frogs.”—<cite>Evid. Roy. Com.</cite>, -Q. 4,888, p. 244.</p> - -<p>“After the thousands of experiments made by these gentlemen, -by which they are enabled to contradict each other, and after all -this fiendish massacre, the latest writer on the nervous system, -Moritz Schiff, a man who has gained some notoriety as a vivisector, -concludes, from numberless other experiments he has made, that the -functions of the cerebellum are altogether unknown.”—<cite>Fleming’s -Essay</cite>, p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Schmidt, Albrecht.</span> Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Dorpat.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Scott, John Alfred</span>, 25, Idrone Terrace, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. -L.K.Q.C.P. Irel. and L.M., 1882; L.R.C.S.I., 1881; L.M. Rot. Hosp., -Dub., 1880; (Ledw. and Carm. Schs. and Mercer’s and Adelaide -Hosps., Dub.); Fell. Acad. Med. Irel.; Mem. Photog. Soc. Irel.; -Lect. on Anat. Physiol. Carm. Coll. of Med. Dub.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Rooms -and Laboratory, Carmichael College, Dublin, in 1882 and 1883. -Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883. No -Experiments returned, 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sedgwick, Wm. T.</span> Ph.B.; Fellow of the Johns Hopkins -University, Baltimore, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “The influence of quinine upon the reflex excitability of -the spinal cord.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 22.</p> - -<p>Experiments on frogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Senator, Hermann</span>, 7, Bauhofstrasse, Berlin. B. Gnesen, -1834; M.D., Berlin, 1858; Pupil of Johannes Müller, 1875; Direct. -Inner Dept. of Augusta Hosp.; and Prof. extraord. Med. Faculty, -Berlin.</p> - -<p>Co-editor (with Prof. H. Kronecker) of “Centralblatt für die -medicinischen Wissenschaften.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sertoli, Enrico</span>, Prof. Univ., Milan. Scuola Sup. di Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Severini, Luigi</span>, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera, Corso di -Zoojatrice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sewall, Henry.</span> B. Sc.; Ph. D.; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of -Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.; Assoc. in Biol. Johns Hopkins Univ., -Baltimore.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Experiments upon the ears of fishes with reference to -the function of equilibrium.”—“<cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>,” Vol. IV., -p. 339, &c.</p> - -<p>“The experiments to be described were carried on by means of -the facilities offered at the Marine Laboratory of the Johns -Hopkins University during the summer of 1881, at Beaufort, N.C., -and again in 1883, on the Chesapeake Bay.… Records were -made of experiments performed upon more than ninety individuals -(sharks and skate).… The experiments … were performed -under unusually favourable anatomical conditions, but it -must be confessed that the results obtained are far from forming a -solution of the problem investigated.”—<cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>, Vol. IV., -pp. 338, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sharpey, William.</span> B. at Arbroath, Forfarshire, 1802; d. -1881. Studied at Edinburgh and Paris; M.D. Edinburgh, 1823; -LL.D. Edin.; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1830; F.R.S., F.R.S.E.; a Trustee -Hunt. Mus.; Mem. Gen. Med. Counc.; Mem. Senate Univ. Lond.; -Emerit. Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. of London, 1836; F.R.S., -1839.</p> - -<p>“Has performed experiments on living animals, and sometimes -exhibited them (389-91), and considers such experiments absolutely -necessary for the progress of physiology (393), and that scientific -investigation by competent persons is important for the development -of medical and surgical improvement (398-401).”—<cite>Digest. Ev. -Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 4.</p> - -<p>“The chief use of employing curari is to render the animal quite -still; that is the great purpose of it. What Mr. Hutton says is quite -true, that it is not generally recognised as an anæsthetic, and, therefore, -not used as an anæsthetic.—Then it is a contrivance to save to the -operator the trouble which the manifestation of pain by the animal -might occasion him? It facilitates the operation at any rate.”—<cite>Evid. -Roy. Com.</cite>, Q. 462-3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sibson, Francis</span>, 59, Brook Street, W. M.D. Lond. 1848; -M.D. Dub. (Hon.) 1867; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Hon. D.C.L. Durh.; -F.R.S.; Mem. Senate (formerly Exam. in Med.) Univ. Lond.; Vice-Pres. -(late Pres. Council) Brit. Med. Assoc.; late Sen. Phys. and -Lect. on Clin. Med. St. Mary’s Hosp.; Goulst. Lect. R.C.P. Lond., -1853; Croon. Lect., 1870.</p> - -<p>Author of “Medical Anatomy;” “The Causes which excite Respiration -in Health and Disease;” Physiol. Address, 1851, etc., etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sieveking, Ed. Henry</span>, 17, Manchester Square, W. M.D. -Edin., 1841; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1852 (Univ. Coll. and Edin.); Pres. -Harv. Soc., 1861; Vice-Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Phys. -Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to H.R.H. the Prince of -Wales; Phys. to St. Mary’s Hosp.; Phys. Hosp. for Paralysis and -Epilepsy, etc.</p> - -<p>Formerly Editor “Medico-Chirurgical Review;” Author of -“Manual of Pathological Anatomy” (with Dr. H. Jones), 1854, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sihler, Christian</span>, M.D., Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, -Baltimore, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Author of “On the so-called Heat Dyspnœa,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” -Vol. II, p. 192.