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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-06 20:25:54 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-06 20:25:54 -0800 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..92666f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53959 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53959) diff --git a/old/53959-0.txt b/old/53959-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fec6b20..0000000 --- a/old/53959-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4144 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Ian Hamilton's Despatches from the -Dardanelles, etc., by Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Sir Ian Hamilton's Despatches from the Dardanelles, etc. - -Author: Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton - -Release Date: January 13, 2017 [EBook #53959] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR IAN HAMILTON'S *** - - - - -Produced by MWS, Alan and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - -[Illustration] - - REGIMENTAL - NICKNAMES - AND - TRADITIONS - OF THE - BRITISH - ARMY - - =2/== net - - A Book Full of Interest to Everyone - - This unique book describes briefly, but clearly, the History, Uniform, - Battle Honours, Traditions, Nicknames, and Crest of every Regiment - in the British Army, and is profusely Illustrated with 32 COLOURED - PLATES. The many peculiarities of dress and custom in the Army are - touched on, and the whole forms a reliable book of reference. - - NOW READY. On Sale at all Booksellers or direct from GALE & POLDEN, - Ltd., 2 AMEN CORNER, EC. - - - - -[Illustration: GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON.] - - SIR IAN HAMILTON'S - DESPATCHES FROM THE - DARDANELLES, - ETC. - - WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY - - FIELD-MARSHAL SIR EVELYN WOOD, - V.C., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., &c. - - LONDON - GEORGE NEWNES, LIMITED - - - - - CONTENTS - PAGE - - THE FIRST DESPATCH 1 - - THE SECOND DESPATCH 43 - - PRESS BUREAU STATEMENTS 84 - - VICE-ADMIRAL DE ROBECK'S DESPATCH 89 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - General Sir Ian Hamilton _Frontispiece_ - - Map 1 _facing_ p. 16 - - Map 2 " 32 - - Lieut.-General Sir W. R. Birdwood, - K.C.S.I. " 40 - - Map 3 " 64 - - Brigadier-General R. W. M. - Jackson, C.B. " 78 - - Lieut.-General A. G. Hunter-Weston, - C.B. " 82 - - Map 4 " 96 - - Map 5 " 116 - - - - - INTRODUCTION BY FIELD-MARSHAL SIR EVELYN WOOD, V.C., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., - ETC., ETC. - - "What's brave, what's noble, let's do it." - -I was serving in the Royal Navy when Lieutenant Lucas, H.M.S. _Hecla_, -earned the first Victoria Cross that was gazetted, for having thrown -overboard a live shell. I was in the 21-gun battery before Sevastopol -sixty-one years ago when Captain Sir William Peel, R.N., picked up from -amongst a number of powder cases, and carried resting on his chest, -a 42-pounder live Russian shell, which burst as he threw it over the -parapet; and having seen many extraordinarily gallant deeds performed -by men of all ranks in both Services, I think that I am a fair judge of -fighting values. - -Just sixty-one years ago an Ordinary Seaman, H.M.S. _Queen_, was -one of a detachment of a Petty Officer and six Bluejackets who had -left our advanced trenches carrying a heavy scaling ladder, 18 feet -long, to enable the soldiers to cross the ditch of the Great Redan -at Sevastopol. When the only surviving ladder-party was close up to -the abatis, three of the men under the Rear part of the ladder were -shot down, and a young midshipman then put his shoulder under it. The -boy was young, had already been wounded, and was moreover weak, being -officially on the sick list, so doubtless was an inefficient carrier. -The Bluejacket in front was unaffected by the storm of missiles of all -sorts through which he had passed in crossing the 500 yards between our -trenches and the Redan, although in his company of sixty men, nineteen -sailors had been killed and twenty-nine wounded within twenty minutes. - -The fire was vividly described by Field-Marshal Lord Raglan, who was -looking on. He, with the experience of the Peninsular War, and having -witnessed the assaults of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajos, thus portrayed -it: "I never before witnessed such a continuous and heavy fire of -grape and musketry"; and again: "I had no conception of such a shower -of grape." The Bluejacket had remained apparently unconcerned by the -carnage, but he realised that the now one-surviving carrier at the Rear -end of the ladder was not doing much to help, and thinking that he was -addressing a messmate, exclaimed encouragingly, as he half turned his -head: "Come on, Bill, let's get our ladder up first," being shot dead -as he finished the sentence. - -I was often asked in the early days of the War whether I thought that -the men in the ranks were of the same fighting value as those of two -generations ago, and invariably answered confidently as follows: "Yes, -just the same at heart, but with better furnished heads." The contents -of this Booklet clearly attest the accuracy of that opinion. - -Education has done much to improve the "Fighting Services," but the -most potent magnet for bringing out the best of the Anglo-Saxon Nation -is the fuller appreciation of Democracy. The officers, not content with -leading their men gallantly, which they have always done, now feel -for them and with them as staunch comrades. All ranks are now nearer, -geographically, mentally and morally, than they have ever been before -to the heart of England. - -Sixty years ago a brave officer could think of no better prize for -the reward of gallantry than money, and a General about to assault -Sevastopol on September 8, 1855, offered £5 for the first man inside -the Great Redan. - -When, in the winter 1854-5, the institution of the Victoria Cross was -suggested, the Royal Warrant for which was not issued until 1856, -nearly all the senior officers disliked the innovation, and our -Government, realising this feeling, hesitated to entrust them with -the selection of the recipients of the distinction. In one battalion -the men were instructed to nominate a private soldier. They, as in -all good regiments, reflected the views of their officers, as regards -the innovation, and unanimously elected a comrade who, being trusted -for his sobriety and honesty, used to carry down the grog-can at -dinner-time to the trenches, and so, not only enjoyed a "soft billet," -but was never under fire except for one hour in twenty-four. - -A perusal of the despatches and of the _London Gazette_ announcing the -bestowal of decorations is like reading of the mortal combats described -in Virgil's Twelfth Book of the "Æneid," and fills the mind with -admiration. - -It is perhaps only soldiers who can fully appreciate the enduring -courage of the Munster Fusiliers, who, after losing half their -numbers by drowning, and by fire of shrapnel and bullets, with their -Brigadier-General, his Brigade-Major, and most of their Regimental -officers down, could reform into remnants of Companies, and after a -night without food, follow a Staff Officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Doughty -Wylie, from the beach up to the Old Castle, and assault successfully -Hill No. 141. These men are, indeed, worthy descendants of their -predecessors who carried the walls of Delhi in 1857. - -No soldiers can read the story of the heroism shown by the 1st -Lancashire Fusiliers commanded by Major Bishop; how they jumped ashore -under a hurricane of lead which was rained on Beach W, and how they -broke through the wire, and had by 10 a.m. carried three lines of -hostile trenches, without feeling proud of the people of the "Clothing -Towns." The men are worthy of their forefathers, who at Minden in 1759 -advanced in line with "Colours flying and Drums beating" against a mass -of hostile cavalry, which they defeated. - -I hope that the young soldiers of the King's Own Scottish Borderers may -be taught to recall, not only the deeds of their predecessors at Namur, -1695, and the glorious victory of the infantry over a mass of hostile -cavalry, which they shared with the Lancashire Fusiliers; but also what -their battalion did on Y Beach of the Dardanelles on April 26 last, -when after many hours of fighting, causing the battalion a loss of 50 -per centum, the survivors held with determination a trench which had -been constructed for four times their number of effectives; and then, -when orders were given to abandon the position, how the courage of a -small Rear-guard enabled all the wounded, ammunition, and stores to be -safely re-embarked. - -The burning courage of the Australian and New Zealand Division -must make any soldier proud of his Colonial brothers. They were -disembarked at night, and the units became unavoidably mixed up, for -some of them had in their ardour followed up the Turks, whom they had -repulsed, further than had been intended. It seems from a perusal of -the despatch, that in spite of their short military training, the -self-reliance naturally acquired by men who lead a less artificial -life than those brought up in cities and towns in England, enabled our -Colonials, inspired by their personal courage, to resist successfully -for hours the attacks of a vastly superior number of Turks. - -In a number of glorious deeds recorded in the _London Gazette_ it is -somewhat difficult to select any deed standing out beyond the rest, -but it seems probable that the personal prowess of Lance-Corporal -Albert Jacka, 14th Battalion Australian Imperial Forces, can scarcely -ever be surpassed. During the night of May 19-20 he, with four other -Australians, was holding a trench which was heavily attacked. The five -men accounted for many Turks, but when Jacka's four comrades had -been killed or wounded, the trench was rushed, and occupied by seven -Moslems. Lance-Corporal Jacka attacked and killed all seven, five by -successive shots from his rifle, and two with his bayonet. - -Commander Unwin's exploits were remarkable. He had fitted admirably for -the work in view the _River Clyde_ steamship, and successfully beached -her; and although hit by three bullets, he worked for hours in the -water to save wounded men, and continued his self-sacrificing efforts -until he became inanimate from cold and exhaustion. - -One of Commander Unwin's subordinates, George Samson, who vied with him -in tasks of enduring gallantry, belongs to the Royal Naval Reserve, and -is mentioned for having worked on a lighter all day attending to the -stricken until he was dangerously wounded. Yet at the annual dinner -last week of the National Sailors' and Firemen's Union, when Samson, -apparently now a Petty Officer, as modest as he is brave, was presented -with a gold watch and chain, in returning thanks, said: "I would sooner -land again in the Dardanelles than have to make a speech." - -Commander Robinson is a remarkable instance not only of calculating -courage, but also of the thorough training which Naval officers -receive. "He refused to allow anyone to accompany him on his dangerous -mission, as his men's white clothing made them very conspicuous. -After having penetrated alone into a two-gun battery of the enemy, on -the 26th February, he destroyed a gun and then returning for another -demolition charge, wrecked the remaining piece." - -The Commander-in-Chief at Gallipoli, affectionately termed by his -friends in the Service "Johnnie," being a very brave man, appreciates -the courage of those under his command. He showed great determination -in the unhappy war in South Africa in 1881, when he was severely -wounded, and in the battle of Eland's Laaghte in October, 1899, led -so determinedly in front that he would have been recommended for the -Victoria Cross but for his senior rank. - -The Services in the Dardanelles are fortunate in having a scholarly -General to narrate their stirring deeds, for many of our commanders, -from Marlborough to Clyde, have felt more difficulty in writing a -description of a victory than they had experienced in winning it. - -In the last half century the power of appreciating noble deeds and the -merits of capable officers has increased. The days are fortunately -passed since our senior generals said: "We find all our officers are -much of a muchness." - -There is now a more generous acknowledgment of the fact that the -life of a labouring man is as much to him as is that of a peer to a -duke's son; there has grown up amongst our soldiers a deeper sense of -appreciating valour apart from natural or acquired advantages. - -As Admiral Holmes and his Squadron in the St. Laurence enabled General -Wolfe to capture Quebec in 1759, so Admiral John de Robeck has enabled -General Sir Ian Hamilton to land his troops and hold the western -coast of the Gallipoli Peninsula, and Hamilton, happier than Wolfe, -lives to acknowledge his debt to the Senior Service, describing it -affectionately as "The father and mother of the Army." - -[Illustration: October 1. 1915 Evelyn Wood] - - - - -THE FIRST DESPATCH - - _From the General Commanding the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force to - the Secretary of State for War, War Office, London, S.W._ - - General Headquarters, - Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, - _May_ 20, 1915. - - MY LORD, - -I have the honour to submit my report on the operations in the -Gallipoli Peninsula up to and including May 5. - -In accordance with your Lordship's instructions I left London on March -13 with my General Staff by special train to Marseilles, and thence in -H.M.S. _Phæton_ to the scene of the naval operations in the Eastern -Mediterranean, reaching Tenedos on March 17 shortly after noon. - -Immediately on arrival I conferred with Vice-Admiral de Robeck, -Commanding the Eastern Mediterranean Fleet; Général d'Amade, Commanding -the French Corps Expéditionnaire; and Contre-Amiral Guepratte, in -command of the French Squadron. At this conference past difficulties -were explained to me, and the intention to make a fresh attack on the -morrow was announced. The amphibious battle between warships and land -fortresses took place next day, March 18. I witnessed these stupendous -events, and thereupon cabled your Lordship my reluctant deduction that -the co-operation of the whole of the force under my command would be -required to enable the Fleet effectively to force the Dardanelles. - -By that time I had already carried out a preliminary reconnaissance of -the north-western shore of the Gallipoli Peninsula, from its isthmus, -where it is spanned by the Bulair fortified lines, to Cape Helles, -at its extremest point. From Bulair this singular feature runs in a -south-westerly direction for 52 miles, attaining near its centre a -breadth of 12 miles. The northern coast of the northern half of the -promontory slopes downwards steeply to the Gulf of Xeros, in a chain -of hills, which extend as far as Cape Sulva. The precipitous fall of -these hills precludes landing, except at a few narrow gullies, far too -restricted for any serious military movements. The southern half of -the peninsula is shaped like a badly-worn boot. The ankle lies between -Gaba Tepe and Kalkmaz Dagh; beneath the heel lie the cluster of forts -at Kilid Bahr; whilst the toe is that promontory, five miles in width, -stretching from Tekke Burnu to Sedd-el-Bahr. - - -THREE FORMIDABLE FORTRESSES - -The three dominating features in this southern section seemed to me to -be: - - (1) Sari Bair Mountain, running up in a succession of almost - perpendicular escarpments to 970 feet. The whole mountain seemed to be - a network of ravines and covered with thick jungle. - - (2) Kilid Bahr plateau, which rises, a natural fortification - artificially fortified, to a height of 700 feet to cover the forts of - the Narrows from an attack from the Aegean. - - (3) Achi Babi, a hill 600 feet in height, dominating at long field-gun - range what I have described as being the toe of the peninsula. - -A peculiarity to be noted as regards this last southern sector is that -from Achi Babi to Cape Helles the ground is hollowed out like a spoon, -presenting only its outer edges to direct fire from the sea. The inside -of the spoon appears to be open and undulating, but actually it is full -of spurs, nullahs, and confused under-features. - -Generally speaking the coast is precipitous, and good landing-places -are few. Just south of Tekke Burnu is a small sandy bay (W), and half -a mile north of it is another small break in the cliffs (X). Two -miles farther up the coast the mouth of a stream indents these same -cliffs (Y 2), and yet another mile and a half up a scrub-covered gully -looked as if active infantry might be able to scramble up it on to -heights not altogether dissimilar to those of Abraham by Quebec (Y). -Inside Sedd-el-Bahr is a sandy beach (V), about 300 yards across, -facing a semicircle of steeply-rising ground, as the flat bottom of -a half-saucer faces the rim, a rim flanked on one side by an old -castle, on the other by a modern fort. By Eski Hissarlik, on the -east of Morto Bay (S), was another small beach, which was, however, -dominated by the big guns from Asia. Turning northwards again, there -are two good landing-places on either side of Gaba Tepe. Farther to -the north of that promontory the beach was supposed to be dangerous -and difficult. In most of these landing-places the trenches and lines -of wire entanglements were plainly visible from on board ship. What -seemed to be gun emplacements and infantry redoubts could also be made -out through a telescope, but of the full extent of these defences and -of the forces available to man them there was no possibility of judging -except by practical test. - -Altogether the result of this and subsequent reconnaissances was to -convince me that nothing but a thorough and systematic scheme for -flinging the whole of the troops under my command very rapidly ashore -could be expected to meet with success; whereas, on the other hand, a -tentative or piecemeal programme was bound to lead to disaster. The -landing of an army upon the theatre of operations I have described--a -theatre strongly garrisoned throughout, and prepared for any such -attempt--involved difficulties for which no precedent was forthcoming -in military history except possibly in the sinister legends of Xerxes. -The beaches were either so well defended by works and guns or else -so restricted by nature that it did not seem possible, even by two or -three simultaneous landings, to pass the troops ashore quickly enough -to enable them to maintain themselves against the rapid concentration -and counter-attack which the enemy was bound in such case to attempt. -It became necessary, therefore, not only to land simultaneously at as -many points as possible, but to threaten to land at other points as -well. The first of these necessities involved another unavoidable if -awkward contingency, the separation by considerable intervals of the -force. - -The weather was also bound to play a vital part in my landing. Had it -been British weather there would have been no alternative but instantly -to give up the adventure. To land two or three thousand men, and then -to have to break off and leave them exposed for a week to the attacks -of 34,000 regular troops, with a hundred guns at their back, was not an -eventuality to be lightly envisaged. Whatever happened the weather must -always remain an incalculable factor, but at least by delay till the -end of April we had a fair chance of several days of consecutive calm. - - -REDISTRIBUTION OF TROOPS - -Before doing anything else I had to redistribute the troops on the -transports to suit the order of their disembarkation. The bulk of the -forces at my disposal had, perforce, been embarked without its having -been possible to pay due attention to the operation upon which I now -proposed that they should be launched. - -Owing to lack of facilities at Mudros redistribution in that harbour -was out of the question. With your Lordship's approval, therefore, I -ordered all the transports, except those of the Australian Infantry -Brigade and the details encamped at Lemnos Island, to the Egyptian -ports. On March 24 I myself, together with the General Staff, proceeded -to Alexandria, where I remained until April 7, working out the -allocation of troops to transports in minutest detail as a prelude to -the forthcoming disembarkation. General d'Amade did likewise. - -On April 1 the remainder of the General Headquarters, which had not -been mobilized when I left England, arrived at Alexandria. - -Apart from the rearrangements of the troops, my visit to Egypt was not -without profit, since it afforded me opportunities of conferring with -the G.O.C. Egypt and of making myself acquainted with the troops, drawn -from all parts of the French Republic and of the British Empire, which -it was to be my privilege to command. - -By April 7 my preparations were sufficiently advanced to enable me to -return with my General Staff to Lemnos, so as to put the finishing -touches to my plan in close co-ordination with the Vice-Admiral -Commanding the Eastern Mediterranean Fleet. - -The covering force of the 29th Division left Mudros Harbour on the -evening of April 23 for the five beaches, S, V, W, X, and Y. Of -these, V, W, and X were to be main landings, the landings at S and -Y being made mainly to protect the flanks, to disseminate the forces -of the enemy, and to interrupt the arrival of his reinforcements. The -landings at S and Y were to take place at dawn, whilst it was planned -that the first troops for V, W, and X beaches should reach the shore -simultaneously at 5.30 a.m. after half an hour's bombardment from the -Fleet. - - -ARRIVAL OF THE TRANSPORTS - -The transports conveying the covering force arrived off Tenedos on -the morning of the 24th, and during the afternoon the troops were -transferred to the warships and fleet-sweepers in which they were to -approach the shore. About midnight these ships, each towing a number -of cutters and other small boats, silently slipped their cables and, -escorted by the 3rd Squadron of the Fleet, steamed slowly towards -their final rendezvous at Cape Helles. The rendezvous was reached just -before dawn on the 25th. The morning was absolutely still; there was -no sign of life on the shore; a thin veil of mist hung motionless over -the promontory; the surface of the sea was as smooth as glass. The -four battleships and four cruisers which formed the 3rd Squadron at -once took up the positions that had been allotted to them, and at 5 -a.m., it being then light enough to fire, a violent bombardment of the -enemy's defences was begun. Meanwhile the troops were being rapidly -transferred to the small boats in which they were to be towed ashore. -Not a move on the part of the enemy; except for shells thrown from the -Asiatic side of the Straits the guns of the Fleet remained unanswered. - - -LANDING OF THE BORDERERS - -The detachment detailed for S beach (Eski Hissarlik Point) consisted of -the 2nd South Wales Borderers (less one company) under Lieut.-Colonel -Casson. Their landing was delayed by the current, but by 7.30 a.m. it -had been successfully effected at the cost of some fifty casualties, -and Lieut.-Colonel Casson was able to establish his small force on the -high ground near De Totts Battery. Here he maintained himself until the -general advance on the 27th brought him into touch with the main body. - -The landing on Y beach was entrusted to the King's Own Scottish -Borderers and the Plymouth (Marine) Battalion, Royal Naval Division, -specially attached to the 29th Division for this task, the whole -under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Koe. The beach at this point -consisted merely of a narrow strip of sand at the foot of a crumbling -scrub-covered cliff some 200 feet high immediately to the west of -Krithia. - -A number of small gullies running down the face of the cliff -facilitated the climb to the summit, and so impracticable had these -precipices appeared to the Turks that no steps had been taken to defend -them. Very different would it have been had we, as was at one time -intended, taken Y 2 for this landing. There a large force of infantry, -entrenched up to their necks, and supported by machine and Hotchkiss -guns, were awaiting an attempt which could hardly have made good its -footing. But at Y both battalions were able in the first instance to -establish themselves on the heights, reserves of food, water, and -ammunition were hauled up to the top of the cliff, and, in accordance -with the plan of operations, an endeavour was immediately made to gain -touch with the troops landing at X beach. Unfortunately, the enemy's -strong detachment from Y 2 interposed, our troops landing at X were -fully occupied in attacking the Turks immediately to their front, and -the attempt to join hands was not persevered with. - -Later in the day a large force of Turks were seen to be advancing upon -the cliffs above Y beach from the direction of Krithia, and Colonel -Koe was obliged to entrench. From this time onward his small force was -subjected to strong and repeated attacks, supported by field artillery, -and owing to the configuration of the ground, which here drops inland -from the edge of the cliff, the guns of the supporting ships could -render him little assistance. Throughout the afternoon and all through -the night the Turks made assault after assault upon the British -line. They threw bombs into the trenches, and, favoured by darkness, -actually led a pony with a machine gun on its back over the defences, -and were proceeding to come into action in the middle of our position -when they were bayoneted. - -The British repeatedly counter-charged with the bayonet, and always -drove off the enemy for the moment, but the Turks were in a vast -superiority and fresh troops took the place of those who temporarily -fell back. Colonel Koe (since died of wounds) had become a casualty -early in the day, and the number of officers and men killed and wounded -during the incessant fighting was very heavy. By 7 a.m. on the 26th -only about half of the King's Own Scottish Borderers remained to man -the entrenchment made for four times their number. These brave fellows -were absolutely worn out with continuous fighting; it was doubtful -if reinforcements could reach them in time, and orders were issued -for them to be re-embarked. Thanks to H.M.S. _Goliath_, _Dublin_, -_Amethyst_, and _Sapphire_, thanks also to the devotion of a small -rearguard of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, which kept off the -enemy from lining the cliff, the re-embarkation of the whole of the -troops, together with the wounded, stores, and ammunition, was safely -accomplished, and both battalions were brought round the southern -end of the peninsula. Deplorable as the heavy losses had been, and -unfortunate as was the tactical failure to make good so much ground -at the outset, yet, taking the operation as it stood, there can be no -doubt it has contributed greatly to the success of the main attack, -seeing that the plucky stand made at Y beach had detained heavy columns -of the enemy from arriving at the southern end of the peninsula during -what it will be seen was a very touch-and-go struggle. - - -THE "IMPLACABLE'S" GUNS - -The landing-place known as X beach consists of a strip of sand some -200 yards long by 8 yards wide at the foot of a low cliff. The troops -to be landed here were the 1st Royal Fusiliers, who were to be towed -ashore from H.M.S. _Implacable_ in two parties, half a battalion -at a time, together with a beach working party found by the Anson -Battalion, Royal Naval Division. About 6 a.m. H.M.S. _Implacable_, -with a boldness much admired by the Army, stood quite close in to the -beach, firing very rapidly with every gun she could bring to bear. -Thus seconded, the Royal Fusiliers made good their landing with but -little loss. The battalion then advanced to attack the Turkish trenches -on the Hill 114, situated between V and W beaches, but were heavily -counter-attacked and forced to give ground. Two more battalions of -the 87th Brigade soon followed them, and by evening the troops had -established themselves in an entrenched position extending from half a -mile round the landing-place and as far south as Hill 114. Here they -were in touch with the Lancashire Fusiliers, who had landed on W beach. -Brigadier-General Marshall, commanding the 87th Brigade, had been -wounded during the day's fighting, but continued in command of the -brigade. - - -THE LANDING FROM THE "RIVER CLYDE" - -The landing on V beach was planned to take place on the following lines: - -As soon as the enemy's defences had been heavily bombarded by the -Fleet, three companies of the Dublin Fusiliers were to be towed -ashore. They were to be closely followed by the collier _River Clyde_ -(Commander Unwin, R.N.), carrying between decks the balance of the -Dublin Fusiliers, the Munster Fusiliers, half a battalion of the -Hampshire Regiment, the West Riding Field Company, and other details. - -The _River Clyde_ had been specially prepared for the rapid -disembarkation of her complement, and large openings for the exit of -the troops had been cut in her sides, giving on to a wide gangplank by -which the men could pass rapidly into lighters which she had in tow. -As soon as the first tows had reached land the _River Clyde_ was to -be run straight ashore. Her lighters were to be placed in position to -form a gangway between the ship and the beach, and by this means it was -hoped that 2,000 men could be thrown ashore with the utmost rapidity. -Further, to assist in covering the landing, a battery of machine guns, -protected by sandbags, had been mounted in her bows. - -The remainder of the covering force detailed for this beach was then to -follow in tows from the attendant battleships. - -V beach is situated immediately to the west of Sedd-el-Bahr. Between -the bluff on which stands Sedd-el-Bahr village and that which is -crowned by No. 1 Fort the ground forms a very regular amphitheatre of -three or four hundred yards radius. The slopes down to the beach are -slightly concave, so that the whole area contained within the limits -of this natural amphitheatre, whose grassy terraces rise gently to a -height of a hundred feet above the shore, can be swept by the fire of a -defender. The beach itself is a sandy strip some 10 yards wide and 350 -yards long, backed along almost the whole of its extent by a low sandy -escarpment about 4 feet high, where the ground falls nearly sheer down -to the beach. The slight shelter afforded by this escarpment played no -small part in the operations of the succeeding thirty-two hours. - - -LANDING OBSTACLES ON SHORE - -At the south-eastern extremity of the beach, between the shore and the -village, stands the old fort of Sedd-el-Bahr, a battered ruin with wide -breaches in its walls and mounds of fallen masonry within and around -it. On the ridge to the north, overlooking the amphitheatre, stands a -ruined barrack. Both of these buildings, as well as No. 1 Fort, had -been long bombarded by the Fleet, and the guns of the forts had been -put out of action; but their crumbled walls and the ruined outskirts -of the village afforded cover for riflemen, while from the terraced -slopes already described the defenders were able to command the open -beach, as a stage is overlooked from the balconies of a theatre. On -the very margin of the beach a strong barbed-wire entanglement, made -of heavier metal and longer barbs than I have ever seen elsewhere, -ran right across from the old fort of Sedd-el-Bahr to the foot of the -north-western headland. Two-thirds of the way up the ridge a second and -even stronger entanglement crossed the amphitheatre, passing in front -of the old barrack and ending in the outskirts of the village. A third -transverse entanglement, joining these two, ran up the hill near the -eastern end of the beach, and almost at right angles to it. Above the -upper entanglement the ground was scored with the enemy's trenches, in -one of which four pom-poms were emplaced; in others were dummy pom-poms -to draw fire, while the debris of the shattered buildings on either -flank afforded cover and concealment for a number of machine guns, -which brought a cross-fire to bear on the ground already swept by rifle -fire from the ridge. - -Needless to say, the difficulties in the way of previous reconnaissance -had rendered it impossible to obtain detailed information with regard -either to the locality or to the enemy's preparations. - -As often happens in war, the actual course of events did not quite -correspond with the intentions of the Commander. The _River Clyde_ came -into position off Sedd-el-Bahr in advance of the tows, and, just as the -latter reached the shore, Commander Unwin beached his ship also. Whilst -the boats and the collier were approaching the landing-place the Turks -made no sign. Up to the very last moment it appeared as if the landing -was to be unopposed. But the moment the first boat touched bottom the -storm broke. A tornado of fire swept over the beach, the incoming -boats, and the collier. The Dublin Fusiliers and the naval boats' crews -suffered exceedingly heavy losses while still in the boats. Those who -succeeded in landing and in crossing the strip of sand managed to gain -some cover when they reached the low escarpment on the further side. -None of the boats, however, was able to get off again, and they and -their crews were destroyed upon the beach. - -Now came the moment for the _River Clyde_ to pour forth her living -freight; but grievous delay was caused here by the difficulty of -placing the lighters in position between the ship and the shore. -A strong current hindered the work and the enemy's fire