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diff --git a/old/54153-0.txt b/old/54153-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7275f7f..0000000 --- a/old/54153-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4334 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Biographical Sketches of the Generals of -the Continental Army of the Revolution, by Mary Theresa Leiter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Biographical Sketches of the Generals of the Continental Army of the Revolution - -Author: Mary Theresa Leiter - -Release Date: February 12, 2017 [EBook #54153] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES *** - - - - -Produced by Charlie Howard and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES - - OF THE - - GENERALS - - OF THE - - CONTINENTAL ARMY OF THE - - REVOLUTION. - - - PRINTED FOR SALE AT MOUNT VERNON. - - 1889. - - - - - University Press: - JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE. - - - - - A LIST - OF - THE GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE - REVOLUTIONARY ARMY, - - AND DATES OF THEIR APPOINTMENT BY THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, FROM JUNE - 17, 1775, TO THE CLOSE OF THE WAR. - - -I. - -GEORGE WASHINGTON, _Commander-in-Chief_, - -Appointed June 17, 1775. - - -II. MAJOR-GENERALS. - - (Ranked in order as given below.) - - PAGE - GEORGE WASHINGTON 11 | | | - ARTEMAS WARD 20 | Mass. | June 17, 1775 | Resigned Apr. 23, 1776. - CHARLES LEE 21 | Va. | „ „ „ | Dismissed Jan. 10, 1780. - JOHN PHILIP SCHUYLER 23 | N. Y. | „ 19, „ | Resigned Apr. 19, 1779. - ISRAEL PUTNAM 26 | Conn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - - - (First Brig.-Gens., then Maj.-Gens.) - - BRIG.-GEN. MAJ.-GEN. - RICH. MONTGOMERY 28 | N. Y. | June 22, 1775 | Dec. 9, 1775 | Killed Dec. 31, 1776. - JOHN THOMAS 31 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Mar. 6, 1776 | Died June 2, 1776. - HORATIO GATES 32 | Va. | „ 17, „ | May 16, „ | Suspended Oct. 5, 1780.‡ - WILLIAM HEATH 36 | Mass. | „ 22, „ | Aug. 9, „ | Served to close of war. - *JOSEPH SPENCER 37 | Conn. | „ „ „ | „ „ „ | Resigned Jan. 13, 1778. - JOHN SULLIVAN 38 | N. H. | „ „ „ | „ „ „ | Resigned Nov. 30, 1779. - NATHANIEL GREENE 39 | R. I. | „ „ „ | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - LORD STIRLING 42 | N. J. | Mar. 1, 1776 | Feb. 19, 1777 | Died Jan. 15, 1783. - THOMAS MIFFLIN 43 | Penn. | May 16, „ | „ „ „ | Resigned Feb. 25, 1779. - ARTHUR ST. CLAIR 45 | Penn. | Aug. 9, „ | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *ADAM STEPHEN 47 | Va. | Sept. 4, „ | „ „ „ | Cashiered Oct. --, 1777. - BENJAMIN LINCOLN 48 | Mass. | † | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - BENEDICT ARNOLD 49 | Conn. | Jan. 10, 1776 | May 2, „ | Deserted Sept. 25, 1780. - MAR. DE LAFAYETTE 53 | France | † | July 31, „ | Served to close of war. - BARON DE KALB 56 | Germany | † | Sept. 15, „ | Killed Aug. 16, 1780. - DU COUDRAY 57 | France | † | Aug. 11, „ | Died Sept. 16, 1777. - *ROBERT HOWE 58 | N. C. | Mar. 1, 1776 | Oct. 20, „ | Served to close of war. - ALEX. McDOUGAL 60 | N. Y. | Aug. 9, „ | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *THOMAS CONWAY 61 | Ireland | May 13, 1777 | Dec. 13, „ | Resigned Apr. 28, 1778. - BARON STEUBEN 64 | Prussia | † | May 5, 1778 | Served to close of war. - WILLIAM SMALLWOOD 68 | Maryland | Oct. 23, 1776 | Sept. 15, 1780 | Served to close of war. - *SAMUEL H. PARSONS 70 | Conn. | Aug. 9, „ | Oct. 23, „ | Retired July 22, 1782. - CHEVALIER DUPORTAIL 71 | France | Nov. 17, 1777 | Nov. 16, 1781 | Resigned Oct. 10, 1783. - HENRY KNOX 72 | Mass. | Dec. 27, 1776 | Mar. 22, 1782 | Served to close of war. - WILLIAM MOULTRIE 75 | S. C. | Sept. 16, „ | Oct. 15, „ | Served to close of war. - -* No engraving exists. - -† Original appointment as Major-General. - -‡ Restored Aug. 14, 1782, but did not serve. - - -III. BRIGADIER-GENERALS. - - PAGE - *SETH POMEROY 77 | Mass. | June 22, 1775 | Died February, 1777. - DAVID WOOSTER 78 | Conn. | „ „ „ | Died (wounds) May 2, 1777. - *JOSEPH FRYE 80 | Mass. | Jan. 10, 1776 | Resigned April 23, 1776. - *JOHN ARMSTRONG 81 | Penn. | Mar. 1, „ | Resigned April 4, 1777. - *WILLIAM THOMPSON 82 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Died Sept. 4, 1781. - *ANDREW LEWIS 83 | Va. | „ „ „ | Resigned April 15, 1777. - *JAMES MOORE 85 | N. C. | „ „ „ | Died Jan. 15, 1777. - *BARON DE WOEDTKE 86 | Prussia | „ 16, „ | Died July 28, 1776. - *JOHN WHITCOMB 87 | Mass. | June 5, „ | Resigned shortly after. - HUGH MERCER 88 | Va. | „ „ „ | Died (wounds) Jan. 12, 1777. - JOSEPH REED 90 | N. H. | Aug. 9, „ | Retired shortly after. - *JOHN NIXON 91 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Resigned Sept. 12, 1780. - JAMES CLINTON 91 | N. Y. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN 93 | S. C. | Sept. 16, „ | Resigned Oct. 2, 1777. - LACHLAN McINTOSH 95 | Georgia | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *WILLIAM MAXWELL 96 | N. J. | Oct. 23, „ | Resigned July 25, 1780. - *ROCHE DE FERMOY 97 | France | Nov. 5, „ | Resigned Jan. 31, 1778. - ENOCH POOR 98 | N. H. | Feb. 21, 1777 | Died Sept. 8, 1780. - JOHN GLOVER 100 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Retired July 22, 1782. - *JOHN PATERSON 101 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - JAMES M. VARNUM 102 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Resigned March 5, 1779. - ANTHONY WAYNE 104 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *JOHN P. DE HAAS 107 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - PETER MUHLENBURG 107 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *FRANCIS NASH 109 | N. C. | „ 5, „ | Killed Oct. 4, 1777. - GEORGE WEEDON 110 | Va. | „ 21, „ | Retired Aug. 18, 1778. - JOHN CADWALADER 111 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Refused to accept. - *WILLIAM WOODFORD 113 | Va. | „ „ „ | Died Nov. 13, 1780. - GEORGE CLINTON 113 | N. Y. | Mar. 25, „ | Served to close of war. - EDWARD HAND 115 | Penn. | April 1, „ | Served to close of war. - CHARLES SCOTT 116 | Va. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *EBENEZER LARNED 117 | Mass. | „ 2, „ | Resigned March 24, 1778. - *CHEVALIER DE BORRE 118 | France | „ 11, „ | Resigned Sept. 14, 1777. - JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON 119 | Conn. | May 12, „ | Served to close of war. - *JOSEPH REED 120 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Resigned June 7, 1777. - COUNT PULASKI 124 | Poland | Sept. 15, „ | Killed Oct. 9, 1779. - JOHN STARK 126 | N. H. | Oct. 4, „ | Served to close of war. - JAMES WILKINSON | | | - (_BREVET_) 129 | Maryland | Nov. 6, „ | Resigned March 6, 1778. - *CHEV. DE LA NEUVILLE | | | - (_BREVET_) 134 | France. | Oct. 14, 1778 | Resigned Dec. 4, 1778. - *JETHRO SUMNER 135 | N.C. | Jan. 9, 1779 | Served to close of war. - *JAMES HOGAN 136 | N. C. | „ „ „ | - ISAAC HUGER 137 | S. C. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - MORDECAI GIST 139 | Maryland | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - WILLIAM IRVINE 140 | Penn. | May 12, „ | Served to close of war. - DANIEL MORGAN 142 | Va. | Oct. 13, 1780 | Retired March, 1781. - *MOSES HAZEN | | | - (_BREVET_) 145 | Canada | June 29, 1781 | Served to close of war. - OTHO H. WILLIAMS 146 | Maryland | May 9, 1782 | Retired Jan. 16, 1783. - JOHN GREATON 146 | Mass. | Jan. 7, 1783 | Served to close of war. - RUFUS PUTNAM 147 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - ELIAS DAYTON 149 | N. J. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *ARMAND | | | - (MAR. DE ROUERIE) 150 | France | Mar. 26, „ | Served to close of war. - THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO | | | - (_BREVET_) 151 | Poland | Oct. 13, „ | Served to close of war. - *STEPHEN MOYLAN 154 | Penn. | Nov. 3, „ | Served to close of war. - *SAMUEL ELBERT 155 | Georgia | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - C. C. PINCKNEY 156 | S. C. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *WILLIAM RUSSELL 158 | Va. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - FRANCIS MARION 160 | | | Non-commissioned. - THOMAS SUMTER 163 | | | Non-commissioned. - - * No engraving exists. - - -(The following-named officers of the above were Major-Generals in -commission at the end of the war.) - -IV. MAJOR-GENERALS AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR. - - DATE OF - COMMISSION. - GEORGE WASHINGTON, | Virginia | June 17, 1775. - _Commander-in-Chief_ | | - ISRAEL PUTNAM | Connecticut | „ 19, „ - HORATIO GATES | Virginia | May 16, 1776. - WILLIAM HEATH | Massachusetts | Aug. 9, „ - NATHANIEL GREENE | Rhode Island | „ „ „ - ARTHUR ST. CLAIR | Pennsylvania | Feb. 19, 1777. - BENJAMIN LINCOLN | Massachusetts | „ „ „ - MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE | France | July 31, „ - ROBERT HOWE | North Carolina | Oct. 20, „ - ALEXANDER McDOUGAL | New York | „ „ „ - BARON STEUBEN | Prussia | May 5, 1778. - WILLIAM SMALLWOOD | Maryland | Sept. 15, 1780. - HENRY KNOX | Massachusetts | Mar. 22, 1782. - WILLIAM MOULTRIE | South Carolina | Oct. 15, 1782. - LACHLAN McINTOSH | Georgia (_Brevet_) | Sept. 30, 1783. - JAMES CLINTON | New York „ | „ „ „ - JOHN PATERSON | Massachusetts „ | „ „ „ - ANTHONY WAYNE | Pennsylvania „ | „ „ „ - PETER MUHLENBURG | Virginia „ | „ „ „ - GEORGE CLINTON | New York „ | „ „ „ - EDWARD HAND | Pennsylvania „ | „ „ „ - CHARLES SCOTT | Virginia „ | „ „ „ - JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON | Connecticut „ | „ „ „ - JOHN STARK | New Hampshire „ | „ „ „ - - - - -PREFACE. - - - NEW YORK, Oct. 5, 1888. - - DEAR MRS. LEITER,--According to promise, I have sent you by express - to-day a list of the general officers in the Revolution who were - commissioned by the Continental Congress. There were others, not - in the list, and well known as generals who served through the - Revolution, but they held their commissions in the State Militia. - - The list is made in the order of the date of commission, and their - rank was determined by this date. The collection of portraits - I have sent you for Mount Vernon is of great historical value, - from the fact that it is made up to a great extent of portraits - issued as “private,” or “club portraits,” of which the plates - were destroyed. It would be almost impossible to get another set - together which would be as complete as this is, in containing the - authentic likeness of every general of whom a portrait is known to - exist. For years I have been engaged with others in tracing out - the descendants of these men, and with the object of having their - portraits engraved whenever a likeness could be found. For a long - time nothing new has turned up, and I believe we have accomplished - about all it is possible to do in this line. - - Yours very truly, - THOMAS ADDIS EMMET. - -The rare and valuable gift of engravings from Dr. THOMAS ADDIS EMMET -has been placed in the old mansion at Mount Vernon; and as this is -the only complete collection on exhibition of the generals of the -Continental Army, it seemed fitting that there should be a concise -history compiled to enable the visitor at Mount Vernon not alone to -view this valuable collection, but to refer to dates of birth and -death, commissions of service, and battles of importance, in which -these generals distinguished themselves. In this small book the -author has sought to enable the reader to obtain information of most -importance, and also maintain her original design of a pocket edition, -to encumber as little as possible the pilgrim to Mount Vernon. - -The following books have been consulted for the compilation of the -papers:-- - - Journals of the Continental Congress. - - Records of the Revolution, War Department. - - Narrative and Critical History of America. (Justin Winsor.) - - The Biography of the American Military and Naval Heroes, 1817. - (Thomas Wilson.) - - Washington and his Generals. (J. T. Headley.) - - Lossing’s American Revolution. - - Washington and his Masonic Compeers. (Sidney Hayden.) - - Appleton’s Cyclopædia of American Biography. - - The Memorial History of Boston. (Justin Winsor.) - - Sparks’ Life of Washington. - -Correspondents who have rendered assistance: - - Hon. W. Frye, Maine. - - General Drum, War Department. - - Dr. T. A. Emmet. - - H. C. Spofford, Congressional Librarian. - - Justin Winsor. - - Prof. Edward Channing. - - F. D. Stone, Librarian of Historical Society of Pennsylvania. - - Dr. Toner, Washington. - - Charles J. Hoadly, Connecticut. - - MARY THERESA LEITER, - _Vice-Regent of Ladies’ Mount Vernon Association_. - - August 7, 1889. - - - - -BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. - - - - -GEORGE WASHINGTON. - - -George Washington, born at Pope’s Creek, near Bridge’s Creek, -Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732, was -the son of Augustine Washington and his second wife Mary Ball. His -earliest known ancestor in this country was John Washington, who came -to Virginia from England in 1657. Augustine Washington died when -George was but twelve years of age, leaving to his widow the care of -five children and a large property. George’s education was such as was -afforded by the local schools, but included surveying,--an important -branch at that time. Ever thoughtful of the feelings of others, at -the age of thirteen he formulated for his own guidance a set of one -hundred and ten “rules of civility and decent behavior in company -and conversation.” The next year his half-brother Lawrence obtained -a midshipman’s warrant for him, which he was most anxious to accept, -but gave up because of his mother’s opposition. At the age of sixteen -he was absent from home for several weeks, while surveying for Lord -Fairfax. Delighting in military exercises and outdoor sports, he -grew tall, strong, and well proportioned, and at nineteen was chosen -adjutant-general with the rank of major, to inspect and exercise the -militia of his district. The same year he accompanied Lawrence on a -trip to Barbadoes, the doctor having recommended change of climate -for the improvement of the latter’s health. Having kept a journal of -his surveying trip in 1748, he resumed the record of his life with -great minuteness during this his only sea voyage. Returning after four -months, he soon after received the sad intelligence of Lawrence’s -death, and found himself, young as he was, one of his brother’s -executors and the guardian of his only child. Neither the widow nor -the orphan long survived; and upon their demise, Mount Vernon passed -to George. At this time he joined the Masons. The records of the -Fredericksburg Lodge show the presence of Washington for the first time -“on the 4th of November, 1752.” - - “November 6, 1752, received of Mr. George Washington for his - entrance £2 3_s._” - - “March 3, 1753, George Washington passed Fellow Craft.” - - “August 4, 1753, George Washington raised Master Mason.” - -In 1753, the encroachments of the French awakening serious alarm, -Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia selected Major Washington to carry a -demand, in the name of the English monarch, that the chain of forts -along the Alleghany and Ohio rivers should be abandoned. The mission -was both a difficult and dangerous one; and failing in its object, -active preparations were begun in the colonies for the war that was -now unavoidable. In 1754, Washington was appointed lieutenant-colonel -of one of the Virginia regiments, and in July distinguished himself -by his brave defence of Fort Necessity at Great Meadows, which he -was compelled at length to surrender. In 1755, General Braddock, as -commander-in-chief of the royal forces in America, invited Colonel -Washington to act as aide-de-camp during an expedition having for its -ultimate object the reduction of the French forts of Niagara and Crown -Point. Ignorant of the modes of Indian warfare, and disregarding his -aid’s warning and advice, Braddock suffered a terrible defeat, and -lost his life at Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg. The chaplain of the -army being also among the wounded, Washington read the burial service -over Braddock at Great Meadows,--the scene of his own capitulation one -year before. A second expedition in 1757 against the same fort, led -by General Forbes, the advance guard being commanded by Washington, -resulted in its capture and the change of name. On the 6th of January, -1759, he was married to Martha Custis, daughter of John Dandridge, and -widow of a wealthy planter, John Parke Custis. The wedding ceremony was -performed by Reverend John Mossum in St. Peter’s Church, Kent County, -and was one of the most brilliant affairs of the kind ever celebrated -in Virginia. - - “The groom’s suit was of blue cloth, the coat lined with red silk - and ornamented with silver trimmings; his waistcoat, of embroidered - white satin; his knee-buckles, of gold; his hair was tied in a - queue and powdered. The bride’s costume was a quilted white satin - petticoat, a rich white silk overdress with diamond buckles and - pearl ornaments.” - -Among the guests, who were all in full courtdress, were the governor, -many members of the Legislature, British officers, and the neighboring -gentlefolk. Bishop, a tall negro, Washington’s valet,--to whom he -was much attached, and who had accompanied him on all his military -campaigns,--stood in the porch, dressed in the scarlet uniform of a -soldier of George II. At the conclusion of the ceremony Mrs. Washington -and her three bridesmaids drove from the church to her own home, the -“White house on the Pamunkey River,” in a coach drawn by six horses, -led by liveried postilions; while Colonel Washington and an escort of -cavaliers rode at the side. Having retired from the army, he occupied -himself with the care of his large estate. Elected to the Virginia -House of Burgesses, when he took his seat the Speaker presented him the -thanks of the colony for his former distinguished military services. -Washington rose, stammered, trembled, but could make no fitting -response. The Speaker relieved his embarrassment by saying, “Sit down, -Mr. Washington! your modesty equals your valor, and that surpasses the -power of any language I possess!” As a delegate in 1774 to the first -Continental Congress, during the prayer with which Dr. Duché opened the -meetings, Washington knelt while the other members stood. Re-elected in -1775, he was unanimously chosen commander-in-chief on the 17th of June, -his commission reading as follows:-- - - SATURDAY, June 17, 1775. - - To GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQ. - - We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, - valor, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute - and appoint you to be General and Commander-in-chief of the army - of the United Colonies, and of all the forces now raised or to - be raised by them, and of all others who shall voluntarily offer - their services and join the said army for the defence of American - liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion thereof. And you - are hereby vested with full power and authority to act as you shall - think for the good and welfare of the service. - - And we do hereby strictly charge and require all officers and - soldiers under your command to be obedient to your orders, and - diligent in the exercise of their several duties. - - And we do also enjoin and require you to be careful in executing - the great trust reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and - order to be observed in the army, and that the soldiers be duly - exercised, and provided with all convenient necessaries. - - And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules - and discipline of war (as herewith given you), and punctually to - observe and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, - as you shall receive from this or a future Congress of these United - Colonies, or Committee of Congress. - - This commission to continue in force until revoked by this or a - future Congress. - - By order of the Congress. - -Accepting with hesitation, Washington said:-- - - “But lest some unlucky event should happen unfavorable to my - reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the - room, that I this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, that I - do not think myself equal to the command I am honored with. As - to pay, I beg leave to assure the Congress that, as no pecuniary - consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous - employment at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do - not wish to make any profit of it. I will keep an exact account of - my expenses. Those I doubt not they will discharge, and that is all - I desire.” - -Washington’s history during the next eight years is the history of the -Revolution, for he was the animating spirit and the controlling power -throughout that great struggle. On the 2d of November, 1783, he took -final leave of the army, and resigned his commission on the following -23d of December. Retiring to Mount Vernon, which he had visited -but once during the war, he resumed the peaceful life of a country -gentleman. These were happy days, his time being fully occupied with -his large estate, which required a tour of inspection each day. His -servants were many; but he gave personal attention to their welfare. -His guests were numerous; yet all were entertained with a bountiful -hospitality. One ceremony was never omitted at Mount Vernon, and that -was a daily visit to his old war-horse, Nelson, to pat his head. -Washington rode him when receiving the surrender of Cornwallis at -Yorktown. The war ended, Nelson’s work was over; carefully tended, he -lived to a good old age, but by his master’s strict orders, no service -was ever again required of him. - -In 1784, Washington crossed the Alleghanies to visit his lands -in western Virginia, and planned the Potomac and the James River -canals. In 1787, he was sent as a delegate to the convention held -in Philadelphia for the purpose of deciding on the best mode of -governing the United States. The result of their labors was the federal -Constitution, under the provisions of which Washington was unanimously -chosen first President, with John Adams as Vice-President. Owing -to a delay in the assembling of the members of the first National -Congress, the inauguration could not take place until April 30, 1789. -Washington’s journey from Mount Vernon to New York, temporarily the -seat of government, was the triumphant progress of a hero; young and -old, rich and poor, vied with one another to do him honor. Being -re-elected, he took his second oath of office on the 4th of March, -1793. Appreciating the fact that America’s true policy was to keep -clear of all European alliances, on the 22d of April of the same year, -he issued his famous proclamation of neutrality, to restrain the United -States from taking any part in the French Revolution. - -Wearied with his long public service, and not deeming it for the best -interests of the country that he should enter upon a third term, -on the 16th of September, 1796, Washington published his “Farewell -Address.” His tenure of office expiring on the 4th of March, 1797, -he once more sought the tranquil enjoyment of life at Mount Vernon. -War-clouds were gathering on the horizon; and when hostilities with -France seemed inevitable, he again responded to the call of his -country, and accepting on the 3d of July, 1798, the appointment of -lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief, began the organization of -an army. The difficulties were, however, settled without an appeal to -arms, though Washington did not live to know it. Riding over his estate -on the 12th of December, 1799, during a snow-storm, he contracted a -severe chill from which he never seemed to rally, and died on the 14th, -saying to Dr. Craik, his physician, “I die hard; but I am not afraid to -go.” His funeral occurred on the 18th, Reverend Thomas Davis preaching -the sermon, a schooner lying in the Potomac firing minute-guns, and -his favorite horse being led after the coffin. Richard Henry Lee -pronounced a eulogy before both Houses of Congress, in which occurred -the since oft-quoted words,--“first in war, first in peace, and first -in the hearts of his countrymen.” Napoleon ordered all the standards -and flags in the French army to be bound with crape for ten days, and -the British fleet of sixty ships-of-the-line, lying at Torbay, England, -lowered their flags to half-mast upon hearing the sad intelligence. -Sincerely mourned by the whole civilized world, his memory to-day is -cherished as that of no other man has ever been, and the passing years -but add to the lustre of his fame. Beautifully has it been said of him, -“Providence left him childless that his country might call him father.” - - - - -ARTEMUS WARD. - - -Artemus Ward, born in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, in 1727, graduated -at Harvard College in 1748. Soon after, he entered public life as a -representative in the Colonial Assembly, and later was a delegate in -the first Provincial Congress, and justice of the peace in his native -town in 1752. Having gained some reputation for military ability during -the French and Indian War, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the -Massachusetts troops on the 19th of May, 1775, and held that rank until -the arrival of Washington at Cambridge. Though nominally in command -during the battle of Bunker Hill, he remained in his camp and took no -active part in determining the events of that day. On the 19th of May, -1775, he was made brigadier-general, and on the 17th of June, 1775, he -was commissioned as senior major-general by the Continental Congress, -being the first officer of that rank appointed by that body. Owing to -impaired health, however, he resigned on the 23d of April of the year -following, but at the request of Washington, continued to act until -May. From that time until his death, he held responsible legislative -and judicial positions, and served in the former one for sixteen years. -Possessed of high integrity and unyielding principles, his judicial -conduct won for him much praise, especially during Shays’ Rebellion in -1786. He died in his native town on the 28th of October, 1800. - - - - -CHARLES LEE. - - -Charles Lee, born in 1731 at Dernhall in Cheshire, England, was -destined by his parents, from his earliest youth, to the profession of -arms; his education, therefore, was such as to further that purpose. -In 1758, he came to New York with the British forces designed for the -conquest of Louisburg, and served with distinction during the French -and Indian War. Returning to England at the close of the war, he threw -himself with