</p> - -<p>Placed some dogs with cervical cord cut, in a heated chamber to -test experiments made previously by Goldstein.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Silvestri, Luigi</span>, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera Corso di -Zoojatrice.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Solera, Luigi.</span> Prof. Catania University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Soloweitschyk, Isaac</span>, St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the action of the different combinations of -Antimony in the Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Strasburg. -Exper. VIII., on a cat weighing about 7¾ lbs. The nervi vagi cut, -the animal curarised, and artificial respiration established, -electrodes inserted into the spinal marrow and an electric current -sent through the nerves.-<cite>-Archiv. für Exper. Pathol.</cite>, 12, 5, 6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Soltmann, O.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Breslau.</p> - -<p>“With reference to the published works of Fritsch and Hitzig on -the motor centres of the cortex, and also (while I am engaged in -the same studies) concerning the experiments of Hermann on -electrical stimulation in Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. X., I feel called -upon to make the following communication:—(1) In newly-born -dogs no muscular movements were observed during electrical -stimulation of the cortex cerebri; (2) These movements were only -observed some days (9-11 days) after birth; (3) The extent and -form of the motor centres of the cortex vary; in young animals -they differ from those of fully grown animals. The necessary subjects -for further experimentation (pregnant bitches and young dogs -of all ages) are difficult to obtain so that the experiments only proceed -slowly. Breslau, 10 March, 1875.”—<cite>Centralbl. f. d. Med. -Wiss.</cite>, 1875, p. 210.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stefani, Aristide</span>, Ferrara. Università Libera, Corso di -Zoojatrice.</p> - -<p>Author (jointly with Weiss) of “Ricerche anatomiche intorno al -cervelletto di Comlombi sani ed operati nei Canali Semicircolari,” -Com. to Acad. Ferrara, 24 Nov., 1877.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sternberg, George M.</span> M.D., Surgeon and Major, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Induced Septicæmia in the Rabbit,” Amer. Journ. of -Med. Sciences, July, 1882; “Experiments to determine the germicide -value of certain Therapeutic Agents,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, April, 1883.</p> - -<p>“The object of the present paper is to compare the results -obtained in some recently reported experiments upon rabbits (Report -to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical -Association, by Peter Murray Braidwood, M.D., F.R.M.S., and -Francis Vacher, F.R.C.S., Ed., <cite>British Med. Journ.</cite>, Nos. 1,100 and -1,101, 1882) with the writers experiments made last year, under -the auspices of the National Board of Health (a fatal form of septicæmia -in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous injection of -human saliva).—<cite>National Board of Health Bulletin, April 30, 1881.</cite></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> - -<p>“I have demonstrated by repeated experiments that my saliva in -doses of 1·25 c.c. to 1·75 c.c. injected into the subcutaneous connective -tissue of a rabbit, <em>infallibly produces death</em>, usually within forty-eight -hours.”… “The saliva of four students, residents of Baltimore -gave negative results; eleven rabbits injected with the saliva -of six individuals in Philadelphia gave eight deaths and three negative -results; but in the fatal cases a less degree of virulence was -shown in six cases by a more prolonged period between the date of -injection and the date of death.”—<cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences</cite>, -July, 1882, pp. 71, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stevenson, Thomas</span>, Guy’s Hosp., S.E., and 45, Gresham -Road, S.W. M.D. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1871; M. 1864; -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Guy’s); Lect. on Chem. and Med. Jurisp. -Guy’s Hosp.; Analyst Surrey, Bedfordsh., St. Pancras, Shoreditch, -etc.; Exam. in Forensic Med. Univ. Lond.</p> - -<p>Joint Author “On the Application of Physiological tests for certain -Organic Poisons, especially Digitaline;” Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, and -various Papers in Guy’s Hosp. Reps., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum -Theatre and Lecture Room in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments -without Anæsthetics in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned -in 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stirling, William</span>, Marischal College, Aberdeen. B. Sc. -Edin. (1st Class Honours), 1870; D. Sc. (1st Class Honours in -Physiol.) 1872; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1872; M.D. -(Gold Medallist), 1875; (Edin., Leipsig, Berlin and Paris); Regius -Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Aberdeen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Text Book of Practical Histology” (plates), 1881; -“Outlines of Physiological Chemistry,” 1881; “Effects of Division -of the Sympathetic Nerve in the Neck of Young Animals,” “Journ. -Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological -Department in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments -returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Strauss, J.</span>, 10, Rue Madame, Paris. M.D.; Agrégé at Med. Fac.; -Physician at the Tenon Hospital.</p> - -<p>Author of “Des lésions rénales dans leur rapport avec l’hyperthropethie -cardiaque,” Arch. Gén. de Méd., Jan., 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stroganow, N.</span>, St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Oxydations processes im -normalen und Erstickungs-blute.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII., p. 18.