was so -intense that almost every man engaged upon it was immediately shot. -Owing, however, to the splendid gallantry of the naval working -party, the lighters were eventually placed in position, and then the -disembarkation began. - -A company of the Munster Fusiliers led the way; but, short as was the -distance, few of the men ever reached the farther side of the beach -through the hail of bullets which poured down upon them from both -flanks and the front. As the second company followed, the extemporized -pier of lighters gave way in the current. The end nearest to the shore -drifted into deep water, and many men who had escaped being shot were -drowned by the weight of their equipment in trying to swim from the -lighter to the beach. Undaunted workers were still forthcoming, the -lighters were again brought into position, and the third company of the -Munster Fusiliers rushed ashore, suffering heaviest loss this time from -shrapnel as well as from rifle, pom-pom, and machine-gun fire. - - -WAITING FOR NIGHT - -[Illustration: MAP 1. (_To face page 16._)] - -For a space the attempt to land was discontinued. When it was resumed -the lighters again drifted into deep water, with Brigadier-General -Napier, Captain Costeker, his Brigade-Major, and a number of men of the -Hampshire Regiment on board. There was nothing for them all but to lie -down on the lighters, and it was here that General Napier and Captain -Costeker were killed. At this time, between 10 and 11 a.m., about one -thousand men had left the collier, and of these nearly half had been -killed or wounded before they could reach the little cover afforded by -the steep, sandy bank at the top of the beach. Further attempts to -disembark were now given up. Had the troops all been in open boats but -few of them would have lived to tell the tale. But, most fortunately, -the collier was so constructed as to afford fairly efficient protection -to the men who were still on board, and, so long as they made no -attempt to land, they suffered comparatively little loss. - -Throughout the remainder of the day there was practically no change -in the position of affairs. The situation was probably saved by the -machine-guns on the _River Clyde_, which did valuable service in -keeping down the enemy's fire and in preventing any attempt on their -part to launch a counter-attack. One half-company of the Dublin -Fusiliers, which had been landed at a camber just east of Sedd-el-Bahr -village, was unable to work its way across to V beach, and by midday -had only twenty-five men left. It was proposed to divert to Y beach -that part of the main body which had been intended to land on V beach; -but this would have involved considerable delay owing to the distance, -and the main body was diverted to W beach, where the Lancashire -Fusiliers had already effected a landing. - -Late in the afternoon part of the Worcestershire Regiment and the -Lancashire Fusiliers worked across the high ground from W beach, and -seemed likely to relieve the situation by taking the defenders of V -beach in flank. The pressure on their own front, however, and the -numerous barbed-wire entanglements which intervened, checked this -advance, and at nightfall the Turkish garrison still held their -ground. Just before dark some small parties of our men made their way -along the shore to the outer walls of the Old Fort, and when night had -fallen the remainder of the infantry from the collier were landed. A -good force was now available for attack, but our troops were at such a -cruel disadvantage as to position, and the fire of the enemy was still -so accurate in the bright moonlight, that all attempts to clear the -fort and the outskirts of the village during the night failed one after -the other. The wounded who were able to do so without support returned -to the collier under cover of darkness; but otherwise the situation at -daybreak on the 26th was the same as it had been on the previous day, -except that the troops first landed were becoming very exhausted. - -Twenty-four hours after the disembarkation began there were ashore -on V beach the survivors of the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers and -of two companies of the Hampshire Regiment. The Brigadier and -his Brigade-Major had been killed; Lieutenant-Colonel Carrington -Smith, commanding the Hampshire Regiment, had been killed and the -Adjutant had been wounded. The Adjutant of the Munster Fusiliers was -wounded, and the great majority of the senior officers were either -wounded or killed. The remnant of the landing-party still crouched -on the beach beneath the shelter of the sandy escarpment which had -saved so many lives. With them were two officers of my General -Staff--Lieutenant-Colonel Doughty-Wylie and Lieutenant-Colonel -Williams. These two officers, who had landed from the _River Clyde_, -had been striving, with conspicuous contempt for danger, to keep all -their comrades in good heart during this day and night of ceaseless -imminent peril. - - -THE DEATH OF COLONEL DOUGHTY-WYLIE - -Now that it was daylight once more, Lieutenant-Colonels Doughty-Wylie -and Williams set to work to organize an attack on the hill above the -beach. Any soldier who has endeavoured to pull scattered units together -after they have been dominated for many consecutive hours by close and -continuous fire will be able to take the measure of their difficulties. -Fortunately General Hunter-Weston had arranged with Rear-Admiral Wemyss -about this same time for a heavy bombardment to be opened by the ships -upon the Old Fort, Sedd-el-Bahr Village, the Old Castle north of the -village, and on the ground leading up from the beach. Under cover of -this bombardment, and led by Lieutenant-Colonel Doughty-Wylie, and -Captain Walford, Brigade-Major R.A., the troops gained a footing in -the village by 10 a.m. They encountered a most stubborn opposition and -suffered heavy losses from the fire of well concealed riflemen and -machine guns. Undeterred by the resistance, and supported by the naval -gunfire, they pushed forward, and soon after midday they penetrated -to the northern edge of the village, whence they were in a position -to attack the Old Castle and Hill 141. During this advance Captain -Walford was killed. Lieutenant-Colonel Doughty-Wylie had most gallantly -led the attack all the way up from the beach through the west side of -the village, under a galling fire. And now, when, owing so largely -to his own inspiring example and intrepid courage, the position had -almost been gained, he was killed while leading the last assault. But -the attack was pushed forward without wavering, and, fighting their -way across the open with great dash, the troops gained the summit and -occupied the Old Castle and Hill 141 before 2 p.m. - - -BEACH W - -W beach consists of a strip of deep, powdery sand some 350 yards -long and from 15 to 40 yards wide, situated immediately south of -Tekke Burnu, where a small gully running down to the sea opens out a -break in the cliffs. On either flank of the beach the ground rises -precipitously, but, in the centre, a number of sand dunes afford a -more gradual access to the ridge overlooking the sea. Much time and -ingenuity had been employed by the Turks in turning this landing-place -into a death trap. Close to the water's edge a broad wire entanglement -extended the whole length of the shore, and a supplementary barbed -network lay concealed under the surface of the sea in the shallows. -Land mines and sea mines had been laid. The high ground overlooking -the beach was strongly fortified with trenches to which the gully -afforded a natural covered approach. A number of machine guns also -were cunningly tucked away into holes in the cliff so as to be immune -from a naval bombardment whilst they were converging their fire on the -wire entanglements. The crest of the hill overlooking the beach was in -its turn commanded by high ground to the north-west and south-east, -and especially by two strong infantry redoubts near point 138. Both -these redoubts were protected by wire entanglements about 20 feet -broad, and could be approached only by a bare glacis-like slope -leading up from the high ground above W beach or from the Cape Helles -lighthouse. In addition, another separate entanglement ran down from -these two redoubts to the edge of the cliff near the lighthouse, making -intercommunication between V and W beaches impossible until these -redoubts had been captured. - -So strong, in fact, were the defences of W beach that the Turks may -well have considered them impregnable, and it is my firm conviction -that no finer feat of arms has ever been achieved by the British -soldier--or any other soldier--than the storming of these trenches from -open boats on the morning of April 25. - - -THE LANCASHIRE FUSILIERS - -The landing at W had been entrusted to the 1st Battalion Lancashire -Fusiliers (Major Bishop), and it was to the complete lack of the -sense of danger or of fear of this daring battalion that we owed -our astonishing success. As in the case of the landing at X, the -disembarkation had been delayed for half an hour, but at 6 a.m. the -whole battalion approached the shore together, towed by eight picket -boats in line abreast, each picket boat pulling four ship's cutters. -As soon as shallow water was reached, the tows were cast off and the -boats were at once rowed to the shore. Three companies headed for the -beach and a company on the left of the line made for a small ledge of -rock immediately under the cliff at Tekke Burnu. Brigadier-General -Hare, commanding the 88th Brigade, accompanied this latter party, which -escaped the cross fire brought to bear upon the beach, and was also -in a better position than the rest of the battalion to turn the wire -entanglements. - -While the troops were approaching the shore no shot had been fired from -the enemy's trenches, but as soon as the first boat touched the ground -a hurricane of lead swept over the battalion. Gallantly led by their -officers, the Fusiliers literally hurled themselves ashore, and, fired -at from right, left, and centre, commenced hacking their way through -the wire. A long line of men was at once mown down as by a scythe, -but the remainder were not to be denied. Covered by the fire of the -warships, which had now closed right in to the shore, and helped by the -flanking fire of the company on the extreme left, they broke through -the entanglements and collected under the cliffs on either side of -the beach. Here the companies were rapidly re-formed, and set forth to -storm the enemy's entrenchments wherever they could find them. - -In making these attacks the bulk of the battalion moved up towards Hill -114 whilst a small party worked down towards the trenches on the Cape -Helles side of the landing-place. - -Several land mines were exploded by the Turks during the advance, but -the determination of the troops was in no way affected. By 10 a.m. -three lines of hostile trenches were in our hands, and our hold on the -beach was assured. - -About 9.30 a.m. more infantry had begun to disembark, and two hours -later a junction was effected on Hill 114 with the troops which had -landed on X beach. - -On the right, owing to the strength of the redoubt on Hill 138, little -progress could be made. The small party of Lancashire Fusiliers which -had advanced in this direction succeeded in reaching the edge of the -wire entanglements, but were not strong enough to do more, and it -was here that Major Frankland, Brigade-Major of the 86th Infantry -Brigade, who had gone forward to make a personal reconnaissance, was -unfortunately killed. Brigadier-General Hare had been wounded earlier -in the day, and Colonel Wolley-Dod, General Staff 29th Division, was -now sent ashore to take command at W beach and organize a further -advance. - -At 2 p.m., after the ground near Hill 138 had been subjected to a heavy -bombardment, the Worcester Regiment advanced to the assault. Several -men of this battalion rushed forward with great spirit to cut passages -through the entanglement; some were killed, others persevered, and by 4 -p.m. the hill and redoubt were captured. - -An attempt was now made to join hands with the troops on V beach, who -could make no headway at all against the dominating defences of the -enemy. To help them out the 86th Brigade pushed forward in an easterly -direction along the cliff. There is a limit, however, to the storming -of barbed-wire entanglements. More of these barred the way. Again -the heroic wire-cutters came out. Through glasses they could be seen -quietly snipping away under a hellish fire as if they were pruning a -vineyard. Again some of them fell. The fire pouring out of No. 1 fort -grew hotter and hotter, until the troops, now thoroughly exhausted by a -sleepless night and by the long day's fighting under a hot sun, had to -rest on their laurels for a while. - -When night fell, the British position in front of W beach extended from -just east of Cape Helles lighthouse, through Hill 138, to Hill 114. -Practically every man had to be thrown into the trenches to hold this -line, and the only available reserves on this part of our front were -the 2nd London Field Company R.E. and a platoon of the Anson Battalion, -which had been landed as a beach working party. - -During the night several strong and determined counter-attacks were -made, all successfully repulsed without loss of ground. Meanwhile the -disembarkation of the remainder of the division was proceeding on W and -X beaches. - - -NIGHT LANDING OF THE OVERSEA TROOPS - -The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps sailed out of Mudros Bay -on the afternoon of April 24, escorted by the 2nd Squadron of the -Fleet under Rear-Admiral Thursby. The rendezvous was reached just -after half-past one in the morning of the 25th, and there the 1,500 -men who had been placed on board H.M. ships before leaving Mudros -were transferred to their boats. This operation was carried out with -remarkable expedition, and in absolute silence. Simultaneously the -remaining 2,500 men of the covering force were transferred from their -transports to six destroyers. At 2.30 a.m. H.M. ships, together with -the tows and the destroyers, proceeded to within some four miles of the -coast, H.M.S. _Queen_ (flying Rear-Admiral Thursby's flag) directing -on a point about a mile north of Kaba Tepe. At 3.30 a.m. orders to go -ahead and land were given to the tows, and at 4.10 a.m. the destroyers -were ordered to follow. - -All these arrangements worked without a hitch, and were carried out in -complete orderliness and silence. No breath of wind ruffled the surface -of the sea, and every condition was favourable save for the moon, -which, sinking behind the ships, may have silhouetted them against its -orb, betraying them thus to watchers on the shore. - -A rugged and difficult part of the coast had been selected for the -landing, so difficult and rugged that I considered the Turks were not -at all likely to anticipate such a descent. Indeed, owing to the tows -having failed to maintain their exact direction the actual point of -disembarkation was rather more than a mile north of that which I had -selected, and was more closely overhung by steeper cliffs. Although -this accident increased the initial difficulty of driving the enemy off -the heights inland, it has since proved itself to have been a blessing -in disguise, inasmuch as the actual base of the force of occupation has -been much better defiladed from shell fire. - - -"DEEP RAVINES AND SHARP SPURS" - -The beach on which the landing was actually effected is a very narrow -strip of sand, about 1,000 yards in length, bounded on the north and -the south by two small promontories. At its southern extremity a deep -ravine, with exceedingly steep, scrub-clad sides, runs inland in a -north-easterly direction. Near the northern end of the beach a small -but steep gully runs up into the hills at right angles to the shore. -Between the ravine and the gully the whole of the beach is backed by -the seaward face of the spur which forms the north-western side of the -ravine. From the top of the spur the ground falls almost sheer except -near the southern limit of the beach, where gentler slopes give access -to the mouth of the ravine behind. Further inland lie in a tangled -knot the under-features of Sari Bair, separated by deep ravines, which -take a most confusing diversity of direction. Sharp spurs, covered -with dense scrub, and falling away in many places in precipitous sandy -cliffs, radiate from the principal mass of the mountain, from which -they run north-west, west, south-west, and south to the coast. - -The boats approached the land in the silence and the darkness, and -they were close to the shore before the enemy stirred. Then about -one battalion of Turks was seen running along the beach to intercept -the lines of boats. At this so critical a moment the conduct of all -ranks was most praiseworthy. Not a word was spoken--every one remained -perfectly orderly and quiet awaiting the enemy's fire, which sure -enough opened, causing many casualties. The moment the boats touched -land the Australians' turn had come. Like lightning they leapt ashore, -and each man as he did so went straight as his bayonet at the enemy. So -vigorous was the onslaught that the Turks made no attempt to withstand -it and fled from ridge to ridge pursued by the Australian infantry. - - -CONTINUOUS FIGHTING - -This attack was carried out by the 3rd Australian Brigade, under Major -(temporary Colonel) Sinclair Maclagan, D.S.O. The 1st and 2nd Brigades -followed promptly, and were all disembarked by 2 p.m., by which time -12,000 men and two batteries of Indian Mountain Artillery had been -landed. The disembarkation of further artillery was delayed owing to -the fact that the enemy's heavy guns opened on the anchorage and forced -the transports, which had been subjected to continuous shelling from -his field guns, to stand farther out to sea. - -The broken ground, the thick scrub, the necessity for sending any -formed detachments post-haste as they landed to the critical point of -the moment, the headlong valour of scattered groups of the men who had -pressed far further into the peninsula than had been intended--all -these led to confusion and mixing up of units. Eventually the -mixed crowd of fighting men, some advancing from the beach, others -falling back before the oncoming Turkish supports, solidified into a -semicircular position with its right about a mile north of Gaba Tepe -and its left on the high ground over Fisherman's Hut. During this -period parties of the 9th and 10th Battalions charged and put out of -action three of the enemy's Krupp guns. During this period also the -disembarkation of the Australian Division was being followed by that of -the New Zealand and Australian Division (two brigades only). - -From 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. the enemy, now reinforced to a strength of -20,000 men, attacked the whole line, making a specially strong -effort against the 3rd Brigade and the left of the 2nd Brigade. This -counter-attack was, however, handsomely repulsed with the help of the -guns of H.M. ships. Between 5 and 6.30 p.m. a third most determined -counter-attack was made against the 3rd Brigade, who held their ground -with more than equivalent stubbornness. During the night again the -Turks made constant attacks, and the 8th Battalion repelled a bayonet -charge; but in spite of all the line held firm. The troops had had -practically no rest on the night of the 24th to 25th; they had been -fighting hard all day over most difficult country, and they had been -subjected to heavy shrapnel fire in the open. Their casualties had -been deplorably heavy. But, despite their losses and in spite of their -fatigue, the morning of the 26th found them still in good heart and as -full of fight as ever. - - -TURKS' HEAVY LOSSES - -It is a consolation to know that the Turks suffered still more -seriously. Several times our machine guns got on to them in close -formation, and the whole surrounding country is still strewn with their -dead. - -The reorganization of units and formations was impossible during the -26th and 27th owing to persistent attacks. An advance was impossible -until a reorganization could be effected, and it only remained to -entrench the position gained and to perfect the arrangements for -bringing up ammunition, water, and supplies to the ridges--in itself a -most difficult undertaking. Four battalions of the Royal Naval Division -were sent up to reinforce the Army Corps on April 28 and 29. - - -HELP OF THE NAVY - -On the night of May 2 a bold effort was made to seize a commanding -knoll in front of the centre of the line. The enemy's enfilading -machine guns were too scientifically posted, and 800 men were lost -without advantage beyond the infliction of a corresponding loss to the -enemy. On May 4 an attempt to seize Kaba Tepe was also unsuccessful, -the barbed wire here being something beyond belief. But a number -of minor operations have been carried out, such as the taking of a -Turkish observing station; the strengthening of entrenchments; the -reorganization of units, and the perfecting of communication with the -landing-place. Also a constant strain has been placed upon some of the -best troops of the enemy, who, to the number of 24,000, are constantly -kept fighting and being killed and wounded freely, as the Turkish -sniper is no match for the Kangaroo shooter, even at his own game. - -The assistance of the Royal Navy, here as elsewhere, has been -invaluable. The whole of the arrangements have been in Admiral -Thursby's hands, and I trust I may be permitted to say what a trusty -and powerful friend he has proved himself to be to the Australian and -New Zealand Army Corps. - - -FRENCH CAPTURE OF 500 PRISONERS - -Concurrently with the British landings a regiment of the French Corps -was successfully disembarked at Kum Kale under the guns of the French -Fleet, and remained ashore till the morning of the 26th, when they -re-embarked. Five hundred prisoners were captured by the French on this -day. - -This operation drew the fire of the Asiatic guns from Morto Bay and V -beach on to Kum Kale, and contributed largely to the success of the -British landings. - -On the evening of the 26th the main disembarkation of the French Corps -was begun, V beach being allotted to our Allies for this purpose, and -it was arranged that the French should hold the portion of the front -between the telegraph wire and the sea. - -The following day I ordered a general advance to a line stretching from -Hill 236 near Eski Hissarlik Point to the mouth of the stream two miles -north of Tekke Burnu. This advance, which was commenced at midday, was -completed without opposition, and the troops at once consolidated their -new line. The forward movement relieved the growing congestion of the -beaches, and by giving us possession of several new wells afforded -a temporary solution to the water problem, which had hitherto been -causing me much anxiety. - -By the evening of the 27th the Allied forces had established themselves -on a line some three miles long, which stretched from the mouth of the -nullah, 3,200 yards north-east of Tekke Burnu, to Eski Hissarlik Point, -the three brigades of the 29th Division less two battalions on the -left and in the centre, with four French battalions on the right, and -beyond them again the South Wales Borderers on the extreme right. - - -ADVANCE ON KRITHIA - -Owing to casualties this line was somewhat thinly held. Still, it was -so vital to make what headway we could before the enemy recovered -himself and received fresh reinforcements that it was decided to push -on as quickly as possible. Orders were therefore issued for a general -advance to commence at 8 a.m. next day. - -The 29th Division were to march on Krithia, with their left brigade -leading, the French were directed to extend their left in conformity -with the British movements and to retain their right on the coast-line -south of the Kereves Dere. - -The advance commenced at 8 a.m. on the 28th, and was carried out with -commendable vigour, despite the fact that from the moment of landing -the troops had been unable to obtain any proper rest. - -[Illustration: MAP 2. (_To face page 32._)] - -The 87th Brigade, with which had been incorporated the Drake Battalion, -Royal Naval Division, in the place of the King's Own Scottish Borderers -and South Wales Borderers, pushed on rapidly, and by 10 a.m. had -advanced some two miles. Here the further progress of the Border -Regiment was barred by a strong work on the left flank. They halted to -concentrate and make dispositions to attack it, and at that moment -had to withstand a determined counter-attack by the Turks. Aided by -heavy gun-fire from H.M.S. _Queen Elizabeth_, they succeeded in beating -off the attack, but they made no further progress that day, and when -night fell entrenched themselves on the ground they had gained in the -morning. - -The Inniskilling Fusiliers, who advanced with their right on the -Krithia ravine, reached a point about three-quarters of a mile -south-west of Krithia. This was, however, the farthest limit attained, -and later on in the day they fell back into line with other corps. - -The 88th Brigade on the right of the 87th progressed steadily until -about 11.30 a.m., when the stubbornness of the opposition, coupled -with a dearth of ammunition, brought their advance to a standstill. -The 86th Brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Casson, which had been held -in reserve, were thereupon ordered to push forward through the 88th -Brigade in the direction of Krithia. - -The movement commenced at about 1 p.m., but though small reconnoitring -parties got to within a few hundred yards of Krithia, the main body -of the brigade did not get beyond the line held by the 88th Brigade. -Meanwhile, the French had also pushed on in the face of strong -opposition along the spurs on the western bank of the Kereves Dere, and -had got to within a mile of Krithia with their right thrown back and -their left in touch with the 88th Brigade. Here they were unable to -make further progress; gradually the strength of the resistance made -itself felt, and our Allies were forced during the afternoon to give -ground. - - -SHORTAGE OF AMMUNITION - -By 2 p.m. the whole of the troops with the exception of the Drake -Battalion had been absorbed into the firing line. The men were -exhausted, and the few guns landed at the time were unable to afford -them adequate artillery support. The small amount of transport -available did not suffice to maintain the supply of munitions, and -cartridges were running short despite all efforts to push them up from -the landing-places. - -Hopes of getting a footing on Achi Babi had now perforce to be -abandoned--at least for this occasion. The best that could be expected -was that we should be able to maintain what we had won, and when at -3 p.m. the Turks made a determined counter-attack with the bayonet -against the centre and right of our line, even this seemed exceedingly -doubtful. Actually a partial retirement did take place. The French were -also forced back, and at 6 p.m. orders were issued for our troops to -entrench themselves as best they could in the positions they then held, -with their right flank thrown back so as to maintain connection with -our Allies. In this retirement the right flank of the 88th Brigade was -temporarily uncovered, and the Worcester Regiment suffered severely. - -Had it been possible to push in reinforcements in men, artillery, -and munitions during the day, Krithia should have fallen, and much -subsequent fighting for its capture would have been avoided. - -Two days later this would have been feasible, but I had to reckon with -the certainty that the enemy would, in that same time, have received -proportionately greater support. I was faced by the usual choice of -evils, and although the result was not what I had hoped, I have no -reason to believe that hesitation and delay would better have answered -my purpose. - - -FRENCH LOSSES - -For, after all, we had pushed forward quite appreciably on the whole. -The line eventually held by our troops on the night of the 28th ran -from a point on the coast three miles north-west of Tekke Burnu to a -point one mile north of Eski Hissarlik, whence it was continued by the -French south-east to the coast. - -Much inevitable mixing of units of the 86th and 88th Brigades had -occurred during the day's fighting, and there was a dangerous -re-entrant in the line at the junction of the 87th and 88th Brigades -near the Krithia nullah. The French had lost heavily, especially in -officers, and required time to reorganize. - -April 29 was consequently spent in straightening the line, and in -consolidating and strengthening the positions gained. There was a -certain amount of artillery and musketry fire, but nothing serious. - -Similarly, on the 30th, no advance was made, nor was any attack -delivered by the enemy. The landing of the bulk of the artillery was -completed, and a readjustment of the line took place, the portion held -by the French being somewhat increased. - -Two more battalions of the Royal Naval Division had been disembarked, -and these, together with three battalions of the 88th Brigade withdrawn -from the line, were formed into a reserve. - - -TURKISH ATTACKS - -This reserve was increased on May 1 by the addition of the 29th Indian -Infantry Brigade, which released the three battalions of the 88th -Brigade to return to the trenches. The Corps Expéditionnaire d'Orient -had disembarked the whole of their infantry, and all but two of their -batteries by the same evening. - -At 10 p.m. the Turks opened a hot shell fire upon our position, and -half an hour later, just before the rise of the moon, they delivered -a series of desperate attacks. Their formation was in three solid -lines, the men in the front rank being deprived of ammunition to make -them rely only upon the bayonet. The officers were served out with -coloured Bengal lights to fire from their pistols, red indicating to -the Turkish guns that they were to lengthen their range; white that -our front trenches had been stormed; green that our main position had -been carried. The Turkish attack was to crawl on hands and knees until -the time came for the final rush to be made. An eloquent hortative was -signed Von Zowenstern and addressed to the Turkish rank and file who -were called upon, by one mighty effort, to fling us all back into the -sea. - -"Attack the enemy with the bayonet and utterly destroy him! - -"We shall not retire one step; for, if we do, our religion, our -country, and our nation will perish! - -"Soldiers! The world is looking at you! Your only hope of salvation is -to bring this battle to a successful issue or gloriously to give up -your life in the attempt!" - - -BRITISH BAYONET CHARGE - -The first momentum of this ponderous onslaught fell upon the right of -the 86th Brigade, an unlucky spot, seeing all the officers thereabouts -had already been killed or wounded. So when the Turks came right on -without firing and charged into the trenches with the bayonet they made -an ugly gap in the line. This gap was instantly filled by the 5th Royal -Scots (Territorials), who faced to their flank and executed a brilliant -bayonet charge against the enemy, and by the Essex Regiment detached -for the purpose by the Officer Commanding 88th Brigade. The rest of -the British line held its own with comparative ease, and it was not -found necessary to employ any portion of the reserve. The storm next -broke in fullest violence against the French left, which was held by -the Senegalese. Behind them were two British Field Artillery Brigades -and a Howitzer Battery. After several charges and counter-charges -the Senegalese began to give ground, and a company of the Worcester -Regiment and some gunners were sent forward to hold the gap. Later, -a second company of the Worcester Regiment was also sent up, and the -position was then maintained for the remainder of the night, although -about 2 a.m. it was found necessary to dispatch one battalion Royal -Naval Division to strengthen the extreme right of the French. - - -GENERAL ADVANCE OF OUR LINE - -About 5 a.m. a counter-offensive was ordered, and the whole line began -to advance. By 7.30 a.m. the British left had gained some 500 yards, -and the centre had pushed the enemy back and inflicted heavy losses. -The right also had gained some ground in conjunction with the French -left, but the remainder of the French line was unable to progress. As -the British centre and left were now subjected to heavy cross fire from -concealed machine guns, it was found impossible to maintain the ground -gained, and therefore, about 11 a.m., the whole line withdrew to its -former trenches. - -The net result of the operations was the repulse of the Turks and -the infliction upon them of very heavy losses. At first we had them -fairly on the run, and had it not been for those inventions of the -devil--machine guns and barbed wire--which suit the Turkish character -and tactics to perfection, we should not have stopped short of the -crest of Achi Babi. As it was, all brigades reported great numbers of -dead Turks in front of their lines, and 350 prisoners were left in our -hands. - -On the 2nd, during the day, the enemy remained quiet, burying his dead -under a red crescent flag, a work with which we did not interfere. -Shortly after 9 p.m., however, they made another attack against the -whole Allied line, their chief effort being made against the French -front, where the ground favoured their approach. The attack was -repulsed with loss. - -During the night 3rd/4th the French front was again subjected to a -heavy attack, which they were able to repulse without assistance from -my general reserve. - -The day of the 4th was spent in reorganization, and a portion