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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad55847 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54153 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54153) diff --git a/old/54153-0.txt b/old/54153-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7275f7f..0000000 --- a/old/54153-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4334 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Biographical Sketches of the Generals of -the Continental Army of the Revolution, by Mary Theresa Leiter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Biographical Sketches of the Generals of the Continental Army of the Revolution - -Author: Mary Theresa Leiter - -Release Date: February 12, 2017 [EBook #54153] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES *** - - - - -Produced by Charlie Howard and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES - - OF THE - - GENERALS - - OF THE - - CONTINENTAL ARMY OF THE - - REVOLUTION. - - - PRINTED FOR SALE AT MOUNT VERNON. - - 1889. - - - - - University Press: - JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE. - - - - - A LIST - OF - THE GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE - REVOLUTIONARY ARMY, - - AND DATES OF THEIR APPOINTMENT BY THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, FROM JUNE - 17, 1775, TO THE CLOSE OF THE WAR. - - -I. - -GEORGE WASHINGTON, _Commander-in-Chief_, - -Appointed June 17, 1775. - - -II. MAJOR-GENERALS. - - (Ranked in order as given below.) - - PAGE - GEORGE WASHINGTON 11 | | | - ARTEMAS WARD 20 | Mass. | June 17, 1775 | Resigned Apr. 23, 1776. - CHARLES LEE 21 | Va. | „ „ „ | Dismissed Jan. 10, 1780. - JOHN PHILIP SCHUYLER 23 | N. Y. | „ 19, „ | Resigned Apr. 19, 1779. - ISRAEL PUTNAM 26 | Conn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - - - (First Brig.-Gens., then Maj.-Gens.) - - BRIG.-GEN. MAJ.-GEN. - RICH. MONTGOMERY 28 | N. Y. | June 22, 1775 | Dec. 9, 1775 | Killed Dec. 31, 1776. - JOHN THOMAS 31 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Mar. 6, 1776 | Died June 2, 1776. - HORATIO GATES 32 | Va. | „ 17, „ | May 16, „ | Suspended Oct. 5, 1780.‡ - WILLIAM HEATH 36 | Mass. | „ 22, „ | Aug. 9, „ | Served to close of war. - *JOSEPH SPENCER 37 | Conn. | „ „ „ | „ „ „ | Resigned Jan. 13, 1778. - JOHN SULLIVAN 38 | N. H. | „ „ „ | „ „ „ | Resigned Nov. 30, 1779. - NATHANIEL GREENE 39 | R. I. | „ „ „ | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - LORD STIRLING 42 | N. J. | Mar. 1, 1776 | Feb. 19, 1777 | Died Jan. 15, 1783. - THOMAS MIFFLIN 43 | Penn. | May 16, „ | „ „ „ | Resigned Feb. 25, 1779. - ARTHUR ST. CLAIR 45 | Penn. | Aug. 9, „ | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *ADAM STEPHEN 47 | Va. | Sept. 4, „ | „ „ „ | Cashiered Oct. --, 1777. - BENJAMIN LINCOLN 48 | Mass. | † | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - BENEDICT ARNOLD 49 | Conn. | Jan. 10, 1776 | May 2, „ | Deserted Sept. 25, 1780. - MAR. DE LAFAYETTE 53 | France | † | July 31, „ | Served to close of war. - BARON DE KALB 56 | Germany | † | Sept. 15, „ | Killed Aug. 16, 1780. - DU COUDRAY 57 | France | † | Aug. 11, „ | Died Sept. 16, 1777. - *ROBERT HOWE 58 | N. C. | Mar. 1, 1776 | Oct. 20, „ | Served to close of war. - ALEX. McDOUGAL 60 | N. Y. | Aug. 9, „ | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *THOMAS CONWAY 61 | Ireland | May 13, 1777 | Dec. 13, „ | Resigned Apr. 28, 1778. - BARON STEUBEN 64 | Prussia | † | May 5, 1778 | Served to close of war. - WILLIAM SMALLWOOD 68 | Maryland | Oct. 23, 1776 | Sept. 15, 1780 | Served to close of war. - *SAMUEL H. PARSONS 70 | Conn. | Aug. 9, „ | Oct. 23, „ | Retired July 22, 1782. - CHEVALIER DUPORTAIL 71 | France | Nov. 17, 1777 | Nov. 16, 1781 | Resigned Oct. 10, 1783. - HENRY KNOX 72 | Mass. | Dec. 27, 1776 | Mar. 22, 1782 | Served to close of war. - WILLIAM MOULTRIE 75 | S. C. | Sept. 16, „ | Oct. 15, „ | Served to close of war. - -* No engraving exists. - -† Original appointment as Major-General. - -‡ Restored Aug. 14, 1782, but did not serve. - - -III. BRIGADIER-GENERALS. - - PAGE - *SETH POMEROY 77 | Mass. | June 22, 1775 | Died February, 1777. - DAVID WOOSTER 78 | Conn. | „ „ „ | Died (wounds) May 2, 1777. - *JOSEPH FRYE 80 | Mass. | Jan. 10, 1776 | Resigned April 23, 1776. - *JOHN ARMSTRONG 81 | Penn. | Mar. 1, „ | Resigned April 4, 1777. - *WILLIAM THOMPSON 82 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Died Sept. 4, 1781. - *ANDREW LEWIS 83 | Va. | „ „ „ | Resigned April 15, 1777. - *JAMES MOORE 85 | N. C. | „ „ „ | Died Jan. 15, 1777. - *BARON DE WOEDTKE 86 | Prussia | „ 16, „ | Died July 28, 1776. - *JOHN WHITCOMB 87 | Mass. | June 5, „ | Resigned shortly after. - HUGH MERCER 88 | Va. | „ „ „ | Died (wounds) Jan. 12, 1777. - JOSEPH REED 90 | N. H. | Aug. 9, „ | Retired shortly after. - *JOHN NIXON 91 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Resigned Sept. 12, 1780. - JAMES CLINTON 91 | N. Y. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN 93 | S. C. | Sept. 16, „ | Resigned Oct. 2, 1777. - LACHLAN McINTOSH 95 | Georgia | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *WILLIAM MAXWELL 96 | N. J. | Oct. 23, „ | Resigned July 25, 1780. - *ROCHE DE FERMOY 97 | France | Nov. 5, „ | Resigned Jan. 31, 1778. - ENOCH POOR 98 | N. H. | Feb. 21, 1777 | Died Sept. 8, 1780. - JOHN GLOVER 100 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Retired July 22, 1782. - *JOHN PATERSON 101 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - JAMES M. VARNUM 102 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Resigned March 5, 1779. - ANTHONY WAYNE 104 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *JOHN P. DE HAAS 107 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - PETER MUHLENBURG 107 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *FRANCIS NASH 109 | N. C. | „ 5, „ | Killed Oct. 4, 1777. - GEORGE WEEDON 110 | Va. | „ 21, „ | Retired Aug. 18, 1778. - JOHN CADWALADER 111 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Refused to accept. - *WILLIAM WOODFORD 113 | Va. | „ „ „ | Died Nov. 13, 1780. - GEORGE CLINTON 113 | N. Y. | Mar. 25, „ | Served to close of war. - EDWARD HAND 115 | Penn. | April 1, „ | Served to close of war. - CHARLES SCOTT 116 | Va. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *EBENEZER LARNED 117 | Mass. | „ 2, „ | Resigned March 24, 1778. - *CHEVALIER DE BORRE 118 | France | „ 11, „ | Resigned Sept. 14, 1777. - JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON 119 | Conn. | May 12, „ | Served to close of war. - *JOSEPH REED 120 | Penn. | „ „ „ | Resigned June 7, 1777. - COUNT PULASKI 124 | Poland | Sept. 15, „ | Killed Oct. 9, 1779. - JOHN STARK 126 | N. H. | Oct. 4, „ | Served to close of war. - JAMES WILKINSON | | | - (_BREVET_) 129 | Maryland | Nov. 6, „ | Resigned March 6, 1778. - *CHEV. DE LA NEUVILLE | | | - (_BREVET_) 134 | France. | Oct. 14, 1778 | Resigned Dec. 4, 1778. - *JETHRO SUMNER 135 | N.C. | Jan. 9, 1779 | Served to close of war. - *JAMES HOGAN 136 | N. C. | „ „ „ | - ISAAC HUGER 137 | S. C. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - MORDECAI GIST 139 | Maryland | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - WILLIAM IRVINE 140 | Penn. | May 12, „ | Served to close of war. - DANIEL MORGAN 142 | Va. | Oct. 13, 1780 | Retired March, 1781. - *MOSES HAZEN | | | - (_BREVET_) 145 | Canada | June 29, 1781 | Served to close of war. - OTHO H. WILLIAMS 146 | Maryland | May 9, 1782 | Retired Jan. 16, 1783. - JOHN GREATON 146 | Mass. | Jan. 7, 1783 | Served to close of war. - RUFUS PUTNAM 147 | Mass. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - ELIAS DAYTON 149 | N. J. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *ARMAND | | | - (MAR. DE ROUERIE) 150 | France | Mar. 26, „ | Served to close of war. - THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO | | | - (_BREVET_) 151 | Poland | Oct. 13, „ | Served to close of war. - *STEPHEN MOYLAN 154 | Penn. | Nov. 3, „ | Served to close of war. - *SAMUEL ELBERT 155 | Georgia | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - C. C. PINCKNEY 156 | S. C. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - *WILLIAM RUSSELL 158 | Va. | „ „ „ | Served to close of war. - FRANCIS MARION 160 | | | Non-commissioned. - THOMAS SUMTER 163 | | | Non-commissioned. - - * No engraving exists. - - -(The following-named officers of the above were Major-Generals in -commission at the end of the war.) - -IV. MAJOR-GENERALS AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR. - - DATE OF - COMMISSION. - GEORGE WASHINGTON, | Virginia | June 17, 1775. - _Commander-in-Chief_ | | - ISRAEL PUTNAM | Connecticut | „ 19, „ - HORATIO GATES | Virginia | May 16, 1776. - WILLIAM HEATH | Massachusetts | Aug. 9, „ - NATHANIEL GREENE | Rhode Island | „ „ „ - ARTHUR ST. CLAIR | Pennsylvania | Feb. 19, 1777. - BENJAMIN LINCOLN | Massachusetts | „ „ „ - MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE | France | July 31, „ - ROBERT HOWE | North Carolina | Oct. 20, „ - ALEXANDER McDOUGAL | New York | „ „ „ - BARON STEUBEN | Prussia | May 5, 1778. - WILLIAM SMALLWOOD | Maryland | Sept. 15, 1780. - HENRY KNOX | Massachusetts | Mar. 22, 1782. - WILLIAM MOULTRIE | South Carolina | Oct. 15, 1782. - LACHLAN McINTOSH | Georgia (_Brevet_) | Sept. 30, 1783. - JAMES CLINTON | New York „ | „ „ „ - JOHN PATERSON | Massachusetts „ | „ „ „ - ANTHONY WAYNE | Pennsylvania „ | „ „ „ - PETER MUHLENBURG | Virginia „ | „ „ „ - GEORGE CLINTON | New York „ | „ „ „ - EDWARD HAND | Pennsylvania „ | „ „ „ - CHARLES SCOTT | Virginia „ | „ „ „ - JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON | Connecticut „ | „ „ „ - JOHN STARK | New Hampshire „ | „ „ „ - - - - -PREFACE. - - - NEW YORK, Oct. 5, 1888. - - DEAR MRS. LEITER,--According to promise, I have sent you by express - to-day a list of the general officers in the Revolution who were - commissioned by the Continental Congress. There were others, not - in the list, and well known as generals who served through the - Revolution, but they held their commissions in the State Militia. - - The list is made in the order of the date of commission, and their - rank was determined by this date. The collection of portraits - I have sent you for Mount Vernon is of great historical value, - from the fact that it is made up to a great extent of portraits - issued as “private,” or “club portraits,” of which the plates - were destroyed. It would be almost impossible to get another set - together which would be as complete as this is, in containing the - authentic likeness of every general of whom a portrait is known to - exist. For years I have been engaged with others in tracing out - the descendants of these men, and with the object of having their - portraits engraved whenever a likeness could be found. For a long - time nothing new has turned up, and I believe we have accomplished - about all it is possible to do in this line. - - Yours very truly, - THOMAS ADDIS EMMET. - -The rare and valuable gift of engravings from Dr. THOMAS ADDIS EMMET -has been placed in the old mansion at Mount Vernon; and as this is -the only complete collection on exhibition of the generals of the -Continental Army, it seemed fitting that there should be a concise -history compiled to enable the visitor at Mount Vernon not alone to -view this valuable collection, but to refer to dates of birth and -death, commissions of service, and battles of importance, in which -these generals distinguished themselves. In this small book the -author has sought to enable the reader to obtain information of most -importance, and also maintain her original design of a pocket edition, -to encumber as little as possible the pilgrim to Mount Vernon. - -The following books have been consulted for the compilation of the -papers:-- - - Journals of the Continental Congress. - - Records of the Revolution, War Department. - - Narrative and Critical History of America. (Justin Winsor.) - - The Biography of the American Military and Naval Heroes, 1817. - (Thomas Wilson.) - - Washington and his Generals. (J. T. Headley.) - - Lossing’s American Revolution. - - Washington and his Masonic Compeers. (Sidney Hayden.) - - Appleton’s Cyclopædia of American Biography. - - The Memorial History of Boston. (Justin Winsor.) - - Sparks’ Life of Washington. - -Correspondents who have rendered assistance: - - Hon. W. Frye, Maine. - - General Drum, War Department. - - Dr. T. A. Emmet. - - H. C. Spofford, Congressional Librarian. - - Justin Winsor. - - Prof. Edward Channing. - - F. D. Stone, Librarian of Historical Society of Pennsylvania. - - Dr. Toner, Washington. - - Charles J. Hoadly, Connecticut. - - MARY THERESA LEITER, - _Vice-Regent of Ladies’ Mount Vernon Association_. - - August 7, 1889. - - - - -BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. - - - - -GEORGE WASHINGTON. - - -George Washington, born at Pope’s Creek, near Bridge’s Creek, -Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732, was -the son of Augustine Washington and his second wife Mary Ball. His -earliest known ancestor in this country was John Washington, who came -to Virginia from England in 1657. Augustine Washington died when -George was but twelve years of age, leaving to his widow the care of -five children and a large property. George’s education was such as was -afforded by the local schools, but included surveying,--an important -branch at that time. Ever thoughtful of the feelings of others, at -the age of thirteen he formulated for his own guidance a set of one -hundred and ten “rules of civility and decent behavior in company -and conversation.” The next year his half-brother Lawrence obtained -a midshipman’s warrant for him, which he was most anxious to accept, -but gave up because of his mother’s opposition. At the age of sixteen -he was absent from home for several weeks, while surveying for Lord -Fairfax. Delighting in military exercises and outdoor sports, he -grew tall, strong, and well proportioned, and at nineteen was chosen -adjutant-general with the rank of major, to inspect and exercise the -militia of his district. The same year he accompanied Lawrence on a -trip to Barbadoes, the doctor having recommended change of climate -for the improvement of the latter’s health. Having kept a journal of -his surveying trip in 1748, he resumed the record of his life with -great minuteness during this his only sea voyage. Returning after four -months, he soon after received the sad intelligence of Lawrence’s -death, and found himself, young as he was, one of his brother’s -executors and the guardian of his only child. Neither the widow nor -the orphan long survived; and upon their demise, Mount Vernon passed -to George. At this time he joined the Masons. The records of the -Fredericksburg Lodge show the presence of Washington for the first time -“on the 4th of November, 1752.” - - “November 6, 1752, received of Mr. George Washington for his - entrance £2 3_s._” - - “March 3, 1753, George Washington passed Fellow Craft.” - - “August 4, 1753, George Washington raised Master Mason.” - -In 1753, the encroachments of the French awakening serious alarm, -Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia selected Major Washington to carry a -demand, in the name of the English monarch, that the chain of forts -along the Alleghany and Ohio rivers should be abandoned. The mission -was both a difficult and dangerous one; and failing in its object, -active preparations were begun in the colonies for the war that was -now unavoidable. In 1754, Washington was appointed lieutenant-colonel -of one of the Virginia regiments, and in July distinguished himself -by his brave defence of Fort Necessity at Great Meadows, which he -was compelled at length to surrender. In 1755, General Braddock, as -commander-in-chief of the royal forces in America, invited Colonel -Washington to act as aide-de-camp during an expedition having for its -ultimate object the reduction of the French forts of Niagara and Crown -Point. Ignorant of the modes of Indian warfare, and disregarding his -aid’s warning and advice, Braddock suffered a terrible defeat, and -lost his life at Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg. The chaplain of the -army being also among the wounded, Washington read the burial service -over Braddock at Great Meadows,--the scene of his own capitulation one -year before. A second expedition in 1757 against the same fort, led -by General Forbes, the advance guard being commanded by Washington, -resulted in its capture and the change of name. On the 6th of January, -1759, he was married to Martha Custis, daughter of John Dandridge, and -widow of a wealthy planter, John Parke Custis. The wedding ceremony was -performed by Reverend John Mossum in St. Peter’s Church, Kent County, -and was one of the most brilliant affairs of the kind ever celebrated -in Virginia. - - “The groom’s suit was of blue cloth, the coat lined with red silk - and ornamented with silver trimmings; his waistcoat, of embroidered - white satin; his knee-buckles, of gold; his hair was tied in a - queue and powdered. The bride’s costume was a quilted white satin - petticoat, a rich white silk overdress with diamond buckles and - pearl ornaments.” - -Among the guests, who were all in full courtdress, were the governor, -many members of the Legislature, British officers, and the neighboring -gentlefolk. Bishop, a tall negro, Washington’s valet,--to whom he -was much attached, and who had accompanied him on all his military -campaigns,--stood in the porch, dressed in the scarlet uniform of a -soldier of George II. At the conclusion of the ceremony Mrs. Washington -and her three bridesmaids drove from the church to her own home, the -“White house on the Pamunkey River,” in a coach drawn by six horses, -led by liveried postilions; while Colonel Washington and an escort of -cavaliers rode at the side. Having retired from the army, he occupied -himself with the care of his large estate. Elected to the Virginia -House of Burgesses, when he took his seat the Speaker presented him the -thanks of the colony for his former distinguished military services. -Washington rose, stammered, trembled, but could make no fitting -response. The Speaker relieved his embarrassment by saying, “Sit down, -Mr. Washington! your modesty equals your valor, and that surpasses the -power of any language I possess!” As a delegate in 1774 to the first -Continental Congress, during the prayer with which Dr. Duché opened the -meetings, Washington knelt while the other members stood. Re-elected in -1775, he was unanimously chosen commander-in-chief on the 17th of June, -his commission reading as follows:-- - - SATURDAY, June 17, 1775. - - To GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQ. - - We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, - valor, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute - and appoint you to be General and Commander-in-chief of the army - of the United Colonies, and of all the forces now raised or to - be raised by them, and of all others who shall voluntarily offer - their services and join the said army for the defence of American - liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion thereof. And you - are hereby vested with full power and authority to act as you shall - think for the good and welfare of the service. - - And we do hereby strictly charge and require all officers and - soldiers under your command to be obedient to your orders, and - diligent in the exercise of their several duties. - - And we do also enjoin and require you to be careful in executing - the great trust reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and - order to be observed in the army, and that the soldiers be duly - exercised, and provided with all convenient necessaries. - - And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules - and discipline of war (as herewith given you), and punctually to - observe and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, - as you shall receive from this or a future Congress of these United - Colonies, or Committee of Congress. - - This commission to continue in force until revoked by this or a - future Congress. - - By order of the Congress. - -Accepting with hesitation, Washington said:-- - - “But lest some unlucky event should happen unfavorable to my - reputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the - room, that I this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, that I - do not think myself equal to the command I am honored with. As - to pay, I beg leave to assure the Congress that, as no pecuniary - consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous - employment at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do - not wish to make any profit of it. I will keep an exact account of - my expenses. Those I doubt not they will discharge, and that is all - I desire.” - -Washington’s history during the next eight years is the history of the -Revolution, for he was the animating spirit and the controlling power -throughout that great struggle. On the 2d of November, 1783, he took -final leave of the army, and resigned his commission on the following -23d of December. Retiring to Mount Vernon, which he had visited -but once during the war, he resumed the peaceful life of a country -gentleman. These were happy days, his time being fully occupied with -his large estate, which required a tour of inspection each day. His -servants were many; but he gave personal attention to their welfare. -His guests were numerous; yet all were entertained with a bountiful -hospitality. One ceremony was never omitted at Mount Vernon, and that -was a daily visit to his old war-horse, Nelson, to pat his head. -Washington rode him when receiving the surrender of Cornwallis at -Yorktown. The war ended, Nelson’s work was over; carefully tended, he -lived to a good old age, but by his master’s strict orders, no service -was ever again required of him. - -In 1784, Washington crossed the Alleghanies to visit his lands -in western Virginia, and planned the Potomac and the James River -canals. In 1787, he was sent as a delegate to the convention held -in Philadelphia for the purpose of deciding on the best mode of -governing the United States. The result of their labors was the federal -Constitution, under the provisions of which Washington was unanimously -chosen first President, with John Adams as Vice-President. Owing -to a delay in the assembling of the members of the first National -Congress, the inauguration could not take place until April 30, 1789. -Washington’s journey from Mount Vernon to New York, temporarily the -seat of government, was the triumphant progress of a hero; young and -old, rich and poor, vied with one another to do him honor. Being -re-elected, he took his second oath of office on the 4th of March, -1793. Appreciating the fact that America’s true policy was to keep -clear of all European alliances, on the 22d of April of the same year, -he issued his famous proclamation of neutrality, to restrain the United -States from taking any part in the French Revolution. - -Wearied with his long public service, and not deeming it for the best -interests of the country that he should enter upon a third term, -on the 16th of September, 1796, Washington published his “Farewell -Address.” His tenure of office expiring on the 4th of March, 1797, -he once more sought the tranquil enjoyment of life at Mount Vernon. -War-clouds were gathering on the horizon; and when hostilities with -France seemed inevitable, he again responded to the call of his -country, and accepting on the 3d of July, 1798, the appointment of -lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief, began the organization of -an army. The difficulties were, however, settled without an appeal to -arms, though Washington did not live to know it. Riding over his estate -on the 12th of December, 1799, during a snow-storm, he contracted a -severe chill from which he never seemed to rally, and died on the 14th, -saying to Dr. Craik, his physician, “I die hard; but I am not afraid to -go.” His funeral occurred on the 18th, Reverend Thomas Davis preaching -the sermon, a schooner lying in the Potomac firing minute-guns, and -his favorite horse being led after the coffin. Richard Henry Lee -pronounced a eulogy before both Houses of Congress, in which occurred -the since oft-quoted words,--“first in war, first in peace, and first -in the hearts of his countrymen.” Napoleon ordered all the standards -and flags in the French army to be bound with crape for ten days, and -the British fleet of sixty ships-of-the-line, lying at Torbay, England, -lowered their flags to half-mast upon hearing the sad intelligence. -Sincerely mourned by the whole civilized world, his memory to-day is -cherished as that of no other man has ever been, and the passing years -but add to the lustre of his fame. Beautifully has it been said of him, -“Providence left him childless that his country might call him father.” - - - - -ARTEMUS WARD. - - -Artemus Ward, born in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, in 1727, graduated -at Harvard College in 1748. Soon after, he entered public life as a -representative in the Colonial Assembly, and later was a delegate in -the first Provincial Congress, and justice of the peace in his native -town in 1752. Having gained some reputation for military ability during -the French and Indian War, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the -Massachusetts troops on the 19th of May, 1775, and held that rank until -the arrival of Washington at Cambridge. Though nominally in command -during the battle of Bunker Hill, he remained in his camp and took no -active part in determining the events of that day. On the 19th of May, -1775, he was made brigadier-general, and on the 17th of June, 1775, he -was commissioned as senior major-general by the Continental Congress, -being the first officer of that rank appointed by that body. Owing to -impaired health, however, he resigned on the 23d of April of the year -following, but at the request of Washington, continued to act until -May. From that time until his death, he held responsible legislative -and judicial positions, and served in the former one for sixteen years. -Possessed of high integrity and unyielding principles, his judicial -conduct won for him much praise, especially during Shays’ Rebellion in -1786. He died in his native town on the 28th of October, 1800. - - - - -CHARLES LEE. - - -Charles Lee, born in 1731 at Dernhall in Cheshire, England, was -destined by his parents, from his earliest youth, to the profession of -arms; his education, therefore, was such as to further that purpose. -In 1758, he came to New York with the British forces designed for the -conquest of Louisburg, and served with distinction during the French -and Indian War. Returning to England at the close of the war, he threw -himself with characteristic ardor into politics; but finding this too -tame a pursuit, he offered his services to Poland, then to Russia -against the Turks, and in 1773 returned to America, where, on the 17th -of June, 1775, he was appointed second major-general of the Continental -forces,--Washington at the same time being made commander-in-chief, -though from his experience and brilliant achievements abroad, Lee had -hoped for the latter appointment himself. His first service was the -putting of New York City in a good state of defence. In March, 1776, -Congress ordered him south, and in conjunction with General Moultrie, -he defeated the British at Charleston, South Carolina, in the battle -of the 28th of June, with the fleet of Parker under Lord Cornwallis. -Moultrie won the victory, although it was conceded to Lee. Moultrie -constructed the famous Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s Island. - -In October, Lee was recalled to New York; here his jealousy of -Washington blinded his better judgment and led him into a series -of indiscretions which after the battle of Monmouth subjected him -to a court-martial, some of the charges being “disobedience of -orders,” “misbehavior before the enemy,” and “disrespect to the -commander-in-chief.” The court found him guilty of these charges, and -Congress, after considerable delay, on Monday the 10th of January, -1780, resolved, “That Major-General Charles Lee be informed that -Congress have no further occasion for his services in the army of the -United States.” Retiring to his estate in Berkeley County, Virginia, -he led the life of a hermit, shunning society and devoting himself to -agricultural and literary pursuits. His dwelling was a rudely built -house containing one large room, chalk-marks on the floor taking the -place of partitions and indicating where the various apartments should -be. Wearying of this life, and his farm proving unprofitable, he went -to Philadelphia to make arrangements for selling it. While attending to -this business, he was attacked by a fatal illness and died there on the -2d of October, 1782, at the age of fifty-one. - - - - -JOHN PHILIP SCHUYLER. - - -John Philip Schuyler, born at Albany on the 22d of November, 1733, -was of Dutch origin. He was the second son of John Schuyler, who was -the nephew of Peter Schuyler,--a native of Albany, born in 1657. -At the age of twenty-two he received the appointment of commissary -under Lord Howe, and rendered valuable service throughout the French -and Indian War. In 1755, he recruited a company for the army and was -commissioned its captain, taking part in the battle of Lake George. His -health failing, he was obliged to transfer his command at Ticonderoga -to General Montgomery. After the peace of 1763, he turned to the -management of his private affairs. Inheriting a large property, much -of which was covered with valuable timber, he transported the latter -in his own vessels down the Hudson River to New York City, where he -found a favorable market. Cultivating large fields of flax, and there -being no facilities for its utilization, he built a flax-mill,--the -first of its kind in this country,--and received, in recognition of his -enterprise, a medal from the Society for Promoting Arts. In 1764, he -was appointed a commissioner to settle the disputes between the States -of New York and Massachusetts, relative to their boundary line, and he -arbitrated in the same controversy between New York and New Hampshire. -When elected to a seat in the Assembly of New York, he was one of the -few in that body to antagonize the oppressive measures adopted by the -British Government in its dealings with this country. He was made -colonel of a State militia company in 1768. - -In May, 1775, Schuyler was elected a delegate to the Continental -Congress at Philadelphia, but such was the appreciation of his military -ability and his patriotism that on the 19th of June he was appointed -third major-general of the American army, and given command of its -Northern division. Being possessed of great wealth, he provided large -stores of arms, ammunition, clothing, and provisions, from his private -purse, to suitably equip this army for the campaign against Canada. -Stricken by a wasting fever from which he suffered for two years, he -planned and directed even when too ill for active service. Fearing -lest his increasing weakness might work against the public good, he -sought leave during this time to retire; but Congress, well knowing -his worth and his devotion to his country, requested him to reconsider -his determination, at the same time tendering him a vote of thanks for -past services. Schuyler responded nobly, contributing his wealth and -using all his personal influence in behalf of American independence. -At the end of two years of hardships, disappointments, arduous labor, -great responsibility, and inadequate supplies of men and of provisions -to accomplish the tasks set him by Congress, he at length saw his -way to certain victory. At this critical moment Gates appeared in -camp, and Philip Schuyler found himself superseded by a man who, from -jealousy, had always been his enemy, and who had tried in every way -to bring about his downfall. Wounded to the quick, he bore this most -unjust treatment with dignity, and without showing resentment; and -Congress having accepted his resignation on the 19th of April, 1779, -he continued still to serve his country as a private citizen. In 1782, -he was appointed Surveyor-General of New York. A zealous advocate for -the adoption of the Constitution, he was elected a member of the first -United States Senate, filling that office from 1789 until 1798, when a -severe attack of gout compelled his resignation. It is to him that the -State of New York is indebted for her excellent canal system. As early -as 1776 he calculated the actual cost of a canal from the Hudson River -to Lake Champlain; and later he advocated the connection of that river -and Lake Erie by the same means. Dying in his native city at the age of -seventy-one, on the 18th of November, 1804, he was buried with military -honors. In 1871, a Doric column of Quincy granite, thirty-six feet -high, was erected to his memory. - - - - -ISRAEL PUTNAM. - - -Israel Putnam, born at Salem, Massachusetts, on the 7th of January, -1718, was a lineal descendant of one of the Puritan Pilgrims. Even as a -boy, he displayed that fearlessness and resolution that in later years -characterized his military career. A fierce wolf was causing much loss -of life among the sheep, and great annoyance to the farmers in the -neighborhood, while cunningly eluding all their efforts to kill her. -Putnam tracked her to her den, and descending into its gloomy recesses, -shot her by the light of her own blazing eyeballs. He led the life of -a farmer until the breaking out of the French and Indian War, when by -his indomitable courage and enterprise he won a name that gained for -him a high rank at the beginning of the Revolutionary War. When news of -the skirmish at Lexington flew like wildfire over the country, Putnam, -who was ploughing, left his yoke of oxen standing in the furrow, and -mounting his fleetest horse, hurried to Boston. - -On the 19th of June, 1775, Congress appointed Putnam major-general, -but it was not until the month following that he became acquainted -with General Washington, who subsequently declared him to be “a most -valuable man and a fine executive officer.” He served with distinction -throughout the war, again and again effecting by his daring boldness -results that seemed impossible with the limited resources and -insufficient number of men at his command. In the winter of 1778, while -superintending the building of the fort at West Point, he visited one -of his outposts at West Greenwich. Governor Tryon with five hundred -dragoons made at this time an attack, hoping to capture Putnam, who had -but fifty men. Stationing himself on the brow of a steep hill, Putnam -received the attack with a discharge of artillery, then ordered his -men to withdraw to a swamp where no cavalry could follow them, while -he himself escaped by urging his horse down the almost perpendicular -declivity. Not one of the British dared to follow. The descent known as -Horse Neck has since borne the name of “Putnam’s Hill.” During the next -winter, while still superintending the erection of new fortifications -along the Hudson River, he suffered a stroke of paralysis from which -he never recovered, although he lived till the 19th of May, 1790. His -friend, Dr. Dwight, in summing up his character speaks of him as-- - - “A hero who dared to lead where any dared to follow; as a patriot - who rendered gallant and distinguished services to his country; as - a man whose generosity was singular, whose honesty was proverbial, - and who raised himself to universal esteem, and offices of eminent - distinction, by personal worth and a useful life.” - -During the Revolution he was familiarly known as “Old Put.” The British -offered him money and the rank of major-general if he would desert the -American cause; but he could neither be daunted by toil and danger, nor -bribed by gold and honors. - - - - -RICHARD MONTGOMERY. - - -Richard Montgomery, born in Ireland, on the 2d of December, 1736, -educated at Trinity College, Dublin, entered the British army at -eighteen as ensign. He performed good service during the French and -Indian War, taking an active part in the siege of Louisburg and at -the storming of Quebec under Wolfe. At the close of the war, he -obtained permission to return to Europe; but in 1772, he resigned his -commission in the British army and came to New York, being fully in -sympathy with the colonies in their conflict with the mother country. -He identified himself with the American colonists by purchasing a farm, -and shortly after marrying the daughter of Robert R. Livingston. In -1775, he represented Duchess County in the first New York Provincial -Convention. On the 22d of June of the same year, Congress appointed -him brigadier-general in the Continental army. Preparations were -immediately begun for investing Canada, as Congress appreciated the -importance of securing commanding positions, to prevent invasions from -that quarter and the alliance of the frontier Indians with our enemies. -It being thought best to divide the forces, part were sent by way of -the Kennebec, under Arnold, the others, by way of the Sorel River, were -intrusted to Montgomery. Both armies had to contend with insufficient -provisions and untold hardships of all kinds. Montgomery succeeded, -however, in taking the fortresses of St. Johns, Chambly, and Montreal. -At St. Johns the colors of the Seventh Fusileers were captured, being -the first taken in the Revolution. In sending his report to Congress, -Montgomery added, “Until Quebec is taken, Canada is unconquered.” On -the 9th of December, 1775, he was advanced by Congress to the rank -of major-general. About this time Arnold crossed the St. Lawrence, -and at last the two armies were united and ready to act in concert. -But cold, privation, and toilsome marches had done their work, and -reduced the number of men available for active service to less than -one thousand, while Quebec was not only strongly fortified, but amply -garrisoned. A summons to surrender was answered by firing upon the -bearer of the flag. A siege of three weeks served only to dishearten -still further the frost-bitten and half-starved Americans. But the -stout hearts of Montgomery and Arnold never quailed. At a council of -war, it was decided that their best chance of success lay in attempting -to carry the place by assault. Accordingly, on the 31st of December, -1775, in the midst of a blinding snow-storm, the two leaders began the -attack before daylight. The city was to be stormed simultaneously at -two different points; and Montgomery, leading his division along the -river-bank, and often helping with his own hands to push aside the -huge blocks of ice that impeded their progress, succeeded in carrying -the first barrier. Waving his sword and shouting, “Men of New York, -follow where your general leads!” he pressed eagerly forward, when a -discharge of grape-shot ended his life, and also killed several of his -staff. Dismayed by the death of their leader, and discouraged by the -tremendous odds against them, the Americans were at length driven back, -and compelled to leave the gallant Montgomery on the field of battle. -The victors, appreciating the courage and nobility of the fallen hero, -generously offered a resting-place for his remains within the walls of -the beleaguered city. - -In 1818, by an “Act of honor” passed by the New York Legislature in -behalf of Mrs. Montgomery, Sir John Sherbrooke, Governor-General of -Canada, was requested to allow her husband’s remains to be disinterred -and brought to New York. This was granted, and “her soldier,” as -she always called him, now sleeps in St. Paul’s churchyard near the -monument that was ordered in France by Benjamin Franklin, in pursuance -of a resolution of the Continental Congress. - - - - -JOHN THOMAS. - - -John Thomas, born in Marshfield, Massachusetts, in 1725, was a -successful medical practitioner, entering the British army first -as a surgeon, in 1746. He took a prominent part in the French and -Indian War, but at its close devoted himself to his profession. -He was, however, among the first to counsel resistance to British -oppression, and having raised a regiment of volunteers, was appointed -brigadier-general by the Provincial Congress on the 9th of February, -1775, and afterward received the same appointment from the Continental -Congress on the 22d of June of the same year. On the night of the 4th -of March, 1776, with three thousand picked men, he took possession -of Dorchester Heights, commanding Boston, where the British were -intrenched, and before morning had thrown up a formidable line of -earth-works,--an advantage which finally led to the evacuation of the -town by the enemy on the 17th of March. The death of Montgomery at -the storming of Quebec necessitating the appointment of an experienced -officer to command the troops in Canada, this duty was assigned to -Thomas,--Congress having advanced him to the rank of major-general on -the 6th of March, 1776. He promptly repaired to his new post, but while -waiting for promised reinforcements, was attacked by small-pox, from -which he died on the 2d of June, 1776, universally respected and deeply -deplored. - - - - -HORATIO GATES. - - -Horatio Gates, born in Malden, Essex County, England, in 1728, was -the godson of Horace Walpole. Entering the military service of Great -Britain at an early age, he soon rose to the rank of major. After -the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle he was stationed with his regiment at -Halifax. At the breaking out of the French and Indian War, he joined -General Braddock’s army in the expedition against Fort Duquesne, and -received in that battle a severe wound that prevented his taking an -active part again until near the close of the war, when he acted in -1762 as aid to General Monckton in the expedition against the island of -Martinique. After the peace of Paris in 1763, Major Gates, like many -other English officers, settled in America. He purchased a fine tract -of land in Berkeley County, Virginia, and devoted himself successfully -to agriculture. He had married Mary, the only child of James Valence of -Liverpool, and at her father’s death, just before the Revolution, she -joined her husband in this country, bringing with her $450,000, which -she freely expended. Thaddeus Kosciusko was tenderly nursed by her six -months. As his wound was a severe one, he owed his life to her generous -care. - -When war became inevitable, Gates offered his services to Congress, -receiving the appointment of adjutant-general, with the rank of -brigadier-general, June[1] 17, 1775. From the first, however, he -coveted the position of commander-in-chief, and on more than one -occasion showed his jealousy of Washington. Having many powerful -friends in Congress, he was advanced to the rank of major-general -May 16, 1776, and in June was appointed to the command of the army -in Canada with his headquarters at Ticonderoga. Not finding any -army in Canada, it having been compelled to retreat to New York, he -claimed command of the whole Northern army, then under Schuyler, with -his headquarters at Albany. Congress sustained the latter general, -but this period marks the beginning of a series of intrigues which -culminated in the “Conway cabal” to supplant Washington. Gates’ -complicity in this conspiracy will forever tarnish his fame, as it no -doubt saddened his life. Demoralized by hard service, insufficient food -and clothing, with their pay in arrears, and consequently no money to -send to their starving families, the Northern army could accomplish -little except to gain in discipline and knowledge of military tactics. -At length Schuyler’s prudent measures and wise strategy were beginning -to tell in northern New York, and his sacrifices and heroism were about -to be rewarded, when at this critical moment General Gates was given -command of the Northern army, and arriving on the 21st of August, 1777, -assumed the direction of affairs, already in train for a splendid -victory. The battles of Stillwater and Saratoga forced Burgoyne to -surrender his entire army with all their arms and ammunition on the -17th of the following October. The conduct of Gates during the latter -battle has led to the charge of lack of personal courage, as throughout -the engagement he remained in a position of safety two miles away, -ready to flee with the teamsters and baggage-wagons should the action -result in a defeat for the Americans. Burgoyne, on the contrary, was in -the thick of the battle, receiving three bullets in his clothing. - - [1] Journals of Congress. Appleton’s Cyclopædia gives the month - July. - -In 1780, Gates was given command of the Southern army, and prepared -to attack Cornwallis at Camden, South Carolina. By a serious error in -judgment, Gates suffered a most humiliating defeat, which ended his -military career. On the 5th of October, 1780, he was suspended from -service until his conduct could be investigated. Deeply mortified, -he retired to his farm in Berkeley County, but as he passed through -Richmond, the State Legislature passed a resolution expressive of -their sympathy in his misfortune and their unabated confidence in -his patriotism and military skill; he received, too, a letter from -Washington containing assurances of sincere sympathy and promises of a -command when the court of inquiry should have acquitted him. Restored -to his command on the 14th of August, 1782, he did not serve, as the -war was then practically over. The battle of Camden virtually ended his -career. In 1790, he removed to New York City, generously freeing all -his Virginia slaves, and amply providing for the aged and infirm. In -1800, he was elected to the New York State Legislature, and died on the -10th of April, 1806. - - - - -WILLIAM HEATH. - - -William Heath, born on the 2d of March, 1737, was the son of a farmer -living in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Delighting in military exercise, he -joined the militia company of his town. In 1765, he became a member of -the “Ancient and Honorable Artillery” corps of Boston, subsequently -becoming its commander. In 1770, he contributed a series of articles -to a Boston newspaper, urging the importance of military training, -etc. In 1774, he received an appointment in the Provincial army of -Massachusetts, and on the 22d of June was created brigadier-general by -the Continental Congress and placed in command at Roxbury. On the 9th -of August, 1776, he was raised to the rank of major-general. Though -taking part in none of the great battles of the war, he did good -service as recruiting officer, commissary, and quartermaster. After the -close of the war he retired to his farm at Roxbury. Subsequently he was -elected senator, counsellor, Presidential elector, judge of probate, -and in 1806 Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts. This office, however, -he declined, choosing to spend his last years as a private citizen. He -died on his estate in Roxbury on the 24th of January, 1814. - - - - -JOSEPH SPENCER. - - -Joseph Spencer, born at East Haddam, Connecticut, in 1714, was an -officer of militia, with the rank of colonel, during the French and -Indian War. He was appointed brigadier-general on the 22d of June, -1775, by the Continental Congress, and major-general on the 9th of -August, 1776. When the British fleet appeared off the coast of New -England, in December of that year, he was sent with Arnold to take -charge of the militia in that section. Spencer was in command at Rhode -Island in 1778. Admiral Sir Peter Parker having taken possession of -Newport, Spencer had assembled his forces at Providence to dislodge -him. After spending some weeks in marching and counter-marching, the -enterprise had to be abandoned, as the Americans were too weak to -attempt such an assault. General Spencer resigned his commission on -the 13th of January, 1778, and though an earnest advocate of American -independence, took but little part in public affairs during the -remainder of his life. He died at his native place, East Haddam, in -January, 1789. - - - - -JOHN SULLIVAN. - - -John Sullivan, born in Berwick, Maine, on the 17th of February, 1740, -was of Irish parentage, his father having emigrated to this country -in 1723. He was public-spirited, and hating oppression, as a zealous -advocate of American rights proved himself so able a partisan that -in 1772 he was commissioned major of the militia. In 1774, he became -a member of the Continental Congress, but resigned his seat to enter -the army, being appointed a brigadier-general, on the 22d of June, -1775. Employed for a time at Cambridge in disciplining the troops -and securing supplies, he was sent to Canada in 1776 to command the -survivors of the Northern army. Being superseded by Gates, he rejoined -the army under Washington, and on the 9th of August of the same year -was commissioned a major-general. He was made prisoner at the battle -of Long Island, but was soon after exchanged. In 1778, he was assigned -to the command of the forces in Rhode Island, and received not only -the commendation of the wisest men throughout the country, but also -the thanks of Congress for his conduct under very trying circumstances -during this campaign. In 1779, he was selected by Washington to lead -an army against the “Six Nations,” occupying the fertile region of -northern Pennsylvania and western New York. The atrocities of these -Indians demanding the severest measures, Sullivan, after defeating -their chief, laid waste their fields and orchards, burned their -villages, and drove them beyond the frontier to take refuge with their -English allies. He resigned his commission on the 30th of November, -1779, and entered upon the practice of the law. He held several -positions of national trust and responsibility, and served his State as -attorney-general, as president, and as justice of its Federal Court. -While discharging the duties of the latter office, he died at Durham -on the 23d of January, 1795. Harvard College conferred upon General -Sullivan the degree of LL.D. in 1780. - - - - -NATHANIEL GREENE. - - -Nathaniel Greene was born at Potowomut, within the jurisdiction of -Warwick, Rhode Island, on the 6th of June, 1742. His ancestors, of -good English extraction, were among the first settlers on the banks of -Providence River. Having a natural aptitude for study, he spent his -extra earnings for books, which trained and developed his mind, as -physical toil and out-door sports had strengthened his body. In 1770, -being elected to the General Assembly of Rhode Island, he acquitted -himself with credit. Foreseeing the struggle with the mother country, -he began to prepare himself for an active participation by studying the -best military text-books of those times. He married in July, 1774. The -following April, the battle of Lexington rendering the war inevitable, -Rhode Island promptly responded to the call for troops by raising an -army of sixteen hundred men; and in May, 1775, Greene was placed in -command as major-general. He showed the good effects of his former -preparation by the vigilant drill and thorough discipline of the troops -intrusted to his command. By his conduct at the battle of Bunker Hill, -he gained the confidence and esteem of Washington. When the different -bodies of State troops were reorganized into the Continental army, -Greene received a regular commission as brigadier-general on the 22d -of June, 1775; but in acknowledgment of his sterling worth, Congress -promoted him to the rank of major-general on the 9th of August, 1776. -His first regular battle was that at Harlem, when the British, having -taken New York, lay siege to Fort Washington. During the subsequent -retreat of the Americans through the Jerseys, he was the companion and -counsellor of Washington. When defeat was at last changed to victory -by the battle of Trenton, he seized the artillery of the enemy and -cut off their retreat to Princeton. The American army went into -winter-quarters at Valley Forge; and then Greene, yielding to the -urgent entreaties of Washington and of Congress, assumed the arduous -duties of quarter-master-general, which onerous position he held for -two years, with credit to himself, and with inestimable benefit to the -army. Greene presided at the “board of inquiry” convened for the trial -of André. With regret he signed the decree of the court condemning the -young officer to death. The post at West Point left vacant by Arnold’s -treason was given to Greene, who took command Oct. 8, 1780. After the -defeat of Gates at Camden, Greene was intrusted with the command of the -armies of the South, which post he held until the close of the war. -At the conclusion of his military career he established himself on a -plantation in Georgia, and for the first time in many years enjoyed the -opportunity of indulging his love of nature. This tranquil pleasure, -however, was short-lived, for through an unfortunate exposure to a -Southern sun and the exhalations of a Georgia rice-field, he contracted -a malignant fever, from which he died on the 19th of June, 1786, aged -but forty-four years. As a man, he was honorable, trustworthy, and -patriotic; as a soldier, wise, prudent, brave, and unflinching in the -discharge of his duty. - - - - -LORD STIRLING. - - -William Alexander, or according to his title, the Right Honorable -William, Earl of Stirling, better known in history as Lord Stirling, -was born in New York City, in 1726. His father, James Alexander, a -native of Scotland, fled to this country in 1716 after the wars of the -Pretender. Having been appointed Surveyor-General of New Jersey and New -York, he was able to give much personal supervision to the education of -his only son, and dying in 1756, left him an ample fortune. Thoroughly -trained in mathematics, and with a fine military spirit, William -Alexander distinguished himself in the French and Indian War; at its -close he visited Europe, took measures to establish his claim to the -earldom of Stirling, and returning to America, devoted himself to the -duties of Surveyor-General of New Jersey. His first opposition to the -mother country was his denunciation of the Stamp Act, and his efforts -to have it repealed. When bloodshed followed passive resistance, he -was selected, in the summer of 1775, to command a regiment. On the -1st of March, 1776, Congress appointed him brigadier-general. For -his gallantry during the attack of the British on New York, Congress -advanced him to the rank of major-general, on the 19th of February, -1777. Though compelled on several occasions to retreat before vastly -superior numbers, in each case he secured so advantageous a position, -and defended it with such courage and constancy, as to check the -further advance of the enemy, and to frustrate their purpose. During -the winter of 1777–78, while Washington was encamped at Valley Forge, a -conspiracy was set on foot to substitute Gates as commander-in-chief. -Providentially, this plot was discovered by Lord Stirling before any -material harm had resulted. It was not until 1780 that he obtained -leave of absence to visit his family, and to attend to his private -affairs at Baskenridge. In 1781, he again took the field to repel -a threatened invasion from Canada, and was actively engaged until -1783, when his useful and honorable career was brought to a close by -his death. He expired on the 15th of January, 1783, almost as deeply -mourned by the troops he had commanded as by his nearest connections -and warmest personal friends. - - - - -THOMAS MIFFLIN. - - -Thomas Mifflin, a descendant of one of the first settlers of -Pennsylvania, was born in Philadelphia in 1744, and educated for -the business of a merchant, which occupation he followed with much -success. In 1772 and the year following, he represented Philadelphia -in the Colonial Legislature, and in 1774 was one of the delegates for -Pennsylvania to the first Congress. After the battle of Lexington he -engaged promptly in enlisting and disciplining troops, being appointed -major. July 4, 1775, Washington made him an aide-de-camp, and in -the August following, quartermaster-general. May 16, 1776, Congress -commissioned him brigadier-general; and Feb. 17, 1777, he was appointed -major-general, in recognition of the skill and efficiency he had -shown in bringing the militia into service, though he failed to give -satisfaction in his capacity of quartermaster. Becoming discontented -during the gloomy period marked by the “retreat through the Jerseys,” -he tendered his resignation. Congress relieved him of his duties as -quartermaster and continued his rank as major-general, but without -the pay. In May, 1778, he rejoined the army, and was a mover in the -conspiracy to substitute Gates for Washington. Feb. 25, 1779, he again -resigned. In 1782, he was elected to the Continental Congress, and -being chosen president of that body the following year, received in -that capacity the commission of Washington when he resigned, on the -23d of December, 1783. Mifflin continued to take an active part in -American politics, and from 1790 to 1799 was Governor of Pennsylvania. -In December of that year he was elected to the State Legislature, and -died while attending its session at Lancaster, Jan. 20, 1800. - - - - -ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. - - -Arthur St. Clair, born in Edinburgh in 1734, graduated at the -university of that city, and began the study of medicine. His ardent -temperament, however, could ill brook the quiet monotony of a doctor’s -life, so enlisting in the British army, he came to this country in -1755. He was present at the battle on the “Heights of Abraham,” and -after the peace of 1763 was given command of Fort Ligonier in western -Pennsylvania. During the next ten years, he purchased a tract of land, -married, engaged in the business of a farmer and land surveyor, and -became a magistrate in Westmoreland County. His patriotism being well -known, he was appointed colonel in the Continental army in December, -1775, and in 1776 was ordered to Canada, arriving in the vicinity -of Quebec just in time to cover the retreat of the troops under -Arnold. On the 9th of August following, he received his commission as -brigadier-general, and joining Washington in the autumn, took part -in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. The confidence and esteem -of his commander-in-chief and of Congress found expression in his -advancement to the rank of major-general on the 19th of February, 1777; -and soon after he was intrusted with the command of Fort Ticonderoga. -On the approach of Burgoyne the following July, he deemed it best to -abandon this fortress and to retreat, as the smallness of the garrison -and the lack of everything necessary to withstand either an assault -or a siege rendered defeat inevitable. His conduct, however, was -severely criticised by Congress, and he was suspended and summoned to -Philadelphia for trial. Despite all his efforts to the contrary, this -investigation was delayed for many months. At last he was tried by -court-martial in October, 1778, and fully exonerated of all charges -against him. Washington’s confidence in him had never been shaken, and -he made it apparent by employing him in various important missions. He -served to the close of the war, and in 1786 was elected to Congress -from Pennsylvania, and soon afterward was chosen president of that -body. In 1788, Congress appointed him first governor of the Northwest -Territory, but in 1791, he suffered a terrible defeat by the Indians -of that section, and again his conduct was investigated and again -he was acquitted of all blame. In 1802, being removed by President -Jefferson from the office of governor, he returned to Ligonier Valley. -Broken in health, stripped of his fortune, and unable to make good -his just claims against the Government, he had abandoned all hope, -when the State of Pennsylvania settled an annuity upon him of $300, -which was afterward increased to $650 a year. He died at Greensburg, -Pennsylvania, on the 31st of August, 1818. - - - - -ADAM STEPHEN. - - -Adam Stephen, born in Virginia about 1730, served first as captain, -then colonel, under Washington throughout the French and Indian -War, aiding materially in bringing that struggle to a close. At -the beginning of the Revolution, Virginia gave him command of one -of her seven regiments, and Sept. 4, 1776, Congress appointed -him brigadier-general in the Continental army, promoting him to -major-general Feb. 19, 1777. He was at the battle of Brandywine; but -at Germantown his division became involved in a combat with the troops -of Anthony Wayne, owing to a fog. Stephen was held responsible for the -blunder, court-martialled, and dismissed from the service in October, -1777. He died in his native State in November of 1791. - - - - -BENJAMIN LINCOLN. - - -Benjamin Lincoln, born Jan. 24, 1733, at Hingham, Massachusetts, led -the life of a farmer; but warmly espousing the cause of the colonists -when troubles began with Great Britain, was intrusted with various -military offices, and after two years of active service with the -Massachusetts troops, was commissioned major-general in the Continental -army on the 19th of February, 1777. In the following October, he -received a severe wound which lamed him for life, and prevented his -rejoining the army until August, 1778. In September, Congress gave -him the chief command of the Southern army, but upon repairing to -Charleston, South Carolina, he found the entire State of Georgia in -the hands of the British, and the American army in the South almost -destroyed. Setting about his task with courage and resolution, he -busied himself in collecting the necessary supplies and recruits, -and making all needful preparations for driving the enemy from their -various strongholds. In each engagement, however, he was unsuccessful, -and was at last taken prisoner at the surrender of Charleston, on the -12th of May, 1780. He was exchanged in November, and rejoined the army -in June, 1781. Again he was despatched to the South, but this time with -far different results. - -When the siege of Yorktown ended in the surrender of Cornwallis, that -general feigned illness; to escape the mortification of surrendering -his sword personally, he sent it by General O’Hara. Washington, with -a fine delicacy of feeling, ordered the sword to be delivered to -General Lincoln, who, eighteen months before, had been compelled to -surrender to Sir Henry Clinton at Charleston, Cornwallis being one of -the principal officers. This campaign closed Lincoln’s active service -in the field, as he was soon after appointed Secretary of War, and held -that responsible position until the disbanding of the army in October, -1783. Shays’ Rebellion, in 1786, again called him into the field, and -after quelling it, he served as Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in -1788, and collector of the port of Boston from 1789 to 1806, when the -infirmities of old age necessitated his withdrawal. He died on the 9th -of May, 1810, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Harvard College -conferred upon him the degree of M. A. in 1780. - - - - -BENEDICT ARNOLD. - - -Benedict Arnold, born Jan. 