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Laboratory of Prof. Hoppe-Seyler in -Strasburg.</p> - -<p>Dogs asphyxiated with an apparatus constructed by direction of -Prof. Hoppe-Seyler after the model of that of Régnault and Reiset.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Studiati, Cesare.</span> Prof. Pisa University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Suchard</span> (Prof.), 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris. M.D.; -Prof. of Gen. Anat., College of France.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Talma, G.</span> Prof. Utrecht University.</p> - -<p>Author of: “Ueber die Folgen Arterienverschlusses in den -verschiedenen Organen,” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissenschaften, -No. 46 (1879), p. 817; “Zur Genese der Herztöne,” Pflüger’s -Arch., Vol. XVIII. (1880), p. 275; “Nog. eens over hart en -arterietonen,” Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Geneesk, 1880, p. 661; -“Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Einflusses der Respiration auf die -Circulation des Blutes,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XXIX. (1882), p. 311.</p> - -<p>Experiments on dogs and rabbits to study the effect of respiration -on the circulation of the blood.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tamburini</span> (Sig.). Prof. at Institut. Psychiatrique of Reggio.</p> - -<p>Joint author (with Seppilli) of “Contribuzione allo studio -sperimentale del ipnotismo;” “Rivist. sper. di Psichiat.,” 1882, -p. 268; and “Arch. ital. de Biologie,” Vol. II., 1882.</p> - -<p>Experiments on hypnotism in the human subject.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Teissier, Junr.</span> (Prof.), 16, Quai Tilsitt, Lyons. Prof. of Clin. -Med., Med. Fac. Univ. Lyons.</p> - -<p>“Made a series of experiments at the Collége de France to prove -the dangers attending the introduction of the negative pole of the -battery into the aneurismal sac (M. Ciniselli’s method). These -researches were made on dogs.”—<cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite>, 1878, p. 129.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Thin, George</span>, 22, Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, W. -M.D., St. And., 1860; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1858 (Edin.), Contrib. on -Histological, Pathological, and Dermatological subjects in various -Journs. and Trans.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; the -New Physiological Theatre and the Rooms comprised in the Physiological -Laboratory, together with the Curator’s Room, in 1883. -Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill same year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tiegel, E.</span> Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg, and Private -Prof.</p> - -<p>Author of “Notizen über Schlangenblut,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. -XXIII. (1880), p. 278.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tigerstetd, R. A. A.</span> Prof. Stockholm University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Studien ueber mechanische Nervenreigung,” 1 Abth. -Helsingfors, 1880; “Die durch einen Konstanten Strom in den -Nerven hervorgerufenen Veränderungen der Erregbarkeit mittels -mechanischer Reizung untersucht.”—<cite>Mittheil vom physiol. Laborat., -Stockholm, Bk. I.</cite>, 1882, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tommasi-Crudeli, Corrado.</span> B. at Piere, Santo Stefano, -1834; Prof. extraord. of Path. Hist. at Inst. di Studii Superiori, -Florence, 1863; Prof. of Path. Anat. Univ. of Palermo, 1865; -Founded Physiol. and Pathol. Inst. at Rome, 1870.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Topinard</span> (Mons.), 103, Rue de Rennes, Paris. M.D.; Prof. at -the Institute of Anthropology.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Toussaint, H.</span> Prof. at the Veterinary School, Toulouse; Prof. -Physiol. Fac. Sci., Toulouse, 1880.</p> - -<p>Author of “Identité de la septicémie expérimentale aiguë et du -choléra des poules.”—Compt. Rend., Vol. XCI. (1880), p. 301; -“Note contenne dans un pli cacheté et relative à un procédé pour la -vaccination du mouton et du jeune chien.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 303.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Traube, Ludwig.</span> B. at Ratibon, 1818; d. at Berlin, 1876. -Geheimrath.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Trojanow</span> (Dr.), St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “The influence of extended scalds on the animal -organism” (In Russian), St. Petersburg, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Truman, Edgar Beckit</span>, 31, Derby Road, Nottingham. -M.D. St. And., 1861; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1860 (Guy’s); Sen. -Exhib. and Gold Medallist in Med., Guy’s; Prizem. Phys. Soc.; -F.C.S.; Pub. Analyst, Nottingh. Boro’ and Co.</p> - -<p>Contrib. Pop. Sci. Rev., 1863, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at 31, Derby Road, Nottingham, -in 1882 and 1883. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics, -1882 and 1883. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Turner, George</span>, High Street, Hoddesdon, Herts. L.R.C.P. -Lond., 1872; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; Sanit. Sci. Cert., Cambridge, -1875; (Guy’s and Montpellier); Prizem. Guy’s Hosp. 1869, 1871; -F.C.S.; late Med. Off. Health and Analyst, Portsmouth Boro’; -Sanit. Med. Off. Portsmouth; Res. Med. Off. Lond. Fever Hosp. and -Chef de Clinique intérimaire, Hôpital St. Eloi, Montpellier.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Portsmouth Borough Laboratory -in 1878 and 1879. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vacher, Francis</span>, 36, Hamilton Square, and 49, Shrewsbury -Road, Birkenhead. F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1867 -(Edin.); Hon. Sec. N. Western Ass.; Med. Off. Health; House Surg. -Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin. Contrib. Liverp. and Manch. Med. Surg. -Reps. etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at <a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>35, Park Road, South Birkenhead -in 1878. Certificates dispensing with obligations to kill, -and for testing previous discoveries. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This place has been withdrawn from the Register at the request -of Mr. Vacher.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Valentin, Gabriel Gustav.</span> B. at Breslau, 1810; d. at -Geneva, 1883. M.D., Breslau, 1832; Prof. Physiol., Univ. of Berne, -1836 to 1881.</p> - -<p>Author of “De functionibus nervorum cerebralium et nervi -sympathici,” Berne, 1839; “Grundriss der Physiologie des -Menschen,” Brunswick, 1846; “Beiträge zur Anatomie und -Physiologie des nerven u. des Muskelsystems,” Leipsig, 1863; -“Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie der Nerven,” Leipsig, -1864; “Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie des Herzens und -der Blutgefässe,” Leipsig u. Heidelberg, 1866, etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with strychnine on frogs.—Arch. f. exper. -Pathologie, p. 337.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vallon</span> (Mons.), No. 1, Rue Cabanio, Paris. Phys. Hosp. for -Mental Disease.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Valmont</span> (Prof.), 90, Rue de la Boëtie, Paris. Med. Fac.; -Prof. of Pharmacol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Veltà</span> (Prof.), Bologna University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Verderi</span> (Prof.), Parma University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vierordt, K. von.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Tübingen -University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie des Athmens,” Karlsruhe, 1845; “Die -Lehre vom Arterienpuls in gesunden und kranken Zuständen,” 1855; -“Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen,” Tübingen, 1861; -“Ueber Stehen und Gehen,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1865; “Die Einheit der Wissenschaft,” -Ibid., 1865; “Der Zeitsinn nach Versuchen,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1868.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vincent, E.</span> M.D.; Prof. Med. Fac., Lyons; Chief Surg. La -Charité, Lyons.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Plaies pénétrantes intrapéritonéales de la Vessie;” -“Revue de Chirurgie,” Vol. I., 1881, p. 556.</p> - -<p>Made 29 experiments on dogs. Exp. VII.: Abdominal walls of -dog cut open with scissors, bladder drawn out, shot at with revolver. -Bladder sewn together; the wound healed, the dog was again used -for an experiment on the ossification of the marrow, and at the end -of a month killed.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vintschgau, M. von.</span> Prof. of Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., -Innspruck University.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. -Hermann of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Geschmacksinnes,” -Pflüger’s Archiv., Vols. XIX and XX. (1879); “Die Physiologische -Reactionzeit und der Ortsinn der Haut,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XXII. (1880); -“Untersuchungen ueber die Frage ob die Geschwindigkeit der -Fortpflanzung der Nervenerregung von Reizstärke abhängig ist,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XXX. (1882).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Virchow, Rudolf.</span> Born at Schivelbein, Pomerania, 1821. -M.D. (Berlin) 1843; Prosect. Univ. Berlin, 1847; Public Prof. in -Ordinary of Path. Anat., Gen. Path, and Therapeutics Univ. -Berlin; Director Path. Inst.; Hon. Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. London, -1850; Corr. Mem. French Acad. of Med., 1859.</p> - -<p>Author of “Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen -Medicin,” Frankfort, 1856; “Die cellular Pathologie in ihrer -Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre,” -Berlin, 1859; “Ueber die Erziehung des Weibes für seinen Beruf,” -Berlin, 1865; “Menschen und Affenschädel,” 1866; “Die Aufgabe -der Naturwissenschaften in den neuen nationalen Leben Deutschlands,” -Berlin, 1871; “Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft im modernen -Staat,” Berlin, 1877, &c., &c. Editor of “Virchow’s Archiv.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vogt, Carl.</span> B. at Giessen, 1817; Studied Giessen and Bern; -M.D. 1839; Found. Scient. Soc. of German Doctors in Paris; Prof. -Univ. Giessen, 1847; Prof. Comp. Anat. Med. Fac. Univ. Geneva, 1852.</p> - -<p>Author of “Im Gebirge und auf den Gletschern,” Soleure, 1843; -“Lehrbuch der Geologie und Petrefacktenkunde,” Brunswick, 1846; -“Physiologische Briefe,” Stuttgard, 1845-46; Ibid., Paris, 1875; -“Ocean und Mittelmeer,” Frankfort, 1848; “Untersuchungen ueber<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -Thierstaaten,” 1851; “Bilder aus dem Thierleben,” 1852; “Koehlerglaube -und Wissenschaft,” 1833; “Vorlesungen ueber den -Menschen,” 1864; “Vorlesungen ueber nützliche und schädliche -Thiere,” 1856; “Die Mikrocephalen oder Affenmenschen,” 1866, -&c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Voit, Carl von.</span> B. at Amborga, Bavaria, 1831. Studied -Med. at Monaco and Wurzburg, and in the Labs. of Pettenkofer, -Wächter, and Bischoff. Prof. of Med. Univ. Monaco, 1863; Prof. -Physiol. Med. Fac., Univ. of Munich, 1883.</p> - -<p>Joint author with Prof. Bischoff of “Die Gesetze der Ernährung -des Fleischfressers,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Untersuchungen -ueber den Einfluss des Kochsalzes, des Kaffees und der -Muskelbewegungen auf den Stoffwechsel,” Munich, 1860; Editor of -“Zeitschrift fuer Biologie,” Munich and Leipsig. Contrib. to -“Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by L. Herrmann of Zurich, -Leipsig, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vulpian, A.