of the -line held by the French, who had lost heavily during the previous -night's fighting, was taken over by the 2nd Naval Brigade. The night -passed quietly. - -During the 5th the Lancashire Fusilier Brigade of the East Lancashire -Division was disembarked and placed in reserve behind the British left. - -Orders were issued for an advance to be carried out next day, and these -and the three days' battle which ensued will be dealt with in my next -despatch. - - -HEAVY CASUALTIES - -The losses, exclusive of the French, during the period covered by this -despatch, were, I regret to say, very severe, numbering: - - 177 Officers and 1,990 other ranks killed. - 412 Officers and 7,807 other ranks wounded. - 13 Officers and 3,580 other ranks missing. - -From a technical point of view it is interesting to note that my -Administrative Staff had not reached Mudros by the time when the -landings were finally arranged. All the highly elaborate work involved -by these landings was put through by my General Staff working in -collaboration with Commodore Roger Kayes, C.B., M.V.O., and the Naval -Transport Officers allotted for the purpose by Vice-Admiral de Robeck. -Navy and Army carried out these combined duties with that perfect -harmony which was indeed absolutely essential to success. - -[Illustration: LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR W. R. BIRDWOOD, K.C.S.I. (_To face -page 40._)] - -FINE WORK OF THE NAVY - -Throughout the events I have chronicled the Royal Navy has been father -and mother to the Army. Not one of us but realises how much he owes -to Vice-Admiral de Robeck; to the warships, French and British; to the -destroyers, mine sweepers, picket boats, and to all their dauntless -crews, who took no thought of themselves, but risked everything to give -their soldier comrades a fair run in at the enemy. - -Throughout these preparations and operations Monsieur le Général -d'Amade has given me the benefit of his wide experiences of war, and -has afforded me, always, the most loyal and energetic support. The -landing of Kum Kale planned by me as a mere diversion to distract the -attention of the enemy was transformed by the Commander of the Corps -Expéditionnaire de l'Orient into a brilliant operation, which secured -some substantial results. During the fighting which followed the -landing of the French Division at Sedd-el-Bahr no troops could have -acquitted themselves more creditably under very trying circumstances, -and under very heavy losses, than those working under the orders of -Monsieur le Général d'Amade. - -Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood, K.C.S.I., C.B., C.I.E., D.S.O., -was in command of the detached landing of the Australian and New -Zealand Army Corps above Kapa Tepe, as well as during the subsequent -fighting. The fact of his having been responsible for the execution of -these difficult and hazardous operations--operations which were crowned -with a very remarkable success--speaks, I think, for itself. - -Major-General A. G. Hunter-Weston, C.B., D.S.O., was tried very highly, -not only during the landings, but more especially in the day and -night attacks and counter-attacks which ensued. Untiring, resourceful, -and ever more cheerful as the outlook (on occasion) grew darker, he -possesses, in my opinion, very special qualifications as a Commander of -troops in the field. - -Major-General W. P. Braithwaite, C.B., is the best Chief of the General -Staff it has ever been my fortune to encounter in war. I will not pile -epithets upon him. I can say no more than what I have said, and I can -certainly say no less. - -I have many other names to bring to notice for the period under review, -and these will form the subject of a separate report at an early date. - - I have the honour to be, - Your Lordship's most obedient Servant, - IAN HAMILTON, General, - Commanding Mediterranean - Expeditionary Force. - - - - -THE SECOND DESPATCH - - General Headquarters, - Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, - _August_ 26, 1915. - - - MY LORD, - -At the close of the ten days and ten nights described in my first -despatch our troops had forced their way forward for some 5,000 yards -from the landing-places at the point of the peninsula. Opposite them -lay the Turks, who since their last repulse had fallen back about -half a mile upon previously prepared redoubts and entrenchments. Both -sides had drawn heavily upon their stock of energy and munitions, but -it seemed clear that whichever could first summon up spirit to make -another push must secure at least several hundreds of yards of the -debatable ground between the two fronts. And several hundred yards, -whatever it might mean to the enemy, was a matter of life or death to -a force crowded together under gun fire on so narrow a tongue of land. -Such was the situation on May 5, the date last mentioned in my despatch -of the 20th of that month. - -On that day I determined to continue my advance, feeling certain that -even if my tired troops could not carry the formidable opposing lines -they would at least secure the use of the intervening ground. Orders -were forthwith issued for an attack. - - -CREATION OF NEW DIVISIONS - -The many urgent calls for reinforcements made during the previous -critical fighting had forced me to disorganize and mix together -several of the formations in the southern group, to the extent even -of the French on our right having a British battalion holding their -own extremest right. For the purposes of the impending fight it became -therefore necessary to create temporarily a Composite Division, -consisting of the 2nd Australian and New Zealand Infantry Brigades -(withdrawn for the purpose from the northern section), together with -a Naval Brigade formed of the Plymouth and Drake Battalions. The 29th -Division was reconstituted into four brigades, _i.e._ the 88th and 87th -Brigades, the Lancashire Fusilier Brigade (T.F.), and the 29th Indian -Infantry Brigade. The French Corps Expéditionnaire was reinforced by -the 2nd Naval Brigade, and the new Composite Division formed my General -Reserve. - -The 29th Division, whose left rested on the coast about three miles -north-east of Cape Tekke, was ordered to direct, its right moving on -the south-east edge of Krithia, while the Corps Expéditionnaire with -the 2nd Naval Brigade had assigned to them for their first point of -attack the commanding ridge running from north to south above the -Kereves Dere. A foothold upon this ridge was essential, as its capture -would ensure a safe pivot on which the 29th Division could swing in -making any further advance. Communication between these two sections -of the attack was to be maintained by the Plymouth and Drake Battalions. - - -CRITICAL DAYS - -During the three days (May 6-8) our troops were destined to be very -severely tried. They were about to attack a series of positions -scientifically selected in advance which, although not yet joined up -into one line of entrenchment, were already strengthened by works on -their more important tactical features. - -The 29th Division led off at 11 a.m., the French corps followed suit -at 11.30 a.m.; every yard was stubbornly contested; some Brigades were -able to advance, others could do no more than maintain themselves. -Positions were carried and held, other positions were carried and lost; -but, broadly, our gunners kept lengthening the fuses of their shrapnel, -and by 1.30 p.m. the line had been pushed forward two to three hundred -yards. Here and there this advance included a Turkish trench, but -generally speaking the main enemy position still lay some distance -ahead of our leading companies. - -By 4.30 p.m. it became clear that we should make no more progress that -day. The French Corps were held up by a strong field work. They had -made good a point upon the crest line of the lower slope of the Kereves -Dere ridge, but there they had come under a fire so galling that they -were unable, as it turned out, to entrench until nightfall. The 88th -Brigade could not carry a clump of fir trees to their front; company -after company made the perilous essay, but the wood, swept by hidden -machine-guns, proved a veritable deathtrap. The Lancashire Fusiliers -Brigade also were only just barely holding on and were suffering heavy -losses from these same concealed machine-guns. The troops were ordered -to entrench themselves in line and link up their flanks on either side. - -At night, save for rifle fire, there was quiet along the whole British -line. On the right a determined bayonet charge was made upon the -French, who gave ground for the moment, but recovered it again at dawn. - - -GERMAN GUNS AND TURKISH SNIPERS - -Next morning (May 7) we opened with shrapnel upon the enemy's trenches -opposite our extreme left, and at 10 a.m. the Lancashire Fusiliers -Brigade began the attack. But our artillery had not been able to locate -the cleverly sited German machine-gun batteries, whose fire rendered -it physically impossible to cross that smooth glacis. Next to the -right the 88th Brigade swept forward, and the 1/5th Royal Scots, well -supported by artillery fire, carried the fir trees with a rush. This -time it was discovered that not only the enfilading machine-guns had -made the wood so difficult to hold. Amongst the branches of the trees -Turkish snipers were perched, sometimes upon small wooden platforms. -When these were brought down the surroundings became much healthier. -The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, of the 87th Brigade, were pushed up -to support the left of the 88th, and all seemed well, when, at 1.20 -p.m., a strong Turkish counter-attack drove us back out of the fir -clump. As an off-set to this check the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers -captured three Turkish trenches, and a second battalion of the 87th -Brigade, the King's Own Scottish Borderers, was sent forward on the -left to make these good. - -At 3 p.m. the Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade again reported they -were definitely held up by the accurate cross-fire of batteries of -machine-guns concealed in the scrub on the ridge between the ravine -and the sea, batteries which also enfiladed the left flank of the 88th -Brigade as it endeavoured to advance in the centre. Unless we were to -acquiesce in a stalemate the moment for our effort had arrived, and a -general attack was ordered for 4.45 p.m., the whole of the 87th Brigade -to reinforce the 88th Brigade, and the New Zealand Brigade to support -it. - - -TIRED, BUT HEROIC TROOPS - -Despite their exhaustion and their losses the men responded with a -will. The whole force, French and British, rose simultaneously and -made a rush forward. All along the front we made good a certain amount -of ground, excepting only on our extreme left. For the third time -British bayonets carried the fir clump in our centre, and when darkness -fell the whole line (excepting always the left) had gained from 200 to -300 yards, and had occupied or passed over the first line of Turkish -trenches. - -The troops were now worn out; the new lines needed consolidating, and -it was certain that fresh reinforcements were reaching the Turks. -Balancing the actual state of my own troops against the probable -condition of the Turks I decided to call upon the men to make one -more push before the new enemy forces could get into touch with their -surroundings. - -Orders were therefore issued to dig in at sundown on the line gained; -to maintain that line against counter-attack, and to prepare to advance -again next morning. The Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade was withdrawn into -reserve, and its place on the left was taken by the Brigade of New -Zealanders. - -General Headquarters were shifted to an entrenchment on a hill in rear -of the left of our line. Under my plan for the fresh attack the New -Zealand Brigade was to advance through the line held during the night -by the 88th Brigade and press on towards Krithia. Simultaneously, the -87th Brigade was to threaten the works on the west of the ravine, -whilst endeavouring, by means of parties of scouts and volunteers, -to steal patches of ground from the areas dominated by the German -machine-guns. - -At 10.15 a.m. heavy fire from ships and batteries was opened on the -whole front, and at 10.30 a.m. the New Zealand Brigade began to move, -meeting with strenuous opposition from the enemy, who had received -his reinforcements. Supported by the fire of the batteries and the -machine-guns of the 88th Brigade, they pushed forward on the right -and advanced their centre beyond the fir trees, but could make little -further progress. By 1.30 p.m. about 200 yards had been gained beyond -the previously most advanced trenches of the 88th Brigade. - -At this hour the French Corps reported they could not advance up the -crest of the spur west of Kereves Dere till further progress was made -by the British. - -At 4 p.m. I gave orders that the whole line, reinforced by the 2nd -Australian Brigade, would fix bayonets, slope arms, and move on Krithia -precisely at 5.30 p.m. - -At 5.15 p.m. the ships' guns and our heavy artillery bombarded the -enemy's position for a quarter of an hour, and at 5.30 p.m. the field -guns opened a hot shrapnel fire to cover the infantry advance. - - -BRITISH ADVANCE - -The co-operation of artillery and infantry in this attack was perfect, -the timing of the movement being carried out with great precision. Some -of the companies of the New Zealand regiments did not get their orders -in time, but acting on their own initiative they pushed on as soon -as the heavy howitzers ceased firing, thus making the whole advance -simultaneous. - -The steady advance of the British could be followed by the sparkle -of their bayonets until the long lines entered the smoke clouds. The -French at first made no move, then, their drums beating and bugles -sounding the charge, they suddenly darted forward in a swarm of -skirmishers which seemed in one moment to cover the whole southern face -of the ridge of the Kereves Dere. Against these the Turkish gunners now -turned their heaviest pieces, and as the leading groups stormed the -first Turkish redoubt the ink-black bursts of high-explosive shells -blotted out both assailants and assailed. The trial was too severe for -the Senegalese tirailleurs. They recoiled. They were rallied. Another -rush forward, another repulse, and then a small supporting column of -French soldiers was seen silhouetted against the sky as they charged -upwards along the crest of the ridge of the Kereves Dere, whilst -elsewhere it grew so dark that the whole of the battlefield became a -blank. - -Not until next morning did any reliable detail come to hand of what -had happened. The New Zealanders' firing line had marched over the -cunningly concealed enemy's machine-guns without seeing them, and -these, reopening on our supports as they came up, caused them heavy -losses. But the first line pressed on and arrived within a few yards -of the Turkish trenches which had been holding up our advance beyond -the fir wood. There they dug themselves in. - - -VALOUR OF COLONIAL TROOPS - -The Australian Brigade had advanced through the Composite Brigade, and, -in spite of heavy losses from shrapnel, machine-gun, and rifle fire, -had progressed from 300 to 400 yards. - -The determined valour shown by these two brigades, the New Zealand -Brigade, under Brigadier-General F. E. Johnston, and the 2nd Australian -Infantry Brigade, under Brigadier-General the Hon. J. W. McCay, are -worthy of particular praise. Their losses were correspondingly heavy, -but in spite of fierce counter-attacks by numerous fresh troops they -stuck to what they had won with admirable tenacity. - -On the extreme left the 87th Brigade, under Major-General W. R. -Marshall, made a final and especially gallant effort to advance across -the smooth, bullet-swept area between the ravine and the sea, but once -more the enemy machine-guns thinned the ranks of the leading companies -of the South Wales Borderers, and again there was nothing for it but to -give ground. But when night closed in the men of the 87th Brigade of -their own accord asked to be led forward, and achieved progress to the -extent of just about 200 yards. During the darkness the British troops -everywhere entrenched themselves on the line gained. - -On the right the French column, last seen as it grew dark, had stormed -and still held the redoubt round which the fighting had centred until -then. Both General d'Amade and General Simonin had been present -in person with this detachment and had rallied the Senegalese and -encouraged the white troops in their exploit. With their bayonets these -brave fellows of the 8th Colonials had inflicted exceedingly heavy -losses upon the enemy. - - -ZOUAVES FORCED TO GIVE WAY - -The French troops whose actions have hitherto been followed belonged, -all of them, to the 2nd Division. But beyond the crest of the ridge -the valley of the Kereves Dere lies dead to anyone occupying my post -of command. And in this area the newly-arrived Brigade of the French -1st Division had been also fighting hard. Here they had advanced -simultaneously with the 2nd Division and achieved a fine success in -their first rush, which was jeopardized when a battalion of Zouaves was -forced to give way under a heavy bombardment. But, as in the case of -the 2nd Division, the other battalions of the 1st Régiment de Marche -d'Afrique, under Lieutenant-Colonel Nieger, restored the situation, and -in the end the Division carried and held two complete lines of Turkish -redoubts and trenches. - -The net result of the three days' fighting had been a gain of 600 yards -on the right of the British line and 400 yards on the left and centre. -The French had captured all the ground in front of the Farm Zjimmerman, -as well as a redoubt, for the possession of which there had been -obstinate fighting during the whole of the past three days. - -This may not seem very much, but actually more had been won than at -first meets the eye. The German leaders of the Turks were quick to -realize the fact. From nightfall till dawn on the 9th-10th efforts were -made everywhere to push us back. A specially heavy attack was made upon -the French, supported by a hot cannonade and culminating in a violent -hand-to-hand conflict in front of the Brigade Simonin. Everywhere the -assailants were repulsed, and now for the first time I felt that we -had planted a fairly firm foothold upon the point of the Gallipoli -Peninsula. - -Meanwhile in the northern zone also, the Australian and New Zealand -Army Corps had strengthened their grip on Turkish soil. Whilst in the -south we had been attacking and advancing they had been defending and -digging themselves more and more firmly into those cliffs on which it -had seemed at first that their foothold was so precarious. - - -NO RESPITE FROM SHELLS - -On May 11, the first time for eighteen days and nights, it was found -possible to withdraw the 29th Division from the actual firing line and -to replace it by the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade and by the 42nd -Division, which had completed its disembarkation two days previously. -The withdrawal gave no respite from shells, but at least the men were, -most nights, enabled to sleep. - -The moment lent itself to reflection, and during this breathing space I -was able to realize we had now nearly reached the limit of what could -be attained by mingling initiative with surprise. The enemy was as much -in possession of my numbers and dispositions as I was in possession of -their first line of defence; the opposing fortified fronts stretched -parallel from sea to straits; there was little scope left now, either -at Achi Baba or at Kaba Tepe, for tactics which would fling flesh -and blood battalions against lines of unbroken barbed wire. Advances -must more and more tend to take the shape of concentrated attacks on -small sections of the enemy's line after full artillery preparation. -Siege warfare was soon bound to supersede manÅ“uvre battles in the -open. Consolidation and fortification of our front, improvement of -approaches, selection of machine-gun emplacements and scientific -grouping of our artillery under a centralized control must ere long -form the tactical basis of our plans. - -So soon, then, as the troops had enjoyed a day or two of comparative -rest I divided my front into four sections. On the left was the 29th -Division, to which the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade was attached. In -the left centre came the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, on the right -centre stood the Royal Naval Division, and at my right was the Corps -Expéditionnaire. Thus I secured organization in depth as well as front, -enabling each division to arrange for its own reliefs, supports, and -reserves, and giving strength for defence as well as attack. Hitherto -the piecemeal arrival of reinforcements had forced a hand-to-mouth -procedure upon head-quarters; now the control became more decentralized. - -Already, before the new system of local efforts had come into working -order, the 29th Indian Brigade had led the way towards it by a -brilliant little affair on the night of May 10-11. The Turkish right -rested upon the steep cliff north-east of Y beach, where the King's Own -Scottish Borderers and the Plymouth Battalion, Royal Naval Division, -had made their first landing. Since those days the enemy had converted -the bluff into a powerful bastion, from which the fire of machine-guns -had held up the left of our attacks. Two gallant attempts by the Royal -Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers to establish a footing -on this cliff on May 8 and 9 had both of them failed. - - -GURKHA STRATAGEM - -During the night of May 10-11 the 6th Gurkhas started off to seize -this bluff. Their scouts descended to the sea, worked their way for -some distance through the broken ground along the shore, and crawled -hands and knees up the precipitous face of the cliff. On reaching -the top they were heavily fired on. As a surprise the enterprise -had failed, but as a reconnaissance it proved very useful. On the -following day Major-General H. B. Cox, commanding 29th Indian Infantry -Brigade, submitted proposals for a concerted attack on this bluff -(now called Gurkha Bluff), and arrangements were made with the Navy -for co-operation. These arrangements were completed on May 12; they -included a demonstration by the Manchester Brigade of the 42nd Division -and by our artillery and the support of the attack from the sea by the -guns of H.M.S. _Dublin_ and H.M.S. _Talbot_. At 6.30 a.m. on May 12 the -Manchester Brigade and the 29th Divisional artillery opened fire on -the Turkish trenches, and under cover of this fire a double company of -the 1/6th Gurkhas once more crept along the shore and assembled below -the bluff. Then, the attention of the Turks being taken up with the -bombardment, they swiftly scaled the cliffs and carried the work with a -rush. The machine-gun section of the Gurkhas was hurried forward, and -at 4.30 p.m. a second double company was pushed up to join the first. - -An hour later these two double companies extended and began to entrench -to join up their new advanced left diagonally with the right of the -trenches previously held by their battalion. - -At 6 p.m. a third double company advanced across the open from their -former front line of trenches under a heavy rifle and machine-gun fire, -and established themselves on this diagonal line between the main -ravine on their right and the newly captured redoubt. The 4th double -company moved up as a support, and held the former firing line. - -Our left flank, which had been firmly held up against all attempts -on the 6th-8th, was now, by stratagem, advanced nearly 500 yards. -Purchased as it was with comparatively slight losses (21 killed, 92 -wounded) this success was due to careful preparation and organization -by Major-General H. V. Cox, commanding 29th Indian Infantry Brigade, -Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. C. G. Bruce, commanding 1/6 Gurkhas, and -Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) F. A. Wynter, R.G.A., commanding -the Artillery Group supporting the attack. The co-operation of the two -cruisers was excellent, and affords another instance of the admirable -support by the Navy to our troops. - - -DEPARTURE OF GENERAL D'AMADE - -On May 14 General Gouraud arrived and took over from General d'Amade -the command of the Corps Expéditionnaire. As General d'Amade quitted -the shores of the peninsula he received a spontaneous ovation from the -British soldiers at work upon the beaches. - -The second division of the Corps Expéditionnaire, commanded by General -Bailloud, had now completed disembarkation. - -From the time of the small local push forward made by the 6th Gurkhas -on the night of May 10-11 until June 4 the troops under my command -pressed against the enemy continuously by sapping, reconnaissance, -and local advances, whilst, to do them justice they (the enemy) did -what they could to repay us in like coin. I have given the escalade of -Gurkha Bluff as a sample; no forty-eight hours passed without something -of the sort being attempted or achieved either by the French or -ourselves. - - -AUSTRALIAN DARE-DEVILRY - -Turning now to where the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps were -perched upon the cliffs of Sari Bair, I must begin by explaining that -their _rôle_ at this stage of the operations was--first, to keep open -a door leading to the vitals of the Turkish position; secondly, to -hold up as large a body as possible of the enemy in front of them, -so as to lessen the strain at Cape Helles. Anzac, in fact, was cast -to play second fiddle to Cape Helles, a part out of harmony with the -dare-devil spirit animating those warriors from the South, and so it -has come about that, as your Lordship will now see, the defensive of -the Australians and New Zealanders has always tended to take on the -character of an attack. - -The line held during the period under review by the Australian and New -Zealand Army Corps formed a rough semi-circle inland from the beach -of Anzac Cove, with a diameter of about 1,100 yards. The firing line -is everywhere close to the enemy's trenches, and in all sections of -the position sapping, counter-sapping, and bomb attacks have been -incessant. The shelling both of the trenches and beaches has been -impartial and liberal. As many as 1,400 shells have fallen on Anzac -within the hour, and these of all calibres, from 11 inches to field -shrapnel. Around Quinn's Post, both above and below ground, the contest -has been particularly severe. This section of the line is situated on -the circumference of the Anzac semicircle at the furthest point from -its diameter. Here our fire trenches are mere ledges on the brink of -a sheer precipice falling 200 feet into the valley below. The enemy's -trenches are only a few feet distant. - - -A NIGHT ASSAULT - -On May 9 a night assault, supported by enfilade fire, was delivered -on the enemy's trenches in front of Quinn's Post. The trenches were -carried at the point of the bayonet, troops established in them, and -reinforcements sent up. - -At dawn on May 10 a strong counter-attack forced our troops to -evacuate the trenches and fall back on Quinn's Post. In opposing this -counter-attack our guns did great execution, as we discovered later -from a Turkish officer's diary that two Turkish regiments on this date -lost 600 killed and 2,000 wounded. - -On the night of May 14-15 a sortie was made from Quinn's Post with the -object of filling in Turkish trenches in which bomb-throwers were -active. The sortie, which cost us some seventy casualties, was not -successful. - -On May 14 Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood was slightly wounded, -but, I am glad to say, he was not obliged to relinquish the command of -his Corps. - - -DEATH OF GENERAL BRIDGES - -On May 15 I deeply regret to say Major-General W. T. Bridges, -commanding the Australian Division, received a severe wound, which -proved fatal a few days later. Sincere and single-minded in his -devotion to Australia and to duty, his loss still stands out even -amidst the hundreds of other brave officers who have gone. - -On May 18 Anzac was subjected to a heavy bombardment from large-calibre -guns and howitzers. At midnight of the 18th-19th the most violent -rifle and machine-gun fire yet experienced broke out along the front. -Slackening from 3 a.m. to 4 a.m. it then broke out again, and a heavy -Turkish column assaulted the left of No. 2 section. This assault was -beaten off with loss. Another attack was delivered before daylight on -the centre of this section; it was repeated four times and repulsed -each time with very serious losses to the enemy. Simultaneously a heavy -attack was delivered on the north-east salient of No. 4 section, which -was repulsed and followed up, but the pressing of the counter-attack -was prevented by shrapnel. Attacks were also delivered on Quinn's -Post, Courtney's Post, and along the front of our right section. At -about 5 a.m. the battle was fairly joined, and a furious cannonade was -begun by a large number of enemy guns, including 12-in. and 9·2-in., -and other artillery that had not till then opened. By 9.30 a.m. the -Turks were pressing hard against the left of Courtney's and the right -of Quinn's Post. At 10 a.m. this attack, unable to face fire from the -right, swung round to the left, where it was severely handled by our -guns and the machine-guns of our left section. By 11 a.m. the enemy, -who were crowded together in the trenches beyond Quinn's Post, were -giving way under their heavy losses. - - -HEAVY ENEMY LOSSES - -According to prisoners' reports 30,000 troops, including five fresh -regiments, were used against us. General Liman von Sanders was himself -in command. - -The enemy's casualties were heavy, as may be judged from the fact that -over 3,000 dead were lying in the open in view of our trenches. A -large proportion of these losses were due to our artillery fire. Our -casualties amounted to about 100 killed and 500 wounded, including nine -officers wounded. - - -TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF ARMS - -The next four days were chiefly remarkable for the carrying through of -the negotiations for the suspension of arms, which actually took place -on May 24. About 5 p.m. on May 20 white flags and Red Crescents began -to appear all along the line. In No. 2 section a Turkish staff officer, -two medical officers, and a company commander came out and were met -by Major-General H. B. Walker, commanding the Australian Division, -halfway between the trenches. The staff officer explained that he was -instructed to arrange a suspension of arms, for the removal of dead -and wounded. He had no written credentials, and he was informed that -neither he nor the General Officer Commanding Australian Division had -the power to arrange such a suspension of arms, but that at 8 p.m. an -opportunity would be given of exchanging letters on the subject, and -that meanwhile hostilities would recommence after ten minutes' grace. -At this time some stretcher parties on both sides were collecting -wounded, and the Turkish trenches opposite ours were packed with men -standing shoulder to shoulder two deep. Matters were less regular in -front of other sections, where men with white flags came out to collect -wounded. Meanwhile it was observed that columns were on the march -in the valley up which the Turks were accustomed to bring up their -reinforcements. - -On hearing the report of these movements, General Sir W. R. Birdwood, -commanding Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, ordered his trenches -to be manned against a possible attack. As the evening drew in the -enemy's concentration continued, and everything pointed to their -intention of making use of the last of the daylight to get their -troops into position without being shelled by our artillery. A message -was therefore sent across to say that no clearing of dead or wounded -could be allowed during the night, and that any negotiations for such -a purpose should be opened through the proper channel and initiated -before noon on the following day. - -Stretcher and other parties fell back, and immediately firing broke -out. In front of our right section masses of men advanced behind lines -of unarmed men holding up their hands. Firing became general all along -the line accompanied by a heavy bombardment of the whole position, so -that evidently this attack must have been pre-arranged. Musketry and -machine-gun fire continued without interruption till after dark, and -from then up to about 4 a.m. next day. - -Except for a half-hearted attack in front of Courtney's Post, no -assault was made till 1.20 a.m., when the enemy left their trenches -and advanced on Quinn's Post. Our guns drove the Turks back to their -trenches, and beat back all other attempts to assault. By 4.30 on May -21 musketry fire had died down to normal dimensions. - - -TURKISH DEAD - -As the Turks seemed anxious to bury their dead, and as human sentiment -and medical science were both of one accord in favour of such a course, -I sent Major-General W. P. Braithwaite, my Chief of the General Staff, -on May 22, to assist Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood, commanding -the Army Corps, in coming to some suitable arrangements with the -representative sent by Essad Pasha. The negotiations resulted in a -suspension of arms from 7.