characteristic ardor into politics; but finding this too -tame a pursuit, he offered his services to Poland, then to Russia -against the Turks, and in 1773 returned to America, where, on the 17th -of June, 1775, he was appointed second major-general of the Continental -forces,--Washington at the same time being made commander-in-chief, -though from his experience and brilliant achievements abroad, Lee had -hoped for the latter appointment himself. His first service was the -putting of New York City in a good state of defence. In March, 1776, -Congress ordered him south, and in conjunction with General Moultrie, -he defeated the British at Charleston, South Carolina, in the battle -of the 28th of June, with the fleet of Parker under Lord Cornwallis. -Moultrie won the victory, although it was conceded to Lee. Moultrie -constructed the famous Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s Island. - -In October, Lee was recalled to New York; here his jealousy of -Washington blinded his better judgment and led him into a series -of indiscretions which after the battle of Monmouth subjected him -to a court-martial, some of the charges being “disobedience of -orders,” “misbehavior before the enemy,” and “disrespect to the -commander-in-chief.” The court found him guilty of these charges, and -Congress, after considerable delay, on Monday the 10th of January, -1780, resolved, “That Major-General Charles Lee be informed that -Congress have no further occasion for his services in the army of the -United States.” Retiring to his estate in Berkeley County, Virginia, -he led the life of a hermit, shunning society and devoting himself to -agricultural and literary pursuits. His dwelling was a rudely built -house containing one large room, chalk-marks on the floor taking the -place of partitions and indicating where the various apartments should -be. Wearying of this life, and his farm proving unprofitable, he went -to Philadelphia to make arrangements for selling it. While attending to -this business, he was attacked by a fatal illness and died there on the -2d of October, 1782, at the age of fifty-one. - - - - -JOHN PHILIP SCHUYLER. - - -John Philip Schuyler, born at Albany on the 22d of November, 1733, -was of Dutch origin. He was the second son of John Schuyler, who was -the nephew of Peter Schuyler,--a native of Albany, born in 1657. -At the age of twenty-two he received the appointment of commissary -under Lord Howe, and rendered valuable service throughout the French -and Indian War. In 1755, he recruited a company for the army and was -commissioned its captain, taking part in the battle of Lake George. His -health failing, he was obliged to transfer his command at Ticonderoga -to General Montgomery. After the peace of 1763, he turned to the -management of his private affairs. Inheriting a large property, much -of which was covered with valuable timber, he transported the latter -in his own vessels down the Hudson River to New York City, where he -found a favorable market. Cultivating large fields of flax, and there -being no facilities for its utilization, he built a flax-mill,--the -first of its kind in this country,--and received, in recognition of his -enterprise, a medal from the Society for Promoting Arts. In 1764, he -was appointed a commissioner to settle the disputes between the States -of New York and Massachusetts, relative to their boundary line, and he -arbitrated in the same controversy between New York and New Hampshire. -When elected to a seat in the Assembly of New York, he was one of the -few in that body to antagonize the oppressive measures adopted by the -British Government in its dealings with this country. He was made -colonel of a State militia company in 1768. - -In May, 1775, Schuyler was elected a delegate to the Continental -Congress at Philadelphia, but such was the appreciation of his military -ability and his patriotism that on the 19th of June he was appointed -third major-general of the American army, and given command of its -Northern division. Being possessed of great wealth, he provided large -stores of arms, ammunition, clothing, and provisions, from his private -purse, to suitably equip this army for the campaign against Canada. -Stricken by a wasting fever from which he suffered for two years, he -planned and directed even when too ill for active service. Fearing -lest his increasing weakness might work against the public good, he -sought leave during this time to retire; but Congress, well knowing -his worth and his devotion to his country, requested him to reconsider -his determination, at the same time tendering him a vote of thanks for -past services. Schuyler responded nobly, contributing his wealth and -using all his personal influence in behalf of American independence. -At the end of two years of hardships, disappointments, arduous labor, -great responsibility, and inadequate supplies of men and of provisions -to accomplish the tasks set him by Congress, he at length saw his -way to certain victory. At this critical moment Gates appeared in -camp, and Philip Schuyler found himself superseded by a man who, from -jealousy, had always been his enemy, and who had tried in every way -to bring about his downfall. Wounded to the quick, he bore this most -unjust treatment with dignity, and without showing resentment; and -Congress having accepted his resignation on the 19th of April, 1779, -he continued still to serve his country as a private citizen. In 1782, -he was appointed Surveyor-General of New York. A zealous advocate for -the adoption of the Constitution, he was elected a member of the first -United States Senate, filling that office from 1789 until 1798, when a -severe attack of gout compelled his resignation. It is to him that the -State of New York is indebted for her excellent canal system. As early -as 1776 he calculated the actual cost of a canal from the Hudson River -to Lake Champlain; and later he advocated the connection of that river -and Lake Erie by the same means. Dying in his native city at the age of -seventy-one, on the 18th of November, 1804, he was buried with military -honors. In 1871, a Doric column of Quincy granite, thirty-six feet -high, was erected to his memory. - - - - -ISRAEL PUTNAM. - - -Israel Putnam, born at Salem, Massachusetts, on the 7th of January, -1718, was a lineal descendant of one of the Puritan Pilgrims. Even as a -boy, he displayed that fearlessness and resolution that in later years -characterized his military career. A fierce wolf was causing much loss -of life among the sheep, and great annoyance to the farmers in the -neighborhood, while cunningly eluding all their efforts to kill her. -Putnam tracked her to her den, and descending into its gloomy recesses, -shot her by the light of her own blazing eyeballs. He led the life of -a farmer until the breaking out of the French and Indian War, when by -his indomitable courage and enterprise he won a name that gained for -him a high rank at the beginning of the Revolutionary War. When news of -the skirmish at Lexington flew like wildfire over the country, Putnam, -who was ploughing, left his yoke of oxen standing in the furrow, and -mounting his fleetest horse, hurried to Boston. - -On the 19th of June, 1775, Congress appointed Putnam major-general, -but it was not until the month following that he became acquainted -with General Washington, who subsequently declared him to be “a most -valuable man and a fine executive officer.” He served with distinction -throughout the war, again and again effecting by his daring boldness -results that seemed impossible with the limited resources and -insufficient number of men at his command. In the winter of 1778, while -superintending the building of the fort at West Point, he visited one -of his outposts at West Greenwich. Governor Tryon with five hundred -dragoons made at this time an attack, hoping to capture Putnam, who had -but fifty men. Stationing himself on the brow of a steep hill, Putnam -received the attack with a discharge of artillery, then ordered his -men to withdraw to a swamp where no cavalry could follow them, while -he himself escaped by urging his horse down the almost perpendicular -declivity. Not one of the British dared to follow. The descent known as -Horse Neck has since borne the name of “Putnam’s Hill.” During the next -winter, while still superintending the erection of new fortifications -along the Hudson River, he suffered a stroke of paralysis from which -he never recovered, although he lived till the 19th of May, 1790. His -friend, Dr. Dwight, in summing up his character speaks of him as-- - - “A hero who dared to lead where any dared to follow; as a patriot - who rendered gallant and distinguished services to his country; as - a man whose generosity was singular, whose honesty was proverbial, - and who raised himself to universal esteem, and offices of eminent - distinction, by personal worth and a useful life.” - -During the Revolution he was familiarly known as “Old Put.” The British -offered him money and the rank of major-general if he would desert the -American cause; but he could neither be daunted by toil and danger, nor -bribed by gold and honors. - - - - -RICHARD MONTGOMERY. - - -Richard Montgomery, born in Ireland, on the 2d of December, 1736, -educated at Trinity College, Dublin, entered the British army at -eighteen as ensign. He performed good service during the French and -Indian War, taking an active part in the siege of Louisburg and at -the storming of Quebec under Wolfe. At the close of the war, he -obtained permission to return to Europe; but in 1772, he resigned his -commission in the British army and came to New York, being fully in -sympathy with the colonies in their conflict with the mother country. -He identified himself with the American colonists by purchasing a farm, -and shortly after marrying the daughter of Robert R. Livingston. In -1775, he represented Duchess County in the first New York Provincial -Convention. On the 22d of June of the same year, Congress appointed -him brigadier-general in the Continental army. Preparations were -immediately begun for investing Canada, as Congress appreciated the -importance of securing commanding positions, to prevent invasions from -that quarter and the alliance of the frontier Indians with our enemies. -It being thought best to divide the forces, part were sent by way of -the Kennebec, under Arnold, the others, by way of the Sorel River, were -intrusted to Montgomery. Both armies had to contend with insufficient -provisions and untold hardships of all kinds. Montgomery succeeded, -however, in taking the fortresses of St. Johns, Chambly, and Montreal. -At St. Johns the colors of the Seventh Fusileers were captured, being -the first taken in the Revolution. In sending his report to Congress, -Montgomery added, “Until Quebec is taken, Canada is unconquered.” On -the 9th of December, 1775, he was advanced by Congress to the rank -of major-general. About this time Arnold crossed the St. Lawrence, -and at last the two armies were united and ready to act in concert. -But cold, privation, and toilsome marches had done their work, and -reduced the number of men available for active service to less than -one thousand, while Quebec was not only strongly fortified, but amply -garrisoned. A summons to surrender was answered by firing upon the -bearer of the flag. A siege of three weeks served only to dishearten -still further the frost-bitten and half-starved Americans. But the -stout hearts of Montgomery and Arnold never quailed. At a council of -war, it was decided that their best chance of success lay in attempting -to carry the place by assault. Accordingly, on the 31st of December, -1775, in the midst of a blinding snow-storm, the two leaders began the -attack before daylight. The city was to be stormed simultaneously at -two different points; and Montgomery, leading his division along the -river-bank, and often helping with his own hands to push aside the -huge blocks of ice that impeded their progress, succeeded in carrying -the first barrier. Waving his sword and shouting, “Men of New York, -follow where your general leads!” he pressed eagerly forward, when a -discharge of grape-shot ended his life, and also killed several of his -staff. Dismayed by the death of their leader, and discouraged by the -tremendous odds against them, the Americans were at length driven back, -and compelled to leave the gallant Montgomery on the field of battle. -The victors, appreciating the courage and nobility of the fallen hero, -generously offered a resting-place for his remains within the walls of -the beleaguered city. - -In 1818, by an “Act of honor” passed by the New York Legislature in -behalf of Mrs. Montgomery, Sir John Sherbrooke, Governor-General of -Canada, was requested to allow her husband’s remains to be disinterred -and brought to New York. This was granted, and “her soldier,” as -she always called him, now sleeps in St. Paul’s churchyard near the -monument that was ordered in France by Benjamin Franklin, in pursuance -of a resolution of the Continental Congress. - - - - -JOHN THOMAS. - - -John Thomas, born in Marshfield, Massachusetts, in 1725, was a -successful medical practitioner, entering the British army first -as a surgeon, in 1746. He took a prominent part in the French and -Indian War, but at its close devoted himself to his profession. -He was, however, among the first to counsel resistance to British -oppression, and having raised a regiment of volunteers, was appointed -brigadier-general by the Provincial Congress on the 9th of February, -1775, and afterward received the same appointment from the Continental -Congress on the 22d of June of the same year. On the night of the 4th -of March, 1776, with three thousand picked men, he took possession -of Dorchester Heights, commanding Boston, where the British were -intrenched, and before morning had thrown up a formidable line of -earth-works,--an advantage which finally led to the evacuation of the -town by the enemy on the 17th of March. The death of Montgomery at -the storming of Quebec necessitating the appointment of an experienced -officer to command the troops in Canada, this duty was assigned to -Thomas,--Congress having advanced him to the rank of major-general on -the 6th of March, 1776. He promptly repaired to his new post, but while -waiting for promised reinforcements, was attacked by small-pox, from -which he died on the 2d of June, 1776, universally respected and deeply -deplored. - - - - -HORATIO GATES. - - -Horatio Gates, born in Malden, Essex County, England, in 1728, was -the godson of Horace Walpole. Entering the military service of Great -Britain at an early age, he soon rose to the rank of major. After -the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle he was stationed with his regiment at -Halifax. At the breaking out of the French and Indian War, he joined -General Braddock’s army in the expedition against Fort Duquesne, and -received in that battle a severe wound that prevented his taking an -active part again until near the close of the war, when he acted in -1762 as aid to General Monckton in the expedition against the island of -Martinique. After the peace of Paris in 1763, Major Gates, like many -other English officers, settled in America. He purchased a fine tract -of land in Berkeley County, Virginia, and devoted himself successfully -to agriculture. He had married Mary, the only child of James Valence of -Liverpool, and at her father’s death, just before the Revolution, she -joined her husband in this country, bringing with her $450,000, which -she freely expended. Thaddeus Kosciusko was tenderly nursed by her six -months. As his wound was a severe one, he owed his life to her generous -care. - -When war became inevitable, Gates offered his services to Congress, -receiving the appointment of adjutant-general, with the rank of -brigadier-general, June[1] 17, 1775. From the first, however, he -coveted the position of commander-in-chief, and on more than one -occasion showed his jealousy of Washington. Having many powerful -friends in Congress, he was advanced to the rank of major-general -May 16, 1776, and in June was appointed to the command of the army -in Canada with his headquarters at Ticonderoga. Not finding any -army in Canada, it having been compelled to retreat to New York, he -claimed command of the whole Northern army, then under Schuyler, with -his headquarters at Albany. Congress sustained the latter general, -but this period marks the beginning of a series of intrigues which -culminated in the “Conway cabal” to supplant Washington. Gates’ -complicity in this conspiracy will forever tarnish his fame, as it no -doubt saddened his life. Demoralized by hard service, insufficient food -and clothing, with their pay in arrears, and consequently no money to -send to their starving families, the Northern army could accomplish -little except to gain in discipline and knowledge of military tactics. -At length Schuyler’s prudent measures and wise strategy were beginning -to tell in northern New York, and his sacrifices and heroism were about -to be rewarded, when at this critical moment General Gates was given -command of the Northern army, and arriving on the 21st of August, 1777, -assumed the direction of affairs, already in train for a splendid -victory. The battles of Stillwater and Saratoga forced Burgoyne to -surrender his entire army with all their arms and ammunition on the -17th of the following October. The conduct of Gates during the latter -battle has led to the charge of lack of personal courage, as throughout -the engagement he remained in a position of safety two miles away, -ready to flee with the teamsters and baggage-wagons should the action -result in a defeat for the Americans. Burgoyne, on the contrary, was in -the thick of the battle, receiving three bullets in his clothing. - - [1] Journals of Congress. Appleton’s Cyclopædia gives the month - July. - -In 1780, Gates was given command of the Southern army, and prepared -to attack Cornwallis at Camden, South Carolina. By a serious error in -judgment, Gates suffered a most humiliating defeat, which ended his -military career. On the 5th of October, 1780, he was suspended from -service until his conduct could be investigated. Deeply mortified, -he retired to his farm in Berkeley County, but as he passed through -Richmond, the State Legislature passed a resolution expressive of -their sympathy in his misfortune and their unabated confidence in -his patriotism and military skill; he received, too, a letter from -Washington containing assurances of sincere sympathy and promises of a -command when the court of inquiry should have acquitted him. Restored -to his command on the 14th of August, 1782, he did not serve, as the -war was then practically over. The battle of Camden virtually ended his -career. In 1790, he removed to New York City, generously freeing all -his Virginia slaves, and amply providing for the aged and infirm. In -1800, he was elected to the New York State Legislature, and died on the -10th of April, 1806. - - - - -WILLIAM HEATH. - - -William Heath, born on the 2d of March, 1737, was the son of a farmer -living in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Delighting in military exercise, he -joined the militia company of his town. In 1765, he became a member of -the “Ancient and Honorable Artillery” corps of Boston, subsequently -becoming its commander. In 1770, he contributed a series of articles -to a Boston newspaper, urging the importance of military training, -etc. In 1774, he received an appointment in the Provincial army of -Massachusetts, and on the 22d of June was created brigadier-general by -the Continental Congress and placed in command at Roxbury. On the 9th -of August, 1776, he was raised to the rank of major-general. Though -taking part in none of the great battles of the war, he did good -service as recruiting officer, commissary, and quartermaster. After the -close of the war he retired to his farm at Roxbury. Subsequently he was -elected senator, counsellor, Presidential elector, judge of probate, -and in 1806 Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts. This office, however, -he declined, choosing to spend his last years as a private citizen. He -died on his estate in Roxbury on the 24th of January, 1814. - - - - -JOSEPH SPENCER. - - -Joseph Spencer, born at East Haddam, Connecticut, in 1714, was an -officer of militia, with the rank of colonel, during the French and -Indian War. He was appointed brigadier-general on the 22d of June, -1775, by the Continental Congress, and major-general on the 9th of -August, 1776. When the British fleet appeared off the coast of New -England, in December of that year, he was sent with Arnold to take -charge of the militia in that section. Spencer was in command at Rhode -Island in 1778. Admiral Sir Peter Parker having taken possession of -Newport, Spencer had assembled his forces at Providence to dislodge -him. After spending some weeks in marching and counter-marching, the -enterprise had to be abandoned, as the Americans were too weak to -attempt such an assault. General Spencer resigned his commission on -the 13th of January, 1778, and though an earnest advocate of American -independence, took but little part in public affairs during the -remainder of his life. He died at his native place, East Haddam, in -January, 1789. - - - - -JOHN SULLIVAN. - - -John Sullivan, born in Berwick, Maine, on the 17th of February, 1740, -was of Irish parentage, his father having emigrated to this country -in 1723. He was public-spirited, and hating oppression, as a zealous -advocate of American rights proved himself so able a partisan that -in 1772 he was commissioned major of the militia. In 1774, he became -a member of the Continental Congress, but resigned his seat to enter -the army, being appointed a brigadier-general, on the 22d of June, -1775. Employed for a time at Cambridge in disciplining the troops -and securing supplies, he was sent to Canada in 1776 to command the -survivors of the Northern army. Being superseded by Gates, he rejoined -the army under Washington, and on the 9th of August of the same year -was commissioned a major-general. He was made prisoner at the battle -of Long Island, but was soon after exchanged. In 1778, he was assigned -to the command of the forces in Rhode Island, and received not only -the commendation of the wisest men throughout the country, but also -the thanks of Congress for his conduct under very trying circumstances -during this campaign. In 1779, he was selected by Washington to lead -an army against the “Six Nations,” occupying the fertile region of -northern Pennsylvania and western New York. The atrocities of these -Indians demanding the severest measures, Sullivan, after defeating -their chief, laid waste their fields and orchards, burned their -villages, and drove them beyond the frontier to take refuge with their -English allies. He resigned his commission on the 30th of November, -1779, and entered upon the practice of the law. He held several -positions of national trust and responsibility, and served his State as -attorney-general, as president, and as justice of its Federal Court. -While discharging the duties of the latter office, he died at Durham -on the 23d of January, 1795. Harvard College conferred upon General -Sullivan the degree of LL.D. in 1780. - - - - -NATHANIEL GREENE. - - -Nathaniel Greene was born at Potowomut, within the jurisdiction of -Warwick, Rhode Island, on the 6th of June, 1742. His ancestors, of -good English extraction, were among the first settlers on the banks of -Providence River. Having a natural aptitude for study, he spent his -extra earnings for books, which trained and developed his mind, as -physical toil and out-door sports had strengthened his body. In 1770, -being elected to the General Assembly of Rhode Island, he acquitted -himself with credit. Foreseeing the struggle with the mother country, -he began to prepare himself for an active participation by studying the -best military text-books of those times. He married in July, 1774. The -following April, the battle of Lexington rendering the war inevitable, -Rhode Island promptly responded to the call for troops by raising an -army of sixteen hundred men; and in May, 1775, Greene was placed in -command as major-general. He showed the good effects of his former -preparation by the vigilant drill and thorough discipline of the troops -intrusted to his command. By his conduct at the battle of Bunker Hill, -he gained the confidence and esteem of Washington. When the different -bodies of State troops were reorganized into the Continental army, -Greene received a regular commission as brigadier-general on the 22d -of June, 1775; but in acknowledgment of his sterling worth, Congress -promoted him to the rank of major-general on the 9th of August, 1776. -His first regular battle was that at Harlem, when the British, having -taken New York, lay siege to Fort Washington. During the subsequent -retreat of the Americans through the Jerseys, he was the companion and -counsellor of Washington. When defeat was at last changed to victory -by the battle of Trenton, he seized the artillery of the enemy and -cut off their retreat to Princeton. The American army went into -winter-quarters at Valley Forge; and then Greene, yielding to the -urgent entreaties of Washington and of Congress, assumed the arduous -duties of quarter-master-general, which onerous position he held for -two years, with credit to himself, and with inestimable benefit to the -army. Greene presided at the “board of inquiry” convened for the trial -of André. With regret he signed the decree of the court condemning the -young officer to death. The post at West Point left vacant by Arnold’s -treason was given to Greene, who took command Oct. 8, 1780. After the -defeat of Gates at Camden, Greene was intrusted with the command of the -armies of the South, which post he held until the close of the war. -At the conclusion of his military career he established himself on a -plantation in Georgia, and for the first time in many years enjoyed the -opportunity of indulging his love of nature. This tranquil pleasure, -however, was short-lived, for through an unfortunate exposure to a -Southern sun and the exhalations of a Georgia rice-field, he contracted -a malignant fever, from which he died on the 19th of June, 1786, aged -but forty-four years. As a man, he was honorable, trustworthy, and -patriotic; as a soldier, wise, prudent, brave, and unflinching in the -discharge of his duty. - - - - -LORD STIRLING. - - -William Alexander, or according to his title, the Right Honorable -William, Earl of Stirling, better known in history as