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticut, ran -away from home at the age of fifteen, and entered the military force -of his native State, then marching to Albany and Lake George, to -resist the French invasion. Growing weary of discipline, he deserted, -returned home alone through the wilderness, and became a druggist’s -clerk, afterward skipper of a New England schooner trading with the -West Indies, and at times a horse-dealer. His spirit of adventure -and his early taste of war led him to offer himself among the first -who took the field when the American colonies began their struggle -for independence. In conjunction with Col. Ethan Allen he surprised -the garrison at Fort Ticonderoga on the 10th of May, 1775, capturing -large stores of cannon and ammunition without the loss of a single -man. Disagreeing with the officers of the party, and becoming bitterly -jealous of Allen, Arnold left New York; and applying to Washington for -service in the Continental army, he was given command of about five -hundred men and despatched, by way of the wilderness, to join General -Montgomery in an attack on Quebec. During the Canadian campaign, as -during his service in New York, Arnold evinced the same traits of -character,--dashing gallantry and perfect fearlessness when in action, -with petty meanness, vindictiveness, arrogance, and covetousness at -all other times. On the 10th of January, 1776, Congress bestowed on -him the rank of brigadier-general, and after his defeat of Tryon at -Danbury, and his daring heroism in bearing from the field the body of -the gallant Wooster, he was promoted to the rank of major-general on -the 2d of May, 1777. Being ordered again to the North, he did good -service under Schuyler; but all his worst passions seem to have been -aroused when Gates took command. The stirring events immediately -preceding the surrender of Burgoyne prevented an open rupture, and -Arnold’s reckless daring at the battle of Saratoga, though gaining the -victory, resulted in rendering him a cripple for life. Incapacitated -for active service, he was placed in command at Philadelphia when that -city was evacuated by the British, on the 17th of June, 1778. At this -point Arnold’s downward career began. There are just grounds to believe -that he entered into a secret contract to enrich himself at the expense -of the public; and finding many of the wealthiest of the citizens -to be Tories, he used all his influence in their behalf, hoping, no -doubt, for a pecuniary reward. His second marriage with Miss Shippen -bound him still more closely to the Tory faction.[2] In November, -1778, Gen. Joseph Reed was elected president “of the executive council -of the State” of Pennsylvania, and in the discharge of his duties, -brought the delinquencies of Arnold to the notice of Congress. A -court-martial on Jan. 26, 1780, sentenced him to be reprimanded by -the commander-in-chief. In addition to the public disgrace, he was -now cut off from various sources of revenue by which he had been -striving to ward off a threatened bankruptcy, and his pecuniary affairs -became sadly involved through extravagance and wild speculations. -Unsuccessful in his attempt to obtain a loan from the French minister, -De la Luzerne, he appears to have entered into correspondence with -the British, but soon found that to obtain any considerable sum of -money from that quarter, he must have control of some place worth the -purchase. Accordingly, having many warm friends in Congress and in the -army, he brought strong pressure to bear upon Washington to grant him -the command of West Point. Yielding at length, though reluctantly, -Arnold was assigned to this important post, and immediately put -himself in direct communication with the British commander-in-chief, -Sir Henry Clinton. On the night of the 21st of September, 1780, Major -André was sent by the latter to obtain personally from Arnold all the -information necessary to capture West Point and the posts on the line -of the Hudson. Arnold’s elaborate plans, however, miscarried; André was -captured, West Point saved, and Arnold obliged to fly. Though receiving -the military rank and the money promised him by Sir Henry Clinton,--ten -thousand pounds sterling and a commission as brigadier in the -British army, he was almost as much detested by the English as by the -Americans, and after some brutal outrages in Virginia and Connecticut, -ended his days in obscurity in London, on the 14th of June, 1801. - - [2] His first wife was Margaret, daughter of Samuel Mansfield - of New Haven, by whom he had three sons, Benedict, Richard, - and Henry. - - - - -MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. - - -Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, was -born at Chavagnac, in the province of Auvergne, France, on the 6th of -September, 1757. He was educated at the military college of Duplessis, -in Paris; graduating at sixteen, although offered a high position in -the royal household, he preferred the career of a warrior, and at -nineteen had risen to the rank of captain of dragoons. During the -summer of 1776 his interest in the American colonies in their struggle -for independence became so great that he determined to espouse their -cause. Discouraged by all except his noble young wife, who sympathized -with the oppressed colonists as warmly as he did, Lafayette persevered; -and when the news of the disastrous termination of the campaign of -1776 reached France, he generously determined to offer not only his -services, but also his wealth. Prohibited by the king from leaving -Europe, he reached Spain in disguise, and with Baron de Kalb and ten -other officers embarked for America. After a perilous voyage, they -landed on the Carolina coast. Proceeding at once to Philadelphia, he -offered his services as a volunteer and without remuneration. When his -credentials had been examined, and his rank, wealth, and undaunted -perseverance became known, he was appointed major-general July 31, -1777. His valor, coolness in the presence of danger, and military -ability were shown on more than one occasion; but when our alliance -with France involved that country in war, he applied to Congress for -permission to return to France, for although he had incurred the -displeasure of the king by coming to America, he was still that king’s -soldier, and in the hour of need he felt he owed his first duty to -his native land. Congress granted him the desired leave of absence, -instructed its president to write him a letter of thanks for coming to -America and for his valuable services, and directed our minister at -Versailles to present him a sword, suitably engraved, as a token of the -esteem and gratitude of the United States. His return to France was -hailed with joy by the people, though the court for a time refused to -notice him. Presently, however, he was given a command in the king’s -own regiment of dragoons. A year later, March, 1780, he returned to the -United States, and re-entering the army, was actively engaged until -the close of the war. After the fall of Yorktown, he again asked leave -of absence to visit his family. Arrived in France, he was at once made -major-general in the French army, his commission to date from the -surrender of Cornwallis. - -In 1784, Lafayette paid a short visit to this country, being received -everywhere with marks of love and respect. In 1785, he returned to -Paris to find the finances of his country hopelessly involved, and -the people ripe for revolution. Throughout his subsequent life he -remained true to those high principles of honor, patriotism, and love -of humanity, that had led him so warmly to espouse the cause of liberty -and justice. Kept for years a prisoner in the most loathsome dungeons, -his property confiscated, his wife doomed to the guillotine and only -saved by the death of Robespierre, his son an exile but finding shelter -in the home of Washington, he was at length restored to liberty by the -power of Napoleon. In 1824, he was invited by Congress to revisit the -United States. Though most of his friends and companions-in-arms had -passed away, and a new generation had grown up, the whole nation united -to welcome and do him homage. He died in 1834, leaving behind him the -record of one who amid every temptation and allurement had remained the -stanch, unwavering advocate of constitutional liberty. - - - - -BARON DE KALB. - - -Johann, Baron de Kalb, born in Hüttendorf, Bavaria, on the 29th of -July, 1721, had gained in the armies of France the reputation of being -a brave and meritorious officer. At the close of the Seven Years -War, he married the daughter of a Holland millionnaire. In 1768, he -came to this country as a secret agent of the French Government, and -had already attained to the rank of brigadier-general in the French -army, when he entered into an agreement with Silas Deane and Benjamin -Franklin to join the Continental forces. Coming to this country with -Lafayette, De Kalb’s services were at once accepted by Congress, a -commission as major-general given him on the 15th of September, 1777, -and the command of the Maryland division of the Continental army. -Studious in his habits, exceedingly temperate in his diet, kindly and -courteous of manner, his many noble and lovable traits endeared him to -all with whom he was associated. For three years he served this country -gallantly and well, sealing his devotion to liberty and justice with -his life-blood. On the 16th of August, 1780, at Camden, South Carolina, -while fighting against vastly superior numbers, and rallying his men -by words of courage and deeds of valor, he fell, pierced with eleven -wounds. He died three days after, saying to one who was condoling with -him, “I thank you for your generous sympathy, but I die the death I -always prayed for,--the death of a soldier fighting for the rights of -man.” - -Many years after, when Washington visited his grave, he exclaimed, “So -there lies the brave De Kalb,--the generous stranger who came from a -distant land to fight our battles and to water with his blood the tree -of our liberty. Would to God he had lived to share its fruits!” - - - - -PHILIPPE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE TRONSON DU COUDRAY. - - -Philippe Charles Jean Baptiste Tronson du Coudray, born in Rheims, -France, on the 8th of September, 1738, was educated to the vocation -of a mining engineer, and ranked as one of the best in his native -country, when in 1776, he offered his services to Silas Deane and -Benjamin Franklin. These commissioners entered into an arrangement -with Du Coudray by which, on condition of his furnishing certain -military supplies, he was to enter the American service, with the rank -and pay of major-general, and the command of the artillery. After -several days’ debate on the subject, Congress did not see fit to -ratify this agreement in full, Washington also expressing a doubt as -to whether so important a command as that of the artillery should be -vested in any but an American, or one attached by ties of interest to -the United States. He was accorded his promised rank, however, being -appointed major-general on the 11th of August, 1777, and placed in -superintendence of the works being constructed on the Delaware. His -service was of short duration, for on the 16th of September in the -same year, while hastening, after the battle of Brandywine, to offer -himself as a volunteer, he accidentally lost his life. While crossing -the Schuylkill in a ferry-boat, his horse became unmanageable, plunged -with him into the river, and he was drowned before any assistance could -be rendered. The next day Congress passed a resolution directing his -burial at the expense of the United States and with the honors of war. - - - - -ROBERT HOWE. - - -Robert Howe, born in Brunswick County, North Carolina, in 1732, was -of English descent. He married young, took his wife to England, and -lived for two years with some relatives. Returning to this country, he -was appointed in 1766 commander at Fort Johnson in North Carolina. At -the beginning of the Revolution, he was a member of the Committee of -Safety for his native county, and with General Woodford was in command -of Norfolk when that place was attacked and destroyed by Lord Dunmore, -on the 1st of January, 1776. Prosecuting the war with vigor, Howe drove -Dunmore out of Virginia. The Assemblies of North Carolina and Virginia -recognized his services by a vote of thanks; Congress appointed him -brigadier-general in the Continental army on the 1st of March, 1776; -and on the 5th of May following, General Clinton excepted him when -offering pardon in the king’s name to all Carolinians who would lay -down their arms and return to their allegiance. The next year he was -ordered to join the Southern army; and on the 20th of October, 1777, -he was raised to the rank of major-general, and intrusted with an -expedition against St. Augustine. After some successes, the destruction -of one fourth of his army by an epidemic compelled him to abandon -this project, and he was afterward assigned to duty in Georgia. Being -defeated here, he joined Washington on the Hudson, and remained in -active service at the North until the close of the war. In 1785, he -was appointed a commissioner to treat with the Western Indians, and -upon returning to his native State, was received with public honors and -shortly after elected to the Legislature. Before the time arrived for -him to take his seat, he died of fever on the 12th of November, 1785. - - - - -ALEXANDER McDOUGAL. - - -Alexander McDougal, born on the island of Islay, Scotland, in 1731, -was brought to New York while still a child, by his father. At first -Alexander followed the sea, took part in the French and Indian War as -commander of two privateers,--the “Barrington” and the “Tiger,”--and -then settling in New York City, became one of her successful merchants. -Keenly alive to the aggressive steps taken by the home Government in -her dealings with her American dependencies, he drew upon himself -censure and imprisonment in 1769, by writing an address entitled, “A -Son of Liberty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony,” in which -he rebuked the Assembly for entering upon the favorable consideration -of a bill of supplies for troops quartered in the city to overawe the -inhabitants, and for rejecting a proposition authorizing the vote by -ballot. An incarceration of twenty-three weeks in what is now the -registrar’s office, made him the first martyr in the American struggle -for independence. When set at liberty, he entered into correspondence -with the master-spirits all over the country, presided over the -celebrated “meeting in the fields” in 1774, was appointed colonel of -the first Revolutionary regiment raised in New York, and was created -brigadier-general in the Continental army on the 9th of August, -1776, and immediately went into active service. After the battle of -Germantown and upon the recommendation of Washington, he was promoted -to be major-general on the 20th of October, 1777. From the beginning of -1778 to the close of 1780, he was in command at various posts along the -Hudson, but was summoned in the latter year to represent New York in -Congress, and in 1781 was appointed minister of marine. In 1783, when -the army went into winter-quarters at Newburg, he was chosen as head of -the committee sent to Congress to represent their grievances. At the -close of the war he was elected to the Senate of New York, and filled -that position until his death on the 8th of June, 1786. - - - - -THOMAS CONWAY. - - -Thomas Conway, born in Ireland on the 27th of February, 1733, was -taken by his parents to France when he was but six years of age. -Educated in that country, he entered her army, and in 1777 had -attained the rank of colonel and the decoration of the Order of St. -Louis. Seeing in the American Revolution a chance of rapid promotion, -he sought an interview with Silas Deane, and came to this country -with his promise that he should be appointed to a high rank in the -Continental army. Congress redeemed this promise on the 13th of May, -1777, by giving him the commission of a brigadier-general and assigning -to him a command in Lord Stirling’s division. After taking part in -the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, he urged his friends in -Congress to obtain promotion for him. Washington, divining his true -character, and believing that his real motive in coming to America -was self-aggrandizement rather than a devotion to the sacred cause of -liberty, opposed his advancement as an injustice to more deserving -officers. - -Selfish, unscrupulous, and delighting in mischief, Conway was busily -plotting against Washington; and being upheld by Gates, Mifflin, -Dr. Rush, and others, he sought to displace him and elevate Gates -to the position of commander-in-chief. This intrigue, known as the -“Conway cabal,”[3] coming to the knowledge of Washington, he informed -Conway of the discovery of the plot, whereupon the latter tendered -his resignation. Congress, however, though fully cognizant of the -charges against him, did not accept it, but on the contrary gave him -his coveted promotion, advancing him to the rank of major-general on -the 13th of December, 1777. Restless and ever dissatisfied, on the -28th of April, 1778, he wrote to Congress complaining of the post -assigned him, and conditionally tendering his resignation; but the -tide of favor had already turned, and Congress at once accepted his -resignation unconditionally, thus forcing him to quit the army. During -the following summer his caustic speech made him many enemies, and in a -duel with General Cadwalader, growing out of some disparaging remarks -of Conway concerning Washington, Conway was shot through the mouth, the -bullet coming out of the back of his neck. He fell upon his face, but -raising himself, said, “General, you fire with much deliberation and -certainly with a great deal of effect.” Believing the wound mortal, -a few days afterward Conway wrote an humble apology to Washington, -retracting all he had ever said against the commander-in-chief. -Contrary to his own and his surgeon’s supposition, however, he -recovered; but meeting with a cold reception from his former friends, -he soon after returned to France, re-entered the military service, and -was appointed Governor of Pondicherry and the French settlements in -Hindostan. His quarrelsome disposition involved him in a dispute with -Tippoo Sahib which is said to have ruined French prospects in India. -In 1792, he was sent to take command of the Royalist army in the south -of France, but during the revolution which followed he was obliged to -flee the country, and died about the year 1800. - - [3] Conway cabal,--“A conspiracy to deprive Washington of the - command of the army.” - - - - -BARON STEUBEN. - - -Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand von Steuben, known in this -country as Baron Steuben, was born in Magdeburg, Prussia, on the 15th -of November, 1730. The son of a soldier, his earliest recollections -were of the camp. At the age of ten years, returning with his father -from a campaign in the Crimea, he was placed in the Jesuit College -at Neisse, and later transferred to that at Breslau, distinguishing -himself at both as a mathematician. When but fourteen, he served -with his father in the war of 1744, and was present at the siege of -Prague. At seventeen, as a cadet, he entered a regiment of infantry, -rose in two years to be ensign, and in four more to be lieutenant. -As aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great of Prussia, he served in the -Seven Years War, taking part in the celebrated battle of Prague. -At the restoration of peace in 1763, he resigned his post in the -army and was appointed to a position at court, commanding a liberal -salary. In 1777, learning that the greatest weakness of the Americans -lay in their ignorance of military tactics and want of thorough -discipline, he left his life of ease in the Old World, and coming -to the New, presented himself to Congress as a volunteer. If the -cause were lost, they owed him nothing; if gained, he would expect -remuneration equivalent to the salary he had resigned. His offer being -accepted, he went to Valley Forge and began his great work, whereby -our whole military system assumed new shape. On the 5th of May, -1778, Congress appointed him inspector-general of the army, with the -rank of major-general, and no officer of that grade in the field did -so much toward our ultimate success as did this born organizer and -disciplinarian. The following year, he wished to take the field; but -the American officers expressed so much dissatisfaction, on account -of being outranked, that he withdrew his request and devoted himself -to his old work, which to him must have seemed little better than -that of a drill-sergeant. In 1780, he published a manual for the -army that was of great value, and is still considered an authority. -Written in German, it was translated into French, then into English, -in which language it was wholly unintelligible to him. Warm-hearted -and hospitable, he shared his last dollar with his suffering brother -officers, and even at one time sold his horse that he might have the -means of entertaining his camp guests. With a chivalrous regard for -truth and honor, he despised the very name of Arnold. At review one -day he heard the name of “Benedict Arnold” called over with those of -some new recruits. Regarding its owner keenly for a few moments, and -being pleased with his manly bearing, the baron said, “Young man, you -must change your name; you are too respectable to bear the name of a -traitor!” “What name shall I take, General?” “Take any other; mine is -at your service.” Adopting the name of Steuben, the young man received -a christening present of a monthly allowance, and eventually a large -tract of land. - -After the defeat of Gates, Baron Steuben was sent to Virginia to help -General Greene, and when Arnold entered that State in the pay of the -British, the baron used every endeavor to capture the traitor and bring -him to justice. Serving actively at the siege of Yorktown, he was in -command of the trenches when Cornwallis was summoned to surrender. -Lafayette offered to relieve the baron; but he replied that European -etiquette required him to remain at his post until the terms of the -surrender were accepted or hostilities resumed. When the English -flag was lowered to its American conquerors, Steuben’s men had the -proud satisfaction of being foremost of those on duty. At the close -of the war, he was sent to Canada to demand the surrender of all the -posts along the frontier, but being unsuccessful in this mission, -returned to headquarters. Upon the disbanding of the army, he retired -to private life, resided in New York City for several years, while -waiting for Congress to redeem its promise to pay him for his arduous -and self-sacrificing services. In the mean time Pennsylvania, Virginia, -and New Jersey voted him grants of land; but that from the last-named -State he declined, because it had been the confiscated estate of a Tory -who would be left destitute. New York now voted him a township near -Utica, and Congress after an ungracious delay of seven years voted -him a pension of $2,400 per annum. Retiring to his New York estate, -he cleared sixty acres, built a log house, and spent the remainder of -his life in dispensing a large-hearted hospitality, in agricultural -pursuits, and the enjoyment of his valuable library. Once a year he -visited New York City, but in 1795, while preparing for this annual -trip, he was stricken with paralysis, and died on the 25th of November. -By his own direction he was wrapped in his military cloak, and on his -breast was placed the diamond star of the Order of Fidelity, which he -had received from the Prince Margrave of Bavaria, and which he always -wore. His funeral was attended by his neighbors, and was without pomp -or military display of any kind. Colonel North, his favorite aid, -inherited his property and erected a small monument to his memory. - - - - -WILLIAM SMALLWOOD. - - -William Smallwood, born in Kent County, Maryland, in 1732, was elected -colonel of the Maryland battalion on the 2d of January, 1776; and on -the 10th of July following, at the head of nine companies he joined -Washington in New York. His troops took an active part in the battle -of Brooklyn Heights on the 20th of August. Fighting desperately from -sunrise until the last gun was fired at night, they lost nearly half -their number. Again, on the 18th of October, at White Plains, the -Maryland troops fought valiantly. Smallwood was severely wounded, and -for his gallantry was commissioned brigadier-general by the Continental -Congress on the 23d of October, 1776. At Fort Washington, November 16 -of the same year, his troops again distinguished themselves, but with -heavy loss in killed and wounded. In the summer of 1777, he joined -Sullivan in his expedition against Staten Island, and when the British -arrived in the Chesapeake, to Smallwood was intrusted the collecting -and organizing of the Western Shore Maryland Militia. In the battle of -Germantown, on the 4th of October, Smallwood’s troops retrieved the -day, and captured part of the enemy’s camp. Stationed by Washington at -Wilmington during the winter of 1777–78, he captured a British brig -in the Delaware River, laden with stores and provisions. Ordered -South with the army under Gates in 1780, his command behaved with -their accustomed bravery at the disastrous battle of Camden, for which -Smallwood received the thanks of Congress and was promoted to the rank -of major-general on the 15th of September, 1780. - -When Greene superseded Gates in command of the Southern army, Smallwood -refused to serve under Baron Steuben, who was then his superior -officer, and declared his intention of retiring, unless his commission -was antedated two years. So absurd a claim could not be allowed, -as besides there being no reason for changing the date, to comply -would have thrown into confusion the entire list of major-generals. -Smallwood, however, remained in service until the 15th of November, -1783, when Congress accepted his resignation. In 1785, his native State -elected him to Congress and the same year chose him for governor. The -latter office he held for three years and then retired from public -life. He died in Prince George’s County, Maryland, on the 14th of -February, 1792. - - - - -SAMUEL HOLDEN PARSONS. - - -Samuel Holden Parsons, born in Lyme, Connecticut, on the 14th of May, -1737, graduated at Harvard College in 1756, studied law and began its -practice in 1759, was a member of the General Assembly of his native -State from 1762 to 1774, was chosen colonel of militia in 1775, and -appointed brigadier-general by Congress on the 9th of August, 1776. -In 1779, he succeeded Putnam as commander of the Connecticut line of -the army, was promoted to the rank of major-general on the 23d of -October, 1780, and served with distinction to the end of the war. In -1785, Congress appointed him one of the commissioners to treat with the -Indians at Miami; in 1788, President Washington made him judge of the -Northwest Territory; and in 1789, in behalf of Connecticut, he treated -as commissioner with the Wyandots and other Indians on the borders of -Lake Erie. Returning from this mission to his home in Marietta, Ohio, -he was drowned by the capsizing of his boat while descending the rapids -of Big Beaver River on the 17th of November, 1789. - - - - -CHEVALIER DUPORTAIL. - - -Louis Lebègue Duportail, born in France, was educated at the military -school of Mézières, and considered an excellent engineer. When Congress -instructed our commissioners in Paris to secure a few good engineers, -Duportail was one of the four thus selected; and these were the only -ones engaged by the express authority of Congress. On his arrival in -this country, he was appointed colonel of engineers and promoted to the -rank of brigadier-general on the 17th of November, 1777. He wintered -with the army at Valley Forge, and after the battle of Monmouth, when -the enemy left Philadelphia, he was sent to ascertain what defences -would be necessary to its security, and to plan fortifications for the -Delaware. He also superintended the strengthening of the defences at -Fort Clinton and at Boston. In 1779, he was charged with confidential -despatches to Count d’Estaing, but the subsequent repulse of the French -and American troops at Savannah, and the departure of D’Estaing, -rendered this mission fruitless. - -In 1780, being sent to join General Lincoln at Charleston, Duportail -was captured, together with this officer, during the summer; but -through the efforts of Congress, they were both exchanged in the -autumn. In 1781, he carried despatches to the Count de Grasse, and -later the same year had charge of the engineering operations at the -siege of Yorktown, being specially mentioned by Washington in his -despatches after the capitulation. On the 16th of November, 1781, -Congress conferred on him the rank of major-general, and granted -him a six-months furlough to visit his native land. He resigned his -commission in the United States army on the 10th of October, 1783, and -in 1788 was named maréchal-de-camp of the French army. In 1790, he was -made minister of war, but resigned a year later, to accept a military -appointment in Lorraine. Leaving the army in 1792, he returned to this -country in 1794, and remained here until 1802, when, being recalled to -France, he died at sea during the voyage home. - - - - -HENRY KNOX. - - -Henry Knox, born in Boston in 1750, lost his father at an early age. -His mother’s income being a slender one, and his devotion to her being -very great, he soon felt the need of personal exertion, and before -attaining his majority, had established himself as a bookseller. -Having a natural fondness for military tactics, he joined a company -of grenadiers, and thus when the smouldering fire of dissatisfaction -against taxation without representation burst into the flames of the -Revolution, Knox had gained practical knowledge of warlike manœuvres. -His father-in-law was a pronounced Tory; but his wife, sharing his -own sentiments, helped him to escape from Boston that he might join -the army. Appreciating our need of artillery, and knowing that no -cannon were to be had except those in the old forts along the Canadian -frontier, he volunteered to bring this ordnance to Washington’s camp at -Cambridge, and accomplished this difficult and hazardous undertaking -with such skill and courage that Washington rewarded him with the -command of the artillery. This branch of the Continental service -being attached to the main body of the army, Knox was in every battle -where Washington fought, and never failed to exhibit the judgment, -perseverance, and bravery that gained him success in the Canada -expedition. On the 27th of December, 1776, Congress appointed him -brigadier-general. At the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, he was -wounded in his left hand. For his distinguished services at the siege -of Yorktown in 1781, Congress appointed him major-general on the 22d -of March, 1782. He was one of the three commissioners intrusted with -the adjustment of the terms of peace. On the 25th of November, 1783, he -received as Washington’s deputy the surrender of the city of New York; -and his military career ended with the command of West Point. When the -Continental army was about to be disbanded, he conceived the idea of -forming a society of his old and dearly loved companions-in-arms. This -was the origin of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which Knox was -first vice-president. - -At the close of 1783, Knox retired to his home in Maine, but in 1784, -Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, appointed him Secretary -of War, which office he held until, in 1795, Washington reluctantly -accepted his resignation. It was during the time he was at the head of -the War Department, and by his advice, that the United States Marine -Service was organized. Retiring once more to his home in Maine, he -dispensed the most princely hospitality, it being no unusual thing for -him to entertain a hundred guests daily. When events threatened a war -with France, and President Adams thought best to form an army, Knox was -again appointed major-general. He died suddenly at his residence in -Thomaston, Maine, in 1806. - - - - -WILLIAM MOULTRIE. - - -William Moultrie, born in England in 1731, came of good Scotch -ancestry. His education was such as could be gained at that early day -in the South Carolina colony to which his family had removed while he -was still a child. In 1761, as captain of a company of volunteers, he -marched against the Cherokee Indians, and gained much of that military -skill that made him such a conspicuous character during the Revolution. -In 1775, he was a member of the South Carolina Provincial Congress, -and when that body authorized the seizure of the public arsenals, -he was one of the patriot band who put this advice into practice. -When news of the battle of Lexington reached South Carolina, he was -appointed colonel of one of her regiments, and designed the flag--a -blue field with a silver crescent in the right-hand upper corner--which -her troops carried to their first victory. The driving of the British -sloops-of-war from Charleston Harbor, the seizing of Fort Johnson, -and finally the glorious victory at the Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s -Island, freed South Carolina for several years from the horrors and -the devastations of war, and secured to Moultrie immortal fame and a -prompt recognition of his military ability. He received the thanks of -Congress; the fort he had so ably defended was named for him; and -Sept. 16, 1776, he was raised to the rank of brigadier-general in -the Continental army, with the duty of attending to the interests of -South Carolina and Georgia. The campaign of 1779 brought a renewal of -hostilities in the South, with most disastrous results. Repulsed and -kept at bay for a while by Moultrie, the British finally concentrated -their forces at Charleston, but badly provided as that city was for a -siege, it held out for six weeks, until driven by famine to surrender. -Moultrie was held a prisoner for two years, during which time he used -all his influence in obtaining justice for his fellow-prisoners and -the people of the country, and in vigorously keeping the enemy to the -terms of the capitulation. Several attempts were made to induce him to -resign his commission and enter the British service; and finally he -was offered large sums of money and command of a regiment in Jamaica, -to which he sternly replied, “Not the fee simple of all Jamaica should -induce me to part with my integrity.” He was exchanged about the end of -February, 1782, and promoted to the rank of major-general on the 15th -of October of the same year. - -When the British evacuated Charleston in December, the American army -under General Greene resumed possession of it, Moultrie holding a -conspicuous position in the triumphant procession. In 1785 and 1794, -he was chosen Governor of South Carolina, discharging the duties of his -office to the satisfaction of all. From the close of his second term -until his death, which occurred in Charleston on the 27th of September, -1805, he enjoyed a well-earned and honorable repose. - -The famous Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s Island was constructed by -Moultrie. The cannonade from the “Admiral’s Ship,” the “Bristol,” -produced little effect upon the fort, owing to the soft spongy -palmetto-wood. After a nine-hours engagement, Sir Peter Parker -withdrew, with his ship almost a wreck. - - - - -SETH POMEROY. - - -Seth Pomeroy, born in Northampton, Massachusetts, on the 20th of May, -1706, was an ingenious and skilful mechanic, following the trade of -a gunsmith. He entered the military service early in life, ranking -as captain in 1744, and as major at the capture of Louisburg by the -English in 1745. On the morning of the 17th of June, 1775, he entered -Ward’s camp at Cambridge as a volunteer, having heard the artillery -at Charlestown and feeling it a personal summons. Borrowing a horse -from General Ward, he eagerly pushed on, but reaching the Neck and -finding it swept by the fire from the British sloop-of-war “Glasgow,” -lying in the harbor, he gave the horse to a sentry, and shouldering -his gun, proceeded on foot, too honest to risk the life of a borrowed -animal. Upon reaching the hill, and taking his place with Stark behind -the rail-fence, he was recognized and greeted with shouts all along -the line. On the 22d of June, 1775, Congress commissioned him senior -brigadier-general; but this causing some dissatisfaction among the -seven others raised to the same rank at the same time, he declined his -appointment, and soon after retired to his farm. In 1776, however, when -New Jersey was overrun by the British, he marched at the head of the -militia of his own neighborhood to the rescue of Washington. He reached -the Hudson River, but never returned, dying at Peekskill, New York, on -the 19th of February, 1777. - - - - -DAVID WOOSTER. - - -David Wooster, born in Stratford, Connecticut, on the 2d of March, -1710, graduated at Yale in 1738. At the breaking out of the war -between England and Spain in 1739, he entered the Provincial army with -the rank of lieutenant, but subsequently was given command of a vessel -built and equipped by Connecticut for the defence of her coasts. In -1745, he took part in the expedition against Louisburg as commander of -the war vessel “Connecticut,” which conveyed the troops to Cape Breton. -The next year he visited England and was given a captain’s commission -with half-pay for life. Returning to America, he served through the -French and Indian War; but when troubles began to arise between the -American colonies and the mother country, approving the demands of the -former, and believing his allegiance was due to them, he resigned his -commission in the British army in 1774, and was one of the originators -of the expedition by which Fort Ticonderoga was captured in May, 1775. - -With the organization of the Continental army, Wooster was made -brigadier-general on the 22d of June, 1775, and ordered to join -Montgomery in the Canadian expedition. On the death of that officer, -the command for a time devolved upon Wooster, and he acquitted himself -to the satisfaction of Congress. Returning to Connecticut, he resigned -his commission in the Continental service, but was made major-general -of the militia of his native State. During the winter of 1776–77, -he was employed in raising recruits and in protecting the military -stores which had been collected at Danbury. On the 26th of April, 1777, -Governor Tryon, at the head of two thousand British regulars, attacked -the town, destroying the stores and retreating. Wooster and Arnold, -collecting about six hundred militia, went in hot pursuit; but the -undisciplined recruits gave way before the British artillery. Wooster, -endeavoring to rally his men, exclaimed, “Come on, my boys! never -mind such random shots!” when he was pierced through the body by a -musket-ball. Carried back to Danbury, he lived but a few days, dying on -the 2d of May, 1777. On the 17th of June, Congress passed appropriate -resolutions, and voted $500 for the erection of a monument. This duty -being neglected, the hero’s grave soon became unknown. In 1854, a -handsome monument of Portland granite was erected to his memory in -Danbury. - - - - -JOSEPH FRYE. - - -Joseph Frye, born in Andover, Massachusetts, in April, 1711, was -enterprising and intelligent, and at an early age represented his -town in the General Court of the county. Entering the army, he -was present at the siege of Louisburg and wrote the terms of the -surrender. He was a colonel when Montcalm captured Fort William Henry -in 1757. Being seized and stripped by an Indian, he was led away to -torture; but overpowering and killing his captor, Frye fled into -the woods, succeeded in eluding the savages, and after several days -reached a place of safety. In June, 1775, the Provincial Congress of -Massachusetts appointed Colonel Frye a major-general, and the 10th of -January, 1776, Congress gave him the rank of brigadier-general in the -Continental army. His age and infirmities, however, compelled him to -retire soon after from active service. Removing with his family to the -frontier of Maine, he founded the town of Fryeburg, and died there in -1794. - - - - -JOHN ARMSTRONG. - - -John Armstrong was born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1758. He was -an aid on General Gates’ staff, and served with him through the -campaign against Burgoyne. On the 1st of March, 1776, he was appointed -brigadier-general in the Continental service. In February, the -following year, he received the appointment of adjutant-general of the -Southern army, but in consequence of ill health was obliged to retire -from the army for a time. After the war Armstrong was secretary of the -State of Pennsylvania. In 1787 he was sent to Congress; from 1800 to -1802 he was United States Senator, and again in 1803–1810. From 1813 to -1814 he was Secretary of War. He was censured for his lack of success -in preventing the British from sacking Washington City in 1814–15, and -became very unpopular. He resigned in 1814, retiring to Red Hook, New -York, where he died April 1, 1843. - - - - -WILLIAM THOMPSON. - - -William Thompson, born in Ireland about 1725, emigrated to the State -of Pennsylvania. During the French and Indian War he was captain of a -troop of mounted militia, and when in June, 1775, Congress ordered the -raising of eight companies of riflemen by the State of Pennsylvania, -Thompson was appointed colonel of the battalion. These troops were -the first raised on demand of the Continental Congress, and reached -the camp at Cambridge before the 14th of August; and on the 10th of -November following, they repulsed a British landing party at Lechmere’s -Point. On the 1st of March, 1776, Thompson was promoted to the rank of -brigadier-general; and on the 19th he superseded Gen. Charles Lee in -command of the troops in New York. In April, being ordered to Canada -to reinforce General Thomas, he met the retreating army and took -command during the fatal illness of that officer, but resigned it on -the 4th of June to Gen. John Sullivan, by whose orders, two days later, -Thompson made the disastrous attack on the British at Trois Rivières, -resulting in the defeat of the Americans, and the taking prisoner of -their general. Released on parole in August, Thompson returned to -Philadelphia, but was not exchanged until two years later. He was -never again actively employed in the service, but died near Carlisle, -Pennsylvania, on the 4th of September, 1781. - - - - -ANDREW LEWIS. - - -Andrew Lewis, born in Donegal, Ireland, about 1730, was of Huguenot -descent, his father coming to this country in 1732, and being the -first white resident in Bellefonte, Augusta County, Virginia. In 1754, -he joined an expedition to take possession of the lands lying along -the Ohio, in which he acquired great reputation by his conduct at -Braddock’s defeat in 1755, and for the part he took in all the Indian -wars down to the time of the Revolution. He served under Washington in -various capacities, and was with him at Fort Necessity. He commanded an -expedition to Sandy Creek in 1756, and was made prisoner in 1758 and -taken to Montreal. In 1768, he acted as commissioner from Virginia, -to conclude a treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, New York. -“About 1775, when hostilities began again on the western frontier of -Virginia, he received the appointment of brigadier-general, and as -commander-in-chief at the battle of Point Pleasant, at the mouth of -the Great Kanawha, gained a victory over the Shawnee confederacy under -the celebrated chief Cornstalk” in what was considered the severest -engagement with the Indians up to that time. - -On the 1st of March, 1776, Congress made Lewis a brigadier-general, -much to the surprise and disappointment of Washington, who considered -him entitled to a higher rank; and Lewis himself felt that he had been -slighted, but his patriotism triumphed, and he accepted the inferior -position. Ill health, however, caused him to tender his resignation -on the 15th of April, 1777; but afterward he accepted a commission to -treat with the Indians at Fort Pitt. On his way home from the Ohio, -he was seized with a fever, and died in Bedford County, Virginia, on -the 26th of September, 1780, when only forty miles from his home on the -Roanoke River. His statue occupies one of the pedestals at the base of -the Washington monument in Richmond. - - - - -JAMES MOORE. - - -James Moore, born in New Hanover, North Carolina, in 1737, was a lineal -descendant of the Marquis of Drogheda, Ireland. He was a captain of -artillery under Governor Tryon at the defeat of the Regulators at -Alamance in 1771, and colonel of the first regiment of North Carolina -troops that was raised for the defence of that State. In February, -1776, he was in command of the force a part of which, under Col. John -A. Lillington and Col. Richard Caswell, won the first victory in the -Revolution, at Moore’s Creek bridge near Wilmington, North Carolina, -over fifteen hundred Scotch Tories. For this exploit he was promoted -to be brigadier-general, March 1, 1776, made commander-in-chief of the -Southern Department, and received the thanks of Congress. His military -career, opening with such promise, was of short duration, as he fell -a victim to climatic fever, dying on the 15th of January, 1777, at -Wilmington, while on his way to join Washington. - - - - -BARON DE WOEDTKE. - - -Frederick William, Baron de Woedtke, born in Prussia about 1740, was -for many years an officer in the army of Frederick the Great, where -he attained the rank of major. Coming to Philadelphia with strong -letters of recommendation to Benjamin Franklin from friends of America -in Paris, he received from Congress a commission as brigadier-general -in the Continental army on the 16th of March, 1776, and was ordered -to join the Northern army under Schuyler. About three weeks before -his death he took part in a council of war which decided, against -the advice of Stark, Poor, Maxwell, and eighteen inferior officers, -to abandon Crown Point and to retire to the strong ground opposite -Ticonderoga, afterward known as Mount Independence. He died near Lake -George, New York, on the 31st of July, 1776, and was buried with the -honors due to his rank. - - - - -JOHN WHITCOMB. - - -John Whitcomb, born in Lancaster, Worcester County, Massachusetts, in -1720, served with distinction in the French and Indian War. On account -of his advanced age, he was not called into service at the beginning -of the Revolution; but his soldiers were so much attached to him -that they would serve under no other commander. His appeals to their -patriotism being unavailing to keep them in the army, he determined to -join the ranks as a volunteer; but Colonel Brewster, his successor, -learning his willingness to serve, relinquished the command of the -regiment, and Colonel Whitcomb continued with it until he was made a -brigadier-general, June 5, 1776, when he succeeded General Ward in -charge of the troops in Boston. On the 13th of the same month he was -made major-general. Soon after, he was permitted to resign; but he -lived to see our independence firmly established, and died in 1812. - - - - -HUGH MERCER. - - -Hugh Mercer, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1720, entered the army -of Prince Charles Edward as assistant-surgeon, in 1745. The battle -of Culloden, April 16, 1746, resulted in the total defeat of that -unfortunate prince, sending him into exile, a proscribed wanderer, -and scattering or exterminating his devoted followers. Emigrating to -this country the following year, Mercer settled in Franklin County, -Pennsylvania, and in 1755 fought his first battle in America under -the leadership of John Armstrong and with the rank of captain. At -the battle of Kittanning in 1756, he was severely wounded; in 1758, -as lieutenant-colonel he took part in the capture of Fort Duquesne, -and was left in command of that important post. It was during this -expedition that he became acquainted with Washington; and in 1775, a -few days after the battle of Lexington, Mercer was among the first -to appeal to his former comrade-in-arms for instructions as to the -disposition of the Virginia troops, then arming in the cause of -liberty. June 5, 1776, Congress appointed him a brigadier-general; -and a few days later he joined the army at New York and entered -the Continental service, under the immediate orders of the -commander-in-chief. Gloomy forebodings filled the mind of even the -stanchest patriots, as defeat followed defeat, and Washington with his -brave band retreated through the Jerseys. - -In December, at a council of war, a change of policy was agreed -upon, and the unexpected and successful attack upon Trenton was the -result, Mercer rendering most efficient service. The British, however, -gathering their forces, made ready to retaliate; and the cause of -liberty seemed lost, when Mercer boldly suggested by a night march -to surprise them in their stronghold at Princeton. His advice was -acted upon; but in that memorable battle--a battle that did more to -secure us our independence than any other during the war--the brave -General Mercer lost his life. Dismounted by the death of his horse, -and separated from his command, disdaining to surrender, he met -single-handed a detachment of the enemy, and was beaten to the earth by -the butts of their muskets and stabbed by their bayonets. Carried by -his aid from the battle-field to a neighboring house, he lingered for -nine days in great agony, expiring on the 12th of January, 1777. His -remains were taken to Philadelphia, where his funeral was attended by -thirty thousand people. St. Andrew’s Society of that city have erected -a monument to his memory at Laurel Hill Cemetery. Mercer County, -Kentucky, was named in his honor. - - - - -JOSEPH REED. - - -Joseph Reed, born in Woburn, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in -1724, served during the French and Indian War. In 1765, he settled -at Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire. When news of the battle of Lexington -reached this peaceful neighborhood, he volunteered with many of his -neighbors, and marched away to the camp at Cambridge, reaching there -in time to participate in the battle of Bunker Hill, where with John -Stark and the left wing of the army, posted behind a rail-fence, -he aided in keeping the British at bay and covering the retreat of -the main body from the redoubt. In 1776, he was ordered to join the -reinforcements under Sullivan, marching to the relief of the American -army in Canada. Reed, with many others, was attacked by small-pox, and -after a long illness rose from his bed incapacitated for further active -service. Congress, on the 9th of August, 1776, promoted him to the rank -of brigadier-general, and he retained command for a while, hoping to -regain his health and strength. Finding himself, however, unfit for -duty, he retired shortly after on half-pay, and returned home nearly -deaf and blind. He passed the remainder of his life in Fitzwilliam, -enjoying the esteem and respect of all who knew him, and died at -Fitchburg, Massachusetts, on the 13th of February, 1807. - - - - -JOHN NIXON. - - -John Nixon, born on the 4th of March, 1725, at Farmington, -Massachusetts, entered the British army at the age of twenty, taking -part in the expedition against Cape Breton and in the French and Indian -War. He commanded a company of minute-men at Lexington, and a regiment -at the battle of Bunker Hill. On the 9th of August, 1776, he received -the appointment of brigadier-general. He was in active service until -1780, when ill health, and the effects of a severe wound received at -Bunker Hill, compelled his resignation. He died on the 24th of March, -1815, at the ripe age of ninety. - - - - -JAMES CLINTON. - - -James Clinton, born on the 13th of August, 1736, at the family -residence, in what is now Orange County, New York, received an -excellent education under the supervision of his father, paying much -attention to the exact sciences, and early evincing that taste for -military enterprise which he inherited from his English ancestors. -In 1756, he received the appointment of ensign in the militia, and -remaining in the army after the peace of 1763, steadily rose by -promotion to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At the close of the -French and Indian War, he married Miss Mary de Witt, a lady of great -personal attractions and a descendant of an old Holland family. -In June, 1775, renouncing his allegiance to Great Britain, he was -appointed colonel of the Third New York Regiment, and joined Montgomery -in the expedition against Canada. August 9, 1776, he was raised to -the rank of brigadier-general, and served to the close of the war, -faithfully discharging the duties of the several stations he was called -upon to fill. With his brother, Gov. George Clinton, he conducted -the defence of Fort Clinton in October, 1777, until overpowered by -vastly superior numbers, and then escaped, though severely wounded, -by sliding down a precipice of a hundred feet to a shallow stream. -Wading for some distance up the stream, he threw his pursuers off -the scent. In 