</span>, 24, Rue Soufflot, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1854; Prof. -Path. Anat. Med. Faculty, 1867; Prof. Comp. and Exper. Path., -1872; Mem. Acad. of Sciences, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of “Leçon sur la Physiologie générale et comparée du -système nerveux,” 1866; “Leçons sur l’appareil vaso-moteur,” -1874; “Maladies du système nerveux,” 1879.</p> - -<p>“M. Vulpian has recently made a large number of experiments -to ascertain the degree and character of the mechanical excitability -of the grey cortex of the brain. In mammals, dog, cat, and rabbit, -in the normal condition, he could never produce in this way the -slightest movement either in the limbs of the opposite side, or in -those of the same side. The mechanical stimulation was produced -by rubbing the surface of the cortex with a small sponge, or a -fragment of amadou, or with the points of dissection forceps.… -If therefore movement resulted from such stimulation in the -experiments of Couty, the effect must have been purely accidental -or the consequence of some experimental error. The results were -also negative when Vulpian repeated the experiments after having -produced inflammation of the surface of the sigmoid gyrus by tincture -of cantharides, by essence of mustard or by nicotine.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, -Sept. 16, 1882, p. 453.</p> - -<p>“I have made the section of the facial nerve at its entrance into -the internal auditory meatus, in several dogs, … in other -dogs I succeeded in dividing the facial nerve near its real origin, -below the floor of the fourth ventricle. The results were absolutely -identical … I had to undertake other experiments to find -out what would be the effect of the inter cranian section of the -trigeminal nerve on the chorda tympani. These experiments were -made on rabbits. Although numerous, they gave but few significant -results, because several of the animals did not live long -enough after the operation for the divided nerves to show any very -decided changes; or else because in several of them, the section of -the nerve was far from being complete.”—Acad. des Sciences, -April, 1878.—<cite>Archives Gen. de Méd.</cite>, 1878, p. 751.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wagner, Rudolf.</span> B. at Bayreuth, 1805. Geheimrath and -Prof. Physiol. and Zool., Univ. of Göttingen; Mem. Roy. Soc. of -Sciences, Gott.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Walker, James.</span> 214, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.B. Aberd. -and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1873 (Univ. Aberd.).</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological -Laboratory and Materia Medica Department, Marischal -College, in 1881. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics -in 1881. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Walton, George L.</span> M.D. Boston, U.S.A. Contrib. of -“Reflex movements of the frog under the influence of strychnia,” -“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 308; “The physiological action -of Methylkyanethine,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 349.</p> - -<p>Experiments on frogs, dogs, and rabbits, made in the Leipsig -Physiol. Laboratory.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Waters, William Horscroft</span>, B.A. Camb.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, -Physiological Laboratory in 1883, also at University Cambridge -Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1880-81-82-83. No -Experiments returned in 1882 and 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Weber, Arthur</span>, 33, Boulevard des Batignolles, Paris. Prof. -Gen. Anat. College of France.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Weir-Mitchell</span>, S. M.D.; Mem. Nat. Acad. of Sciences, -U.S.A.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Weisman</span> (Dr.), Prof. of Physiol. and Prosector of Univ., -Freiburg in Baden.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wells, Sir T. Spencer</span>, Bart., 3, Upper Grosvenor Street, W. -F.R.C.S. Eng. (Hon.), 1844; M. 1841; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel. (Hon.), 1867; -Dub. and St. Thos.’s; Mem. Counc. (Vice-Pres. 1880); R.C.S. Eng.; -Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Roy. Inst., Path. Soc.; Imp. Soc. -Surg. Paris; Soc. of Med. Paris, and Soc. of Phys. Sweden; Hon. -Mem. several foreign learned Societies; Surg. to Queen’s Household; -Cons. Surg. Samarit. Hosp. for Women and Children; late Prof. of -Surg. and Path. R.C.S. Eng.; formerly Surg. Roy. Navy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Diseases of the Ovaries, their Diagnosis and Treatment,” -1865 and 1872; “Ten Series of 100 cases of Ovariotomy;” -Med. Chir. Trans. 1859-80, and numerous contributions to Medical -Papers.</p> - -<p>“If we could hope in diseased women for the same series of -changes as have been observed in healthy dogs and rabbits, we -might agree more completely with the conclusions of the German -experimenters. But it is one thing to remove a piece of a uterine -horn, or a healthy ovary, or a bit of omentum or mesentery, from a -dog or a rabbit, and a very different thing to remove a large uterine -or ovarian tumour from a woman whose general health has been -more or less affected by the growth of the tumour.”—<cite>Diseases of the -Ovaries</cite>, London, 1872, p. 372.</p> - -<p>“I made experiments upon animals for which I have been vilified, -but for which I do not reproach myself.… They corroborate -what was known before, that abdominal wounds well adjusted -unite readily. This was not what I wanted. They proved more, -and were the visible standing evidence which I did want—that, -though the other tissues might be brought together, if the cut edges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -of the peritoneum were left free, they retracted, direct union did not -take place, and secondary evil consequences resulted.… -Without this convincing demonstration in my hands, I might have -gone on for years, bowing to precepts and oblivious of principles, -sometimes taking up the peritoneum and sometimes leaving it loose, -with perplexity to myself and danger to my patients.”