Lord Stirling, -was born in New York City, in 1726. His father, James Alexander, a -native of Scotland, fled to this country in 1716 after the wars of the -Pretender. Having been appointed Surveyor-General of New Jersey and New -York, he was able to give much personal supervision to the education of -his only son, and dying in 1756, left him an ample fortune. Thoroughly -trained in mathematics, and with a fine military spirit, William -Alexander distinguished himself in the French and Indian War; at its -close he visited Europe, took measures to establish his claim to the -earldom of Stirling, and returning to America, devoted himself to the -duties of Surveyor-General of New Jersey. His first opposition to the -mother country was his denunciation of the Stamp Act, and his efforts -to have it repealed. When bloodshed followed passive resistance, he -was selected, in the summer of 1775, to command a regiment. On the -1st of March, 1776, Congress appointed him brigadier-general. For -his gallantry during the attack of the British on New York, Congress -advanced him to the rank of major-general, on the 19th of February, -1777. Though compelled on several occasions to retreat before vastly -superior numbers, in each case he secured so advantageous a position, -and defended it with such courage and constancy, as to check the -further advance of the enemy, and to frustrate their purpose. During -the winter of 1777–78, while Washington was encamped at Valley Forge, a -conspiracy was set on foot to substitute Gates as commander-in-chief. -Providentially, this plot was discovered by Lord Stirling before any -material harm had resulted. It was not until 1780 that he obtained -leave of absence to visit his family, and to attend to his private -affairs at Baskenridge. In 1781, he again took the field to repel -a threatened invasion from Canada, and was actively engaged until -1783, when his useful and honorable career was brought to a close by -his death. He expired on the 15th of January, 1783, almost as deeply -mourned by the troops he had commanded as by his nearest connections -and warmest personal friends. - - - - -THOMAS MIFFLIN. - - -Thomas Mifflin, a descendant of one of the first settlers of -Pennsylvania, was born in Philadelphia in 1744, and educated for -the business of a merchant, which occupation he followed with much -success. In 1772 and the year following, he represented Philadelphia -in the Colonial Legislature, and in 1774 was one of the delegates for -Pennsylvania to the first Congress. After the battle of Lexington he -engaged promptly in enlisting and disciplining troops, being appointed -major. July 4, 1775, Washington made him an aide-de-camp, and in -the August following, quartermaster-general. May 16, 1776, Congress -commissioned him brigadier-general; and Feb. 17, 1777, he was appointed -major-general, in recognition of the skill and efficiency he had -shown in bringing the militia into service, though he failed to give -satisfaction in his capacity of quartermaster. Becoming discontented -during the gloomy period marked by the “retreat through the Jerseys,” -he tendered his resignation. Congress relieved him of his duties as -quartermaster and continued his rank as major-general, but without -the pay. In May, 1778, he rejoined the army, and was a mover in the -conspiracy to substitute Gates for Washington. Feb. 25, 1779, he again -resigned. In 1782, he was elected to the Continental Congress, and -being chosen president of that body the following year, received in -that capacity the commission of Washington when he resigned, on the -23d of December, 1783. Mifflin continued to take an active part in -American politics, and from 1790 to 1799 was Governor of Pennsylvania. -In December of that year he was elected to the State Legislature, and -died while attending its session at Lancaster, Jan. 20, 1800. - - - - -ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. - - -Arthur St. Clair, born in Edinburgh in 1734, graduated at the -university of that city, and began the study of medicine. His ardent -temperament, however, could ill brook the quiet monotony of a doctor’s -life, so enlisting in the British army, he came to this country in -1755. He was present at the battle on the “Heights of Abraham,” and -after the peace of 1763 was given command of Fort Ligonier in western -Pennsylvania. During the next ten years, he purchased a tract of land, -married, engaged in the business of a farmer and land surveyor, and -became a magistrate in Westmoreland County. His patriotism being well -known, he was appointed colonel in the Continental army in December, -1775, and in 1776 was ordered to Canada, arriving in the vicinity -of Quebec just in time to cover the retreat of the troops under -Arnold. On the 9th of August following, he received his commission as -brigadier-general, and joining Washington in the autumn, took part -in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. The confidence and esteem -of his commander-in-chief and of Congress found expression in his -advancement to the rank of major-general on the 19th of February, 1777; -and soon after he was intrusted with the command of Fort Ticonderoga. -On the approach of Burgoyne the following July, he deemed it best to -abandon this fortress and to retreat, as the smallness of the garrison -and the lack of everything necessary to withstand either an assault -or a siege rendered defeat inevitable. His conduct, however, was -severely criticised by Congress, and he was suspended and summoned to -Philadelphia for trial. Despite all his efforts to the contrary, this -investigation was delayed for many months. At last he was tried by -court-martial in October, 1778, and fully exonerated of all charges -against him. Washington’s confidence in him had never been shaken, and -he made it apparent by employing him in various important missions. He -served to the close of the war, and in 1786 was elected to Congress -from Pennsylvania, and soon afterward was chosen president of that -body. In 1788, Congress appointed him first governor of the Northwest -Territory, but in 1791, he suffered a terrible defeat by the Indians -of that section, and again his conduct was investigated and again -he was acquitted of all blame. In 1802, being removed by President -Jefferson from the office of governor, he returned to Ligonier Valley. -Broken in health, stripped of his fortune, and unable to make good -his just claims against the Government, he had abandoned all hope, -when the State of Pennsylvania settled an annuity upon him of $300, -which was afterward increased to $650 a year. He died at Greensburg, -Pennsylvania, on the 31st of August, 1818. - - - - -ADAM STEPHEN. - - -Adam Stephen, born in Virginia about 1730, served first as captain, -then colonel, under Washington throughout the French and Indian -War, aiding materially in bringing that struggle to a close. At -the beginning of the Revolution, Virginia gave him command of one -of her seven regiments, and Sept. 4, 1776, Congress appointed -him brigadier-general in the Continental army, promoting him to -major-general Feb. 19, 1777. He was at the battle of Brandywine; but -at Germantown his division became involved in a combat with the troops -of Anthony Wayne, owing to a fog. Stephen was held responsible for the -blunder, court-martialled, and dismissed from the service in October, -1777. He died in his native State in November of 1791. - - - - -BENJAMIN LINCOLN. - - -Benjamin Lincoln, born Jan. 24, 1733, at Hingham, Massachusetts, led -the life of a farmer; but warmly espousing the cause of the colonists -when troubles began with Great Britain, was intrusted with various -military offices, and after two years of active service with the -Massachusetts troops, was commissioned major-general in the Continental -army on the 19th of February, 1777. In the following October, he -received a severe wound which lamed him for life, and prevented his -rejoining the army until August, 1778. In September, Congress gave -him the chief command of the Southern army, but upon repairing to -Charleston, South Carolina, he found the entire State of Georgia in -the hands of the British, and the American army in the South almost -destroyed. Setting about his task with courage and resolution, he -busied himself in collecting the necessary supplies and recruits, -and making all needful preparations for driving the enemy from their -various strongholds. In each engagement, however, he was unsuccessful, -and was at last taken prisoner at the surrender of Charleston, on the -12th of May, 1780. He was exchanged in November, and rejoined the army -in June, 1781. Again he was despatched to the South, but this time with -far different results. - -When the siege of Yorktown ended in the surrender of Cornwallis, that -general feigned illness; to escape the mortification of surrendering -his sword personally, he sent it by General O’Hara. Washington, with -a fine delicacy of feeling, ordered the sword to be delivered to -General Lincoln, who, eighteen months before, had been compelled to -surrender to Sir Henry Clinton at Charleston, Cornwallis being one of -the principal officers. This campaign closed Lincoln’s active service -in the field, as he was soon after appointed Secretary of War, and held -that responsible position until the disbanding of the army in October, -1783. Shays’ Rebellion, in 1786, again called him into the field, and -after quelling it, he served as Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in -1788, and collector of the port of Boston from 1789 to 1806, when the -infirmities of old age necessitated his withdrawal. He died on the 9th -of May, 1810, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Harvard College -conferred upon him the degree of M. A. in 1780. - - - - -BENEDICT ARNOLD. - - -Benedict Arnold, born Jan. 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticut, ran -away from home at the age of fifteen, and entered the military force -of his native State, then marching to Albany and Lake George, to -resist the French invasion. Growing weary of discipline, he deserted, -returned home alone through the wilderness, and became a druggist’s -clerk, afterward skipper of a New England schooner trading with the -West Indies, and at times a horse-dealer. His spirit of adventure -and his early taste of war led him to offer himself among the first -who took the field when the American colonies began their struggle -for independence. In conjunction with Col. Ethan Allen he surprised -the garrison at Fort Ticonderoga on the 10th of May, 1775, capturing -large stores of cannon and ammunition without the loss of a single -man. Disagreeing with the officers of the party, and becoming bitterly -jealous of Allen, Arnold left New York; and applying to Washington for -service in the Continental army, he was given command of about five -hundred men and despatched, by way of the wilderness, to join General -Montgomery in an attack on Quebec. During the Canadian campaign, as -during his service in New York, Arnold evinced the same traits of -character,--dashing gallantry and perfect fearlessness when in action, -with petty meanness, vindictiveness, arrogance, and covetousness at -all other times. On the 10th of January, 1776, Congress bestowed on -him the rank of brigadier-general, and after his defeat of Tryon at -Danbury, and his daring heroism in bearing from the field the body of -the gallant Wooster, he was promoted to the rank of major-general on -the 2d of May, 1777. Being ordered again to the North, he did good -service under Schuyler; but all his worst passions seem to have been -aroused when Gates took command. The stirring events immediately -preceding the surrender of Burgoyne prevented an open rupture, and -Arnold’s reckless daring at the battle of Saratoga, though gaining the -victory, resulted in rendering him a cripple for life. Incapacitated -for active service, he was placed in command at Philadelphia when that -city was evacuated by the British, on the 17th of June, 1778. At this -point Arnold’s downward career began. There are just grounds to believe -that he entered into a secret contract to enrich himself at the expense -of the public; and finding many of the wealthiest of the citizens -to be Tories, he used all his influence in their behalf, hoping, no -doubt, for a pecuniary reward. His second marriage with Miss Shippen -bound him still more closely to the Tory faction.[2] In November, -1778, Gen. Joseph Reed was elected president “of the executive council -of the State” of Pennsylvania, and in the discharge of his duties, -brought the delinquencies of Arnold to the notice of Congress. A -court-martial on Jan. 26, 1780, sentenced him to be reprimanded by -the commander-in-chief. In addition to the public disgrace, he was -now cut off from various sources of revenue by which he had been -striving to ward off a threatened bankruptcy, and his pecuniary affairs -became sadly involved through extravagance and wild speculations. -Unsuccessful in his attempt to obtain a loan from the French minister, -De la Luzerne, he appears to have entered into correspondence with -the British, but soon found that to obtain any considerable sum of -money from that quarter, he must have control of some place worth the -purchase. Accordingly, having many warm friends in Congress and in the -army, he brought strong pressure to bear upon Washington to grant him -the command of West Point. Yielding at length, though reluctantly, -Arnold was assigned to this important post, and immediately put -himself in direct communication with the British commander-in-chief, -Sir Henry Clinton. On the night of the 21st of September, 1780, Major -André was sent by the latter to obtain personally from Arnold all the -information necessary to capture West Point and the posts on the line -of the Hudson. Arnold’s elaborate plans, however, miscarried; André was -captured, West Point saved, and Arnold obliged to fly. Though receiving -the military rank and the money promised him by Sir Henry Clinton,--ten -thousand pounds sterling and a commission as brigadier in the -British army, he was almost as much detested by the English as by the -Americans, and after some brutal outrages in Virginia and Connecticut, -ended his days in obscurity in London, on the 14th of June, 1801. - - [2] His first wife was Margaret, daughter of Samuel Mansfield - of New Haven, by whom he had three sons, Benedict, Richard, - and Henry. - - - - -MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. - - -Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, was -born at Chavagnac, in the province of Auvergne, France, on the 6th of -September, 1757. He was educated at the military college of Duplessis, -in Paris; graduating at sixteen, although offered a high position in -the royal household, he preferred the career of a warrior, and at -nineteen had risen to the rank of captain of dragoons. During the -summer of 1776 his interest in the American colonies in their struggle -for independence became so great that he determined to espouse their -cause. Discouraged by all except his noble young wife, who sympathized -with the oppressed colonists as warmly as he did, Lafayette persevered; -and when the news of the disastrous termination of the campaign of -1776 reached France, he generously determined to offer not only his -services, but also his wealth. Prohibited by the king from leaving -Europe, he reached Spain in disguise, and with Baron de Kalb and ten -other officers embarked for America. After a perilous voyage, they -landed on the Carolina coast. Proceeding at once to Philadelphia, he -offered his services as a volunteer and without remuneration. When his -credentials had been examined, and his rank, wealth, and undaunted -perseverance became known, he was appointed major-general July 31, -1777. His valor, coolness in the presence of danger, and military -ability were shown on more than one occasion; but when our alliance -with France involved that country in war, he applied to Congress for -permission to return to France, for although he had incurred the -displeasure of the king by coming to America, he was still that king’s -soldier, and in the hour of need he felt he owed his first duty to -his native land. Congress granted him the desired leave of absence, -instructed its president to write him a letter of thanks for coming to -America and for his valuable services, and directed our minister at -Versailles to present him a sword, suitably engraved, as a token of the -esteem and gratitude of the United States. His return to France was -hailed with joy by the people, though the court for a time refused to -notice him. Presently, however, he was given a command in the king’s -own regiment of dragoons. A year later, March, 1780, he returned to the -United States, and re-entering the army, was actively engaged until -the close of the war. After the fall of Yorktown, he again asked leave -of absence to visit his family. Arrived in France, he was at once made -major-general in the French army, his commission to date from the -surrender of Cornwallis. - -In 1784, Lafayette paid a short visit to this country, being received -everywhere with marks of love and respect. In 1785, he returned to -Paris to find the finances of his country hopelessly involved, and -the people ripe for revolution. Throughout his subsequent life he -remained true to those high principles of honor, patriotism, and love -of humanity, that had led him so warmly to espouse the cause of liberty -and justice. Kept for years a prisoner in the most loathsome dungeons, -his property confiscated, his wife doomed to the guillotine and only -saved by the death of Robespierre, his son an exile but finding shelter -in the home of Washington, he was at length restored to liberty by the -power of Napoleon. In 1824, he was invited by Congress to revisit the -United States. Though most of his friends and companions-in-arms had -passed away, and a new generation had grown up, the whole nation united -to welcome and do him homage. He died in 1834, leaving behind him the -record of one who amid every temptation and allurement had remained the -stanch, unwavering advocate of constitutional liberty. - - - - -BARON DE KALB. - - -Johann, Baron de Kalb, born in Hüttendorf, Bavaria, on the 29th of -July, 1721, had gained in the armies of France the reputation of being -a brave and meritorious officer. At the close of the Seven Years -War, he married the daughter of a Holland millionnaire. In 1768, he -came to this country as a secret agent of the French Government, and -had already attained to the rank of brigadier-general in the French -army, when he entered into an agreement with Silas Deane and Benjamin -Franklin to join the Continental forces. Coming to this country with -Lafayette, De Kalb’s services were at once accepted by Congress, a -commission as major-general given him on the 15th of September, 1777, -and the command of the Maryland division of the Continental army. -Studious in his habits, exceedingly temperate in his diet, kindly and -courteous of manner, his many noble and lovable traits endeared him to -all with whom he was associated. For three years he served this country -gallantly and well, sealing his devotion to liberty and justice with -his life-blood. On the 16th of August, 1780, at Camden, South Carolina, -while fighting against vastly superior numbers, and rallying his men -by words of courage and deeds of valor, he fell, pierced with eleven -wounds. He died three days after, saying to one who was condoling with -him, “I thank you for your generous sympathy, but I die the death I -always prayed for,--the death of a soldier fighting for the rights of -man.” - -Many years after, when Washington visited his grave, he exclaimed, “So -there lies the brave De Kalb,--the generous stranger who came from a -distant land to fight our battles and to water with his blood the tree -of our liberty. Would to God he had lived to share its fruits!” - - - - -PHILIPPE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE TRONSON DU COUDRAY. - - -Philippe Charles Jean Baptiste Tronson du Coudray, born in Rheims, -France, on the 8th of September, 1738, was educated to the vocation -of a mining engineer, and ranked as one of the best in his native -country, when in 1776, he offered his services to Silas Deane and -Benjamin Franklin. These commissioners entered into an arrangement -with Du Coudray by which, on condition of his furnishing certain -military supplies, he was to enter the American service, with the rank -and pay of major-general, and the command of the artillery. After -several days’ debate on the subject, Congress did not see fit to -ratify this agreement in full, Washington also expressing a doubt as -to whether so important a command as that of the artillery should be -vested in any but an American, or one attached by ties of interest to -the United States. He was accorded his promised rank, however, being -appointed major-general on the 11th of August, 1777, and placed in -superintendence of the works being constructed on the Delaware. His -service was of short duration, for on the 16th of September in the -same year, while hastening, after the battle of Brandywine, to offer -himself as a volunteer, he accidentally lost his life. While crossing -the Schuylkill in a ferry-boat, his horse became unmanageable, plunged -with him into the river, and he was drowned before any assistance could -be rendered. The next day Congress passed a resolution directing his -burial at the expense of the United States and with the honors of war. - - - - -ROBERT HOWE. - - -Robert Howe, born in Brunswick County, North Carolina, in 1732, was -of English descent. He married young, took his wife to England, and -lived for two years with some relatives. Returning to this country, he -was appointed in 1766 commander at Fort Johnson in North Carolina. At -the beginning of the Revolution, he was a member of the Committee of -Safety for his native county, and with General Woodford was in command -of Norfolk when that place was attacked and destroyed by Lord Dunmore, -on the 1st of January, 1776. Prosecuting the war with vigor, Howe drove -Dunmore out of Virginia. The Assemblies of North Carolina and Virginia -recognized his services by a vote of thanks; Congress appointed him -brigadier-general in the Continental army on the 1st of March, 1776; -and on the 5th of May following, General Clinton excepted him when -offering pardon in the king’s name to all Carolinians who would lay -down their arms and return to their allegiance. The next year he was -ordered to join the Southern army; and on the 20th of October, 1777, -he was raised to the rank of major-general, and intrusted with an -expedition against St. Augustine. After some successes, the destruction -of one fourth of his army by an epidemic compelled him to abandon -this project, and he was afterward assigned to duty in Georgia. Being -defeated here, he joined Washington on the Hudson, and remained in -active service at the North until the close of the war. In 1785, he -was appointed a commissioner to treat with the Western Indians, and -upon returning to his native State, was received with public honors and -shortly after elected to the Legislature. Before the time arrived for -him to take his seat, he died of fever on the 12th of November, 1785. - - - - -ALEXANDER McDOUGAL. - - -Alexander McDougal, born on the island of Islay, Scotland, in 1731, -was brought to New York while still a child, by his father. At first -Alexander followed the sea, took part in the French and Indian War as -commander of two privateers,--the “Barrington” and the “Tiger,”--and -then settling in New York City, became one of her successful merchants. -Keenly alive to the aggressive steps taken by the home Government in -her dealings with her American dependencies, he drew upon himself -censure and imprisonment in 1769, by writing an address entitled, “A -Son of Liberty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony,” in which -he rebuked the Assembly for entering upon the favorable consideration -of a bill of supplies for troops quartered in the city to overawe the -inhabitants, and for rejecting a proposition authorizing the vote by -ballot. An incarceration of twenty-three weeks in what is now the -registrar’s office, made him the first martyr in the American struggle -for independence. When set at liberty, he entered into correspondence -with the master-spirits all over the country, presided over the -celebrated “meeting in the fields” in 1774, was appointed colonel of -the first Revolutionary regiment raised in New York, and was created -brigadier-general in the Continental army on the 9th of August, -1776, and immediately went into active service. After the battle of -Germantown and upon the recommendation of Washington, he was promoted -to be major-general on the 20th of October, 1777. From the beginning of -1778 to the close of 1780, he was in command at various posts along the -Hudson, but was summoned in the latter year to represent New York in -Congress, and in 1781 was appointed minister of marine. In 1783, when -the army went into winter-quarters at Newburg, he was chosen as head of -the committee sent to Congress to represent their grievances. At the -close of the war he was elected to the Senate of New York, and filled -that position until his death on the 8th of June, 1786. - - - - -THOMAS CONWAY. - - -Thomas Conway, born in Ireland on the 27th of February, 1733, was -taken by his parents to France when he was but six years of age. -Educated in that country, he entered her army, and in 1777 had -attained the rank of colonel and the decoration of the Order of St. -Louis. Seeing in the American Revolution a chance of rapid promotion, -he sought an interview with Silas Deane, and came to this country -with his promise that he should be appointed to a high rank in the -Continental army. Congress redeemed this promise on the 13th of May, -1777, by giving him the commission of a brigadier-general and assigning -to him a command in Lord Stirling’s division. After taking part in -the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, he urged his friends in -Congress to obtain promotion for him. Washington, divining his true -character, and believing that his real motive in coming to America -was self-aggrandizement rather than a devotion to the sacred cause of -liberty, opposed his advancement as an injustice to more deserving -officers. - -Selfish, unscrupulous, and delighting in mischief, Conway was busily -plotting against Washington; and being upheld by Gates, Mifflin, -Dr. Rush, and others, he sought to displace him and elevate Gates -to the position of commander-in-chief. This