1779, having joined General Sullivan in an expedition -against the Indians, he materially aided by a clever engineering feat -in the rapid transportation of the troops. Though stationed during most -of the war in command of the Northern Department at Albany, he took -part during the siege of Yorktown and the surrender of Cornwallis. -After the evacuation of the city of New York by the British, he took -leave of his commander-in-chief and retired to his home in Orange -County. Subsequently he held various civil positions of trust and -responsibility, and died on the 22d of September, 1812, at his -residence in his native State. - - - - -CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN. - - -Christopher Gadsden, born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1724, was -sent to England at an early age to receive his education. Returning to -America in 1741, he was placed in a Philadelphia counting-house, where -he acquired methodical and strict business habits. Upon attaining his -majority, he revisited England. Returning in a man-of-war, and the -purser dying suddenly, the position was offered to him. He accepted the -appointment, remained in the navy two years, and resigned to engage -in commercial life on his own account in Philadelphia. Such was his -success that he was soon able to buy back the estate in South Carolina -which his father had lost in 1733 at play with Admiral Lord Anson. -Leaving the North, he took up his residence in the South as a planter, -and finally became a factor. - -In 1759, when the outrages perpetrated by the Cherokee Indians called -for vigorous measures, Gadsden joined the expedition under Governor -Lyttleton, organized an artillery company, and introduced the first -piece of field ordnance into the colony. Thoroughly republican in -his political views, and with a mind capable of looking far ahead for -the results of present measures, he was the first to anticipate the -struggle that would surely be the outcome of Great Britain’s oppressive -policy toward her American colonies. In 1765, when the project of -the general Congress in this country was conceived, he was one of -the first and most active members. In 1775, he resigned his seat to -accept the appointment of colonel in the First South Carolina Regiment. -On the 16th of September, 1776, Congress raised him to the rank of -brigadier-general. The brilliant victory at Fort Moultrie secured to -his native State for several years an immunity from the perils and -hardships of war, and he resigned his commission on the 2d of October, -1777. - -With the cessation of military duties, Gadsden resumed his legislative -cares; and being Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina at the time -of General Lincoln’s surrender of Charleston, he was seized with -twenty-eight others and taken in a prison-ship to St. Augustine, -Florida. Here he was kept in the castle dungeon for ten months; but -beguiling the time by the study of Hebrew, he emerged from captivity a -much more learned man than when he entered it. The success of Greene in -the South brought him release in 1781. Upon returning to South Carolina -he was at once elected to the Assembly, and soon after chosen governor. -The latter honor he declined, declaring the “State needed a man in the -vigor and prime of life.” At the close of the war he retired to private -life; but from time to time and on more than one occasion he continued -to take part in public affairs. He died in his native city on the 28th -of August, 1805, from the results of a fall. - - - - -LACHLAN McINTOSH. - - -Lachlan McIntosh, born near Inverness, Scotland, on the 17th of -March, 1727, emigrated with his family to America in 1736 and settled -in Georgia. His early education was but limited, and at the age of -seventeen, being thrown upon his own resources by the death of his -father, he removed to Charleston, South Carolina, and entered a -counting-house as clerk. After several years, however, he adopted the -calling of land surveyor, married, and returned to Georgia, employing -his spare time in the study of civil engineering and military tactics. -Having gained the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens, when -hostilities began with Great Britain he was made colonel-commander -of the Georgia troops, and on the 16th of September, 1776, promoted -by Congress to be brigadier-general. In 1777, he was employed for -a considerable time in watching the motions of General Howe in -Philadelphia. In 1778, he headed an expedition against the Indian -tribes along the Ohio, and succeeded in giving repose to all western -Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1779, he joined General Lincoln in -the invasion of Georgia, which proving unsuccessful, the Americans -retreated to Charleston, South Carolina, where they were besieged and -obliged to surrender on the 12th of May, 1780. - -General McIntosh was held a prisoner for a long period, and when he -was released, the war was practically over. On the 30th of September, -1783, he became major-general by brevet, and retired to his home in -Georgia. In 1784, he served as member of Congress, and the next year as -a commissioner to treat with the Southern Indians. The war, however, -depreciated the value of his real estate, so that his latter years were -passed in comparative poverty and retirement. He died in Savannah on -the 20th of February, 1806, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. - - - - -WILLIAM MAXWELL. - - -William Maxwell, though little is known of his personal history, is -believed to have been born in Ireland, and brought to New Jersey in his -early life. He entered the colonial service in 1758, serving through -the French and Indian War, and as colonel of one of the New Jersey -regiments, took part in the disastrous campaign of 1776 in Canada. On -the 23d of October of that year he was commissioned brigadier-general. -He was with Schuyler on Lake Champlain, and later was attached to the -main army under Washington. In August, 1779, he joined Sullivan’s -expedition against the Indians, but soon after the action at -Springfield, he sent in his resignation, which was accepted by Congress -on the 25th of July, 1780. Washington said of him, “I believe him to be -an honest man, a warm friend to his country, and firmly attached to its -interests.” He died on the 12th of November, 1798. - - - - -MATTHIAS ALEXIS ROCHE DE FERMOY. - - -Matthias Alexis Roche de Fermoy, born in the West Indies in 1737, was -the thirty-fourth on the list of Continental brigadier-generals, his -commission bearing date the 5th of November, 1776. On coming to this -country and offering his services to Congress, Fermoy represented -himself to be a colonel of engineers in the French army. While serving -under Washington in the Trenton and Princeton campaigns, he was ordered -on the 1st of January, 1777, to hold an advanced post on Mile Run, -beyond Maidenhead, now Lawrenceville. That same night, however, leaving -his command, he returned to Trenton,--a breach of discipline that -under the circumstances was most reprehensible. Ordered North to join -the army under Gates, by direction of Congress, and notwithstanding a -protest from Washington, he was placed in command of Fort Independence, -opposite Fort Ticonderoga. When St. Clair found it necessary to abandon -the latter post, Fermoy, in defiance of the express orders of the -commanding officer, set fire to his quarters on Mount Independence at -two o’clock on the morning of the 6th of July, 1777, thus revealing -to Burgoyne St. Clair’s retreat, which otherwise would have been -accomplished in safety. In December, he applied for promotion to the -rank of major-general,--a request which Congress refused. Displeased at -this action, Fermoy requested permission to resign, which was granted -on the 31st of January, 1778, Congress at the same time appropriating -$800 to pay his debts and enable him to return to the West Indies. - - - - -ENOCH POOR. - - -Enoch Poor, born in Andover, Massachusetts, on the 21st of June, 1736, -was educated in the common schools of his native place. Removing to -Exeter, New Hampshire, he engaged in commercial pursuits until summoned -by his country to take up arms in her defence. Immediately after -the battle of Lexington, three regiments of militia were raised and -equipped in New Hampshire, and the command of one intrusted to Poor. -Serving first in New England, then in New York, and afterward joining -in the ill-starred Canadian expedition, he used all his influence -to dissuade General Schuyler from abandoning Crown Point, and when -that measure was decided upon, joined with several other officers in -sending him a written protest. Considering this a breach of discipline, -Schuyler appealed to the commander-in-chief, who, while declining to -reverse the general’s decision, wrote him a private letter, approving -Colonel Poor’s judgment, and regretting the abandonment of Crown Point, -which he considered the key of the lakes. On the 21st of February, -1777, Poor was commissioned brigadier-general and attached to the army -under Washington. In 1779, he joined the expedition against the Six -Nations and subsequently was attached to Lee’s command, remaining with -him until after the defeat at Monmouth, when Poor was ordered to join -the division under Lafayette. The following year he fell a victim to -fever, dying, after a short illness, at Hackensack, New Jersey, on the -8th of September, 1780. Washington, in acquainting Congress with the -sad intelligence, said of him, “He was an officer of distinguished -merit, who as a citizen and a soldier had every claim to the esteem -of his country;” and Lafayette, on revisiting this country many years -after, testified his loving remembrance by paying a tribute to the -memory of Poor when called upon for a toast. - - - - -JOHN GLOVER. - - -John Glover, born in Salem, Massachusetts, on the 5th of November, -1732, joined the army under Washington in 1775, with a regiment of -a thousand men raised in the district about his native town. Being -composed almost entirely of Marblehead fishermen, it was known as -the “amphibious regiment,” and was one of the finest in the whole -Continental service. It was at first the Twenty-first, and after the -reorganization of the army the Fourteenth, Massachusetts Regiment. It -was this body of men, under the command of Glover, that manned the -boats and transported the entire main army in safety on the retreat -from Long Island in 1775, and that manned the boats and led the advance -when the commander-in-chief crossed the Delaware on that memorable -25th of December, 1776. When Congress, on the 21st of February, 1777, -conferred upon Glover the rank of brigadier-general, he would have -declined, fearing he could not discharge with credit the duties of -that position. Being reassured by Washington, however, he accepted, -and by his subsequent conduct justified that general’s estimate of -his abilities. He was a member of the André court of inquiry which -assembled on Sept. 29, 1780, at which Nathaniel Greene presided. He -remained in active service throughout the war, earning the good opinion -of all who knew him, and died at Marblehead on the 30th of January, -1797. - - - - -JOHN PATERSON. - - -John Paterson, born in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1744, graduated at -Yale College in 1762, taught school, practised law, and was justice -of the peace in his native town. Removing to Lenox, Massachusetts, he -was elected a member of the first Provincial Congress of that State, -which met at Salem in October, 1774; and of the second, whose place -of meeting was Cambridge, in February, 1775. Deeply interested in the -welfare of his country, he busied himself in enrolling and organizing a -regiment of minute-men, composed of eight months’ volunteers. Eighteen -hours after the news of the battle of Lexington reached them, this -regiment, armed and mostly in uniform, marched away to Boston, and -upon their arrival were employed in constructing the first American -redoubt on the lines about the city. In the battle which followed -they manned and gallantly defended this outwork. After the evacuation -of the city, Colonel Paterson was ordered to Canada, and after some -active service in the North joined Washington just in time to cross -the Delaware and take part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. -Feb. 21, 1777, he was made brigadier-general, and being attached to -the Northern Department, was present at the surrender of Burgoyne, -and remained in service to the close of the war. In 1786, he aided in -quelling Shays’ Rebellion in Massachusetts; he was presiding judge of -Broome County, New York, and spent the last years of his life quietly -on his farm, dying on the 19th of July, 1808, at Lisle, now Whitney’s -Point, New York. - - - - -JAMES MITCHELL VARNUM. - - -James Mitchell Varnum, born in Dracut, Massachusetts, in 1748, -graduated with a high reputation for scholarship in 1769, at the age of -twenty, from Rhode Island College, now Brown University. He adopted the -law as his profession, was admitted to the Bar, and rapidly acquired -an extensive and lucrative practice. Reading the signs of the times -aright, and feeling that soon there must be an appeal to arms, he -joined the “Kentish Guards,” and in 1774 was made commander. Soon -after the battle of Lexington, he entered the Continental service as -colonel; and on the 21st of February, 1777, he was promoted to the -rank of brigadier-general. With undoubted military ability, he enjoyed -few opportunities of distinguishing himself, though assigned several -important commands. He passed the winter of 1777–78 with Washington at -Valley Forge, and in the spring proposed the raising of a battalion of -negroes in Rhode Island; the State Legislature acceded, and passed an -act giving absolute freedom to every slave who should enter the service -and pass muster. - -On the 5th of March, 1779, Varnum resigned his commission, there being -a greater number of general officers than was required for the army; -but soon after, he was elected major-general of the militia of his -native State, retaining that position until his death. He was twice -elected to Congress, and in 1788 removed to Marietta, Ohio, having -been appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the Northwest -Territory. He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. Death put -an end to his brief but brilliant career on the 10th of January, 1789. - - - - -ANTHONY WAYNE. - - -Anthony Wayne, born Jan. 1, 1745, in the township of Easttown, Chester -County, Pennsylvania, was of Irish parentage. In boyhood he showed the -military bias of his aspirations by his close study of mathematics -and engineering, that he might fit himself to enter the army. From -his marriage, in 1767, to 1774, his occupation was that of a farmer -and land surveyor; in 1774–75 he was a member of the Pennsylvania -Legislature, and in the latter year, of the Committee of Public Safety. -The oppressive policy adopted by Great Britain toward the American -colonies aroused all his military spirit; and resigning his seat in -the Legislature, he raised a company of volunteers, and received -from Congress on the 3d of January, 1776, his commission as colonel. -Increasing his company to a regiment, he was ordered with it to New -York and afterward to Canada. The 21st of February, 1777, marks the -date of his promotion to brigadier-general, and in May, having joined -the army under Washington, he distinguished himself by driving the -enemy from New Jersey. His skill as a commander, and his personal -courage, secured him a conspicuous part in the battles that followed; -and being intrusted with a foraging expedition to relieve the destitute -army in winter-quarters at Valley Forge, he secured large stores of -provisions and many horses for the cavalry, at the same time defeating -the enemy in numerous skirmishes. - -At the battle of Monmouth, Wayne’s brave conduct gained for him -personal notice in the report sent by Washington to Congress, while his -brilliant achievement at Stony Point was recognized by a resolution of -thanks in Congress, and in the General Assembly of Pennsylvania. After -rendering other important services in the North, realizing what had -been said of him early in the war, that “where Wayne went, there was a -fight always,--that was his business,” he was sent in 1781 to join the -Southern army, and was actively engaged in the siege of Yorktown until -the final surrender. The efforts of the Americans were now directed to -dislodging the British from their two remaining strongholds; and so -vigorously was the war carried on in Georgia and South Carolina that -by direction of the home Government Savannah was evacuated on the 12th -of July, 1782, and Charleston in the latter part of the same year, -Wayne marching in and taking possession on the 14th of December,--his -last military service during the Revolution. In July, 1783, he -returned to his home and civil life. On the 30th of September, he was -appointed major-general by brevet; in April, 1792, President Washington -nominated him commander-in-chief of an army to subdue the Indians of -the Northwest; and after the delays consequent upon organizing and -disciplining his men, Wayne began active operations in 1794, resulting -in the complete discomfiture of the savage tribes and their British -allies. This victory brought valuable territory to the United States, -and a long peace with the Indians. After a visit to his home, he -returned to the West to fulfil his duties as commissioner, and died -soon after from an attack of gout on the 15th of December, 1796, “after -a life of honor and usefulness.” - -No general ever gained more sobriquets than Wayne; that most widely -known, “Mad Anthony,” was given on account of his unexpected success in -perilous expeditions, though Washington called him “prudent.” The title -of “Dandy Wayne” was also applied to him because of his scrupulous -attention to his dress; and in a letter to Washington he declares his -preference for an elegant uniform and soldierly appearance, rather than -poorly clad troops with more ammunition. The Indians at first called -him “Black Snake,” perhaps because that reptile will attack any other -species and rarely gets the worst of an encounter. After he defeated -them in 1794, however, they named him “Wind,” or “Tornado,” because -“he was exactly like a hurricane that drives and tears and prostrates -everything before it.” - - - - -JOHN PHILIP DE HAAS. - - -John Philip de Haas, born in Holland about 1735, belonged to an ancient -family of northern France. In 1750, he removed with his father to the -United States, settling in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He served -as ensign during the French and Indian War, taking part in Bouquet’s -battle with the Indians at Bushy Run near Pittsburg, August 5 and 6, -1763. In 1776, he was appointed colonel of the First Pennsylvania -Regiment, and assisted in the Canada campaign and at Ticonderoga. After -the battle of Long Island, he was promoted to be brigadier-general on -the 21st of February, 1777, and served in that rank to the close of the -war. The remainder of his life was spent in Philadelphia, where he died -on the 3d of June, 1795. - - - - -JOHN PETER MUHLENBURG. - - -John Peter Muhlenburg, born in Trappe, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of -October, 1746, was the son of Reverend Henry Melchior Muhlenburg, D.D., -the founder of the Lutheran Church in America. At the age of sixteen -he was sent to Germany to be educated, but while at Halle enlisted -in a regiment of dragoons, from which he was released through the -intervention of friends. Returning to this country in 1766, he studied -theology with his father, and was for a time pastor of the Lutheran -churches in New Germantown and Bedminster, New Jersey. In 1772, he -accepted a call to a church of the same denomination in Woodstock, -Virginia; but finding he could not enforce the payment of tithes unless -he had received Episcopal ordination, he went to England to secure -this, and returning, continued his labors in the same State. Watching -with keenest interest the train of events, he educated his congregation -as well as himself for the duties of freemen, which he believed would -soon devolve upon them. In 1775, at the earnest solicitations of -Washington, to whom his ardent patriotism and military spirit were well -known, he resolved to abandon his pulpit and enter the army. He took -leave of his congregation in an eloquent sermon on the text, “The Lord -of hosts shall arm the right,” and concluded, after rehearsing the -wrongs this country had suffered from Great Britain, by exclaiming, -“There is a time for all things,--a time to preach and a time to pray; -but there is also a time to fight, and that time has now come;” and -throwing off his gown, he appeared in complete uniform. By his orders -the drum and fife of the recruiting officer at this moment sounded at -the church door, and over three hundred of his congregation enlisted -and marched with their former pastor at their head to the relief of -Charleston, South Carolina. - -Muhlenburg’s war record includes the battles of Sullivan’s Island, -Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, Stony Point, and Yorktown, his -commission as brigadier-general in the Continental army bearing date -the 21st of February, 1777. At the close of the Revolution he was -elected to the Pennsylvania council, and in 1785 became vice-president -of the State, with Benjamin Franklin as president. After the -organization of the federal Government he acted as representative and -senator, was appointed by President Jefferson supervisor of the revenue -for the district of Pennsylvania, and in 1803 collector of the port -of Philadelphia. While holding this office, he died near Schuylkill, -Montgomery County, on the 1st of October, 1807,--the anniversary of his -birthday. - - - - -FRANCIS NASH. - - -Francis Nash, born in Prince George’s County, Virginia, on the 10th -of March, 1720, was clerk of the Superior Court of Orange County, -North Carolina, and holding a captain’s commission also under the -crown, helped to defeat the Regulators at the battle of Alamance in -1771. These insurgents had banded together for the avowed purpose of -shutting up the courts of justice, destroying all officers of law and -all lawyers, and prostrating the Government itself. In August, 1775, he -received a commission as colonel from the North Carolina Convention, -and on the 5th of February, 1777, entered the Continental service as -brigadier-general, joining the army under Washington. At the battle of -Germantown, on the 4th of October of the same year, while at the head -of his brigade, he was mortally wounded, dying a few days after. In -November of that year, Congress passed a resolution to erect a monument -to his memory at a cost of $500; but the resolution was never carried -into effect. - - - - -GEORGE WEEDON. - - -George Weedon, born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1730, was an -innkeeper in his native town, and a zealous patriot. Entering the -army near the beginning of the Revolution in 1776, he held the rank -of lieutenant-colonel, and was commissioned brigadier-general by the -Continental Congress on the 21st of February, 1777. He took part in -the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, in the former co-operating -with General Greene in checking the British pursuit, and rallying the -retreating American troops. He retired from the army on the 18th of -August, 1778, owing to a disagreement with General Woodford on the -question of supremacy in rank. In 1780, however, he resumed command of -his brigade, and in 1781, during the siege of Yorktown, had charge of -the Virginia Militia stationed at Gloucester. He died in Fredericksburg -about the year 1790. - - - - -JOHN CADWALADER. - - -John Cadwalader, born in Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1743, began early -in life to take an active part in public affairs. He was a member -of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety, and captain of a military -organization, half admiringly and half derisively dubbed by the -citizens the “Silk Stocking Company,” nearly every member of which -subsequently held a commission in the patriot army. On the formation -of the city battalions, he was placed in command of one of them. When -Washington, after his retreat through the Jerseys, established himself -on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River, opposite Trenton, -Cadwalader, at the head of fifteen hundred militia-men, marched to -his assistance. January, 1777, Washington urged upon Congress the -appointment of Cadwalader to the Continental army, describing him as “a -man of ability, a good disciplinarian, firm in his principles, and of -intrepid bravery.” On the 21st of February, 1777, he was offered the -commission of brigadier-general, but declined, preferring to remain in -the Provincial service. During this year he took part in the battles of -Brandywine and Germantown, and at the request of Washington assisted in -organizing the Maryland Militia. - -After the discovery and frustration of the “Conway cabal” and the -consequent disgrace of its author, Cadwalader became cognizant of -some offensive remarks made by Conway concerning Washington, and -called the disparager of the commander-in-chief to account. Conway -refusing to retract, Cadwalader challenged him, and in the duel which -followed, though escaping injury himself, shot Conway in the mouth. -Again in September, 1778, Congress offered him the appointment of -brigadier-general; and again he declined, stating his belief that the -war was almost at an end. When the war was at last ended, he removed to -Maryland, was elected to the State Legislature, and died in Shrewsbury, -Pennsylvania, on the 11th of February, 1786, in the forty-fourth year -of his age. - - - - -WILLIAM WOODFORD. - - -William Woodford, born in Caroline County, Virginia, in 1735, -served with credit in the French and Indian War, and was appointed -colonel of the second regiment raised by his native State in 1775. -Evincing considerable military ability, and gaining a decided victory -at the battle of Great Bridge, where he was in command, upon the -recommendation of Washington he was made brigadier-general in the -Continental army, Feb. 21, 1777. At the battle of Brandywine, he was -severely wounded in the hand. Having been ordered to the South in 1779, -he was taken prisoner by the British at Charleston, May 21, 1780; -and being sent to New York that summer, he died there on the 13th of -November of the same year. - - - - -GEORGE CLINTON. - - -George Clinton, born on the 26th of July, 1739, in Little Britain, -Ulster County, New York, was of English extraction, his father having -emigrated to this country in 1729. In early life he evinced his love -of enterprise and adventure by leaving home to sail in a privateer. -Upon his return he joined the English troops in the French and Indian -War; but when peace was restored, he left the army and entered upon -the study of the law. Gaining reputation in his profession, he was -chosen in 1768 a representative to the Colonial Assembly and afterward, -in 1775, to the Continental Congress. He voted for the Declaration -of Independence; but the invasion of New York by the enemy, and the -trouble and excitement engendered by the Loyalists, caused him to be -summoned home before that famous document was ready for the signatures. -Having been appointed brigadier-general of the New York Militia in -July, 1776, he served in that capacity until the 25th of March, 1777, -when he was transferred to the Continental army with the same rank; -and the unfinished defences along the Hudson were committed to his -care. On the 6th of October these fortresses were stormed, and at -last, on account of their unfinished condition and the smallness of -the garrison, had to be abandoned, General Clinton and many of the -Americans escaping under cover of the night. - -General Clinton was elected first Governor of New York State in 1777. -With great executive and much military ability, he continued to fill -his doubly responsible position; and the public records of that period -bear witness to the extent and value of his services. In 1786, a -large body of malcontents, having been discomfited in Massachusetts, -took refuge in New York. Governor Clinton marched promptly to their -encampment with two regiments, and in less than twelve hours the -rebel army was dispersed and the leaders brought to justice. In -1788, he presided at the convention at Poughkeepsie when the federal -Constitution was ratified. After five years of private life, he -was again elected to the Legislature, and in 1801 was again chosen -governor, holding that office until 1804, when he was elected to the -vice-presidency of the United States. He filled this office until his -death, which occurred in Washington on the 20th of April, 1812. - - - - -EDWARD HAND. - - -Edward Hand, born in Clyduff, King’s County, Ireland, Dec. 31, 1744, -came to this country in 1774 with the Eighteenth Royal Irish Regulars -as surgeon’s mate. Upon reaching America, he resigned his position, -settled in Pennsylvania, and began the practice of medicine. The -following year, however, found him taking part in the great strife, -as lieutenant-colonel in Thompson’s Regiment. March 1, 1776, he was -promoted to be a colonel, and took part with his regiment in the -battles of Long Island and Trenton. April 1, 1777, he was advanced -to the rank of brigadier-general; in October, 1778, he succeeded -General Stark at Albany, and in 1780 commanded one brigade of the light -infantry. At the end of the year he was appointed adjutant-general, -and held that post until the close of the war, gaining the approbation -of Washington. In 1784–85, he was a member of Congress, and in 1790 -a signer of the Pennsylvania Constitution. In 1798, anticipating -a war with France, Washington recommended the appointment of Hand -as adjutant-general. He died at Rockford in Lancaster County, -Pennsylvania, on the 3d of September, 1802. During the Revolution he -was distinguished for his fine horsemanship and his daring spirit; but -he won the affection of his troops by his amiability and gentleness. - - - - -CHARLES SCOTT. - - -Charles Scott, born in Cumberland County, Virginia, in 1733, was -in the colonial service as a non-commissioned officer at the time -of Braddock’s defeat in 1755. At the beginning of our struggle for -independence, he raised and commanded the first company south of the -James River. In April, 1777, Congress promoted him from colonel to -brigadier-general. At the retreat of Lee from Monmouth, Scott was -the last to leave the field. Having been previously employed in the -recruiting service in Virginia, that State was anxious he should be -intrusted with the duty of her defence; Washington, however, ordered -him to South Carolina, and he became a prisoner at the capture -of Charleston, and was not exchanged until near the close of the -war. In 1785, he removed to Woodford County, Kentucky, filling the -gubernatorial chair of that State from 1808 to 1812, and dying there on -the 22d of October, 1813. - - - - -EBENEZER LARNED. - - -Ebenezer Larned or Learned, born at Oxford, Massachusetts, on the 18th -of April, 1728, served in the French and Indian War as the captain of -a company of rangers. At the beginning of the Revolution, he marched -to Cambridge at the head of a regiment of eight months’ militia. -Arriving after the battle of Lexington, he took part in the conflict -at Bunker Hill, and during the siege of Boston unbarred the gates with -his own hands, when the British evacuated that city, March 17, 1776. -Being wounded shortly after, he was compelled to retire from active -service for nearly a year. The 2d of April, 1777, Congress appointed -him a brigadier-general; but his health gradually failing, he sought -permission to leave the army, and retired on the 24th of March, -1778. The following year he acted as chairman of the Constitutional -Convention, and died in his native town on the 1st of April, 1801. - - - - -CHEVALIER PRUD’HOMME DE BORRE. - - -Chevalier Prud’homme de Borre, a French general of thirty-five years’ -service in Europe, was appointed brigadier-general in the Continental -army on the 11th of April, 1777. His commission was dated Dec. 1, 1776, -in accordance with a compact made with him in France by the American -commissioner. In July, De Borre captured a Tory under circumstances -which warranted, in his judgment, the prisoner’s immediate trial -and execution,--a summary proceeding, for which he was severely and -justly reprehended by Washington. In August, he commanded a brigade -in Sullivan’s attack on Staten Island, and in September took part in -the battle of Brandywine. In this engagement De Borre claimed the post -of honor, on the right wing of the army; Sullivan would not yield -this to him, and when De Borre pertinaciously insisted on taking -it, the former made a long and circuitous march for the purpose of -outreaching him. This manœuvre did not succeed; and as a consequence, -Sullivan’s brigade was not formed for action when the battle began. -De Borre’s brigade was the first to give way before the British, and -much of the ill fortune of that day was owing to this occurrence. His -insubordination being made the subject of a Congressional inquiry, he -took offence and resigned his commission on the 14th of September, -1777, and soon returned to France. - - - - -JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON. - - -Jedediah Huntington, born in Norwich, Connecticut, on the 4th of -August, 1743, was educated at Harvard, and graduating there when he -was twenty, delivered the first English oration ever pronounced in -that university. He engaged in commercial pursuits with his father, -and at the beginning of the Revolution was an active member of the -Sons of Liberty, and first captain, then colonel, in one of the local -regiments. Joining the Continental army at Cambridge in April, 1775, -he aided in repulsing the British at Danbury the following year, and -on the 12th of May, 1777, was commissioned brigadier-general. In -September, he was ordered to Philadelphia, and in May, 1778, to the -Hudson. He served in the court-martial that tried Lee, and also in the -one that examined André. At the close of the war, by a resolution -in Congress he was brevetted major-general. He was State treasurer, -and delegate to the convention that adopted the Constitution of the -United States. He was appointed by Washington collector of customs at -New London, to which place he removed in 1789, and held the office -twenty-six years. A zealous supporter of charitable institutions, -he was a member of the first Board of Foreign Missions. On the 10th -of May, 1784, at a meeting of officers, he was appointed one of a -committee of four to draft a plan of organization, which resulted in -their reporting on the 13th of that month the Constitution of the -Society of the Cincinnati. His first wife, Faith Trumbull, daughter of -the war governor of Connecticut, died while Huntington was on his way -to join the army in 1775, and his second wife was the sister of Bishop -Moore of Virginia. General Huntington died in New London, Connecticut, -on the 25th of September, 1818. - - - - -JOSEPH REED. - - -Joseph Reed was born at Trenton, New Jersey, on the 27th of August, -1742. After a thorough and comprehensive education in the colonies, he -adopted the law as his profession; and his advantages were greatly -increased by special training at the Temple in London. Returning to -America, he settled in Philadelphia and began to practise, but was -keenly alive to all passing events, and gave the British ministry -timely warning of what he thought the end would be, should the growing -dissatisfaction with the coercive measures adopted by Great Britain -toward her American colonies lead to an open revolt and an armed -resistance. His acquaintance with Washington began when the latter came -to Philadelphia from Virginia as a delegate to the first Continental -Congress. This friendship resulted in Reed’s accepting in 1775 the -office of military secretary to the commander-in-chief. When a friend -remonstrated with him on the step he had taken, he replied,-- - - “I have no inclination to be hanged for half-treason. When a - subject draws his sword against his prince, he must cut his way - through, if he means afterwards to sit down in safety. I have - taken too active a part in what may be called the civil part of - opposition, to renounce without disgrace the public cause when it - seems to lead to danger, and have a most sovereign contempt for the - man who can plan measures he has not spirit to execute.” - -So well did he fill this position that in 1776, on the recommendation -of Washington, Congress appointed him adjutant-general in the -Continental service, and well did he justify the chief’s favorable -opinion of him, by the vigilance, thoroughness, and ability with which -he discharged the arduous duties of this most responsible office. As -adjutant-general he met the messenger of Lord Howe, when the latter -sent a letter to “George Washington, Esq.,” and refused to transmit -it to the commander-in-chief, because it was not properly addressed. -Reed’s first taste of actual war was during the series of engagements -on Long Island in August, 1776; but when Washington began his retreat -through the Jerseys, he sent Reed to solicit reinforcements from -the State Legislature. Having spent his boyhood in Trenton, and his -college days in Princeton, his accurate knowledge of the topography of -the country contributed in no small degree to the glorious victories -which on the 26th of December, 1776, and 3d of January, 1777, changed -the gloom and despondency of the Americans into the assurance and -exultation of success. - -As an acknowledgment of his distinguished services during the late -campaign, Congress, again at the instance of Washington, promoted -Reed, his commission as brigadier-general bearing date May 12, -1777. His legal ability also received its share of recognition, the -Executive Council of Pennsylvania appointing him to fill the office of -chief-justice of that State. He declined both appointments, however, -preferring to serve as a volunteer whenever occasion demanded his -military services. Congress accepted his resignation on the 7th of -June, 1777. At the first news of the invasion of Pennsylvania by the -British, he joined the army again and took part in the battles of -Brandywine and Germantown, and in the skirmish at Whitemarsh. Though -refusing the office of chief-justice, he had accepted a seat in -Congress; and his time was divided between active service in the camp -at Valley Forge, and in making appeals on the floor of Congress for -reinforcements and supplies for the destitute army. Impoverished by the -war, and with his great heart wrung by the sufferings he had witnessed -among our soldiers while in winter-quarters, he was suddenly exposed -to a great temptation. Ten thousand pounds sterling, and any colonial -office in the king’s gift, were tendered him, if he would withdraw -from the American cause, and use his influence in reconciling the two -countries. Reed hesitated not one moment, but proudly answered, “I -am not worth purchasing, but such as I am, the King of Great Britain -is not rich enough to buy me.” His military career closed with the -battle of Monmouth on the 28th of June, 1778, and in November he was -unanimously elected president of the State of Pennsylvania. To this -new dignity he brought all the incorruptible integrity, fertility of -resource, and indomitable courage that had characterized him as a -soldier. Twice re-elected, his tenure of office expired in October, -1781. A few months before his death, he was again called to serve the -public, being elected to a seat in the Continental Congress; but his -health had already begun to fail, and at the early age of forty-three -he died on the 5th of March, 1785. - - - - -COUNT KAZEMIERZ (OR CASIMIR) PULASKI. - - -Count Kazemierz (or Casimir) Pulaski, born in Podolia on the 4th -of March, 1748, received a thorough military education by serving -for a time in the guard of Duke Charles of Courland, and enlisting -when twenty-one under his father’s banner for the rescue of Poland -from her oppressors. Bereft of father and brother by the war, he yet -succeeded for a time in baffling all attempts to bring his country -into subjection; but at last in 1772 his enemies triumphed and the -partition of Poland was the result. Pulaski’s estates were confiscated; -he was outlawed; and a price was set upon his head. Escaping to -Turkey, but failing to gain any assistance there, he went to Paris in -1775. Sympathizing with the oppressed of whatever nation, he sought -an interview with Benjamin Franklin, tendered his services, and came -to this country in May, 1777, entering our army as a volunteer. His -conduct at the battle of Brandywine secured him promotion to the rank -of brigadier-general, on the 15th of September, 1777, with a command of -the cavalry. During the ensuing winter, however, finding the officers -under him dissatisfied at receiving orders from a foreigner who could -with difficulty speak their language, and whose ideas of discipline -and tactics differed widely from theirs, he resigned his command, and -returned to special duty at Valley Forge. At his suggestion, approved -by Washington, Congress authorized the raising of an independent -corps of Lancers and light infantry, in which even deserters from the -British, and prisoners-of-war, could enlist. This corps became famous -afterward as “Pulaski’s Legion,” and rendered great service at the -attack on Savannah. In this assault, Pulaski commanded all the cavalry, -both French and American. The conflict was obstinate and bloody. -Pulaski was severely wounded and left on the field of battle when his -men retreated; some of them, however, returned, and under fire of the -enemy, bore him to camp. With others of the wounded, he was taken on -board the American brig “Wasp,” which was lying in the harbor; but -notwithstanding the skill of the French surgeon, he died a few days -after, as she was leaving the river, and his body was consigned to -the sea on the 11th of October, 1779. The “Wasp” carrying the sad -intelligence to Charleston, appropriate funeral services were held -in that city. The cornerstone of a monument raised to his memory in -Savannah was laid by Lafayette, when in 1824 he visited this country as -“the nation’s guest,” and made a triumphant progress through each of -the twenty-four States. - - - - -JOHN STARK. - - -John Stark, born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, on the 28th of August, -1728, was of Scotch descent, his ancestors having been among the -followers of John Knox. His early life was spent in agricultural -pursuits, hunting, and trapping,--vocations which, though hazardous -and laborious, imparted a wonderful degree of physical power and -mental resource. At the age of twenty-five, he was taken prisoner by -the St. Francis tribe of Indians while on a hunting expedition, and -detained many months; but such was their admiration for his courage and -daring that they formally invested him with the dignity of chief, and -permitted him to share in the honors and successes of the tribe. Being -finally ransomed by the Commissioners of Massachusetts, the General -Court of that State having a “fund for the release of captives,” he -returned home, and as New Hampshire never refunded this money, $103, -Stark paid it back himself, earning the money by his own labor. Through -the French and Indian War he sustained a distinguished part, and at the -head of the “New Hampshire Rangers” often bore the brunt of the battle, -when the British regulars were baffled and defeated by the Indian -modes of warfare. During the twelve years of peace which followed, -Stark devoted himself to his old pursuits, and to the training of his -four sons; but within ten minutes after hearing the news of the battle -of Lexington, he had buckled on his sword and started for the scene -of action, calling upon all who loved their country to follow him. -Twelve hundred men answered his summons, and from these he organized -two regiments, ready for action under the Provincial authority. During -the remainder of this year and all the next, Stark did all that a -patriot could do to uphold the cause of liberty and independence. The -enthusiasm of his men for their leader was such that when their term of -enlistment expired, the regiment to a man re-enlisted; but Congress, -for some inexplicable reason, passed over his claims to promotion, and -advanced younger and far less experienced officers above him. Finding -his protests of no avail, he resigned his commission and retired to -his farm, sent his four sturdy sons into the ranks, and justified his -conduct in withdrawing from active service by saying, “An officer who -cannot maintain his own rank, and assert his own rights, cannot be -trusted to vindicate those of his country.” - -The summer of 1777 threatened evil for the New England States. Burgoyne -was invading our territory from the north, while Lord Howe was making -unmistakable preparations to join him by way of the Hudson. At this -time of peril, the General Assembly of New Hampshire appealed to John -Stark to take command of the militia and check the triumphant progress -of Burgoyne. His consent was hailed with joy; willing troops flocked to -his standard; and his homely appeal on the 16th of August, 1777, “We -must conquer to-day, boys, or Molly Stark’s a widow!” incited his men -to such deeds of valor that the battle of Bennington resulted in the -complete rout of the enemy and the capture of seven hundred prisoners, -four pieces of brass cannon, and many hundred stands of arms, -broadswords, drums, etc. This brilliant achievement forced Congress to -acknowledge their former injustice and Stark’s true worth; on the 4th -of October, 1777, he was reinstated in the regular army, with the rank -of brigadier-general. He remained in active service until the close of -the war, when he once more retired to his farm. - -Loved and revered by all who knew him, the veteran of two protracted -wars, Stark lived to see that of 1812, though too old then to take -the field in person. When the news reached him of the capitulation -of General Hull, and the loss of the cannon which he had won at -Bennington, the hero of many battles was fired with all his old -enthusiasm and longed once more to lead our troops to victory. He lived -to the age of ninety-four, dying at Manchester, New Hampshire, on the -8th of May, 1822. His grave on the banks of the Merrimac is marked by a -granite shaft bearing the simple inscription: - - MAJOR-GENERAL STARK. - - - - -JAMES WILKINSON. - - -James Wilkinson, born near the village of Benedict on the Patuxent, -Maryland, in 1757, began the study of medicine with an uncle, who, -having been a surgeon under Wolfe, told his pupil many anecdotes of the -war in Canada. The military bias of his mind was further strengthened -by what he saw during his frequent visits to the barracks, while -attending the medical school in Philadelphia. Although having returned -home to practise his profession, upon hearing the news concerning the -battle of Bunker Hill, he hastened to join the army under Washington -at Cambridge. Here he made the acquaintance of Benedict Arnold and -Aaron Burr, and being given a captain’s commission, joined the -former’s expedition into Canada. In July, 1776, he was appointed major -and attached to the staff of Gates, who sent him in December with -despatches to the commander-in-chief; this gave him the opportunity of -taking part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. - -In 1777, Wilkinson was advanced to the rank of colonel and afterward -adjutant-general, in which capacity he fought in the battles of -Bemis Heights, on the 19th of September, 1777, and of Saratoga, on -the 7th of October. Prior to the latter engagement, under cover of -the darkness, Col. John Hardin, of Kentucky, penetrated the British -lines, and gained an actual view of their strength and position. -Regaining the American camp and meeting Wilkinson, he confided to him -his discoveries, with the entreaty that he would immediately inform -General Gates. Wilkinson did so, suppressing Hardin’s name and making -_himself_ appear the hero of this midnight exploit. When Burgoyne -surrendered, therefore, Wilkinson was sent to bear the news to Congress -with a recommendation to make him brigadier-general. Stopping in -Reading for some time, he consumed eighteen days in making the journey, -and thus the news was a week old when he reached Philadelphia. A -proposal in Congress to present him with a sword was defeated by Dr. -Witherspoon dryly remarking, “I think ye’d better gie the lad a pair -of spurs!” Nevertheless, a few days later, those members who accounted -themselves personal friends and admirers of General Gates, carried -the motion to make Wilkinson a brigadier-general, by brevet, on the -6th of November, 1777, and soon after he was appointed secretary of -the Board of War, of which Gates was president. His delay in Reading, -however, was eventually of great service to the country, for, having -visited Lord Stirling’s headquarters at that place, he dined with the -officers. After Lord Stirling left the table, Wilkinson, in a moment -of post-prandial confidence, revealed to Major McWilliams, an aid to -Lord Stirling, the scheme at that time being set on foot by Mifflin and -Conway, to have Gates supersede Washington as commander-in-chief of -the army. McWilliams felt it his duty to report what he had heard to -Lord Stirling, who in his turn felt constrained to communicate the plot -to Washington. When this infamous conspiracy became known, forty-nine -officers of his own rank petitioned Congress to revoke Wilkinson’s -appointment as brigadier. Hearing this, Wilkinson wrote to Congress on -the 3d of March, 1778, that he was - - “informed the mark of distinction conferred on him has occasioned - a dissatisfaction in the army,” that “to obviate any embarrassment - which may result from this disposition, by the consequent - resignation of officers of merit, he begs leave to relinquish his - brevet of brigadier, wishing to hold no commission unless he - can wear it to the honor and advantage of his country;” and that - “this conduct, however repugnant to fashionable ambition, he finds - consistent with those principles on which he early drew his sword - in the present contest.” - -His resignation was accepted on the 6th of March, 1778; he was allowed -to retain his rank of colonel, but was not again actively employed -until near the close of the war, when for a time he filled the position -of clothier-general to the army. Settling in Lexington, Kentucky, in -1783, he found the Mississippi River closed to American commerce, and -Western produce rotting on the ground for want of transportation. -Seeing he could speedily make a fortune, could he but obtain from the -Spanish Government the exclusive right to trade with New Orleans, he -paved the way by presenting to the commandant at Natchez a pair of -Kentucky thoroughbred horses. Presently he loaded a boat with local -produce and sent it down the river. It was seized, but of course -released when he appeared as the owner. He now entered into formal -negotiations. Taking advantage of the dissatisfaction in the West -with the federal Government, because of its inability at that time to -protect them from the Indians, and to open the Mississippi for purposes -of transportation, Wilkinson covenanted, in return for a pension of -$2,000 per annum, and the exclusive right of trade with New Orleans, -to induce the Western States to separate from the Eastern, and place -themselves under the protection of the Spanish Government. This plot -had almost succeeded when it was discovered and defeated. Not finding -trading as remunerative as he had hoped, he applied in 1791 for -reinstatement in the army, and this request was granted by appointing -him lieutenant-colonel, because, as was urged in Congress, being of a -restless and intriguing disposition, “he was dangerous as long as he -was unemployed.” His conduct justified this estimate, for he rendered -such good service against the Indians that in 1792 he received the -appointment of brigadier-general; and upon the death of Wayne, in 1796, -he was given the supreme command on the Western frontier. - -In 1805, Wilkinson was appointed Governor of Louisiana, when he -discovered and disclosed the conspiracy of Aaron Burr to establish a -separate confederacy beyond the Alleghanies. Burr and Andrew Jackson -declaring Wilkinson to be implicated, he was tried by court-martial -in 1811, but acquitted because of insufficient proof, though his -correspondence with the Spanish Government, since made public, -establishes his guilt. He was advanced to the rank of major-general in -1813, and employed in the North; but his operations were unsuccessful, -owing to a disagreement with Wade Hampton. A court of inquiry in 1815 -exonerated him, however; but upon the reorganizing of the army, he -was not retained in the service, and retired to Mexico, where he had -acquired large estates. He died in the vicinity of the capital on the -28th of December, 1825. - - - - -CHEVALIER DE LA NEUVILLE. - - -Chevalier de la Neuville, born about 1740, came to this country with -his younger brother in the autumn of 1777, and tendered his services -to Congress. Having served with distinction in the French army for -twenty years, enjoying the favorable opinion of Lafayette, and bringing -with him the highest testimonials, he was appointed on the 14th of -May, 1778, inspector of the army under Gates, with the promise of -rank according to his merit at the end of three months. He was a good -officer and strict disciplinarian, but was not popular with the army. -Failing to obtain the promotion he expected, he applied for permission -to retire at the end of six months’ service. His request was granted -on the 4th of December, 1778, Congress instructing the president that -a certificate be given to Monsieur de la Neuville in the following -words:-- - - “Mr. de la Neuville having served with fidelity and reputation in - the army of the United States, in testimony of his merit a brevet - commission of brigadier has been granted to him by Congress, and on - his request he is permitted to leave the service of these States - and return to France.” - -The brevet commission was to bear date the 14th of October, 1778. -Having formed a strong attachment for General Gates, they corresponded -after De la Neuville’s return to France. In one of his letters the -chevalier writes that he wishes to return to America, “not as a -general, but as a philosopher,” and to purchase a residence near that -of his best friend, General Gates. He did not return, however, and his -subsequent history is lost amid the troubles of the French Revolution. - - - - -JETHRO SUMNER. - - -Jethro Sumner, born in Virginia about 1730, was of English parentage. -Removing to North Carolina while still a youth, he took an active -part in the measures which preceded the Revolution, and believed the -struggle to be unavoidable. Having held the office of paymaster to the -Provincial troops, and also the command at Fort Cumberland, he was -appointed in 1776, by the Provincial Congress, colonel in the Third -North Carolina Regiment, and served under Washington at the North. -On the 9th of January, 1779, he was commissioned brigadier-general, -and ordered to join Gates at the South. He took part in the battle of -Camden, and served under Greene at the battle of Eutaw Springs on the -8th of September, 1781, where he led a bayonet-charge. He served to the -close of the war, rendering much assistance in keeping the Tories in -North Carolina in check during the last years of the struggle, and died -in Warren County, North Carolina, about 1790. - - - - -JAMES HOGAN. - - -James Hogan of Halifax, North Carolina, was chosen to represent his -district in the Provincial Congress that assembled on the 4th of -April, 1776. Upon the organization of the North Carolina forces, he -was appointed paymaster of the Third Regiment. On the 17th of the same -month, he was transferred to the Edenton and Halifax Militia, with the -rank of major. His military services were confined to his own State, -though commissioned brigadier-general in the Continental army on the -9th of January, 1779. - - - - -ISAAC HUGER. - - -Isaac Huger, born at Limerick Plantation at the head-waters of Cooper -River, South Carolina, on the 19th of March, 1742, was the grandson -of Huguenot exiles who had fled to America after the revocation of -the Edict of Nantes. Inheriting an ardent love of civil and religious -liberty, reared in a home of wealth and refinement, thoroughly educated -in Europe and trained to military service through participation in an -expedition against the Cherokee Indians, he was selected on the 17th -of June, 1775, by the Provincial Congress, as lieutenant-colonel of -the First South Carolina Regiment. Being stationed at Fort Johnson, he -had no opportunity to share in the defeat of the British in Charleston -Harbor, as Colonel Moultrie’s victory at Sullivan’s Island prevented -premeditated attack on the city. During the two years of peace for -the South that followed, Huger was promoted to a colonelcy, and then -ordered to Georgia. His soldiers, however, were so enfeebled by -sickness, privation, and toil that when called into action at Savannah, -they could only show what they might have accomplished under more -favorable circumstances. On the 9th of January, 1779, Congress made him -a brigadier-general; and until the capture of Charleston by the British -in May, 1780, he was in constant service either in South Carolina -or Georgia. Too weak to offer any open resistance, the patriots of -the South were compelled for a time to remain in hiding, but with the -appearance of Greene as commander, active operations were resumed. - -Huger’s thorough knowledge of the different localities and his frank -fearlessness gained him the confidence of his superior officer, and -it was to his direction that Greene confided the army on several -occasions, while preparing for the series of engagements that -culminated in the evacuation of Charleston and Savannah. Huger -commanded the Virginia troops at the battle of Guilford Court-House, -where he was severely wounded; and at Hobkirk’s Hill he had the honor -of commanding the right wing of the army. He served to the close -of the war; and when Moultrie was chosen president, he was made -vice-president, of the Society of the Cincinnati of South Carolina. -Entering the war a rich man, he left it a poor one; he gave his wealth -as freely as he had risked his life, and held them both well spent in -helping to secure the blessings of liberty and independence to his -beloved country. He died on the 17th of October, 1797, and was buried -on the banks of the Ashley River, South Carolina. - - - - -MORDECAI GIST. - - -Mordecai Gist, born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1743, was descended from -some of the earliest English settlers in that State. Though trained for -a commercial life, he hastened at the beginning of the Revolution to -offer his services to his country, and in January, 1775, was elected -to the command of a company of volunteers raised in his native city, -called the “Baltimore Independent Company,”--the first company raised -in Maryland for liberty. In 1776, he rose to the rank of major, -distinguishing himself whenever an occasion offered. In 1777, he was -made colonel, and on the 9th of January, 1779, Congress recognized his -worth by conferring on him the rank of brigadier-general. - -It is with the battle of Camden, South Carolina, that Gist’s name is -indissolubly linked. The British having secured the best position, -Gates divided his forces into three parts, assigning the right wing to -Gist. By a blunder in an order issued by Gates himself, the centre and -the left wing were thrown into confusion and routed. Gist and De Kalb -stood firm, and by their determined resistance made the victory a dear -one for the British. When the brave German fell, Gist rallied about a -hundred men and led them off in good order. In 1782, joining the light -troops of the South, he commanded at Combahee--the last engagement in -the war--and gained a victory. At the close of the war he retired to -his plantation near Charleston, where he died in 1792. He was married -three times, and had two sons, one of whom he named “Independent” and -the other “States.” - - - - -WILLIAM IRVINE. - - -William Irvine, born near Enniskillen, Ireland, on the 3d of November, -1741, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Though preferring a -military career, he adopted the medical profession to gratify the -wishes of his parents. During the latter part of the Seven Years War -between England and France, he served as surgeon on board a British -man-of-war, and shortly before the restoration of peace, he resigned -his commission, and coming to America in 1764, settled at Carlisle, -Pennsylvania, where he soon acquired a great reputation and a large -practice. Warm-hearted and impulsive, at the opening of the Revolution -he adopted the cause of the colonists as his own, and after serving -in the Pennsylvania Convention, he was commissioned in 1776 to raise -a regiment in that State. At the head of these troops, he took part -in the Canadian expedition of that year, and being taken prisoner, -was detained for many months. He was captured a second time at the -battle of Chestnut Hill, New Jersey, in December, 1777. On the 12th of -May, 1779, Congress conferred on him the rank of brigadier-general. -From 1782 until the close of the war, he commanded at Fort Pitt,--an -important post defending the Western frontier, then threatened by -British and Indians. In 1785, he was appointed an agent to examine the -public lands, and to him was intrusted the administration of an act for -distributing the donation lands that had been promised to the troops -of the Commonwealth. Appreciating the advantage to Pennsylvania of -having an outlet on Lake Erie, he suggested the purchase of that tract -of land known as “the triangle.” From 1785 to 1795, he filled various -civil and military offices of responsibility. Being sent to treat with -those connected with the Whiskey Insurgents, and failing to quiet them -by arguments, he was given command of the Pennsylvania Militia to carry -out the vigorous measures afterward adopted to reduce them to order. -In 1795, he settled in Philadelphia, held the position of intendant of -military stores, and was president of the Pennsylvania Society of the -Cincinnati until his death on the 9th of July, 1804. - - - - -DANIEL MORGAN. - - -Daniel Morgan, born in New Jersey about 1736, was of Welsh parentage. -His family having an interest in some Virginia lands, he went to that -colony at seventeen years of age. When Braddock began his march against -Fort Duquesne, Morgan joined the army as a teamster, and did good -service at the rout of the English army at Monongahela, by bringing -away the wounded. Upon returning from this disastrous campaign, he was -appointed ensign in the colonial service, and soon after was sent with -important despatches to a distant fort. Surprised by the Indians, his -two companions were instantly killed, while he received a rifle-ball in -the back of his neck, which shattered his jaw and passed through his -left cheek, inflicting the only severe wound he received during his -entire military career. Believing himself about to die, but determined -that his scalp should not fall into the hands of his assailants, he -clasped his arms around his horse’s neck and spurred him forward. An -Indian followed in hot pursuit; but finding Morgan’s steed too swift -for him, he threw his tomahawk, hoping to strike his victim. Morgan -however escaped and reached the fort, but was lifted fainting from -the saddle and was not restored to health for six months. In 1762, he -obtained a grant of land near Winchester, Virginia, where he devoted -himself to farming and stock-raising. Summoned again to military duty, -he served during the Pontiac War, but from 1765 to 1775 led the life of -a farmer, and acquired during this period much property. - -The first call to arms in the Revolutionary struggle found Morgan ready -to respond; recruits flocked to his standard; and at the head of a -corps of riflemen destined to render brilliant service, he marched away -to Washington’s camp at Cambridge. Montgomery was already in Canada, -and when Arnold was sent to co-operate with him, Morgan eagerly sought -for service in an enterprise so hazardous and yet so congenial. At the -storming of Quebec, Morgan and his men carried the first barrier, and -could they have been reinforced, would no doubt have captured the city. -Being opposed by overwhelming numbers, and their rifles being rendered -almost useless by the fast-falling snow, after an obstinate resistance -they were forced to surrender themselves prisoners-of-war. Morgan was -offered the rank of colonel in the British army, but rejected the offer -with scorn. Upon being exchanged, Congress gave him the same rank in -the Continental army, and placed a rifle brigade of five hundred men -under his command. - -For three years Morgan and his men rendered such valuable service that -even English writers have borne testimony to their efficiency. In -1780, a severe attack of rheumatism compelled him to return home. On -the 31st of October of the same year, Congress raised him to the rank -of brigadier-general; and his health being somewhat restored, he joined -General Greene, who had assumed command of the Southern army. Much of -the success of the American arms at the South, during this campaign, -must be attributed to General Morgan, but his old malady returning, in -March, 1781, he was forced to resign. When Cornwallis invaded Virginia, -Morgan once more joined the army, and Lafayette assigned to him the -command of the cavalry. Upon the surrender of Yorktown, he retired once -more to his home, spending his time in agricultural pursuits and the -improvement of his mind. In 1794, the duty of quelling the “Whiskey -Insurrection” in Pennsylvania was intrusted to him, and subsequently -he represented his district in Congress for two sessions. He died in -Winchester on the 6th of July, 1802, and has been called, “The hero of -Quebec, of Saratoga, and of the Cowpens; the bravest among the brave, -and the Ney of the West.” - - - - -MOSES HAZEN. - - -Moses Hazen, born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1733, served in the -French and Indian War, and subsequently settled near St. Johns, New -Brunswick, accumulating much wealth, and retaining his connection -with the British army as a lieutenant on half-pay. In 1775, having -furnished supplies and rendered other assistance to Montgomery during -the Canadian campaign, the English troops destroyed his shops and -houses and carried off his personal property. In 1776, he offered his -services to Congress, who promised to indemnify him for all loss he had -sustained, and appointed him colonel in the Second Canadian Regiment, -known by the name of “Congress’s Own,” because “not attached to the -quota of any State.” He remained in active and efficient service during -the entire war, being promoted to the rank of brigadier-general the -29th of June, 1781. At the close of the war, with his two brothers, -who had also been in the army, he settled in Vermont upon land granted -to them for their services, and died at Troy, New York, on the 30th -of January, 1802, his widow receiving a further grant of land and a -pension for life of two hundred dollars. - - - - -OTHO HOLLAND WILLIAMS. - - -Otho Holland Williams, born in Prince George’s County, Maryland, in -1749, entered the Revolutionary army in 1775, as a lieutenant. He -steadily rose in rank, holding the position of adjutant-general under -Greene. Though acting with skill and gallantry on all occasions, his -fame chiefly rests on his brilliant achievement at the battle of -Eutaw Springs, where his command gained the day for the Americans by -their irresistible charge with fixed bayonets across a field swept -by the fire of the enemy. On the 9th of May, 1782, he was made a -brigadier-general, but retired from the army on the 6th of June, 1783, -to accept the appointment of collector of customs for the State of -Maryland, which office he held until his death on the 16th of July, -1800. - - - - -JOHN GREATON. - - -John Greaton, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, on the 10th of March, -1741, was an innkeeper prior to the Revolution, and an officer of the -militia of his native town. On the 12th of July, 1775, he was appointed -colonel in the regular army. During the siege of Boston, he led an -expedition which destroyed the buildings on Long Island in Boston -Harbor. In April, 1776, he was ordered to Canada, and in the following -December he joined Washington in New Jersey, but was subsequently -transferred to Heath’s division at West Point. He served to the end of -the war, and was commissioned brigadier-general on the 7th of January, -1783. Conscientiously performing all the duties assigned him, though -unable to boast of any brilliant achievements, he won a reputation for -sterling worth and reliability. He died in his native town on the 16th -of December, 1783, the first of the Revolutionary generals to pass away -after the conclusion of peace. - - - - -RUFUS PUTNAM. - - -Rufus Putnam, born in Sutton, Massachusetts, on the 9th of April, 1738, -after serving his apprenticeship as a millwright, enlisted as a common -soldier in the Provincial army in 1757. At the close of the French -and Indian War, he returned to Massachusetts, married, and settled -in the town of New Braintree as a miller. Finding a knowledge of -mathematics necessary to his success, he devoted much time to mastering -that science. In 1773, having gone to Florida, he was appointed -deputy-surveyor of the province by the governor. A rupture with Great -Britain becoming imminent, he returned to Massachusetts in 1775, and -was appointed lieutenant in one of the first regiments raised in that -State after the battle of Lexington. His first service was the throwing -up of defences in front of Roxbury. In 1776, he was ordered to New York -and superintended the defences in that section of the country and the -construction of the fortifications at West Point. In August, Congress -appointed him engineer with the rank of colonel. He continued in -active service, sometimes as engineer, sometimes as commander, and at -others as commissioner for the adjustment of claims growing out of the -war, until the disbanding of the army, being advanced to the rank of -brigadier-general on the 7th of January, 1783. - -After the close of the war, Putnam held various civil offices in his -native State, acted as aid to General Lincoln during Shays’ Rebellion -in 1786, was superintendent of the Ohio Company, founded the town -of Marietta in 1788, was appointed in 1792 brigadier-general of -the forces sent against the Indians of the Northwest, concluded an -important treaty with them the same year, and resigned his commission -on account of illness in 1793. During the succeeding ten years, he -was Surveyor-General of the United States, when his increasing age -compelled him to withdraw from active employment, and he retired to -Marietta, where he died on the 1st of May, 1824. - - - - -ELIAS DAYTON. - - -Elias Dayton, born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, in July, 1737, began -his military career by joining Braddock’s forces, and fought in the -“Jersey Blues” under Wolfe at Quebec. Subsequently he commanded a -company of militia in an expedition against the Indians, and at the -beginning of the Revolution was a member of the Committee of Safety. In -July, 1775, he was with the party under Lord Stirling that captured a -British transport off Staten Island. In 1776, he was ordered to Canada; -but upon reaching Albany he was directed to remain in that part of -the country to prevent any hostile demonstration by the Tory element. -In 1777, he ranked as colonel of the Third New Jersey Regiment, and -in 1781, he materially aided in suppressing the revolt in the New -Jersey line. Serving to the end of the war, he was promoted to be a -brigadier-general the 7th of January, 1783. Returning to New Jersey -upon the disbanding of the army, he was elected president of the -Society of the Cincinnati of that State, and died in his native town on -the 17th of July, 1807. - - - - -COUNT ARMAND. - - -Armand Tuffin, Marquis de la Rouarie, born in the castle of Rouarie -near Rennes, France, on the 14th of April, 1756, was admitted in 1775 -to be a member of the body-guard of the French king. A duel led to his -dismissal shortly after. Angry and mortified, he attempted suicide, but -his life was saved; and in May, 1777, he came to the United States, -where he entered the Continental army under the name of Count Armand. -Being granted leave to raise a partisan corps of Frenchmen, he served -with credit and great ability under Lafayette, Gates, and Pulaski. At -the reorganization of the army in 1780, Washington proposed Armand for -promotion, and recommended the keeping intact of his corps. In 1781, -he was summoned to France by his family, but returned in time to take -part in the siege of Yorktown, bringing with him clothing, arms, and -ammunition for his corps, which had been withdrawn from active service -during his absence. - -After the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington again called the -attention of Congress to Armand’s meritorious conduct, and he at last -received his promotion as brigadier-general on the 26th of March, 1783. -At the close of the war he was admitted as a member of the Society -of the Cincinnati, and with warmest recommendations from Washington -returned to his native country and lived privately until 1788, when -he was elected one of twelve deputies to intercede with the king for -the continuance of the privileges of his native province of Brittany. -For this he was confined for several weeks in the Bastile. Upon his -release he returned to Brittany, and in 1789, denounced the principle -of revolution and proposed a plan for the union of the provinces of -Brittany, Anjou, and Poitou, and the raising of an army to co-operate -with the allies. These plans being approved by the brothers of Louis -XVI., in December, 1791, Rouarie was appointed Royal Commissioner -of Brittany. In March of the year following, the chiefs of the -confederation met at his castle; and all was ready for action when they -were betrayed to the legislative assembly, and troops were sent to -arrest the marquis. He succeeded in eluding them for several months, -when he was attacked by a fatal illness and died in the castle of La -Guyomarais near Lamballe, on the 30th of January, 1793. - - - - -THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO. - - -Thaddeus Kosciusko, born near Novogrodek, Lithuania, on the 12th of -February, 1746, was descended from a noble Polish family. Studying at -first in the military academy at Warsaw, he afterward completed his -education in France. Returning to his native country, he entered the -army and rose to the rank of captain. Soon after coming to America, -he offered his services to Washington as a volunteer in the cause -of American independence. Appreciating his lofty character and fine -military attainments, Washington made him one of his aids, showing the -high estimation in which he held the gallant Pole. - -Taking part in several great battles in the North, Kosciusko there -proved his skill and courage, and was ordered to accompany Greene to -the South when that general superseded Gates in 1781. Holding the -position of chief engineer, he planned and directed all the besieging -operations against Ninety-Six. In recognition of these valuable -services, he received from Congress the rank of brigadier-general in -the Continental army on the 13th of October, 1783. Serving to the end -of the war, he shared with Lafayette the honor of being admitted into -the Society of the Cincinnati. Returning to Poland in 1786 he entered -the Polish army upon its reorganization in 1789, and fought valiantly -in behalf of his oppressed country. Resigning his commission, he once -more became an exile, when the Russians triumphed, and the second -partition of Poland was agreed upon. - -Two years later, however, when the Poles determined to resume their -struggle for freedom, Kosciusko returned, and in March, 1794, was -proclaimed director and generalissimo. With courage, patience and -skill, that justified the high esteem in which he had been held in -America, he directed his followers while they waged the unequal strife. -Successful at first, he broke the yoke of tyranny from the necks of his -down-trodden countrymen, and for a few short weeks beheld his beloved -country free. But with vastly augmented numbers the enemy once more -invaded Poland; and in a desperate conflict Kosciusko, covered with -wounds, was taken prisoner, and the subjugation of the whole province -soon followed. He remained a prisoner for two years until the accession -of Paul I. of Russia. In token of his admiration, Paul wished to -present his own sword to Kosciusko; but the latter refused it, saying, -“I have no more need of a sword, as I have no longer a country,” and -would accept nothing but his release from captivity. He visited France -and England, and in 1797 returned to the United States, from which -country he received a pension, and was everywhere warmly welcomed. The -following year he returned to France, when his countrymen in the French -army presented him with the sword of John Sobieski. Purchasing a small -estate, he devoted himself to agriculture. - -In 1806, when Napoleon planned the restoration of Poland, Kosciusko -refused to join in the undertaking, because he was on his parole -never to fight against Russia. He gave one more evidence before his -death of his love of freedom and sincere devotion to her cause, by -releasing from slavery all the serfs on his own estate in his native -land. In 1816, he removed to Switzerland, where he died on the 15th -of October, 1817, at Solothurn. The following year his remains were -removed to Cracow, and buried beside Sobieski, and the people, in -loving remembrance of his patriotic devotion, raised a mound above his -grave one hundred and fifty feet high, the earth being brought from -every great battle-field in Poland. This country paid its tribute of -gratitude by erecting a monument to his memory at West Point on the -Hudson. - - - - -STEPHEN MOYLAN. - - -Stephen Moylan, born in Ireland in 1734, received a good education -in his native land, resided for a time in England, and then coming -to America, travelled extensively, and finally became a merchant in -Philadelphia. He was among the first to hasten to the camp at Cambridge -in 1775, and was at once placed in the Commissariat Department. His -face and manners attracting Washington, he was selected March 5, 1776, -to be aide-de-camp, and on the 5th of June following, on recommendation -of the commander-in-chief, he was made quartermaster-general. Finding -himself unable to discharge his duties satisfactorily, he soon after -resigned to enter the ranks as a volunteer. In 1777 he commanded a -company of dragoons, was in the action at Germantown, and wintered -with the army at Valley Forge in 1777 and 1778. With Wayne, Moylan -joined the expedition to Bull’s Ferry in 1780, and was with Greene -in the South in 1781. He served to the close of the war, being made -brigadier-general by brevet the 3d of November, 1783. After the -disbanding of the army, he resumed business in Philadelphia, where he -died on the 11th of April, 1811, holding for several years prior to his -decease the office of United States commissioner of loans. - - - - -SAMUEL ELBERT. - - -Samuel Elbert, born in Prince William parish, South Carolina, in 1743, -was left an orphan at an early age, and going to Savannah, engaged -in commercial pursuits. In June, 1774, he was elected captain of a -company of grenadiers, and later was a member of the local Committee -of Safety. In February, 1776, he entered the Continental army as -lieutenant-colonel of Lachlan McIntosh’s brigade, and was promoted to -colonel during the ensuing September. In May of the year following, he -was intrusted with the command of an expedition against the British -in East Florida, and captured Fort Oglethorpe in that State in April -of 1778. Ordered to Georgia, he behaved with great gallantry when an -attack was made on Savannah by Col. Archibald Campbell in December -of the same year. In 1779, after distinguishing himself at Brier -Creek, he was taken prisoner, and when exchanged joined the army under -Washington, and was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. On the -3d of November, 1783, Congress brevetted him brigadier-general, and -in 1785 he was elected Governor of Georgia. In further acknowledgment -of his services in her behalf, that State subsequently appointed him -major-general of her militia, and named a county in his honor. He died -in Savannah on the 2d of November, 1788. - - - - -CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY. - - -Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, born at Charleston, South Carolina, on -the 25th of February, 1746, was educated in England. Having qualified -himself for the legal profession, he returned to his native State and -began the practice of law in 1770, soon gaining an enviable reputation -and being appointed to offices of trust and great responsibility under -the crown. The battle of Lexington, however, changed his whole career. -With the first call to arms, Pinckney took the field, was given the -rank of captain, June, 1775, and entered at once upon the recruiting -service. Energetic and efficient, he gained promotion rapidly, taking -part as colonel in the battle at Fort Sullivan. This victory securing -peace to South Carolina for two years, he left that State to join -the army under Washington, who, recognizing his ability, made him -aide-de-camp and subsequently honored him with the most distinguished -military and civil appointments. When his native State again became the -theatre of action, Pinckney hastened to her defence, and once more took -command of his regiment. In all the events that followed, he bore his -full share, displaying fine military qualities and unwavering faith in -the ultimate triumph of American arms. - -At length, after a most gallant resistance, overpowered by vastly -superior numbers, and undermined by famine and disease, Charleston -capitulated in May, 1780, and Pinckney became a prisoner-of-war and -was not exchanged until 1782. On the 3d of November of the year -following, he was promoted to be brigadier-general. Impoverished by -the war, he returned to the practice of law upon the restoration -of peace; and after declining a place on the Supreme Bench, and the -secretaryship, first of War and then of State, he accepted the mission -to France in 1796, urged to this step by the request of Washington -and the conviction that it was his duty. Arriving in Paris, he met -the intimation that peace might be secured with money by the since -famous reply, “Not one cent for tribute, but millions for defence!” -The war with France appearing inevitable, he was recalled and given a -commission as major-general; peace being restored without an appeal to -arms, he once more retired to the quiet of his home, spending the chief -portion of his old age in the pursuits of science and the pleasures -of rural life, though taking part when occasion demanded in public -affairs. He died in Charleston on the 16th of August, 1825, in the -eightieth year of his age. - - - - -WILLIAM RUSSELL. - - -William Russell, born in Culpeper County, Virginia, in 1758, removed in -early boyhood with his father to the western frontier of that State. -When only fifteen years of age, he joined the party led by Daniel -Boone, to form a settlement on the Cumberland River. Driven back by -the Indians, Boone persevered; but Russell hastened to enter the -Continental army; and he received, young as he was, the appointment -of lieutenant. After the battle of King’s Mountain in 1780, he was -promoted to a captaincy, and ordered to join an expedition against -the Cherokee Indians, with whom he succeeded in negotiating a treaty -of peace. On the 3d of November, 1783, he received his commission as -brigadier-general. - -At the close of the war Russell went to Kentucky and bore an active -part in all the expeditions against the Indians, until the settlement -of the country was accomplished. In 1789, he was a delegate to the -Virginia Legislature that passed an act separating Kentucky from that -State. After the organization of the Kentucky government Russell was -annually returned to the Legislature until 1808, when he was appointed -by President Madison colonel of the Seventh United States Infantry. -In 1811, he succeeded Gen. William Henry Harrison in command of the -frontier of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. In 1812, he planned and -commanded an expedition against the Peoria Indians, and in 1823 was -again sent to the Legislature. The following year he declined the -nomination for governor, and died on the 3d of July, 1825, in Fayette -County, Kentucky. Russell County of that State is named in his honor. - - - - -FRANCIS MARION. - - -Francis Marion, born at Winyah, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in -1732, was of Huguenot descent; his ancestors, fleeing from persecution -in France, came to this country in 1690. Small in stature and slight -in person, he possessed a power of endurance united with remarkable -activity rarely surpassed. At the age of fifteen, yielding to a natural -love of enterprise, he went to sea in a small schooner employed in the -West India trade. Being shipwrecked, he endured such tortures from -famine and thirst as to have prevented his ever wishing to go to sea -again. After thirteen years spent in peaceful tilling of the soil, he -took up arms in defence of his State against the Cherokee Indians. So -signal a victory was gained by the whites at the town of Etchoee, June -7, 1761, that this tribe never again seriously molested the settlers. -Returning to his home after this campaign, Marion resumed his quiet -life until in 1775 he was elected a member of the Provincial Congress -of South Carolina. This Congress solemnly pledged the “people of the -State to the principles of the Revolution, authorized the seizing of -arms and ammunition, stored in various magazines belonging to the -crown, and passed a law for raising two regiments of infantry and a -company of horse.” Marion resigned his seat in Congress, and applying -for military duty, was appointed captain. He undertook the recruiting -and drilling of troops, assisted at the capture of Fort Johnson, was -promoted to the rank of major, and bore his full share in the memorable -defence of Fort Moultrie on Sullivan’s Island, which saved Charleston -and secured to South Carolina long exemption from the horrors of -war. Little was done at the South for the next three years, when in -1779 the combined French and American forces attempted the capture -of Savannah. Marion was in the hottest of the fight; but the attack -was a failure, followed in 1780 by the loss of Charleston. Marion -escaped being taken prisoner by an accident that placed him on sick -leave just before the city was invested by the British. The South was -now overrun by the enemy; cruel outrages were everywhere perpetrated; -and the defeat of the Americans at Camden seemed to have quenched the -hopes of even the most sanguine. Four days after the defeat of Gates, -Marion began organizing and drilling a band of troopers subsequently -known as “Marion’s Brigade.” Though too few in number to risk an -open battle, they succeeded in so harassing the enemy that several -expeditions were fitted out expressly to kill or capture Marion, who, -because of the partisan warfare he waged and the tactics he employed, -gained the sobriquet of the “Swamp Fox.” Again and again he surprised -strong parties of the British at night, capturing large stores of -ammunition and arms, and liberating many American prisoners. He was -always signally active against the Tories, for he well knew their -influence in depressing the spirit of liberty in the country. When -Gates took command of the Southern army, he neither appreciated nor -knew how to make the best use of Marion and his men. South Carolina, -recognizing how much she owed to his unwearying efforts in her behalf, -acknowledged her debt of gratitude by making him brigadier-general of -her Provincial troops, after the defeat of Gates at Camden. Early in -the year 1781, General Greene assumed command of the Southern army, -and entertaining a high opinion of Marion, sent Lieutenant-Colonel -Harry Lee, with his famous legion of light-horse, to aid him. Acting in -concert and sometimes independently, these two noted leaders carried -on the war vigorously wherever they went, capturing Forts Watson and -Motte, defeating Major Frazier at Parker’s Ferry and joining Greene in -time for the battle of Eutaw Springs. When the surrender of Cornwallis -practically ended the war, Marion returned to his plantation in St. -John’s parish and soon after was elected to the Senate of South -Carolina. On the 26th of February, 1783, the following resolutions were -unanimously adopted by that body:-- - - “_Resolved_, That the thanks of this House be given - Brigadier-General Marion in his place as a member of this House, - for his eminent and conspicuous services to his country. - - “_Resolved_, That a gold medal be given to Brigadier-General Marion - as a mark of public approbation for his great, glorious, and - meritorious conduct.” - -In 1784, he was given command of Fort Johnson in Charleston Harbor, -and shortly after, he married Mary Videau, a lady of Huguenot descent, -who possessed considerable wealth and was a most estimable character. -On the 27th of February, 1795, Francis Marion passed peacefully away, -saying, “Thank God, I can lay my hand on my heart and say that since I -came to man’s estate I have never intentionally done wrong to any.” - - - - -THOMAS SUMTER. - - -Thomas Sumter, born in Virginia in 1734, served in the French and -Indian War, and afterward on the Western frontier. Establishing -himself finally in South Carolina, he was appointed in March, 1776, -lieutenant-colonel of the Second Regiment of South Carolina Riflemen, -and sent to overawe the Tories and Loyalists in the interior of the -State. The comparative immunity from war secured to South Carolina -during the first years of the Revolution deprived Sumter of any -opportunity for distinguishing himself until after the surrender -of Charleston to the British in 1780. Taking refuge for a time in -the swamps of the Santee, he made his way after a while to North -Carolina, collected a small body of refugees, and presently returned -to carry on a partisan warfare against the British. His fearlessness -and impetuosity in battle gained for him the sobriquet of “the -game-cock;” and with a small band of undisciplined militia, armed with -ducking-guns, sabres made from old mill-saws ground to an edge, and -hunting-knives fastened to poles for lances, he effectually checked -the progress of the British regulars again and again, weakened their -numbers, cut off their communications, and dispersed numerous bands of -Tory militia. - -Like Marion, whenever the enemy threatened to prove too strong, Sumter -and his followers would retreat to the swamps and mountain fastnesses, -to emerge again when least expected, and at the right moment to take -the British at a disadvantage. During one of many severe engagements -with Tarleton, he was dangerously wounded and compelled for a time to -withdraw from active service, but learning Greene’s need of troops, -Sumter again took the field. After rendering valuable assistance toward -clearing the South of the British, the failure of his health again -forced him to seek rest and strength among the mountains, leaving his -brigade to the command of Marion. When once more fitted for duty, the -British were in Charleston, and the war was virtually at an end. Though -Sumter’s military career ended with the disbanding of the army, his -country still demanded his services. He represented South Carolina in -Congress from 1789 to 1793, and from 1797 to 1801; he served in the -United States Senate from 1801 to 1809, and was minister to Brazil from -1809 to 1811. He died at South Mount, near Camden, South Carolina, -on the 1st of June, 1832, the last surviving general officer of the -Revolution. - - - - -ADDENDA. - - -Prior to the adoption of the “federal Constitution,” partisan feeling -ran high on this side of the Atlantic,--indeed, it was no unusual -thing for a man to speak of the colony in which he was born as his -_country_. When the struggle for American independence began, though -men were willing to fight in defence of their own State, there was -great difficulty in filling the ranks of the Continental army,--not -only because of the longer time for which they were required to -enlist, but also because once in the Continental service, they would -be ordered to any part of the country. The same difficulty existed -in respect to securing members for the Continental Congress. With -the slowness of transportation and the uncertainty of the mails, it -was no small sacrifice for a man to leave his home, his dear ones, -and his local prestige, to become one of an unpopular body directing -an unpopular war, for it was not until near the end of the struggle -that the Revolution was espoused by the majority. It was under these -circumstances, then, that three different kinds of troops composed the -American army,--the Continentals, the Provincials, and the Militia. The -first could be ordered to any point where they were most needed; the -second, though regularly organized and disciplined, were only liable to -duty in their own State; and the last were hastily gathered together -and armed in the event of any pressing need or sudden emergency. -Washington, as stated in his commission, was commander-in-chief of -all the forces. The other subjects of the foregoing sketches were the -commanding officers of the Continental army. Marion and Warren were -famous generals of the Provincials; while Pickens and Ten Brock were -noted leaders of the militia. Dr. Joseph Warren received his commission -of major-general from the Massachusetts Assembly just before the battle -of Bunker Hill. He was among the last to leave the redoubt, and while -trying to rally his men was shot and killed. By his untimely end -America lost one of her purest patriots; and General Gage is reported -to have said, “Warren’s death was worth that of five hundred ordinary -rebels.” Andrew Pickens, brigadier-general of South Carolina Militia, -never fought outside of his own State, but received from Congress a -sword in recognition of his gallant conduct at the battle of Cowpens. - -All the dates and facts in the foregoing sketches have been carefully -verified by comparison with the “Continental Army Returns” and -“Journals of the Continental Congress,” and various cyclopædias and -histories. - - - University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a -predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not -changed. - -Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced -quotation marks retained. - -Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. - -Page 81: The chapter about John Armstrong conflates the father, who was -born in 1717 and served as a General in the Continental Army, with the -son, who was only 18 in 1776 and became a Major in 1782 (Wikipedia). - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Biographical Sketches of the Generals -of the Continental Army of the Revolu, by Mary Theresa Leiter - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES *** - -***** This file should be named 54153-0.txt or 54153-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/1/5/54153/ - -Produced by Charlie Howard and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Biographical Sketches of the Generals of the Continental Army of the Revolution - -Author: Mary Theresa Leiter - -Release Date: February 12, 2017 [EBook #54153] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES *** - - - - -Produced by Charlie Howard and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote covernote"> -<p class="center">Transcriber’s Note: Cover created by Transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.</p> -</div> - -<h1 class="vspace"> -<span class="smcap">Biographical Sketches</span><br /> - -<span class="xsmall">OF THE</span><br /> - -GENERALS<br /> - -<span class="xsmall">OF THE</span><br /> - -CONTINENTAL ARMY OF THE<br /> - -REVOLUTION.</h1> - -<p class="p2 center vspace larger">PRINTED FOR SALE AT MOUNT VERNON.<br /> -<span class="smaller">1889.</span> -</p> - -<hr /> - -<p class="newpage p4 center smaller vspace"> -<span class="bold">University Press:</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">John Wilson and Son, Cambridge</span>. -</p> - -<hr /> - -<h2 class="vspace wspace"> -A LIST<br /> -<span class="small">OF</span><br /> -THE GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE<br /> -REVOLUTIONARY ARMY,</h2> - -<p class="p1 center larger wspace"><span class="smcap">And Dates of their Appointment by the Continental<br /> -Congress, from June 17, 1775, to the close of the war.</span></p> - -<p class="p2 center larger vspace">I.<br /> -<span class="subhead "><span class="wspace">GEORGE WASHINGTON, <i>Commander-in-Chief</i>,</span><br /> -<span class="subhead">Appointed June 17, 1775.</span></span></p> - -<p class="p2 center larger vspace"><span class="wspace">II. MAJOR-GENERALS.</span><br /> - -<span class="subhead">(Ranked in order as given below.)</span></p> - -<table summary="Major-Generals"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><span class="smcap smaller">Page</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Washington</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_1">11</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Artemas Ward</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_2">20</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdc br" colspan="2">June 17, 1775</td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Apr. 23, 1776.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Charles Lee</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_3">21</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdc br" colspan="2">„ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Dismissed Jan. 10, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Philip Schuyler</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_4">23</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. Y.</td> - <td class="tdc br" colspan="2">„ 19, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Apr. 19, 1779.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Israel Putnam</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_5">26</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Conn.</td> - <td class="tdc br" colspan="2">„ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc padtb" colspan="6">(First Brig.-Gens., then Maj.-Gens.)</td></tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Brig.-Gen.</span></td> - <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Maj.-Gen.</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Rich. Montgomery</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_6">28</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. Y.</td> - <td class="tdl br">June 22, 1775</td> - <td class="tdl br">Dec. 9, 1775</td> - <td class="tdl">Killed Dec. 31, 1776.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Thomas</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_7">31</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl br">Mar. 6, 1776</td> - <td class="tdl">Died June 2, 1776.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Horatio Gates</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_8">32</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ 17, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br">May 16, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Suspended Oct. 5, 1780.‡</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Heath</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_9">36</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ 22, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br">Aug. 9, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Joseph Spencer</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_10">37</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Conn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Jan. 13, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Sullivan</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_11">38</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. H.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Nov. 30, 1779.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Greene</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_12">39</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">R. I.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Lord Stirling</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_13">42</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. J.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Mar. 1, 1776</td> - <td class="tdl br">Feb. 19, 1777</td> - <td class="tdl">Died Jan. 15, 1783.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Thomas Mifflin</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_14">43</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">May 16, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Feb. 25, 1779.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Arthur St. Clair</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_15">45</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Aug. 9, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Adam Stephen</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_16">47</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Sept. 4, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Cashiered Oct. —, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Lincoln</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_17">48</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdc br"> † </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Benedict Arnold</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_18">49</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Conn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Jan. 10, 1776</td> - <td class="tdl br">May 2, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Deserted Sept. 25, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Mar. de Lafayette</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_19">53</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">France</td> - <td class="tdc br"> † </td> - <td class="tdl br">July 31, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Baron de Kalb</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_20">56</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Germany</td> - <td class="tdc br"> † </td> - <td class="tdl br">Sept. 15, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Killed Aug. 16, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Du Coudray</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_21">57</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">France</td> - <td class="tdc br"> † </td> - <td class="tdl br">Aug. 11, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Died Sept. 16, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Robert Howe</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_22">58</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Mar. 1, 1776</td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 20, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Alex. McDougal</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_23">60</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. Y.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Aug. 9, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Thomas Conway</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_24">61</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdl br">May 13, 1777</td> - <td class="tdl br">Dec. 13, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Apr. 28, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Baron Steuben</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_25">64</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Prussia</td> - <td class="tdc br"> † </td> - <td class="tdl br">May 5, 1778</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Smallwood</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_26">68</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Maryland</td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 23, 1776</td> - <td class="tdl br">Sept. 15, 1780</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Samuel H. Parsons</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_27">70</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Conn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Aug. 9, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 23, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Retired July 22, 1782.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Chevalier Duportail</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_28">71</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">France</td> - <td class="tdl br">Nov. 17, 1777</td> - <td class="tdl br">Nov. 16, 1781</td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Oct. 10, 1783.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Henry Knox</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_29">72</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Dec. 27, 1776</td> - <td class="tdl br">Mar. 22, 1782</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Moultrie</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_30">75</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">S. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Sept. 16, „ </td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 15, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl padt" colspan="6">* No engraving exists.</td></tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="6">† Original appointment as Major-General.</td></tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="6">‡ Restored Aug. 14, 1782, but did not serve.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="p2 center larger wspace">III. BRIGADIER-GENERALS.</p> - -<table summary="Brigadier-Generals"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><span class="smcap smaller">Page</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Seth Pomeroy</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_31">77</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br">June 22, 1775</td> - <td class="tdl">Died February, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">David Wooster</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_32">78</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Conn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Died (wounds) May 2, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Joseph Frye</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_33">80</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Jan. 10, 1776</td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned April 23, 1776.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">John Armstrong</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_34">81</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Mar. 1, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned April 4, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">William Thompson</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_35">82</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Died Sept. 4, 1781.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Andrew Lewis</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_36">83</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned April 15, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">James Moore</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_37">85</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Died Jan. 15, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Baron de Woedtke</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_38">86</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Prussia</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ 16, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Died July 28, 1776.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">John Whitcomb</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_39">87</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br">June 5, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned shortly after.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Hugh Mercer</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_40">88</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Died (wounds) Jan. 12, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Joseph Reed</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_41">90</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. H.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Aug. 9, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Retired shortly after.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">John Nixon</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_42">91</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Sept. 12, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Clinton</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_43">91</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. Y.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Christopher Gadsden</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_44">93</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">S. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Sept. 16, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Oct. 2, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Lachlan McIntosh</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_45">95</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Georgia</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">William Maxwell</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_46">96</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. J.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 23, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned July 25, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Roche de Fermoy</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_47">97</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">France</td> - <td class="tdl br">Nov. 5, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Jan. 31, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Enoch Poor</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_48">98</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. H.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Feb. 21, 1777</td> - <td class="tdl">Died Sept. 8, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Glover</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_49">100</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Retired July 22, 1782.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">John Paterson</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_50">101</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James M. Varnum</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_51">102</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned March 5, 1779.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Anthony Wayne</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_52">104</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">John P. de Haas</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_53">107</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Peter Muhlenburg</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_54">107</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Francis Nash</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_55">109</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ 5, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Killed Oct. 4, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Weedon</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_56">110</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ 21, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Retired Aug. 18, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Cadwalader</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_57">111</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Refused to accept.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">William Woodford</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_58">113</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Died Nov. 13, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Clinton</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_59">113</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. Y.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Mar. 25, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Edward Hand</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_60">115</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">April 1, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Charles Scott</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_61">116</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Ebenezer Larned</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_62">117</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ 2, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned March 24, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Chevalier de Borre</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_63">118</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">France</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ 11, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Sept. 14, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Jedediah Huntington</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_64">119</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Conn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">May 12, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Joseph Reed</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_65">120</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned June 7, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Count Pulaski</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_66">124</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Poland</td> - <td class="tdl br">Sept. 15, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Killed Oct. 9, 1779.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Stark</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_67">126</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. H.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 4, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Wilkinson (<i>Brevet</i>)</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_68">129</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Maryland</td> - <td class="tdl br">Nov. 6, „</td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned March 6, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Chev. de la Neuville (<i>Brevet</i>)</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_69">134</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">France.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 14, 1778</td> - <td class="tdl">Resigned Dec. 4, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Jethro Sumner</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_70">135</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N.C.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Jan. 9, 1779</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">James Hogan</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_71">136</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Isaac Huger</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_72">137</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">S. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Mordecai Gist</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_73">139</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Maryland</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Irvine</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_74">140</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">May 12, „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Daniel Morgan</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_75">142</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 13, 1780</td> - <td class="tdl">Retired March, 1781.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Moses Hazen (<i>Brevet</i>)</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_76">145</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Canada</td> - <td class="tdl br">June 29, 1781</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Otho H. Williams</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_77">146</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Maryland</td> - <td class="tdl br">May 9, 1782</td> - <td class="tdl">Retired Jan. 16, 1783.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Greaton</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_78">146</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Jan. 7, 1783</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Rufus Putnam</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_79">147</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Mass.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Elias Dayton</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_80">149</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">N. J.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2"> „ „ „ </td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Armand (Mar. de Rouerie)</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_81">150</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">France</td> - <td class="tdl br">Mar. 26, „</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Thaddeus Kosciusko (<i>Brevet</i>)</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_82">151</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Poland</td> - <td class="tdl br">Oct. 13, „</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Stephen Moylan</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_83">154</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Penn.</td> - <td class="tdl br">Nov. 3, „</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">Samuel Elbert</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_84">155</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Georgia</td> - <td class="tdl br in2">„ „ „</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">C. C. Pinckney</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_85">156</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">S. C.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2">„ „ „</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">*<span class="smcap">William Russell</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_86">158</a></td> - <td class="tdl br">Va.</td> - <td class="tdl br in2">„ „ „</td> - <td class="tdl">Served to close of war.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Francis Marion</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_87">160</a></td> - <td class="tdl br"> </td> - <td class="tdl br"> </td> - <td class="tdl">Non-commissioned.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Thomas Sumter</span></td> - <td class="tdr br"><a href="#ch_88">163</a></td> - <td class="tdl br"> </td> - <td class="tdl br"> </td> - <td class="tdl">Non-commissioned.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl padt" colspan="5">* No engraving exists.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="p2 center smaller">(The following-named officers of the above were Major-Generals in commission -at the end of the war.)</p> - -<p class="p2 center larger wspace">IV. MAJOR-GENERALS AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR.</p> - -<table summary="Major-Generals at the close of the war"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Date of<br />Commission.</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, <i>Commander-in-Chief</i></td> - <td class="tdl br">Virginia</td> - <td class="tdl">June 17, 1775.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Israel Putnam</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Connecticut</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ 19, „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Horatio Gates</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Virginia</td> - <td class="tdl">May 16, 1776.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">William Heath</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Massachusetts</td> - <td class="tdl">Aug. 9, „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Greene</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Rhode Island</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Arthur St. Clair</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Pennsylvania</td> - <td class="tdl">Feb. 19, 1777.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Lincoln</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Massachusetts</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Marquis de Lafayette</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">France</td> - <td class="tdl">July 31, „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Robert Howe</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">North Carolina</td> - <td class="tdl">Oct. 20, „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Alexander McDougal</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">New York</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Baron Steuben</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Prussia</td> - <td class="tdl">May 5, 1778.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">William Smallwood</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Maryland</td> - <td class="tdl">Sept. 15, 1780.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Henry Knox</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Massachusetts</td> - <td class="tdl">Mar. 22, 1782.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">William Moultrie</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">South Carolina</td> - <td class="tdl">Oct. 15, 1782.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Lachlan McIntosh</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Georgia<span class="in2">(<i>Brevet</i>)</span></td> - <td class="tdl">Sept. 30, 1783.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">James Clinton</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">New York „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">John Paterson</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Massachusetts „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Anthony Wayne</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Pennsylvania „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Peter Muhlenburg</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Virginia „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">George Clinton</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">New York „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Edward Hand</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Pennsylvania „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Charles Scott</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Virginia „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">Jedediah Huntington</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">Connecticut „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl br"><span class="smcap">John Stark</span></td> - <td class="tdl br">New Hampshire „</td> - <td class="tdl in2">„ „ „</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">7</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<blockquote> -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="smcap">New York</span>, Oct. 5, 1888. -</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dear Mrs. Leiter</span>,—According to promise, I -have sent you by express to-day a list of the general -officers in the Revolution who were commissioned -by the Continental Congress. There were -others, not in the list, and well known as generals -who served through the Revolution, but they held -their commissions in the State Militia.</p> - -<p>The list is made in the order of the date of -commission, and their rank was determined by this -date. The collection of portraits I have sent you -for Mount Vernon is of great historical value, from -the fact that it is made up to a great extent of portraits -issued as “private,” or “club portraits,” of -which the plates were destroyed. It would be -almost impossible to get another set together -which would be as complete as this is, in containing -the authentic likeness of every general of -whom a portrait is known to exist. For years I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">8</a></span> -have been engaged with others in tracing out the -descendants of these men, and with the object of -having their portraits engraved whenever a likeness -could be found. For a long time nothing new has -turned up, and I believe we have accomplished -about all it is possible to do in this line.</p> - -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="l8">Yours very truly,</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Thomas Addis Emmet</span>. -</p></blockquote> - -<p>The rare and valuable gift of engravings from -Dr. <span class="smcap">Thomas Addis Emmet</span> has been placed in the -old mansion at Mount Vernon; and as this is the -only complete collection on exhibition of the generals -of the Continental Army, it seemed fitting that -there should be a concise history compiled to enable -the visitor at Mount Vernon not alone to view this -valuable collection, but to refer to dates of birth -and death, commissions of service, and battles of -importance, in which these generals distinguished -themselves. In this small book the author has -sought to enable the reader to obtain information -of most importance, and also maintain her original -design of a pocket edition, to encumber as little as -possible the pilgrim to Mount Vernon.</p> - -<p>The following books have been consulted for the -compilation of the <span class="locked">papers:—</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Journals of the Continental Congress.</p> - -<p>Records of the Revolution, War Department.</p> - -<p>Narrative and Critical History of America. (Justin -Winsor.)</p> - -<p>The Biography of the American <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">9</a></span>Military and Naval -Heroes, 1817. (Thomas Wilson.)</p> - -<p>Washington and his Generals. (J. T. Headley.)</p> - -<p>Lossing’s American Revolution.</p> - -<p>Washington and his Masonic Compeers. (Sidney -Hayden.)</p> - -<p>Appleton’s Cyclopædia of American Biography.</p> - -<p>The Memorial History of Boston. (Justin Winsor.)</p> - -<p>Sparks’ Life of Washington.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="larger">Correspondents who have rendered assistance:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Hon. W. Frye, Maine.</p> - -<p>General Drum, War Department.</p> - -<p>Dr. T. A. Emmet.</p> - -<p>H. C. Spofford, Congressional Librarian.</p> - -<p>Justin Winsor.</p> - -<p>Prof. Edward Channing.</p> - -<p>F. D. Stone, Librarian of Historical Society of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>Dr. Toner, Washington.</p> - -<p>Charles J. Hoadly, Connecticut.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="l4"><span class="smcap larger">Mary Theresa Leiter</span>,</span><br /> -<i>Vice-Regent of Ladies’ Mount Vernon Association</i>.</p> - -<p class="p2">August 7, 1889.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">11</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a id="BIOGRAPHICAL_SKETCHES"></a>BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.</h2> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ch_1">GEORGE WASHINGTON.</h2> - -<p>George Washington, born at Pope’s Creek, near -Bridge’s Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia, -on the 22d of February, 1732, was the son of -Augustine Washington and his second wife Mary -Ball. His earliest known ancestor in this country -was John Washington, who came to Virginia from -England in 1657. Augustine Washington died -when George was but twelve years of age, leaving -to his widow the care of five children and a large -property. George’s education was such as was -afforded by the local schools, but included surveying,—an -important branch at that time. Ever -thoughtful of the feelings of others, at the age of -thirteen he formulated for his own guidance a set -of one hundred and ten “rules of civility and -decent behavior in company and conversation.” -The next year his half-brother Lawrence obtained -a midshipman’s warrant for him, which he was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">12</a></span> -most anxious to accept, but gave up because of his -mother’s opposition. At the age of sixteen he was -absent from home for several weeks, while surveying -for Lord Fairfax. Delighting in military exercises -and outdoor sports, he grew tall, strong, and -well proportioned, and at nineteen was chosen adjutant-general -with the rank of major, to inspect -and exercise the militia of his district. The same -year he accompanied Lawrence on a trip to Barbadoes, -the doctor having recommended change of -climate for the improvement of the latter’s health. -Having kept a journal of his surveying trip in -1748, he resumed the record of his life with great -minuteness during this his only sea voyage. Returning -after four months, he soon after received -the sad intelligence of Lawrence’s death, and found -himself, young as he was, one of his brother’s executors -and the guardian of his only child. Neither -the widow nor the orphan long survived; and -upon their demise, Mount Vernon passed to -George. At this time he joined the Masons. -The records of the Fredericksburg Lodge show -the presence of Washington for the first time “on -the 4th of November, 1752.”</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“November 6, 1752, received of Mr. George Washington -for his entrance £2 3<i>s.</i>”</p> - -<p>“March 3, 1753, George Washington passed Fellow -Craft.”</p> - -<p>“August 4, 1753, George Washington raised Master -Mason.”</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">13</a></span> -In 1753, the encroachments of the French -awakening serious alarm, Governor Dinwiddie of -Virginia selected Major Washington to carry a demand, -in the name of the English monarch, that the -chain of forts along the Alleghany and Ohio rivers -should be abandoned. The mission was both a -difficult and dangerous one; and failing in its object, -active preparations were begun in the colonies for -the war that was now unavoidable. In 1754, Washington -was appointed lieutenant-colonel of one of -the Virginia regiments, and in July distinguished -himself by his brave defence of Fort Necessity -at Great Meadows, which he was compelled at -length to surrender. In 1755, General Braddock, -as commander-in-chief of the royal forces in -America, invited Colonel Washington to act as -aide-de-camp during an expedition having for its -ultimate object the reduction of the French forts -of Niagara and Crown Point. Ignorant of the -modes of Indian warfare, and disregarding his aid’s -warning and advice, Braddock suffered a terrible -defeat, and lost his life at Fort Duquesne, now -Pittsburg. The chaplain of the army being also -among the wounded, Washington read the burial -service over Braddock at Great Meadows,—the -scene of his own capitulation one year before. A -second expedition in 1757 against the same fort, -led by General Forbes, the advance guard being<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">14</a></span> -commanded by Washington, resulted in its capture -and the change of name. On the 6th of January, -1759, he was married to Martha Custis, daughter -of John Dandridge, and widow of a wealthy planter, -John Parke Custis. The wedding ceremony was -performed by Reverend John Mossum in St. -Peter’s Church, Kent County, and was one of the -most brilliant affairs of the kind ever celebrated -in Virginia.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“The groom’s suit was of blue cloth, the coat lined -with red silk and ornamented with silver trimmings; -his waistcoat, of embroidered white satin; his knee-buckles, -of gold; his hair was tied in a queue and -powdered. The bride’s costume was a quilted white -satin petticoat, a rich white silk overdress with diamond -buckles and pearl ornaments.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Among the guests, who were all in full courtdress, -were the governor, many members of the -Legislature, British officers, and the neighboring -gentlefolk. Bishop, a tall negro, Washington’s -valet,—to whom he was much attached, and who -had accompanied him on all his military campaigns,—stood -in the porch, dressed in the scarlet -uniform of a soldier of George II. At the conclusion -of the ceremony Mrs. Washington and her -three bridesmaids drove from the church to her -own home, the “White house on the Pamunkey -River,” in a coach drawn by six horses, led by -liveried postilions; while Colonel Washington and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">15</a></span> -an escort of cavaliers rode at the side. Having -retired from the army, he occupied himself with -the care of his large estate. Elected to the Virginia -House of Burgesses, when he took his seat -the Speaker presented him the thanks of the colony -for his former distinguished military services. -Washington rose, stammered, trembled, but could -make no fitting response. The Speaker relieved -his embarrassment by saying, “Sit down, Mr. -Washington! your modesty equals your valor, and -that surpasses the power of any language I possess!” -As a delegate in 1774 to the first Continental -Congress, during the prayer with which -Dr. Duché opened the meetings, Washington knelt -while the other members stood. Re-elected in -1775, he was unanimously chosen commander-in-chief -on the 17th of June, his commission reading -as <span class="locked">follows:—</span></p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="smcap">Saturday</span>, June 17, 1775.</p> - -<p class="in0">To <span class="smcap">George Washington, Esq.</span> -</p> - -<p>We, reposing special trust and confidence in your -patriotism, valor, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these -presents, constitute and appoint you to be General and -Commander-in-chief of the army of the United Colonies, -and of all the forces now raised or to be raised by -them, and of all others who shall voluntarily offer their -services and join the said army for the defence of -American liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion -thereof. And you are hereby vested with full -power and authority to act as you shall think for the -good and welfare of the service.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">16</a></span> -And we do hereby strictly charge and require all -officers and soldiers under your command to be -obedient to your orders, and diligent in the exercise -of their several duties.</p> - -<p>And we do also enjoin and require you to be careful -in executing the great trust reposed in you, by -causing strict discipline and order to be observed in -the army, and that the soldiers be duly exercised, and -provided with all convenient necessaries.</p> - -<p>And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect -by the rules and discipline of war (as herewith -given you), and punctually to observe and follow such -orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall -receive from this or a future Congress of these United -Colonies, or Committee of Congress.</p> - -<p>This commission to continue in force until revoked -by this or a future Congress.</p> - -<p>By order of the Congress.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Accepting with hesitation, Washington <span class="locked">said:—</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“But lest some unlucky event should happen unfavorable -to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered -by every gentleman in the room, that I this day -declare, with the utmost sincerity, that I do not think -myself equal to the command I am honored with. As -to pay, I beg leave to assure the Congress that, as no -pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept -this arduous employment at the expense of my -domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make -any profit of it. I will keep an exact account of my -expenses. Those I doubt not they will discharge, -and that is all I desire.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Washington’s history during the next eight years<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">17</a></span> -is the history of the Revolution, for he was the -animating spirit and the controlling power throughout -that great struggle. On the 2d of November, -1783, he took final leave of the army, and resigned -his commission on the following 23d of December. -Retiring to Mount Vernon, which he had -visited but once during the war, he resumed the -peaceful life of a country gentleman. These were -happy days, his time being fully occupied with his -large estate, which required a tour of inspection -each day. His servants were many; but he gave -personal attention to their welfare. His guests -were numerous; yet all were entertained with a -bountiful hospitality. One ceremony was never -omitted at Mount Vernon, and that was a daily -visit to his old war-horse, Nelson, to pat his head. -Washington rode him when receiving the surrender -of Cornwallis at Yorktown. The war ended, -Nelson’s work was over; carefully tended, he lived -to a good old age, but by his master’s strict orders, -no service was ever again required of him.</p> - -<p>In 1784, Washington crossed the Alleghanies to -visit his lands in western Virginia, and planned the -Potomac and the James River canals. In 1787, he -was sent as a delegate to the convention held in -Philadelphia for the purpose of deciding on the -best mode of governing the United States. The -result of their labors was the federal Constitution, -under the provisions of which Washington was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">18</a></span> -unanimously chosen first President, with John -Adams as Vice-President. Owing to a delay in -the assembling of the members of the first National -Congress, the inauguration could not take place -until April 30, 1789. Washington’s journey from -Mount Vernon to New York, temporarily the seat -of government, was the triumphant progress of a -hero; young and old, rich and poor, vied with one -another to do him honor. Being re-elected, he -took his second oath of office on the 4th of March, -1793. Appreciating the fact that America’s true -policy was to keep clear of all European alliances, -on the 22d of April of the same year, he issued -his famous proclamation of neutrality, to restrain -the United States from taking any part in the -French Revolution.</p> - -<p>Wearied with his long public service, and not -deeming it for the best interests of the country -that he should enter upon a third term, on the -16th of September, 1796, Washington published -his “Farewell Address.” His tenure of office expiring -on the 4th of March, 1797, he once more -sought the tranquil enjoyment of life at Mount -Vernon. War-clouds were gathering on the horizon; -and when hostilities with France seemed inevitable, -he again responded to the call of his country, and -accepting on the 3d of July, 1798, the appointment -of lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief, -began the organization of an army. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">19</a></span> -difficulties were, however, settled without an appeal -to arms, though Washington did not live to -know it. Riding over his estate on the 12th of -December, 1799, during a snow-storm, he contracted -a severe chill from which he never seemed -to rally, and died on the 14th, saying to Dr. Craik, -his physician, “I die hard; but I am not afraid to -go.” His funeral occurred on the 18th, Reverend -Thomas Davis preaching the sermon, a schooner -lying in the Potomac firing minute-guns, and his -favorite horse being led after the coffin. Richard -Henry Lee pronounced a eulogy before both -Houses of Congress, in which occurred the since -oft-quoted words,—“first in war, first in peace, and -first in the hearts of his countrymen.” Napoleon -ordered all the standards and flags in the French -army to be bound with crape for ten days, and the -British fleet of sixty ships-of-the-line, lying at Torbay, -England, lowered their flags to half-mast upon -hearing the sad intelligence. Sincerely mourned -by the whole civilized world, his memory to-day is -cherished as that of no other man has ever been, -and the passing years but add to the lustre of his -fame. Beautifully has it been said of him, “Providence -left him childless that his country might -call him father.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">20</a></span></p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_2">ARTEMUS WARD.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Artemus Ward, born in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, -in 1727, graduated at Harvard College in -1748. Soon after, he entered public life as a representative -in the Colonial Assembly, and later was -a delegate in the first Provincial Congress, and -justice of the peace in his native town in 1752. -Having gained some reputation for military ability -during the French and Indian War, he was -appointed commander-in-chief of the Massachusetts -troops on the 19th of May, 1775, and held -that rank until the arrival of Washington at Cambridge. -Though nominally in command during -the battle of Bunker Hill, he remained in his camp -and took no active part in determining the events of -that day. On the 19th of May, 1775, he was made -brigadier-general, and on the 17th of June, 1775, -he was commissioned as senior major-general by -the Continental Congress, being the first officer of -that rank appointed by that body. Owing to impaired -health, however, he resigned on the 23d of -April of the year following, but at the request of -Washington, continued to act until May. From -that time until his death, he held responsible legislative -and judicial positions, and served in the -former one for sixteen years. Possessed of high<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">21</a></span> -integrity and unyielding principles, his judicial conduct -won for him much praise, especially during -Shays’ Rebellion in 1786. He died in his native -town on the 28th of October, 1800.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_3">CHARLES LEE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Charles Lee, born in 1731 at Dernhall in -Cheshire, England, was destined by his parents, -from his earliest youth, to the profession of arms; -his education, therefore, was such as to further that -purpose. In 1758, he came to New York with the -British forces designed for the conquest of Louisburg, -and served with distinction during the French -and Indian War. Returning to England at the -close of the war, he threw himself with characteristic -ardor into politics; but finding this too tame -a pursuit, he offered his services to Poland, then to -Russia against the Turks, and in 1773 returned to -America, where, on the 17th of June, 1775, he was -appointed second major-general of the Continental -forces,—Washington at the same time being made -commander-in-chief, though from his experience -and brilliant achievements abroad, Lee had hoped -for the latter appointment himself. His first service -was the putting of New York City in a good state of -defence. In March, 1776, Congress ordered him<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">22</a></span> -south, and in conjunction with General Moultrie, -he defeated the British at Charleston, South Carolina, -in the battle of the 28th of June, with the fleet -of Parker under Lord Cornwallis. Moultrie won -the victory, although it was conceded to Lee. -Moultrie constructed the famous Palmetto Fort on -Sullivan’s Island.</p> - -<p>In October, Lee was recalled to New York; here -his jealousy of Washington blinded his better judgment -and led him into a series of indiscretions -which after the battle of Monmouth subjected him -to a court-martial, some of the charges being “disobedience -of orders,” “misbehavior before the enemy,” -and “disrespect to the commander-in-chief.” -The court found him guilty of these charges, and -Congress, after considerable delay, on Monday the -10th of January, 1780, resolved, “That Major-General -Charles Lee be informed that Congress have -no further occasion for his services in the army -of the United States.” Retiring to his estate in -Berkeley County, Virginia, he led the life of a hermit, -shunning society and devoting himself to agricultural -and literary pursuits. His dwelling was a -rudely built house containing one large room, chalk-marks -on the floor taking the place of partitions and -indicating where the various apartments should be. -Wearying of this life, and his farm proving unprofitable, -he went to Philadelphia to make arrangements -for selling it. While attending to this business, he -was attacked by a fatal illness and died there on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">23</a></span> -the 2d of October, 1782, at the age of fifty-one.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_4">JOHN PHILIP SCHUYLER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Philip Schuyler, born at Albany on the -22d of November, 1733, was of Dutch origin. -He was the second son of John Schuyler, who -was the nephew of Peter Schuyler,—a native -of Albany, born in 1657. At the age of twenty-two -he received the appointment of commissary -under Lord Howe, and rendered valuable service -throughout the French and Indian War. In 1755, -he recruited a company for the army and was commissioned -its captain, taking part in the battle of -Lake George. His health failing, he was obliged -to transfer his command at Ticonderoga to General -Montgomery. After the peace of 1763, he turned -to the management of his private affairs. Inheriting -a large property, much of which was covered -with valuable timber, he transported the latter in -his own vessels down the Hudson River to New -York City, where he found a favorable market. -Cultivating large fields of flax, and there being no -facilities for its utilization, he built a flax-mill,—the -first of its kind in this country,—and received, -in recognition of his enterprise, a medal -from the Society for Promoting Arts. In 1764, he -was appointed a commissioner to settle the disputes -between the States of New York and Massachusetts,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">24</a></span> -relative to their boundary line, and he -arbitrated in the same controversy between New -York and New Hampshire. When elected to a -seat in the Assembly of New York, he was one of -the few in that body to antagonize the oppressive -measures adopted by the British Government in its -dealings with this country. He was made colonel -of a State militia company in 1768.</p> - -<p>In May, 1775, Schuyler was elected a delegate -to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but -such was the appreciation of his military ability -and his patriotism that on the 19th of June he -was appointed third major-general of the American -army, and given command of its Northern -division. Being possessed of great wealth, he provided -large stores of arms, ammunition, clothing, -and provisions, from his private purse, to suitably -equip this army for the campaign against Canada. -Stricken by a wasting fever from which he -suffered for two years, he planned and directed -even when too ill for active service. Fearing lest -his increasing weakness might work against the -public good, he sought leave during this time to -retire; but Congress, well knowing his worth and -his devotion to his country, requested him to reconsider -his determination, at the same time tendering -him a vote of thanks for past services. -Schuyler responded nobly, contributing his wealth -and using all his personal influence in behalf<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">25</a></span> of -American independence. At the end of two years -of hardships, disappointments, arduous labor, great -responsibility, and inadequate supplies of men and -of provisions to accomplish the tasks set him by -Congress, he at length saw his way to certain victory. -At this critical moment Gates appeared in -camp, and Philip Schuyler found himself superseded -by a man who, from jealousy, had always been his -enemy, and who had tried in every way to bring -about his downfall. Wounded to the quick, he -bore this most unjust treatment with dignity, and -without showing resentment; and Congress having -accepted his resignation on the 19th of April, 1779, -he continued still to serve his country as a private -citizen. In 1782, he was appointed Surveyor-General -of New York. A zealous advocate for the -adoption of the Constitution, he was elected a -member of the first United States Senate, filling -that office from 1789 until 1798, when a severe -attack of gout compelled his resignation. It is -to him that the State of New York is indebted for -her excellent canal system. As early as 1776 he -calculated the actual cost of a canal from the -Hudson River to Lake Champlain; and later he -advocated the connection of that river and Lake -Erie by the same means. Dying in his native city at -the age of seventy-one, on the 18th of November, -1804, he was buried with military honors. -In 1871, a Doric column of Quincy granite,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">26</a></span> -thirty-six feet high, was erected to his memory.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_5">ISRAEL PUTNAM.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Israel Putnam, born at Salem, Massachusetts, on -the 7th of January, 1718, was a lineal descendant -of one of the Puritan Pilgrims. Even as a boy, -he displayed that fearlessness and resolution that -in later years characterized his military career. A -fierce wolf was causing much loss of life among -the sheep, and great annoyance to the farmers -in the neighborhood, while cunningly eluding all -their efforts to kill her. Putnam tracked her to -her den, and descending into its gloomy recesses, -shot her by the light of her own blazing eyeballs. -He led the life of a farmer until the breaking out -of the French and Indian War, when by his indomitable -courage and enterprise he won a name -that gained for him a high rank at the beginning -of the Revolutionary War. When news of the -skirmish at Lexington flew like wildfire over the -country, Putnam, who was ploughing, left his yoke -of oxen standing in the furrow, and mounting his -fleetest horse, hurried to Boston.</p> - -<p>On the 19th of June, 1775, Congress appointed -Putnam major-general, but it was not until the -month following that he became acquainted with -General Washington, who subsequently declared -him to be “a most valuable man and a fine<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">27</a></span> -executive officer.” He served with distinction -throughout the war, again and again effecting by -his daring boldness results that seemed impossible -with the limited resources and insufficient -number of men at his command. In the winter -of 1778, while superintending the building of the -fort at West Point, he visited one of his outposts -at West Greenwich. Governor Tryon with -five hundred dragoons made at this time an attack, -hoping to capture Putnam, who had but -fifty men. Stationing himself on the brow of a -steep hill, Putnam received the attack with a discharge -of artillery, then ordered his men to withdraw -to a swamp where no cavalry could follow -them, while he himself escaped by urging his -horse down the almost perpendicular declivity. -Not one of the British dared to follow. The -descent known as Horse Neck has since borne -the name of “Putnam’s Hill.” During the next -winter, while still superintending the erection of -new fortifications along the Hudson River, he suffered -a stroke of paralysis from which he never -recovered, although he lived till the 19th of May, -1790. His friend, Dr. Dwight, in summing up -his character speaks of him <span class="locked">as—</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“A hero who dared to lead where any dared to -follow; as a patriot who rendered gallant and distinguished -services to his country; as a man whose -generosity was singular, whose honesty was proverbial,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">28</a></span> -and who raised himself to universal esteem, and -offices of eminent distinction, by personal worth and -a useful life.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>During the Revolution he was familiarly known -as “Old Put.” The British offered him money -and the rank of major-general if he would desert -the American cause; but he could neither be -daunted by toil and danger, nor bribed by gold -and honors.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_6">RICHARD MONTGOMERY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Richard Montgomery, born in Ireland, on the 2d -of December, 1736, educated at Trinity College, -Dublin, entered the British army at eighteen as -ensign. He performed good service during the -French and Indian War, taking an active part in the -siege of Louisburg and at the storming of Quebec -under Wolfe. At the close of the war, he obtained -permission to return to Europe; but in 1772, he -resigned his commission in the British army and -came to New York, being fully in sympathy with the -colonies in their conflict with the mother country. -He identified himself with the American colonists -by purchasing a farm, and shortly after marrying -the daughter of Robert R. Livingston. In 1775, he -represented Duchess County in the first New York<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">29</a></span> -Provincial Convention. On the 22d of June of the -same year, Congress appointed him brigadier-general -in the Continental army. Preparations -were immediately begun for investing Canada, as -Congress appreciated the importance of securing -commanding positions, to prevent invasions from -that quarter and the alliance of the frontier Indians -with our enemies. It being thought best to divide -the forces, part were sent by way of the Kennebec, -under Arnold, the others, by way of the Sorel River, -were intrusted to Montgomery. Both armies had -to contend with insufficient provisions and untold -hardships of all kinds. Montgomery succeeded, -however, in taking the fortresses of St. Johns, -Chambly, and Montreal. At St. Johns the colors -of the Seventh Fusileers were captured, being the -first taken in the Revolution. In sending his report -to Congress, Montgomery added, “Until -Quebec is taken, Canada is unconquered.” On -the 9th of December, 1775, he was advanced by -Congress to the rank of major-general. About -this time Arnold crossed the St. Lawrence, and at -last the two armies were united and ready to act -in concert. But cold, privation, and toilsome -marches had done their work, and reduced the -number of men available for active service to less -than one thousand, while Quebec was not only -strongly fortified, but amply garrisoned. A summons -to surrender was answered by firing upon the bearer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">30</a></span> -of the flag. A siege of three weeks served only to -dishearten still further the frost-bitten and half-starved -Americans. But the stout hearts of Montgomery -and Arnold never quailed. At a council -of war, it was decided that their best chance of -success lay in attempting to carry the place by -assault. Accordingly, on the 31st of December, -1775, in the midst of a blinding snow-storm, the -two leaders began the attack before daylight. The -city was to be stormed simultaneously at two -different points; and Montgomery, leading his -division along the river-bank, and often helping -with his own hands to push aside the huge blocks -of ice that impeded their progress, succeeded in -carrying the first barrier. Waving his sword and -shouting, “Men of New York, follow where your -general leads!” he pressed eagerly forward, when -a discharge of grape-shot ended his life, and also -killed several of his staff. Dismayed by the death -of their leader, and discouraged by the tremendous -odds against them, the Americans were at length -driven back, and compelled to leave the gallant -Montgomery on the field of battle. The victors, -appreciating the courage and nobility of the fallen -hero, generously offered a resting-place for his remains -within the walls of the beleaguered city.</p> - -<p>In 1818, by an “Act of honor” passed by the -New York Legislature in behalf of Mrs. Montgomery, -Sir John Sherbrooke, Governor-General<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">31</a></span> -of Canada, was requested to allow her husband’s -remains to be disinterred and brought to New -York. This was granted, and “her soldier,” as -she always called him, now sleeps in St. Paul’s -churchyard near the monument that was ordered -in France by Benjamin Franklin, in pursuance of -a resolution of the Continental Congress.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_7">JOHN THOMAS.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Thomas, born in Marshfield, Massachusetts, -in 1725, was a successful medical practitioner, entering -the British army first as a surgeon, in 1746. -He took a prominent part in the French and Indian -War, but at its close devoted himself to his profession. -He was, however, among the first to counsel -resistance to British oppression, and having raised -a regiment of volunteers, was appointed brigadier-general -by the Provincial Congress on the 9th of -February, 1775, and afterward received the same -appointment from the Continental Congress on the -22d of June of the same year. On the night of -the 4th of March, 1776, with three thousand picked -men, he took possession of Dorchester Heights, -commanding Boston, where the British were intrenched, -and before morning had thrown up a -formidable line of earth-works,—an advantage<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">32</a></span> -which finally led to the evacuation of the town by -the enemy on the 17th of March. The death of -Montgomery at the storming of Quebec necessitating -the appointment of an experienced officer to -command the troops in Canada, this duty was -assigned to Thomas,—Congress having advanced -him to the rank of major-general on the 6th of -March, 1776. He promptly repaired to his new -post, but while waiting for promised reinforcements, -was attacked by small-pox, from which he -died on the 2d of June, 1776, universally respected -and deeply deplored.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_8">HORATIO GATES.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Horatio Gates, born in Malden, Essex County, -England, in 1728, was the godson of Horace Walpole. -Entering the military service of Great Britain -at an early age, he soon rose to the rank of major. -After the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle he was stationed -with his regiment at Halifax. At the breaking out -of the French and Indian War, he joined General -Braddock’s army in the expedition against Fort -Duquesne, and received in that battle a severe -wound that prevented his taking an active part -again until near the close of the war, when he -acted in 1762 as aid to General Monckton in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">33</a></span> -expedition against the island of Martinique. After -the peace of Paris in 1763, Major Gates, like many -other English officers, settled in America. He -purchased a fine tract of land in Berkeley County, -Virginia, and devoted himself successfully to agriculture. -He had married Mary, the only child of -James Valence of Liverpool, and at her father’s -death, just before the Revolution, she joined her -husband in this country, bringing with her $450,000, -which she freely expended. Thaddeus Kosciusko -was tenderly nursed by her six months. As -his wound was a severe one, he owed his life to her -generous care.</p> - -<p>When war became inevitable, Gates offered his -services to Congress, receiving the appointment -of adjutant-general, with the rank of brigadier-general, -June<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> 17, 1775. From the first, however, -he coveted the position of commander-in-chief, -and on more than one occasion showed his -jealousy of Washington. Having many powerful -friends in Congress, he was advanced to the rank -of major-general May 16, 1776, and in June was -appointed to the command of the army in Canada -with his headquarters at Ticonderoga. Not finding -any army in Canada, it having been compelled -to retreat to New York, he claimed command -of the whole Northern army, then under Schuyler,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">34</a></span> -with his headquarters at Albany. Congress sustained -the latter general, but this period marks -the beginning of a series of intrigues which culminated -in the “Conway cabal” to supplant Washington. -Gates’ complicity in this conspiracy will -forever tarnish his fame, as it no doubt saddened -his life. Demoralized by hard service, insufficient -food and clothing, with their pay in arrears, and -consequently no money to send to their starving -families, the Northern army could accomplish -little except to gain in discipline and knowledge -of military tactics. At length Schuyler’s prudent -measures and wise strategy were beginning to tell in -northern New York, and his sacrifices and heroism -were about to be rewarded, when at this critical -moment General Gates was given command of the -Northern army, and arriving on the 21st of August, -1777, assumed the direction of affairs, already in -train for a splendid victory. The battles of Stillwater -and Saratoga forced Burgoyne to surrender -his entire army with all their arms and ammunition -on the 17th of the following October. The conduct -of Gates during the latter battle has led to the -charge of lack of personal courage, as throughout -the engagement he remained in a position of safety -two miles away, ready to flee with the teamsters -and baggage-wagons should the action result in a -defeat for the Americans. Burgoyne, on the contrary, -was in the thick of the battle, receiving three -bullets in his clothing.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> Journals of Congress. Appleton’s Cyclopædia gives -the month July.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">35</a></span> -In 1780, Gates was given command of the -Southern army, and prepared to attack Cornwallis -at Camden, South Carolina. By a serious error -in judgment, Gates suffered a most humiliating -defeat, which ended his military career. On the -5th of October, 1780, he was suspended from -service until his conduct could be investigated. -Deeply mortified, he retired to his farm in Berkeley -County, but as he passed through Richmond, the -State Legislature passed a resolution expressive of -their sympathy in his misfortune and their unabated -confidence in his patriotism and military skill; he -received, too, a letter from Washington containing -assurances of sincere sympathy and promises of a -command when the court of inquiry should have -acquitted him. Restored to his command on the -14th of August, 1782, he did not serve, as the war -was then practically over. The battle of Camden -virtually ended his career. In 1790, he removed -to New York City, generously freeing all his Virginia -slaves, and amply providing for the aged and -infirm. In 1800, he was elected to the New York -State<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">36</a></span> Legislature, and died on the 10th of April, -1806.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_9">WILLIAM HEATH.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Heath, born on the 2d of March, 1737, -was the son of a farmer living in Roxbury, Massachusetts. -Delighting in military exercise, he joined -the militia company of his town. In 1765, he -became a member of the “Ancient and Honorable -Artillery” corps of Boston, subsequently becoming -its commander. In 1770, he contributed -a series of articles to a Boston newspaper, urging -the importance of military training, etc. In 1774, -he received an appointment in the Provincial army -of Massachusetts, and on the 22d of June was -created brigadier-general by the Continental Congress -and placed in command at Roxbury. On -the 9th of August, 1776, he was raised to the -rank of major-general. Though taking part in -none of the great battles of the war, he did -good service as recruiting officer, commissary, and -quartermaster. After the close of the war he -retired to his farm at Roxbury. Subsequently he -was elected senator, counsellor, Presidential elector, -judge of probate, and in 1806 Lieutenant-Governor -of Massachusetts. This office, however, -he declined, choosing to spend his last years as a -private citizen. He died on his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">37</a></span> estate in Roxbury -on the 24th of January, 1814.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_10">JOSEPH SPENCER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Joseph Spencer, born at East Haddam, Connecticut, -in 1714, was an officer of militia, with the rank -of colonel, during the French and Indian War. He -was appointed brigadier-general on the 22d of -June, 1775, by the Continental Congress, and -major-general on the 9th of August, 1776. When -the British fleet appeared off the coast of New -England, in December of that year, he was sent -with Arnold to take charge of the militia in that -section. Spencer was in command at Rhode -Island in 1778. Admiral Sir Peter Parker having -taken possession of Newport, Spencer had assembled -his forces at Providence to dislodge him. -After spending some weeks in marching and counter-marching, -the enterprise had to be abandoned, -as the Americans were too weak to attempt such -an assault. General Spencer resigned his commission -on the 13th of January, 1778, and though an -earnest advocate of American independence, took -but little part in public affairs during the remainder -of his life. He died at his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">38</a></span> native place, East -Haddam, in January, 1789.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_11">JOHN SULLIVAN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Sullivan, born in Berwick, Maine, on the -17th of February, 1740, was of Irish parentage, his -father having emigrated to this country in 1723. -He was public-spirited, and hating oppression, as -a zealous advocate of American rights proved -himself so able a partisan that in 1772 he was -commissioned major of the militia. In 1774, he -became a member of the Continental Congress, -but resigned his seat to enter the army, being -appointed a brigadier-general, on the 22d of -June, 1775. Employed for a time at Cambridge -in disciplining the troops and securing supplies, -he was sent to Canada in 1776 to command the -survivors of the Northern army. Being superseded -by Gates, he rejoined the army under Washington, -and on the 9th of August of the same year was -commissioned a major-general. He was made -prisoner at the battle of Long Island, but was soon -after exchanged. In 1778, he was assigned to the -command of the forces in Rhode Island, and received -not only the commendation of the wisest -men throughout the country, but also the thanks -of Congress for his conduct under very trying -circumstances during this campaign. In 1779, he -was selected by Washington to lead an army<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">39</a></span> -against the “Six Nations,” occupying the fertile -region of northern Pennsylvania and western New -York. The atrocities of these Indians demanding -the severest measures, Sullivan, after defeating their -chief, laid waste their fields and orchards, burned -their villages, and drove them beyond the frontier -to take refuge with their English allies. He resigned -his commission on the 30th of November, 1779, -and entered upon the practice of the law. He -held several positions of national trust and responsibility, -and served his State as attorney-general, -as president, and as justice of its Federal Court. -While discharging the duties of the latter office, -he died at Durham on the 23d of January, 1795. -Harvard College conferred upon General Sullivan -the degree of LL.D. in 1780.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_12">NATHANIEL GREENE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Nathaniel Greene was born at Potowomut, within -the jurisdiction of Warwick, Rhode Island, on the -6th of June, 1742. His ancestors, of good English -extraction, were among the first settlers on the -banks of Providence River. Having a natural -aptitude for study, he spent his extra earnings for -books, which trained and developed his mind, as -physical toil and out-door sports had strengthened<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">40</a></span> -his body. In 1770, being elected to the General -Assembly of Rhode Island, he acquitted himself -with credit. Foreseeing the struggle with the -mother country, he began to prepare himself for -an active participation by studying the best military -text-books of those times. He married in July, -1774. The following April, the battle of Lexington -rendering the war inevitable, Rhode Island -promptly responded to the call for troops by raising -an army of sixteen hundred men; and in -May, 1775, Greene was placed in command as -major-general. He showed the good effects of -his former preparation by the vigilant drill and -thorough discipline of the troops intrusted to his -command. By his conduct at the battle of Bunker -Hill, he gained the confidence and esteem of -Washington. When the different bodies of State -troops were reorganized into the Continental -army, Greene received a regular commission as -brigadier-general on the 22d of June, 1775; but -in acknowledgment of his sterling worth, Congress -promoted him to the rank of major-general on the -9th of August, 1776. His first regular battle was -that at Harlem, when the British, having taken -New York, lay siege to Fort Washington. During -the subsequent retreat of the Americans through -the Jerseys, he was the companion and counsellor -of Washington. When defeat was at last changed -to victory by the battle of Trenton, he seized the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">41</a></span> -artillery of the enemy and cut off their retreat to -Princeton. The American army went into winter-quarters -at Valley Forge; and then Greene, yielding -to the urgent entreaties of Washington and of -Congress, assumed the arduous duties of quarter-master-general, -which onerous position he held -for two years, with credit to himself, and with inestimable -benefit to the army. Greene presided -at the “board of inquiry” convened for the trial -of André. With regret he signed the decree of -the court condemning the young officer to death. -The post at West Point left vacant by Arnold’s -treason was given to Greene, who took command -Oct. 8, 1780. After the defeat of Gates at -Camden, Greene was intrusted with the command -of the armies of the South, which post he held -until the close of the war. At the conclusion of -his military career he established himself on a -plantation in Georgia, and for the first time in -many years enjoyed the opportunity of indulging -his love of nature. This tranquil pleasure, however, -was short-lived, for through an unfortunate -exposure to a Southern sun and the exhalations -of a Georgia rice-field, he contracted a malignant -fever, from which he died on the 19th of June, -1786, aged but forty-four years. As a man, he -was honorable, trustworthy, and patriotic; as a -soldier, wise, prudent, brave,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">42</a></span> and unflinching in -the discharge of his duty.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_13">LORD STIRLING.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Alexander, or according to his title, the -Right Honorable William, Earl of Stirling, better -known in history as Lord Stirling, was born in -New York City, in 1726. His father, James Alexander, -a native of Scotland, fled to this country in -1716 after the wars of the Pretender. Having -been appointed Surveyor-General of New Jersey -and New York, he was able to give much personal -supervision to the education of his only son, and -dying in 1756, left him an ample fortune. Thoroughly -trained in mathematics, and with a fine military -spirit, William Alexander distinguished himself -in the French and Indian War; at its close he visited -Europe, took measures to establish his claim to -the earldom of Stirling, and returning to America, -devoted himself to the duties of Surveyor-General -of New Jersey. His first opposition to the mother -country was his denunciation of the Stamp Act, -and his efforts to have it repealed. When bloodshed -followed passive resistance, he was selected, -in the summer of 1775, to command a regiment. -On the 1st of March, 1776, Congress appointed -him brigadier-general. For his gallantry during -the attack of the British on New York, Congress -advanced him to the rank of major-general, <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">43</a></span>on the -19th of February, 1777. Though compelled on -several occasions to retreat before vastly superior -numbers, in each case he secured so advantageous -a position, and defended it with such courage and -constancy, as to check the further advance of the -enemy, and to frustrate their purpose. During -the winter of 1777–78, while Washington was encamped -at Valley Forge, a conspiracy was set on -foot to substitute Gates as commander-in-chief. -Providentially, this plot was discovered by Lord -Stirling before any material harm had resulted. -It was not until 1780 that he obtained leave of -absence to visit his family, and to attend to his -private affairs at Baskenridge. In 1781, he again -took the field to repel a threatened invasion from -Canada, and was actively engaged until 1783, when -his useful and honorable career was brought to a -close by his death. He expired on the 15th of -January, 1783, almost as deeply mourned by the -troops he had commanded as by his nearest connections -and warmest personal friends.