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. on May 24. The procedure -laid down for this suspension of arms was, I am glad to inform your -Lordships, correctly observed on both sides. - -The burial of the dead was finished about 3 p.m. Some 3,000 Turkish -dead were removed or buried in the area between the opposing lines. -The whole of these were killed on or since May 18. Many bodies of men -killed earlier were also buried. - -On May 25, with the assistance of two destroyers of the Royal Navy, a -raid was carried out on Nibrunesi Point. A fresh telephone line was -destroyed and an observing station demolished. - - -DEATH OF MAJOR QUINN - -On May 28, at 9 p.m., a raid was made on a Turkish post overlooking -the beach 1,200 yards north of Kaba Tepe, H.M.S. _Rattlesnake_ -co-operating. A party of fifty rifles rushed the post, killing or -capturing the occupants. A similar raid was made against an enemy -trench to the left of our line which cost the Turks 200 casualties, as -was afterwards ascertained. - -[Illustration: MAP 3. (_To face page 64._)] - -From May 28 till June 5 the fighting seemed to concentrate itself -around Quinn's Post. Three enemy galleries had been detected there, -and work on them stopped by counter-mines, which killed twenty Turks -and injured thirty. One gallery had, however, been overlooked, and at -3.30 a.m. on May 29, a mine was sprung in or near the centre of Quinn's -Post. The explosion was followed by a very heavy bomb attack, before -which our left centre sub-section fell back, letting in a storming -party of Turks. This isolated one sub-section on the left from the two -other sub-sections on the right. - -At 5.30 a.m. our counter-attack was launched, and by 6 a.m. the -position had been retaken with the bayonet by the 15th Australian -Infantry Battalion, led by Major Quinn, who was unfortunately killed. -All the enemy in the trench were killed or captured, and the work of -restoration was begun. - -At 6.30 a.m. the Turks again attacked, supported by artillery, rifle, -and machine-gun fire and by showers of bombs from the trenches. The -fine shooting of our guns and the steadiness of the infantry enabled -us to inflict upon the enemy a bloody repulse, demoralizing them to -such an extent that the bomb throwers of their second line flung the -missiles into the middle of their own first line. - - -OUR LOSSES - -At 8.15 a.m. the attack slackened, and by 8.45 a.m. the enemy's attacks -had practically ceased. - -Our casualties in this affair amounted to 2 officers, 31 other ranks -killed, 12 officers and 176 other ranks wounded. The enemy's losses -must have been serious, and were probably equal to those sustained on -May 9-10. Except for the first withdrawal in the confusion of the mine -explosion, all ranks fought with the greatest tenacity and courage. - -On May 30 preparations were made in Quinn's Post to attack and destroy -two enemy saps, the heads of which had reached within 5 yards of our -fire trench. Two storming parties of thirty-five men went forward at 1 -p.m., cleared the sap heads and penetrated into the trenches beyond, -but they were gradually driven back by Turkish counter-attacks, in -spite of our heavy supporting fire, our casualties being chiefly caused -by bombs, of which the enemy seem to have an unlimited supply. - -During May 31 close fighting continued in front of Quinn's Post. - -On June 1, an hour after dark, two sappers of the New Zealand Engineers -courageously crept out and laid a charge of guncotton against a timber -and sandbag bomb-proof. The structure was completely demolished. - - -DISTRACTING THE ENEMY - -After sunset on June 4 three separate enterprises were carried out by -the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. These were undertaken in -compliance with an order which I had issued that the enemy's attention -should be distracted during an attack I was about to deliver in the -southern zone. - -(1) A demonstration in the direction of Kaba Tepe, the Navy -co-operating by bombarding the Turkish trenches. - -(2) A sortie at 11 p.m. towards a trench 200 yards from Quinn's Post. -This failed, but a second sortie by 100 men took place at 2.55 a.m. on -June 5 and penetrated to the Turkish trench; demolished a machine-gun -emplacement which enfiladed Quinn's Post, and withdrew in good order. - -(3) At Quinn's Post an assault was delivered at 11 p.m. A party of -sixty men, accompanied by a bomb-throwing party on either flank, -stormed the enemy's trench. In the assault many Turks were bayoneted -and twenty-eight captured. A working party followed up the attack and -at once set to work. Meanwhile the Turkish trenches on the left of the -post were heavily assailed with machine-gun fire and grenades, which -drew from them a very heavy fire. After daybreak a strong bomb attack -developed on the captured trench, the enemy using a heavier type of -bomb than hitherto. - -At 6.30 a.m. the trench had to be abandoned, and it was found necessary -to retire to the original fire trench of the post and the bomb-proof -in front of its left. Our casualties were eighty; those of the enemy -considerably greater. - - -A SORTIE FROM QUINN'S POST - -On June 5 a sortie was made from Quinn's Post by 2 officers and 100 men -of the 1st Australian Infantry, the objective being the destruction of -a machine-gun in a trench known as German Officer's Trench. A special -party of ten men with the officer commanding the party (Lieutenant -E. E. L. Lloyd, 1st Battalion (New South Wales) Australian Imperial -Force) made a dash for the machine-gun; one of the ten men managed to -fire three rounds into the gun at a range of 5 feet and another three -at the same range through a loophole. The darkness of the trench and -its overhead cover prevented the use of the bayonet, but some damage -was done by shooting down over the parapet. As much of the trench as -possible was dismantled. The party suffered some casualties from bombs, -and was enfiladed all the time by machine-guns from either flank. The -aim of this gallant assault being attained the party withdrew in good -order with their wounded. Casualties in all were thirty-six. - - -BATTLE OF THE 4TH OF JUNE - -I now return to the southern zone and to the battle of June 4. - -From May 25 onwards the troops had been trying to work up within -rushing distance of the enemy's front trenches. On May 25 the Royal -Naval and 42nd Divisions crept 100 yards nearer to the Turks, and on -the night of May 28-29 the whole of the British line made a further -small advance. On that same night the French Corps Expéditionnaire was -successful in capturing a small redoubt on the extreme Turkish left -west of the Kereves Dere. - -All Turkish counter-attacks during May 29 were repulsed. On the night -of May 30 two of their many assaults effected temporary lodgment. But -on both occasions they were driven out again with the bayonet. - -On every subsequent night up to that of June 3-4 assaults were made -upon the redoubt and upon our line, but at the end of that period our -position remained intact. - -This brings the narrative up to the day of the general attack upon the -enemy's front line of trenches which ran from the west of the Kereves -Dere in a northerly direction to the sea. - -Taking our line of battle from right to left the troops were deployed -in the following order:--The Corps Expéditionnaire, the Royal Naval -Division, the 42nd (East Lancs) Division and the 29th Division. - -The length of the front, so far as the British troops were concerned, -was rather over 4,000 yards, and the total infantry available amounted -to 24,000 men, which permitted the General Officer Commanding 8th Army -Corps to form a corps reserve of 7,000 men. - -My General Head-quarters for the day were at the command post on the -peninsula. - -At 8 a.m. on June 4 our heavy artillery opened with a deliberate -bombardment, which continued till 10.30 a.m. At 11 a.m. the bombardment -recommenced, and continued till 11.20 a.m., when a feint attack was -made which successfully drew heavy fire from the enemy's guns and -rifles. At 11.30 a.m. all our guns opened fire and continued with -increasing intensity till noon. - -On the stroke of noon the artillery increased their range, and along -the whole line the infantry fixed bayonets and advanced. - -The assault was immediately successful. On the extreme right the French -1st Division carried a line of trench, whilst the French 2nd Division, -with the greatest dash and gallantry, captured a strong redoubt called -the "Haricot," for which they had already had three desperate contests. -Only the extreme left of the French was unable to gain any ground, a -feature destined to have an unfortunate effect upon the final issue. - - -NAVAL BRIGADE'S DASH - -The 2nd Naval Brigade of the Royal Naval Division rushed forward with -great dash; the "Anson" Battalion captured the southern face of a -Turkish redoubt which formed a salient in the enemy's line, the "Howe" -and "Hood" Battalions captured trenches fronting them, and by 12.15 -p.m. the whole Turkish line forming their first objective was in their -hands. Their consolidating party went forward at 12.25 p.m. - -The Manchester Brigade of the 42nd Division advanced magnificently. In -five minutes the first line of Turkish trenches were captured, and by -12.30 p.m. the Brigade had carried with a rush the line forming their -second objective, having made an advance of 600 yards in all. The -working parties got to work without incident, and the position here -could not possibly have been better. - -On the left the 29th Division met with more difficulty. All along the -section of the 88th Brigade the troops jumped out of their trenches at -noon and charged across the open at the nearest Turkish trench. In most -places the enemy crossed bayonets with our men and inflicted severe -loss upon us. But the 88th Brigade was not to be denied. The Worcester -Regiment was the first to capture trenches, and the remainder of the -88th Brigade, though at first held up by flanking as well as fronting -fire, also pushed on doggedly until they had fairly made good the whole -of the Turkish first line. - - -A CHECK ON THE LEFT - -Only on the extreme left did we sustain a check. Here the Turkish -front trench was so sited as to have escaped damage from our artillery -bombardment, and the barbed wire obstacle was intact. The result was -that, though the 14th Sikhs on the right flank pushed on despite -losses amounting to three-fourths of their effectives, the centre of -the Brigade could make no headway. A company of the 6th Gurkhas on the -left, skilfully led along the cliffs by its commander, actually forced -its way into a Turkish work, but the failure of the rest of the Brigade -threatened isolation, and it was as skilfully withdrawn under fire. -Reinforcements were therefore sent to the left so that, if possible, a -fresh attack might be organized. - -Meanwhile, on the right of the line, the gains of the morning were -being compromised. A very heavy counter-attack had developed against -the "Haricot." The Turks poured in masses of men through prepared -communication trenches, and, under cover of accurate shell fire, were -able to recapture that redoubt. The French, forced to fall back, -uncovered in doing so the right flank of the Royal Naval Division. -Shortly before 1 p.m. the right of the 2nd Naval Brigade had to retire -with very heavy loss from the redoubt they had captured, thus exposing -in their turn the "Howe" and "Hood" Battalions to enfilade, so that -they, too, had nothing for it but to retreat across the open under -exceedingly heavy machine-gun and musketry fire. - -By 1.30 p.m. the whole of the captured trenches in this section had -been lost again, and the Brigade was back in its original position, the -"Collingwood" Battalion, which had gone forward in support, having been -practically destroyed. - - -MANCHESTER'S HEAVY LOSSES - -The question was now whether this rolling up of the newly captured line -from the right would continue until the whole of our gains were wiped -out. It looked very like it, for now the enfilade fire of the Turks -began to fall upon the Manchester Brigade of the 42nd Division, which -was firmly consolidating the furthest distant line of trenches it had -so brilliantly won. After 1.30 p.m. it became increasingly difficult -for this gallant Brigade to hold its ground. Heavy casualties occurred; -the Brigadier and many other officers were wounded or killed; yet it -continued to hold out with the greatest tenacity and grit. Every effort -was made to sustain the Brigade in its position. Its right flank was -thrown back to make face against the enfilade fire and reinforcements -were sent to try to fill the diagonal gap between it and the Royal -Naval Division. But ere long it became clear that unless the right of -our line could advance again it would be impossible for the Manchesters -to maintain the very pronounced salient in which they now found -themselves. - -Orders were issued, therefore, that the Royal Naval Division should -co-operate with the French Corps in a fresh attack, and reinforcements -were despatched to this end. The attack, timed for 3 p.m., was twice -postponed at the request of General Gouraud, who finally reported -that he would be unable to advance again that day with any prospect -of success. By 6.30 p.m., therefore, the 42nd Division had to be -extricated with loss from the second line Turkish trenches, and had to -content themselves with consolidating on the first line, which they had -captured within five minutes of commencing the attack. Such was the -spirit displayed by this Brigade that there was great difficulty in -persuading the men to fall back. Had their flanks been covered nothing -would have made them loosen their grip. - -No further progress had been found possible in front of the 88th -Brigade and Indian Brigade. Attempts were made by their reserve -battalions to advance on the right and left flanks respectively, but in -both cases heavy fire drove them back. - -At 4 p.m. under support of our artillery the Royal Fusiliers were able -to advance beyond the first line of captured trenches, but the fact -that the left flank was held back made the attempt to hold any isolated -position in advance inadvisable. - -As the reserves had been largely depleted by the despatch of -reinforcements to various parts of the line, and information was to -hand of the approach of strong reinforcements of fresh troops to the -enemy, orders were issued for the consolidation of the line then held. - -Although we had been forced to abandon so much of the ground gained -in the first rush, the net result of the day's operations was -considerable--namely, an advance of 200 to 400 yards along the whole of -our centre, a front of nearly 3 miles. That the enemy suffered severely -was indicated, not only by subsequent information, but by the fact of -his attempting no counter-attack during the night, except upon the -trench captured by the French 1st Division on the extreme right. Here -two counter-attacks were repulsed with loss. - -The prisoners taken during the day amounted to 400, including 11 -officers: amongst these were 5 Germans, the remains of a volunteer -machine-gun detachment from the _Goeben_. Their commanding officer was -killed and the machine-gun destroyed. The majority of these captures -were made by the 42nd Division under Major-General W. Douglas. - - -THE GALLANT FRENCH - -From the date of this battle to the end of the month of June the -incessant attacks and counter-attacks which have so grievously swelled -our lists of casualties have been caused by the determination of the -Turks to regain ground they had lost, a determination clashing against -our firm resolve to continue to increase our holding. Several of these -daily encounters would have been the subject of a separate despatch -in the campaigns of my youth and middle age, but, with due regard to -proportion, they cannot even be so much as mentioned here. Only one -example each from the French, British, and Australian and New Zealand -spheres of action will be most briefly set down so that Your Lordship -may understand the nature of the demands made upon the energies and -fortitude of the troops. - -(1) At 4.30 a.m. on June 21 the French Corps Expéditionnaire attacked -the formidable works that flank the Kereves Dere. By noon their 2nd -Division had stormed all the Turkish first and second line trenches to -their front and had captured the Haricot redoubt. On their right the -1st Division took the first line of trenches, but were counter-attacked -and driven out. Fresh troops were brought up and launched upon another -assault, but the Turks were just as obstinate and drove out the second -party before they had time to consolidate. At 2.45 p.m. General Gouraud -issued an order that full use might be made of the remaining five hours -of daylight, and that, before dark, these trenches must be taken and -held, otherwise the gains of the 2nd Division would be sacrificed. At -6. p.m. the third assault succeeded; 600 yards of trenches remained in -our hands, despite all the heavy counter-attacks made through the night -by the enemy. In this attack the striplings belonging to the latest -French drafts specially distinguished themselves by their forwardness -and contempt of danger. Fifty prisoners were taken, and the enemy's -casualties (mostly incurred during counter-attacks) were estimated at -7,000. The losses of the Corps Expéditionnaire were 2,500. - - -GENERAL HUNTER-WESTON'S SCHEME - -(2) The Turkish right had hitherto rooted itself with special tenacity -into the coast. In the scheme of attack submitted by Lieutenant-General -A. G. Hunter-Weston, commanding 8th Army Corps, our left, pivoting -upon a point in our line about one mile from the sea, was to push -forward until its outer flank advanced about 1,000 yards. If the -operation was successful then, at its close, we should have driven -the enemy back for a thousand yards along the coast, and the trenches -of this left section of our line would be facing east instead of, as -previously, north-east. Obviously the ground to be gained lessened as -our line drew back from the sea towards its fixed or pivoted right. -Five Turkish trenches must be carried in the section nearest the sea: -only two Turkish trenches in the section furthest from the sea. At -10.20 a.m. on June 28 our bombardment began. At 10.45 a.m. a small -redoubt known as the Boomerang was rushed by the Border Regiment. At -11 a.m. the 87th Brigade, under Major-General W. R. Marshall, captured -three lines of Turkish trenches. On their right the 4th and 7th Royal -Scots captured the two Turkish trenches allotted to them, but further -to the east; near the pivotal point the remainder of the 156th Brigade -were unable to get on. Precisely at 11.30 a.m. the second attack took -place. The 86th Brigade, led by the 2nd Royal Fusiliers, dashed over -the trenches already captured by their comrades of the 87th Brigade, -and, pushing on with great steadiness, took two more lines of trenches, -thus achieving the five successive lines along the coast. This success -was further improved upon by the Indian Brigade, who managed to secure, -and to place into a state of defence, a spur running from the west of -the furthest captured Turkish trench to the sea. Our casualties were -small; 1,750 in all. The enemy suffered heavily, especially in the -repeated counter-attacks, which for many days and nights afterwards -they launched against the trenches they had lost. - - -ENEMY'S LOSSES - -(3) On the night of June 29 and 30 the Turks, acting, as we afterwards -ascertained, under the direct personal order of Enver Pasha, to drive -us all into the sea, made a big attack on the Australian and New -Zealand Army Corps, principally on that portion of the line which was -under the command of Major-General Sir A. J. Godley. From midnight -till 1.30 a.m. a fire of musketry and guns of greatest intensity was -poured upon our trenches. A heavy column then advanced to the assault, -and was completely crumpled up by the musketry and machine-guns of the -7th and 8th Light Horse. An hour later another grand attack took place -against our left and left centre, and was equally cut to pieces by our -artillery and rifle fire. The enemy's casualties may be judged by the -fact that in areas directly exposed to view between 400 and 500 were -actually seen to fall. - -On the evening of this day, June 30, the Mediterranean Expeditionary -Force suffered grievous loss owing to the wounding of General Gouraud -by a shell. This calamity, for I count it nothing less, brings us down -to the beginning of the month of July. - -The command of the Corps Expéditionnaire français d'Orient was then -taken over by General Bailloud, at which point I shall close my -despatch. - -[Illustration: BRIGADIER-GENERAL R. W. MELVILLE JACKSON, C.B., C.M.G. -(_To face page 78._)] - - -SUBMARINES - -During the whole period under review the efforts and expedients whereby -a great army has had its wants supplied upon a wilderness have, I -believe, been breaking world records. - -The country is broken, mountainous, arid, and void of supplies; the -water found in the areas occupied by our forces is quite inadequate for -their needs; the only practicable beaches are small, cramped breaks in -impracticable lines of cliffs; with the wind in certain quarters no -sort of landing is possible; the wastage, by bombardment and wreckage, -of lighters and small craft has led to crisis after crisis in our -carrying capacity, whilst over every single beach plays fitfully -throughout each day a devastating shell fire at medium ranges. - -Upon such a situation appeared quite suddenly the enemy submarines. -On May 22 all transports had to be dispatched to Mudros for safety. -Thenceforth men, stores, guns, horses, etc., had to be brought from -Mudros--a distance of 40 miles--in fleet sweepers and other small and -shallow craft less vulnerable to submarine attack. Every danger and -every difficulty was doubled. - -But the Navy and the Royal Engineers were not to be thwarted in their -landing operations either by nature or by the enemy, whilst the Army -Service Corps, under Brigadier-General F. W. B. Koe, and the Army -Ordnance Corps, under Brigadier-General R. W. M. Jackson, have made -it a point of honour to feed men, animals, guns, and rifles in the -fighting line as regularly as if they were only out for manÅ“uvres on -Salisbury Plain. - -I desire, therefore, to record my admiration for the cool courage and -unfailing efficiency with which the Royal Navy, the beach personnel, -the engineers, and the administrative services have carried out these -arduous duties. - - -A CORPORAL'S APOLOGY - -In addition to its normal duties the Signal Service, under the -direction of Lieutenant-Colonel M. G. E. Bowman-Manifold, Director -of Army Signals, has provided the connecting link between the Royal -Navy and the Army in their combined operations, and has rapidly -readjusted itself to amphibious methods. All demands made on it by -sudden expansion of the fighting forces or by the movements of General -Head-quarters have been rapidly and effectively met. The working of the -telegraphs, telephones, and repair of lines, often under heavy fire, -has been beyond praise. Casualties have been unusually high, but the -best traditions of the Corps of Royal Engineers have inspired the whole -of their work. As an instance, the central telegraph office at Cape -Helles (a dug-out) was recently struck by a high explosive shell. The -officer on duty and twelve other ranks were killed or wounded and the -office entirely demolished. But No. 72003 Corporal G. A. Walker, Royal -Engineers, although much shaken, repaired the damage, collected men, -and within 39 minutes reopened communication by apologizing for the -incident and by saying he required no assistance. - - -WORK OF THE ARMY MEDICAL SERVICE - -The Royal Army Medical Service have had to face unusual and very trying -conditions. There are no roads, and the wounded who are unable to walk -must be carried from the firing line to the shore. They and their -attendants may be shelled on their way to the beaches, at the beaches, -on the jetties, and again, though I believe by inadvertence, on their -way out in lighters to the hospital ships. Under shell fire it is not -as easy as some of the critically disposed seem to imagine to keep -all arrangements in apple-pie order. Here I can only express my own -opinion that efficiency, method, and even a certain quiet heroism have -characterized the evacuations of the many thousands of our wounded. - - -HONOURABLE MENTION - -In my three Commanders of Corps I have indeed been thrice fortunate. - -General Gouraud brought a great reputation to our help from the -battlefields of the Argonne, and in so doing he has added to its -lustre. A happy mixture of daring in danger and of calm in crisis, -full of energy and resource, he has worked hand in glove with his -British comrades in arms, and has earned their affection and respect. - -Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood has been the soul of Anzac. Not -for one single day has he ever quitted his post. Cheery and full of -human sympathy, he has spent many hours of each twenty-four inspiring -the defenders of the front trenches, and if he does not know every -soldier in his force, at least every soldier in the force believes he -is known to his Chief. - -Lieutenant-General A. G. Hunter-Weston possesses a genius for war. I -know no more resolute Commander. Calls for reinforcements, appeals -based on exhaustion or upon imminent counter-attacks are powerless -to divert him from his aim. And this aim, in so far as he may be -responsible for it, is worked out with insight, accuracy, and that -wisdom which comes from close study in peace combined with long -experience in the field. - -In my first despatch I tried to express my indebtedness to -Major-General W. P. Braithwaite, and I must now again, however -inadequately, place on record the untiring, loyal assistance he has -continued to render me ever since. - -The thanks of every one serving in the Peninsula are due to -Lieutenant-General Sir John Maxwell. All the resources of Egypt and all -of his own remarkable administrative abilities have been ungrudgingly -placed at our disposal. - -[Illustration: LIEUT.-GENERAL A. G. HUNTER-WESTON, C.B. (_To face page -82._)] - -Finally, if my despatch is in any way to reflect the feelings of -the force, I must refer to the shadow cast over the whole of our -adventure by the loss of so many of our gallant and true-hearted -comrades. Some of them we shall never see again; some have had the mark -of the Dardanelles set upon them for life, but others, and, thank God, -by far the greater proportion, will be back in due course at the front. - - I have the honour to be, - Your Lordship's most obedient Servant, - IAN HAMILTON, General, - Commanding Mediterranean - Expeditionary Force. - - - - -PRESS BUREAU STATEMENTS - -_August 10_ - -Sir Ian Hamilton reports that fighting at several points on the -Gallipoli peninsula has taken place during the last few days. -Substantial progress has been made. - -In the southern zone 200 yards on a front of 300 yards has been gained -east of the Krithia road, and has been held in spite of determined -counter-attacks, which have been repulsed with heavy loss to the enemy. - -Repeated attacks by the Turks elsewhere in this zone have been beaten -off. - -Several attacks by the French Corps have been made and their -whole-hearted co-operation has proved of the greatest assistance. - -In the Anzac zone a footing on the Chunuk Bair portion of Sari Bair has -also been gained and a crest occupied after fierce fighting and the -successful storming of strongly held positions. - -Here, too, the enemy's losses have been considerable. The advance was -commenced at night under cover of a searchlight from a destroyer. - -Elsewhere a fresh landing was successfully effected and considerable -progress made. - -Six hundred and thirty prisoners have been taken together with one -Nordenfelt gun, two bomb mortars, nine machine-guns, and a large -number of bombs. Scattered about are quantities of the enemy's rifles, -ammunition, and equipment. - - -_August 11_ - -The latest report from Sir Ian Hamilton states that severe fighting -continued yesterday in the Gallipoli Peninsula, mainly in the Anzac -zone and in that to the north. - -The positions occupied were slightly varied in places, but the general -result is that the area held at Anzac has been nearly trebled owing -chiefly to the gallantry and dash of the Australian and New Zealand -Army Corps, while to the north no further progress has yet been made. - -The troops have inflicted heavy losses on the enemy, and the French -battleship _St. Louis_ is reported to have put out of action five out -of six guns in Asiatic batteries. - - - - -VICE-ADMIRAL DE ROBECK'S DESPATCH - - Admiralty, _August 16, 1915_. - - The following despatch has been received - from Vice-Admiral John M. de Robeck, reporting - the landing of the Army on the Gallipoli Peninsula, - April 25-26, 1915: - - Triad, _July 1, 1915_. - - SIR, - -I have the honour to forward herewith an account of the operations -carried out on April 25 and 26, 1915, during which period the -Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was landed and firmly established in -the Gallipoli Peninsula. - -The landing commenced at 4.20 a.m. on 25th. The general scheme was as -follows: - -Two main landings were to take place, the first at a point just north -of Gaba Tepe, the second on the southern end of the peninsula. In -addition a landing was to be made at Kum Kale, and a demonstration in -force to be carried out in the Gulf of Xeros near Bulair. - -The night of the 24th-25th was calm and very clear, with a brilliant -moon, which set at 3 a.m. - -The first landing, north of Gaba Tepe, was carried out under the orders -of Rear-Admiral C. F. Thursby, C.M.G. His squadron consisted of the -following ships: - - Battleships. Cruiser. Destroyers. Seaplane Trawlers. Balloon - Carrier. Ship. - - _Queen_ _Bacchante_ _Beagle_ _Ark Royal_ 15 _Manica_ - _London_ _Bulldog_ - _Prince of _Foxhound_ - _Wales_ _Scourge_ - _Triumph_ _Colne_ - _Majestic_ _Usk_ - _Chelmer_ - _Ribble_ - -To _Queen_, _London_, and _Prince of Wales_ was delegated the duty of -actually landing the troops. To _Triumph_, _Majestic_, and _Bacchante_ -the duty of covering the landing by gunfire. - -In this landing a surprise was attempted. The first troops to be landed -were embarked in the battleships _Queen_, _London_, and _Prince of -Wales_. - -The squadron then approached the land at 2.58 a.m. at a speed of 5 -knots. When within a short distance of the beach selected for landing -the boats were sent ahead. At 4.20 a.m. the boats reached the beach and -a landing was effected. - -The remainder of the infantry of the covering force were embarked at 10 -p.m., 24th. - - -LANDING OF THE TROOPS - -The troops were landed in two trips, the operation occupying about half -an hour, this in spite of the fact that the landing was vigorously -opposed, the surprise being only partially effected. - -The disembarkation of the main body was at once proceeded with. The -operations were somewhat delayed owing to the transports having to -remain a considerable distance from the shore in order to avoid the -howitzer and field-guns' fire brought to bear on them and also the fire -from warships stationed in the Narrows, Chanak. - - -BEACH UNDER SHELL FIRE - -The beach here was very narrow and continuously under shell fire. -The difficulties of disembarkation were accentuated by the necessity -of evacuating the wounded; both operations proceeded simultaneously. -The service was one which called for great determination and coolness -under fire, and the success achieved indicates the spirit animating all -concerned. In this respect I would specially mention the extraordinary -gallantry and dash shown by the 3rd Australian Infantry Brigade -(Colonel E. G. Sinclair Maclagan, D.S.O.), who formed the covering -force. Many individual acts of devotion to duty were performed by the -personnel of the Navy; these are dealt with below. Here I should like -to place on record the good service performed by the vessels employed -in landing the second part of the covering force; the seamanship -displayed and the rapidity with which so large a force was thrown on -the beach is deserving of the highest praise. - -On the 26th the landing of troops, guns and stores continued throughout -the day; this was a most trying service, as the enemy kept up an -incessant shrapnel fire, and it was extremely difficult to locate the -well-concealed guns of the enemy. Occasional bursts of fire from the -ships in the Narrows delayed operations somewhat, but these bursts of -fire did not last long, and the fire from our ships always drove the -enemy's ships away. - -The enemy heavily counter-attacked, and though supported by a very -heavy shrapnel fire he could make no impression on our line which was -every minute becoming stronger. By nightfall on April 26 our position -north of Gaba Tepe was secure. - -The landing at the southern extremity of the Gallipoli peninsula was -carried out under the orders of Rear-Admiral R. E. Wemyss, C.M.G., -M.V.O., his squadron consisting of the following ships: - - Battleships. Cruisers. Fleet Trawlers. - Sweepers. - - _Swiftsure_ _Euryalus_ 6 14 - _Implacable_ _Talbot_ - _Cornwallis_ _Minerva_ - _Albion_ _Dublin_ - _Vengeance_ - _Lord Nelson_ - _Prince George_ - -Landings in this area were to be attempted at five different places; -the conditions at each landing varied considerably. The position of -beaches is given below. - -_Position of Beach._--Y beach, a point about 7,000 yards north-east of -Cape Tekeh. X beach, 1.000 yards north-east of Cape Tekeh. W beach, -Cape Tekeh--Cape Helles. V beach, Cape Helles--Seddul Bahr. Camber, -Seddul Bahr. S beach, Eski-Hissarlik Point. - -Taking these landings in the above order: _Landing at Y Beach._--The -troops to be first landed, the King's Own Scottish Borderers, embarked -on the 24th in the _Amethyst_ and _Sapphire_, and proceeded with -the transports _Southland_ and _Braemar Castle_ to a position off -Cape Tekeh. At 4.0 a.m. the boats proceeded to Y