intrigue, known as the -“Conway cabal,”[3] coming to the knowledge of Washington, he informed -Conway of the discovery of the plot, whereupon the latter tendered -his resignation. Congress, however, though fully cognizant of the -charges against him, did not accept it, but on the contrary gave him -his coveted promotion, advancing him to the rank of major-general on -the 13th of December, 1777. Restless and ever dissatisfied, on the -28th of April, 1778, he wrote to Congress complaining of the post -assigned him, and conditionally tendering his resignation; but the -tide of favor had already turned, and Congress at once accepted his -resignation unconditionally, thus forcing him to quit the army. During -the following summer his caustic speech made him many enemies, and in a -duel with General Cadwalader, growing out of some disparaging remarks -of Conway concerning Washington, Conway was shot through the mouth, the -bullet coming out of the back of his neck. He fell upon his face, but -raising himself, said, “General, you fire with much deliberation and -certainly with a great deal of effect.” Believing the wound mortal, -a few days afterward Conway wrote an humble apology to Washington, -retracting all he had ever said against the commander-in-chief. -Contrary to his own and his surgeon’s supposition, however, he -recovered; but meeting with a cold reception from his former friends, -he soon after returned to France, re-entered the military service, and -was appointed Governor of Pondicherry and the French settlements in -Hindostan. His quarrelsome disposition involved him in a dispute with -Tippoo Sahib which is said to have ruined French prospects in India. -In 1792, he was sent to take command of the Royalist army in the south -of France, but during the revolution which followed he was obliged to -flee the country, and died about the year 1800. - - [3] Conway cabal,--“A conspiracy to deprive Washington of the - command of the army.” - - - - -BARON STEUBEN. - - -Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand von Steuben, known in this -country as Baron Steuben, was born in Magdeburg, Prussia, on the 15th -of November, 1730. The son of a soldier, his earliest recollections -were of the camp. At the age of ten years, returning with his father -from a campaign in the Crimea, he was placed in the Jesuit College -at Neisse, and later transferred to that at Breslau, distinguishing -himself at both as a mathematician. When but fourteen, he served -with his father in the war of 1744, and was present at the siege of -Prague. At seventeen, as a cadet, he entered a regiment of infantry, -rose in two years to be ensign, and in four more to be lieutenant. -As aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great of Prussia, he served in the -Seven Years War, taking part in the celebrated battle of Prague. -At the restoration of peace in 1763, he resigned his post in the -army and was appointed to a position at court, commanding a liberal -salary. In 1777, learning that the greatest weakness of the Americans -lay in their ignorance of military tactics and want of thorough -discipline, he left his life of ease in the Old World, and coming -to the New, presented himself to Congress as a volunteer. If the -cause were lost, they owed him nothing; if gained, he would expect -remuneration equivalent to the salary he had resigned. His offer being -accepted, he went to Valley Forge and began his great work, whereby -our whole military system assumed new shape. On the 5th of May, -1778, Congress appointed him inspector-general of the army, with the -rank of major-general, and no officer of that grade in the field did -so much toward our ultimate success as did this born organizer and -disciplinarian. The following year, he wished to take the field; but -the American officers expressed so much dissatisfaction, on account -of being outranked, that he withdrew his request and devoted himself -to his old work, which to him must have seemed little better than -that of a drill-sergeant. In 1780, he published a manual for the -army that was of great value, and is still considered an authority. -Written in German, it was translated into French, then into English, -in which language it was wholly unintelligible to him. Warm-hearted -and hospitable, he shared his last dollar with his suffering brother -officers, and even at one time sold his horse that he might have the -means of entertaining his camp guests. With a chivalrous regard for -truth and honor, he despised the very name of Arnold. At review one -day he heard the name of “Benedict Arnold” called over with those of -some new recruits. Regarding its owner keenly for a few moments, and -being pleased with his manly bearing, the baron said, “Young man, you -must change your name; you are too respectable to bear the name of a -traitor!” “What name shall I take, General?” “Take any other; mine is -at your service.” Adopting the name of Steuben, the young man received -a christening present of a monthly allowance, and eventually a large -tract of land. - -After the defeat of Gates, Baron Steuben was sent to Virginia to help -General Greene, and when Arnold entered that State in the pay of the -British, the baron used every endeavor to capture the traitor and bring -him to justice. Serving actively at the siege of Yorktown, he was in -command of the trenches when Cornwallis was summoned to surrender. -Lafayette offered to relieve the baron; but he replied that European -etiquette required him to remain at his post until the terms of the -surrender were accepted or hostilities resumed. When the English -flag was lowered to its American conquerors, Steuben’s men had the -proud satisfaction of being foremost of those on duty. At the close -of the war, he was sent to Canada to demand the surrender of all the -posts along the frontier, but being unsuccessful in this mission, -returned to headquarters. Upon the disbanding of the army, he retired -to private life, resided in New York City for several years, while -waiting for Congress to redeem its promise to pay him for his arduous -and self-sacrificing services. In the mean time Pennsylvania, Virginia, -and New Jersey voted him grants of land; but that from the last-named -State he declined, because it had been the confiscated estate of a Tory -who would be left destitute. New York now voted him a township near -Utica, and Congress after an ungracious delay of seven years voted -him a pension of $2,400 per annum. Retiring to his New York estate, -he cleared sixty acres, built a log house, and spent the remainder of -his life in dispensing a large-hearted hospitality, in agricultural -pursuits, and the enjoyment of his valuable library. Once a year he -visited New York City, but in 1795, while preparing for this annual -trip, he was stricken with paralysis, and died on the 25th of November. -By his own direction he was wrapped in his military cloak, and on his -breast was placed the diamond star of the Order of Fidelity, which he -had received from the Prince Margrave of Bavaria, and which he always -wore. His funeral was attended by his neighbors, and was without pomp -or military display of any kind. Colonel North, his favorite aid, -inherited his property and erected a small monument to his memory. - - - - -WILLIAM SMALLWOOD. - - -William Smallwood, born in Kent County, Maryland, in 1732, was elected -colonel of the Maryland battalion on the 2d of January, 1776; and on -the 10th of July following, at the head of nine companies he joined -Washington in New York. His troops took an active part in the battle -of Brooklyn Heights on the 20th of August. Fighting desperately from -sunrise until the last gun was fired at night, they lost nearly half -their number. Again, on the 18th of October, at White Plains, the -Maryland troops fought valiantly. Smallwood was severely wounded, and -for his gallantry was commissioned brigadier-general by the Continental -Congress on the 23d of October, 1776. At Fort Washington, November 16 -of the same year, his troops again distinguished themselves, but with -heavy loss in killed and wounded. In the summer of 1777, he joined -Sullivan in his expedition against Staten Island, and when the British -arrived in the Chesapeake, to Smallwood was intrusted the collecting -and organizing of the Western Shore Maryland Militia. In the battle of -Germantown, on the 4th of October, Smallwood’s troops retrieved the -day, and captured part of the enemy’s camp. Stationed by Washington at -Wilmington during the winter of 1777–78, he captured a British brig -in the Delaware River, laden with stores and provisions. Ordered -South with the army under Gates in 1780, his command behaved with -their accustomed bravery at the disastrous battle of Camden, for which -Smallwood received the thanks of Congress and was promoted to the rank -of major-general on the 15th of September, 1780. - -When Greene superseded Gates in command of the Southern army, Smallwood -refused to serve under Baron Steuben, who was then his superior -officer, and declared his intention of retiring, unless his commission -was antedated two years. So absurd a claim could not be allowed, -as besides there being no reason for changing the date, to comply -would have thrown into confusion the entire list of major-generals. -Smallwood, however, remained in service until the 15th of November, -1783, when Congress accepted his resignation. In 1785, his native State -elected him to Congress and the same year chose him for governor. The -latter office he held for three years and then retired from public -life. He died in Prince George’s County, Maryland, on the 14th of -February, 1792. - - - - -SAMUEL HOLDEN PARSONS. - - -Samuel Holden Parsons, born in Lyme, Connecticut, on the 14th of May, -1737, graduated at Harvard College in 1756, studied law and began its -practice in 1759, was a member of the General Assembly of his native -State from 1762 to 1774, was chosen colonel of militia in 1775, and -appointed brigadier-general by Congress on the 9th of August, 1776. -In 1779, he succeeded Putnam as commander of the Connecticut line of -the army, was promoted to the rank of major-general on the 23d of -October, 1780, and served with distinction to the end of the war. In -1785, Congress appointed him one of the commissioners to treat with the -Indians at Miami; in 1788, President Washington made him judge of the -Northwest Territory; and in 1789, in behalf of Connecticut, he treated -as commissioner with the Wyandots and other Indians on the borders of -Lake Erie. Returning from this mission to his home in Marietta, Ohio, -he was drowned by the capsizing of his boat while descending the rapids -of Big Beaver River on the 17th of November, 1789. - - - - -CHEVALIER DUPORTAIL. - - -Louis Lebègue Duportail, born in France, was educated at the military -school of Mézières, and considered an excellent engineer. When Congress -instructed our commissioners in Paris to secure a few good engineers, -Duportail was one of the four thus selected; and these were the only -ones engaged by the express authority of Congress. On his arrival in -this country, he was appointed colonel of engineers and promoted to the -rank of brigadier-general on the 17th of November, 1777. He wintered -with the army at Valley Forge, and after the battle of Monmouth, when -the enemy left Philadelphia, he was sent to ascertain what defences -would be necessary to its security, and to plan fortifications for the -Delaware. He also superintended the strengthening of the defences at -Fort Clinton and at Boston. In 1779, he was charged with confidential -despatches to Count d’Estaing, but the subsequent repulse of the French -and American troops at Savannah, and the departure of D’Estaing, -rendered this mission fruitless. - -In 1780, being sent to join General Lincoln at Charleston, Duportail -was captured, together with this officer, during the summer; but -through the efforts of Congress, they were both exchanged in the -autumn. In 1781, he carried despatches to the Count de Grasse, and -later the same year had charge of the engineering operations at the -siege of Yorktown, being specially mentioned by Washington in his -despatches after the capitulation. On the 16th of November, 1781, -Congress conferred on him the rank of major-general, and granted -him a six-months furlough to visit his native land. He resigned his -commission in the United States army on the 10th of October, 1783, and -in 1788 was named maréchal-de-camp of the French army. In 1790, he was -made minister of war, but resigned a year later, to accept a military -appointment in Lorraine. Leaving the army in 1792, he returned to this -country in 1794, and remained here until 1802, when, being recalled to -France, he died at sea during the voyage home. - - - - -HENRY KNOX. - - -Henry Knox, born in Boston in 1750, lost his father at an early age. -His mother’s income being a slender one, and his devotion to her being -very great, he soon felt the need of personal exertion, and before -attaining his majority, had established himself as a bookseller. -Having a natural fondness for military tactics, he joined a company -of grenadiers, and thus when the smouldering fire of dissatisfaction -against taxation without representation burst into the flames of the -Revolution, Knox had gained practical knowledge of warlike manœuvres. -His father-in-law was a pronounced Tory; but his wife, sharing his -own sentiments, helped him to escape from Boston that he might join -the army. Appreciating our need of artillery, and knowing that no -cannon were to be had except those in the old forts along the Canadian -frontier, he volunteered to bring this ordnance to Washington’s camp at -Cambridge, and accomplished this difficult and hazardous undertaking -with such skill and courage that Washington rewarded him with the -command of the artillery. This branch of the Continental service -being attached to the main body of the army, Knox was in every battle -where Washington fought, and never failed to exhibit the judgment, -perseverance, and bravery that gained him success in the Canada -expedition. On the 27th of December, 1776, Congress appointed him -brigadier-general. At the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, he was -wounded in his left hand. For his distinguished services at the siege -of Yorktown in 1781, Congress appointed him major-general on the 22d -of March, 1782. He was one of the three commissioners intrusted with -the adjustment of the terms of peace. On the 25th of November, 1783, he -received as Washington’s deputy the surrender of the city of New York; -and his military career ended with the command of West Point. When the -Continental army was about to be disbanded, he conceived the idea of -forming a society of his old and dearly loved companions-in-arms. This -was the origin of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which Knox was -first vice-president. - -At the close of 1783, Knox retired to his home in Maine, but in 1784, -Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, appointed him Secretary -of War, which office he held until, in 1795, Washington reluctantly -accepted his resignation. It was during the time he was at the head of -the War Department, and by his advice, that the United States Marine -Service was organized. Retiring once more to his home in Maine, he -dispensed the most princely hospitality, it being no unusual thing for -him to entertain a hundred guests daily. When events threatened a war -with France, and President Adams thought best to form an army, Knox was -again appointed major-general. He died suddenly at his residence in -Thomaston, Maine, in 1806. - - - - -WILLIAM MOULTRIE. - - -William Moultrie, born in England in 1731, came of good Scotch -ancestry. His education was such as could be gained at that early day -in the South Carolina colony to which his family had removed while he -was still a child. In 1761, as captain of a company of volunteers, he -marched against the Cherokee Indians, and gained much of that military -skill that made him such a conspicuous character during the Revolution. -In 1775, he was a member of the South Carolina Provincial Congress, -and when that body authorized the seizure of the public arsenals, -he was one of the patriot band who put this advice into practice. -When news of the battle of Lexington reached South Carolina, he was -appointed colonel of one of her regiments, and designed the flag--a -blue field with a silver crescent in the right-hand upper corner--which -her troops carried to their first victory. The driving of the British -sloops-of-war from Charleston Harbor, the seizing of Fort Johnson, -and finally the glorious victory at the Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s -Island, freed South Carolina for several years from the horrors and -the devastations of war, and secured to Moultrie immortal fame and a -prompt recognition of his military ability. He received the thanks of -Congress; the fort he had so ably defended was named for him; and -Sept. 16, 1776, he was raised to the rank of brigadier-general in -the Continental army, with the duty of attending to the interests of -South Carolina and Georgia. The campaign of 1779 brought a renewal of -hostilities in the South, with most disastrous results. Repulsed and -kept at bay for a while by Moultrie, the British finally concentrated -their forces at Charleston, but badly provided as that city was for a -siege, it held out for six weeks, until driven by famine to surrender. -Moultrie was held a prisoner for two years, during which time he used -all his influence in obtaining justice for his fellow-prisoners and -the people of the country, and in vigorously keeping the enemy to the -terms of the capitulation. Several attempts were made to induce him to -resign his commission and enter the British service; and finally he -was offered large sums of money and command of a regiment in Jamaica, -to which he sternly replied, “Not the fee simple of all Jamaica should -induce me to part with my integrity.” He was exchanged about the end of -February, 1782, and promoted to the rank of major-general on the 15th -of October of the same year. - -When the British evacuated Charleston in December, the American army -under General Greene resumed possession of it, Moultrie holding a -conspicuous position in the triumphant procession. In 1785 and 1794, -he was chosen Governor of South Carolina, discharging the duties of his -office to the satisfaction of all. From the close of his second term -until his death, which occurred in Charleston on the 27th of September, -1805, he enjoyed a well-earned and honorable repose. - -The famous Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s Island was constructed by -Moultrie. The cannonade from the “Admiral’s Ship,” the “Bristol,” -produced little effect upon the fort, owing to the soft spongy -palmetto-wood. After a nine-hours engagement, Sir Peter Parker -withdrew, with his ship almost a wreck. - - - - -SETH POMEROY. - - -Seth Pomeroy, born in Northampton, Massachusetts, on the 20th of May, -1706, was an ingenious and skilful mechanic, following the trade of -a gunsmith. He entered the military service early in life, ranking -as captain in 1744, and as major at the capture of Louisburg by the -English in 1745. On the morning of the 17th of June, 1775, he entered -Ward’s camp at Cambridge as a volunteer, having heard the artillery -at Charlestown and feeling it a personal summons. Borrowing a horse -from General Ward, he eagerly pushed on, but reaching the Neck and -finding it swept by the fire from the British sloop-of-war “Glasgow,” -lying in the harbor, he gave the horse to a sentry, and shouldering -his gun, proceeded on foot, too honest to risk the life of a borrowed -animal. Upon reaching the hill, and taking his place with Stark behind -the rail-fence, he was recognized and greeted with shouts all along -the line. On the 22d of June, 1775, Congress commissioned him senior -brigadier-general; but this causing some dissatisfaction among the -seven others raised to the same rank at the same time, he declined his -appointment, and soon after retired to his farm. In 1776, however, when -New Jersey was overrun by the British, he marched at the head of the -militia of his own neighborhood to the rescue of Washington. He reached -the Hudson River, but never returned, dying at Peekskill, New York, on -the 19th of February, 1777. - - - - -DAVID WOOSTER. - - -David Wooster, born in Stratford, Connecticut, on the 2d of March, -1710, graduated at Yale in 1738. At the breaking out of the war -between England and Spain in 1739, he entered the Provincial army with -the rank of lieutenant, but subsequently was given command of a vessel -built and equipped by Connecticut for the defence of her coasts. In -1745, he took part in the expedition against Louisburg as commander of -the war vessel “Connecticut,” which conveyed the troops to Cape Breton. -The next year he visited England and was given a captain’s commission -with half-pay for life. Returning to America, he served through the -French and Indian War; but when troubles began to arise between the -American colonies and the mother country, approving the demands of the -former, and believing his allegiance was due to them, he resigned his -commission in the British army in 1774, and was one of the originators -of the expedition by which Fort Ticonderoga was captured in May, 1775. - -With the organization of the Continental army, Wooster was made -brigadier-general on the 22d of June, 1775, and ordered to join -Montgomery in the Canadian expedition. On the death of that officer, -the command for a time devolved upon Wooster, and he acquitted himself -to the satisfaction of Congress. Returning to Connecticut, he resigned -his commission in the Continental service, but was made major-general -of the militia of his native State. During the winter of 1776–77, -he was employed in raising recruits and in protecting the military -stores which had been collected at Danbury. On the 26th of April, 1777, -Governor Tryon, at the head of two thousand British regulars, attacked -the town, destroying the stores and retreating. Wooster and Arnold, -collecting about six hundred militia, went in hot pursuit; but the -undisciplined recruits gave way before the British artillery. Wooster, -endeavoring to rally his men, exclaimed, “Come on, my boys! never -mind such random shots!” when he was pierced through the body by a -musket-ball. Carried back to Danbury, he lived but a few days, dying on -the 2d of May, 1777. On the 17th of June, Congress passed appropriate -resolutions, and voted $500 for the erection of a monument. This duty -being neglected, the hero’s grave soon became unknown. In 1854, a -handsome monument of Portland granite was erected to his memory in -Danbury. - - - - -JOSEPH FRYE. - - -Joseph Frye, born in Andover, Massachusetts, in April, 1711, was -enterprising and intelligent, and at an early age represented his -town in the General Court of the county. Entering the army, he -was present at the siege of Louisburg and wrote the terms of the -surrender. He was a colonel when Montcalm captured Fort William Henry -in 1757. Being seized and stripped by an Indian, he was led away to -torture; but overpowering and killing his captor, Frye fled into -the woods, succeeded in eluding the savages, and after several days -reached a place of safety. In June, 1775, the Provincial Congress of -Massachusetts appointed Colonel Frye a major-general, and the 10th of -January, 1776, Congress gave him the rank of brigadier-general in the -Continental army. His age and infirmities, however, compelled him to -retire soon after from active service. Removing with his family to the -frontier of Maine, he founded the town of Fryeburg, and died there in -1794. - - - - -JOHN ARMSTRONG. - - -John Armstrong was born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1758. He was -an aid on General Gates’ staff, and served with him through the -campaign against Burgoyne. On the 1st of March, 1776, he was appointed -brigadier-general in the Continental service. In February, the -following year, he received the appointment of adjutant-general of the -Southern army, but in consequence of ill health was obliged to retire -from the army for a time. After the war Armstrong was secretary of the -State of Pennsylvania. In 1787 he was sent to Congress; from 1800 to -1802 he was United States Senator, and again in 1803–1810. From 1813 to -1814 he was Secretary of War. He was censured for his lack of success -in preventing the British from sacking Washington City in 1814–15, and -became very unpopular. He resigned in 1814, retiring to Red Hook, New -York, where he died April 1, 1843. - - - - -WILLIAM THOMPSON. - - -William Thompson, born in Ireland about 1725, emigrated to the State -of Pennsylvania. During the French and Indian War he was captain of a -troop of mounted militia, and when in June, 1775, Congress ordered the -raising of eight companies of riflemen by the State of Pennsylvania, -Thompson was appointed colonel of the battalion. These troops were -the first raised on demand of the Continental Congress, and reached -the camp at Cambridge before the 14th of August; and on the 10th of -November following, they repulsed a British landing party at Lechmere’s -Point. On the 1st of March, 1776, Thompson was promoted to the rank of -brigadier-general; and on the 19th he superseded Gen. Charles Lee in -command of the troops in New York. In April, being ordered to Canada -to reinforce General Thomas, he met the retreating army and took -command during the fatal illness of that officer, but resigned it on -the 4th of June to Gen. John Sullivan, by whose orders, two days later, -Thompson made the disastrous attack on the British at Trois Rivières, -resulting in the defeat of the Americans, and the taking prisoner of -their general. Released on parole in August, Thompson returned to -Philadelphia, but was not exchanged until two years later. He was -never again actively employed in the service, but died near Carlisle, -Pennsylvania, on the 4th of September, 1781. - - - - -ANDREW LEWIS. - - -Andrew Lewis, born in Donegal, Ireland, about 1730, was of Huguenot -descent, his father coming to this country in 1732, and being the -first white resident in Bellefonte, Augusta County, Virginia. In 1754, -he joined an expedition to take possession of the lands lying along -the Ohio, in which he acquired great reputation by his conduct at -Braddock’s defeat in 1755, and for the part he took in all the Indian -wars down to the time of the Revolution. He served under Washington in -various capacities, and was with him at Fort Necessity. He commanded an -expedition to Sandy Creek in 1756, and was made prisoner in 1758 and -taken to Montreal. In 1768, he acted as commissioner from Virginia, -to conclude a treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, New York. -“About 1775, when hostilities began again on the western frontier of -Virginia, he received the appointment of brigadier-general, and as -commander-in-chief at the battle of Point Pleasant, at the mouth of -the Great Kanawha, gained a victory over the Shawnee confederacy under -the celebrated chief Cornstalk” in what was considered the severest -engagement with the Indians up to that time. - -On the 1st of March, 1776, Congress made Lewis a brigadier-general, -much to the surprise and disappointment of Washington, who considered -him entitled to a higher rank; and Lewis himself felt that he had been -slighted, but his patriotism triumphed, and he accepted the inferior -position. Ill health, however, caused him to tender his resignation -on the 15th of April, 1777; but afterward he accepted a commission to -treat with the Indians at Fort Pitt. On his way home from the Ohio, -he was seized with a fever, and died in Bedford County, Virginia, on -the 26th of September, 1780, when only forty miles from his home on the -Roanoke River. His statue occupies one of the pedestals at the base of -the Washington monument in Richmond. - - - - -JAMES MOORE. - - -James Moore, born in New Hanover, North Carolina, in 1737, was a lineal -descendant of the Marquis of Drogheda, Ireland. He was a captain of -artillery under Governor Tryon at the defeat of the Regulators at -Alamance in 1771, and colonel of the first regiment of North Carolina -troops that was raised for the defence of that State. In February, -1776, he was in command of the force a part of which, under Col. John -A. Lillington and Col. Richard Caswell, won the first victory in the -Revolution, at Moore’s Creek bridge near Wilmington, North Carolina, -over fifteen hundred Scotch Tories. For this exploit he was promoted -to be brigadier-general, March 1, 1776, made commander-in-chief of the -Southern Department, and received the thanks of Congress. His military -career, opening with such promise, was of short duration, as he fell -a victim to climatic fever, dying on the 15th of January, 1777, at -Wilmington, while on his way to join Washington. - - - - -BARON DE WOEDTKE. - - -Frederick William, Baron de Woedtke, born in Prussia about 1740, was -for many years an officer in the army of Frederick the Great, where -he attained the rank of major. Coming to Philadelphia with strong -letters of recommendation to Benjamin Franklin from friends of America -in Paris, he received from Congress a commission as brigadier-general -in the Continental army on the 16th of March, 1776, and was ordered -to join the Northern army under Schuyler. About three weeks before -his death he took part in a council of war which decided, against -the advice of Stark, Poor, Maxwell, and eighteen inferior officers, -to abandon Crown Point and to retire to the strong ground opposite -Ticonderoga, afterward known as Mount Independence. He died near Lake -George, New York, on the 31st of July, 1776, and was buried with the -honors due to his rank. - - - - -JOHN WHITCOMB. - - -John Whitcomb, born in Lancaster, Worcester County, Massachusetts, in -1720, served with distinction in the French and Indian War. On account -of his advanced age, he was not called into service at the beginning -of the Revolution; but his soldiers were so much attached to him -that they would serve under no other commander. His appeals to their -patriotism being unavailing to keep them in the army, he determined to -join the ranks as a volunteer; but Colonel Brewster, his successor, -learning his willingness to serve, relinquished the command of the -regiment, and Colonel Whitcomb continued with it until he was made a -brigadier-general, June 5, 1776, when he succeeded General Ward in -charge of the troops in Boston. On the 13th of the same month he was -made major-general. Soon after, he was permitted to resign; but he -lived to see our independence firmly established, and died in 1812. - - - - -HUGH MERCER. - - -Hugh Mercer, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1720, entered the army -of Prince Charles Edward as assistant-surgeon, in 1745. The battle -of Culloden, April 16, 1746, resulted in the total defeat of that -unfortunate prince, sending him into exile, a proscribed wanderer, -and scattering or exterminating his devoted followers. Emigrating to -this country the following year, Mercer settled in Franklin County, -Pennsylvania, and in 1755 fought his first battle in America under -the leadership of John Armstrong and with the rank of captain. At -the battle of Kittanning in 1756, he was severely wounded; in 1758, -as lieutenant-colonel he took part in the capture of Fort Duquesne, -and was left in command of that important post. It was during this -expedition that he became acquainted with Washington; and in 1775, a -few days after the battle of Lexington, Mercer was among the first -to appeal to his former comrade-in-arms for instructions as to the -disposition of the Virginia troops, then arming in the cause of -liberty. June 5, 1776, Congress appointed him a brigadier-general; -and a few days later he joined the army at New York and entered -the Continental service, under the immediate orders of the -commander-in-chief. Gloomy forebodings filled the mind of even the -stanchest patriots, as defeat followed defeat, and Washington with his -brave band retreated through the Jerseys. - -In December, at a council of war, a change of policy was agreed -upon, and the unexpected and successful attack upon Trenton was the -result, Mercer rendering most efficient service. The British, however, -gathering their forces, made ready to retaliate; and the cause of -liberty seemed lost, when Mercer boldly suggested by a night march -to surprise them in their stronghold at Princeton. His advice was -acted upon; but in that memorable battle--a battle that did more to -secure us our independence than any other during the war--the brave -General Mercer lost his life. Dismounted by the death of his horse, -and separated from his command, disdaining to surrender, he met -single-handed a detachment of the enemy, and was beaten to the earth by -the butts of their muskets and stabbed by their bayonets. Carried by -his aid from the battle-field to a neighboring house, he lingered for -nine days in great agony, expiring on the 12th of January, 1777. His -remains were taken to Philadelphia, where his funeral was attended by -thirty thousand people. St. Andrew’s Society of that city have erected -a monument to his memory at Laurel Hill Cemetery. Mercer County, -Kentucky, was named in his honor. - - - - -JOSEPH REED. - - -Joseph Reed, born in Woburn, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in -1724, served during the French and Indian War. In 1765, he settled -at Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire. When news of the battle of Lexington -reached this peaceful neighborhood, he volunteered with many of his -neighbors, and marched away to the camp at Cambridge, reaching there -in time to participate in the battle of Bunker Hill, where with John -Stark and the left wing of the army, posted behind a rail-fence, -he aided in keeping the British at bay and covering the retreat of -the main body from the redoubt. In 1776, he was ordered to join the -reinforcements under Sullivan, marching to the relief of the American -army in Canada. Reed, with many others, was attacked by small-pox, and -after a long illness rose from his bed incapacitated for further active -service. Congress, on the 9th of August, 1776, promoted him to the rank -of brigadier-general, and he retained command for a while, hoping to -regain his health and strength. Finding himself, however, unfit for -duty, he retired shortly after on half-pay, and returned home nearly -deaf and blind. He passed the remainder of his life in Fitzwilliam, -enjoying the esteem and respect of all who knew him, and died at -Fitchburg, Massachusetts, on the 13th of February, 1807. - - - - -JOHN NIXON. - - -John Nixon, born on the 4th of March, 1725, at Farmington, -Massachusetts, entered the British army at the age of twenty, taking -part in the expedition against Cape Breton and in the French and Indian -War. He commanded a company of minute-men at Lexington, and a regiment -at the battle of Bunker Hill. On the 9th of August, 1776, he received -the appointment of brigadier-general. He was in active service until -1780, when ill health, and the effects of a severe wound received at -Bunker Hill, compelled his resignation. He died on the 24th of March, -1815, at the ripe age of ninety. - - - - -JAMES CLINTON. - - -James Clinton, born on the 13th of August, 1736, at the family -residence, in what is now Orange County, New York, received an -excellent education under the supervision of his father, paying much -attention to the exact sciences, and early evincing that taste for -military enterprise which he inherited from his English ancestors. -In 1756, he received the appointment of ensign in the militia, and -remaining in the army after the peace of 1763, steadily rose by -promotion to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At the close of the -French and Indian War, he married Miss Mary de Witt, a lady of great -personal attractions and a descendant of an old Holland family. -In June, 1775, renouncing his allegiance to Great Britain, he was -appointed colonel of the Third New York Regiment, and joined Montgomery -in the expedition against Canada. August 9, 1776, he was raised to -the rank of brigadier-general, and served to the close of the war, -faithfully discharging the duties of the several stations he was called -upon to fill. With his brother, Gov. George Clinton, he conducted -the defence of Fort Clinton in October, 1777, until overpowered by -vastly superior numbers, and then escaped, though severely wounded, -by sliding down a precipice of a hundred feet to a shallow stream. -Wading for some distance up the stream, he threw his pursuers off -the scent. In 1779, having joined General Sullivan in an expedition -against the Indians, he materially aided by a clever engineering feat -in the rapid transportation of the troops. Though stationed during most -of the war in command of the Northern Department at Albany, he took -part during the siege of Yorktown and the surrender of Cornwallis. -After the evacuation of the city of New York by the British, he took -leave of his commander-in-chief and retired to his home in Orange -County. Subsequently he held various civil positions of trust and -responsibility, and died on the 22d of September, 1812, at his -residence in his native State. - - - - -CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN. - - -Christopher Gadsden, born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1724, was -sent to England at an early age to receive his education. Returning to -America in 1741, he was placed in a Philadelphia counting-house, where -he acquired methodical and strict business habits. Upon attaining his -majority, he revisited England. Returning in a man-of-war, and the -purser dying suddenly, the position was offered to him. He accepted the -appointment, remained in the navy two years, and resigned to engage -in commercial life on his own account in Philadelphia. Such was his -success that he was soon able to buy back the estate in South Carolina -which his father had lost in 1733 at play with Admiral Lord Anson. -Leaving the North, he took up his residence in the South as a planter, -and finally became a factor. - -In 1759, when the outrages perpetrated by the Cherokee Indians called -for vigorous measures, Gadsden joined the expedition under Governor -Lyttleton, organized an artillery company, and introduced the first -piece of field ordnance into the colony. Thoroughly republican in -his political views, and with a mind capable of looking far ahead for -the results of present measures, he was the first to anticipate the -struggle that would surely be the outcome of Great Britain’s oppressive -policy toward her American colonies. In 1765, when the project of -the general Congress in this country was conceived, he was one of -the first and most active members. In 1775, he resigned his seat to -accept the appointment of colonel in the First South Carolina Regiment. -On the 16th of September, 1776, Congress raised him to the rank of -brigadier-general. The brilliant victory at Fort Moultrie secured to -his native State for several years an immunity from the perils and -hardships of war, and he resigned his commission on the 2d of October, -1777. - -With the cessation of military duties, Gadsden resumed his legislative -cares; and being Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina at the time -of General Lincoln’s surrender of Charleston, he was seized with -twenty-eight others and taken in a prison-ship to St. Augustine, -Florida. Here he was kept in the castle dungeon for ten months; but -beguiling the time by the study of Hebrew, he emerged from captivity a -much more learned man than when he entered it. The success of Greene in -the South brought him release in 1781. Upon returning to South Carolina -he was at once elected to the Assembly, and soon after chosen governor. -The latter honor he declined, declaring the “State needed a man in the -vigor and prime of life.” At the close of the war he retired to private -life; but from time to time and on more than one occasion he continued -to take part in public affairs. He died in his native city on the 28th -of August, 1805, from the results of a fall. - - - - -LACHLAN McINTOSH. - - -Lachlan McIntosh, born near Inverness, Scotland, on the 17th of -March, 1727, emigrated with his family to America in 1736 and settled -in Georgia. His early education was but limited, and at the age of -seventeen, being thrown upon his own resources by the death of his -father, he removed to Charleston, South Carolina, and entered a -counting-house as clerk. After several years, however, he adopted the -calling of land surveyor, married, and returned to Georgia, employing -his spare time in the study of civil engineering and military tactics. -Having gained the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens, when -hostilities began with Great Britain he was made colonel-commander -of the Georgia troops, and on the 16th of September, 1776, promoted -by Congress to be brigadier-general. In 1777, he was employed for -a considerable time in watching the motions of General Howe in -Philadelphia. In 1778, he headed an expedition against the Indian -tribes along the Ohio, and succeeded in giving repose to all western -Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1779, he joined General Lincoln in -the invasion of Georgia, which proving unsuccessful, the Americans -retreated to Charleston, South Carolina, where they were besieged and -obliged to surrender on the 12th of May, 1780. - -General McIntosh was held a prisoner for a long period, and when he -was released, the war was practically over. On the 30th of September, -1783, he became major-general by brevet, and retired to his home in -Georgia. In 1784, he served as member of Congress, and the next year as -a commissioner to treat with the Southern Indians. The war, however, -depreciated the value of his real estate, so that his latter years were -passed in comparative poverty and retirement. He died in Savannah on -the 20th of February, 1806, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. - - - - -WILLIAM MAXWELL. - - -William Maxwell, though little is known of his personal history, is -believed to have been born in Ireland, and brought to New Jersey in his -early life. He entered the colonial service in 1758, serving through -the French and Indian War, and as colonel of one of the New Jersey -regiments, took part in the disastrous campaign of 1776 in Canada. On -the 23d of October of that year he was commissioned brigadier-general. -He was with Schuyler on Lake Champlain, and later was attached to the -main army under Washington. In August, 1779, he joined Sullivan’s -expedition against the Indians, but soon after the action at -Springfield, he sent in his resignation, which was accepted by Congress -on the 25th of July, 1780. Washington said of him, “I believe him to be -an honest man, a warm friend to his country, and firmly attached to its -interests.” He died on the 12th of November, 1798. - - - - -MATTHIAS ALEXIS ROCHE DE FERMOY. - - -Matthias Alexis Roche de Fermoy, born in the West Indies in 1737, was -the thirty-fourth on the list of Continental brigadier-generals, his -commission bearing date the 5th of November, 1776. On coming to this -country and offering his services to Congress, Fermoy represented -himself to be a colonel of engineers in the French army. While serving -under Washington in the Trenton and Princeton campaigns, he was ordered -on the 1st of January, 1777, to hold an advanced post on Mile Run, -beyond Maidenhead, now Lawrenceville. That same night, however, leaving -his command, he returned to Trenton,--a breach of discipline that -under the circumstances was most reprehensible. Ordered North to join -the army under Gates, by direction of Congress, and notwithstanding a -protest from Washington, he was placed in command of Fort Independence, -opposite Fort Ticonderoga. When St. Clair found it necessary to abandon -the latter post, Fermoy, in defiance of the express orders of the -commanding officer, set fire to his quarters on Mount Independence at -two o’clock on the morning of the 6th of July, 1777, thus revealing -to Burgoyne St. Clair’s retreat, which otherwise would have been -accomplished in safety. In December, he applied for promotion to the -rank of major-general,--a request which Congress refused. Displeased at -this action, Fermoy requested permission to resign, which was granted -on the 31st of January, 1778, Congress at the same time appropriating -$800 to pay his debts and enable him to return to the West Indies. - - - - -ENOCH POOR. - - -Enoch Poor, born in Andover, Massachusetts, on the 21st of June, 1736, -was educated in the common schools of his native place. Removing to -Exeter, New Hampshire, he engaged in commercial pursuits until summoned -by his country to take up arms in her defence. Immediately after -the battle of Lexington, three regiments of militia were raised and -equipped in New Hampshire, and the command of one intrusted to Poor. -Serving first in New England, then in New York, and afterward joining -in the ill-starred Canadian expedition, he used all his influence -to dissuade General Schuyler from abandoning Crown Point, and when -that measure was decided upon, joined with several other officers in -sending him a written protest. Considering this a breach of discipline, -Schuyler appealed to the commander-in-chief, who, while declining to -reverse the general’s decision, wrote him a private letter, approving -Colonel Poor’s judgment, and regretting the abandonment of Crown Point, -which he considered the key of the lakes. On the 21st of February, -1777, Poor was commissioned brigadier-general and attached to the army -under Washington. In 1779, he joined the expedition against the Six -Nations and subsequently was attached to Lee’s command, remaining with -him until after the defeat at Monmouth, when Poor was ordered to join -the division under Lafayette. The following year he fell a victim to -fever, dying, after a short illness, at Hackensack, New Jersey, on the -8th of September, 1780. Washington, in acquainting Congress with the -sad intelligence, said of him, “He was an officer of distinguished -merit, who as a citizen and a soldier had every claim to the esteem -of his country;” and Lafayette, on revisiting this country many years -after, testified his loving remembrance by paying a tribute to the -memory of Poor when called upon for a toast. - - - - -JOHN GLOVER. - - -John Glover, born in Salem, Massachusetts, on the 5th of November, -1732, joined the army under Washington in 1775, with a regiment of -a thousand men raised in the district about his native town. Being -composed almost entirely of Marblehead fishermen, it was known as -the “amphibious regiment,” and was one of the finest in the whole -Continental service. It was at first the Twenty-first, and after the -reorganization of the army the Fourteenth, Massachusetts Regiment. It -was this body of men, under the command of Glover, that manned the -boats and transported the entire main army in safety on the retreat -from Long Island in 1775, and that manned the boats and led the advance -when the commander-in-chief crossed the Delaware on that memorable -25th of December, 1776. When Congress, on the 21st of February, 1777, -conferred upon Glover the rank of brigadier-general, he would have -declined, fearing he could not discharge with credit the duties of -that position. Being reassured by Washington, however, he accepted, -and by his subsequent conduct justified that general’s estimate of -his abilities. He was a member of the André court of inquiry which -assembled on Sept. 29, 1780, at which Nathaniel Greene presided. He -remained in active service throughout the war, earning the good opinion -of all who knew him, and died at Marblehead on the 30th of January, -1797. - - - - -JOHN PATERSON. - - -John Paterson, born in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1744, graduated at -Yale College in 1762, taught school, practised law, and was justice -of the peace in his native town. Removing to Lenox, Massachusetts, he -was elected a member of the first Provincial Congress of that State, -which met at Salem in October, 1774; and of the second, whose place -of meeting was Cambridge, in February, 1775. Deeply interested in the -welfare of his country, he busied himself in enrolling and organizing a -regiment of minute-men, composed of eight months’ volunteers. Eighteen -hours after the news of the battle of Lexington reached them, this -regiment, armed and mostly in uniform, marched away to Boston, and -upon their arrival were employed in constructing the first American -redoubt on the lines about the city. In the battle which followed -they manned and gallantly defended this outwork. After the evacuation -of the city, Colonel Paterson was ordered to Canada, and after some -active service in the North joined Washington just in time to cross -the Delaware and take part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. -Feb. 21, 1777, he was made brigadier-general, and being attached to -the Northern Department, was present at the surrender of Burgoyne, -and remained in service to the close of the war. In 1786, he aided in -quelling Shays’ Rebellion in Massachusetts; he was presiding judge of -Broome County, New York, and spent the last years of his life quietly -on his farm, dying on the 19th of July, 1808, at Lisle, now Whitney’s -Point, New York. - - - - -JAMES MITCHELL VARNUM. - - -James Mitchell Varnum, born in Dracut, Massachusetts, in 1748, -graduated with a high reputation for scholarship in 1769, at the age of -twenty, from Rhode Island College, now Brown University. He adopted the -law as his profession, was admitted to the Bar, and rapidly acquired -an extensive and lucrative practice. Reading the signs of the times -aright, and feeling that soon there must be an appeal to arms, he -joined the “Kentish Guards,” and in 1774 was made commander. Soon -after the battle of Lexington, he entered the Continental service as -colonel; and on the 21st of February, 1777, he was promoted to the -rank of brigadier-general. With undoubted military ability, he enjoyed -few opportunities of distinguishing himself, though assigned several -important commands. He passed the winter of 1777–78 with Washington at -Valley Forge, and in the spring proposed the raising of a battalion of -negroes in Rhode Island; the State Legislature acceded, and passed an -act giving absolute freedom to every slave who should enter the service -and pass muster. - -On the 5th of March, 1779, Varnum resigned his commission, there being -a greater number of general officers than was required for the army; -but soon after, he was elected major-general of the militia of his -native State, retaining that position until his death. He was twice -elected to Congress, and in 1788 removed to Marietta, Ohio, having -been appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the Northwest -Territory. He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. Death put -an end to his brief but brilliant career on the 10th of January, 1789. - - - - -ANTHONY WAYNE. - - -Anthony Wayne, born Jan. 1, 1745, in the township of Easttown, Chester -County, Pennsylvania, was of Irish parentage. In boyhood he showed the -military bias of his aspirations by his close study of mathematics -and engineering, that he might fit himself to enter the army. From -his marriage, in 1767, to 1774, his occupation was that of a farmer -and land surveyor; in 1774–75 he was a member of the Pennsylvania -Legislature, and in the latter year, of the Committee of Public Safety. -The oppressive policy adopted by Great Britain toward the American -colonies aroused all his military spirit; and resigning his seat in -the Legislature, he raised a company of volunteers, and received -from Congress on the 3d of January, 1776, his commission as colonel. -Increasing his company to a regiment, he was ordered with it to New -York and afterward to Canada. The 21st of February, 1777, marks the -date of his promotion to brigadier-general, and in May, having joined -the army under Washington, he distinguished himself by driving the -enemy from New Jersey. His skill as a commander, and his personal -courage, secured him a conspicuous part in the battles that followed; -and being intrusted with a foraging expedition to relieve the destitute -army in winter-quarters at Valley Forge, he secured large stores of -provisions and many horses for the cavalry, at the same time defeating -the enemy in numerous skirmishes. - -At the battle of Monmouth, Wayne’s brave conduct gained for him -personal notice in the report sent by Washington to Congress, while his -brilliant achievement at Stony Point was recognized by a resolution of -thanks in Congress, and in the General Assembly of Pennsylvania. After -rendering other important services in the North, realizing what had -been said of him early in the war, that “where Wayne went, there was a -fight always,--that was his business,” he was sent in 1781 to join the -Southern army, and was actively engaged in the siege of Yorktown until -the final surrender. The efforts of the Americans were now directed