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_14">THOMAS MIFFLIN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Thomas Mifflin, a descendant of one of the first -settlers of Pennsylvania, was born in Philadelphia -in 1744, and educated for the business<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">44</a></span> of a merchant, -which occupation he followed with much -success. In 1772 and the year following, he -represented Philadelphia in the Colonial Legislature, -and in 1774 was one of the delegates for Pennsylvania -to the first Congress. After the battle of -Lexington he engaged promptly in enlisting and -disciplining troops, being appointed major. July 4, -1775, Washington made him an aide-de-camp, -and in the August following, quartermaster-general. -May 16, 1776, Congress commissioned him brigadier-general; -and Feb. 17, 1777, he was appointed -major-general, in recognition of the skill and -efficiency he had shown in bringing the militia into -service, though he failed to give satisfaction in his -capacity of quartermaster. Becoming discontented -during the gloomy period marked by the “retreat -through the Jerseys,” he tendered his resignation. -Congress relieved him of his duties as quartermaster -and continued his rank as major-general, -but without the pay. In May, 1778, he rejoined -the army, and was a mover in the conspiracy to -substitute Gates for Washington. Feb. 25, 1779, -he again resigned. In 1782, he was elected to the -Continental Congress, and being chosen president -of that body the following year, received in that -capacity the commission of Washington when he -resigned, on the 23d of December, 1783. Mifflin -continued to take an active part in American -politics, and from 1790 to 1799 was Governor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">45</a></span> -of Pennsylvania. In December of that year he -was elected to the State Legislature, and died -while attending its session at Lancaster, Jan. 20, -1800.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_15">ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Arthur St. Clair, born in Edinburgh in 1734, -graduated at the university of that city, and began -the study of medicine. His ardent temperament, -however, could ill brook the quiet monotony of a -doctor’s life, so enlisting in the British army, he -came to this country in 1755. He was present at -the battle on the “Heights of Abraham,” and after -the peace of 1763 was given command of Fort -Ligonier in western Pennsylvania. During the next -ten years, he purchased a tract of land, married, -engaged in the business of a farmer and land surveyor, -and became a magistrate in Westmoreland -County. His patriotism being well known, he was -appointed colonel in the Continental army in December, -1775, and in 1776 was ordered to Canada, -arriving in the vicinity of Quebec just in time to -cover the retreat of the troops under Arnold. On -the 9th of August following, he received his commission -as brigadier-general, and joining Washington -in the autumn, took part in the battles of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">46</a></span> -Trenton and Princeton. The confidence and -esteem of his commander-in-chief and of Congress -found expression in his advancement to the rank -of major-general on the 19th of February, 1777; -and soon after he was intrusted with the command -of Fort Ticonderoga. On the approach of Burgoyne -the following July, he deemed it best to -abandon this fortress and to retreat, as the smallness -of the garrison and the lack of everything -necessary to withstand either an assault or a siege -rendered defeat inevitable. His conduct, however, -was severely criticised by Congress, and he was -suspended and summoned to Philadelphia for trial. -Despite all his efforts to the contrary, this investigation -was delayed for many months. At last he was -tried by court-martial in October, 1778, and fully -exonerated of all charges against him. Washington’s -confidence in him had never been shaken, and -he made it apparent by employing him in various -important missions. He served to the close of the -war, and in 1786 was elected to Congress from -Pennsylvania, and soon afterward was chosen president -of that body. In 1788, Congress appointed -him first governor of the Northwest Territory, but -in 1791, he suffered a terrible defeat by the Indians -of that section, and again his conduct was -investigated and again he was acquitted of all -blame. In 1802, being removed by President -Jefferson from the office of governor, he returned<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">47</a></span> -to Ligonier Valley. Broken in health, stripped of -his fortune, and unable to make good his just -claims against the Government, he had abandoned -all hope, when the State of Pennsylvania -settled an annuity upon him of $300, which was -afterward increased to $650 a year. He died at -Greensburg, Pennsylvania, on the 31st of August, -1818.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_16">ADAM STEPHEN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Adam Stephen, born in Virginia about 1730, -served first as captain, then colonel, under Washington -throughout the French and Indian War, -aiding materially in bringing that struggle to a -close. At the beginning of the Revolution, Virginia -gave him command of one of her seven regiments, -and Sept. 4, 1776, Congress appointed him -brigadier-general in the Continental army, promoting -him to major-general Feb. 19, 1777. -He was at the battle of Brandywine; but at -Germantown his division became involved in a -combat with the troops of Anthony Wayne, owing -to a fog. Stephen was held responsible for the -blunder, court-martialled, and dismissed from the -service in October, 1777. <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">48</a></span>He died in his native -State in November of 1791.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_17">BENJAMIN LINCOLN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Benjamin Lincoln, born Jan. 24, 1733, at Hingham, -Massachusetts, led the life of a farmer; but -warmly espousing the cause of the colonists when -troubles began with Great Britain, was intrusted -with various military offices, and after two years -of active service with the Massachusetts troops, -was commissioned major-general in the Continental -army on the 19th of February, 1777. In -the following October, he received a severe wound -which lamed him for life, and prevented his rejoining -the army until August, 1778. In September, -Congress gave him the chief command of the Southern -army, but upon repairing to Charleston, South -Carolina, he found the entire State of Georgia in -the hands of the British, and the American army -in the South almost destroyed. Setting about his -task with courage and resolution, he busied himself -in collecting the necessary supplies and -recruits, and making all needful preparations for -driving the enemy from their various strongholds. -In each engagement, however, he was unsuccessful, -and was at last taken prisoner at the surrender of -Charleston, on the 12th of May, 1780. He was -exchanged in November, and rejoined the army in -June, 1781. Again he was despatched to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">49</a></span> South, -but this time with far different results.</p> - -<p>When the siege of Yorktown ended in the surrender -of Cornwallis, that general feigned illness; -to escape the mortification of surrendering his -sword personally, he sent it by General O’Hara. -Washington, with a fine delicacy of feeling, ordered -the sword to be delivered to General Lincoln, who, -eighteen months before, had been compelled to surrender -to Sir Henry Clinton at Charleston, Cornwallis -being one of the principal officers. This campaign -closed Lincoln’s active service in the field, -as he was soon after appointed Secretary of War, -and held that responsible position until the disbanding -of the army in October, 1783. Shays’ Rebellion, -in 1786, again called him into the field, and -after quelling it, he served as Lieutenant-Governor -of Massachusetts in 1788, and collector of the port -of Boston from 1789 to 1806, when the infirmities -of old age necessitated his withdrawal. He died -on the 9th of May, 1810, in the seventy-eighth -year of his age. Harvard College conferred upon -him the degree of M. A. in 1780.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_18">BENEDICT ARNOLD.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Benedict Arnold, born Jan. 14, 1741, in Norwich, -Connecticut, ran away from home at the -age of fifteen, and entered the military force<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">50</a></span> of his -native State, then marching to Albany and Lake -George, to resist the French invasion. Growing -weary of discipline, he deserted, returned home -alone through the wilderness, and became a druggist’s -clerk, afterward skipper of a New England -schooner trading with the West Indies, and at -times a horse-dealer. His spirit of adventure and -his early taste of war led him to offer himself -among the first who took the field when the American -colonies began their struggle for independence. -In conjunction with Col. Ethan Allen he -surprised the garrison at Fort Ticonderoga on -the 10th of May, 1775, capturing large stores of -cannon and ammunition without the loss of a -single man. Disagreeing with the officers of the -party, and becoming bitterly jealous of Allen, -Arnold left New York; and applying to Washington -for service in the Continental army, he was -given command of about five hundred men and -despatched, by way of the wilderness, to join General -Montgomery in an attack on Quebec. During -the Canadian campaign, as during his service in -New York, Arnold evinced the same traits of character,—dashing -gallantry and perfect fearlessness -when in action, with petty meanness, vindictiveness, -arrogance, and covetousness at all other times. -On the 10th of January, 1776, Congress bestowed -on him the rank of brigadier-general, and after his -defeat of Tryon at Danbury, and his daring<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">51</a></span> heroism -in bearing from the field the body of the -gallant Wooster, he was promoted to the rank of -major-general on the 2d of May, 1777. Being -ordered again to the North, he did good service -under Schuyler; but all his worst passions seem to -have been aroused when Gates took command. -The stirring events immediately preceding the surrender -of Burgoyne prevented an open rupture, and -Arnold’s reckless daring at the battle of Saratoga, -though gaining the victory, resulted in rendering -him a cripple for life. Incapacitated for active -service, he was placed in command at Philadelphia -when that city was evacuated by the British, on the -17th of June, 1778. At this point Arnold’s downward -career began. There are just grounds to believe -that he entered into a secret contract to -enrich himself at the expense of the public; and -finding many of the wealthiest of the citizens to be -Tories, he used all his influence in their behalf, -hoping, no doubt, for a pecuniary reward. His -second marriage with Miss Shippen bound him -still more closely to the Tory faction.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> In November, -1778, Gen. Joseph Reed was elected president -“of the executive council of the State” of -Pennsylvania, and in the discharge of his duties, -brought the delinquencies of Arnold to the notice<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">52</a></span> -of Congress. A court-martial on Jan. 26, 1780, -sentenced him to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. -In addition to the public disgrace, -he was now cut off from various sources of -revenue by which he had been striving to ward -off a threatened bankruptcy, and his pecuniary -affairs became sadly involved through extravagance -and wild speculations. Unsuccessful in his attempt -to obtain a loan from the French minister, -De la Luzerne, he appears to have entered into correspondence -with the British, but soon found that -to obtain any considerable sum of money from that -quarter, he must have control of some place worth -the purchase. Accordingly, having many warm -friends in Congress and in the army, he brought -strong pressure to bear upon Washington to grant -him the command of West Point. Yielding at -length, though reluctantly, Arnold was assigned to -this important post, and immediately put himself in -direct communication with the British commander-in-chief, -Sir Henry Clinton. On the night of the -21st of September, 1780, Major André was sent -by the latter to obtain personally from Arnold all -the information necessary to capture West Point -and the posts on the line of the Hudson. Arnold’s -elaborate plans, however, miscarried; André was -captured, West Point saved, and Arnold obliged -to fly. Though receiving the military rank and -the money promised him by Sir Henry Clinton,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">53</a></span>—ten -thousand pounds sterling and a commission as -brigadier in the British army, he was almost as -much detested by the English as by the Americans, -and after some brutal outrages in Virginia and -Connecticut, ended his days in obscurity in London, -on the 14th of June, 1801.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> His first wife was Margaret, daughter of Samuel Mansfield -of New Haven, by whom he had three sons, Benedict, -Richard, and Henry.</p></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_19">MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, -Marquis de Lafayette, was born at Chavagnac, in -the province of Auvergne, France, on the 6th of -September, 1757. He was educated at the military -college of Duplessis, in Paris; graduating at -sixteen, although offered a high position in the -royal household, he preferred the career of a warrior, -and at nineteen had risen to the rank of -captain of dragoons. During the summer of 1776 -his interest in the American colonies in their -struggle for independence became so great that he -determined to espouse their cause. Discouraged -by all except his noble young wife, who sympathized -with the oppressed colonists as warmly as he did, -Lafayette persevered; and when the news of the -disastrous termination of the campaign of 1776 -reached France, he generously determined to offer -not only his services, but also his wealth.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">54</a></span> Prohibited -by the king from leaving Europe, he reached -Spain in disguise, and with Baron de Kalb and -ten other officers embarked for America. After a -perilous voyage, they landed on the Carolina coast. -Proceeding at once to Philadelphia, he offered his -services as a volunteer and without remuneration. -When his credentials had been examined, and his -rank, wealth, and undaunted perseverance became -known, he was appointed major-general July 31, -1777. His valor, coolness in the presence of -danger, and military ability were shown on more -than one occasion; but when our alliance with -France involved that country in war, he applied -to Congress for permission to return to France, for -although he had incurred the displeasure of the -king by coming to America, he was still that king’s -soldier, and in the hour of need he felt he owed -his first duty to his native land. Congress granted -him the desired leave of absence, instructed its -president to write him a letter of thanks for coming -to America and for his valuable services, and directed -our minister at Versailles to present him a -sword, suitably engraved, as a token of the esteem -and gratitude of the United States. His return to -France was hailed with joy by the people, though -the court for a time refused to notice him. Presently, -however, he was given a command in the -king’s own regiment of dragoons. A year later, -March, 1780, he returned to the United States, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">55</a></span> -re-entering the army, was actively engaged until -the close of the war. After the fall of Yorktown, -he again asked leave of absence to visit his family. -Arrived in France, he was at once made major-general -in the French army, his commission to -date from the surrender of Cornwallis.</p> - -<p>In 1784, Lafayette paid a short visit to this country, -being received everywhere with marks of love -and respect. In 1785, he returned to Paris to find -the finances of his country hopelessly involved, and -the people ripe for revolution. Throughout his subsequent -life he remained true to those high principles -of honor, patriotism, and love of humanity, that -had led him so warmly to espouse the cause of liberty -and justice. Kept for years a prisoner in the -most loathsome dungeons, his property confiscated, -his wife doomed to the guillotine and only saved -by the death of Robespierre, his son an exile but -finding shelter in the home of Washington, he was -at length restored to liberty by the power of Napoleon. -In 1824, he was invited by Congress to -revisit the United States. Though most of his -friends and companions-in-arms had passed away, -and a new generation had grown up, the whole -nation united to welcome and do him homage. -He died in 1834, leaving behind him the record of -one who amid every temptation and allurement -had remained the stanch,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">56</a></span> unwavering advocate of -constitutional liberty.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_20">BARON DE KALB.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Johann, Baron de Kalb, born in Hüttendorf, -Bavaria, on the 29th of July, 1721, had gained in -the armies of France the reputation of being a brave -and meritorious officer. At the close of the Seven -Years War, he married the daughter of a Holland -millionnaire. In 1768, he came to this country as a -secret agent of the French Government, and had -already attained to the rank of brigadier-general in -the French army, when he entered into an agreement -with Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin to -join the Continental forces. Coming to this country -with Lafayette, De Kalb’s services were at once -accepted by Congress, a commission as major-general -given him on the 15th of September, 1777, -and the command of the Maryland division of the -Continental army. Studious in his habits, exceedingly -temperate in his diet, kindly and courteous -of manner, his many noble and lovable traits -endeared him to all with whom he was associated. -For three years he served this country gallantly -and well, sealing his devotion to liberty and justice -with his life-blood. On the 16th of August, 1780, -at Camden, South Carolina, while fighting against -vastly superior numbers, and rallying his men by -words of courage and deeds of valor, he fell,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">57</a></span> pierced -with eleven wounds. He died three days after, -saying to one who was condoling with him, -“I thank you for your generous sympathy, but -I die the death I always prayed for,—the -death of a soldier fighting for the rights of -man.”</p> - -<p>Many years after, when Washington visited his -grave, he exclaimed, “So there lies the brave De -Kalb,—the generous stranger who came from a -distant land to fight our battles and to water with -his blood the tree of our liberty. Would to God -he had lived to share its fruits!”</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_21">PHILIPPE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE TRONSON DU COUDRAY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Philippe Charles Jean Baptiste Tronson du -Coudray, born in Rheims, France, on the 8th of -September, 1738, was educated to the vocation of -a mining engineer, and ranked as one of the best -in his native country, when in 1776, he offered his -services to Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin. -These commissioners entered into an arrangement -with Du Coudray by which, on condition of his -furnishing certain military supplies, he was to enter -the American service, with the rank and pay of -major-general, and the command of the artillery.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">58</a></span> -After several days’ debate on the subject, Congress -did not see fit to ratify this agreement in full, -Washington also expressing a doubt as to whether -so important a command as that of the artillery -should be vested in any but an American, or one -attached by ties of interest to the United States. -He was accorded his promised rank, however, -being appointed major-general on the 11th of -August, 1777, and placed in superintendence of the -works being constructed on the Delaware. His service -was of short duration, for on the 16th of September -in the same year, while hastening, after the -battle of Brandywine, to offer himself as a volunteer, -he accidentally lost his life. While crossing the -Schuylkill in a ferry-boat, his horse became unmanageable, -plunged with him into the river, and -he was drowned before any assistance could be -rendered. The next day Congress passed a resolution -directing his burial at the expense of the -United States and with the honors of war.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_22">ROBERT HOWE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Robert Howe, born in Brunswick County, North -Carolina, in 1732, was of English descent. He -married young, took his wife to England, and lived -for two years with some relatives. Returning to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">59</a></span> -this country, he was appointed in 1766 commander -at Fort Johnson in North Carolina. At the beginning -of the Revolution, he was a member of the -Committee of Safety for his native county, and with -General Woodford was in command of Norfolk -when that place was attacked and destroyed by -Lord Dunmore, on the 1st of January, 1776. -Prosecuting the war with vigor, Howe drove Dunmore -out of Virginia. The Assemblies of North -Carolina and Virginia recognized his services by a -vote of thanks; Congress appointed him brigadier-general -in the Continental army on the 1st of -March, 1776; and on the 5th of May following, -General Clinton excepted him when offering pardon -in the king’s name to all Carolinians who -would lay down their arms and return to their -allegiance. The next year he was ordered to join -the Southern army; and on the 20th of October, -1777, he was raised to the rank of major-general, -and intrusted with an expedition against St. -Augustine. After some successes, the destruction -of one fourth of his army by an epidemic compelled -him to abandon this project, and he was -afterward assigned to duty in Georgia. Being -defeated here, he joined Washington on the -Hudson, and remained in active service at the -North until the close of the war. In 1785, he -was appointed a commissioner to treat with the -Western Indians, and upon returning to his native<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">60</a></span> -State, was received with public honors and shortly -after elected to the Legislature. Before the time -arrived for him to take his seat, he died of fever -on the 12th of November, 1785.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_23">ALEXANDER McDOUGAL.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Alexander McDougal, born on the island of -Islay, Scotland, in 1731, was brought to New York -while still a child, by his father. At first Alexander -followed the sea, took part in the French and -Indian War as commander of two privateers,—the -“Barrington” and the “Tiger,”—and then settling -in New York City, became one of her successful -merchants. Keenly alive to the aggressive steps -taken by the home Government in her dealings with -her American dependencies, he drew upon himself -censure and imprisonment in 1769, by writing an -address entitled, “A Son of Liberty to the Betrayed -Inhabitants of the Colony,” in which he rebuked -the Assembly for entering upon the favorable consideration -of a bill of supplies for troops quartered -in the city to overawe the inhabitants, and for rejecting -a proposition authorizing the vote by ballot. -An incarceration of twenty-three weeks in what -is now the registrar’s office, made him the first -martyr in the American struggle for independence.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">61</a></span> -When set at liberty, he entered into correspondence -with the master-spirits all over the country, presided -over the celebrated “meeting in the fields” in -1774, was appointed colonel of the first Revolutionary -regiment raised in New York, and was -created brigadier-general in the Continental army -on the 9th of August, 1776, and immediately went -into active service. After the battle of Germantown -and upon the recommendation of Washington, -he was promoted to be major-general on the 20th -of October, 1777. From the beginning of 1778 -to the close of 1780, he was in command at various -posts along the Hudson, but was summoned in the -latter year to represent New York in Congress, and -in 1781 was appointed minister of marine. In -1783, when the army went into winter-quarters at -Newburg, he was chosen as head of the committee -sent to Congress to represent their grievances. -At the close of the war he was elected to -the Senate of New York, and filled that position -until his death on the 8th of June, 1786.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_24">THOMAS CONWAY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Thomas Conway, born in Ireland on the 27th of -February, 1733, was taken by his parents to France -when he was but six years of age. Educated in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">62</a></span> -that country, he entered her army, and in 1777 -had attained the rank of colonel and the decoration -of the Order of St. Louis. Seeing in the -American Revolution a chance of rapid promotion, -he sought an interview with Silas Deane, and came -to this country with his promise that he should be -appointed to a high rank in the Continental army. -Congress redeemed this promise on the 13th of -May, 1777, by giving him the commission of a -brigadier-general and assigning to him a command -in Lord Stirling’s division. After taking part in the -battles of Brandywine and Germantown, he urged -his friends in Congress to obtain promotion for him. -Washington, divining his true character, and believing -that his real motive in coming to America was -self-aggrandizement rather than a devotion to the -sacred cause of liberty, opposed his advancement -as an injustice to more deserving officers.</p> - -<p>Selfish, unscrupulous, and delighting in mischief, -Conway was busily plotting against Washington; -and being upheld by Gates, Mifflin, Dr. -Rush, and others, he sought to displace him and -elevate Gates to the position of commander-in-chief. -This intrigue, known as the “Conway -cabal,”<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> coming to the knowledge of Washington, -he informed Conway of the discovery of the plot, -whereupon the latter tendered his resignation.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">63</a></span> -Congress, however, though fully cognizant of the -charges against him, did not accept it, but on the -contrary gave him his coveted promotion, advancing -him to the rank of major-general on the 13th -of December, 1777. Restless and ever dissatisfied, -on the 28th of April, 1778, he wrote to Congress -complaining of the post assigned him, and conditionally -tendering his resignation; but the tide of -favor had already turned, and Congress at once accepted -his resignation unconditionally, thus forcing -him to quit the army. During the following summer -his caustic speech made him many enemies, -and in a duel with General Cadwalader, growing -out of some disparaging remarks of Conway concerning -Washington, Conway was shot through the -mouth, the bullet coming out of the back of his -neck. He fell upon his face, but raising himself, -said, “General, you fire with much deliberation -and certainly with a great deal of effect.” Believing -the wound mortal, a few days afterward Conway -wrote an humble apology to Washington, retracting -all he had ever said against the commander-in-chief. -Contrary to his own and his surgeon’s supposition, -however, he recovered; but meeting with -a cold reception from his former friends, he soon -after returned to France, re-entered the military service, -and was appointed Governor of Pondicherry -and the French settlements in Hindostan. His -quarrelsome disposition involved him in a dispute<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">64</a></span> -with Tippoo Sahib which is said to have ruined -French prospects in India. In 1792, he was sent -to take command of the Royalist army in the south -of France, but during the revolution which followed -he was obliged to flee the country, and died about -the year 1800.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> Conway cabal,—“A conspiracy to deprive Washington -of the command of the army.”</p></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_25">BARON STEUBEN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand -von Steuben, known in this country as Baron -Steuben, was born in Magdeburg, Prussia, on the -15th of November, 1730. The son of a soldier, -his earliest recollections were of the camp. At the -age of ten years, returning with his father from a -campaign in the Crimea, he was placed in the -Jesuit College at Neisse, and later transferred to -that at Breslau, distinguishing himself at both as a -mathematician. When but fourteen, he served with -his father in the war of 1744, and was present at -the siege of Prague. At seventeen, as a cadet, he -entered a regiment of infantry, rose in two years to -be ensign, and in four more to be lieutenant. As -aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great of Prussia, -he served in the Seven Years War, taking part -in the celebrated battle of Prague. At the restoration -of peace in 1763, he resigned his post -in the army and was appointed to a position<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">65</a></span> -at court, commanding a liberal salary. In 1777, -learning that the greatest weakness of the Americans -lay in their ignorance of military tactics and -want of thorough discipline, he left his life of ease -in the Old World, and coming to the New, presented -himself to Congress as a volunteer. If the -cause were lost, they owed him nothing; if gained, -he would expect remuneration equivalent to the -salary he had resigned. His offer being accepted, -he went to Valley Forge and began his great work, -whereby our whole military system assumed new -shape. On the 5th of May, 1778, Congress appointed -him inspector-general of the army, with -the rank of major-general, and no officer of that -grade in the field did so much toward our ultimate -success as did this born organizer and disciplinarian. -The following year, he wished to take the field; -but the American officers expressed so much dissatisfaction, -on account of being outranked, that -he withdrew his request and devoted himself to -his old work, which to him must have seemed -little better than that of a drill-sergeant. In -1780, he published a manual for the army that -was of great value, and is still considered an -authority. Written in German, it was translated -into French, then into English, in which language -it was wholly unintelligible to him. Warm-hearted -and hospitable, he shared his last dollar with his -suffering brother officers, and even at one time<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">66</a></span> -sold his horse that he might have the means of -entertaining his camp guests. With a chivalrous regard -for truth and honor, he despised the very name -of Arnold. At review one day he heard the name -of “Benedict Arnold” called over with those of -some new recruits. Regarding its owner keenly for -a few moments, and being pleased with his manly -bearing, the baron said, “Young man, you must -change your name; you are too respectable to bear -the name of a traitor!” “What name shall I take, -General?” “Take any other; mine is at your service.” -Adopting the name of Steuben, the young -man received a christening present of a monthly -allowance, and eventually a large tract of land.</p> - -<p>After the defeat of Gates, Baron Steuben was -sent to Virginia to help General Greene, and when -Arnold entered that State in the pay of the British, -the baron used every endeavor to capture the traitor -and bring him to justice. Serving actively at the -siege of Yorktown, he was in command of the -trenches when Cornwallis was summoned to surrender. -Lafayette offered to relieve the baron; -but he replied that European etiquette required -him to remain at his post until the terms of the -surrender were accepted or hostilities resumed. -When the English flag was lowered to its American -conquerors, Steuben’s men had the proud satisfaction -of being foremost of those on duty. At the -close of the war, he was sent to Canada to demand<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">67</a></span> -the surrender of all the posts along the frontier, -but being unsuccessful in this mission, returned to -headquarters. Upon the disbanding of the army, -he retired to private life, resided in New York -City for several years, while waiting for Congress -to redeem its promise to pay him for his arduous -and self-sacrificing services. In the mean time -Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New Jersey voted him -grants of land; but that from the last-named State -he declined, because it had been the confiscated -estate of a Tory who would be left destitute. New -York now voted him a township near Utica, and -Congress after an ungracious delay of seven years -voted him a pension of $2,400 per annum. Retiring -to his New York estate, he cleared sixty acres, -built a log house, and spent the remainder of his -life in dispensing a large-hearted hospitality, in -agricultural pursuits, and the enjoyment of his valuable -library. Once a year he visited New York -City, but in 1795, while preparing for this annual -trip, he was stricken with paralysis, and died on -the 25th of November. By his own direction he -was wrapped in his military cloak, and on his breast -was placed the diamond star of the Order of Fidelity, -which he had received from the Prince Margrave -of Bavaria, and which he always wore. His -funeral was attended by his neighbors, and was without -pomp or military display of any kind. Colonel -North, his favorite aid, inherited his <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">68</a></span>property and -erected a small monument to his memory.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_26">WILLIAM SMALLWOOD.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Smallwood, born in Kent County, Maryland, -in 1732, was elected colonel of the Maryland -battalion on the 2d of January, 1776; and on the -10th of July following, at the head of nine companies -he joined Washington in New York. His -troops took an active part in the battle of Brooklyn -Heights on the 20th of August. Fighting desperately -from sunrise until the last gun was fired at -night, they lost nearly half their number. Again, on -the 18th of October, at White Plains, the Maryland -troops fought valiantly. Smallwood was severely -wounded, and for his gallantry was commissioned -brigadier-general by the Continental Congress on -the 23d of October, 1776. At Fort Washington, -November 16 of the same year, his troops again -distinguished themselves, but with heavy loss in -killed and wounded. In the summer of 1777, he -joined Sullivan in his expedition against Staten -Island, and when the British arrived in the Chesapeake, -to Smallwood was intrusted the collecting -and organizing of the Western Shore Maryland -Militia. In the battle of Germantown, on the 4th -of October, Smallwood’s troops retrieved the day, -and captured part of the enemy’s camp. Stationed -by Washington at Wilmington during the winter of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">69</a></span> -1777–78, he captured a British brig in the Delaware -River, laden with stores and provisions. Ordered -South with the army under Gates in 1780, -his command behaved with their accustomed -bravery at the disastrous battle of Camden, for -which Smallwood received the thanks of Congress -and was promoted to the rank of major-general on -the 15th of September, 1780.</p> - -<p>When Greene superseded Gates in command of -the Southern army, Smallwood refused to serve -under Baron Steuben, who was then his superior -officer, and declared his intention of retiring, unless -his commission was antedated two years. So absurd -a claim could not be allowed, as besides there -being no reason for changing the date, to comply -would have thrown into confusion the entire list of -major-generals. Smallwood, however, remained in -service until the 15th of November, 1783, when -Congress accepted his resignation. In 1785, his -native State elected him to Congress and the same -year chose him for governor. The latter office he -held for three years and then retired from public -life. He died in Prince George’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">70</a></span> County, Maryland, -on the 14th of February, 1792.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_27">SAMUEL HOLDEN PARSONS.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Samuel Holden Parsons, born in Lyme, Connecticut, -on the 14th of May, 1737, graduated at Harvard -College in 1756, studied law and began its -practice in 1759, was a member of the General Assembly -of his native State from 1762 to 1774, was -chosen colonel of militia in 1775, and appointed -brigadier-general by Congress on the 9th of August, -1776. In 1779, he succeeded Putnam as commander -of the Connecticut line of the army, was -promoted to the rank of major-general on the 23d -of October, 1780, and served with distinction to -the end of the war. In 1785, Congress appointed -him one of the commissioners to treat with the -Indians at Miami; in 1788, President Washington -made him judge of the Northwest Territory; and -in 1789, in behalf of Connecticut, he treated as -commissioner with the Wyandots and other Indians -on the borders of Lake Erie. Returning -from this mission to his home in Marietta, Ohio, -he was drowned by the capsizing of his boat while -descending the rapids of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">71</a></span> Big Beaver River on the -17th of November, 1789.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_28">CHEVALIER DUPORTAIL.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Louis Lebègue Duportail, born in France, was -educated at the military school of Mézières, and -considered an excellent engineer. When Congress -instructed our commissioners in Paris to -secure a few good engineers, Duportail was one of -the four thus selected; and these were the only -ones engaged by the express authority of Congress. -On his arrival in this country, he was appointed -colonel of engineers and promoted to the rank of -brigadier-general on the 17th of November, 1777. -He wintered with the army at Valley Forge, and -after the battle of Monmouth, when the enemy left -Philadelphia, he was sent to ascertain what defences -would be necessary to its security, and to -plan fortifications for the Delaware. He also -superintended the strengthening of the defences -at Fort Clinton and at Boston. In 1779, he was -charged with confidential despatches to Count -d’Estaing, but the subsequent repulse of the French -and American troops at Savannah, and the departure -of D’Estaing, rendered this mission fruitless.</p> - -<p>In 1780, being sent to join General Lincoln at -Charleston, Duportail was captured, together with -this officer, during the summer; but through the -efforts of Congress, they were both exchanged<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">72</a></span> in -the autumn. In 1781, he carried despatches to -the Count de Grasse, and later the same year had -charge of the engineering operations at the siege -of Yorktown, being specially mentioned by Washington -in his despatches after the capitulation. -On the 16th of November, 1781, Congress conferred -on him the rank of major-general, and -granted him a six-months furlough to visit his -native land. He resigned his commission in the -United States army on the 10th of October, 1783, -and in 1788 was named maréchal-de-camp of the -French army. In 1790, he was made minister of -war, but resigned a year later, to accept a military -appointment in Lorraine. Leaving the army in -1792, he returned to this country in 1794, and -remained here until 1802, when, being recalled to -France, he died at sea during the voyage home.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_29">HENRY KNOX.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Henry Knox, born in Boston in 1750, lost his -father at an early age. His mother’s income -being a slender one, and his devotion to her being -very great, he soon felt the need of personal exertion, -and before attaining his majority, had established -himself as a bookseller. Having a natural -fondness for military tactics, he joined a company<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">73</a></span> -of grenadiers, and thus when the smouldering fire -of dissatisfaction against taxation without representation -burst into the flames of the Revolution, -Knox had gained practical knowledge of warlike -manœuvres. His father-in-law was a pronounced -Tory; but his wife, sharing his own sentiments, -helped him to escape from Boston that he might -join the army. Appreciating our need of artillery, -and knowing that no cannon were to be had except -those in the old forts along the Canadian -frontier, he volunteered to bring this ordnance to -Washington’s camp at Cambridge, and accomplished -this difficult and hazardous undertaking -with such skill and courage that Washington -rewarded him with the command of the artillery. -This branch of the Continental service being attached -to the main body of the army, Knox was -in every battle where Washington fought, and -never failed to exhibit the judgment, perseverance, -and bravery that gained him success in the Canada -expedition. On the 27th of December, 1776, -Congress appointed him brigadier-general. At -the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, he was -wounded in his left hand. For his distinguished -services at the siege of Yorktown in 1781, Congress -appointed him major-general on the 22d of -March, 1782. He was one of the three commissioners -intrusted with the adjustment of the -terms of peace. On the 25th of November, 1783,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">74</a></span> -he received as Washington’s deputy the surrender -of the city of New York; and his military career -ended with the command of West Point. When -the Continental army was about to be disbanded, -he conceived the idea of forming a society of -his old and dearly loved companions-in-arms. -This was the origin of the Society of the Cincinnati, -of which Knox was first vice-president.</p> - -<p>At the close of 1783, Knox retired to his home in -Maine, but in 1784, Congress, under the Articles of -Confederation, appointed him Secretary of War, -which office he held until, in 1795, Washington -reluctantly accepted his resignation. It was during -the time he was at the head of the War Department, -and by his advice, that the United -States Marine Service was organized. Retiring -once more to his home in Maine, he dispensed -the most princely hospitality, it being no unusual -thing for him to entertain a hundred guests daily. -When events threatened a war with France, and -President Adams thought best to form an army, -Knox was again appointed major-general. He -died suddenly at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">75</a></span> his residence in Thomaston, -Maine, in 1806.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_30">WILLIAM MOULTRIE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Moultrie, born in England in 1731, -came of good Scotch ancestry. His education -was such as could be gained at that early day in -the South Carolina colony to which his family -had removed while he was still a child. In 1761, -as captain of a company of volunteers, he marched -against the Cherokee Indians, and gained much of -that military skill that made him such a conspicuous -character during the Revolution. In 1775, -he was a member of the South Carolina Provincial -Congress, and when that body authorized the -seizure of the public arsenals, he was one of the -patriot band who put this advice into practice. -When news of the battle of Lexington reached -South Carolina, he was appointed colonel of one -of her regiments, and designed the flag—a blue -field with a silver crescent in the right-hand upper -corner—which her troops carried to their first victory. -The driving of the British sloops-of-war -from Charleston Harbor, the seizing of Fort Johnson, -and finally the glorious victory at the Palmetto -Fort on Sullivan’s Island, freed South -Carolina for several years from the horrors and -the devastations of war, and secured to Moultrie -immortal fame and a prompt recognition of his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">76</a></span> -military ability. He received the thanks of Congress; -the fort he had so ably defended was named -for him; and Sept. 16, 1776, he was raised to -the rank of brigadier-general in the Continental -army, with the duty of attending to the interests -of South Carolina and Georgia. The campaign -of 1779 brought a renewal of hostilities in the -South, with most disastrous results. Repulsed and -kept at bay for a while by Moultrie, the British -finally concentrated their forces at Charleston, -but badly provided as that city was for a siege, it -held out for six weeks, until driven by famine to -surrender. Moultrie was held a prisoner for two -years, during which time he used all his influence -in obtaining justice for his fellow-prisoners and -the people of the country, and in vigorously keeping -the enemy to the terms of the capitulation. -Several attempts were made to induce him to -resign his commission and enter the British service; -and finally he was offered large sums of -money and command of a regiment in Jamaica, -to which he sternly replied, “Not the fee simple -of all Jamaica should induce me to part with my -integrity.” He was exchanged about the end of -February, 1782, and promoted to the rank of major-general -on the 15th of October of the same year.</p> - -<p>When the British evacuated Charleston in December, -the American army under General Greene -resumed possession of it, Moultrie holding<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">77</a></span> a conspicuous -position in the triumphant procession. -In 1785 and 1794, he was chosen Governor of -South Carolina, discharging the duties of his office -to the satisfaction of all. From the close of his -second term until his death, which occurred in -Charleston on the 27th of September, 1805, he -enjoyed a well-earned and honorable repose.</p> - -<p>The famous Palmetto Fort on Sullivan’s Island -was constructed by Moultrie. The cannonade -from the “Admiral’s Ship,” the “Bristol,” produced -little effect upon the fort, owing to the soft -spongy palmetto-wood. After a nine-hours engagement, -Sir Peter Parker withdrew, with his -ship almost a wreck.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_31">SETH POMEROY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Seth Pomeroy, born in Northampton, Massachusetts, -on the 20th of May, 1706, was an ingenious -and skilful mechanic, following the trade of a gunsmith. -He entered the military service early in -life, ranking as captain in 1744, and as major at -the capture of Louisburg by the English in 1745. -On the morning of the 17th of June, 1775, he -entered Ward’s camp at Cambridge as a volunteer, -having heard the artillery at Charlestown<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">78</a></span> and feeling -it a personal summons. Borrowing a horse -from General Ward, he eagerly pushed on, but -reaching the Neck and finding it swept by the -fire from the British sloop-of-war “Glasgow,” lying -in the harbor, he gave the horse to a sentry, and -shouldering his gun, proceeded on foot, too honest -to risk the life of a borrowed animal. Upon -reaching the hill, and taking his place with Stark -behind the rail-fence, he was recognized and -greeted with shouts all along the line. On the -22d of June, 1775, Congress commissioned him -senior brigadier-general; but this causing some -dissatisfaction among the seven others raised to -the same rank at the same time, he declined his -appointment, and soon after retired to his farm. -In 1776, however, when New Jersey was overrun -by the British, he marched at the head of the -militia of his own neighborhood to the rescue of -Washington. He reached the Hudson River, but -never returned, dying at Peekskill, New York, on -the 19th of February, 1777.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_32">DAVID WOOSTER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>David Wooster, born in Stratford, Connecticut, -on the 2d of March, 1710, graduated at Yale <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">79</a></span>in -1738. At the breaking out of the war between -England and Spain in 1739, he entered the Provincial -army with the rank of lieutenant, but subsequently -was given command of a vessel built -and equipped by Connecticut for the defence of -her coasts. In 1745, he took part in the expedition -against Louisburg as commander of the war -vessel “Connecticut,” which conveyed the troops -to Cape Breton. The next year he visited England -and was given a captain’s commission with -half-pay for life. Returning to America, he -served through the French and Indian War; but -when troubles began to arise between the American -colonies and the mother country, approving -the demands of the former, and believing his -allegiance was due to them, he resigned his -commission in the British army in 1774, and -was one of the originators of the expedition by -which Fort Ticonderoga was captured in May, -1775.</p> - -<p>With the organization of the Continental army, -Wooster was made brigadier-general on the 22d -of June, 1775, and ordered to join Montgomery -in the Canadian expedition. On the death of -that officer, the command for a time devolved -upon Wooster, and he acquitted himself to the -satisfaction of Congress. Returning to Connecticut, -he resigned his commission in the Continental -service, but was made major-general of the militia<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">80</a></span> -of his native State. During the winter of 1776–77, -he was employed in raising recruits and in protecting -the military stores which had been collected -at Danbury. On the 26th of April, 1777, -Governor Tryon, at the head of two thousand -British regulars, attacked the town, destroying the -stores and retreating. Wooster and Arnold, collecting -about six hundred militia, went in hot -pursuit; but the undisciplined recruits gave way -before the British artillery. Wooster, endeavoring -to rally his men, exclaimed, “Come on, my boys! -never mind such random shots!” when he was -pierced through the body by a musket-ball. -Carried back to Danbury, he lived but a few days, -dying on the 2d of May, 1777. On the 17th of -June, Congress passed appropriate resolutions, -and voted $500 for the erection of a monument. -This duty being neglected, the hero’s grave soon -became unknown. In 1854, a handsome monument -of Portland granite was erected to his -memory in Danbury.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_33">JOSEPH FRYE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Joseph Frye, born in Andover, Massachusetts, in -April, 1711, was enterprising and intelligent, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">81</a></span> at -an early age represented his town in the General -Court of the county. Entering the army, he was -present at the siege of Louisburg and wrote the -terms of the surrender. He was a colonel when -Montcalm captured Fort William Henry in 1757. -Being seized and stripped by an Indian, he was -led away to torture; but overpowering and killing -his captor, Frye fled into the woods, succeeded in -eluding the savages, and after several days reached -a place of safety. In June, 1775, the Provincial -Congress of Massachusetts appointed Colonel Frye -a major-general, and the 10th of January, 1776, -Congress gave him the rank of brigadier-general -in the Continental army. His age and infirmities, -however, compelled him to retire soon after from -active service. Removing with his family to the -frontier of Maine, he founded the town of Fryeburg, -and died there in 1794.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_34">JOHN ARMSTRONG.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Armstrong was born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, -in 1758. He was an aid on General -Gates’ staff, and served with him through the campaign -against Burgoyne. On the 1st of March, -1776, he was appointed brigadier-general in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">82</a></span> -Continental service. In February, the following -year, he received the appointment of adjutant-general -of the Southern army, but in consequence -of ill health was obliged to retire from the army -for a time. After the war Armstrong was secretary -of the State of Pennsylvania. In 1787 he was -sent to Congress; from 1800 to 1802 he was United -States Senator, and again in 1803–1810. From -1813 to 1814 he was Secretary of War. He was -censured for his lack of success in preventing the -British from sacking Washington City in 1814–15, -and became very unpopular. He resigned in 1814, -retiring to Red Hook, New York, where he died -April 1, 1843.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_35">WILLIAM THOMPSON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Thompson, born in Ireland about 1725, -emigrated to the State of Pennsylvania. During -the French and Indian War he was captain of a -troop of mounted militia, and when in June, 1775, -Congress ordered the raising of eight companies -of riflemen by the State of Pennsylvania, Thompson -was appointed colonel of the battalion. These -troops were the first raised on demand of the -Continental Congress, and reached the camp at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">83</a></span> -Cambridge before the 14th of August; and on the -10th of November following, they repulsed a British -landing party at Lechmere’s Point. On the 1st -of March, 1776, Thompson was promoted to the -rank of brigadier-general; and on the 19th he -superseded Gen. Charles Lee in command of the -troops in New York. In April, being ordered to -Canada to reinforce General Thomas, he met the -retreating army and took command during the fatal -illness of that officer, but resigned it on the 4th -of June to Gen. John Sullivan, by whose orders, -two days later, Thompson made the disastrous -attack on the British at Trois Rivières, resulting in -the defeat of the Americans, and the taking prisoner -of their general. Released on parole in -August, Thompson returned to Philadelphia, but -was not exchanged until two years later. He was -never again actively employed in the service, but -died near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 4th of -September, 1781.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_36">ANDREW LEWIS.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Andrew Lewis, born in Donegal, Ireland, about -1730, was of Huguenot descent, his father coming -to this country in 1732, and being the first white -resident in Bellefonte, Augusta County, Virginia.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">84</a></span> -In 1754, he joined an expedition to take possession -of the lands lying along the Ohio, in which he -acquired great reputation by his conduct at Braddock’s -defeat in 1755, and for the part he took in -all the Indian wars down to the time of the Revolution. -He served under Washington in various -capacities, and was with him at Fort Necessity. -He commanded an expedition to Sandy Creek in -1756, and was made prisoner in 1758 and taken -to Montreal. In 1768, he acted as commissioner -from Virginia, to conclude a treaty with the Six -Nations at Fort Stanwix, New York. “About 1775, -when hostilities began again on the western frontier -of Virginia, he received the appointment of brigadier-general, -and as commander-in-chief at the -battle of Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great -Kanawha, gained a victory over the Shawnee confederacy -under the celebrated chief Cornstalk” -in what was considered the severest engagement -with the Indians up to that time.</p> - -<p>On the 1st of March, 1776, Congress made -Lewis a brigadier-general, much to the surprise -and disappointment of Washington, who considered -him entitled to a higher rank; and Lewis -himself felt that he had been slighted, but his -patriotism triumphed, and he accepted the inferior -position. Ill health, however, caused him to -tender his resignation on the 15th of April, 1777; -but afterward he accepted a commission to treat<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">85</a></span> -with the Indians at Fort Pitt. On his way home -from the Ohio, he was seized with a fever, and -died in Bedford County, Virginia, on the 26th -of September, 1780, when only forty miles from -his home on the Roanoke River. His statue -occupies one of the pedestals at the base of the -Washington monument in Richmond.