beach, timing their -arrival there at 5 a.m., and pulled ashore covered by fire from H.M.S. -_Goliath_. The landing was most successfully and expeditiously carried -out, the troops gaining the top of the high cliffs overlooking this -beach without being opposed; this result I consider due to the rapidity -with which the disembarkation was carried out and the well-placed -covering fire from ships. - - -THE EMBARKATION - -The Scottish Borderers were landed in two trips, followed at once by -the Plymouth Battalion Royal Marines. These troops met with severe -opposition on the top of the cliffs, where fire from covering ships -was of little assistance, and, after heavy fighting, were forced -to re-embark on the 26th. The re-embarkation was carried out by the -following ships: _Goliath_, _Talbot_, _Dublin_, _Sapphire_, and -_Amethyst_. It was most ably conducted by the beach personnel and -covered by the fire of the warships, who prevented the enemy reaching -the edge of the cliff, except for a few snipers. - -_Landing at X Beach._--The 2nd Battalion Royal Fusiliers (two companies -and M.G. section) embarked in _Implacable_ on 24th, which ship -proceeded to a position off the landing-place, where the disembarkation -of the troops commenced at 4.30 a.m., and was completed at 5.15 a.m. - -A heavy fire was opened on the cliffs on both sides. The _Implacable_ -approached the beach, and the troops were ordered to land, fire -being continued until the boats were close into the beach. The -troops on board the _Implacable_ were all landed by 7 a.m. without -any casualties. The nature of the beach was very favourable for the -covering fire from ships, but the manner in which this landing was -carried out might well serve as a model. - - -LANDING ON THE ROCKS - -_Landing at W Beach._--The 1st Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers embarked -in _Euryalus_ and _Implacable_ on the 24th, who proceeded to positions -off the landing-place, where the troops embarked in the boats at -about 4 a.m. Shortly after 5 a.m. _Euryalus_ approached W beach and -_Implacable_ X beach. At 5 a.m. the covering ships opened a heavy fire -on the beach, which was continued up to the last moment before landing. -Unfortunately this fire did not have the effect on the extensive wire -entanglements and trenches that had been hoped for, and the troops, -on landing at 6 a.m., were met with a very heavy fire from rifles, -machine-guns, and pom-poms, and found the obstructions on the beach -undamaged. The formation of this beach lends itself admirably to the -defence, the landing-place being commanded by sloping cliffs offering -ideal positions for trenches and giving a perfect field of fire. The -only weakness in the enemy's position was on the flanks, where it was -just possible to land on the rocks and thus enfilade the more important -defences. This landing on the rocks was effected with great skill, and -some maxims, cleverly concealed in the cliffs, and which completely -enfiladed the main beach, were rushed with the bayonet. This assisted -to a great extent in the success of the landing, the troops, though -losing very heavily, were not to be denied and the beach and the -approaches to it were soon in our possession. - -The importance of this success cannot be overestimated; W and V beaches -were the only two of any size in this area on which troops, other than -infantry, could be disembarked, and failure to capture this one might -have had serious consequences, as the landing at V was held up. The -beach was being continuously sniped, and a fierce infantry battle was -carried on round it throughout the entire day and the following nights. -It is impossible to exalt too highly the service rendered by the 1st -Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers in the storming of the beach; the dash -and gallantry displayed were superb. Not one whit behind in devotion -to duty was the work of the beach personnel, who worked untiringly -throughout the day and night, landing troops and stores under continual -sniping. The losses due to rifle and machine-gun fire sustained by the -boats' crews, to which they had not the satisfaction of being able to -reply, bear testimony to the arduous nature of the service. - -During the night of the 25th-26th enemy attacked continuously, and it -was not till 1 p.m. on the 26th, when V beach was captured, that our -position might be said to be secure. - -The work of landing troops, guns, and stores continued throughout this -period, and the conduct of all concerned left nothing to be desired. - -[Illustration: MAP 4. (_To face page_ 96.)] - -THE "RIVER CLYDE" - -_Landing at V Beach._--This beach, it was anticipated, would be the -most difficult to capture; it possessed all the advantages for defence -which W beach had, and in addition the flanks were strongly guarded by -the old castle and village of Seddul Bahr on the east and perpendicular -cliffs on the west; the whole foreshore was covered with barbed wire -entanglements which extended in places under the sea. The position -formed a natural amphitheatre with the beach as stage. - -The first landing here, as at all other places, was made in boats, -but the experiment was tried of landing the remainder of the covering -force by means of a collier, the _River Clyde_. This steamer had been -specially prepared for the occasion under the directions of Commander -Edward Unwin; large ports had been cut in her sides and gangways built -whereby the troops could reach the lighters which were to form a bridge -on to the beach. - -V beach was subjected to a heavy bombardment similarly to W beach, with -the same result, _i.e._, when the first trip attempted to land they -were met with a murderous fire from rifle, pom-pom, and machine-gun, -which was not opened till the boats had cast off from the steamboats. - -A landing on the flanks here was impossible, and practically all the -first trip were either killed or wounded, a few managing to find some -slight shelter under a bank on the beach; in several boats all were -either killed or wounded; one boat entirely disappeared, and in another -there were only two survivors. Immediately after the boats had reached -the beach the _River Clyde_ was run ashore under a heavy fire rather -towards the eastern end of the beach, where she could form a convenient -breakwater during future landing of stores, etc. - -As the _River Clyde_ grounded, the lighters which were to form -the bridge to the shore were run out ahead of the collier, but -unfortunately they failed to reach their proper stations and a gap -was left between two lighters over which it was impossible for men to -cross; some attempted to land by jumping from the lighter which was in -position into the sea and wading ashore; this method proved too costly, -the lighter being soon heaped with dead and the disembarkation was -ordered to cease. - -The troops in the _River Clyde_ were protected from rifle and -machine-gun fire and were in comparative safety. - - -GALLANTRY OF COMMANDER UNWIN - -Commander Unwin, seeing how things were going, left the _River Clyde_ -and, standing up to his waist in water under a very heavy fire, got the -lighters into position; he was assisted in this work by Midshipman G. -L. Drewry, R.N.R., of H.M.S. _Hussar_; Midshipman W. St. A. Malleson, -R.N., of H.M.S. _Cornwallis_; Able Seaman W. C. Williams, O.N. 186774 -(R.F.R. B. 3766), and Seaman R.N.R. George McKenzie Samson, O.N. 2408A, -both of H.M.S. _Hussar_. - -The bridge to the shore, though now passable, could not be used by the -troops, anyone appearing on it being instantly shot down, and the men -in _River Clyde_ remained in her till nightfall. - -At 9.50 a.m. _Albion_ sent in launch and pinnace manned by volunteer -crews to assist in completing bridge, which did not quite reach beach; -these boats, however, could not be got into position until dark owing -to heavy fire. - -It had already been decided not to continue to disembark on V beach, -and all other troops intended for this beach were diverted to W. - -The position remained unchanged on V beach throughout the day, men of -war and the maxims mounted in _River Clyde_ doing their utmost to keep -down the fire directed on the men under partial shelter on the beach. - -During this period many heroic deeds were performed in rescuing wounded -men in the water. - -During the night of the 25-26 the troops in _River Clyde_ were able -to disembark under cover of darkness and obtain some shelter on the -beach and in the village of Seddul Bahr, for possession of which now -commenced a most stubborn fight. - - -H.M.S. "ALBION'S" GUNFIRE - -The fight continued, supported ably by gunfire from H.M.S. _Albion_, -until 1.24 p.m., when our troops had gained a position from which they -assaulted Hill 141, which dominated the situation. _Albion_ then ceased -fire, and the hill, with old fort on top, was most gallantly stormed by -the troops, led by Lieutenant-Colonel C. H. H. Doughty-Wylie, General -Staff, who fell as the position was won. The taking of this hill -effectively cleared the enemy from the neighbourhood of the V beach, -which could now be used for the disembarkation of the allied armies. -The capture of this beach called for a display of the utmost gallantry -and perseverance from the officers and men of both services--that they -successfully accomplished their task bordered on the miraculous. - - -FRENCH LANDING - -_Landing on the "Camber," Seddul Bahr._--One half company Royal Dublin -Fusiliers landed here, without opposition, the _Camber_ being "dead -ground." The advance from the _Camber_, however, was only possible on a -narrow front, and after several attempts to enter the village of Seddul -Bahr this half company had to withdraw after suffering heavy losses. - -_Landing at "De Totts" S Beach._--The 2nd South Wales Borderers (less -one company) and a detachment 2nd London Field Company R.E. were landed -in boats, convoyed by _Cornwallis_, and covered by that ship and _Lord -Nelson_. - -Little opposition was encountered, and the hill was soon in the -possession of the South Wales Borderers. The enemy attacked this -position on the evening of the 25th and during the 26th, but our troops -were firmly established and with the assistance of the covering ships -all attacks were easily beaten off. - -_Landing at Kum Kale._--The landing here was undertaken by the French. - -It was most important to prevent the enemy occupying positions in this -neighbourhood, whence he could bring gun fire to bear on the transports -off Cape Helles. It was also hoped that by holding this position it -would be possible to deal effectively with the enemy's guns on the -Asiatic shore immediately east of Kum Kale, which could fire into -Seddul Bahr and De Totts. - -The French, after a heavy preliminary bombardment, commenced to land at -about 10 a.m., and by the afternoon the whole of their force had been -landed at Kum Kale. When they attempted to advance to Yeni Shehr, their -immediate objective, they were met by heavy fire from well-concealed -trenches, and were held up just south of Kum Kale village. - -During the night of the 25th and 26th the enemy made several -counter-attacks, all of which were easily driven off; during one of -these 400 Turks were captured, their retreat being cut-off by the fire -from the battleships. - -On the 26th, when it became apparent that no advance was possible -without entailing severe losses and the landing of large -reinforcements, the order was given for the French to withdraw and -re-embark, which operation was carried out without serious opposition. - - -CO-OPERATION OF ALLIES - -I now propose to make the following more general remarks on the conduct -of the operations: - -From the very first the co-operation between Army and Navy was most -happy; difficulties which arose were quickly surmounted, and nothing -could have exceeded the tactfulness and forethought of Sir Ian Hamilton -and his staff. - -The loyal support which I received from Contre-Amiral E. P. -A. Guepratte simplified the task of landing the Allied armies -simultaneously. - - -RUSSIAN FLEET REPRESENTED - -The Russian fleet was represented by H.I.R.M.S. _Askold_, which ship -was attached to the French squadron. Contre-Amiral Guepratte bears -testimony to the value of the support he received from Captain Ivanoff, -especially during the landing and re-embarkation of the French troops -at Kum Kale. - -The detailed organization of the landing could not be commenced until -the Army Head-quarters returned from Egypt on April 10. The work to be -done was very great, and the naval personnel and material available -small. - -Immediately on the arrival of the Army Staff at Mudros, committees, -composed of officers of both services, commenced to work out the -details of the landing operations, and it was due to these officers' -indefatigable efforts that the expedition was ready to land on April -22. The keenness displayed by the officers and men resulted in a good -standard of efficiency, especially in the case of the Australian and -New Zealand Corps, who appear to be natural boatmen. - - -CONTEMPT FOR DEATH - -Such actions as the storming of the Seddul Bahr position by the 29th -Division must live in history for ever; innumerable deeds of heroism -and daring were performed; the gallantry and absolute contempt for -death displayed alone made the operations possible. - -At Gaba Tepe the landing and the dash of the Australian Brigade for the -cliffs was magnificent--nothing could stop such men. The Australian and -New Zealand Army Corps in this, their first battle, set a standard as -high as that of any army in history, and one of which their countrymen -have every reason to be proud. - -In closing this despatch I beg to bring to their Lordships' notice -the names of certain officers and men who have performed meritorious -service. The great traditions of His Majesty's Navy were well -maintained, and the list of names submitted of necessity lacks those -of many officers and men who performed gallant deeds unobserved and -therefore unnoted. This standard was high, and if I specially mention -one particular action it is that of Commander Unwin and the two young -officers and two seamen who assisted him in the work of establishing -communication between _River Clyde_ and the beach. Rear-Admirals R. E. -Wemyss, C.M.G., M.V.O., C. F. Thursby, C.M.G., and Stuart Nicholson, -M.V.O., have rendered invaluable service. Throughout they have -been indefatigable in their efforts to further the success of the -operations, and their loyal support has much lightened my duties and -responsibilities. - -I have at all times received the most loyal support from the Commanding -Officers of His Majesty's ships during an operation which called for -the display of great initiative and seamanship. - -Captain R. F. Phillimore, C.B., M.V.O., A.D.C., as principal Beach -Master, and Captain D. L. Dent, as principal Naval Transport Officer, -performed most valuable service. - - -HEROIC LABOURS - -COMMANDER UNWIN AND HIS MIDSHIPMEN - - Commander EDWARD UNWIN, R.N. - - While in _River Clyde_, observing that the lighters which were to form - the bridge to the shore had broken adrift, Commander Unwin left the - ship and under a murderous fire attempted to get the lighters into - position. He worked on until, suffering from the effects of cold and - immersion, he was obliged to return to the ship, where he was wrapped - up in blankets. Having in some degree recovered, he returned to his - work against the doctor's order and completed it. He was later again - attended by the doctor, for three abrasions caused by bullets, after - which he once more left the ship, this time in a lifeboat, to save - some wounded men who were lying in shallow water near the beach. He - continued at this heroic labour under continuous fire, until forced to - stop through pure physical exhaustion. - - Midshipman GEORGE L. DREWRY, R.N.R. - - Assisted Commander Unwin at the work of securing the lighters under - heavy rifle and maxim fire. He was wounded in the head, but continued - his work and twice subsequently attempted to swim from lighter to - lighter with a line. - - Midshipman WILFRED ST. A. MALLESON, R.N. - - Also assisted Commander Unwin, and after Midshipman Drewry had failed - from exhaustion to get a line from lighter to lighter, he swam with it - himself and succeeded. The line subsequently broke, and he afterwards - made two further but unsuccessful attempts at his self-imposed task. - - Able Seaman WILLIAM CHAS. WILLIAMS, O.N. 186774 (R.F.R. B.3766). - - Held on to a line in the water for over an hour under heavy fire, - until killed. - - Seaman R.N.R. GEORGE MCKENZIE SAMSON, O.N. 2408A. - - Worked on a lighter all day under fire, attending wounded and getting - out lines; he was eventually dangerously wounded by maxim fire. - - Lieut.-Commander RALPH B. JANVRIN, R.N. - - Conducted the trawlers into Morto Bay, for the landing at "De Totts," - with much skill. - - This officer showed great judgment and coolness under fire, and - carried out a difficult task with great success. - - Lieut. JOHN A. V. MORSE, R.N. - - Assisted to secure the lighters at the bows of the _River Clyde_ under - a heavy fire, and was very active throughout the 25th and 26th at V - beach. - - Surgeon P. B. KELLY, R.N., Attached To R.N.A.S. - - Was wounded in the foot on the morning of the 25th in _River Clyde_. - He remained in _River Clyde_ until morning of 27th, during which time - he attended 750 wounded men, although in great pain and unable to walk - during the last twenty-four hours. - - Lieut.-Commander ADRIAN ST. V. KEYES, R.N. - - General Sir Ian Hamilton reports as follows: "Lieut.-Commander - Keyes showed great coolness, gallantry, and ability. The success of - the landing on Y beach was largely due to his good services. When - circumstances compelled the force landed there to re-embark, this - officer showed exceptional resource and leadership, successfully - conducting that difficult operation." - - I entirely concur in General Hamilton's opinion of this officer's - services on April 25 and 26. - - Commander WILLIAM H. COTTRELL, R.N.V.R. - - This officer has organized the entire system of land communication; - has laid and repaired cables several times under fire; and on all - occasions shown zeal, tact, and coolness beyond praise. - - Mr. JOHN MURPHY, Boatswain, _Cornwallis_. - - Midshipman JOHN SAVILLE METCALF, R.N.R., _Triumph_. - - Midshipman RUPERT E. M. BETHUNE, _Inflexible_. - - Midshipman ERIC OLOFF DE WET, _London_. - - Midshipman CHARLES W. CROXFORD, R.N.R., _Queen_. - - Midshipman C. A. L. MANSERGH, _Queen_. - - Midshipman ALFRED M. WILLIAMS, _Euryalus_. - - Midshipman HUBERT M. WILSON, _Euryalus_. - - Midshipman G. F. D. FREER, _Lord Nelson_. - - Midshipman R. V. SYMONDS-TAYLOR, _Agamemnon_. - - Midshipman C. H. C. MATTHEY, _Queen Elizabeth_. - - Lieut. MASSY GOOLDEN, _Prince of Wales_. - - - Recommended for accelerated promotion: - - Mr. CHARLES EDWARD BOUNTON, Gunner, R.N., _Queen Elizabeth_. - - - The following officers are "Commended for service in action": - - Capt. H. A. S. FYLER, _Agamemnon_, Senior Officer inside the Straits. - - Capt. A. W. HENEAGE, M.V.O., who organized and trained the - mine-sweepers. - - Capt. E. K. LORING, Naval Transport Officer, Gabe Tepe. - - Capt. H. C. LOCKYER, _Implacable_. - - Capt. C. MAXWELL-LEFROY, _Swiftsure_. - - Capt. the HON. A. D. E. H. BOYLE, M.V.O., _Bacchante_. - - Capt. A. V. VYVYAN, Beach Master, Z beach. - - Capt. C. S. TOWNSEND, Beach Master, W beach. - - Capt. R. C. K. LAMBERT, Beach Master, V beach. - - Commander the HON. L. J. O. LAMBART, _Queen_. - - Commander (now Captain) B. ST. G. COLLARD, Assistant Beach Master, W - beach. - - Commander C. C. DIX, Assistant Beach Master, Z beach. - - Commander N. W. DIGGLE, Assistant Beach Master, V beach. - - Commander H. L. WATTS-JONES, _Albion_ (acting Captain). - - Commander I. W. GIBSON, M.V.O., _Albion_. - - Lieut,-Commander (now Commander) J. B. WATERLOW, _Blenheim_. - - Lieut.-Commander H. V. COATES, _Implacable_. - - Lieut.-Commander E. H. CATER, _Queen Elizabeth_. - - Lieut.-Commander G. H. POWNALL, _Adamant_ (killed in action). - - Lieut. A. W. BROMLEY, R.N.R., _Euryalus_. - - Lieut. H. R. W. TURNOR, _Implacable_. - - Lieut. H. F. MINCHIN, _Cornwallis_. - - Lieut. OSCAR HENDERSON, _Ribble_. - - Lieut. KENNETH EDWARDS, _Lord Nelson_. - - Major W. T. C. JONES, D.S.O., R.M.L.I., Beach Master, X beach. - - Major W. W. FRANKIS, R.M.L.I., _Cornwallis_. - - Tempy. Surgeon W. D. GALLOWAY, _Cornwallis_. - - Mr. ALFRED M. MALLETT, Gunner T., _Ribble_. - - Mr. JOHN PIPPARD, Boatswain, _Sapphire_. - - Midshipman ERIC WHELER BUSH, _Bacchante_. - - Midshipman CHARLES D. H. H. DIXON, _Bacchante_. - - Midshipman DONALD H. BARTON, _London_. - - Midshipman A. W. CLARKE, _Implacable_. - - Proby. Midshipman WILLIAMS D. R. HARGREAVES, R.N.R., _Sapphire_. - - Midshipman F. E. GARNER, R.N.R., _Triumph_. - - Midshipman GEORGE H. MORRIS, R.N.R., _Lord Nelson_. - - Midshipman the HON. G. H. E. RUSSELL, _Implacable_. - - Midshipman D. S. E. THOMPSON, _Implacable_. - - Midshipman W. D. BROWN, _Implacable_. - - -WORK OF THE DESTROYERS - -The work accomplished by the destroyer flotillas fully maintained the -high standard they have established in these waters. - -On the 25th and 26th _Wolverine_ (Commander O. J. Pretis) (killed -in action), _Scorpion_ (Lieut.-Commander (now Commander), A. B. -Cunningham), _Renard_ (Lieut.-Commander L. G. B. A. Campbell), -_Grampus_ (Lieut.-Commander R. Bacchus), _Pincher_ (Lieut.-Commander -H. W. Wyld), and _Rattlesnake_ (Lieut.-Commander P. G. Wodehouse), -carried out mine-sweeping operations under Captain Heneage inside the -Dardanelles in a most satisfactory manner, being frequently under -heavy fire. On the 26th the French sweepers _Henriette_ (Lieut. de -Vaisseau Auverny), _Marius Chambon_ (Lieut. de Vaisseau Blanc), and -_Camargue_ (Lieut. de Vaisseau Bergeon) assisted them, _Henriette_ -doing particularly well. - -_Beagle_ (Commander (now Captain) H. R. Godfrey), _Bulldog_ -(Lieut.-Commander W. B. Mackenzie), _Scourge_ (Lieut.-Commander H. de -B. Tupper), _Foxhound_ (Commander W. G. Howard), _Colne_ (Commander -C. Seymour), _Chelmer_ (Lieut.-Commander (now Commander) H. T. -England), _Usk_ (Lieut.-Commander W. G. C. Maxwell), and _Ribble_ -(Lieut.-Commander R. W. Wilkinson) assisted in the disembarkation at -Gaba Tepe. - -Rear-Admiral Thursby reports as follows on the work accomplished by -these boats: - -"The destroyers under Captain C. P. R. Coode (Captain 'D') landed the -second part of the covering force with great gallantry and expedition, -and it is in my opinion entirely due to the rapidity with which so -large a force was thrown on the beach that we were able to establish -ourselves there." - -I entirely concur in Admiral Thursby's remarks on the good work -performed by this division. - - -PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN - -SPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS - - P.O. JOHN HEPBURN RUSSELL, O.N. F.839, of the Royal Naval Air Service, - was wounded in gallantly going to Commander Unwin's assistance. - - P.O. MECH. GEOFFREY CHARLTON PAINE RUMMINGS, O.N. F.813, Royal Naval - Air Service, assisted Commander Unwin in rescuing wounded men. - - P.O. SEC. CL. FREDERICK GIBSON, O.N. 191025, R.F.R. B.3829, _Albion_, - jumped overboard with a line and got his boat beached to complete - bridge from _River Clyde_ to shore. He then took wounded to _River - Clyde_ under heavy fire. - - Ord. Seaman JESSE LOVELOCK, _Albion_, J.28798, assisted in getting - pontoon in position; also helped wounded on beach and in boats to - reach _River Clyde_, displaying great gallantry and coolness under - fire. - - A.B. LEWIS JACOBS, O.N. J.4081, _Lord Nelson_. Took his boat into V - beach unaided, after all the remainder of the crew and the troops - were killed or wounded. When last seen Jacobs was standing up and - endeavouring to pole the cutter to the shore. While thus employed he - was killed. - - HERBERT J. G. MORRIN, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 236225, _Bacchante_. - - ALFRED J. CHATWEN, Ch. Yeo. Signals, O.N. 156109, _Cornwallis_. - - ALBERT PLAYFORD, P.O., O.N. 202189, _Cornwallis_. - - ARTHUR ROAKE, A.B., O.N. S.S. 1940 (R.F.R. B.88431), _Cornwallis_. - - HENRY THOMAS MORRISON, Seaman, R.N.R., O.N. 1495D, _Albion_. - - DANIEL ROACH, Seaman, R.N.R., 1685D, _Albion_. - - DAVID S. KERR, A.B., O.N. 239816, _Ribble_. - - ALBERT BALSON, P.O., O.N. 211943, _Prince of Wales_. - - WILLIAM MORGAN, P.O., O.N. 193834, _Prince of Wales_. - - JAMES GETSON, Stoker, P.O., O.N. 295438, _London_. - - EDWARD L. BARONS, A.B., O.N. J.7775, _London_. - - WILLIAM PUTMAN, P.O., O.N. 236783, _Queen_. - - ROBERT FLETCHER, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 213297, _Queen_. - - SAMUEL FORSEY, A.B., S.S. 2359 (R.F.R. B.4597), _Albion_. - - HENRY J. ANSTEAD, Acting C.P.O. 179989, _Implacable_. - - KENNETH MUSKETT, Ldg. Seaman, J.1325, _Implacable_. - - THOMAS P. ROCHE, Ch. P.O. (Pensioner), O.N. 165533, _Prince George_. - - JOHN MAPLE, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 171890 (R.F.R. Chat. B.2658), - _Euryalus_. - - HENRY WILLIAMS, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 176765 (R.F.R., Chat., B.1326), - _Euryalus_. - - WILLIAM F. HOFFMAN, A.B., O.N. 195940 (R.F.R., Chat., B.2650), - _Euryalus_. - - HENRY G. LAW, A.B., O.N. 195366 (R.F.R., Chat., B.8261), _Euryalus_. - - HENRY RIDSDALE, Stoker, R.N.R., O.N. 1136U, _Euryalus_. - - COLIN MCKECHNIE, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 157509, _Lord Nelson_ (killed). - - STANLEY E. CULLUM, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 225791, _Lord Nelson_ (killed). - - FREDERICK T. M. HYDE, A.B., O.N. J.21153, _Lord Nelson_ (killed). - - WILLIAM E. ROWLAND, A.B., O.N. J.17029, _Lord Nelson_ (wounded). - - ALBERT E. BEX, A.B., O.N. J. 17223, _Lord Nelson_ (wounded). - -The above men from _Lord Nelson_ were part of boats' crews landing -troops on V beach, a service from which few returned. - - -Commended for service in action: - - HARRY E. PALLANT, P.O., O.N. 186521, _Implacable_. - - JESSE BONTOFT, P.O., O.N. 193398, _Implacable_. - - THOMAS J. TWELLS, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 232269, _Implacable_. - - RICHARD MULLIS, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 220072, _Implacable_. - - MATTHEW B. KNIGHT, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 230546, _Implacable_. - - JOHN E. MAYES, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 196849 (R.F.R. B.8581), _Implacable_. - - WILLIAM J. WHITE, P.O.I., O.N. 142848, _Albion_. - - FREDERICK G. BARNES, P.O., O.N. 209085, _Swiftsure_. - - HENRY MINTER, P.O., O.N. 163128, _Queen Elizabeth_. - - HARRY R. JEFFCOATE, Sgt. R.M.L.I., Ch. 10526, _Cornwallis_. - - FRANK E. TROLLOPE, Pte. R.M.L.I., Ch. 19239, _Cornwallis_. - - GEORGE BROWN, Ch. P.O., 276085, _Sapphire_. - - BERTIE SOLE, Ldg. Seaman, 208019 (R.F.R., B. 10738), _Sapphire_. - - CHARLES H. SOPER, Signalman, J.9709, _Sapphire_. - - FRANK DAWE, A.B., 231502, _Albion_. - - SAMUEL QUICK, Seaman, R.N.R., 3109 B., _Albion_. - - JAMES RICE, Seaman, R.N.R., 519 D., _Albion_. - - WILLIAM THOMAS, Seaman, R.N.R., 2208 B., _Albion_. - - WILLIAM H. KITCHEN, Seaman, R.N.R., 4330 A., _Albion_. - - FRANCIS A. SANDERS, A.B., 221315 (R.F.R., Chat., B.8199), _Euryalus_. - - WILLIAM F. HICKS, A.B., S.S. 4795, _Euryalus_. - - WILLIAM F. HAYWARD, A.B., 235109, _London_. - - GEORGE GILBERTSON, A.B., 207941 (R.F.R., B.4910), _London_. - - ANDREW HOPE, A.B., S.S. 2837 (R.F.R., B.5847), _London_. - - CHARLES A. SMITH, A.B., J.27753, _Lord Nelson_ (wounded). - - BASIL BRAZIER, A.B., J.6116, _Lord Nelson_ (wounded). - - CHARLES H. SMITH, A.B., J.28377, _Lord Nelson_. - - HENRY A. B. GREEN, A.B. 238024, _Lord Nelson_ (wounded). - -No officer could have been better served by his staff than I have been -during these operations. The energy and resource of my Chief of Staff, -Commodore R. J. B. Keyes, was invaluable, and, in combination with -Major-General Braithwaite--Chief of the General Staff--he established a -most excellent working agreement between the two services. - -Captain George P. W. Hope, of _Queen Elizabeth_, acted as my flag -captain. His gift of organization was of the greatest assistance in -dealing with the mass of details inseparable from an operation of such -magnitude. - -Commander the Hon. A. R. M. Ramsay has used his sound practical -knowledge of gunnery to great advantage in working out, in connection -with the military, the details of gunfire from the covering ships. - -Captain William W. Godfrey, R.M., a staff officer of great ability, has -given me invaluable assistance throughout the operations. - -I would also mention my secretary, Mr. Basil F. Hood, Acting Paymaster, -and secretarial staff, whose good services under the direction and -example of Mr. Edward W. Whittington-Ince, Assistant Paymaster, will -form the subject of a later separate report. Also Lieutenant-Commander -James F. Sommerville (Fleet Wireless Telegraph Officer), and Flag -Lieutenants L. S. Ormsby-Johnson, Hugh S. Bowlby, and Richard H. L. -Bevan, who have performed good service in organizing with the military -the intercommunication between the Allied Fleets and Armies. - - J. M. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Sir Ian Hamilton's Despatches from the Dardanelles, etc. - -Author: Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton - -Release Date: January 13, 2017 [EBook #53959] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR IAN HAMILTON'S *** - - - - -Produced by MWS, Alan and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="center"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" id="coverpage" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">General Sir Ian Hamilton.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="center"> -<h1 class="break-before"><span class="gesperrt">SIR IAN HAMILTON'S<br /> - DESPATCHES FROM THE<br /> - DARDANELLES,</span></h1> - ETC.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="small">WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY</span><br /> -<br /> - FIELD-MARSHAL SIR EVELYN WOOD,<br /> - V.C., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., &c. -<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smaller">LONDON</span><br /> - GEORGE NEWNES, LIMITED -</div> - -<hr /> - - - -<h2 class="break-before">CONTENTS</h2> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents."> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The First Despatch</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Second Despatch</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Press Bureau Statements</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Vice-Admiral de Robeck's Despatch</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - - - -<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Illustrations"> -<tr><td align="left">General Sir Ian Hamilton</td><td> </td><td align="right"><i>Frontispiece</i></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Map 1</td><td align="right"><i>facing</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">p. 16</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Map 2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align= "right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Lieut.-General Sir W. R. Birdwood,</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">K.C.S.I.</td><td align="center">"</td><td align= "right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Map 3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align= "right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Brigadier-General R. W. M.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Jackson, C.B.</td><td align="center">"</td><td align= "right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Lieut.-General A. G. Hunter-Weston,</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">C.B.</td><td align="center">"</td><td align= "right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Map 4</td><td align="center">"</td><td align= "right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Map 5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align= "right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<hr /> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="break-before">INTRODUCTION BY FIELD-MARSHAL<br /> -SIR EVELYN WOOD, V.C., G.C.B.,<br /> -G.C.M.G., <span class="smcap">Etc., Etc.</span></h2> - -<div class="center"> - "What's brave, what's noble, let's do it." -</div> - -<p>I was serving in the Royal Navy when -Lieutenant Lucas, H.M.S. <i>Hecla</i>, earned the -first Victoria Cross that was gazetted, for -having thrown overboard a live shell. I was -in the 21-gun battery before Sevastopol -sixty-one years ago when Captain Sir William -Peel, R.N., picked up from amongst a number -of powder cases, and carried resting on his -chest, a 42-pounder live Russian shell, which -burst as he threw it over the parapet; and -having seen many extraordinarily gallant -deeds performed by men of all ranks in both -Services, I think that I am a fair judge of -fighting values.</p> - -<p>Just sixty-one years ago an Ordinary -Seaman, H.M.S. <i>Queen</i>, was one of a detachment -of a Petty Officer and six Bluejackets -who had left our advanced trenches carrying -a heavy scaling ladder, 18 feet long, to enable -the soldiers to cross the ditch of the Great -Redan at Sevastopol. When the only surviving -ladder-party was close up to the -abatis, three of the men under the Rear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> -part of the ladder were shot down, and a -young midshipman then put his shoulder -under it. The boy was young, had already -been wounded, and was moreover weak, being -officially on the sick list, so doubtless was an -inefficient carrier. The Bluejacket in front -was unaffected by the storm of missiles of -all sorts through which he had passed in -crossing the 500 yards between our trenches -and the Redan, although in his company of -sixty men, nineteen sailors had been killed and -twenty-nine wounded within twenty minutes.