to -dislodging the British from their two remaining strongholds; and so -vigorously was the war carried on in Georgia and South Carolina that -by direction of the home Government Savannah was evacuated on the 12th -of July, 1782, and Charleston in the latter part of the same year, -Wayne marching in and taking possession on the 14th of December,--his -last military service during the Revolution. In July, 1783, he -returned to his home and civil life. On the 30th of September, he was -appointed major-general by brevet; in April, 1792, President Washington -nominated him commander-in-chief of an army to subdue the Indians of -the Northwest; and after the delays consequent upon organizing and -disciplining his men, Wayne began active operations in 1794, resulting -in the complete discomfiture of the savage tribes and their British -allies. This victory brought valuable territory to the United States, -and a long peace with the Indians. After a visit to his home, he -returned to the West to fulfil his duties as commissioner, and died -soon after from an attack of gout on the 15th of December, 1796, “after -a life of honor and usefulness.” - -No general ever gained more sobriquets than Wayne; that most widely -known, “Mad Anthony,” was given on account of his unexpected success in -perilous expeditions, though Washington called him “prudent.” The title -of “Dandy Wayne” was also applied to him because of his scrupulous -attention to his dress; and in a letter to Washington he declares his -preference for an elegant uniform and soldierly appearance, rather than -poorly clad troops with more ammunition. The Indians at first called -him “Black Snake,” perhaps because that reptile will attack any other -species and rarely gets the worst of an encounter. After he defeated -them in 1794, however, they named him “Wind,” or “Tornado,” because -“he was exactly like a hurricane that drives and tears and prostrates -everything before it.” - - - - -JOHN PHILIP DE HAAS. - - -John Philip de Haas, born in Holland about 1735, belonged to an ancient -family of northern France. In 1750, he removed with his father to the -United States, settling in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He served -as ensign during the French and Indian War, taking part in Bouquet’s -battle with the Indians at Bushy Run near Pittsburg, August 5 and 6, -1763. In 1776, he was appointed colonel of the First Pennsylvania -Regiment, and assisted in the Canada campaign and at Ticonderoga. After -the battle of Long Island, he was promoted to be brigadier-general on -the 21st of February, 1777, and served in that rank to the close of the -war. The remainder of his life was spent in Philadelphia, where he died -on the 3d of June, 1795. - - - - -JOHN PETER MUHLENBURG. - - -John Peter Muhlenburg, born in Trappe, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of -October, 1746, was the son of Reverend Henry Melchior Muhlenburg, D.D., -the founder of the Lutheran Church in America. At the age of sixteen -he was sent to Germany to be educated, but while at Halle enlisted -in a regiment of dragoons, from which he was released through the -intervention of friends. Returning to this country in 1766, he studied -theology with his father, and was for a time pastor of the Lutheran -churches in New Germantown and Bedminster, New Jersey. In 1772, he -accepted a call to a church of the same denomination in Woodstock, -Virginia; but finding he could not enforce the payment of tithes unless -he had received Episcopal ordination, he went to England to secure -this, and returning, continued his labors in the same State. Watching -with keenest interest the train of events, he educated his congregation -as well as himself for the duties of freemen, which he believed would -soon devolve upon them. In 1775, at the earnest solicitations of -Washington, to whom his ardent patriotism and military spirit were well -known, he resolved to abandon his pulpit and enter the army. He took -leave of his congregation in an eloquent sermon on the text, “The Lord -of hosts shall arm the right,” and concluded, after rehearsing the -wrongs this country had suffered from Great Britain, by exclaiming, -“There is a time for all things,--a time to preach and a time to pray; -but there is also a time to fight, and that time has now come;” and -throwing off his gown, he appeared in complete uniform. By his orders -the drum and fife of the recruiting officer at this moment sounded at -the church door, and over three hundred of his congregation enlisted -and marched with their former pastor at their head to the relief of -Charleston, South Carolina. - -Muhlenburg’s war record includes the battles of Sullivan’s Island, -Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, Stony Point, and Yorktown, his -commission as brigadier-general in the Continental army bearing date -the 21st of February, 1777. At the close of the Revolution he was -elected to the Pennsylvania council, and in 1785 became vice-president -of the State, with Benjamin Franklin as president. After the -organization of the federal Government he acted as representative and -senator, was appointed by President Jefferson supervisor of the revenue -for the district of Pennsylvania, and in 1803 collector of the port -of Philadelphia. While holding this office, he died near Schuylkill, -Montgomery County, on the 1st of October, 1807,--the anniversary of his -birthday. - - - - -FRANCIS NASH. - - -Francis Nash, born in Prince George’s County, Virginia, on the 10th -of March, 1720, was clerk of the Superior Court of Orange County, -North Carolina, and holding a captain’s commission also under the -crown, helped to defeat the Regulators at the battle of Alamance in -1771. These insurgents had banded together for the avowed purpose of -shutting up the courts of justice, destroying all officers of law and -all lawyers, and prostrating the Government itself. In August, 1775, he -received a commission as colonel from the North Carolina Convention, -and on the 5th of February, 1777, entered the Continental service as -brigadier-general, joining the army under Washington. At the battle of -Germantown, on the 4th of October of the same year, while at the head -of his brigade, he was mortally wounded, dying a few days after. In -November of that year, Congress passed a resolution to erect a monument -to his memory at a cost of $500; but the resolution was never carried -into effect. - - - - -GEORGE WEEDON. - - -George Weedon, born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1730, was an -innkeeper in his native town, and a zealous patriot. Entering the -army near the beginning of the Revolution in 1776, he held the rank -of lieutenant-colonel, and was commissioned brigadier-general by the -Continental Congress on the 21st of February, 1777. He took part in -the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, in the former co-operating -with General Greene in checking the British pursuit, and rallying the -retreating American troops. He retired from the army on the 18th of -August, 1778, owing to a disagreement with General Woodford on the -question of supremacy in rank. In 1780, however, he resumed command of -his brigade, and in 1781, during the siege of Yorktown, had charge of -the Virginia Militia stationed at Gloucester. He died in Fredericksburg -about the year 1790. - - - - -JOHN CADWALADER. - - -John Cadwalader, born in Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1743, began early -in life to take an active part in public affairs. He was a member -of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety, and captain of a military -organization, half admiringly and half derisively dubbed by the -citizens the “Silk Stocking Company,” nearly every member of which -subsequently held a commission in the patriot army. On the formation -of the city battalions, he was placed in command of one of them. When -Washington, after his retreat through the Jerseys, established himself -on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River, opposite Trenton, -Cadwalader, at the head of fifteen hundred militia-men, marched to -his assistance. January, 1777, Washington urged upon Congress the -appointment of Cadwalader to the Continental army, describing him as “a -man of ability, a good disciplinarian, firm in his principles, and of -intrepid bravery.” On the 21st of February, 1777, he was offered the -commission of brigadier-general, but declined, preferring to remain in -the Provincial service. During this year he took part in the battles of -Brandywine and Germantown, and at the request of Washington assisted in -organizing the Maryland Militia. - -After the discovery and frustration of the “Conway cabal” and the -consequent disgrace of its author, Cadwalader became cognizant of -some offensive remarks made by Conway concerning Washington, and -called the disparager of the commander-in-chief to account. Conway -refusing to retract, Cadwalader challenged him, and in the duel which -followed, though escaping injury himself, shot Conway in the mouth. -Again in September, 1778, Congress offered him the appointment of -brigadier-general; and again he declined, stating his belief that the -war was almost at an end. When the war was at last ended, he removed to -Maryland, was elected to the State Legislature, and died in Shrewsbury, -Pennsylvania, on the 11th of February, 1786, in the forty-fourth year -of his age. - - - - -WILLIAM WOODFORD. - - -William Woodford, born in Caroline County, Virginia, in 1735, -served with credit in the French and Indian War, and was appointed -colonel of the second regiment raised by his native State in 1775. -Evincing considerable military ability, and gaining a decided victory -at the battle of Great Bridge, where he was in command, upon the -recommendation of Washington he was made brigadier-general in the -Continental army, Feb. 21, 1777. At the battle of Brandywine, he was -severely wounded in the hand. Having been ordered to the South in 1779, -he was taken prisoner by the British at Charleston, May 21, 1780; -and being sent to New York that summer, he died there on the 13th of -November of the same year. - - - - -GEORGE CLINTON. - - -George Clinton, born on the 26th of July, 1739, in Little Britain, -Ulster County, New York, was of English extraction, his father having -emigrated to this country in 1729. In early life he evinced his love -of enterprise and adventure by leaving home to sail in a privateer. -Upon his return he joined the English troops in the French and Indian -War; but when peace was restored, he left the army and entered upon -the study of the law. Gaining reputation in his profession, he was -chosen in 1768 a representative to the Colonial Assembly and afterward, -in 1775, to the Continental Congress. He voted for the Declaration -of Independence; but the invasion of New York by the enemy, and the -trouble and excitement engendered by the Loyalists, caused him to be -summoned home before that famous document was ready for the signatures. -Having been appointed brigadier-general of the New York Militia in -July, 1776, he served in that capacity until the 25th of March, 1777, -when he was transferred to the Continental army with the same rank; -and the unfinished defences along the Hudson were committed to his -care. On the 6th of October these fortresses were stormed, and at -last, on account of their unfinished condition and the smallness of -the garrison, had to be abandoned, General Clinton and many of the -Americans escaping under cover of the night. - -General Clinton was elected first Governor of New York State in 1777. -With great executive and much military ability, he continued to fill -his doubly responsible position; and the public records of that period -bear witness to the extent and value of his services. In 1786, a -large body of malcontents, having been discomfited in Massachusetts, -took refuge in New York. Governor Clinton marched promptly to their -encampment with two regiments, and in less than twelve hours the -rebel army was dispersed and the leaders brought to justice. In -1788, he presided at the convention at Poughkeepsie when the federal -Constitution was ratified. After five years of private life, he -was again elected to the Legislature, and in 1801 was again chosen -governor, holding that office until 1804, when he was elected to the -vice-presidency of the United States. He filled this office until his -death, which occurred in Washington on the 20th of April, 1812. - - - - -EDWARD HAND. - - -Edward Hand, born in Clyduff, King’s County, Ireland, Dec. 31, 1744, -came to this country in 1774 with the Eighteenth Royal Irish Regulars -as surgeon’s mate. Upon reaching America, he resigned his position, -settled in Pennsylvania, and began the practice of medicine. The -following year, however, found him taking part in the great strife, -as lieutenant-colonel in Thompson’s Regiment. March 1, 1776, he was -promoted to be a colonel, and took part with his regiment in the -battles of Long Island and Trenton. April 1, 1777, he was advanced -to the rank of brigadier-general; in October, 1778, he succeeded -General Stark at Albany, and in 1780 commanded one brigade of the light -infantry. At the end of the year he was appointed adjutant-general, -and held that post until the close of the war, gaining the approbation -of Washington. In 1784–85, he was a member of Congress, and in 1790 -a signer of the Pennsylvania Constitution. In 1798, anticipating -a war with France, Washington recommended the appointment of Hand -as adjutant-general. He died at Rockford in Lancaster County, -Pennsylvania, on the 3d of September, 1802. During the Revolution he -was distinguished for his fine horsemanship and his daring spirit; but -he won the affection of his troops by his amiability and gentleness. - - - - -CHARLES SCOTT. - - -Charles Scott, born in Cumberland County, Virginia, in 1733, was -in the colonial service as a non-commissioned officer at the time -of Braddock’s defeat in 1755. At the beginning of our struggle for -independence, he raised and commanded the first company south of the -James River. In April, 1777, Congress promoted him from colonel to -brigadier-general. At the retreat of Lee from Monmouth, Scott was -the last to leave the field. Having been previously employed in the -recruiting service in Virginia, that State was anxious he should be -intrusted with the duty of her defence; Washington, however, ordered -him to South Carolina, and he became a prisoner at the capture -of Charleston, and was not exchanged until near the close of the -war. In 1785, he removed to Woodford County, Kentucky, filling the -gubernatorial chair of that State from 1808 to 1812, and dying there on -the 22d of October, 1813. - - - - -EBENEZER LARNED. - - -Ebenezer Larned or Learned, born at Oxford, Massachusetts, on the 18th -of April, 1728, served in the French and Indian War as the captain of -a company of rangers. At the beginning of the Revolution, he marched -to Cambridge at the head of a regiment of eight months’ militia. -Arriving after the battle of Lexington, he took part in the conflict -at Bunker Hill, and during the siege of Boston unbarred the gates with -his own hands, when the British evacuated that city, March 17, 1776. -Being wounded shortly after, he was compelled to retire from active -service for nearly a year. The 2d of April, 1777, Congress appointed -him a brigadier-general; but his health gradually failing, he sought -permission to leave the army, and retired on the 24th of March, -1778. The following year he acted as chairman of the Constitutional -Convention, and died in his native town on the 1st of April, 1801. - - - - -CHEVALIER PRUD’HOMME DE BORRE. - - -Chevalier Prud’homme de Borre, a French general of thirty-five years’ -service in Europe, was appointed brigadier-general in the Continental -army on the 11th of April, 1777. His commission was dated Dec. 1, 1776, -in accordance with a compact made with him in France by the American -commissioner. In July, De Borre captured a Tory under circumstances -which warranted, in his judgment, the prisoner’s immediate trial -and execution,--a summary proceeding, for which he was severely and -justly reprehended by Washington. In August, he commanded a brigade -in Sullivan’s attack on Staten Island, and in September took part in -the battle of Brandywine. In this engagement De Borre claimed the post -of honor, on the right wing of the army; Sullivan would not yield -this to him, and when De Borre pertinaciously insisted on taking -it, the former made a long and circuitous march for the purpose of -outreaching him. This manœuvre did not succeed; and as a consequence, -Sullivan’s brigade was not formed for action when the battle began. -De Borre’s brigade was the first to give way before the British, and -much of the ill fortune of that day was owing to this occurrence. His -insubordination being made the subject of a Congressional inquiry, he -took offence and resigned his commission on the 14th of September, -1777, and soon returned to France. - - - - -JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON. - - -Jedediah Huntington, born in Norwich, Connecticut, on the 4th of -August, 1743, was educated at Harvard, and graduating there when he -was twenty, delivered the first English oration ever pronounced in -that university. He engaged in commercial pursuits with his father, -and at the beginning of the Revolution was an active member of the -Sons of Liberty, and first captain, then colonel, in one of the local -regiments. Joining the Continental army at Cambridge in April, 1775, -he aided in repulsing the British at Danbury the following year, and -on the 12th of May, 1777, was commissioned brigadier-general. In -September, he was ordered to Philadelphia, and in May, 1778, to the -Hudson. He served in the court-martial that tried Lee, and also in the -one that examined André. At the close of the war, by a resolution -in Congress he was brevetted major-general. He was State treasurer, -and delegate to the convention that adopted the Constitution of the -United States. He was appointed by Washington collector of customs at -New London, to which place he removed in 1789, and held the office -twenty-six years. A zealous supporter of charitable institutions, -he was a member of the first Board of Foreign Missions. On the 10th -of May, 1784, at a meeting of officers, he was appointed one of a -committee of four to draft a plan of organization, which resulted in -their reporting on the 13th of that month the Constitution of the -Society of the Cincinnati. His first wife, Faith Trumbull, daughter of -the war governor of Connecticut, died while Huntington was on his way -to join the army in 1775, and his second wife was the sister of Bishop -Moore of Virginia. General Huntington died in New London, Connecticut, -on the 25th of September, 1818. - - - - -JOSEPH REED. - - -Joseph Reed was born at Trenton, New Jersey, on the 27th of August, -1742. After a thorough and comprehensive education in the colonies, he -adopted the law as his profession; and his advantages were greatly -increased by special training at the Temple in London. Returning to -America, he settled in Philadelphia and began to practise, but was -keenly alive to all passing events, and gave the British ministry -timely warning of what he thought the end would be, should the growing -dissatisfaction with the coercive measures adopted by Great Britain -toward her American colonies lead to an open revolt and an armed -resistance. His acquaintance with Washington began when the latter came -to Philadelphia from Virginia as a delegate to the first Continental -Congress. This friendship resulted in Reed’s accepting in 1775 the -office of military secretary to the commander-in-chief. When a friend -remonstrated with him on the step he had taken, he replied,-- - - “I have no inclination to be hanged for half-treason. When a - subject draws his sword against his prince, he must cut his way - through, if he means afterwards to sit down in safety. I have - taken too active a part in what may be called the civil part of - opposition, to renounce without disgrace the public cause when it - seems to lead to danger, and have a most sovereign contempt for the - man who can plan measures he has not spirit to execute.” - -So well did he fill this position that in 1776, on the recommendation -of Washington, Congress appointed him adjutant-general in the -Continental service, and well did he justify the chief’s favorable -opinion of him, by the vigilance, thoroughness, and ability with which -he discharged the arduous duties of this most responsible office. As -adjutant-general he met the messenger of Lord Howe, when the latter -sent a letter to “George Washington, Esq.,” and refused to transmit -it to the commander-in-chief, because it was not properly addressed. -Reed’s first taste of actual war was during the series of engagements -on Long Island in August, 1776; but when Washington began his retreat -through the Jerseys, he sent Reed to solicit reinforcements from -the State Legislature. Having spent his boyhood in Trenton, and his -college days in Princeton, his accurate knowledge of the topography of -the country contributed in no small degree to the glorious victories -which on the 26th of December, 1776, and 3d of January, 1777, changed -the gloom and despondency of the Americans into the assurance and -exultation of success. - -As an acknowledgment of his distinguished services during the late -campaign, Congress, again at the instance of Washington, promoted -Reed, his commission as brigadier-general bearing date May 12, -1777. His legal ability also received its share of recognition, the -Executive Council of Pennsylvania appointing him to fill the office of -chief-justice of that State. He declined both appointments, however, -preferring to serve as a volunteer whenever occasion demanded his -military services. Congress accepted his resignation on the 7th of -June, 1777. At the first news of the invasion of Pennsylvania by the -British, he joined the army again and took part in the battles of -Brandywine and Germantown, and in the skirmish at Whitemarsh. Though -refusing the office of chief-justice, he had accepted a seat in -Congress; and his time was divided between active service in the camp -at Valley Forge, and in making appeals on the floor of Congress for -reinforcements and supplies for the destitute army. Impoverished by the -war, and with his great heart wrung by the sufferings he had witnessed -among our soldiers while in winter-quarters, he was suddenly exposed -to a great temptation. Ten thousand pounds sterling, and any colonial -office in the king’s gift, were tendered him, if he would withdraw -from the American cause, and use his influence in reconciling the two -countries. Reed hesitated not one moment, but proudly answered, “I -am not worth purchasing, but such as I am, the King of Great Britain -is not rich enough to buy me.” His military career closed with the -battle of Monmouth on the 28th of June, 1778, and in November he was -unanimously elected president of the State of Pennsylvania. To this -new dignity he brought all the incorruptible integrity, fertility of -resource, and indomitable courage that had characterized him as a -soldier. Twice re-elected, his tenure of office expired in October, -1781. A few months before his death, he was again called to serve the -public, being elected to a seat in the Continental Congress; but his -health had already begun to fail, and at the early age of forty-three -he died on the 5th of March, 1785. - - - - -COUNT KAZEMIERZ (OR CASIMIR) PULASKI. - - -Count Kazemierz (or Casimir) Pulaski, born in Podolia on the 4th -of March, 1748, received a thorough military education by serving -for a time in the guard of Duke Charles of Courland, and enlisting -when twenty-one under his father’s banner for the rescue of Poland -from her oppressors. Bereft of father and brother by the war, he yet -succeeded for a time in baffling all attempts to bring his country -into subjection; but at last in 1772 his enemies triumphed and the -partition of Poland was the result. Pulaski’s estates were confiscated; -he was outlawed; and a price was set upon his head. Escaping to -Turkey, but failing to gain any assistance there, he went to Paris in -1775. Sympathizing with the oppressed of whatever nation, he sought -an interview with Benjamin Franklin, tendered his services, and came -to this country in May, 1777, entering our army as a volunteer. His -conduct at the battle of Brandywine secured him promotion to the rank -of brigadier-general, on the 15th of September, 1777, with a command of -the cavalry. During the ensuing winter, however, finding the officers -under him dissatisfied at receiving orders from a foreigner who could -with difficulty speak their language, and whose ideas of discipline -and tactics differed widely from theirs, he resigned his command, and -returned to special duty at Valley Forge. At his suggestion, approved -by Washington, Congress authorized the raising of an independent -corps of Lancers and light infantry, in which even deserters from the -British, and prisoners-of-war, could enlist. This corps became famous -afterward as “Pulaski’s Legion,” and rendered great service at the -attack on Savannah. In this assault, Pulaski commanded all the cavalry, -both French and American. The conflict was obstinate and bloody. -Pulaski was severely wounded and left on the field of battle when his -men retreated; some of them, however, returned, and under fire of the -enemy, bore him to camp. With others of the wounded, he was taken on -board the American brig “Wasp,” which was lying in the harbor; but -notwithstanding the skill of the French surgeon, he died a few days -after, as she was leaving the river, and his body was consigned to -the sea on the 11th of October, 1779. The “Wasp” carrying the sad -intelligence to Charleston, appropriate funeral services were held -in that city. The cornerstone of a monument raised to his memory in -Savannah was laid by Lafayette, when in 1824 he visited this country as -“the nation’s guest,” and made a triumphant progress through each of -the twenty-four States. - - - - -JOHN STARK. - - -John Stark, born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, on the 28th of August, -1728, was of Scotch descent, his ancestors having been among the -followers of John Knox. His early life was spent in agricultural -pursuits, hunting, and trapping,--vocations which, though hazardous -and laborious, imparted a wonderful degree of physical power and -mental resource. At the age of twenty-five, he was taken prisoner by -the St. Francis tribe of Indians while on a hunting