—<cite>Ovarian -and Uterine Tumours</cite>, London, 1882, pp. 197-98.</p> - -<p>“Fifteen years after my first operation (in 1842), T. S. Wells -came to Manchester to be present at one of my operations, and -made many inquiries, amongst which—‘Did I include the peritoneum -in my interrupted sutures?’ I replied, ‘Certainly;’ and -gave as my reason, that in two cases where the suture had not -included the peritoneum hernial protrusions had followed. I also -added, that peritonitis could only be set up <em>once</em>, whether the sutures -included the peritoneum or not. I was for some time after in correspondence -with Mr. Wells, but never heard of vivisection in connection -with ovariotomy, nor can I perceive any advantage that -ovariotomy has received from such experiments. All my operations -from first to last have shown the same average amount of success—about -75 per cent. I have never practised nor yet countenanced vivisection. -I have given up operating after 400 cases and about 100 -deaths.”—<cite>Letter of Dr. Clay, dated April 6th, 1880.</cite></p> - -<p>“The whole progress of abdominal surgery dates from the first -successful case of ovariotomy performed by Robert Houston in -1701. Failing to see the lesson taught by this, and led astray by -vivisection, no further success was achieved till 1809, by Ephraim -McDowell, and it was not till 1867 that any substantial gain was -made. Disregarding all the conclusions of experiment, Baker Brown -showed us how to bring our mortality of ovariotomy down to 10 per -cent., and again, in 1876, Keith proved that it might be still further -reduced. The methods of this reduction were such as only experience -on human patients could indicate; experiments on animals -could and did teach nothing, for operations have been performed on -thousands of animals every year for centuries, and nothing whatever -has been learnt from this wholesale vivisection.”—Lawson -Tait, F.R.C.S., “<cite>Uselessness of Vivisection</cite>,” p. 27.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wertheim, G.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Vienna University.</p> - -<p>Roasted 30 living dogs.—<cite>Annual Report of Rudolph Institute</cite>, -Vienna, 1867, pp. 172, 183.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wilischanin, Paul.</span> M.D., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Clinical Lab. of Prof. Botkin.</p> - -<p>Produced fever in dogs and rabbits by injecting decomposed -defibrinised blood, to try the effect of warm water injections.—<cite>Centralbl. -f. d. Med. Wiss.</cite>, Sept. 22, 1883, No. 38.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Williams, C. J. B.</span>, 49, Upper Brook Street, W. M.D. Edin., -1824; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1840; (Edin. Paris, and St. Georg.), F.R.S.; -Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc. Lond.; Phys. Extr. to H.M. the -Queen; formerly Prof. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; Pres. (1st) -Path. and New Syd. Socs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Principles of Medicine,” 1856; Several Courses of -Lectures on Physiol. and Clin. Med.; “Medical Gazette,” 1835-45, -&c., &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Williams, Dawson</span>, 4, Oxford and Cambridge Mansions, -Marylebone Road, N.W. M.D. (worthy of gold medal), 1881. M.B. -Lond. (Gold Medal in Med.) and B.S. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. (Univ. -Coll.)</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -New Physiological Theatre and Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms -in 1882 and 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, -1882 and 1883. No experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wirtz, S. H.</span> Prof. Utrecht University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wittich, W. von.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Königsberg -University.</p> - -<p>Contributor to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. Hermann, -of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wolfenden, Richard Norris</span>, 64, Welbeck Street, Cavendish -Square. B.A. Camb. (Honours in Nat. Sci.) 1876; M.B. 1880 -(Camb., St. Barthol. and Char. Cross); Lect. on Pract. Physiol. Char. -Cross Hosp.; late House Phys. Lond. Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiological Chemistry for the Laboratory,” 1880; -Contrib. “Med. Times and Gaz.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Charing Cross Hospital Medical -School, No. 62 and 63, Chandos Street, in 1881 and 1882. -Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881 and 1882. No -experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wooldridge, Leonard Charles</span>, 12, Querstrasse, Leipsic, -Germany. M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng., 1879; George Henry Lewes -Student.</p> - -<p>Author of “Zur Gerinnung des Blutes,” Du Bois Reymond’s -Archiv, 1883, p. 389 (Physiol. Abtheil); “Ueber die Function der -Kammernerven des Säugthierherzens,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 522.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiol. Inst., Leipsig, on the exposed -heart nerves of dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Worm, Müller Jacob.</span> B. at Bergen, 1834. Studied Med. -and Nat. Sci. at Christiana; Practised Med. in Christiana from -1860-1865; studied ophthalmology Vienna and Brun, 1866, and then -dedicated himself to Physiology; Private Prof. Christiana, 1870; -Prof. Extraord., 1873; Prof. in Ord., 1878; Pres. Norwegian Med. -Soc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. various articles to Pflüger’s “Archiv,” “Untersuchungen -aus dem physiol. Lab. in Wurzburg,” “Poggendorff’s Annalen,” -etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wurtz, Ch. Adolphe.</span> B. at Strasburg, 1817; d. in Paris, -1884. M.D. Strasburg, 1843; Dean of Faculty of Med., Paris, -1865; Prof. Med. Chemistry; Prof. Organic Chemistry Faculty of -Sciences, 1876.