</p> - -<p>The fire was vividly described by Field-Marshal -Lord Raglan, who was looking on. -He, with the experience of the Peninsular War, -and having witnessed the assaults of Ciudad -Rodrigo and Badajos, thus portrayed it: "I -never before witnessed such a continuous and -heavy fire of grape and musketry"; and -again: "I had no conception of such a shower -of grape." The Bluejacket had remained -apparently unconcerned by the carnage, but -he realised that the now one-surviving carrier -at the Rear end of the ladder was not doing -much to help, and thinking that he was addressing -a messmate, exclaimed encouragingly, -as he half turned his head: "Come on, Bill, -let's get our ladder up first," being shot dead -as he finished the sentence.</p> - -<p>I was often asked in the early days of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> -the War whether I thought that the men in -the ranks were of the same fighting value -as those of two generations ago, and invariably -answered confidently as follows: "Yes, -just the same at heart, but with better -furnished heads." The contents of this -Booklet clearly attest the accuracy of that -opinion.</p> - -<p>Education has done much to improve the -"Fighting Services," but the most potent -magnet for bringing out the best of the Anglo-Saxon -Nation is the fuller appreciation of -Democracy. The officers, not content with -leading their men gallantly, which they have -always done, now feel for them and with -them as staunch comrades. All ranks are -now nearer, geographically, mentally and -morally, than they have ever been before -to the heart of England.</p> - -<p>Sixty years ago a brave officer could -think of no better prize for the reward of -gallantry than money, and a General about -to assault Sevastopol on September 8, 1855, -offered £5 for the first man inside the Great -Redan.</p> - -<p>When, in the winter 1854-5, the institution -of the Victoria Cross was suggested, the -Royal Warrant for which was not issued -until 1856, nearly all the senior officers -disliked the innovation, and our Government,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> -realising this feeling, hesitated to entrust -them with the selection of the recipients of -the distinction. In one battalion the men -were instructed to nominate a private soldier. -They, as in all good regiments, reflected the -views of their officers, as regards the innovation, -and unanimously elected a comrade -who, being trusted for his sobriety and -honesty, used to carry down the grog-can at -dinner-time to the trenches, and so, not only -enjoyed a "soft billet," but was never under -fire except for one hour in twenty-four.</p> - -<p>A perusal of the despatches and of the -<i>London Gazette</i> announcing the bestowal of -decorations is like reading of the mortal -combats described in Virgil's Twelfth Book -of the "Æneid," and fills the mind with -admiration.</p> - -<p>It is perhaps only soldiers who can fully -appreciate the enduring courage of the Munster -Fusiliers, who, after losing half their -numbers by drowning, and by fire of shrapnel -and bullets, with their Brigadier-General, his -Brigade-Major, and most of their Regimental -officers down, could reform into remnants of -Companies, and after a night without food, -follow a Staff Officer, Lieutenant-Colonel -Doughty Wylie, from the beach up to the -Old Castle, and assault successfully Hill No. -141. These men are, indeed, worthy descendants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> -of their predecessors who carried -the walls of Delhi in 1857.</p> - -<p>No soldiers can read the story of the -heroism shown by the 1st Lancashire Fusiliers -commanded by Major Bishop; how they -jumped ashore under a hurricane of lead -which was rained on Beach W, and how they -broke through the wire, and had by 10 a.m. -carried three lines of hostile trenches, without -feeling proud of the people of the "Clothing -Towns." The men are worthy of their forefathers, -who at Minden in 1759 advanced -in line with "Colours flying and Drums -beating" against a mass of hostile cavalry, -which they defeated.</p> - -<p>I hope that the young soldiers of the -King's Own Scottish Borderers may be taught -to recall, not only the deeds of their predecessors -at Namur, 1695, and the glorious -victory of the infantry over a mass of hostile -cavalry, which they shared with the Lancashire -Fusiliers; but also what their battalion -did on Y Beach of the Dardanelles on April 26 -last, when after many hours of fighting, -causing the battalion a loss of 50 per centum, -the survivors held with determination a -trench which had been constructed for four -times their number of effectives; and then, -when orders were given to abandon the -position, how the courage of a small Rear-guard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> -enabled all the wounded, ammunition, -and stores to be safely re-embarked.</p> - -<p>The burning courage of the Australian -and New Zealand Division must make any -soldier proud of his Colonial brothers. They -were disembarked at night, and the units -became unavoidably mixed up, for some of -them had in their ardour followed up the -Turks, whom they had repulsed, further than -had been intended. It seems from a perusal -of the despatch, that in spite of their short -military training, the self-reliance naturally -acquired by men who lead a less artificial -life than those brought up in cities and towns -in England, enabled our Colonials, inspired -by their personal courage, to resist successfully -for hours the attacks of a vastly superior -number of Turks.</p> - -<p>In a number of glorious deeds recorded in -the <i>London Gazette</i> it is somewhat difficult to -select any deed standing out beyond the rest, -but it seems probable that the personal -prowess of Lance-Corporal Albert Jacka, 14th -Battalion Australian Imperial Forces, can -scarcely ever be surpassed. During the night -of May 19-20 he, with four other Australians, -was holding a trench which was heavily -attacked. The five men accounted for many -Turks, but when Jacka's four comrades had -been killed or wounded, the trench was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> -rushed, and occupied by seven Moslems. -Lance-Corporal Jacka attacked and killed all -seven, five by successive shots from his rifle, -and two with his bayonet.</p> - -<p>Commander Unwin's exploits were remarkable. -He had fitted admirably for the -work in view the <i>River Clyde</i> steamship, and -successfully beached her; and although hit -by three bullets, he worked for hours in the -water to save wounded men, and continued -his self-sacrificing efforts until he became -inanimate from cold and exhaustion.</p> - -<p>One of Commander Unwin's subordinates, -George Samson, who vied with him in tasks -of enduring gallantry, belongs to the Royal -Naval Reserve, and is mentioned for having -worked on a lighter all day attending to the -stricken until he was dangerously wounded. -Yet at the annual dinner last week of the -National Sailors' and Firemen's Union, when -Samson, apparently now a Petty Officer, as -modest as he is brave, was presented with a -gold watch and chain, in returning thanks, -said: "I would sooner land again in the -Dardanelles than have to make a speech."</p> - -<p>Commander Robinson is a remarkable instance -not only of calculating courage, but -also of the thorough training which Naval -officers receive. "He refused to allow anyone -to accompany him on his dangerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> -mission, as his men's white clothing made -them very conspicuous. After having penetrated -alone into a two-gun battery of the -enemy, on the 26th February, he destroyed a -gun and then returning for another demolition -charge, wrecked the remaining piece."</p> - -<p>The Commander-in-Chief at Gallipoli, -affectionately termed by his friends in the -Service "Johnnie," being a very brave -man, appreciates the courage of those under -his command. He showed great determination -in the unhappy war in South Africa -in 1881, when he was severely wounded, -and in the battle of Eland's Laaghte in -October, 1899, led so determinedly in front -that he would have been recommended for -the Victoria Cross but for his senior -rank.</p> - -<p>The Services in the Dardanelles are fortunate -in having a scholarly General to narrate -their stirring deeds, for many of our commanders, -from Marlborough to Clyde, have -felt more difficulty in writing a description of -a victory than they had experienced in -winning it.</p> - -<p>In the last half century the power of -appreciating noble deeds and the merits of -capable officers has increased. The days are -fortunately passed since our senior generals -said: "We find all our officers are much of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> -muchness."</p> - -<p>There is now a more generous acknowledgment -of the fact that the life of a labouring -man is as much to him as is that of a peer to -a duke's son; there has grown up amongst our -soldiers a deeper sense of appreciating valour -apart from natural or acquired advantages.</p> - -<p>As Admiral Holmes and his Squadron in -the St. Laurence enabled General Wolfe to -capture Quebec in 1759, so Admiral John -de Robeck has enabled General Sir Ian -Hamilton to land his troops and hold the -western coast of the Gallipoli Peninsula, -and Hamilton, happier than Wolfe, lives to -acknowledge his debt to the Senior Service, -describing it affectionately as "The father -and mother of the Army."</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig3.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">October 1. 1915 Evelyn Wood</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2 class="break-before">THE FIRST DESPATCH</h2> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>From the General Commanding the Mediterranean<br /> -Expeditionary Force to the Secretary of State for<br /> -War, War Office, London, S.W.</i></p></blockquote> - - -<div class="center"> - General Headquarters,<br /> -Mediterranean Expeditionary Force,<br /></div> -<div class="r"><i>May</i> 20, 1915.</div> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>I have the honour to submit my report on the -operations in the Gallipoli Peninsula up to and -including May 5.</p> - -<p>In accordance with your Lordship's instructions -I left London on March 13 with my General -Staff by special train to Marseilles, and thence in -H.M.S. <i>Phæton</i> to the scene of the naval operations -in the Eastern Mediterranean, reaching Tenedos on -March 17 shortly after noon.</p> - -<p>Immediately on arrival I conferred with Vice-Admiral -de Robeck, Commanding the Eastern -Mediterranean Fleet; Général d'Amade, Commanding -the French Corps Expéditionnaire; and Contre-Amiral -Guepratte, in command of the French -Squadron. At this conference past difficulties were -explained to me, and the intention to make a fresh -attack on the morrow was announced. The amphibious -battle between warships and land fortresses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> -took place next day, March 18. I witnessed these -stupendous events, and thereupon cabled your -Lordship my reluctant deduction that the co-operation -of the whole of the force under my -command would be required to enable the Fleet -effectively to force the Dardanelles.</p> - -<p>By that time I had already carried out a preliminary -reconnaissance of the north-western shore -of the Gallipoli Peninsula, from its isthmus, where -it is spanned by the Bulair fortified lines, to Cape -Helles, at its extremest point. From Bulair this -singular feature runs in a south-westerly direction -for 52 miles, attaining near its centre a breadth of -12 miles. The northern coast of the northern half -of the promontory slopes downwards steeply to -the Gulf of Xeros, in a chain of hills, which extend -as far as Cape Sulva. The precipitous fall of these -hills precludes landing, except at a few narrow -gullies, far too restricted for any serious military -movements. The southern half of the peninsula -is shaped like a badly-worn boot. The ankle lies -between Gaba Tepe and Kalkmaz Dagh; beneath -the heel lie the cluster of forts at Kilid Bahr; -whilst the toe is that promontory, five miles in -width, stretching from Tekke Burnu to Sedd-el-Bahr.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Three Formidable Fortresses</span></h3> - -<p>The three dominating features in this southern -section seemed to me to be:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>(1) Sari Bair Mountain, running up in a -succession of almost perpendicular escarpments -to 970 feet. The whole mountain -seemed to be a network of ravines and covered -with thick jungle.</p> - -<p>(2) Kilid Bahr plateau, which rises, a -natural fortification artificially fortified, to a -height of 700 feet to cover the forts of the -Narrows from an attack from the Aegean.</p> - -<p>(3) Achi Babi, a hill 600 feet in height, -dominating at long field-gun range what I -have described as being the toe of the peninsula.</p></blockquote> - -<p>A peculiarity to be noted as regards this last -southern sector is that from Achi Babi to Cape -Helles the ground is hollowed out like a spoon, -presenting only its outer edges to direct fire from -the sea. The inside of the spoon appears to be -open and undulating, but actually it is full of -spurs, nullahs, and confused under-features.</p> - -<p>Generally speaking the coast is precipitous, -and good landing-places are few. Just south -of Tekke Burnu is a small sandy bay (W), and -half a mile north of it is another small break in -the cliffs (X). Two miles farther up the coast the -mouth of a stream indents these same cliffs (Y 2), -and yet another mile and a half up a scrub-covered -gully looked as if active infantry might be able to -scramble up it on to heights not altogether dissimilar -to those of Abraham by Quebec (Y). Inside -Sedd-el-Bahr is a sandy beach (V), about 300<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> -yards across, facing a semicircle of steeply-rising -ground, as the flat bottom of a half-saucer faces -the rim, a rim flanked on one side by an old castle, -on the other by a modern fort. By Eski Hissarlik, -on the east of Morto Bay (S), was another small -beach, which was, however, dominated by the big -guns from Asia. Turning northwards again, there -are two good landing-places on either side of Gaba -Tepe. Farther to the north of that promontory -the beach was supposed to be dangerous and difficult. -In most of these landing-places the trenches -and lines of wire entanglements were plainly -visible from on board ship. What seemed to be -gun emplacements and infantry redoubts could also -be made out through a telescope, but of the full -extent of these defences and of the forces available -to man them there was no possibility of -judging except by practical test.</p> - -<p>Altogether the result of this and subsequent -reconnaissances was to convince me that nothing -but a thorough and systematic scheme for flinging -the whole of the troops under my command very -rapidly ashore could be expected to meet with -success; whereas, on the other hand, a tentative -or piecemeal programme was bound to lead to -disaster. The landing of an army upon the theatre -of operations I have described—a theatre strongly -garrisoned throughout, and prepared for any such -attempt—involved difficulties for which no precedent -was forthcoming in military history except possibly -in the sinister legends of Xerxes. The beaches were -either so well defended by works and guns or else<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> -so restricted by nature that it did not seem possible, -even by two or three simultaneous landings, to pass -the troops ashore quickly enough to enable them -to maintain themselves against the rapid concentration -and counter-attack which the enemy was -bound in such case to attempt. It became necessary, -therefore, not only to land simultaneously at -as many points as possible, but to threaten to land -at other points as well. The first of these necessities -involved another unavoidable if awkward -contingency, the separation by considerable intervals -of the force.</p> - -<p>The weather was also bound to play a vital -part in my landing. Had it been British weather -there would have been no alternative but instantly -to give up the adventure. To land two or three -thousand men, and then to have to break off and -leave them exposed for a week to the attacks of -34,000 regular troops, with a hundred guns at their -back, was not an eventuality to be lightly envisaged. -Whatever happened the weather must -always remain an incalculable factor, but at least -by delay till the end of April we had a fair chance -of several days of consecutive calm.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Redistribution of Troops</span></h3> - -<p>Before doing anything else I had to redistribute -the troops on the transports to suit the order of -their disembarkation. The bulk of the forces at -my disposal had, perforce, been embarked without -its having been possible to pay due attention to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> -the operation upon which I now proposed that they -should be launched.</p> - -<p>Owing to lack of facilities at Mudros redistribution -in that harbour was out of the question. With -your Lordship's approval, therefore, I ordered all -the transports, except those of the Australian -Infantry Brigade and the details encamped at Lemnos -Island, to the Egyptian ports. On March 24 -I myself, together with the General Staff, proceeded -to Alexandria, where I remained until April 7, -working out the allocation of troops to transports -in minutest detail as a prelude to the forthcoming -disembarkation. General d'Amade did likewise.</p> - -<p>On April 1 the remainder of the General Headquarters, -which had not been mobilized when I -left England, arrived at Alexandria.</p> - -<p>Apart from the rearrangements of the troops, -my visit to Egypt was not without profit, since it -afforded me opportunities of conferring with the -G.O.C. Egypt and of making myself acquainted -with the troops, drawn from all parts of the French -Republic and of the British Empire, which it was -to be my privilege to command.</p> - -<p>By April 7 my preparations were sufficiently -advanced to enable me to return with my General -Staff to Lemnos, so as to put the finishing touches -to my plan in close co-ordination with the Vice-Admiral -Commanding the Eastern Mediterranean -Fleet.</p> - -<p>The covering force of the 29th Division left -Mudros Harbour on the evening of April 23 for the -five beaches, S, V, W, X, and Y. Of these, V, W,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> -and X were to be main landings, the landings at -S and Y being made mainly to protect the flanks, -to disseminate the forces of the enemy, and to -interrupt the arrival of his reinforcements. The -landings at S and Y were to take place at dawn, -whilst it was planned that the first troops for V, -W, and X beaches should reach the shore simultaneously -at 5.30 a.m. after half an hour's bombardment -from the Fleet.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Arrival of the Transports</span></h3> - -<p>The transports conveying the covering force -arrived off Tenedos on the morning of the 24th, -and during the afternoon the troops were transferred -to the warships and fleet-sweepers in which -they were to approach the shore. About midnight -these ships, each towing a number of cutters and -other small boats, silently slipped their cables and, -escorted by the 3rd Squadron of the Fleet, steamed -slowly towards their final rendezvous at Cape -Helles. The rendezvous was reached just before -dawn on the 25th. The morning was absolutely -still; there was no sign of life on the shore; a -thin veil of mist hung motionless over the promontory; -the surface of the sea was as smooth as -glass. The four battleships and four cruisers -which formed the 3rd Squadron at once took up -the positions that had been allotted to them, and -at 5 a.m., it being then light enough to fire, a violent -bombardment of the enemy's defences was begun.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> -Meanwhile the troops were being rapidly transferred -to the small boats in which they were to be towed -ashore. Not a move on the part of the enemy; -except for shells thrown from the Asiatic side -of the Straits the guns of the Fleet remained -unanswered.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Landing of the Borderers</span></h3> - -<p>The detachment detailed for S beach (Eski -Hissarlik Point) consisted of the 2nd South Wales -Borderers (less one company) under Lieut.-Colonel -Casson. Their landing was delayed by the current, -but by 7.30 a.m. it had been successfully effected -at the cost of some fifty casualties, and Lieut.-Colonel -Casson was able to establish his small -force on the high ground near De Totts Battery. -Here he maintained himself until the general advance -on the 27th brought him into touch with the main -body.</p> - -<p>The landing on Y beach was entrusted to the -King's Own Scottish Borderers and the Plymouth -(Marine) Battalion, Royal Naval Division, specially -attached to the 29th Division for this task, the whole -under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Koe. The -beach at this point consisted merely of a narrow -strip of sand at the foot of a crumbling scrub-covered -cliff some 200 feet high immediately to the -west of Krithia.</p> - -<p>A number of small gullies running down the -face of the cliff facilitated the climb to the summit,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> -and so impracticable had these precipices appeared -to the Turks that no steps had been taken to defend -them. Very different would it have been had we, -as was at one time intended, taken Y 2 for this -landing. There a large force of infantry, entrenched -up to their necks, and supported by machine -and Hotchkiss guns, were awaiting an attempt -which could hardly have made good its footing. -But at Y both battalions were able in the first -instance to establish themselves on the heights, -reserves of food, water, and ammunition were hauled -up to the top of the cliff, and, in accordance with -the plan of operations, an endeavour was immediately -made to gain touch with the troops landing -at X beach. Unfortunately, the enemy's strong -detachment from Y 2 interposed, our troops landing -at X were fully occupied in attacking the Turks -immediately to their front, and the attempt to -join hands was not persevered with.</p> - -<p>Later in the day a large force of Turks were -seen to be advancing upon the cliffs above Y beach -from the direction of Krithia, and Colonel Koe -was obliged to entrench. From this time onward -his small force was subjected to strong and repeated -attacks, supported by field artillery, and owing -to the configuration of the ground, which here -drops inland from the edge of the cliff, the guns of -the supporting ships could render him little assistance. -Throughout the afternoon and all through -the night the Turks made assault after assault -upon the British line. They threw bombs into the -trenches, and, favoured by darkness, actually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> -led a pony with a machine gun on its back over -the defences, and were proceeding to come into -action in the middle of our position when they -were bayoneted.</p> - -<p>The British repeatedly counter-charged with -the bayonet, and always drove off the enemy for -the moment, but the Turks were in a vast superiority -and fresh troops took the place of those who temporarily -fell back. Colonel Koe (since died of -wounds) had become a casualty early in the day, -and the number of officers and men killed and -wounded during the incessant fighting was very -heavy. By 7 a.m. on the 26th only about half -of the King's Own Scottish Borderers remained to -man the entrenchment made for four times their -number. These brave fellows were absolutely worn -out with continuous fighting; it was doubtful if -reinforcements could reach them in time, and -orders were issued for them to be re-embarked. -Thanks to H.M.S. <i>Goliath</i>, <i>Dublin</i>, <i>Amethyst</i>, and -<i>Sapphire</i>, thanks also to the devotion of a small -rearguard of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, -which kept off the enemy from lining the cliff, -the re-embarkation of the whole of the troops, -together with the wounded, stores, and ammunition, -was safely accomplished, and both battalions were -brought round the southern end of the peninsula. -Deplorable as the heavy losses had been, and unfortunate -as was the tactical failure to make good -so much ground at the outset, yet, taking the operation -as it stood, there can be no doubt it has contributed -greatly to the success of the main attack,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> -seeing that the plucky stand made at Y beach -had detained heavy columns of the enemy from -arriving at the southern end of the peninsula during -what it will be seen was a very touch-and-go -struggle.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The "Implacable's" Guns</span></h3> - -<p>The landing-place known as X beach consists -of a strip of sand some 200 yards long by 8 yards -wide at the foot of a low cliff. The troops to -be landed here were the 1st Royal Fusiliers, who -were to be towed ashore from H.M.S. <i>Implacable</i> -in two parties, half a battalion at a time, together -with a beach working party found by the Anson -Battalion, Royal Naval Division. About 6 a.m. -H.M.S. <i>Implacable</i>, with a boldness much admired -by the Army, stood quite close in to the beach, -firing very rapidly with every gun she could bring -to bear. Thus seconded, the Royal Fusiliers made -good their landing with but little loss. The battalion -then advanced to attack the Turkish trenches -on the Hill 114, situated between V and W beaches, -but were heavily counter-attacked and forced -to give ground. Two more battalions of the 87th -Brigade soon followed them, and by evening the -troops had established themselves in an entrenched -position extending from half a mile round the -landing-place and as far south as Hill 114. Here -they were in touch with the Lancashire Fusiliers, -who had landed on W beach. Brigadier-General -Marshall, commanding the 87th Brigade, had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> -wounded during the day's fighting, but continued -in command of the brigade.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Landing from the "River Clyde"</span></h3> - -<p>The landing on V beach was planned to take -place on the following lines:</p> - -<p>As soon as the enemy's defences had been -heavily bombarded by the Fleet, three companies -of the Dublin Fusiliers were to be towed ashore. -They were to be closely followed by the collier -<i>River Clyde</i> (Commander Unwin, R.N.), carrying -between decks the balance of the Dublin Fusiliers, -the Munster Fusiliers, half a battalion of the Hampshire -Regiment, the West Riding Field Company, -and other details.</p> - -<p>The <i>River Clyde</i> had been specially prepared -for the rapid disembarkation of her complement, -and large openings for the exit of the troops had -been cut in her sides, giving on to a wide gangplank -by which the men could pass rapidly into -lighters which she had in tow. As soon as the -first tows had reached land the <i>River Clyde</i> was -to be run straight ashore. Her lighters were to -be placed in position to form a gangway between -the ship and the beach, and by this means it was -hoped that 2,000 men could be thrown ashore -with the utmost rapidity. Further, to assist in -covering the landing, a battery of machine guns, -protected by sandbags, had been mounted in -her bows.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> - -<p>The remainder of the covering force detailed -for this beach was then to follow in tows from -the attendant battleships.</p> - -<p>V beach is situated immediately to the west -of Sedd-el-Bahr. Between the bluff on which -stands Sedd-el-Bahr village and that which is -crowned by No. 1 Fort the ground forms a very -regular amphitheatre of three or four hundred -yards radius. The slopes down to the beach -are slightly concave, so that the whole area contained -within the limits of this natural amphitheatre, -whose grassy terraces rise gently to a -height of a hundred feet above the shore, can be -swept by the fire of a defender. The beach itself -is a sandy strip some 10 yards wide and 350 yards -long, backed along almost the whole of its extent -by a low sandy escarpment about 4 feet high, -where the ground falls nearly sheer down to the -beach. The slight shelter afforded by this escarpment -played no small part in the operations of the -succeeding thirty-two hours.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Landing Obstacles on Shore</span></h3> - -<p>At the south-eastern extremity of the beach, -between the shore and the village, stands the -old fort of Sedd-el-Bahr, a battered ruin with -wide breaches in its walls and mounds of fallen -masonry within and around it. On the ridge -to the north, overlooking the amphitheatre, stands -a ruined barrack. Both of these buildings, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> -well as No. 1 Fort, had been long bombarded -by the Fleet, and the guns of the forts had been -put out of action; but their crumbled walls and -the ruined outskirts of the village afforded cover -for riflemen, while from the terraced slopes already -described the defenders were able to command -the open beach, as a stage is overlooked from -the balconies of a theatre. On the very margin -of the beach a strong barbed-wire entanglement, -made of heavier metal and longer barbs than I -have ever seen elsewhere, ran right across from -the old fort of Sedd-el-Bahr to the foot of the -north-western headland. Two-thirds of the way -up the ridge a second and even stronger entanglement -crossed the amphitheatre, passing in front -of the old barrack and ending in the outskirts -of the village. A third transverse entanglement, -joining these two, ran up the hill near the eastern -end of the beach, and almost at right angles to it. -Above the upper entanglement the ground was -scored with the enemy's trenches, in one of which -four pom-poms were emplaced; in others were -dummy pom-poms to draw fire, while the debris -of the shattered buildings on either flank afforded -cover and concealment for a number of machine -guns, which brought a cross-fire to bear on the -ground already swept by rifle fire from the ridge.</p> - -<p>Needless to say, the difficulties in the way -of previous reconnaissance had rendered it impossible -to obtain detailed information with regard -either to the locality or to the enemy's preparations.</p> - -<p>As often happens in war, the actual course of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> -events did not quite correspond with the intentions -of the Commander. The <i>River Clyde</i> came -into position off Sedd-el-Bahr in advance of the -tows, and, just as the latter reached the shore, -Commander Unwin beached his ship also. Whilst -the boats and the collier were approaching the -landing-place the Turks made no sign. Up to -the very last moment it appeared as if the landing -was to be unopposed. But the moment the first -boat touched bottom the storm broke. A tornado -of fire swept over the beach, the incoming boats, -and the collier. The Dublin Fusiliers and the -naval boats' crews suffered exceedingly heavy losses -while still in the boats. Those who succeeded -in landing and in crossing the strip of sand managed -to gain some cover when they reached the low -escarpment on the further side. None of the -boats, however, was able to get off again, and -they and their crews were destroyed upon the -beach.</p> - -<p>Now came the moment for the <i>River Clyde</i> to -pour forth her living freight; but grievous delay -was caused here by the difficulty of placing the -lighters in position between the ship and the shore. -A strong current hindered the work and the enemy's -fire was so intense that almost every man engaged -upon it was immediately shot. Owing, however, -to the splendid gallantry of the naval working -party, the lighters were eventually placed in position, -and then the disembarkation began.</p> - -<p>A company of the Munster Fusiliers led the -way; but, short as was the distance, few of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> -men ever reached the farther side of the beach -through the hail of bullets which poured down -upon them from both flanks and the front. As -the second company followed, the extemporized -pier of lighters gave way in the current. The -end nearest to the shore drifted into deep water, -and many men who had escaped being shot were -drowned by the weight of their equipment in -trying to swim from the lighter to the beach. -Undaunted workers were still forthcoming, the -lighters were again brought into position, and the -third company of the Munster Fusiliers rushed -ashore, suffering heaviest loss this time from -shrapnel as well as from rifle, pom-pom, and -machine-gun fire.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig4.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption r"><span class="smaller">(<i>To face page 16.</i>)</span></p> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">Map 1.