expedition, and -detained many months; but such was their admiration for his courage and -daring that they formally invested him with the dignity of chief, and -permitted him to share in the honors and successes of the tribe. Being -finally ransomed by the Commissioners of Massachusetts, the General -Court of that State having a “fund for the release of captives,” he -returned home, and as New Hampshire never refunded this money, $103, -Stark paid it back himself, earning the money by his own labor. Through -the French and Indian War he sustained a distinguished part, and at the -head of the “New Hampshire Rangers” often bore the brunt of the battle, -when the British regulars were baffled and defeated by the Indian -modes of warfare. During the twelve years of peace which followed, -Stark devoted himself to his old pursuits, and to the training of his -four sons; but within ten minutes after hearing the news of the battle -of Lexington, he had buckled on his sword and started for the scene -of action, calling upon all who loved their country to follow him. -Twelve hundred men answered his summons, and from these he organized -two regiments, ready for action under the Provincial authority. During -the remainder of this year and all the next, Stark did all that a -patriot could do to uphold the cause of liberty and independence. The -enthusiasm of his men for their leader was such that when their term of -enlistment expired, the regiment to a man re-enlisted; but Congress, -for some inexplicable reason, passed over his claims to promotion, and -advanced younger and far less experienced officers above him. Finding -his protests of no avail, he resigned his commission and retired to -his farm, sent his four sturdy sons into the ranks, and justified his -conduct in withdrawing from active service by saying, “An officer who -cannot maintain his own rank, and assert his own rights, cannot be -trusted to vindicate those of his country.” - -The summer of 1777 threatened evil for the New England States. Burgoyne -was invading our territory from the north, while Lord Howe was making -unmistakable preparations to join him by way of the Hudson. At this -time of peril, the General Assembly of New Hampshire appealed to John -Stark to take command of the militia and check the triumphant progress -of Burgoyne. His consent was hailed with joy; willing troops flocked to -his standard; and his homely appeal on the 16th of August, 1777, “We -must conquer to-day, boys, or Molly Stark’s a widow!” incited his men -to such deeds of valor that the battle of Bennington resulted in the -complete rout of the enemy and the capture of seven hundred prisoners, -four pieces of brass cannon, and many hundred stands of arms, -broadswords, drums, etc. This brilliant achievement forced Congress to -acknowledge their former injustice and Stark’s true worth; on the 4th -of October, 1777, he was reinstated in the regular army, with the rank -of brigadier-general. He remained in active service until the close of -the war, when he once more retired to his farm. - -Loved and revered by all who knew him, the veteran of two protracted -wars, Stark lived to see that of 1812, though too old then to take -the field in person. When the news reached him of the capitulation -of General Hull, and the loss of the cannon which he had won at -Bennington, the hero of many battles was fired with all his old -enthusiasm and longed once more to lead our troops to victory. He lived -to the age of ninety-four, dying at Manchester, New Hampshire, on the -8th of May, 1822. His grave on the banks of the Merrimac is marked by a -granite shaft bearing the simple inscription: - - MAJOR-GENERAL STARK. - - - - -JAMES WILKINSON. - - -James Wilkinson, born near the village of Benedict on the Patuxent, -Maryland, in 1757, began the study of medicine with an uncle, who, -having been a surgeon under Wolfe, told his pupil many anecdotes of the -war in Canada. The military bias of his mind was further strengthened -by what he saw during his frequent visits to the barracks, while -attending the medical school in Philadelphia. Although having returned -home to practise his profession, upon hearing the news concerning the -battle of Bunker Hill, he hastened to join the army under Washington -at Cambridge. Here he made the acquaintance of Benedict Arnold and -Aaron Burr, and being given a captain’s commission, joined the -former’s expedition into Canada. In July, 1776, he was appointed major -and attached to the staff of Gates, who sent him in December with -despatches to the commander-in-chief; this gave him the opportunity of -taking part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. - -In 1777, Wilkinson was advanced to the rank of colonel and afterward -adjutant-general, in which capacity he fought in the battles of -Bemis Heights, on the 19th of September, 1777, and of Saratoga, on -the 7th of October. Prior to the latter engagement, under cover of -the darkness, Col. John Hardin, of Kentucky, penetrated the British -lines, and gained an actual view of their strength and position. -Regaining the American camp and meeting Wilkinson, he confided to him -his discoveries, with the entreaty that he would immediately inform -General Gates. Wilkinson did so, suppressing Hardin’s name and making -_himself_ appear the hero of this midnight exploit. When Burgoyne -surrendered, therefore, Wilkinson was sent to bear the news to Congress -with a recommendation to make him brigadier-general. Stopping in -Reading for some time, he consumed eighteen days in making the journey, -and thus the news was a week old when he reached Philadelphia. A -proposal in Congress to present him with a sword was defeated by Dr. -Witherspoon dryly remarking, “I think ye’d better gie the lad a pair -of spurs!” Nevertheless, a few days later, those members who accounted -themselves personal friends and admirers of General Gates, carried -the motion to make Wilkinson a brigadier-general, by brevet, on the -6th of November, 1777, and soon after he was appointed secretary of -the Board of War, of which Gates was president. His delay in Reading, -however, was eventually of great service to the country, for, having -visited Lord Stirling’s headquarters at that place, he dined with the -officers. After Lord Stirling left the table, Wilkinson, in a moment -of post-prandial confidence, revealed to Major McWilliams, an aid to -Lord Stirling, the scheme at that time being set on foot by Mifflin and -Conway, to have Gates supersede Washington as commander-in-chief of -the army. McWilliams felt it his duty to report what he had heard to -Lord Stirling, who in his turn felt constrained to communicate the plot -to Washington. When this infamous conspiracy became known, forty-nine -officers of his own rank petitioned Congress to revoke Wilkinson’s -appointment as brigadier. Hearing this, Wilkinson wrote to Congress on -the 3d of March, 1778, that he was - - “informed the mark of distinction conferred on him has occasioned - a dissatisfaction in the army,” that “to obviate any embarrassment - which may result from this disposition, by the consequent - resignation of officers of merit, he begs leave to relinquish his - brevet of brigadier, wishing to hold no commission unless he - can wear it to the honor and advantage of his country;” and that - “this conduct, however repugnant to fashionable ambition, he finds - consistent with those principles on which he early drew his sword - in the present contest.” - -His resignation was accepted on the 6th of March, 1778; he was allowed -to retain his rank of colonel, but was not again actively employed -until near the close of the war, when for a time he filled the position -of clothier-general to the army. Settling in Lexington, Kentucky, in -1783, he found the Mississippi River closed to American commerce, and -Western produce rotting on the ground for want of transportation. -Seeing he could speedily make a fortune, could he but obtain from the -Spanish Government the exclusive right to trade with New Orleans, he -paved the way by presenting to the commandant at Natchez a pair of -Kentucky thoroughbred horses. Presently he loaded a boat with local -produce and sent it down the river. It was seized, but of course -released when he appeared as the owner. He now entered into formal -negotiations. Taking advantage of the dissatisfaction in the West -with the federal Government, because of its inability at that time to -protect them from the Indians, and to open the Mississippi for purposes -of transportation, Wilkinson covenanted, in return for a pension of -$2,000 per annum, and the exclusive right of trade with New Orleans, -to induce the Western States to separate from the Eastern, and place -themselves under the protection of the Spanish Government. This plot -had almost succeeded when it was discovered and defeated. Not finding -trading as remunerative as he had hoped, he applied in 1791 for -reinstatement in the army, and this request was granted by appointing -him lieutenant-colonel, because, as was urged in Congress, being of a -restless and intriguing disposition, “he was dangerous as long as he -was unemployed.” His conduct justified this estimate, for he rendered -such good service against the Indians that in 1792 he received the -appointment of brigadier-general; and upon the death of Wayne, in 1796, -he was given the supreme command on the Western frontier. - -In 1805, Wilkinson was appointed Governor of Louisiana, when he -discovered and disclosed the conspiracy of Aaron Burr to establish a -separate confederacy beyond the Alleghanies. Burr and Andrew Jackson -declaring Wilkinson to be implicated, he was tried by court-martial -in 1811, but acquitted because of insufficient proof, though his -correspondence with the Spanish Government, since made public, -establishes his guilt. He was advanced to the rank of major-general in -1813, and employed in the North; but his operations were unsuccessful, -owing to a disagreement with Wade Hampton. A court of inquiry in 1815 -exonerated him, however; but upon the reorganizing of the army, he -was not retained in the service, and retired to Mexico, where he had -acquired large estates. He died in the vicinity of the capital on the -28th of December, 1825. - - - - -CHEVALIER DE LA NEUVILLE. - - -Chevalier de la Neuville, born about 1740, came to this country with -his younger brother in the autumn of 1777, and tendered his services -to Congress. Having served with distinction in the French army for -twenty years, enjoying the favorable opinion of Lafayette, and bringing -with him the highest testimonials, he was appointed on the 14th of -May, 1778, inspector of the army under Gates, with the promise of -rank according to his merit at the end of three months. He was a good -officer and strict disciplinarian, but was not popular with the army. -Failing to obtain the promotion he expected, he applied for permission -to retire at the end of six months’ service. His request was granted -on the 4th of December, 1778, Congress instructing the president that -a certificate be given to Monsieur de la Neuville in the following -words:-- - - “Mr. de la Neuville having served with fidelity and reputation in - the army of the United States, in testimony of his merit a brevet - commission of brigadier has been granted to him by Congress, and on - his request he is permitted to leave the service of these States - and return to France.” - -The brevet commission was to bear date the 14th of October, 1778. -Having formed a strong attachment for General Gates, they corresponded -after De la Neuville’s return to France. In one of his letters the -chevalier writes that he wishes to return to America, “not as a -general, but as a philosopher,” and to purchase a residence near that -of his best friend, General Gates. He did not return, however, and his -subsequent history is lost amid the troubles of the French Revolution. - - - - -JETHRO SUMNER. - - -Jethro Sumner, born in Virginia about 1730, was of English parentage. -Removing to North Carolina while still a youth, he took an active -part in the measures which preceded the Revolution, and believed the -struggle to be unavoidable. Having held the office of paymaster to the -Provincial troops, and also the command at Fort Cumberland, he was -appointed in 1776, by the Provincial Congress, colonel in the Third -North Carolina Regiment, and served under Washington at the North. -On the 9th of January, 1779, he was commissioned brigadier-general, -and ordered to join Gates at the South. He took part in the battle of -Camden, and served under Greene at the battle of Eutaw Springs on the -8th of September, 1781, where he led a bayonet-charge. He served to the -close of the war, rendering much assistance in keeping the Tories in -North Carolina in check during the last years of the struggle, and died -in Warren County, North Carolina, about 1790. - - - - -JAMES HOGAN. - - -James Hogan of Halifax, North Carolina, was chosen to represent his -district in the Provincial Congress that assembled on the 4th of -April, 1776. Upon the organization of the North Carolina forces, he -was appointed paymaster of the Third Regiment. On the 17th of the same -month, he was transferred to the Edenton and Halifax Militia, with the -rank of major. His military services were confined to his own State, -though commissioned brigadier-general in the Continental army on the -9th of January, 1779. - - - - -ISAAC HUGER. - - -Isaac Huger, born at Limerick Plantation at the head-waters of Cooper -River, South Carolina, on the 19th of March, 1742, was the grandson -of Huguenot exiles who had fled to America after the revocation of -the Edict of Nantes. Inheriting an ardent love of civil and religious -liberty, reared in a home of wealth and refinement, thoroughly educated -in Europe and trained to military service through participation in an -expedition against the Cherokee Indians, he was selected on the 17th -of June, 1775, by the Provincial Congress, as lieutenant-colonel of -the First South Carolina Regiment. Being stationed at Fort Johnson, he -had no opportunity to share in the defeat of the British in Charleston -Harbor, as Colonel Moultrie’s victory at Sullivan’s Island prevented -premeditated attack on the city. During the two years of peace for -the South that followed, Huger was promoted to a colonelcy, and then -ordered to Georgia. His soldiers, however, were so enfeebled by -sickness, privation, and toil that when called into action at Savannah, -they could only show what they might have accomplished under more -favorable circumstances. On the 9th of January, 1779, Congress made him -a brigadier-general; and until the capture of Charleston by the British -in May, 1780, he was in constant service either in South Carolina -or Georgia. Too weak to offer any open resistance, the patriots of -the South were compelled for a time to remain in hiding, but with the -appearance of Greene as commander, active operations were resumed. - -Huger’s thorough knowledge of the different localities and his frank -fearlessness gained him the confidence of his superior officer, and -it was to his direction that Greene confided the army on several -occasions, while preparing for the series of engagements that -culminated in the evacuation of Charleston and Savannah. Huger -commanded the Virginia troops at the battle of Guilford Court-House, -where he was severely wounded; and at Hobkirk’s Hill he had the honor -of commanding the right wing of the army. He served to the close -of the war; and when Moultrie was chosen president, he was made -vice-president, of the Society of the Cincinnati of South Carolina. -Entering the war a rich man, he left it a poor one; he gave his wealth -as freely as he had risked his life, and held them both well spent in -helping to secure the blessings of liberty and independence to his -beloved country. He died on the 17th of October, 1797, and was buried -on the banks of the Ashley River, South Carolina. - - - - -MORDECAI GIST. - - -Mordecai Gist, born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1743, was descended from -some of the earliest English settlers in that State. Though trained for -a commercial life, he hastened at the beginning of the Revolution to -offer his services to his country, and in January, 1775, was elected -to the command of a company of volunteers raised in his native city, -called the “Baltimore Independent Company,”--the first company raised -in Maryland for liberty. In 1776, he rose to the rank of major, -distinguishing himself whenever an occasion offered. In 1777, he was -made colonel, and on the 9th of January, 1779, Congress recognized his -worth by conferring on him the rank of brigadier-general. - -It is with the battle of Camden, South Carolina, that Gist’s name is -indissolubly linked. The British having secured the best position, -Gates divided his forces into three parts, assigning the right wing to -Gist. By a blunder in an order issued by Gates himself, the centre and -the left wing were thrown into confusion and routed. Gist and De Kalb -stood firm, and by their determined resistance made the victory a dear -one for the British. When the brave German fell, Gist rallied about a -hundred men and led them off in good order. In 1782, joining the light -troops of the South, he commanded at Combahee--the last engagement in -the war--and gained a victory. At the close of the war he retired to -his plantation near Charleston, where he died in 1792. He was married -three times, and had two sons, one of whom he named “Independent” and -the other “States.” - - - - -WILLIAM IRVINE. - - -William Irvine, born near Enniskillen, Ireland, on the 3d of November, -1741, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Though preferring a -military career, he adopted the medical profession to gratify the -wishes of his parents. During the latter part of the Seven Years War -between England and France, he served as surgeon on board a British -man-of-war, and shortly before the restoration of peace, he resigned -his commission, and coming to America in 1764, settled at Carlisle, -Pennsylvania, where he soon acquired a great reputation and a large -practice. Warm-hearted and impulsive, at the opening of the Revolution -he adopted the cause of the colonists as his own, and after serving -in the Pennsylvania Convention, he was commissioned in 1776 to raise -a regiment in that State. At the head of these troops, he took part -in the Canadian expedition of that year, and being taken prisoner, -was detained for many months. He was captured a second time at the -battle of Chestnut Hill, New Jersey, in December, 1777. On the 12th of -May, 1779, Congress conferred on him the rank of brigadier-general. -From 1782 until the close of the war, he commanded at Fort Pitt,--an -important post defending the Western frontier, then threatened by -British and Indians. In 1785, he was appointed an agent to examine the -public lands, and to him was intrusted the administration of an act for -distributing the donation lands that had been promised to the troops -of the Commonwealth. Appreciating the advantage to Pennsylvania of -having an outlet on Lake Erie, he suggested the purchase of that tract -of land known as “the triangle.” From 1785 to 1795, he filled various -civil and military offices of responsibility. Being sent to treat with -those connected with the Whiskey Insurgents, and failing to quiet them -by arguments, he was given command of the Pennsylvania Militia to carry -out the vigorous measures afterward adopted to reduce them to order. -In 1795, he settled in Philadelphia, held the position of intendant of -military stores, and was president of the Pennsylvania Society of the -Cincinnati until his death on the 9th of July, 1804. - - - - -DANIEL MORGAN. - - -Daniel Morgan, born in New Jersey about 1736, was of Welsh parentage. -His family having an interest in some Virginia lands, he went to that -colony at seventeen years of age. When Braddock began his march against -Fort Duquesne, Morgan joined the army as a teamster, and did good -service at the rout of the English army at Monongahela, by bringing -away the wounded. Upon returning from this disastrous campaign, he was -appointed ensign in the colonial service, and soon after was sent with -important despatches to a distant fort. Surprised by the Indians, his -two companions were instantly killed, while he received a rifle-ball in -the back of his neck, which shattered his jaw and passed through his -left cheek, inflicting the only severe wound he received during his -entire military career. Believing himself about to die, but determined -that his scalp should not fall into the hands of his assailants, he -clasped his arms around his horse’s neck and spurred him forward. An -Indian followed in hot pursuit; but finding Morgan’s steed too swift -for him, he threw his tomahawk, hoping to strike his victim. Morgan -however escaped and reached the fort, but was lifted fainting from -the saddle and was not restored to health for six months. In 1762, he -obtained a grant of land near Winchester, Virginia, where he devoted -himself to farming and stock-raising. Summoned again to military duty, -he served during the Pontiac War, but from 1765 to 1775 led the life of -a farmer, and acquired during this period much property. - -The first call to arms in the Revolutionary struggle found Morgan ready -to respond; recruits flocked to his standard; and at the head of a -corps of riflemen destined to render brilliant service, he marched away -to Washington’s camp at Cambridge. Montgomery was already in Canada, -and when Arnold was sent to co-operate with him, Morgan eagerly sought -for service in an enterprise so hazardous and yet so congenial. At the -storming of Quebec, Morgan and his men carried the first barrier, and -could they have been reinforced, would no doubt have captured the city. -Being opposed by overwhelming numbers, and their rifles being rendered -almost useless by the fast-falling snow, after an obstinate resistance -they were forced to surrender themselves prisoners-of-war. Morgan was -offered the rank of colonel in the British army, but rejected the offer -with scorn. Upon being exchanged, Congress gave him the same rank in -the Continental army, and placed a rifle brigade of five hundred men -under his command. - -For three years Morgan and his men rendered such valuable service that -even English writers have borne testimony to their efficiency. In -1780, a severe attack of rheumatism compelled him to return home. On -the 31st of October of the same year, Congress raised him to the rank -of brigadier-general; and his health being somewhat restored, he joined -General Greene, who had assumed command of the Southern army. Much of -the success of the American arms at the South, during this campaign, -must be attributed to General Morgan, but his old malady returning, in -March, 1781, he was forced to resign. When Cornwallis invaded Virginia, -Morgan once more joined the army, and Lafayette assigned to him the -command of the cavalry. Upon the surrender of Yorktown, he retired once -more to his home, spending his time in agricultural pursuits and the -improvement of his mind. In 1794, the duty of quelling the “Whiskey -Insurrection” in Pennsylvania was intrusted to him, and subsequently -he represented his district in Congress for two sessions. He died in -Winchester on the 6th of July, 1802, and has been called, “The hero of -Quebec, of Saratoga, and of the Cowpens; the bravest among the brave, -and the Ney of the West.” - - - - -MOSES HAZEN. - - -Moses Hazen, born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1733, served in the -French and Indian War, and subsequently settled near St. Johns, New -Brunswick, accumulating much wealth, and retaining his connection -with the British army as a lieutenant on half-pay. In 1775, having -furnished supplies and rendered other assistance to Montgomery during -the Canadian campaign, the English troops destroyed his shops and -houses and carried off his personal property. In 1776, he offered his -services to Congress, who promised to indemnify him for all loss he had -sustained, and appointed him colonel in the Second Canadian Regiment, -known by the name of “Congress’s Own,” because “not attached to the -quota of any State.” He remained in active and efficient service during -the entire war, being promoted to the rank of brigadier-general the -29th of June, 1781. At the close of the war, with his two brothers, -who had also been in the army, he settled in Vermont upon land granted -to them for their services, and died at Troy, New York, on the 30th -of January, 1802, his widow receiving a further grant of land and a -pension for life of two hundred dollars. - - - - -OTHO HOLLAND WILLIAMS. - - -Otho Holland Williams, born in Prince George’s County, Maryland, in -1749, entered the Revolutionary army in 1775, as a lieutenant. He -steadily rose in rank, holding the position of adjutant-general under -Greene. Though acting with skill and gallantry on all occasions, his -fame chiefly rests on his brilliant achievement at the battle of -Eutaw Springs, where his command gained the day for the Americans by -their irresistible charge with fixed bayonets across a field swept -by the fire of the enemy. On the 9th of May, 1782, he was made a -brigadier-general, but retired from the army on the 6th of June, 1783, -to accept the appointment of collector of customs for the State of -Maryland, which office he held until his death on the 16th of July, -1800. - - - - -JOHN GREATON. - - -John Greaton, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, on the 10th of March, -1741, was an innkeeper prior to the Revolution, and an officer of the -militia of his native town. On the 12th of July, 1775, he was appointed -colonel in the regular army. During the siege of Boston, he led an -expedition which destroyed the buildings on Long Island in Boston -Harbor. In April, 1776, he was ordered to Canada, and in the following -December he joined Washington in New Jersey, but was subsequently -transferred to Heath’s division at West Point. He served to the end of -the war, and was commissioned brigadier-general on the 7th of January, -1783. Conscientiously performing all the duties assigned him, though -unable to boast of any brilliant achievements, he won a reputation for -sterling worth and reliability. He died in his native town on the 16th -of December, 1783, the first of the Revolutionary generals to pass away -after the conclusion of peace. - - - - -RUFUS PUTNAM. - - -Rufus Putnam, born in Sutton, Massachusetts, on the 9th of April, 1738, -after serving his apprenticeship as a millwright, enlisted as a common -soldier in the