</p> - -<p>“Mémoires sur les ammoniaques composeés,” 1856; “Sur -l’insalubrité des résidus provenant des distilleries,” 1857; “Leçons -de philosophie chinique,” 1864; “Traité élémentaire de chimie -médicale,” 1864; “Leçons élémentaires de chimie moderne,” 1866; -“Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée,” 1868-1878; etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wyatt, William Thomas</span>, 1, Shaftesbury Villas, Stamford -Hill, N. M.A. Oxon., 1880; B.A. (1st Class Honours in Nat. Sci.), -1876; M.B. 1880; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1879 (Oxf. and St. Barthol.);<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -Schol. in Anat. and Physiol., 1877; Foster Prizem. in 1878; and -Kirke’s Gold Medallist St. Barthol.; formerly House Surgeon and -House Phys. St. Barthol.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School in 1878. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Yeo, Gerald Francis</span>, King’s College, Strand. W.C. M.D. -Dub., 1871; M.B. and M.Ch., 1867; Dipl. in State Med., 1871; -F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; L.R.C.S.T. 1872 (T. C. Dub., Paris, Berlin, and -Vienna); Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. London; Lect. on and Exam. -in Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.; late. Asst. Surg. King’s Coll. Hosp.; and -Lect. on Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med. Dub.; Member of the Association -for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Diseases of the Kidney” (awarded Gold Medal of -Path. Soc. Dub.); Contrib. to Proc. Path. Soc. Dub., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London, Physiological -Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Dispensing -with obligation to Kill in 1878-79-80-81. Certificate for Illustrations -of Lectures in 1882 and 1883.</i></p> - -<p>“Why repeat the oft-told tale of horrors contained in the works -of Claude Bernard, Paul Bert, Brown-Séquard, and Richet, in -France; of Goltz, in Germany; and Flint, in America.”—G. F. Yeo, -Fortnightly Review, March, 1882.</p> - -<p>“I am proud to call him (Goltz) my friend.”—G. F. Yeo, -Contem. Review, May, 1882.</p> - -<p>[It was reported in the <cite>British Medical Journal</cite> and the <cite>Lancet</cite> -that at a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International -Medical Congress, held in London in 1881, Professor Ferrier had -shown two monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed -by himself. As Professor Ferrier had no license for vivisection at -the time, a prosecution was instituted against him for a breach of -the law. When the case was brought into Court, the <i lang="la">onus</i> was shifted -on to Professor Yeo, who was a licensed vivisector. Below is a comparison -between the facts as reported and the sworn evidence of the -reporter of the one journal and the editor of the other:—]</p> - -<p class="center"><cite>British Medical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published Report</span>, -20th August, 1881.</p> - -<p>The members were shown two -of the monkeys, a portion of -whose cortex had been removed -by Professor Ferrier. Concerning -the first of these, Professor -Ferrier said it had been -his desire to remove as completely -as possible the whole -of the psycho-motor region. -Whether in this he had succeeded -perfectly could not be learnt for -certainty until after a <i lang="la">post-mortem</i> -examination had been -made.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Reporter’s Sworn Evidence.</span> -17th November, 1881.</p> - -<p>Q. Did Professor Ferrier offer -to exhibit two of the monkeys -upon which he had so operated?</p> - -<p>A. At the Congress, no.</p> - -<p>Q. Did he subsequently?</p> - -<p>A. No; he showed certain of -the members of the Congress -two monkeys at King’s College.</p> - -<p>Q. What two monkeys?</p> - -<p>A. Two monkeys upon which -an operation had been performed.</p> - -<p>Q. By whom?</p> - -<p>A. By Professor Yeo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"><cite>Lancet.</cite></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published Report</span>, -8th October, 1881.</p> - -<p>“The interest attaching to the -discussion was greatly enhanced -by the fact that Professor -Ferrier was willing to exhibit -two monkeys which he had -operated upon some months -previously.”…</p> - -<p>“In startling contrast to the -dog were two monkeys exhibited -by Professor Ferrier. One of -them had been operated upon -in the middle of January, the -left motor area having been -destroyed. There had resulted -from the operation right sided -hemiplegia, with conjugate deviation -of eyes and of head. -Facial paralysis was at first well -marked, but ceased after a fortnight. -From the first there had -been paralysis of the right leg, -though the animal was able to -lift it up. The arm it had never -been able to use. Lately, rigidity -of the muscles of the paralysed -limbs had been coming on. The -other monkey, as a consequence -of paralysis of its auditory -centres, was apparently entirely -unaffected by loud noises, as by -the firing of percussion caps in -close proximity to its head.”</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Counsel’s Statement.</span> -17th November, 1881.</p> - -<p>Dr. <span class="smcap">Wakley</span>, <i>sworn, examined -by Mr. Waddy</i>:—</p> - -<p>Q. Are you the editor of the -<cite>Lancet</cite>?</p> - -<p>A. I am.</p> - -<p>Q. Can you tell me who it -was furnished his Report?</p> - -<p>A. I have the permission of -the gentleman to give his name, -Professor Gamgee, of Owen’s -College, Manchester.</p> - -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Waddy</span>: What I should -ask is that one might have an -opportunity of calling Professor -Gamgee.</p> - -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Gully</span>: I have my -reasons for objecting to this. -We have communicated with -Professor Gamgee and I know -very well that he will say -precisely what was said by Dr. -Roy.