</span></p> -</div> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Waiting for Night</span></h3> - -<p>For a space the attempt to land was discontinued. -When it was resumed the lighters again -drifted into deep water, with Brigadier-General -Napier, Captain Costeker, his Brigade-Major, and -a number of men of the Hampshire Regiment on -board. There was nothing for them all but to -lie down on the lighters, and it was here that -General Napier and Captain Costeker were killed. -At this time, between 10 and 11 a.m., about one -thousand men had left the collier, and of these -nearly half had been killed or wounded before -they could reach the little cover afforded by the -steep, sandy bank at the top of the beach. Furt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>her -attempts to disembark were now given up. Had -the troops all been in open boats but few of them -would have lived to tell the tale. But, most fortunately, -the collier was so constructed as to -afford fairly efficient protection to the men who -were still on board, and, so long as they made no -attempt to land, they suffered comparatively -little loss.</p> - -<p>Throughout the remainder of the day there -was practically no change in the position of affairs. -The situation was probably saved by the machine-guns -on the <i>River Clyde</i>, which did valuable service -in keeping down the enemy's fire and in preventing -any attempt on their part to launch a counter-attack. -One half-company of the Dublin Fusiliers, -which had been landed at a camber just east of -Sedd-el-Bahr village, was unable to work its way -across to V beach, and by midday had only twenty-five -men left. It was proposed to divert to Y beach -that part of the main body which had been intended -to land on V beach; but this would have involved -considerable delay owing to the distance, and the -main body was diverted to W beach, where the -Lancashire Fusiliers had already effected a landing.</p> - -<p>Late in the afternoon part of the Worcestershire -Regiment and the Lancashire Fusiliers worked -across the high ground from W beach, and seemed -likely to relieve the situation by taking the defenders -of V beach in flank. The pressure on their own -front, however, and the numerous barbed-wire -entanglements which intervened, checked this advance, -and at nightfall the Turkish garrison still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> -held their ground. Just before dark some small -parties of our men made their way along the shore -to the outer walls of the Old Fort, and when night -had fallen the remainder of the infantry from the -collier were landed. A good force was now available -for attack, but our troops were at such a -cruel disadvantage as to position, and the fire -of the enemy was still so accurate in the bright -moonlight, that all attempts to clear the fort -and the outskirts of the village during the night -failed one after the other. The wounded who -were able to do so without support returned to -the collier under cover of darkness; but otherwise -the situation at daybreak on the 26th was -the same as it had been on the previous day, except -that the troops first landed were becoming very -exhausted.</p> - -<p>Twenty-four hours after the disembarkation -began there were ashore on V beach the survivors -of the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers and of two -companies of the Hampshire Regiment. The Brigadier -and his Brigade-Major had been killed; -Lieutenant-Colonel Carrington Smith, commanding -the Hampshire Regiment, had been killed and the -Adjutant had been wounded. The Adjutant of -the Munster Fusiliers was wounded, and the great -majority of the senior officers were either wounded -or killed. The remnant of the landing-party -still crouched on the beach beneath the shelter -of the sandy escarpment which had saved so many -lives. With them were two officers of my General -Staff—Lieutenant-Colonel Doughty-Wylie and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> -Lieutenant-Colonel Williams. These two officers, who -had landed from the <i>River Clyde</i>, had been striving, -with conspicuous contempt for danger, to keep all -their comrades in good heart during this day and -night of ceaseless imminent peril.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Death of Colonel Doughty-Wylie</span></h3> - -<p>Now that it was daylight once more, Lieutenant-Colonels -Doughty-Wylie and Williams set -to work to organize an attack on the hill above -the beach. Any soldier who has endeavoured to -pull scattered units together after they have been -dominated for many consecutive hours by close -and continuous fire will be able to take the measure -of their difficulties. Fortunately General Hunter-Weston -had arranged with Rear-Admiral Wemyss -about this same time for a heavy bombardment -to be opened by the ships upon the Old Fort, -Sedd-el-Bahr Village, the Old Castle north of the -village, and on the ground leading up from the -beach. Under cover of this bombardment, and -led by Lieutenant-Colonel Doughty-Wylie, and -Captain Walford, Brigade-Major R.A., the troops -gained a footing in the village by 10 a.m. They -encountered a most stubborn opposition and suffered -heavy losses from the fire of well concealed riflemen -and machine guns. Undeterred by the resistance, -and supported by the naval gunfire, they -pushed forward, and soon after midday they -penetrated to the northern edge of the village,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> -whence they were in a position to attack the Old -Castle and Hill 141. During this advance Captain -Walford was killed. Lieutenant-Colonel Doughty-Wylie -had most gallantly led the attack all the way -up from the beach through the west side of the -village, under a galling fire. And now, when, -owing so largely to his own inspiring example and -intrepid courage, the position had almost been -gained, he was killed while leading the last assault. -But the attack was pushed forward without wavering, -and, fighting their way across the open with -great dash, the troops gained the summit and -occupied the Old Castle and Hill 141 before 2 p.m.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Beach W</span></h3> - -<p>W beach consists of a strip of deep, powdery -sand some 350 yards long and from 15 to 40 yards -wide, situated immediately south of Tekke Burnu, -where a small gully running down to the sea opens -out a break in the cliffs. On either flank of the -beach the ground rises precipitously, but, in the -centre, a number of sand dunes afford a more -gradual access to the ridge overlooking the sea. -Much time and ingenuity had been employed -by the Turks in turning this landing-place into -a death trap. Close to the water's edge a broad -wire entanglement extended the whole length of -the shore, and a supplementary barbed network -lay concealed under the surface of the sea in the -shallows. Land mines and sea mines had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> -laid. The high ground overlooking the beach -was strongly fortified with trenches to which -the gully afforded a natural covered approach. -A number of machine guns also were cunningly -tucked away into holes in the cliff so as to be -immune from a naval bombardment whilst they -were converging their fire on the wire entanglements. -The crest of the hill overlooking the -beach was in its turn commanded by high ground -to the north-west and south-east, and especially -by two strong infantry redoubts near point 138. -Both these redoubts were protected by wire entanglements -about 20 feet broad, and could be approached -only by a bare glacis-like slope leading up from -the high ground above W beach or from the Cape -Helles lighthouse. In addition, another separate -entanglement ran down from these two redoubts -to the edge of the cliff near the lighthouse, making -intercommunication between V and W beaches -impossible until these redoubts had been captured.</p> - -<p>So strong, in fact, were the defences of W -beach that the Turks may well have considered -them impregnable, and it is my firm conviction -that no finer feat of arms has ever been achieved -by the British soldier—or any other soldier—than -the storming of these trenches from open -boats on the morning of April 25.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Lancashire Fusiliers</span></h3> - -<p>The landing at W had been entrusted to the -1st Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers (Major Bishop),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> -and it was to the complete lack of the sense of -danger or of fear of this daring battalion that -we owed our astonishing success. As in the case -of the landing at X, the disembarkation had been -delayed for half an hour, but at 6 a.m. the whole -battalion approached the shore together, towed -by eight picket boats in line abreast, each picket -boat pulling four ship's cutters. As soon as shallow -water was reached, the tows were cast off and -the boats were at once rowed to the shore. Three -companies headed for the beach and a company -on the left of the line made for a small ledge of -rock immediately under the cliff at Tekke Burnu. -Brigadier-General Hare, commanding the 88th -Brigade, accompanied this latter party, which -escaped the cross fire brought to bear upon the -beach, and was also in a better position than the -rest of the battalion to turn the wire entanglements.</p> - -<p>While the troops were approaching the shore -no shot had been fired from the enemy's trenches, -but as soon as the first boat touched the ground -a hurricane of lead swept over the battalion. -Gallantly led by their officers, the Fusiliers literally -hurled themselves ashore, and, fired at from right, -left, and centre, commenced hacking their way -through the wire. A long line of men was at -once mown down as by a scythe, but the remainder -were not to be denied. Covered by the fire of -the warships, which had now closed right in to -the shore, and helped by the flanking fire of the -company on the extreme left, they broke through -the entanglements and collected under the cliffs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> -on either side of the beach. Here the companies -were rapidly re-formed, and set forth to storm -the enemy's entrenchments wherever they could -find them.</p> - -<p>In making these attacks the bulk of the battalion -moved up towards Hill 114 whilst a small -party worked down towards the trenches on the -Cape Helles side of the landing-place.</p> - -<p>Several land mines were exploded by the Turks -during the advance, but the determination of the -troops was in no way affected. By 10 a.m. three -lines of hostile trenches were in our hands, and -our hold on the beach was assured.</p> - -<p>About 9.30 a.m. more infantry had begun to -disembark, and two hours later a junction was -effected on Hill 114 with the troops which had -landed on X beach.</p> - -<p>On the right, owing to the strength of the -redoubt on Hill 138, little progress could be made. -The small party of Lancashire Fusiliers which had -advanced in this direction succeeded in reaching -the edge of the wire entanglements, but were -not strong enough to do more, and it was here that -Major Frankland, Brigade-Major of the 86th -Infantry Brigade, who had gone forward to make -a personal reconnaissance, was unfortunately killed. -Brigadier-General Hare had been wounded earlier -in the day, and Colonel Wolley-Dod, General -Staff 29th Division, was now sent ashore to take -command at W beach and organize a further advance.</p> - -<p>At 2 p.m., after the ground near Hill 138 had -been subjected to a heavy bombardment, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> -Worcester Regiment advanced to the assault. -Several men of this battalion rushed forward -with great spirit to cut passages through the -entanglement; some were killed, others persevered, -and by 4 p.m. the hill and redoubt were captured.</p> - -<p>An attempt was now made to join hands with -the troops on V beach, who could make no headway -at all against the dominating defences of -the enemy. To help them out the 86th Brigade -pushed forward in an easterly direction along -the cliff. There is a limit, however, to the storming -of barbed-wire entanglements. More of these -barred the way. Again the heroic wire-cutters -came out. Through glasses they could be seen -quietly snipping away under a hellish fire as if -they were pruning a vineyard. Again some of -them fell. The fire pouring out of No. 1 fort -grew hotter and hotter, until the troops, now -thoroughly exhausted by a sleepless night and by -the long day's fighting under a hot sun, had to -rest on their laurels for a while.</p> - -<p>When night fell, the British position in front -of W beach extended from just east of Cape Helles -lighthouse, through Hill 138, to Hill 114. Practically -every man had to be thrown into the trenches -to hold this line, and the only available reserves -on this part of our front were the 2nd London -Field Company R.E. and a platoon of the Anson -Battalion, which had been landed as a beach working -party.</p> - -<p>During the night several strong and determined -counter-attacks were made, all successfully repulsed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> -without loss of ground. Meanwhile the disembarkation -of the remainder of the division was proceeding -on W and X beaches.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Night Landing of the Oversea Troops</span></h3> - -<p>The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps -sailed out of Mudros Bay on the afternoon of -April 24, escorted by the 2nd Squadron of the Fleet -under Rear-Admiral Thursby. The rendezvous was -reached just after half-past one in the morning of the -25th, and there the 1,500 men who had been placed -on board H.M. ships before leaving Mudros were -transferred to their boats. This operation was -carried out with remarkable expedition, and in -absolute silence. Simultaneously the remaining -2,500 men of the covering force were transferred from -their transports to six destroyers. At 2.30 a.m. -H.M. ships, together with the tows and the -destroyers, proceeded to within some four miles -of the coast, H.M.S. <i>Queen</i> (flying Rear-Admiral -Thursby's flag) directing on a point about a mile -north of Kaba Tepe. At 3.30 a.m. orders to go -ahead and land were given to the tows, and at -4.10 a.m. the destroyers were ordered to follow.</p> - -<p>All these arrangements worked without a hitch, -and were carried out in complete orderliness and -silence. No breath of wind ruffled the surface of -the sea, and every condition was favourable save -for the moon, which, sinking behind the ships, may -have silhouetted them against its orb, betraying -them thus to watchers on the shore.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> - -<p>A rugged and difficult part of the coast had -been selected for the landing, so difficult and rugged -that I considered the Turks were not at all likely -to anticipate such a descent. Indeed, owing to -the tows having failed to maintain their exact -direction the actual point of disembarkation was -rather more than a mile north of that which I had -selected, and was more closely overhung by steeper -cliffs. Although this accident increased the initial -difficulty of driving the enemy off the heights -inland, it has since proved itself to have been a -blessing in disguise, inasmuch as the actual base -of the force of occupation has been much better -defiladed from shell fire.</p> - - -<h3>"<span class="smcap">Deep Ravines and Sharp Spurs</span>"</h3> - -<p>The beach on which the landing was actually -effected is a very narrow strip of sand, about 1,000 -yards in length, bounded on the north and the south -by two small promontories. At its southern extremity -a deep ravine, with exceedingly steep, -scrub-clad sides, runs inland in a north-easterly -direction. Near the northern end of the beach a -small but steep gully runs up into the hills at right -angles to the shore. Between the ravine and the -gully the whole of the beach is backed by the seaward -face of the spur which forms the north-western -side of the ravine. From the top of the spur the -ground falls almost sheer except near the southern -limit of the beach, where gentler slopes give access<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> -to the mouth of the ravine behind. Further inland -lie in a tangled knot the under-features of Sari Bair, -separated by deep ravines, which take a most confusing -diversity of direction. Sharp spurs, covered -with dense scrub, and falling away in many places -in precipitous sandy cliffs, radiate from the principal -mass of the mountain, from which they run north-west, -west, south-west, and south to the coast.</p> - -<p>The boats approached the land in the silence -and the darkness, and they were close to the shore -before the enemy stirred. Then about one battalion -of Turks was seen running along the beach to intercept -the lines of boats. At this so critical a moment -the conduct of all ranks was most praiseworthy. -Not a word was spoken—every one remained perfectly -orderly and quiet awaiting the enemy's fire, -which sure enough opened, causing many casualties. -The moment the boats touched land the Australians' -turn had come. Like lightning they leapt ashore, -and each man as he did so went straight as his -bayonet at the enemy. So vigorous was the onslaught -that the Turks made no attempt to withstand -it and fled from ridge to ridge pursued by -the Australian infantry.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Continuous Fighting</span></h3> - -<p>This attack was carried out by the 3rd Australian -Brigade, under Major (temporary Colonel) Sinclair -Maclagan, D.S.O. The 1st and 2nd Brigades -followed promptly, and were all disembarked by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> -2 p.m., by which time 12,000 men and two batteries -of Indian Mountain Artillery had been landed. The -disembarkation of further artillery was delayed -owing to the fact that the enemy's heavy guns -opened on the anchorage and forced the transports, -which had been subjected to continuous shelling -from his field guns, to stand farther out to sea.</p> - -<p>The broken ground, the thick scrub, the necessity -for sending any formed detachments post-haste as -they landed to the critical point of the moment, the -headlong valour of scattered groups of the men -who had pressed far further into the peninsula than -had been intended—all these led to confusion and -mixing up of units. Eventually the mixed crowd -of fighting men, some advancing from the beach, -others falling back before the oncoming Turkish -supports, solidified into a semicircular position with -its right about a mile north of Gaba Tepe and its -left on the high ground over Fisherman's Hut. -During this period parties of the 9th and 10th -Battalions charged and put out of action three of -the enemy's Krupp guns. During this period also -the disembarkation of the Australian Division was -being followed by that of the New Zealand and -Australian Division (two brigades only).</p> - -<p>From 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. the enemy, now reinforced -to a strength of 20,000 men, attacked the -whole line, making a specially strong effort against -the 3rd Brigade and the left of the 2nd Brigade. -This counter-attack was, however, handsomely -repulsed with the help of the guns of H.M. ships. -Between 5 and 6.30 p.m. a third most determined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> -counter-attack was made against the 3rd Brigade, -who held their ground with more than equivalent -stubbornness. During the night again the Turks -made constant attacks, and the 8th Battalion -repelled a bayonet charge; but in spite of all the -line held firm. The troops had had practically no -rest on the night of the 24th to 25th; they had -been fighting hard all day over most difficult country, -and they had been subjected to heavy shrapnel -fire in the open. Their casualties had been deplorably -heavy. But, despite their losses and in spite -of their fatigue, the morning of the 26th found -them still in good heart and as full of fight as ever.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Turks' Heavy Losses</span></h3> - -<p>It is a consolation to know that the Turks suffered -still more seriously. Several times our machine -guns got on to them in close formation, and the -whole surrounding country is still strewn with -their dead.</p> - -<p>The reorganization of units and formations was -impossible during the 26th and 27th owing to -persistent attacks. An advance was impossible -until a reorganization could be effected, and it -only remained to entrench the position gained and -to perfect the arrangements for bringing up ammunition, -water, and supplies to the ridges—in itself a -most difficult undertaking. Four battalions of the -Royal Naval Division were sent up to reinforce the -Army Corps on April 28 and 29.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Help of the Navy</span></h3> - -<p>On the night of May 2 a bold effort was made -to seize a commanding knoll in front of the centre -of the line. The enemy's enfilading machine guns -were too scientifically posted, and 800 men were -lost without advantage beyond the infliction of a -corresponding loss to the enemy. On May 4 an -attempt to seize Kaba Tepe was also unsuccessful, -the barbed wire here being something beyond -belief. But a number of minor operations have -been carried out, such as the taking of a Turkish -observing station; the strengthening of entrenchments; -the reorganization of units, and the perfecting -of communication with the landing-place. -Also a constant strain has been placed upon some -of the best troops of the enemy, who, to the number -of 24,000, are constantly kept fighting and being -killed and wounded freely, as the Turkish sniper -is no match for the Kangaroo shooter, even at -his own game.</p> - -<p>The assistance of the Royal Navy, here as elsewhere, -has been invaluable. The whole of the -arrangements have been in Admiral Thursby's -hands, and I trust I may be permitted to say what -a trusty and powerful friend he has proved himself -to be to the Australian and New Zealand Army -Corps.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">French Capture of 500 Prisoners</span></h3> - -<p>Concurrently with the British landings a regiment -of the French Corps was successfully dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>embarked -at Kum Kale under the guns of the -French Fleet, and remained ashore till the morning -of the 26th, when they re-embarked. Five hundred -prisoners were captured by the French on this -day.</p> - -<p>This operation drew the fire of the Asiatic guns -from Morto Bay and V beach on to Kum Kale, -and contributed largely to the success of the British -landings.</p> - -<p>On the evening of the 26th the main disembarkation -of the French Corps was begun, V beach -being allotted to our Allies for this purpose, and -it was arranged that the French should hold the -portion of the front between the telegraph wire and -the sea.</p> - -<p>The following day I ordered a general advance -to a line stretching from Hill 236 near Eski Hissarlik -Point to the mouth of the stream two miles north -of Tekke Burnu. This advance, which was commenced -at midday, was completed without opposition, -and the troops at once consolidated their new -line. The forward movement relieved the growing -congestion of the beaches, and by giving us possession -of several new wells afforded a temporary -solution to the water problem, which had hitherto -been causing me much anxiety.</p> - -<p>By the evening of the 27th the Allied forces had -established themselves on a line some three miles -long, which stretched from the mouth of the nullah, -3,200 yards north-east of Tekke Burnu, to Eski -Hissarlik Point, the three brigades of the 29th -Division less two battalions on the left and in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> -centre, with four French battalions on the right, -and beyond them again the South Wales Borderers -on the extreme right.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Advance on Krithia</span></h3> - -<p>Owing to casualties this line was somewhat thinly -held. Still, it was so vital to make what headway -we could before the enemy recovered himself and -received fresh reinforcements that it was decided -to push on as quickly as possible. Orders were -therefore issued for a general advance to commence -at 8 a.m. next day.</p> - -<p>The 29th Division were to march on Krithia, -with their left brigade leading, the French were -directed to extend their left in conformity with -the British movements and to retain their right -on the coast-line south of the Kereves Dere.</p> - -<p>The advance commenced at 8 a.m. on the 28th, -and was carried out with commendable vigour, -despite the fact that from the moment of landing -the troops had been unable to obtain any proper -rest.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig5.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption r1"><span class="smaller">(<i>To face page 32.</i>)</span></p> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">Map 2.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>The 87th Brigade, with which had been incorporated -the Drake Battalion, Royal Naval Division, -in the place of the King's Own Scottish Borderers -and South Wales Borderers, pushed on rapidly, -and by 10 a.m. had advanced some two miles. -Here the further progress of the Border Regiment -was barred by a strong work on the left flank. -They halted to concentrate and make dispositions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> -to attack it, and at that moment had to withstand -a determined counter-attack by the Turks. Aided -by heavy gun-fire from H.M.S. <i>Queen Elizabeth</i>, -they succeeded in beating off the attack, but they -made no further progress that day, and when night -fell entrenched themselves on the ground they had -gained in the morning.</p> - -<p>The Inniskilling Fusiliers, who advanced with -their right on the Krithia ravine, reached a point -about three-quarters of a mile south-west of Krithia. -This was, however, the farthest limit attained, -and later on in the day they fell back into line -with other corps.</p> - -<p>The 88th Brigade on the right of the 87th progressed -steadily until about 11.30 a.m., when the -stubbornness of the opposition, coupled with a -dearth of ammunition, brought their advance to a -standstill. The 86th Brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel -Casson, which had been held in reserve, -were thereupon ordered to push forward through -the 88th Brigade in the direction of Krithia.</p> - -<p>The movement commenced at about 1 p.m., -but though small reconnoitring parties got to -within a few hundred yards of Krithia, the main -body of the brigade did not get beyond the line -held by the 88th Brigade. Meanwhile, the French -had also pushed on in the face of strong opposition -along the spurs on the western bank of the Kereves -Dere, and had got to within a mile of Krithia with -their right thrown back and their left in touch with -the 88th Brigade. Here they were unable to make -further progress; gradually the strength of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -resistance made itself felt, and our Allies were -forced during the afternoon to give ground.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Shortage of Ammunition</span></h3> - -<p>By 2 p.m. the whole of the troops with the -exception of the Drake Battalion had been absorbed -into the firing line. The men were exhausted, -and the few guns landed at the time were unable -to afford them adequate artillery support. The -small amount of transport available did not suffice -to maintain the supply of munitions, and cartridges -were running short despite all efforts to -push them up from the landing-places.</p> - -<p>Hopes of getting a footing on Achi Babi had -now perforce to be abandoned—at least for this -occasion. The best that could be expected was -that we should be able to maintain what we had -won, and when at 3 p.m. the Turks made a determined -counter-attack with the bayonet against -the centre and right of our line, even this seemed -exceedingly doubtful. Actually a partial retirement -did take place. The French were also forced -back, and at 6 p.m. orders were issued for our -troops to entrench themselves as best they could -in the positions they then held, with their right -flank thrown back so as to maintain connection -with our Allies. In this retirement the right -flank of the 88th Brigade was temporarily uncovered, -and the Worcester Regiment suffered -severely.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> - -<p>Had it been possible to push in reinforcements -in men, artillery, and munitions during the day, -Krithia should have fallen, and much subsequent -fighting for its capture would have been avoided.</p> - -<p>Two days later this would have been feasible, -but I had to reckon with the certainty that the -enemy would, in that same time, have received -proportionately greater support. I was faced by -the usual choice of evils, and although the result -was not what I had hoped, I have no reason to -believe that hesitation and delay would better -have answered my purpose.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">French Losses</span></h3> - -<p>For, after all, we had pushed forward quite -appreciably on the whole. The line eventually -held by our troops on the night of the 28th ran -from a point on the coast three miles north-west -of Tekke Burnu to a point one mile north of Eski -Hissarlik, whence it was continued by the French -south-east to the coast.</p> - -<p>Much inevitable mixing of units of the 86th -and 88th Brigades had occurred during the day's -fighting, and there was a dangerous re-entrant -in the line at the junction of the 87th and 88th -Brigades near the Krithia nullah. The French had -lost heavily, especially in officers, and required time -to reorganize.</p> - -<p>April 29 was consequently spent in straightening -the line, and in consolidating and strengthening the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> -positions gained. There was a certain amount of -artillery and musketry fire, but nothing serious.</p> - -<p>Similarly, on the 30th, no advance was made, -nor was any attack delivered by the enemy. The -landing of the bulk of the artillery was completed, -and a readjustment of the line took place, the -portion held by the French being somewhat increased.</p> - -<p>Two more battalions of the Royal Naval -Division had been disembarked, and these, together -with three battalions of the 88th Brigade -withdrawn from the line, were formed into a -reserve.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Turkish Attacks</span></h3> - -<p>This reserve was increased on May 1 by the -addition of the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade, -which released the three battalions of the 88th -Brigade to return to the trenches. The Corps -Expéditionnaire d'Orient had disembarked the -whole of their infantry, and all but two of their -batteries by the same evening.</p> - -<p>At 10 p.m. the Turks opened a hot shell fire -upon our position, and half an hour later, just -before the rise of the moon, they delivered a series -of desperate attacks. Their formation was in -three solid lines, the men in the front rank being -deprived of ammunition to make them rely only -upon the bayonet. The officers were served out with -coloured Bengal lights to fire from their pistols, -red indicating to the Turkish guns that they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -to lengthen their range; white that our front -trenches had been stormed; green that our main -position had been carried. The Turkish attack -was to crawl on hands and knees until the time -came for the final rush to be made. An eloquent -hortative was signed Von Zowenstern and addressed -to the Turkish rank and file who were called upon, -by one mighty effort, to fling us all back into the -sea.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>"Attack the enemy with the bayonet and -utterly destroy him!</p> - -<p>"We shall not retire one step; for, if we do, -our religion, our country, and our nation will -perish!</p> - -<p>"Soldiers! The world is looking at you! -Your only hope of salvation is to bring this battle -to a successful issue or gloriously to give up your -life in the attempt!"</p> -</blockquote> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">British Bayonet Charge</span></h3> - -<p>The first momentum of this ponderous onslaught -fell upon the right of the 86th Brigade, -an unlucky spot, seeing all the officers thereabouts -had already been killed or wounded. -So when the Turks came right on without firing -and charged into the trenches with the bayonet -they made an ugly gap in the line. This gap -was instantly filled by the 5th Royal Scots -(Territorials), who faced to their flank and -executed a brilliant bayonet charge against the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> -enemy, and by the Essex Regiment detached -for the purpose by the Officer Commanding 88th -Brigade. The rest of the British line held its -own with comparative ease, and it was not found -necessary to employ any portion of the reserve. -The storm next broke in fullest violence against -the French left, which was held by the Senegalese. -Behind them were two British Field Artillery -Brigades and a Howitzer Battery. After several -charges and counter-charges the Senegalese began -to give ground, and a company of the Worcester -Regiment and some gunners were sent forward -to hold the gap. Later, a second company of -the Worcester Regiment was also sent up, and -the position was then maintained for the remainder -of the night, although about 2 a.m. it was found -necessary to dispatch one battalion Royal Naval -Division to strengthen the extreme right of the -French.