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_37">JAMES MOORE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>James Moore, born in New Hanover, North Carolina, -in 1737, was a lineal descendant of the -Marquis of Drogheda, Ireland. He was a captain -of artillery under Governor Tryon at the defeat of -the Regulators at Alamance in 1771, and colonel -of the first regiment of North Carolina troops that -was raised for the defence of that State. In February, -1776, he was in command of the force a -part of which, under Col. John A. Lillington -and Col. Richard Caswell, won the first victory -in the Revolution, at Moore’s Creek bridge near -Wilmington, North Carolina, over fifteen hundred -Scotch Tories. For this exploit he was promoted -to be brigadier-general, March 1, 1776, made -commander-in-chief of the Southern Department, -and received the thanks of Congress. His military<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">86</a></span> -career, opening with such promise, was of short -duration, as he fell a victim to climatic fever, dying -on the 15th of January, 1777, at Wilmington, while -on his way to join Washington.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_38">BARON DE WOEDTKE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Frederick William, Baron de Woedtke, born in -Prussia about 1740, was for many years an officer -in the army of Frederick the Great, where he attained -the rank of major. Coming to Philadelphia -with strong letters of recommendation to Benjamin -Franklin from friends of America in Paris, he received -from Congress a commission as brigadier-general -in the Continental army on the 16th of -March, 1776, and was ordered to join the Northern -army under Schuyler. About three weeks before -his death he took part in a council of war which -decided, against the advice of Stark, Poor, Maxwell, -and eighteen inferior officers, to abandon Crown -Point and to retire to the strong ground opposite -Ticonderoga, afterward known as Mount Independence. -He died near Lake George, New York, -on the 31st of July, 17<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">87</a></span>76, and was buried with the -honors due to his rank.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_39">JOHN WHITCOMB.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Whitcomb, born in Lancaster, Worcester -County, Massachusetts, in 1720, served with distinction -in the French and Indian War. On account -of his advanced age, he was not called into -service at the beginning of the Revolution; but his -soldiers were so much attached to him that they -would serve under no other commander. His -appeals to their patriotism being unavailing to keep -them in the army, he determined to join the ranks -as a volunteer; but Colonel Brewster, his successor, -learning his willingness to serve, relinquished -the command of the regiment, and Colonel Whitcomb -continued with it until he was made a brigadier-general, -June 5, 1776, when he succeeded -General Ward in charge of the troops in Boston. -On the 13th of the same month he was made -major-general. Soon after, he was permitted to -resign; but he lived to see our<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">88</a></span> independence firmly -established, and died in 1812.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_40">HUGH MERCER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Hugh Mercer, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in -1720, entered the army of Prince Charles Edward -as assistant-surgeon, in 1745. The battle of Culloden, -April 16, 1746, resulted in the total defeat -of that unfortunate prince, sending him into exile, -a proscribed wanderer, and scattering or exterminating -his devoted followers. Emigrating to this -country the following year, Mercer settled in -Franklin County, Pennsylvania, and in 1755 fought -his first battle in America under the leadership of -John Armstrong and with the rank of captain. At -the battle of Kittanning in 1756, he was severely -wounded; in 1758, as lieutenant-colonel he took -part in the capture of Fort Duquesne, and was -left in command of that important post. It was -during this expedition that he became acquainted -with Washington; and in 1775, a few days after the -battle of Lexington, Mercer was among the first to -appeal to his former comrade-in-arms for instructions -as to the disposition of the Virginia troops, -then arming in the cause of liberty. June 5, 1776, -Congress appointed him a brigadier-general; and a -few days later he joined the army at New York and -entered the Continental service, under the immediate -orders of the commander-in-chief. Gloomy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">89</a></span> -forebodings filled the mind of even the stanchest -patriots, as defeat followed defeat, and Washington -with his brave band retreated through the Jerseys.</p> - -<p>In December, at a council of war, a change of -policy was agreed upon, and the unexpected and -successful attack upon Trenton was the result, -Mercer rendering most efficient service. The -British, however, gathering their forces, made ready -to retaliate; and the cause of liberty seemed lost, -when Mercer boldly suggested by a night march -to surprise them in their stronghold at Princeton. -His advice was acted upon; but in that memorable -battle—a battle that did more to secure us our independence -than any other during the war—the -brave General Mercer lost his life. Dismounted -by the death of his horse, and separated from his -command, disdaining to surrender, he met single-handed -a detachment of the enemy, and was beaten -to the earth by the butts of their muskets and -stabbed by their bayonets. Carried by his aid -from the battle-field to a neighboring house, he -lingered for nine days in great agony, expiring on -the 12th of January, 1777. His remains were -taken to Philadelphia, where his funeral was attended -by thirty thousand people. St. Andrew’s -Society of that city have erected a monument to -his memory at Laurel Hill Cemetery. Mercer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">90</a></span> -County, Kentucky, was named in his honor.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_41">JOSEPH REED.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Joseph Reed, born in Woburn, Middlesex County, -Massachusetts, in 1724, served during the French -and Indian War. In 1765, he settled at Fitzwilliam, -New Hampshire. When news of the battle -of Lexington reached this peaceful neighborhood, -he volunteered with many of his neighbors, and -marched away to the camp at Cambridge, reaching -there in time to participate in the battle of -Bunker Hill, where with John Stark and the left -wing of the army, posted behind a rail-fence, he -aided in keeping the British at bay and covering -the retreat of the main body from the redoubt. -In 1776, he was ordered to join the reinforcements -under Sullivan, marching to the relief of the American -army in Canada. Reed, with many others, was -attacked by small-pox, and after a long illness rose -from his bed incapacitated for further active service. -Congress, on the 9th of August, 1776, promoted him -to the rank of brigadier-general, and he retained -command for a while, hoping to regain his health and -strength. Finding himself, however, unfit for duty, -he retired shortly after on half-pay, and returned -home nearly deaf and blind. He passed the remainder -of his life in Fitzwilliam, enjoying the esteem -and respect of all who knew him, and died at <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">91</a></span>Fitchburg, -Massachusetts, on the 13th of February, 1807.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_42">JOHN NIXON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Nixon, born on the 4th of March, 1725, at -Farmington, Massachusetts, entered the British -army at the age of twenty, taking part in the expedition -against Cape Breton and in the French and -Indian War. He commanded a company of minute-men -at Lexington, and a regiment at the battle -of Bunker Hill. On the 9th of August, 1776, he -received the appointment of brigadier-general. -He was in active service until 1780, when ill health, -and the effects of a severe wound received at -Bunker Hill, compelled his resignation. He died -on the 24th of March, 1815, at the ripe age of -ninety.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_43">JAMES CLINTON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>James Clinton, born on the 13th of August, 1736, at -the family residence, in what is now Orange County, -New York, received an excellent education under -the supervision of his father, paying much attention -to the exact sciences, and early evincing that taste -for military enterprise which he inherited from his -English ancestors. In 1756, he received the appointment -of ensign in the militia, and remaining<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92">92</a></span> -in the army after the peace of 1763, steadily rose -by promotion to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. -At the close of the French and Indian War, he -married Miss Mary de Witt, a lady of great personal -attractions and a descendant of an old -Holland family. In June, 1775, renouncing his allegiance -to Great Britain, he was appointed colonel of -the Third New York Regiment, and joined Montgomery -in the expedition against Canada. August -9, 1776, he was raised to the rank of brigadier-general, -and served to the close of the war, -faithfully discharging the duties of the several -stations he was called upon to fill. With his -brother, Gov. George Clinton, he conducted the -defence of Fort Clinton in October, 1777, until -overpowered by vastly superior numbers, and then -escaped, though severely wounded, by sliding down -a precipice of a hundred feet to a shallow stream. -Wading for some distance up the stream, he threw -his pursuers off the scent. In 1779, having joined -General Sullivan in an expedition against the Indians, -he materially aided by a clever engineering -feat in the rapid transportation of the troops. -Though stationed during most of the war in command -of the Northern Department at Albany, he -took part during the siege of Yorktown and the -surrender of Cornwallis. After the evacuation of -the city of New York by the British, he took leave -of his commander-in-chief and retired to his home<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93">93</a></span> -in Orange County. Subsequently he held various -civil positions of trust and responsibility, and died -on the 22d of September, 1812, at his residence in -his native State.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_44">CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Christopher Gadsden, born in Charleston, South -Carolina, in 1724, was sent to England at an early -age to receive his education. Returning to America -in 1741, he was placed in a Philadelphia counting-house, -where he acquired methodical and strict -business habits. Upon attaining his majority, he -revisited England. Returning in a man-of-war, -and the purser dying suddenly, the position was -offered to him. He accepted the appointment, -remained in the navy two years, and resigned to -engage in commercial life on his own account in -Philadelphia. Such was his success that he was -soon able to buy back the estate in South Carolina -which his father had lost in 1733 at play with -Admiral Lord Anson. Leaving the North, he took -up his residence in the South as a planter, and -finally became a factor.</p> - -<p>In 1759, when the outrages perpetrated by the -Cherokee Indians called for vigorous measures, -Gadsden joined the expedition under Governor -Lyttleton, organized an artillery company,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">94</a></span> and introduced -the first piece of field ordnance into the -colony. Thoroughly republican in his political -views, and with a mind capable of looking far ahead -for the results of present measures, he was the first -to anticipate the struggle that would surely be the -outcome of Great Britain’s oppressive policy toward -her American colonies. In 1765, when the project -of the general Congress in this country was conceived, -he was one of the first and most active members. -In 1775, he resigned his seat to accept the -appointment of colonel in the First South Carolina -Regiment. On the 16th of September, 1776, Congress -raised him to the rank of brigadier-general. -The brilliant victory at Fort Moultrie secured to his -native State for several years an immunity from the -perils and hardships of war, and he resigned his -commission on the 2d of October, 1777.</p> - -<p>With the cessation of military duties, Gadsden -resumed his legislative cares; and being Lieutenant-Governor -of South Carolina at the time of General -Lincoln’s surrender of Charleston, he was seized -with twenty-eight others and taken in a prison-ship -to St. Augustine, Florida. Here he was kept in the -castle dungeon for ten months; but beguiling the -time by the study of Hebrew, he emerged from -captivity a much more learned man than when he -entered it. The success of Greene in the South -brought him release in 1781. Upon returning to -South Carolina he was at once elected to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">95</a></span> Assembly, -and soon after chosen governor. The latter -honor he declined, declaring the “State needed a -man in the vigor and prime of life.” At the close of -the war he retired to private life; but from time to -time and on more than one occasion he continued -to take part in public affairs. He died in his native -city on the 28th of August, 1805, from the results -of a fall.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_45">LACHLAN McINTOSH.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Lachlan McIntosh, born near Inverness, Scotland, -on the 17th of March, 1727, emigrated -with his family to America in 1736 and settled in -Georgia. His early education was but limited, and -at the age of seventeen, being thrown upon his own -resources by the death of his father, he removed to -Charleston, South Carolina, and entered a counting-house -as clerk. After several years, however, he -adopted the calling of land surveyor, married, and -returned to Georgia, employing his spare time in -the study of civil engineering and military tactics. -Having gained the confidence and esteem of his -fellow-citizens, when hostilities began with Great -Britain he was made colonel-commander of the -Georgia troops, and on the 16th of September, -1776, promoted by Congress to be brigadier-general. -In 1777, he was employed for a considerable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">96</a></span> -time in watching the motions of General -Howe in Philadelphia. In 1778, he headed an expedition -against the Indian tribes along the Ohio, -and succeeded in giving repose to all western Pennsylvania -and Virginia. In 1779, he joined General -Lincoln in the invasion of Georgia, which proving -unsuccessful, the Americans retreated to Charleston, -South Carolina, where they were besieged and -obliged to surrender on the 12th of May, 1780.</p> - -<p>General McIntosh was held a prisoner for a long -period, and when he was released, the war was -practically over. On the 30th of September, 1783, -he became major-general by brevet, and retired to -his home in Georgia. In 1784, he served as -member of Congress, and the next year as a -commissioner to treat with the Southern Indians. -The war, however, depreciated the value of his -real estate, so that his latter years were passed in -comparative poverty and retirement. He died in -Savannah on the 20th of February, 1806, in the -seventy-ninth year of his age.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_46">WILLIAM MAXWELL.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Maxwell, though little is known of his -personal history, is believed to have been born in -Ireland, and brought to New Jersey in his early<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">97</a></span> -life. He entered the colonial service in 1758, -serving through the French and Indian War, and -as colonel of one of the New Jersey regiments, -took part in the disastrous campaign of 1776 in -Canada. On the 23d of October of that year -he was commissioned brigadier-general. He was -with Schuyler on Lake Champlain, and later was -attached to the main army under Washington. In -August, 1779, he joined Sullivan’s expedition against -the Indians, but soon after the action at Springfield, -he sent in his resignation, which was accepted by -Congress on the 25th of July, 1780. Washington -said of him, “I believe him to be an honest man, -a warm friend to his country, and firmly attached -to its interests.” He died on the 12th of November, -1798.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_47">MATTHIAS ALEXIS ROCHE DE FERMOY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Matthias Alexis Roche de Fermoy, born in -the West Indies in 1737, was the thirty-fourth on -the list of Continental brigadier-generals, his commission -bearing date the 5th of November, 1776. -On coming to this country and offering his services -to Congress, Fermoy represented himself to be a -colonel of engineers in the French army. While -serving under Washington in the Trenton and -Princeton campaigns, he was ordered on the 1st <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">98</a></span>of -January, 1777, to hold an advanced post on Mile -Run, beyond Maidenhead, now Lawrenceville. -That same night, however, leaving his command, -he returned to Trenton,—a breach of discipline that -under the circumstances was most reprehensible. -Ordered North to join the army under Gates, by -direction of Congress, and notwithstanding a protest -from Washington, he was placed in command of -Fort Independence, opposite Fort Ticonderoga. -When St. Clair found it necessary to abandon the -latter post, Fermoy, in defiance of the express -orders of the commanding officer, set fire to his -quarters on Mount Independence at two o’clock on -the morning of the 6th of July, 1777, thus revealing -to Burgoyne St. Clair’s retreat, which otherwise -would have been accomplished in safety. In -December, he applied for promotion to the rank of -major-general,—a request which Congress refused. -Displeased at this action, Fermoy requested permission -to resign, which was granted on the 31st of -January, 1778, Congress at the same time appropriating -$800 to pay his debts and enable him to -return to the West Indies.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_48">ENOCH POOR.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Enoch Poor, born in Andover, Massachusetts, on -the 21st of June, 1736, was educated in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">99</a></span> -common schools of his native place. Removing to -Exeter, New Hampshire, he engaged in commercial -pursuits until summoned by his country to take up -arms in her defence. Immediately after the battle -of Lexington, three regiments of militia were raised -and equipped in New Hampshire, and the command -of one intrusted to Poor. Serving first in -New England, then in New York, and afterward -joining in the ill-starred Canadian expedition, he -used all his influence to dissuade General Schuyler -from abandoning Crown Point, and when that -measure was decided upon, joined with several -other officers in sending him a written protest. -Considering this a breach of discipline, Schuyler -appealed to the commander-in-chief, who, while declining -to reverse the general’s decision, wrote him -a private letter, approving Colonel Poor’s judgment, -and regretting the abandonment of Crown -Point, which he considered the key of the lakes. -On the 21st of February, 1777, Poor was commissioned -brigadier-general and attached to the -army under Washington. In 1779, he joined the -expedition against the Six Nations and subsequently -was attached to Lee’s command, remaining -with him until after the defeat at Monmouth, when -Poor was ordered to join the division under -Lafayette. The following year he fell a victim to -fever, dying, after a short illness, at Hackensack, -New Jersey, on the 8th of September, 1780.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">100</a></span> -Washington, in acquainting Congress with the sad -intelligence, said of him, “He was an officer of -distinguished merit, who as a citizen and a soldier -had every claim to the esteem of his country;” and -Lafayette, on revisiting this country many years -after, testified his loving remembrance by paying -a tribute to the memory of Poor when called -upon for a toast.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_49">JOHN GLOVER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Glover, born in Salem, Massachusetts, on -the 5th of November, 1732, joined the army under -Washington in 1775, with a regiment of a thousand -men raised in the district about his native town. -Being composed almost entirely of Marblehead fishermen, -it was known as the “amphibious regiment,” -and was one of the finest in the whole Continental -service. It was at first the Twenty-first, and after -the reorganization of the army the Fourteenth, -Massachusetts Regiment. It was this body of men, -under the command of Glover, that manned the -boats and transported the entire main army in safety -on the retreat from Long Island in 1775, and that -manned the boats and led the advance when the -commander-in-chief crossed the Delaware on that -memorable 25th of December, 1776. When Congress, -on the 21st of February, 1777, conferred<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">101</a></span> -upon Glover the rank of brigadier-general, he -would have declined, fearing he could not discharge -with credit the duties of that position. -Being reassured by Washington, however, he -accepted, and by his subsequent conduct justified -that general’s estimate of his abilities. He was a -member of the André court of inquiry which -assembled on Sept. 29, 1780, at which Nathaniel -Greene presided. He remained in active service -throughout the war, earning the good opinion of all -who knew him, and died at Marblehead on the -30th of January, 1797.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_50">JOHN PATERSON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Paterson, born in New Britain, Connecticut, -in 1744, graduated at Yale College in 1762, -taught school, practised law, and was justice of -the peace in his native town. Removing to Lenox, -Massachusetts, he was elected a member of the -first Provincial Congress of that State, which met at -Salem in October, 1774; and of the second, whose -place of meeting was Cambridge, in February, 1775. -Deeply interested in the welfare of his country, he -busied himself in enrolling and organizing a regiment -of minute-men, composed of eight months’ -volunteers. Eighteen hours after the news of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">102</a></span> -battle of Lexington reached them, this regiment, -armed and mostly in uniform, marched away to -Boston, and upon their arrival were employed in -constructing the first American redoubt on the -lines about the city. In the battle which followed -they manned and gallantly defended this outwork. -After the evacuation of the city, Colonel Paterson -was ordered to Canada, and after some active -service in the North joined Washington just in time -to cross the Delaware and take part in the battles -of Trenton and Princeton. Feb. 21, 1777, he was -made brigadier-general, and being attached to the -Northern Department, was present at the surrender -of Burgoyne, and remained in service to the close -of the war. In 1786, he aided in quelling Shays’ -Rebellion in Massachusetts; he was presiding judge -of Broome County, New York, and spent the last -years of his life quietly on his farm, dying on the -19th of July, 1808, at Lisle, now Whitney’s Point, -New York.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_51">JAMES MITCHELL VARNUM.</h2> -</div> - -<p>James Mitchell Varnum, born in Dracut, Massachusetts, -in 1748, graduated with a high reputation -for scholarship in 1769, at the age of twenty, from -Rhode Island College, now Brown University. He -adopted the law as his profession, was admitted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">103</a></span> to -the Bar, and rapidly acquired an extensive and -lucrative practice. Reading the signs of the times -aright, and feeling that soon there must be an -appeal to arms, he joined the “Kentish Guards,” -and in 1774 was made commander. Soon after -the battle of Lexington, he entered the Continental -service as colonel; and on the 21st of February, -1777, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. -With undoubted military ability, he enjoyed -few opportunities of distinguishing himself, -though assigned several important commands. He -passed the winter of 1777–78 with Washington at -Valley Forge, and in the spring proposed the -raising of a battalion of negroes in Rhode Island; -the State Legislature acceded, and passed an act -giving absolute freedom to every slave who should -enter the service and pass muster.</p> - -<p>On the 5th of March, 1779, Varnum resigned his -commission, there being a greater number of general -officers than was required for the army; but -soon after, he was elected major-general of the militia -of his native State, retaining that position until -his death. He was twice elected to Congress, and -in 1788 removed to Marietta, Ohio, having been -appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court -of the Northwest Territory. He was a member of -the Society of the Cincinnati. Death put an end -to his brief but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">104</a></span> brilliant career on the 10th of -January, 1789.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_52">ANTHONY WAYNE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Anthony Wayne, born Jan. 1, 1745, in the township -of Easttown, Chester County, Pennsylvania, -was of Irish parentage. In boyhood he showed -the military bias of his aspirations by his close study -of mathematics and engineering, that he might fit -himself to enter the army. From his marriage, in -1767, to 1774, his occupation was that of a farmer -and land surveyor; in 1774–75 he was a member of -the Pennsylvania Legislature, and in the latter year, -of the Committee of Public Safety. The oppressive -policy adopted by Great Britain toward the American -colonies aroused all his military spirit; and -resigning his seat in the Legislature, he raised a -company of volunteers, and received from Congress -on the 3d of January, 1776, his commission -as colonel. Increasing his company to a regiment, -he was ordered with it to New York and afterward -to Canada. The 21st of February, 1777, marks -the date of his promotion to brigadier-general, and -in May, having joined the army under Washington, -he distinguished himself by driving the enemy from -New Jersey. His skill as a commander, and his -personal courage, secured him a conspicuous part -in the battles that followed; and being intrusted -with a foraging expedition to relieve the destitute<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">105</a></span> -army in winter-quarters at Valley Forge, he secured -large stores of provisions and many horses for the -cavalry, at the same time defeating the enemy in -numerous skirmishes.</p> - -<p>At the battle of Monmouth, Wayne’s brave conduct -gained for him personal notice in the report -sent by Washington to Congress, while his brilliant -achievement at Stony Point was recognized by a -resolution of thanks in Congress, and in the General -Assembly of Pennsylvania. After rendering -other important services in the North, realizing -what had been said of him early in the war, that -“where Wayne went, there was a fight always,—that -was his business,” he was sent in 1781 to join -the Southern army, and was actively engaged in -the siege of Yorktown until the final surrender. -The efforts of the Americans were now directed to -dislodging the British from their two remaining -strongholds; and so vigorously was the war carried -on in Georgia and South Carolina that by direction -of the home Government Savannah was evacuated -on the 12th of July, 1782, and Charleston in the -latter part of the same year, Wayne marching in -and taking possession on the 14th of December,—his -last military service during the Revolution. In -July, 1783, he returned to his home and civil life. -On the 30th of September, he was appointed major-general -by brevet; in April, 1792, President Washington -nominated him commander-in-chief of an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">106</a></span> -army to subdue the Indians of the Northwest; and -after the delays consequent upon organizing and -disciplining his men, Wayne began active operations -in 1794, resulting in the complete discomfiture -of the savage tribes and their British allies. -This victory brought valuable territory to the United -States, and a long peace with the Indians. After a -visit to his home, he returned to the West to fulfil -his duties as commissioner, and died soon after -from an attack of gout on the 15th of December, -1796, “after a life of honor and usefulness.”</p> - -<p>No general ever gained more sobriquets than -Wayne; that most widely known, “Mad Anthony,” -was given on account of his unexpected success in -perilous expeditions, though Washington called him -“prudent.” The title of “Dandy Wayne” was -also applied to him because of his scrupulous attention -to his dress; and in a letter to Washington -he declares his preference for an elegant uniform -and soldierly appearance, rather than poorly clad -troops with more ammunition. The Indians at -first called him “Black Snake,” perhaps because -that reptile will attack any other species and rarely -gets the worst of an encounter. After he defeated -them in 1794, however, they named him “Wind,” -or “Tornado,” because “he was exactly like a hurricane -that drives<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107">107</a></span> and tears and prostrates everything -before it.”</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_53">JOHN PHILIP DE HAAS.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Philip de Haas, born in Holland about 1735, -belonged to an ancient family of northern France. -In 1750, he removed with his father to the United -States, settling in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. -He served as ensign during the French and Indian -War, taking part in Bouquet’s battle with -the Indians at Bushy Run near Pittsburg, August -5 and 6, 1763. In 1776, he was appointed -colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, and -assisted in the Canada campaign and at Ticonderoga. -After the battle of Long Island, he was -promoted to be brigadier-general on the 21st of -February, 1777, and served in that rank to the -close of the war. The remainder of his life was -spent in Philadelphia, where he died on the 3d -of June, 1795.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_54">JOHN PETER MUHLENBURG.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Peter Muhlenburg, born in Trappe, Pennsylvania, -on the 1st of October, 1746, was the son -of Reverend Henry Melchior Muhlenburg, D.D., -the founder of the Lutheran Church in America. At -the age of sixteen he was sent to Germany to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108">108</a></span> be educated, -but while at Halle enlisted in a regiment of -dragoons, from which he was released through -the intervention of friends. Returning to this -country in 1766, he studied theology with his -father, and was for a time pastor of the Lutheran -churches in New Germantown and Bedminster, -New Jersey. In 1772, he accepted a call to a -church of the same denomination in Woodstock, -Virginia; but finding he could not enforce the -payment of tithes unless he had received Episcopal -ordination, he went to England to secure this, -and returning, continued his labors in the same -State. Watching with keenest interest the train -of events, he educated his congregation as well -as himself for the duties of freemen, which he -believed would soon devolve upon them. In -1775, at the earnest solicitations of Washington, -to whom his ardent patriotism and military spirit -were well known, he resolved to abandon his -pulpit and enter the army. He took leave of -his congregation in an eloquent sermon on the -text, “The Lord of hosts shall arm the right,” -and concluded, after rehearsing the wrongs this -country had suffered from Great Britain, by exclaiming, -“There is a time for all things,—a time -to preach and a time to pray; but there is also -a time to fight, and that time has now come;” -and throwing off his gown, he appeared in complete -uniform. By his orders the drum and fife<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109">109</a></span> -of the recruiting officer at this moment sounded -at the church door, and over three hundred of his -congregation enlisted and marched with their -former pastor at their head to the relief of -Charleston, South Carolina.</p> - -<p>Muhlenburg’s war record includes the battles of -Sullivan’s Island, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, -Stony Point, and Yorktown, his commission -as brigadier-general in the Continental army bearing -date the 21st of February, 1777. At the close -of the Revolution he was elected to the Pennsylvania -council, and in 1785 became vice-president -of the State, with Benjamin Franklin as president. -After the organization of the federal Government -he acted as representative and senator, was appointed -by President Jefferson supervisor of the -revenue for the district of Pennsylvania, and in -1803 collector of the port of Philadelphia. While -holding this office, he died near Schuylkill, Montgomery -County, on the 1st of October, 1807,—the -anniversary of his birthday.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_55">FRANCIS NASH.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Francis Nash, born in Prince George’s County, -Virginia, on the 10th of March, 1720, was clerk -of the Superior Court of Orange County, North<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110">110</a></span> -Carolina, and holding a captain’s commission also -under the crown, helped to defeat the Regulators -at the battle of Alamance in 1771. These insurgents -had banded together for the avowed purpose -of shutting up the courts of justice, destroying all -officers of law and all lawyers, and prostrating the -Government itself. In August, 1775, he received -a commission as colonel from the North Carolina -Convention, and on the 5th of February, 1777, -entered the Continental service as brigadier-general, -joining the army under Washington. At the -battle of Germantown, on the 4th of October of -the same year, while at the head of his brigade, -he was mortally wounded, dying a few days after. -In November of that year, Congress passed a resolution -to erect a monument to his memory at a -cost of $500; but the resolution was never carried -into effect.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_56">GEORGE WEEDON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>George Weedon, born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, -1730, was an innkeeper in his native town, and a -zealous patriot. Entering the army near the beginning -of the Revolution in 1776, he held the -rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was commissioned -brigadier-general by the Continental Congress on -the 21st of February, 1777. He took part<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111">111</a></span> -in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, -in the former co-operating with General Greene -in checking the British pursuit, and rallying the -retreating American troops. He retired from the -army on the 18th of August, 1778, owing to a -disagreement with General Woodford on the -question of supremacy in rank. In 1780, however, -he resumed command of his brigade, and -in 1781, during the siege of Yorktown, had charge -of the Virginia Militia stationed at Gloucester. -He died in Fredericksburg about the year 1790.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_57">JOHN CADWALADER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Cadwalader, born in Philadelphia, Jan. 10, -1743, began early in life to take an active part in -public affairs. He was a member of the Philadelphia -Committee of Safety, and captain of a military -organization, half admiringly and half derisively -dubbed by the citizens the “Silk Stocking Company,” -nearly every member of which subsequently -held a commission in the patriot army. -On the formation of the city battalions, he was -placed in command of one of them. When -Washington, after his retreat through the Jerseys, -established himself on the Pennsylvania side of the -Delaware River, opposite Trenton, Cadwalader, at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112">112</a></span> -the head of fifteen hundred militia-men, marched -to his assistance. January, 1777, Washington urged -upon Congress the appointment of Cadwalader to -the Continental army, describing him as “a man -of ability, a good disciplinarian, firm in his principles, -and of intrepid bravery.” On the 21st of -February, 1777, he was offered the commission of -brigadier-general, but declined, preferring to remain -in the Provincial service. During this year -he took part in the battles of Brandywine and -Germantown, and at the request of Washington assisted -in organizing the Maryland Militia.</p> - -<p>After the discovery and frustration of the “Conway -cabal” and the consequent disgrace of its -author, Cadwalader became cognizant of some -offensive remarks made by Conway concerning -Washington, and called the disparager of the commander-in-chief -to account. Conway refusing to -retract, Cadwalader challenged him, and in the -duel which followed, though escaping injury himself, -shot Conway in the mouth. Again in September, -1778, Congress offered him the appointment -of brigadier-general; and again he declined, stating -his belief that the war was almost at an end. -When the war was at last ended, he removed to -Maryland, was elected to the State Legislature, -and died in Shrewsbury, Pennsylvania, on the -11th of February,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113">113</a></span> 1786, in the forty-fourth year -of his age.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_58">WILLIAM WOODFORD.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Woodford, born in Caroline County, -Virginia, in 1735, served with credit in the French -and Indian War, and was appointed colonel of the -second regiment raised by his native State in 1775. -Evincing considerable military ability, and gaining -a decided victory at the battle of Great Bridge, -where he was in command, upon the recommendation -of Washington he was made brigadier-general -in the Continental army, Feb. 21, 1777. At the -battle of Brandywine, he was severely wounded -in the hand. Having been ordered to the South -in 1779, he was taken prisoner by the British at -Charleston, May 21, 1780; and being sent to New -York that summer, he died there on the 13th of -November of the same year.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_59">GEORGE CLINTON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>George Clinton, born on the 26th of July, 1739, in -Little Britain, Ulster County, New York, was of English -extraction, his father having emigrated to this -country in 1729. In early life he evinced his love -of enterprise and adventure by leaving home to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114">114</a></span> -sail in a privateer. Upon his return he joined the -English troops in the French and Indian War; -but when peace was restored, he left the army and -entered upon the study of the law. Gaining reputation -in his profession, he was chosen in 1768 a -representative to the Colonial Assembly and afterward, -in 1775, to the Continental Congress. He -voted for the Declaration of Independence; but -the invasion of New York by the enemy, and the -trouble and excitement engendered by the Loyalists, -caused him to be summoned home before that -famous document was ready for the signatures. -Having been appointed brigadier-general of the -New York Militia in July, 1776, he served in that -capacity until the 25th of March, 1777, when he was -transferred to the Continental army with the same -rank; and the unfinished defences along the Hudson -were committed to his care. On the 6th of -October these fortresses were stormed, and at last, -on account of their unfinished condition and the -smallness of the garrison, had to be abandoned, -General Clinton and many of the Americans escaping -under cover of the night.</p> - -<p>General Clinton was elected first Governor of -New York State in 1777. With great executive and -much military ability, he continued to fill his doubly -responsible position; and the public records of that -period bear witness to the extent and value of his -services. In 1786, a large body of malcontents,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115">115</a></span> having -been discomfited in Massachusetts, took refuge -in New York. Governor Clinton marched promptly -to their encampment with two regiments, and in less -than twelve hours the rebel army was dispersed -and the leaders brought to justice. In 1788, he -presided at the convention at Poughkeepsie when -the federal Constitution was ratified. After five -years of private life, he was again elected to the -Legislature, and in 1801 was again chosen governor, -holding that office until 1804, when he was -elected to the vice-presidency of the United States. -He filled this office until his death, which occurred -in Washington on the 20th of April, 1812.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_60">EDWARD HAND.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Edward Hand, born in Clyduff, King’s County, -Ireland, Dec. 31, 1744, came to this country in -1774 with the Eighteenth Royal Irish Regulars as -surgeon’s mate. Upon reaching America, he resigned -his position, settled in Pennsylvania, and -began the practice of medicine. The following -year, however, found him taking part in the great -strife, as lieutenant-colonel in Thompson’s Regiment. -March 1, 1776, he was promoted to be a -colonel, and took part with his regiment in the -battles of Long Island and Trenton. April 1,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116">116</a></span> -1777, he was advanced to the rank of brigadier-general; -in October, 1778, he succeeded General -Stark at Albany, and in 1780 commanded one -brigade of the light infantry. At the end of the -year he was appointed adjutant-general, and held -that post until the close of the war, gaining the -approbation of Washington. In 1784–85, he was a -member of Congress, and in 1790 a signer of the -Pennsylvania Constitution. In 1798, anticipating -a war with France, Washington recommended the -appointment of Hand as adjutant-general. He -died at Rockford in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, -on the 3d of September, 1802. During -the Revolution he was distinguished for his fine -horsemanship and his daring spirit; but he won -the affection of his troops by his amiability and -gentleness.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_61">CHARLES SCOTT.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Charles Scott, born in Cumberland County, Virginia, -in 1733, was in the colonial service as a -non-commissioned officer at the time of Braddock’s -defeat in 1755. At the beginning of our struggle -for independence, he raised and commanded the -first company south of the James River. In April, -1777, Congress promoted him from colonel to -brigadier-general. At the retreat of Lee from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117">117</a></span> -Monmouth, Scott was the last to leave the field. -Having been previously employed in the recruiting -service in Virginia, that State was anxious he should -be intrusted with the duty of her defence; Washington, -however, ordered him to South Carolina, -and he became a prisoner at the capture of -Charleston, and was not exchanged until near -the close of the war. In 1785, he removed to -Woodford County, Kentucky, filling the gubernatorial -chair of that State from 1808 to 1812, and -dying there on the 22d of October, 1813.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_62">EBENEZER LARNED.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Ebenezer Larned or Learned, born at Oxford, -Massachusetts, on the 18th of April, 1728, served -in the French and Indian War as the captain of -a company of rangers. At the beginning of the -Revolution, he marched to Cambridge at the head -of a regiment of eight months’ militia. Arriving -after the battle of Lexington, he took part in the -conflict at Bunker Hill, and during the siege of -Boston unbarred the gates with his own hands, -when the British evacuated that city, March 17, -1776. Being wounded shortly after, he was compelled -to retire from active service for nearly a -year. The 2d of April, 1777, Congress appointed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118">118</a></span> -him a brigadier-general; but his health gradually -failing, he sought permission to leave the army, and -retired on the 24th of March, 1778. The following -year he acted as chairman of the Constitutional -Convention, and died in his native town on the 1st -of April, 1801.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_63">CHEVALIER PRUD’HOMME DE BORRE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Chevalier Prud’homme de Borre, a French general -of thirty-five years’ service in Europe, was appointed -brigadier-general in the Continental army -on the 11th of April, 1777. His commission was -dated Dec. 1, 1776, in accordance with a compact -made with him in France by the American commissioner. -In July, De Borre captured a Tory -under circumstances which warranted, in his judgment, -the prisoner’s immediate trial and execution,—a summary -proceeding, for which he was -severely and justly reprehended by Washington. -In August, he commanded a brigade in Sullivan’s -attack on Staten Island, and in September took -part in the battle of Brandywine. In this engagement -De Borre claimed the post of honor, on the -right wing of the army; Sullivan would not yield -this to him, and when De Borre pertinaciously insisted -on taking it, the former made a long and -circuitous march for the purpose of outreaching<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119">119</a></span> -him. This manœuvre did not succeed; and as a -consequence, Sullivan’s brigade was not formed for -action when the battle began. De Borre’s brigade -was the first to give way before the British, and -much of the ill fortune of that day was owing to -this occurrence. His insubordination being made -the subject of a Congressional inquiry, he took -offence and resigned his commission on the 14th of -September, 1777, and soon returned to France.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_64">JEDEDIAH HUNTINGTON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Jedediah Huntington, born in Norwich, Connecticut, -on the 4th of August, 1743, was educated at -Harvard, and graduating there when he was twenty, -delivered the first English oration ever pronounced -in that university. He engaged in commercial -pursuits with his father, and at the beginning of -the Revolution was an active member of the Sons -of Liberty, and first captain, then colonel, in one -of the local regiments. Joining the Continental -army at Cambridge in April, 1775, he aided in -repulsing the British at Danbury the following year, -and on the 12th of May, 1777, was commissioned -brigadier-general. In September, he was ordered -to Philadelphia, and in May, 1778, to the Hudson. -He served in the court-martial that tried<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120">120</a></span> -Lee, and also in the one that examined André. -At the close of the war, by a resolution in Congress -he was brevetted major-general. He was State -treasurer, and delegate to the convention that -adopted the Constitution of the United States. He -was appointed by Washington collector of customs -at New London, to which place he removed in -1789, and held the office twenty-six years. A -zealous supporter of charitable institutions, he was -a member of the first Board of Foreign Missions. -On the 10th of May, 1784, at a meeting of officers, -he was appointed one of a committee of four to -draft a plan of organization, which resulted in their -reporting on the 13th of that month the Constitution -of the Society of the Cincinnati. His first -wife, Faith Trumbull, daughter of the war governor -of Connecticut, died while Huntington was on his -way to join the army in 1775, and his second wife -was the sister of Bishop Moore of Virginia. General -Huntington died in New London, Connecticut, -on the 25th of September, 1818.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_65">JOSEPH REED.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Joseph Reed was born at Trenton, New Jersey, -on the 27th of August, 1742. After a thorough -and comprehensive education in the colonies, he<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121">121</a></span> -adopted the law as his profession; and his advantages -were greatly increased by special training at -the Temple in London. Returning to America, he -settled in Philadelphia and began to practise, but -was keenly alive to all passing events, and gave the -British ministry timely warning of what he thought -the end would be, should the growing dissatisfaction -with the coercive measures adopted by Great -Britain toward her American colonies lead to an -open revolt and an armed resistance. His acquaintance -with Washington began when the latter -came to Philadelphia from Virginia as a delegate -to the first Continental Congress. This friendship -resulted in Reed’s accepting in 1775 the office of -military secretary to the commander-in-chief. -When a friend remonstrated with him on the step -he had taken, he <span class="locked">replied,—</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“I have no inclination to be hanged for half-treason. -When a subject draws his sword against his prince, -he must cut his way through, if he means afterwards to -sit down in safety. I have taken too active a part in -what may be called the civil part of opposition, to renounce -without disgrace the public cause when it -seems to lead to danger, and have a most sovereign -contempt for the man who can plan measures he has -not spirit to execute.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">So well did he fill this position that in 1776, on -the recommendation of Washington, Congress appointed -him adjutant-general in the Continental<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122">122</a></span> -service, and well did he justify the chief’s favorable -opinion of him, by the vigilance, thoroughness, and -ability with which he discharged the arduous duties -of this most responsible office. As adjutant-general -he met the messenger of Lord Howe, when the -latter sent a letter to “George Washington, Esq.,” -and refused to transmit it to the commander-in-chief, -because it was not properly addressed. -Reed’s first taste of actual war was during the -series of engagements on Long Island in August, -1776; but when Washington began his retreat -through the Jerseys, he sent Reed to solicit reinforcements -from the State Legislature. Having -spent his boyhood in Trenton, and his college days -in Princeton, his accurate knowledge of the topography -of the country contributed in no small degree -to the glorious victories which on the 26th of -December, 1776, and 3d of January, 1777, changed -the gloom and despondency of the Americans into -the assurance and exultation of success.</p> - -<p>As an acknowledgment of his distinguished services -during the late campaign, Congress, again at -the instance of Washington, promoted Reed, his -commission as brigadier-general bearing date May -12, 1777. His legal ability also received its share -of recognition, the Executive Council of Pennsylvania -appointing him to fill the office of chief-justice -of that State. He declined both appointments, -however, preferring to serve as a volunteer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123">123</a></span> whenever -occasion demanded his military services. -Congress accepted his resignation on the 7th of -June, 1777. At the first news of the invasion of -Pennsylvania by the British, he joined the army -again and took part in the battles of Brandywine and -Germantown, and in the skirmish at Whitemarsh. -Though refusing the office of chief-justice, he had -accepted a seat in Congress; and his time was divided -between active service in the camp at Valley -Forge, and in making appeals on the floor of Congress -for reinforcements and supplies for the destitute -army. Impoverished by the war, and with -his great heart wrung by the sufferings he had witnessed -among our soldiers while in winter-quarters, -he was suddenly exposed to a great temptation. -Ten thousand pounds sterling, and any colonial -office in the king’s gift, were tendered him, if he -would withdraw from the American cause, and use -his influence in reconciling the two countries. -Reed hesitated not one moment, but proudly answered, -“I am not worth purchasing, but such as -I am, the King of Great Britain is not rich enough -to buy me.” His military career closed with the -battle of Monmouth on the 28th of June, 1778, -and in November he was unanimously elected -president of the State of Pennsylvania. To this -new dignity he brought all the incorruptible integrity, -fertility of resource, and indomitable courage -that had characterized him as a soldier. Twice<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124">124</a></span> -re-elected, his tenure of office expired in October, -1781. A few months before his death, he was -again called to serve the public, being elected to a -seat in the Continental Congress; but his health -had already begun to fail, and at the early age of -forty-three he died on the 5th of March, 1785.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_66">COUNT KAZEMIERZ (OR CASIMIR) PULASKI.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Count Kazemierz (or Casimir) Pulaski, born in -Podolia on the 4th of March, 1748, received a -thorough military education by serving for a time -in the guard of Duke Charles of Courland, and -enlisting when twenty-one under his father’s banner -for the rescue of Poland from her oppressors. -Bereft of father and brother by the war, he yet succeeded -for a time in baffling all attempts to bring -his country into subjection; but at last in 1772 his -enemies triumphed and the partition of Poland -was the result. Pulaski’s estates were confiscated; -he was outlawed; and a price was set upon his -head. Escaping to Turkey, but failing to gain any -assistance there, he went to Paris in 1775. Sympathizing -with the oppressed of whatever nation, -he sought an interview with Benjamin Franklin, -tendered his services, and came to this country <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125">125</a></span>in -May, 1777, entering our army as a volunteer. His -conduct at the battle of Brandywine secured him -promotion to the rank of brigadier-general, on the -15th of September, 1777, with a command of the -cavalry. During the ensuing winter, however, finding -the officers under him dissatisfied at receiving -orders from a foreigner who could with difficulty -speak their language, and whose ideas of discipline -and tactics differed widely from theirs, he resigned -his command, and returned to special duty at -Valley Forge. At his suggestion, approved by -Washington, Congress authorized the raising of an -independent corps of Lancers and light infantry, in -which even deserters from the British, and prisoners-of-war, -could enlist. This corps became -famous afterward as “Pulaski’s Legion,” and rendered -great service at the attack on Savannah. In -this assault, Pulaski commanded all the cavalry, -both French and American. The conflict was obstinate -and bloody. Pulaski was severely wounded -and left on the field of battle when his men retreated; -some of them, however, returned, and -under fire of the enemy, bore him to camp. With -others of the wounded, he was taken on board the -American brig “Wasp,” which was lying in the harbor; -but notwithstanding the skill of the French surgeon, -he died a few days after, as she was leaving -the river, and his body was consigned to the sea on -the 11th of October, 1779. The “Wasp” carrying<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126">126</a></span> -the sad intelligence to Charleston, appropriate -funeral services were held in that city. The cornerstone -of a monument raised to his memory in -Savannah was laid by Lafayette, when in 1824 he -visited this country as “the nation’s guest,” and -made a triumphant progress through each of the -twenty-four States.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_67">JOHN STARK.