</p> - -<p>“At a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International -Medical Congress held in London in 1881, Professor Goltz exhibited a -dog, and Professors Ferrier and Yeo a monkey; from the brain of the -dog a large area of the cortex had been removed without producing -any such effect as, according to Professor Goltz, would necessarily -result if the theory, as usually held, of the localisation of function of -the cortex were true; from the brain of the monkey a definite part of -the so-called motor area had been removed, and a localised paralysis -produced—a paralysis which, according to Professors Ferrier and -Yeo, could not result if that theory were not true.”—“<cite>On the -Cortical Areas removed from the Brain of a Dog and from the Brain -of a Monkey</cite>” <cite>a Report by Dr. Klein, Mr. Langley, and Professor -Schäfer, Journal of Physiology</cite>, Vol. IV., 1884, p. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Yule, C. J. F.</span> M.A.; Lecturer on Exper. Physiol., Magdalen -Coll. Oxford.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Laboratory, -Magdalen College in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures, 1878 and 1882.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Zander, Richard.</span> M.D.; Prosect. Anatom. Inst., Königsberg, -Prussia.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wissenchaften, 1879.</p> - -<p>“In the year 1878 I made a series of experiments on the results -of section of the vagus in birds, occasioned by the title of the Prize -Essay of the Medical Faculty of Königsberg,—According to Blainville -and Billroth section of the nervi vagi in birds has no influence -on the condition of the lungs. It is to be experimentally proved why -birds die after this operation.… As my experiments in many -points contradict those of Eichhorst, I will here shortly give the -results of over eighty experiments on birds principally pigeons. My -completed work, which was awarded the prize by the Medical -Faculty on the 18th of Jan., will shortly appear.”—<cite>Centralbl. f. d. -Med. Wiss.</cite>, 1879, p. 99.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Zuntz, Nathan.</span> Prof. of Anim. Physiol. Univ., Berlin; form. -Prof. at Bonn; Direct. of the Agricul. Acad., Poppelsdorf.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Blutes,” Bonn, 1868; -“Innervation der Athmung,” Biol. Centralbl., Vol. II., No. 6 (1882); -“Ueber die Bedeutung der Amidsubstanzen für die thierische -Ernährung,” Arch. f. Physiol. (1882); “Zur Theorie des Fiebers;” -Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., No. 32, 1882, p. 561.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with curare on rabbits.—“<cite>Ueber den Einfluss -der Curarevergiftung auf den thierischen Stoffwechsel</cite>,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XII., p. 522.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<h2>ADDENDUM.</h2> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sinéty, Louis de</span>, 10, Rue de la Chaise, Paris. M.D., 1873. -Formerly Prof. Gen. Anat. Med. Fac.</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’État du Foie chez les femelles en lactation” -(Thèse), Paris, 1873; “Traité pratique de Gynécologie,” Paris, -1879; second edition, 1884.</p> - -<p>“On female guinea-pigs, which have only a single pair of mammæ, -we have made the ablation of these glands during lactation.”—“<cite>Manuel -Pratique de Gynécologie</cite>,” Paris, 1879, p. 778.</p> - -<p>“I wish to communicate to the Society the results that I have -obtained by the ablation of the mammæ in animals. Dogs and -rabbits with their six or eight mammæ were unable to survive these -experiments. I chose in preference guinea-pigs, which have, as is -known, only two mammæ, and in which the disposition of the ducts -renders the operation easy, I might almost say harmless, even -during the period of lactation; for out of six females operated on -in the month of September not one died, and all of them are still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -to-day subject to observation.”—<cite>Report of the Meeting of the Soc. -de Biologie, December 20, 1873</cite>, “<cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite>,” 1874, p. 36.</p> - -<p>“I have myself made a fair number of experiments relative to the -innervation of the mammary glands on female guinea-pigs.… -Considering the contradictory results, it would be well to describe the -experiments before arriving at any conclusions.… Experiment -No. 1, June 10, 1874.—Guinea-pig in lactation. The mammary -nerve on one side is laid bare, and insulated by means of a thread. -The animal exhibits signs of acute pain, especially when the nerve -is stimulated by an electric current; but the stimulation, prolonged -during 10 minutes, produces no appreciable effect on the teats nor -on the amount of milk secreted. I divided the nerve, and on the -following day, June 11, there was as much milk in one gland as in -the other; nor did the electric stimulation re-applied to both ends -of the divided nerve produce any apparent effect on the glandular -function.… I have selected these five experiments from those -I had noted down in my book, as I made them under varying conditions. -In all of them the results were negative.… Rochrig -observed that in the goat the effects were different—as M. Lafont -had said—which proves once more that the conclusions arrived at -must not be generalized, and that the phenomena may vary considerably -according to the species of animal.”—“<cite>De l’Innervation de la -Mamelle</cite>,” <cite>Report de la Soc. de Biologie, October 25, 1879</cite>, “<cite>Gaz. Méd. -de Paris</cite>,” 1879, p. 593.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="titlepage">THE END.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vivisectors' Directory - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY *** - -***** This file should be named 54233-h.htm or 54233-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/3/54233/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> |