Provincial army in 1757. At the close of the French -and Indian War, he returned to Massachusetts, married, and settled -in the town of New Braintree as a miller. Finding a knowledge of -mathematics necessary to his success, he devoted much time to mastering -that science. In 1773, having gone to Florida, he was appointed -deputy-surveyor of the province by the governor. A rupture with Great -Britain becoming imminent, he returned to Massachusetts in 1775, and -was appointed lieutenant in one of the first regiments raised in that -State after the battle of Lexington. His first service was the throwing -up of defences in front of Roxbury. In 1776, he was ordered to New York -and superintended the defences in that section of the country and the -construction of the fortifications at West Point. In August, Congress -appointed him engineer with the rank of colonel. He continued in -active service, sometimes as engineer, sometimes as commander, and at -others as commissioner for the adjustment of claims growing out of the -war, until the disbanding of the army, being advanced to the rank of -brigadier-general on the 7th of January, 1783. - -After the close of the war, Putnam held various civil offices in his -native State, acted as aid to General Lincoln during Shays’ Rebellion -in 1786, was superintendent of the Ohio Company, founded the town -of Marietta in 1788, was appointed in 1792 brigadier-general of -the forces sent against the Indians of the Northwest, concluded an -important treaty with them the same year, and resigned his commission -on account of illness in 1793. During the succeeding ten years, he -was Surveyor-General of the United States, when his increasing age -compelled him to withdraw from active employment, and he retired to -Marietta, where he died on the 1st of May, 1824. - - - - -ELIAS DAYTON. - - -Elias Dayton, born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, in July, 1737, began -his military career by joining Braddock’s forces, and fought in the -“Jersey Blues” under Wolfe at Quebec. Subsequently he commanded a -company of militia in an expedition against the Indians, and at the -beginning of the Revolution was a member of the Committee of Safety. In -July, 1775, he was with the party under Lord Stirling that captured a -British transport off Staten Island. In 1776, he was ordered to Canada; -but upon reaching Albany he was directed to remain in that part of -the country to prevent any hostile demonstration by the Tory element. -In 1777, he ranked as colonel of the Third New Jersey Regiment, and -in 1781, he materially aided in suppressing the revolt in the New -Jersey line. Serving to the end of the war, he was promoted to be a -brigadier-general the 7th of January, 1783. Returning to New Jersey -upon the disbanding of the army, he was elected president of the -Society of the Cincinnati of that State, and died in his native town on -the 17th of July, 1807. - - - - -COUNT ARMAND. - - -Armand Tuffin, Marquis de la Rouarie, born in the castle of Rouarie -near Rennes, France, on the 14th of April, 1756, was admitted in 1775 -to be a member of the body-guard of the French king. A duel led to his -dismissal shortly after. Angry and mortified, he attempted suicide, but -his life was saved; and in May, 1777, he came to the United States, -where he entered the Continental army under the name of Count Armand. -Being granted leave to raise a partisan corps of Frenchmen, he served -with credit and great ability under Lafayette, Gates, and Pulaski. At -the reorganization of the army in 1780, Washington proposed Armand for -promotion, and recommended the keeping intact of his corps. In 1781, -he was summoned to France by his family, but returned in time to take -part in the siege of Yorktown, bringing with him clothing, arms, and -ammunition for his corps, which had been withdrawn from active service -during his absence. - -After the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington again called the -attention of Congress to Armand’s meritorious conduct, and he at last -received his promotion as brigadier-general on the 26th of March, 1783. -At the close of the war he was admitted as a member of the Society -of the Cincinnati, and with warmest recommendations from Washington -returned to his native country and lived privately until 1788, when -he was elected one of twelve deputies to intercede with the king for -the continuance of the privileges of his native province of Brittany. -For this he was confined for several weeks in the Bastile. Upon his -release he returned to Brittany, and in 1789, denounced the principle -of revolution and proposed a plan for the union of the provinces of -Brittany, Anjou, and Poitou, and the raising of an army to co-operate -with the allies. These plans being approved by the brothers of Louis -XVI., in December, 1791, Rouarie was appointed Royal Commissioner -of Brittany. In March of the year following, the chiefs of the -confederation met at his castle; and all was ready for action when they -were betrayed to the legislative assembly, and troops were sent to -arrest the marquis. He succeeded in eluding them for several months, -when he was attacked by a fatal illness and died in the castle of La -Guyomarais near Lamballe, on the 30th of January, 1793. - - - - -THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO. - - -Thaddeus Kosciusko, born near Novogrodek, Lithuania, on the 12th of -February, 1746, was descended from a noble Polish family. Studying at -first in the military academy at Warsaw, he afterward completed his -education in France. Returning to his native country, he entered the -army and rose to the rank of captain. Soon after coming to America, -he offered his services to Washington as a volunteer in the cause -of American independence. Appreciating his lofty character and fine -military attainments, Washington made him one of his aids, showing the -high estimation in which he held the gallant Pole. - -Taking part in several great battles in the North, Kosciusko there -proved his skill and courage, and was ordered to accompany Greene to -the South when that general superseded Gates in 1781. Holding the -position of chief engineer, he planned and directed all the besieging -operations against Ninety-Six. In recognition of these valuable -services, he received from Congress the rank of brigadier-general in -the Continental army on the 13th of October, 1783. Serving to the end -of the war, he shared with Lafayette the honor of being admitted into -the Society of the Cincinnati. Returning to Poland in 1786 he entered -the Polish army upon its reorganization in 1789, and fought valiantly -in behalf of his oppressed country. Resigning his commission, he once -more became an exile, when the Russians triumphed, and the second -partition of Poland was agreed upon. - -Two years later, however, when the Poles determined to resume their -struggle for freedom, Kosciusko returned, and in March, 1794, was -proclaimed director and generalissimo. With courage, patience and -skill, that justified the high esteem in which he had been held in -America, he directed his followers while they waged the unequal strife. -Successful at first, he broke the yoke of tyranny from the necks of his -down-trodden countrymen, and for a few short weeks beheld his beloved -country free. But with vastly augmented numbers the enemy once more -invaded Poland; and in a desperate conflict Kosciusko, covered with -wounds, was taken prisoner, and the subjugation of the whole province -soon followed. He remained a prisoner for two years until the accession -of Paul I. of Russia. In token of his admiration, Paul wished to -present his own sword to Kosciusko; but the latter refused it, saying, -“I have no more need of a sword, as I have no longer a country,” and -would accept nothing but his release from captivity. He visited France -and England, and in 1797 returned to the United States, from which -country he received a pension, and was everywhere warmly welcomed. The -following year he returned to France, when his countrymen in the French -army presented him with the sword of John Sobieski. Purchasing a small -estate, he devoted himself to agriculture. - -In 1806, when Napoleon planned the restoration of Poland, Kosciusko -refused to join in the undertaking, because he was on his parole -never to fight against Russia. He gave one more evidence before his -death of his love of freedom and sincere devotion to her cause, by -releasing from slavery all the serfs on his own estate in his native -land. In 1816, he removed to Switzerland, where he died on the 15th -of October, 1817, at Solothurn. The following year his remains were -removed to Cracow, and buried beside Sobieski, and the people, in -loving remembrance of his patriotic devotion, raised a mound above his -grave one hundred and fifty feet high, the earth being brought from -every great battle-field in Poland. This country paid its tribute of -gratitude by erecting a monument to his memory at West Point on the -Hudson. - - - - -STEPHEN MOYLAN. - - -Stephen Moylan, born in Ireland in 1734, received a good education -in his native land, resided for a time in England, and then coming -to America, travelled extensively, and finally became a merchant in -Philadelphia. He was among the first to hasten to the camp at Cambridge -in 1775, and was at once placed in the Commissariat Department. His -face and manners attracting Washington, he was selected March 5, 1776, -to be aide-de-camp, and on the 5th of June following, on recommendation -of the commander-in-chief, he was made quartermaster-general. Finding -himself unable to discharge his duties satisfactorily, he soon after -resigned to enter the ranks as a volunteer. In 1777 he commanded a -company of dragoons, was in the action at Germantown, and wintered -with the army at Valley Forge in 1777 and 1778. With Wayne, Moylan -joined the expedition to Bull’s Ferry in 1780, and was with Greene -in the South in 1781. He served to the close of the war, being made -brigadier-general by brevet the 3d of November, 1783. After the -disbanding of the army, he resumed business in Philadelphia, where he -died on the 11th of April, 1811, holding for several years prior to his -decease the office of United States commissioner of loans. - - - - -SAMUEL ELBERT. - - -Samuel Elbert, born in Prince William parish, South Carolina, in 1743, -was left an orphan at an early age, and going to Savannah, engaged -in commercial pursuits. In June, 1774, he was elected captain of a -company of grenadiers, and later was a member of the local Committee -of Safety. In February, 1776, he entered the Continental army as -lieutenant-colonel of Lachlan McIntosh’s brigade, and was promoted to -colonel during the ensuing September. In May of the year following, he -was intrusted with the command of an expedition against the British -in East Florida, and captured Fort Oglethorpe in that State in April -of 1778. Ordered to Georgia, he behaved with great gallantry when an -attack was made on Savannah by Col. Archibald Campbell in December -of the same year. In 1779, after distinguishing himself at Brier -Creek, he was taken prisoner, and when exchanged joined the army under -Washington, and was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. On the -3d of November, 1783, Congress brevetted him brigadier-general, and -in 1785 he was elected Governor of Georgia. In further acknowledgment -of his services in her behalf, that State subsequently appointed him -major-general of her militia, and named a county in his honor. He died -in Savannah on the 2d of November, 1788. - - - - -CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY. - - -Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, born at Charleston, South Carolina, on -the 25th of February, 1746, was educated in England. Having qualified -himself for the legal profession, he returned to his native State and -began the practice of law in 1770, soon gaining an enviable reputation -and being appointed to offices of trust and great responsibility under -the crown. The battle of Lexington, however, changed his whole career. -With the first call to arms, Pinckney took the field, was given the -rank of captain, June, 1775, and entered at once upon the recruiting -service. Energetic and efficient, he gained promotion rapidly, taking -part as colonel in the battle at Fort Sullivan. This victory securing -peace to South Carolina for two years, he left that State to join -the army under Washington, who, recognizing his ability, made him -aide-de-camp and subsequently honored him with the most distinguished -military and civil appointments. When his native State again became the -theatre of action, Pinckney hastened to her defence, and once more took -command of his regiment. In all the events that followed, he bore his -full share, displaying fine military qualities and unwavering faith in -the ultimate triumph of American arms. - -At length, after a most gallant resistance, overpowered by vastly -superior numbers, and undermined by famine and disease, Charleston -capitulated in May, 1780, and Pinckney became a prisoner-of-war and -was not exchanged until 1782. On the 3d of November of the year -following, he was promoted to be brigadier-general. Impoverished by -the war, he returned to the practice of law upon the restoration -of peace; and after declining a place on the Supreme Bench, and the -secretaryship, first of War and then of State, he accepted the mission -to France in 1796, urged to this step by the request of Washington -and the conviction that it was his duty. Arriving in Paris, he met -the intimation that peace might be secured with money by the since -famous reply, “Not one cent for tribute, but millions for defence!” -The war with France appearing inevitable, he was recalled and given a -commission as major-general; peace being restored without an appeal to -arms, he once more retired to the quiet of his home, spending the chief -portion of his old age in the pursuits of science and the pleasures -of rural life, though taking part when occasion demanded in public -affairs. He died in Charleston on the 16th of August, 1825, in the -eightieth year of his age. - - - - -WILLIAM RUSSELL. - - -William Russell, born in Culpeper County, Virginia, in 1758, removed in -early boyhood with his father to the western frontier of that State. -When only fifteen years of age, he joined the party led by Daniel -Boone, to form a settlement on the Cumberland River. Driven back by -the Indians, Boone persevered; but Russell hastened to enter the -Continental army; and he received, young as he was, the appointment -of lieutenant. After the battle of King’s Mountain in 1780, he was -promoted to a captaincy, and ordered to join an expedition against -the Cherokee Indians, with whom he succeeded in negotiating a treaty -of peace. On the 3d of November, 1783, he received his commission as -brigadier-general. - -At the close of the war Russell went to Kentucky and bore an active -part in all the expeditions against the Indians, until the settlement -of the country was accomplished. In 1789, he was a delegate to the -Virginia Legislature that passed an act separating Kentucky from that -State. After the organization of the Kentucky government Russell was -annually returned to the Legislature until 1808, when he was appointed -by President Madison colonel of the Seventh United States Infantry. -In 1811, he succeeded Gen. William Henry Harrison in command of the -frontier of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. In 1812, he planned and -commanded an expedition against the Peoria Indians, and in 1823 was -again sent to the Legislature. The following year he declined the -nomination for governor, and died on the 3d of July, 1825, in Fayette -County, Kentucky. Russell County of that State is named in his honor. - - - - -FRANCIS MARION. - - -Francis Marion, born at Winyah, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in -1732, was of Huguenot descent; his ancestors, fleeing from persecution -in France, came to this country in 1690. Small in stature and slight -in person, he possessed a power of endurance united with remarkable -activity rarely surpassed. At the age of fifteen, yielding to a natural -love of enterprise, he went to sea in a small schooner employed in the -West India trade. Being shipwrecked, he endured such tortures from -famine and thirst as to have prevented his ever wishing to go to sea -again. After thirteen years spent in peaceful tilling of the soil, he -took up arms in defence of his State against the Cherokee Indians. So -signal a victory was gained by the whites at the town of Etchoee, June -7, 1761, that this tribe never again seriously molested the settlers. -Returning to his home after this campaign, Marion resumed his quiet -life until in 1775 he was elected a member of the Provincial Congress -of South Carolina. This Congress solemnly pledged the “people of the -State to the principles of the Revolution, authorized the seizing of -arms and ammunition, stored in various magazines belonging to the -crown, and passed a law for raising two regiments of infantry and a -company of horse.” Marion resigned his seat in Congress, and applying -for military duty, was appointed captain. He undertook the recruiting -and drilling of troops, assisted at the capture of Fort Johnson, was -promoted to the rank of major, and bore his full share in the memorable -defence of Fort Moultrie on Sullivan’s Island, which saved Charleston -and secured to South Carolina long exemption from the horrors of -war. Little was done at the South for the next three years, when in -1779 the combined French and American forces attempted the capture -of Savannah. Marion was in the hottest of the fight; but the attack -was a failure, followed in 1780 by the loss of Charleston. Marion -escaped being taken prisoner by an accident that placed him on sick -leave just before the city was invested by the British. The South was -now overrun by the enemy; cruel outrages were everywhere perpetrated; -and the defeat of the Americans at Camden seemed to have quenched the -hopes of even the most sanguine. Four days after the defeat of Gates, -Marion began organizing and drilling a band of troopers subsequently -known as “Marion’s Brigade.” Though too few in number to risk an -open battle, they succeeded in so harassing the enemy that several -expeditions were fitted out expressly to kill or capture Marion, who, -because of the partisan warfare he waged and the tactics he employed, -gained the sobriquet of the “Swamp Fox.” Again and again he surprised -strong parties of the British at night, capturing large stores of -ammunition and arms, and liberating many American prisoners. He was -always signally active against the Tories, for he well knew their -influence in depressing the spirit of liberty in the country. When -Gates took command of the Southern army, he neither appreciated nor -knew how to make the best use of Marion and his men. South Carolina, -recognizing how much she owed to his unwearying efforts in her behalf, -acknowledged her debt of gratitude by making him brigadier-general of -her Provincial troops, after the defeat of Gates at Camden. Early in -the year 1781, General Greene assumed command of the Southern army, -and entertaining a high opinion of Marion, sent Lieutenant-Colonel -Harry Lee, with his famous legion of light-horse, to aid him. Acting in -concert and sometimes independently, these two noted leaders carried -on the war vigorously wherever they went, capturing Forts Watson and -Motte, defeating Major Frazier at Parker’s Ferry and joining Greene in -time for the battle of Eutaw Springs. When the surrender of Cornwallis -practically ended the war, Marion returned to his plantation in St. -John’s parish and soon after was elected to the Senate of South -Carolina. On the 26th of February, 1783, the following resolutions were -unanimously adopted by that body:-- - - “_Resolved_, That the thanks of this House be given - Brigadier-General Marion in his place as a member of this House, - for his eminent and conspicuous services to his country. - - “_Resolved_, That a gold medal be given to Brigadier-General Marion - as a mark of public approbation for his great, glorious, and - meritorious conduct.” - -In 1784, he was given command of Fort Johnson in Charleston Harbor, -and shortly after, he married Mary Videau, a lady of Huguenot descent, -who possessed considerable wealth and was a most estimable character. -On the 27th of February, 1795, Francis Marion passed peacefully away, -saying, “Thank God, I can lay my hand on my heart and say that since I -came to man’s estate I have never intentionally done wrong to any.” - - - - -THOMAS SUMTER. - - -Thomas Sumter, born in Virginia in 1734, served in the French and -Indian War, and afterward on the Western frontier. Establishing -himself finally in South Carolina, he was appointed in March, 1776, -lieutenant-colonel of the Second Regiment of South Carolina Riflemen, -and sent to overawe the Tories and Loyalists in the interior of the -State. The comparative immunity from war secured to South Carolina -during the first years of the Revolution deprived Sumter of any -opportunity for distinguishing himself until after the surrender -of Charleston to the British in 1780. Taking refuge for a time in -the swamps of the Santee, he made his way after a while to North -Carolina, collected a small body of refugees, and presently returned -to carry on a partisan warfare against the British. His fearlessness -and impetuosity in battle gained for him the sobriquet of “the -game-cock;” and with a small band of undisciplined militia, armed with -ducking-guns, sabres made from old mill-saws ground to an edge, and -hunting-knives fastened to poles for lances, he effectually checked -the progress of the British regulars again and again, weakened their -numbers, cut off their communications, and dispersed numerous bands of -Tory militia. - -Like Marion, whenever the enemy threatened to prove too strong, Sumter -and his followers would retreat to the swamps and mountain fastnesses, -to emerge again when least expected, and at the right moment to take -the British at a disadvantage. During one of many severe engagements -with Tarleton, he was dangerously wounded and compelled for a time to -withdraw from active service, but learning Greene’s need of troops, -Sumter again took the field. After rendering valuable assistance toward -clearing the South of the British, the failure of his health again -forced him to seek rest and strength among the mountains, leaving his -brigade to the command of Marion. When once more fitted for duty, the -British were in Charleston, and the war was virtually at an end. Though -Sumter’s military career ended with the disbanding of the army, his -country still demanded his services. He represented South Carolina in -Congress from 1789 to 1793, and from 1797 to 1801; he served in the -United States Senate from 1801 to 1809, and was minister to Brazil from -1809 to 1811. He died at South Mount, near Camden, South Carolina, -on the 1st of June, 1832, the last surviving general officer of the -Revolution. - - - - -ADDENDA. - - -Prior to the adoption of the “federal Constitution,” partisan feeling -ran high on this side of the Atlantic,--indeed, it was no unusual -thing for a man to speak of the colony in which he was born as his -_country_. When the struggle for American independence began, though -men were willing to fight in defence of their own State, there was -great difficulty in filling the ranks of the Continental army,--not -only because of the longer time for which they were required to -enlist, but also because once in the Continental service, they would -be ordered to any part of the country. The same difficulty existed -in respect to securing members for the Continental Congress. With -the slowness of transportation and the uncertainty of the mails, it -was no small sacrifice for a man to leave his home, his dear ones, -and his local prestige, to become one of an unpopular body directing -an unpopular war, for it was not until near the end of the struggle -that the Revolution was espoused by the majority. It was under these -circumstances, then, that three different kinds of troops composed the -American army,--the Continentals, the Provincials, and the Militia. The -first could be ordered to any point where they were most needed; the -second, though regularly organized and disciplined, were only liable to -duty in their own State; and the last were hastily gathered together -and armed in the event of any pressing need or sudden emergency. -Washington, as stated in his commission, was commander-in-chief of -all the forces. The other subjects of the foregoing sketches were the -commanding officers of the Continental army. Marion and Warren were -famous generals of the Provincials; while Pickens and Ten Brock were -noted leaders of the militia. Dr. Joseph Warren received his commission -of major-general from the Massachusetts Assembly just before the battle -of Bunker Hill. He was among the last to leave the redoubt, and while -trying to rally his men was shot and killed. By his untimely end -America lost one of her purest patriots; and General Gage is reported -to have said, “Warren’s death was worth that of five hundred ordinary -rebels.” Andrew Pickens, brigadier-general of South Carolina Militia, -never fought outside of his own State, but received from Congress a -sword in recognition of his gallant conduct at the battle of Cowpens. - -All the dates and facts in the foregoing sketches have been carefully -verified by comparison with the “Continental Army Returns” and -“Journals of the Continental Congress,” and various cyclopædias and -histories. - - - University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a -predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not -changed. - -Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced -quotation marks retained. - -Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. - -Page 81: The chapter about John Armstrong conflates the father, who was -born in 1717 and served as a General in the Continental Army, with the -son, who was only 18 in 1776 and became a Major in 1782 (Wikipedia). - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Biographical Sketches of the Generals -of the Continental Army of the Revolu, by Mary Theresa Leiter - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES *** - -***** This file should be named 54153-0.txt or 54153-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/1/5/54153/ - -Produced by Charlie Howard and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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