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Stark, born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, -on the 28th of August, 1728, was of Scotch -descent, his ancestors having been among the -followers of John Knox. His early life was spent -in agricultural pursuits, hunting, and trapping,—vocations -which, though hazardous and laborious, -imparted a wonderful degree of physical power -and mental resource. At the age of twenty-five, -he was taken prisoner by the St. Francis tribe of -Indians while on a hunting expedition, and detained -many months; but such was their admiration for -his courage and daring that they formally invested -him with the dignity of chief, and permitted him to -share in the honors and successes of the tribe. -Being finally ransomed by the Commissioners of -Massachusetts, the General Court of that State -having a “fund for the release of captives,”<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127">127</a></span> he -returned home, and as New Hampshire never -refunded this money, $103, Stark paid it back -himself, earning the money by his own labor. -Through the French and Indian War he sustained -a distinguished part, and at the head of the -“New Hampshire Rangers” often bore the brunt -of the battle, when the British regulars were baffled -and defeated by the Indian modes of warfare. -During the twelve years of peace which followed, -Stark devoted himself to his old pursuits, and to -the training of his four sons; but within ten -minutes after hearing the news of the battle of -Lexington, he had buckled on his sword and -started for the scene of action, calling upon all -who loved their country to follow him. Twelve -hundred men answered his summons, and from -these he organized two regiments, ready for action -under the Provincial authority. During the remainder -of this year and all the next, Stark did all -that a patriot could do to uphold the cause of -liberty and independence. The enthusiasm of his -men for their leader was such that when their -term of enlistment expired, the regiment to a man -re-enlisted; but Congress, for some inexplicable -reason, passed over his claims to promotion, and -advanced younger and far less experienced officers -above him. Finding his protests of no avail, he -resigned his commission and retired to his farm, -sent his four sturdy sons into the ranks, and justified<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128">128</a></span> -his conduct in withdrawing from active service by -saying, “An officer who cannot maintain his own -rank, and assert his own rights, cannot be trusted -to vindicate those of his country.”</p> - -<p>The summer of 1777 threatened evil for the New -England States. Burgoyne was invading our territory -from the north, while Lord Howe was making -unmistakable preparations to join him by way of -the Hudson. At this time of peril, the General -Assembly of New Hampshire appealed to John -Stark to take command of the militia and check -the triumphant progress of Burgoyne. His consent -was hailed with joy; willing troops flocked to his -standard; and his homely appeal on the 16th of -August, 1777, “We must conquer to-day, boys, or -Molly Stark’s a widow!” incited his men to such -deeds of valor that the battle of Bennington resulted -in the complete rout of the enemy and the -capture of seven hundred prisoners, four pieces of -brass cannon, and many hundred stands of arms, -broadswords, drums, etc. This brilliant achievement -forced Congress to acknowledge their former -injustice and Stark’s true worth; on the 4th of -October, 1777, he was reinstated in the regular -army, with the rank of brigadier-general. He -remained in active service until the close of the -war, when he once more retired to his farm.</p> - -<p>Loved and revered by all who knew him, the -veteran of two protracted wars, Stark lived to see<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129">129</a></span> -that of 1812, though too old then to take the field -in person. When the news reached him of the -capitulation of General Hull, and the loss of the -cannon which he had won at Bennington, the hero -of many battles was fired with all his old enthusiasm -and longed once more to lead our troops to victory. -He lived to the age of ninety-four, dying at Manchester, -New Hampshire, on the 8th of May, 1822. -His grave on the banks of the Merrimac is marked -by a granite shaft bearing the simple inscription:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center sans bold">MAJOR-GENERAL STARK.</p></blockquote> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_68">JAMES WILKINSON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>James Wilkinson, born near the village of Benedict -on the Patuxent, Maryland, in 1757, began the -study of medicine with an uncle, who, having been -a surgeon under Wolfe, told his pupil many -anecdotes of the war in Canada. The military -bias of his mind was further strengthened by what -he saw during his frequent visits to the barracks, -while attending the medical school in Philadelphia. -Although having returned home to practise his -profession, upon hearing the news concerning the -battle of Bunker Hill, he hastened to join the -army under Washington at Cambridge. Here he<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130">130</a></span> -made the acquaintance of Benedict Arnold and -Aaron Burr, and being given a captain’s commission, -joined the former’s expedition into Canada. In -July, 1776, he was appointed major and attached -to the staff of Gates, who sent him in December -with despatches to the commander-in-chief; this -gave him the opportunity of taking part in the battles -of Trenton and Princeton.</p> - -<p>In 1777, Wilkinson was advanced to the rank of -colonel and afterward adjutant-general, in which -capacity he fought in the battles of Bemis Heights, -on the 19th of September, 1777, and of Saratoga, -on the 7th of October. Prior to the latter engagement, -under cover of the darkness, Col. John Hardin, -of Kentucky, penetrated the British lines, and -gained an actual view of their strength and position. -Regaining the American camp and meeting Wilkinson, -he confided to him his discoveries, with the -entreaty that he would immediately inform General -Gates. Wilkinson did so, suppressing Hardin’s -name and making <em>himself</em> appear the hero of this -midnight exploit. When Burgoyne surrendered, -therefore, Wilkinson was sent to bear the news to -Congress with a recommendation to make him -brigadier-general. Stopping in Reading for some -time, he consumed eighteen days in making the -journey, and thus the news was a week old when he -reached Philadelphia. A proposal in Congress to -present him with a sword was defeated by Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131">131</a></span> -Witherspoon dryly remarking, “I think ye’d better -gie the lad a pair of spurs!” Nevertheless, a few -days later, those members who accounted themselves -personal friends and admirers of General Gates, -carried the motion to make Wilkinson a brigadier-general, -by brevet, on the 6th of November, 1777, -and soon after he was appointed secretary of the -Board of War, of which Gates was president. His -delay in Reading, however, was eventually of great -service to the country, for, having visited Lord -Stirling’s headquarters at that place, he dined with -the officers. After Lord Stirling left the table, -Wilkinson, in a moment of post-prandial confidence, -revealed to Major McWilliams, an aid to Lord -Stirling, the scheme at that time being set on foot -by Mifflin and Conway, to have Gates supersede -Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. -McWilliams felt it his duty to report what he had -heard to Lord Stirling, who in his turn felt constrained -to communicate the plot to Washington. -When this infamous conspiracy became known, -forty-nine officers of his own rank petitioned -Congress to revoke Wilkinson’s appointment as -brigadier. Hearing this, Wilkinson wrote to Congress -on the 3d of March, 1778, that he was</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“informed the mark of distinction conferred on him -has occasioned a dissatisfaction in the army,” that -“to obviate any embarrassment which may result from -this disposition, by the consequent resignation of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132">132</a></span> -officers of merit, he begs leave to relinquish his brevet -of brigadier, wishing to hold no commission unless he -can wear it to the honor and advantage of his country;” -and that “this conduct, however repugnant to -fashionable ambition, he finds consistent with those -principles on which he early drew his sword in the -present contest.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>His resignation was accepted on the 6th of March, -1778; he was allowed to retain his rank of colonel, -but was not again actively employed until near the -close of the war, when for a time he filled the -position of clothier-general to the army. Settling -in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1783, he found the -Mississippi River closed to American commerce, -and Western produce rotting on the ground for -want of transportation. Seeing he could speedily -make a fortune, could he but obtain from the -Spanish Government the exclusive right to trade -with New Orleans, he paved the way by presenting -to the commandant at Natchez a pair of Kentucky -thoroughbred horses. Presently he loaded a boat -with local produce and sent it down the river. It -was seized, but of course released when he appeared -as the owner. He now entered into formal negotiations. -Taking advantage of the dissatisfaction -in the West with the federal Government, because -of its inability at that time to protect them from -the Indians, and to open the Mississippi for purposes -of transportation, Wilkinson covenanted, in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133">133</a></span> -return for a pension of $2,000 per annum, and -the exclusive right of trade with New Orleans, to -induce the Western States to separate from the -Eastern, and place themselves under the protection -of the Spanish Government. This plot had -almost succeeded when it was discovered and defeated. -Not finding trading as remunerative as he -had hoped, he applied in 1791 for reinstatement in -the army, and this request was granted by appointing -him lieutenant-colonel, because, as was urged in -Congress, being of a restless and intriguing disposition, -“he was dangerous as long as he was -unemployed.” His conduct justified this estimate, -for he rendered such good service against the -Indians that in 1792 he received the appointment -of brigadier-general; and upon the death of Wayne, -in 1796, he was given the supreme command on -the Western frontier.</p> - -<p>In 1805, Wilkinson was appointed Governor of -Louisiana, when he discovered and disclosed the -conspiracy of Aaron Burr to establish a separate -confederacy beyond the Alleghanies. Burr and -Andrew Jackson declaring Wilkinson to be implicated, -he was tried by court-martial in 1811, but acquitted -because of insufficient proof, though his correspondence -with the Spanish Government, since -made public, establishes his guilt. He was advanced -to the rank of major-general in 1813, and -employed in the North; but his operations were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134">134</a></span> -unsuccessful, owing to a disagreement with Wade -Hampton. A court of inquiry in 1815 exonerated -him, however; but upon the reorganizing of the -army, he was not retained in the service, and retired -to Mexico, where he had acquired large estates. -He died in the vicinity of the capital on the 28th -of December, 1825.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_69">CHEVALIER DE LA NEUVILLE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Chevalier de la Neuville, born about 1740, -came to this country with his younger brother in -the autumn of 1777, and tendered his services to -Congress. Having served with distinction in the -French army for twenty years, enjoying the favorable -opinion of Lafayette, and bringing with him -the highest testimonials, he was appointed on the -14th of May, 1778, inspector of the army under -Gates, with the promise of rank according to his -merit at the end of three months. He was a good -officer and strict disciplinarian, but was not popular -with the army. Failing to obtain the promotion -he expected, he applied for permission to -retire at the end of six months’ service. His -request was granted on the 4th of December, -1778, Congress instructing the president that a -certificate be given to M<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135">135</a></span>onsieur de la Neuville -in the following <span class="locked">words:—</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Mr. de la Neuville having served with fidelity -and reputation in the army of the United States, in -testimony of his merit a brevet commission of brigadier -has been granted to him by Congress, and on -his request he is permitted to leave the service of -these States and return to France.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The brevet commission was to bear date the 14th -of October, 1778. Having formed a strong attachment -for General Gates, they corresponded after -De la Neuville’s return to France. In one of his -letters the chevalier writes that he wishes to return -to America, “not as a general, but as a philosopher,” -and to purchase a residence near that -of his best friend, General Gates. He did not -return, however, and his subsequent history is -lost amid the troubles of the French Revolution.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_70">JETHRO SUMNER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Jethro Sumner, born in Virginia about 1730, -was of English parentage. Removing to North -Carolina while still a youth, he took an active -part in the measures which preceded the Revolution, -and believed the struggle to be unavoidable. -Having held the office of paymaster to the Provincial -troops, and also the command at Fort -Cumberland, he was appointed in 1776, by the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136">136</a></span> -Provincial Congress, colonel in the Third North -Carolina Regiment, and served under Washington -at the North. On the 9th of January, 1779, he -was commissioned brigadier-general, and ordered -to join Gates at the South. He took part in the -battle of Camden, and served under Greene at -the battle of Eutaw Springs on the 8th of September, -1781, where he led a bayonet-charge. He -served to the close of the war, rendering much -assistance in keeping the Tories in North Carolina -in check during the last years of the struggle, -and died in Warren County, North Carolina, -about 1790.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_71">JAMES HOGAN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>James Hogan of Halifax, North Carolina, was -chosen to represent his district in the Provincial -Congress that assembled on the 4th of April, -1776. Upon the organization of the North Carolina -forces, he was appointed paymaster of the -Third Regiment. On the 17th of the same month, -he was transferred to the Edenton and Halifax -Militia, with the rank of major. His military -services were confined to his own State, though -commissioned brigadier-general in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137">137</a></span> the Continental -army on the 9th of January, 1779.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_72">ISAAC HUGER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Isaac Huger, born at Limerick Plantation at the -head-waters of Cooper River, South Carolina, on -the 19th of March, 1742, was the grandson of -Huguenot exiles who had fled to America after -the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Inheriting -an ardent love of civil and religious liberty, reared -in a home of wealth and refinement, thoroughly -educated in Europe and trained to military service -through participation in an expedition against -the Cherokee Indians, he was selected on the 17th -of June, 1775, by the Provincial Congress, as lieutenant-colonel -of the First South Carolina Regiment. -Being stationed at Fort Johnson, he had no opportunity -to share in the defeat of the British in -Charleston Harbor, as Colonel Moultrie’s victory -at Sullivan’s Island prevented premeditated attack -on the city. During the two years of peace for -the South that followed, Huger was promoted to -a colonelcy, and then ordered to Georgia. His -soldiers, however, were so enfeebled by sickness, -privation, and toil that when called into action at -Savannah, they could only show what they might -have accomplished under more favorable circumstances. -On the 9th of January, 1779, Congress -made him a brigadier-general; and until the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138">138</a></span> capture -of Charleston by the British in May, 1780, -he was in constant service either in South Carolina -or Georgia. Too weak to offer any open -resistance, the patriots of the South were compelled -for a time to remain in hiding, but with -the appearance of Greene as commander, active -operations were resumed.</p> - -<p>Huger’s thorough knowledge of the different -localities and his frank fearlessness gained him the -confidence of his superior officer, and it was to his -direction that Greene confided the army on several -occasions, while preparing for the series of engagements -that culminated in the evacuation of -Charleston and Savannah. Huger commanded the -Virginia troops at the battle of Guilford Court-House, -where he was severely wounded; and at -Hobkirk’s Hill he had the honor of commanding -the right wing of the army. He served to the -close of the war; and when Moultrie was chosen -president, he was made vice-president, of the -Society of the Cincinnati of South Carolina. Entering -the war a rich man, he left it a poor one; -he gave his wealth as freely as he had risked his -life, and held them both well spent in helping to -secure the blessings of liberty and independence -to his beloved country. He died on the 17th -of October, 1797, and was buried <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139">139</a></span>on the banks of -the Ashley River, South Carolina.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_73">MORDECAI GIST.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Mordecai Gist, born in Baltimore, Maryland, in -1743, was descended from some of the earliest -English settlers in that State. Though trained -for a commercial life, he hastened at the beginning -of the Revolution to offer his services to his country, -and in January, 1775, was elected to the -command of a company of volunteers raised in -his native city, called the “Baltimore Independent -Company,”—the first company raised in -Maryland for liberty. In 1776, he rose to the -rank of major, distinguishing himself whenever -an occasion offered. In 1777, he was made -colonel, and on the 9th of January, 1779, Congress -recognized his worth by conferring on him -the rank of brigadier-general.</p> - -<p>It is with the battle of Camden, South Carolina, -that Gist’s name is indissolubly linked. The British -having secured the best position, Gates divided his -forces into three parts, assigning the right wing -to Gist. By a blunder in an order issued by Gates -himself, the centre and the left wing were thrown -into confusion and routed. Gist and De Kalb -stood firm, and by their determined resistance -made the victory a dear one for the British. -When the brave German fell, Gist rallied about<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140">140</a></span> -a hundred men and led them off in good order. -In 1782, joining the light troops of the South, he -commanded at Combahee—the last engagement -in the war—and gained a victory. At the close -of the war he retired to his plantation near Charleston, -where he died in 1792. He was married -three times, and had two sons, one of whom he -named “Independent” and the other “States.”</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_74">WILLIAM IRVINE.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Irvine, born near Enniskillen, Ireland, -on the 3d of November, 1741, was educated at -Trinity College, Dublin. Though preferring a military -career, he adopted the medical profession to -gratify the wishes of his parents. During the latter -part of the Seven Years War between England -and France, he served as surgeon on board a -British man-of-war, and shortly before the restoration -of peace, he resigned his commission, and -coming to America in 1764, settled at Carlisle, -Pennsylvania, where he soon acquired a great -reputation and a large practice. Warm-hearted -and impulsive, at the opening of the Revolution he -adopted the cause of the colonists as his own, and -after serving in the Pennsylvania Convention, he<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141">141</a></span> -was commissioned in 1776 to raise a regiment in -that State. At the head of these troops, he took -part in the Canadian expedition of that year, and -being taken prisoner, was detained for many -months. He was captured a second time at the -battle of Chestnut Hill, New Jersey, in December, -1777. On the 12th of May, 1779, Congress conferred -on him the rank of brigadier-general. From -1782 until the close of the war, he commanded at -Fort Pitt,—an important post defending the Western -frontier, then threatened by British and Indians. -In 1785, he was appointed an agent to examine -the public lands, and to him was intrusted the -administration of an act for distributing the donation -lands that had been promised to the troops -of the Commonwealth. Appreciating the advantage -to Pennsylvania of having an outlet on Lake -Erie, he suggested the purchase of that tract of -land known as “the triangle.” From 1785 to -1795, he filled various civil and military offices of -responsibility. Being sent to treat with those connected -with the Whiskey Insurgents, and failing to -quiet them by arguments, he was given command -of the Pennsylvania Militia to carry out the vigorous -measures afterward adopted to reduce them to -order. In 1795, he settled in Philadelphia, held the -position of intendant of military stores, and was -president of the Pennsylvania Society of <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142">142</a></span>the Cincinnati -until his death on the 9th of July, 1804.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_75">DANIEL MORGAN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Daniel Morgan, born in New Jersey about 1736, -was of Welsh parentage. His family having an -interest in some Virginia lands, he went to that -colony at seventeen years of age. When Braddock -began his march against Fort Duquesne, Morgan -joined the army as a teamster, and did good service -at the rout of the English army at Monongahela, -by bringing away the wounded. Upon -returning from this disastrous campaign, he was -appointed ensign in the colonial service, and soon -after was sent with important despatches to a -distant fort. Surprised by the Indians, his two -companions were instantly killed, while he received -a rifle-ball in the back of his neck, which shattered -his jaw and passed through his left cheek, inflicting -the only severe wound he received during his entire -military career. Believing himself about to -die, but determined that his scalp should not fall -into the hands of his assailants, he clasped his -arms around his horse’s neck and spurred him -forward. An Indian followed in hot pursuit; but -finding Morgan’s steed too swift for him, he threw -his tomahawk, hoping to strike his victim. Morgan -however escaped and reached the fort, but was -lifted fainting from the saddle and was not restored<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143">143</a></span> -to health for six months. In 1762, he obtained a -grant of land near Winchester, Virginia, where -he devoted himself to farming and stock-raising. -Summoned again to military duty, he served during -the Pontiac War, but from 1765 to 1775 led the -life of a farmer, and acquired during this period -much property.</p> - -<p>The first call to arms in the Revolutionary struggle -found Morgan ready to respond; recruits flocked -to his standard; and at the head of a corps of riflemen -destined to render brilliant service, he marched -away to Washington’s camp at Cambridge. Montgomery -was already in Canada, and when Arnold -was sent to co-operate with him, Morgan eagerly -sought for service in an enterprise so hazardous -and yet so congenial. At the storming of Quebec, -Morgan and his men carried the first barrier, and -could they have been reinforced, would no doubt -have captured the city. Being opposed by overwhelming -numbers, and their rifles being rendered -almost useless by the fast-falling snow, after an -obstinate resistance they were forced to surrender -themselves prisoners-of-war. Morgan was offered -the rank of colonel in the British army, but rejected -the offer with scorn. Upon being exchanged, -Congress gave him the same rank in the Continental -army, and placed a rifle brigade of five -hundred men under his command.</p> - -<p>For three years Morgan and his men rendered<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144">144</a></span> -such valuable service that even English writers have -borne testimony to their efficiency. In 1780, a -severe attack of rheumatism compelled him to return -home. On the 31st of October of the same -year, Congress raised him to the rank of brigadier-general; -and his health being somewhat restored, -he joined General Greene, who had assumed command -of the Southern army. Much of the success -of the American arms at the South, during this -campaign, must be attributed to General Morgan, -but his old malady returning, in March, 1781, he -was forced to resign. When Cornwallis invaded -Virginia, Morgan once more joined the army, and -Lafayette assigned to him the command of the -cavalry. Upon the surrender of Yorktown, he retired -once more to his home, spending his time in -agricultural pursuits and the improvement of his -mind. In 1794, the duty of quelling the “Whiskey -Insurrection” in Pennsylvania was intrusted to him, -and subsequently he represented his district in Congress -for two sessions. He died in Winchester on -the 6th of July, 1802, and has been called, “The -hero of Quebec, of Saratoga, and of the Cowpens; -the bravest<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145">145</a></span> among the brave, and the Ney of the -West.”</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_76">MOSES HAZEN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Moses Hazen, born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in -1733, served in the French and Indian War, and -subsequently settled near St. Johns, New Brunswick, -accumulating much wealth, and retaining his -connection with the British army as a lieutenant on -half-pay. In 1775, having furnished supplies and -rendered other assistance to Montgomery during -the Canadian campaign, the English troops destroyed -his shops and houses and carried off his -personal property. In 1776, he offered his services -to Congress, who promised to indemnify him for -all loss he had sustained, and appointed him colonel -in the Second Canadian Regiment, known by -the name of “Congress’s Own,” because “not -attached to the quota of any State.” He remained -in active and efficient service during the entire -war, being promoted to the rank of brigadier-general -the 29th of June, 1781. At the close of -the war, with his two brothers, who had also been -in the army, he settled in Vermont upon land -granted to them for their services, and died at -Troy, New York, on the 30th of January, 1802, his -widow receiving a further grant <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146">146</a></span>of land and a pension -for life of two hundred dollars.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_77">OTHO HOLLAND WILLIAMS.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Otho Holland Williams, born in Prince George’s -County, Maryland, in 1749, entered the Revolutionary -army in 1775, as a lieutenant. He steadily -rose in rank, holding the position of adjutant-general -under Greene. Though acting with skill -and gallantry on all occasions, his fame chiefly -rests on his brilliant achievement at the battle of -Eutaw Springs, where his command gained the day -for the Americans by their irresistible charge with -fixed bayonets across a field swept by the fire of -the enemy. On the 9th of May, 1782, he was -made a brigadier-general, but retired from the -army on the 6th of June, 1783, to accept the appointment -of collector of customs for the State of -Maryland, which office he held until his death on -the 16th of July, 1800.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_78">JOHN GREATON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>John Greaton, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, -on the 10th of March, 1741, was an innkeeper -prior to the Revolution, and an officer of the -militia of his native town. On the 12th of July,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147">147</a></span> -1775, he was appointed colonel in the regular army. -During the siege of Boston, he led an expedition -which destroyed the buildings on Long Island in -Boston Harbor. In April, 1776, he was ordered -to Canada, and in the following December he -joined Washington in New Jersey, but was subsequently -transferred to Heath’s division at West -Point. He served to the end of the war, and was -commissioned brigadier-general on the 7th of -January, 1783. Conscientiously performing all the -duties assigned him, though unable to boast of any -brilliant achievements, he won a reputation for -sterling worth and reliability. He died in his -native town on the 16th of December, 1783, the -first of the Revolutionary generals to pass away -after the conclusion of peace.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_79">RUFUS PUTNAM.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Rufus Putnam, born in Sutton, Massachusetts, on -the 9th of April, 1738, after serving his apprenticeship -as a millwright, enlisted as a common soldier in -the Provincial army in 1757. At the close of the -French and Indian War, he returned to Massachusetts, -married, and settled in the town of New -Braintree as a miller. Finding a knowledge of -mathematics necessary to his success, he devoted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148">148</a></span> -much time to mastering that science. In 1773, -having gone to Florida, he was appointed deputy-surveyor -of the province by the governor. A rupture -with Great Britain becoming imminent, he -returned to Massachusetts in 1775, and was appointed -lieutenant in one of the first regiments -raised in that State after the battle of Lexington. -His first service was the throwing up of defences -in front of Roxbury. In 1776, he was ordered to -New York and superintended the defences in that -section of the country and the construction of the -fortifications at West Point. In August, Congress -appointed him engineer with the rank of colonel. -He continued in active service, sometimes as engineer, -sometimes as commander, and at others as -commissioner for the adjustment of claims growing -out of the war, until the disbanding of the army, -being advanced to the rank of brigadier-general on -the 7th of January, 1783.</p> - -<p>After the close of the war, Putnam held various -civil offices in his native State, acted as aid to -General Lincoln during Shays’ Rebellion in 1786, -was superintendent of the Ohio Company, founded -the town of Marietta in 1788, was appointed in -1792 brigadier-general of the forces sent against -the Indians of the Northwest, concluded an important -treaty with them the same year, and resigned -his commission on account of illness in -1793. During the succeeding ten years, he was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149">149</a></span> -Surveyor-General of the United States, when his -increasing age compelled him to withdraw from -active employment, and he retired to Marietta, -where he died on the 1st of May, 1824.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_80">ELIAS DAYTON.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Elias Dayton, born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, -in July, 1737, began his military career by joining -Braddock’s forces, and fought in the “Jersey -Blues” under Wolfe at Quebec. Subsequently he -commanded a company of militia in an expedition -against the Indians, and at the beginning of the -Revolution was a member of the Committee of -Safety. In July, 1775, he was with the party -under Lord Stirling that captured a British transport -off Staten Island. In 1776, he was ordered -to Canada; but upon reaching Albany he was -directed to remain in that part of the country to -prevent any hostile demonstration by the Tory element. -In 1777, he ranked as colonel of the Third -New Jersey Regiment, and in 1781, he materially -aided in suppressing the revolt in the New Jersey -line. Serving to the end of the war, he was promoted -to be a brigadier-general the 7th of January, -1783. Returning to New Jersey upon the disbanding -of the army, he was elected president -of the Society of the Cincinnati of that State, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150">150</a></span> -died in his native town on the 17th of July, 1807.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_81">COUNT ARMAND.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Armand Tuffin, Marquis de la Rouarie, born in -the castle of Rouarie near Rennes, France, on the -14th of April, 1756, was admitted in 1775 to -be a member of the body-guard of the French -king. A duel led to his dismissal shortly after. -Angry and mortified, he attempted suicide, but -his life was saved; and in May, 1777, he came -to the United States, where he entered the Continental -army under the name of Count Armand. -Being granted leave to raise a partisan corps of -Frenchmen, he served with credit and great ability -under Lafayette, Gates, and Pulaski. At the reorganization -of the army in 1780, Washington -proposed Armand for promotion, and recommended -the keeping intact of his corps. In 1781, -he was summoned to France by his family, but -returned in time to take part in the siege of Yorktown, -bringing with him clothing, arms, and -ammunition for his corps, which had been withdrawn -from active service during his absence.</p> - -<p>After the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington -again called the attention of Congress to Armand’s -meritorious conduct, and he at last received his -promotion as brigadier-general on the 26th of -March, 1783. At the close of the war he was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151">151</a></span> -admitted as a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, -and with warmest recommendations from -Washington returned to his native country and lived -privately until 1788, when he was elected one of -twelve deputies to intercede with the king for the -continuance of the privileges of his native province -of Brittany. For this he was confined for -several weeks in the Bastile. Upon his release he -returned to Brittany, and in 1789, denounced the -principle of revolution and proposed a plan for the -union of the provinces of Brittany, Anjou, and -Poitou, and the raising of an army to co-operate -with the allies. These plans being approved by -the brothers of Louis XVI., in December, 1791, -Rouarie was appointed Royal Commissioner of -Brittany. In March of the year following, the -chiefs of the confederation met at his castle; and -all was ready for action when they were betrayed -to the legislative assembly, and troops were sent to -arrest the marquis. He succeeded in eluding them -for several months, when he was attacked by a fatal -illness and died in the castle of La Guyomarais -near Lamballe, on the 30th of January, 1793.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_82">THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Thaddeus Kosciusko, born near Novogrodek, -Lithuania, on the 12th of February, 1746, was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152">152</a></span> -descended from a noble Polish family. Studying -at first in the military academy at Warsaw, he -afterward completed his education in France. -Returning to his native country, he entered the -army and rose to the rank of captain. Soon after -coming to America, he offered his services to -Washington as a volunteer in the cause of American -independence. Appreciating his lofty character -and fine military attainments, Washington -made him one of his aids, showing the high estimation -in which he held the gallant Pole.</p> - -<p>Taking part in several great battles in the North, -Kosciusko there proved his skill and courage, and -was ordered to accompany Greene to the South -when that general superseded Gates in 1781. -Holding the position of chief engineer, he planned -and directed all the besieging operations against -Ninety-Six. In recognition of these valuable services, -he received from Congress the rank of brigadier-general -in the Continental army on the 13th -of October, 1783. Serving to the end of the war, -he shared with Lafayette the honor of being -admitted into the Society of the Cincinnati. -Returning to Poland in 1786 he entered the Polish -army upon its reorganization in 1789, and fought -valiantly in behalf of his oppressed country. Resigning -his commission, he once more became an -exile, when the Russians triumphed, and the second -partition of Poland was agreed upon.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153">153</a></span> -Two years later, however, when the Poles determined -to resume their struggle for freedom, Kosciusko -returned, and in March, 1794, was proclaimed -director and generalissimo. With courage, patience -and skill, that justified the high esteem in -which he had been held in America, he directed -his followers while they waged the unequal strife. -Successful at first, he broke the yoke of tyranny -from the necks of his down-trodden countrymen, -and for a few short weeks beheld his beloved -country free. But with vastly augmented numbers -the enemy once more invaded Poland; and in a -desperate conflict Kosciusko, covered with wounds, -was taken prisoner, and the subjugation of the -whole province soon followed. He remained a -prisoner for two years until the accession of Paul I. -of Russia. In token of his admiration, Paul wished -to present his own sword to Kosciusko; but the -latter refused it, saying, “I have no more need of -a sword, as I have no longer a country,” and -would accept nothing but his release from captivity. -He visited France and England, and in 1797 -returned to the United States, from which country -he received a pension, and was everywhere warmly -welcomed. The following year he returned to -France, when his countrymen in the French army -presented him with the sword of John Sobieski. -Purchasing a small estate, he devoted himself to -agriculture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154">154</a></span> -In 1806, when Napoleon planned the restoration -of Poland, Kosciusko refused to join in the -undertaking, because he was on his parole never -to fight against Russia. He gave one more evidence -before his death of his love of freedom -and sincere devotion to her cause, by releasing -from slavery all the serfs on his own estate in his -native land. In 1816, he removed to Switzerland, -where he died on the 15th of October, 1817, at -Solothurn. The following year his remains were -removed to Cracow, and buried beside Sobieski, -and the people, in loving remembrance of his patriotic -devotion, raised a mound above his grave one -hundred and fifty feet high, the earth being brought -from every great battle-field in Poland. This -country paid its tribute of gratitude by erecting a -monument to his memory at West Point on the -Hudson.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_83">STEPHEN MOYLAN.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Stephen Moylan, born in Ireland in 1734, received -a good education in his native land, resided -for a time in England, and then coming to America, -travelled extensively, and finally became a merchant -in Philadelphia. He was among the first to -hasten to the camp at Cambridge in 1775, and -was at once placed in the Commissariat<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155">155</a></span> Department. -His face and manners attracting Washington, -he was selected March 5, 1776, to be -aide-de-camp, and on the 5th of June following, on -recommendation of the commander-in-chief, he -was made quartermaster-general. Finding himself -unable to discharge his duties satisfactorily, he soon -after resigned to enter the ranks as a volunteer. -In 1777 he commanded a company of dragoons, -was in the action at Germantown, and wintered with -the army at Valley Forge in 1777 and 1778. With -Wayne, Moylan joined the expedition to Bull’s Ferry -in 1780, and was with Greene in the South in 1781. -He served to the close of the war, being made brigadier-general -by brevet the 3d of November, 1783. -After the disbanding of the army, he resumed -business in Philadelphia, where he died on the 11th -of April, 1811, holding for several years prior to -his decease the office of United States commissioner -of loans.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_84">SAMUEL ELBERT.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Samuel Elbert, born in Prince William parish, -South Carolina, in 1743, was left an orphan at an -early age, and going to Savannah, engaged in commercial -pursuits. In June, 1774, he was elected -captain of a company of grenadiers, and later was -a member of the local Committee of Safety. In<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156">156</a></span> -February, 1776, he entered the Continental army as -lieutenant-colonel of Lachlan McIntosh’s brigade, -and was promoted to colonel during the ensuing -September. In May of the year following, he was -intrusted with the command of an expedition -against the British in East Florida, and captured -Fort Oglethorpe in that State in April of 1778. -Ordered to Georgia, he behaved with great gallantry -when an attack was made on Savannah -by Col. Archibald Campbell in December of the -same year. In 1779, after distinguishing himself -at Brier Creek, he was taken prisoner, and when -exchanged joined the army under Washington, and -was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. -On the 3d of November, 1783, Congress brevetted -him brigadier-general, and in 1785 he was elected -Governor of Georgia. In further acknowledgment -of his services in her behalf, that State subsequently -appointed him major-general of her militia, and -named a county in his honor. He died in Savannah -on the 2d of November, 1788.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_85">CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, born at Charleston, -South Carolina, on the 25th of February, 1746, -was educated in England. Having qualified himself<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157">157</a></span> -for the legal profession, he returned to his native -State and began the practice of law in 1770, soon -gaining an enviable reputation and being appointed -to offices of trust and great responsibility under -the crown. The battle of Lexington, however, -changed his whole career. With the first call to -arms, Pinckney took the field, was given the rank -of captain, June, 1775, and entered at once upon -the recruiting service. Energetic and efficient, he -gained promotion rapidly, taking part as colonel -in the battle at Fort Sullivan. This victory securing -peace to South Carolina for two years, he left -that State to join the army under Washington, who, -recognizing his ability, made him aide-de-camp -and subsequently honored him with the most distinguished -military and civil appointments. When -his native State again became the theatre of action, -Pinckney hastened to her defence, and once more -took command of his regiment. In all the events -that followed, he bore his full share, displaying fine -military qualities and unwavering faith in the ultimate -triumph of American arms.</p> - -<p>At length, after a most gallant resistance, overpowered -by vastly superior numbers, and undermined -by famine and disease, Charleston capitulated -in May, 1780, and Pinckney became a prisoner-of-war -and was not exchanged until 1782. On the -3d of November of the year following, he was -promoted to be brigadier-general. Impoverished<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158">158</a></span> -by the war, he returned to the practice of law upon -the restoration of peace; and after declining a -place on the Supreme Bench, and the secretaryship, -first of War and then of State, he accepted the -mission to France in 1796, urged to this step by the -request of Washington and the conviction that it -was his duty. Arriving in Paris, he met the intimation -that peace might be secured with money by the -since famous reply, “Not one cent for tribute, but -millions for defence!” The war with France appearing -inevitable, he was recalled and given a -commission as major-general; peace being restored -without an appeal to arms, he once more retired -to the quiet of his home, spending the chief portion -of his old age in the pursuits of science and -the pleasures of rural life, though taking part when -occasion demanded in public affairs. He died in -Charleston on the 16th of August, 1825, in the -eightieth year of his age.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_86">WILLIAM RUSSELL.</h2> -</div> - -<p>William Russell, born in Culpeper County, Virginia, -in 1758, removed in early boyhood with his -father to the western frontier of that State. When -only fifteen years of age, he joined the party led -by Daniel Boone, to form a settlement on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159">159</a></span> -Cumberland River. Driven back by the Indians, -Boone persevered; but Russell hastened to enter -the Continental army; and he received, young as -he was, the appointment of lieutenant. After the -battle of King’s Mountain in 1780, he was promoted -to a captaincy, and ordered to join an -expedition against the Cherokee Indians, with -whom he succeeded in negotiating a treaty of -peace. On the 3d of November, 1783, he received -his commission as brigadier-general.</p> - -<p>At the close of the war Russell went to Kentucky -and bore an active part in all the expeditions -against the Indians, until the settlement of the -country was accomplished. In 1789, he was a -delegate to the Virginia Legislature that passed an -act separating Kentucky from that State. After -the organization of the Kentucky government -Russell was annually returned to the Legislature -until 1808, when he was appointed by President -Madison colonel of the Seventh United States -Infantry. In 1811, he succeeded Gen. William -Henry Harrison in command of the frontier of -Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. In 1812, he -planned and commanded an expedition against the -Peoria Indians, and in 1823 was again sent to -the Legislature. The following year he declined -the nomination for governor, and died on the 3d -of July, 1825, in Fayette County, Kentucky. -Russell<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160">160</a></span> County of that State is named in his -honor.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_87">FRANCIS MARION.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Francis Marion, born at Winyah, near Georgetown, -South Carolina, in 1732, was of Huguenot -descent; his ancestors, fleeing from persecution in -France, came to this country in 1690. Small in -stature and slight in person, he possessed a power -of endurance united with remarkable activity rarely -surpassed. At the age of fifteen, yielding to a -natural love of enterprise, he went to sea in a small -schooner employed in the West India trade. Being -shipwrecked, he endured such tortures from -famine and thirst as to have prevented his ever -wishing to go to sea again. After thirteen years -spent in peaceful tilling of the soil, he took up -arms in defence of his State against the Cherokee -Indians. So signal a victory was gained by the -whites at the town of Etchoee, June 7, 1761, that -this tribe never again seriously molested the settlers. -Returning to his home after this campaign, -Marion resumed his quiet life until in 1775 he was -elected a member of the Provincial Congress of -South Carolina. This Congress solemnly pledged -the “people of the State to the principles of the -Revolution, authorized the seizing of arms and -ammunition, stored in various magazines belonging -to the crown, and passed a law for raising two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161">161</a></span> -regiments of infantry and a company of horse.” -Marion resigned his seat in Congress, and applying -for military duty, was appointed captain. He -undertook the recruiting and drilling of troops, -assisted at the capture of Fort Johnson, was promoted -to the rank of major, and bore his full share -in the memorable defence of Fort Moultrie on -Sullivan’s Island, which saved Charleston and secured -to South Carolina long exemption from the -horrors of war. Little was done at the South for -the next three years, when in 1779 the combined -French and American forces attempted the capture -of Savannah. Marion was in the hottest of the -fight; but the attack was a failure, followed in 1780 -by the loss of Charleston. Marion escaped being -taken prisoner by an accident that placed him on -sick leave just before the city was invested by the -British. The South was now overrun by the -enemy; cruel outrages were everywhere perpetrated; -and the defeat of the Americans at Camden -seemed to have quenched the hopes of even -the most sanguine. Four days after the defeat -of Gates, Marion began organizing and drilling a -band of troopers subsequently known as “Marion’s -Brigade.” Though too few in number to risk an -open battle, they succeeded in so harassing the -enemy that several expeditions were fitted out -expressly to kill or capture Marion, who, because -of the partisan warfare he waged and the tactics<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162">162</a></span> -he employed, gained the sobriquet of the “Swamp -Fox.” Again and again he surprised strong parties -of the British at night, capturing large stores of -ammunition and arms, and liberating many American -prisoners. He was always signally active -against the Tories, for he well knew their influence -in depressing the spirit of liberty in the country. -When Gates took command of the Southern army, -he neither appreciated nor knew how to make the -best use of Marion and his men. South Carolina, -recognizing how much she owed to his unwearying -efforts in her behalf, acknowledged her debt of -gratitude by making him brigadier-general of her -Provincial troops, after the defeat of Gates at -Camden. Early in the year 1781, General Greene -assumed command of the Southern army, and -entertaining a high opinion of Marion, sent Lieutenant-Colonel -Harry Lee, with his famous legion -of light-horse, to aid him. Acting in concert and -sometimes independently, these two noted leaders -carried on the war vigorously wherever they went, -capturing Forts Watson and Motte, defeating -Major Frazier at Parker’s Ferry and joining Greene -in time for the battle of Eutaw Springs. When -the surrender of Cornwallis practically ended the -war, Marion returned to his plantation in St. -John’s parish and soon after was elected to the -Senate of South Carolina. On the 26th of February, -1783, the following resolutions<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163">163</a></span> were unanimously -adopted by that <span class="locked">body:—</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of this House be given -Brigadier-General Marion in his place as a member -of this House, for his eminent and conspicuous services -to his country.</p> - -<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That a gold medal be given to Brigadier-General -Marion as a mark of public approbation for -his great, glorious, and meritorious conduct.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>In 1784, he was given command of Fort Johnson -in Charleston Harbor, and shortly after, he married -Mary Videau, a lady of Huguenot descent, -who possessed considerable wealth and was a most -estimable character. On the 27th of February, -1795, Francis Marion passed peacefully away, saying, -“Thank God, I can lay my hand on my heart -and say that since I came to man’s estate I have -never intentionally done wrong to any.”</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ch_88">THOMAS SUMTER.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Thomas Sumter, born in Virginia in 1734, served -in the French and Indian War, and afterward on -the Western frontier. Establishing himself finally -in South Carolina, he was appointed in March, -1776, lieutenant-colonel of the Second Regiment -of South Carolina Riflemen, and sent to overawe -the Tories and Loyalists in the interior of the -State. The comparative immunity from war secured<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164">164</a></span> -to South Carolina during the first years of -the Revolution deprived Sumter of any opportunity -for distinguishing himself until after the surrender -of Charleston to the British in 1780. -Taking refuge for a time in the swamps of the -Santee, he made his way after a while to North -Carolina, collected a small body of refugees, and -presently returned to carry on a partisan warfare -against the British. His fearlessness and impetuosity -in battle gained for him the sobriquet of -“the game-cock;” and with a small band of undisciplined -militia, armed with ducking-guns, sabres -made from old mill-saws ground to an edge, and -hunting-knives fastened to poles for lances, he -effectually checked the progress of the British -regulars again and again, weakened their numbers, -cut off their communications, and dispersed numerous -bands of Tory militia.</p> - -<p>Like Marion, whenever the enemy threatened to -prove too strong, Sumter and his followers would -retreat to the swamps and mountain fastnesses, to -emerge again when least expected, and at the right -moment to take the British at a disadvantage. -During one of many severe engagements with -Tarleton, he was dangerously wounded and compelled -for a time to withdraw from active service, -but learning Greene’s need of troops, Sumter again -took the field. After rendering valuable assistance -toward clearing the South of the British, the failure<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165">165</a></span> -of his health again forced him to seek rest and -strength among the mountains, leaving his brigade -to the command of Marion. When once more -fitted for duty, the British were in Charleston, and -the war was virtually at an end. Though Sumter’s -military career ended with the disbanding of the -army, his country still demanded his services. -He represented South Carolina in Congress from -1789 to 1793, and from 1797 to 1801; he served in -the United States Senate from 1801 to 1809, and -was minister to Brazil from 1809 to 1811. He -died at South Mount, near Camden, South Carolina, -on the 1st of June, 1832, the last surviving -general officer of the Revolution.</p> - -<hr /> -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a id="ADDENDA"></a>ADDENDA.</h2> -</div> - -<p>Prior to the adoption of the “federal Constitution,” -partisan feeling ran high on this side -of the Atlantic,—indeed, it was no unusual thing -for a man to speak of the colony in which he was -born as his <em>country</em>. When the struggle for American -independence began, though men were willing -to fight in defence of their own State, there -was great difficulty in filling the ranks of the Continental -army,—not only because of the longer -time for which they were required to enlist, but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166">166</a></span> -also because once in the Continental service, they -would be ordered to any part of the country. -The same difficulty existed in respect to securing -members for the Continental Congress. With the -slowness of transportation and the uncertainty of -the mails, it was no small sacrifice for a man to -leave his home, his dear ones, and his local prestige, -to become one of an unpopular body directing -an unpopular war, for it was not until near -the end of the struggle that the Revolution was -espoused by the majority. It was under these -circumstances, then, that three different kinds of -troops composed the American army,—the Continentals, -the Provincials, and the Militia. The -first could be ordered to any point where they -were most needed; the second, though regularly -organized and disciplined, were only liable to -duty in their own State; and the last were hastily -gathered together and armed in the event of any -pressing need or sudden emergency. Washington, -as stated in his commission, was commander-in-chief -of all the forces. The other subjects of the -foregoing sketches were the commanding officers -of the Continental army. Marion and Warren were -famous generals of the Provincials; while Pickens -and Ten Brock were noted leaders of the militia. -Dr. Joseph Warren received his commission of -major-general from the Massachusetts Assembly -just before the battle of Bunker Hill. He was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167">167</a></span> -among the last to leave the redoubt, and while -trying to rally his men was shot and killed. By his -untimely end America lost one of her purest patriots; -and General Gage is reported to have said, -“Warren’s death was worth that of five hundred ordinary -rebels.” Andrew Pickens, brigadier-general -of South Carolina Militia, never fought outside of -his own State, but received from Congress a sword -in recognition of his gallant conduct at the battle -of Cowpens.</p> - -<p>All the dates and facts in the foregoing sketches -have been carefully verified by comparison with -the “Continental Army Returns” and “Journals of -the Continental Congress,” and various cyclopædias -and histories.</p> - -<p class="p2 center smaller"> -<span class="bt">University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge.</span> -</p> - -<div class="chapter"><div class="transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak p1"><a id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant -preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.</p> - -<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced -quotation marks retained.</p> - -<p>Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.</p> - -<p>Page <a href="#ch_34">81</a>: The chapter about John Armstrong conflates the father, who was -born in 1717 and served as a General in the Continental Army, with the -son, who was only 18 in 1776 and became a Major in 1782 (Wikipedia).</p> -</div></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Biographical Sketches of the Generals -of the Continental Army of the Revolu, by Mary Theresa Leiter - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES *** - -***** This file should be named 54153-h.htm or 54153-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/1/5/54153/ - -Produced by Charlie Howard and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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