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">General Advance of our Line</span></h3> - -<p>About 5 a.m. a counter-offensive was ordered, -and the whole line began to advance. By 7.30 -a.m. the British left had gained some 500 yards, -and the centre had pushed the enemy back and -inflicted heavy losses. The right also had gained -some ground in conjunction with the French left, -but the remainder of the French line was unable -to progress. As the British centre and left were -now subjected to heavy cross fire from concealed -machine guns, it was found impossible to maintain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> -the ground gained, and therefore, about 11 a.m., -the whole line withdrew to its former trenches.</p> - -<p>The net result of the operations was the repulse -of the Turks and the infliction upon them of very -heavy losses. At first we had them fairly on the -run, and had it not been for those inventions of -the devil—machine guns and barbed wire—which -suit the Turkish character and tactics to perfection, -we should not have stopped short of the -crest of Achi Babi. As it was, all brigades reported -great numbers of dead Turks in front of their -lines, and 350 prisoners were left in our hands.</p> - -<p>On the 2nd, during the day, the enemy -remained quiet, burying his dead under a red -crescent flag, a work with which we did not interfere. -Shortly after 9 p.m., however, they made -another attack against the whole Allied line, their -chief effort being made against the French front, -where the ground favoured their approach. The -attack was repulsed with loss.</p> - -<p>During the night 3rd/4th the French front -was again subjected to a heavy attack, which -they were able to repulse without assistance from -my general reserve.</p> - -<p>The day of the 4th was spent in reorganization, -and a portion of the line held by the French, -who had lost heavily during the previous night's -fighting, was taken over by the 2nd Naval Brigade. -The night passed quietly.</p> - -<p>During the 5th the Lancashire Fusilier Brigade -of the East Lancashire Division was disembarked -and placed in reserve behind the British left.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> - -<p>Orders were issued for an advance to be carried -out next day, and these and the three days' battle -which ensued will be dealt with in my next despatch.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Heavy Casualties</span></h3> - -<p>The losses, exclusive of the French, during -the period covered by this despatch, were, I regret -to say, very severe, numbering:</p> - - -<blockquote> -<p> - 177 Officers and 1,990 other ranks killed.<br /> - 412 Officers and 7,807 other ranks wounded.<br /> - 13 Officers and 3,580 other ranks missing.<br /> -</p> -</blockquote> - - -<p>From a technical point of view it is interesting -to note that my Administrative Staff had -not reached Mudros by the time when the landings -were finally arranged. All the highly elaborate -work involved by these landings was put through -by my General Staff working in collaboration with -Commodore Roger Kayes, C.B., M.V.O., and the -Naval Transport Officers allotted for the purpose -by Vice-Admiral de Robeck. Navy and Army -carried out these combined duties with that perfect -harmony which was indeed absolutely essential -to success.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig6.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption r2"><span class="smaller">(<i>To face page 40.</i>)</span></p> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">Lieut.-General Sir W. R. Birdwood</span> K.C.S.I.</p> -</div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Fine Work of the Navy</span></h3> - -<p>Throughout the events I have chronicled the -Royal Navy has been father and mother to the -Army. Not one of us but realises how much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> -he owes to Vice-Admiral de Robeck; to the warships, -French and British; to the destroyers, -mine sweepers, picket boats, and to all their -dauntless crews, who took no thought of themselves, -but risked everything to give their soldier -comrades a fair run in at the enemy.</p> - -<p>Throughout these preparations and operations -Monsieur le Général d'Amade has given me the -benefit of his wide experiences of war, and has -afforded me, always, the most loyal and energetic -support. The landing of Kum Kale planned by -me as a mere diversion to distract the attention -of the enemy was transformed by the Commander -of the Corps Expéditionnaire de l'Orient into a -brilliant operation, which secured some substantial -results. During the fighting which followed the -landing of the French Division at Sedd-el-Bahr -no troops could have acquitted themselves more -creditably under very trying circumstances, and -under very heavy losses, than those working under -the orders of Monsieur le Général d'Amade.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood, -K.C.S.I., C.B., C.I.E., D.S.O., was in command -of the detached landing of the Australian and -New Zealand Army Corps above Kapa Tepe, as -well as during the subsequent fighting. The fact -of his having been responsible for the execution -of these difficult and hazardous operations—operations -which were crowned with a very remarkable -success—speaks, I think, for itself.</p> - -<p>Major-General A. G. Hunter-Weston, C.B., -D.S.O., was tried very highly, not only during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> -the landings, but more especially in the day and -night attacks and counter-attacks which ensued. -Untiring, resourceful, and ever more cheerful as -the outlook (on occasion) grew darker, he possesses, -in my opinion, very special qualifications as a -Commander of troops in the field.</p> - -<p>Major-General W. P. Braithwaite, C.B., is the -best Chief of the General Staff it has ever been -my fortune to encounter in war. I will not pile -epithets upon him. I can say no more than what -I have said, and I can certainly say no less.</p> - -<p>I have many other names to bring to notice -for the period under review, and these will form -the subject of a separate report at an early date.</p> - -<div class="sig"> - I have the honour to be,<br /> - Your Lordship's most obedient Servant,<br /> - <span class="smcap">Ian Hamilton</span>, General,<br /> - Commanding Mediterranean<br /> - Expeditionary Force.<br /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2 class="break-before"><a name="THE_SECOND_DESPATCH" id="THE_SECOND_DESPATCH"></a>THE SECOND DESPATCH</h2> - - -<p class="center"> - General Headquarters,<br /> -Mediterranean Expeditionary Force,<br /></p> -<p class="r"><i>August</i> 26, 1915.<br /></p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,<br /></p> - - -<p>At the close of the ten days and ten nights -described in my first despatch our troops had -forced their way forward for some 5,000 yards -from the landing-places at the point of the peninsula. -Opposite them lay the Turks, who since -their last repulse had fallen back about half a -mile upon previously prepared redoubts and entrenchments. -Both sides had drawn heavily upon -their stock of energy and munitions, but it seemed -clear that whichever could first summon up spirit -to make another push must secure at least several -hundreds of yards of the debatable ground between -the two fronts. And several hundred yards, whatever -it might mean to the enemy, was a matter of -life or death to a force crowded together under -gun fire on so narrow a tongue of land. Such -was the situation on May 5, the date last mentioned -in my despatch of the 20th of that month.</p> - -<p>On that day I determined to continue my -advance, feeling certain that even if my tired -troops could not carry the formidable opposing -lines they would at least secure the use of the -intervening ground. Orders were forthwith issued -for an attack.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Creation of New Divisions</span></h3> - -<p>The many urgent calls for reinforcements made -during the previous critical fighting had forced -me to disorganize and mix together several of -the formations in the southern group, to the extent -even of the French on our right having a British -battalion holding their own extremest right. For -the purposes of the impending fight it became -therefore necessary to create temporarily a Composite -Division, consisting of the 2nd Australian -and New Zealand Infantry Brigades (withdrawn -for the purpose from the northern section), together -with a Naval Brigade formed of the Plymouth and -Drake Battalions. The 29th Division was reconstituted -into four brigades, <i>i.e.</i> the 88th and -87th Brigades, the Lancashire Fusilier Brigade -(T.F.), and the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade. -The French Corps Expéditionnaire was reinforced -by the 2nd Naval Brigade, and the new Composite -Division formed my General Reserve.</p> - -<p>The 29th Division, whose left rested on the -coast about three miles north-east of Cape Tekke, -was ordered to direct, its right moving on the -south-east edge of Krithia, while the Corps Expéditionnaire -with the 2nd Naval Brigade had -assigned to them for their first point of attack -the commanding ridge running from north to south -above the Kereves Dere. A foothold upon this -ridge was essential, as its capture would ensure -a safe pivot on which the 29th Division could -swing in making any further advance. Communi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>cation -between these two sections of the attack -was to be maintained by the Plymouth and Drake -Battalions.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Critical Days</span></h3> - -<p>During the three days (May 6-8) our troops -were destined to be very severely tried. They -were about to attack a series of positions scientifically -selected in advance which, although not -yet joined up into one line of entrenchment, were -already strengthened by works on their more -important tactical features.</p> - -<p>The 29th Division led off at 11 a.m., the French -corps followed suit at 11.30 a.m.; every yard -was stubbornly contested; some Brigades were -able to advance, others could do no more than -maintain themselves. Positions were carried and -held, other positions were carried and lost; but, -broadly, our gunners kept lengthening the fuses -of their shrapnel, and by 1.30 p.m. the line had -been pushed forward two to three hundred yards. -Here and there this advance included a Turkish -trench, but generally speaking the main enemy -position still lay some distance ahead of our leading -companies.</p> - -<p>By 4.30 p.m. it became clear that we should -make no more progress that day. The French -Corps were held up by a strong field work. They -had made good a point upon the crest line of the -lower slope of the Kereves Dere ridge, but there -they had come under a fire so galling that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> -were unable, as it turned out, to entrench until -nightfall. The 88th Brigade could not carry a -clump of fir trees to their front; company after -company made the perilous essay, but the wood, -swept by hidden machine-guns, proved a veritable -deathtrap. The Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade also -were only just barely holding on and were suffering -heavy losses from these same concealed machine-guns. -The troops were ordered to entrench themselves -in line and link up their flanks on either -side.</p> - -<p>At night, save for rifle fire, there was quiet -along the whole British line. On the right a determined -bayonet charge was made upon the French, -who gave ground for the moment, but recovered -it again at dawn.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">German Guns and Turkish Snipers</span></h3> - -<p>Next morning (May 7) we opened with shrapnel -upon the enemy's trenches opposite our extreme -left, and at 10 a.m. the Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade -began the attack. But our artillery had not been -able to locate the cleverly sited German machine-gun -batteries, whose fire rendered it physically -impossible to cross that smooth glacis. Next to -the right the 88th Brigade swept forward, and the -1/5th Royal Scots, well supported by artillery fire, -carried the fir trees with a rush. This time it -was discovered that not only the enfilading machine-guns -had made the wood so difficult to hold.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> -Amongst the branches of the trees Turkish snipers -were perched, sometimes upon small wooden platforms. -When these were brought down the surroundings -became much healthier. The Royal -Inniskilling Fusiliers, of the 87th Brigade, were -pushed up to support the left of the 88th, and -all seemed well, when, at 1.20 p.m., a strong Turkish -counter-attack drove us back out of the fir clump. -As an off-set to this check the Royal Inniskilling -Fusiliers captured three Turkish trenches, and a -second battalion of the 87th Brigade, the King's -Own Scottish Borderers, was sent forward on the -left to make these good.</p> - -<p>At 3 p.m. the Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade -again reported they were definitely held up by -the accurate cross-fire of batteries of machine-guns -concealed in the scrub on the ridge between -the ravine and the sea, batteries which also enfiladed -the left flank of the 88th Brigade as it -endeavoured to advance in the centre. Unless -we were to acquiesce in a stalemate the moment -for our effort had arrived, and a general attack -was ordered for 4.45 p.m., the whole of the 87th -Brigade to reinforce the 88th Brigade, and the -New Zealand Brigade to support it.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Tired, but Heroic Troops</span></h3> - -<p>Despite their exhaustion and their losses the -men responded with a will. The whole force, -French and British, rose simultaneously and made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> -a rush forward. All along the front we made good -a certain amount of ground, excepting only on our -extreme left. For the third time British bayonets -carried the fir clump in our centre, and when darkness -fell the whole line (excepting always the left) had -gained from 200 to 300 yards, and had occupied -or passed over the first line of Turkish trenches.</p> - -<p>The troops were now worn out; the new lines -needed consolidating, and it was certain that -fresh reinforcements were reaching the Turks. -Balancing the actual state of my own troops against -the probable condition of the Turks I decided to -call upon the men to make one more push before -the new enemy forces could get into touch with -their surroundings.</p> - -<p>Orders were therefore issued to dig in at sundown -on the line gained; to maintain that line -against counter-attack, and to prepare to advance -again next morning. The Lancashire Fusiliers -Brigade was withdrawn into reserve, and its place -on the left was taken by the Brigade of New -Zealanders.</p> - -<p>General Headquarters were shifted to an entrenchment -on a hill in rear of the left of our line. -Under my plan for the fresh attack the New Zealand -Brigade was to advance through the line held -during the night by the 88th Brigade and press on -towards Krithia. Simultaneously, the 87th Brigade -was to threaten the works on the west of the ravine, -whilst endeavouring, by means of parties of scouts -and volunteers, to steal patches of ground from -the areas dominated by the German machine-guns.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> - -<p>At 10.15 a.m. heavy fire from ships and batteries -was opened on the whole front, and at 10.30 a.m. -the New Zealand Brigade began to move, meeting -with strenuous opposition from the enemy, who -had received his reinforcements. Supported by -the fire of the batteries and the machine-guns of -the 88th Brigade, they pushed forward on the -right and advanced their centre beyond the fir -trees, but could make little further progress. By -1.30 p.m. about 200 yards had been gained beyond -the previously most advanced trenches of the -88th Brigade.</p> - -<p>At this hour the French Corps reported they -could not advance up the crest of the spur west -of Kereves Dere till further progress was made -by the British.</p> - -<p>At 4 p.m. I gave orders that the whole line, -reinforced by the 2nd Australian Brigade, would -fix bayonets, slope arms, and move on Krithia -precisely at 5.30 p.m.</p> - -<p>At 5.15 p.m. the ships' guns and our heavy -artillery bombarded the enemy's position for a -quarter of an hour, and at 5.30 p.m. the field guns -opened a hot shrapnel fire to cover the infantry -advance.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">British Advance</span></h3> - -<p>The co-operation of artillery and infantry in -this attack was perfect, the timing of the movement -being carried out with great precision. Some -of the companies of the New Zealand regiments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -did not get their orders in time, but acting on their -own initiative they pushed on as soon as the heavy -howitzers ceased firing, thus making the whole -advance simultaneous.</p> - -<p>The steady advance of the British could be -followed by the sparkle of their bayonets until -the long lines entered the smoke clouds. The -French at first made no move, then, their drums -beating and bugles sounding the charge, they -suddenly darted forward in a swarm of skirmishers -which seemed in one moment to cover the whole -southern face of the ridge of the Kereves Dere. -Against these the Turkish gunners now turned -their heaviest pieces, and as the leading groups -stormed the first Turkish redoubt the ink-black -bursts of high-explosive shells blotted out both -assailants and assailed. The trial was too severe -for the Senegalese tirailleurs. They recoiled. They -were rallied. Another rush forward, another repulse, -and then a small supporting column of -French soldiers was seen silhouetted against the -sky as they charged upwards along the crest of -the ridge of the Kereves Dere, whilst elsewhere it -grew so dark that the whole of the battlefield -became a blank.</p> - -<p>Not until next morning did any reliable detail -come to hand of what had happened. The New -Zealanders' firing line had marched over the cunningly -concealed enemy's machine-guns without -seeing them, and these, reopening on our supports -as they came up, caused them heavy losses. But -the first line pressed on and arrived within a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> -yards of the Turkish trenches which had been holding -up our advance beyond the fir wood. There they -dug themselves in.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Valour of Colonial Troops</span></h3> - -<p>The Australian Brigade had advanced through -the Composite Brigade, and, in spite of heavy -losses from shrapnel, machine-gun, and rifle fire, -had progressed from 300 to 400 yards.</p> - -<p>The determined valour shown by these two -brigades, the New Zealand Brigade, under Brigadier-General -F. E. Johnston, and the 2nd Australian -Infantry Brigade, under Brigadier-General the Hon. -J. W. McCay, are worthy of particular praise. -Their losses were correspondingly heavy, but in -spite of fierce counter-attacks by numerous fresh -troops they stuck to what they had won with -admirable tenacity.</p> - -<p>On the extreme left the 87th Brigade, under -Major-General W. R. Marshall, made a final and -especially gallant effort to advance across the -smooth, bullet-swept area between the ravine and -the sea, but once more the enemy machine-guns -thinned the ranks of the leading companies of the -South Wales Borderers, and again there was nothing -for it but to give ground. But when night closed -in the men of the 87th Brigade of their own accord -asked to be led forward, and achieved progress to -the extent of just about 200 yards. During the -darkness the British troops everywhere entrenched -themselves on the line gained.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the right the French column, last seen as -it grew dark, had stormed and still held the redoubt -round which the fighting had centred until -then. Both General d'Amade and General Simonin -had been present in person with this detachment -and had rallied the Senegalese and encouraged -the white troops in their exploit. With their -bayonets these brave fellows of the 8th Colonials -had inflicted exceedingly heavy losses upon the -enemy.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Zouaves Forced to give Way</span></h3> - -<p>The French troops whose actions have hitherto -been followed belonged, all of them, to the 2nd -Division. But beyond the crest of the ridge the -valley of the Kereves Dere lies dead to anyone -occupying my post of command. And in this -area the newly-arrived Brigade of the French -1st Division had been also fighting hard. Here -they had advanced simultaneously with the 2nd -Division and achieved a fine success in their first -rush, which was jeopardized when a battalion of -Zouaves was forced to give way under a heavy -bombardment. But, as in the case of the 2nd -Division, the other battalions of the 1st Régiment -de Marche d'Afrique, under Lieutenant-Colonel -Nieger, restored the situation, and in the end the -Division carried and held two complete lines of -Turkish redoubts and trenches.</p> - -<p>The net result of the three days' fighting had -been a gain of 600 yards on the right of the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> -line and 400 yards on the left and centre. The -French had captured all the ground in front of the -Farm Zjimmerman, as well as a redoubt, for the -possession of which there had been obstinate fighting -during the whole of the past three days.</p> - -<p>This may not seem very much, but actually -more had been won than at first meets the eye. -The German leaders of the Turks were quick to -realize the fact. From nightfall till dawn on -the 9th-10th efforts were made everywhere to -push us back. A specially heavy attack was -made upon the French, supported by a hot cannonade -and culminating in a violent hand-to-hand -conflict in front of the Brigade Simonin. Everywhere -the assailants were repulsed, and now for -the first time I felt that we had planted a fairly -firm foothold upon the point of the Gallipoli -Peninsula.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile in the northern zone also, the -Australian and New Zealand Army Corps had -strengthened their grip on Turkish soil. Whilst -in the south we had been attacking and advancing -they had been defending and digging themselves -more and more firmly into those cliffs on which -it had seemed at first that their foothold was so -precarious.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">No Respite from Shells</span></h3> - -<p>On May 11, the first time for eighteen days -and nights, it was found possible to withdraw the -29th Division from the actual firing line and to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> -replace it by the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade -and by the 42nd Division, which had completed -its disembarkation two days previously. The withdrawal -gave no respite from shells, but at least the -men were, most nights, enabled to sleep.</p> - -<p>The moment lent itself to reflection, and during -this breathing space I was able to realize we had -now nearly reached the limit of what could be -attained by mingling initiative with surprise. The -enemy was as much in possession of my numbers -and dispositions as I was in possession of their -first line of defence; the opposing fortified fronts -stretched parallel from sea to straits; there was -little scope left now, either at Achi Baba or at Kaba -Tepe, for tactics which would fling flesh and blood -battalions against lines of unbroken barbed wire. -Advances must more and more tend to take the -shape of concentrated attacks on small sections -of the enemy's line after full artillery preparation. -Siege warfare was soon bound to supersede manœuvre -battles in the open. Consolidation and fortification -of our front, improvement of approaches, selection -of machine-gun emplacements and scientific grouping -of our artillery under a centralized control must -ere long form the tactical basis of our plans.</p> - -<p>So soon, then, as the troops had enjoyed a -day or two of comparative rest I divided my front -into four sections. On the left was the 29th Division, -to which the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade was -attached. In the left centre came the 42nd (East -Lancashire) Division, on the right centre stood -the Royal Naval Division, and at my right was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> -the Corps Expéditionnaire. Thus I secured organization -in depth as well as front, enabling each -division to arrange for its own reliefs, supports, and -reserves, and giving strength for defence as well -as attack. Hitherto the piecemeal arrival of -reinforcements had forced a hand-to-mouth procedure -upon head-quarters; now the control became -more decentralized.</p> - -<p>Already, before the new system of local efforts -had come into working order, the 29th Indian -Brigade had led the way towards it by a brilliant -little affair on the night of May 10-11. The Turkish -right rested upon the steep cliff north-east of Y -beach, where the King's Own Scottish Borderers -and the Plymouth Battalion, Royal Naval Division, -had made their first landing. Since those days -the enemy had converted the bluff into a powerful -bastion, from which the fire of machine-guns had -held up the left of our attacks. Two gallant attempts -by the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the -Royal Dublin Fusiliers to establish a footing on -this cliff on May 8 and 9 had both of them failed.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Gurkha Stratagem</span></h3> - -<p>During the night of May 10-11 the 6th Gurkhas -started off to seize this bluff. Their scouts descended -to the sea, worked their way for some -distance through the broken ground along the shore, -and crawled hands and knees up the precipitous -face of the cliff. On reaching the top they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> -heavily fired on. As a surprise the enterprise had -failed, but as a reconnaissance it proved very useful. -On the following day Major-General H. B. Cox, -commanding 29th Indian Infantry Brigade, submitted -proposals for a concerted attack on this -bluff (now called Gurkha Bluff), and arrangements -were made with the Navy for co-operation. -These arrangements were completed on May 12; -they included a demonstration by the Manchester -Brigade of the 42nd Division and by our artillery -and the support of the attack from the sea by the -guns of H.M.S. <i>Dublin</i> and H.M.S. <i>Talbot</i>. At -6.30 a.m. on May 12 the Manchester Brigade and -the 29th Divisional artillery opened fire on the -Turkish trenches, and under cover of this fire -a double company of the 1/6th Gurkhas once -more crept along the shore and assembled below -the bluff. Then, the attention of the Turks being -taken up with the bombardment, they swiftly -scaled the cliffs and carried the work with a rush. -The machine-gun section of the Gurkhas was -hurried forward, and at 4.30 p.m. a second double -company was pushed up to join the first.</p> - -<p>An hour later these two double companies -extended and began to entrench to join up their -new advanced left diagonally with the right of -the trenches previously held by their battalion.</p> - -<p>At 6 p.m. a third double company advanced -across the open from their former front line of -trenches under a heavy rifle and machine-gun -fire, and established themselves on this diagonal -line between the main ravine on their right and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> -newly captured redoubt. The 4th double company -moved up as a support, and held the former firing -line.</p> - -<p>Our left flank, which had been firmly held up -against all attempts on the 6th-8th, was now, -by stratagem, advanced nearly 500 yards. Purchased -as it was with comparatively slight losses -(21 killed, 92 wounded) this success was due to -careful preparation and organization by Major-General -H. V. Cox, commanding 29th Indian -Infantry Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. C. G. -Bruce, commanding 1/6 Gurkhas, and Major (temporary -Lieutenant-Colonel) F. A. Wynter, R.G.A., -commanding the Artillery Group supporting the -attack. The co-operation of the two cruisers was -excellent, and affords another instance of the -admirable support by the Navy to our troops.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Departure of General D'Amade</span></h3> - -<p>On May 14 General Gouraud arrived and took -over from General d'Amade the command of the -Corps Expéditionnaire. As General d'Amade quitted -the shores of the peninsula he received a spontaneous -ovation from the British soldiers at work upon the -beaches.</p> - -<p>The second division of the Corps Expéditionnaire, -commanded by General Bailloud, had -now completed disembarkation.</p> - -<p>From the time of the small local push forward -made by the 6th Gurkhas on the night of May 10-11<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> -until June 4 the troops under my command pressed -against the enemy continuously by sapping, reconnaissance, -and local advances, whilst, to do them -justice they (the enemy) did what they could to -repay us in like coin. I have given the escalade -of Gurkha Bluff as a sample; no forty-eight hours -passed without something of the sort being attempted -or achieved either by the French or ourselves.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Australian Dare-Devilry</span></h3> - -<p>Turning now to where the Australian and -New Zealand Army Corps were perched upon -the cliffs of Sari Bair, I must begin by explaining -that their <i>rôle</i> at this stage of the operations was—first, -to keep open a door leading to the vitals of -the Turkish position; secondly, to hold up as -large a body as possible of the enemy in front of -them, so as to lessen the strain at Cape Helles. -Anzac, in fact, was cast to play second fiddle to -Cape Helles, a part out of harmony with the dare-devil -spirit animating those warriors from the -South, and so it has come about that, as your -Lordship will now see, the defensive of the Australians -and New Zealanders has always tended to -take on the character of an attack.</p> - -<p>The line held during the period under review -by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps -formed a rough semi-circle inland from the beach -of Anzac Cove, with a diameter of about 1,100 yards. -The firing line is everywhere close to the enemy's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> -trenches, and in all sections of the position sapping, -counter-sapping, and bomb attacks have been -incessant. The shelling both of the trenches and -beaches has been impartial and liberal. As many -as 1,400 shells have fallen on Anzac within the -hour, and these of all calibres, from 11 inches -to field shrapnel. Around Quinn's Post, both -above and below ground, the contest has been -particularly severe. This section of the line is -situated on the circumference of the Anzac semicircle -at the furthest point from its diameter. -Here our fire trenches are mere ledges on the brink -of a sheer precipice falling 200 feet into the valley -below. The enemy's trenches are only a few feet -distant.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">A Night Assault</span></h3> - -<p>On May 9 a night assault, supported by enfilade -fire, was delivered on the enemy's trenches in -front of Quinn's Post. The trenches were carried -at the point of the bayonet, troops established in -them, and reinforcements sent up.</p> - -<p>At dawn on May 10 a strong counter-attack -forced our troops to evacuate the trenches and -fall back on Quinn's Post. In opposing this counter-attack -our guns did great execution, as we discovered -later from a Turkish officer's diary that two Turkish -regiments on this date lost 600 killed and 2,000 -wounded.</p> - -<p>On the night of May 14-15 a sortie was made -from Quinn's Post with the object of filling in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> -Turkish trenches in which bomb-throwers were -active. The sortie, which cost us some seventy -casualties, was not successful.</p> - -<p>On May 14 Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood -was slightly wounded, but, I am glad to say, -he was not obliged to relinquish the command of -his Corps.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Death of General Bridges</span></h3> - -<p>On May 15 I deeply regret to say Major-General -W. T. Bridges, commanding the Australian Division, -received a severe wound, which proved fatal a -few days later. Sincere and single-minded in his -devotion to Australia and to duty, his loss still -stands out even amidst the hundreds of other brave -officers who have gone.</p> - -<p>On May 18 Anzac was subjected to a heavy -bombardment from large-calibre guns and howitzers. -At midnight of the 18th-19th the most violent -rifle and machine-gun fire yet experienced broke -out along the front. Slackening from 3 a.m. to -4 a.m. it then broke out again, and a heavy Turkish -column assaulted the left of No. 2 section. This -assault was beaten off with loss. Another attack -was delivered before daylight on the centre of this -section; it was repeated four times and repulsed -each time with very serious losses to the enemy. -Simultaneously a heavy attack was delivered on -the north-east salient of No. 4 section, which was -repulsed and followed up, but the pressing of the -counter-attack was prevented by shrapnel. Attacks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> -were also delivered on Quinn's Post, Courtney's -Post, and along the front of our right section. -At about 5 a.m. the battle was fairly joined, and -a furious cannonade was begun by a large number -of enemy guns, including 12-in. and 9·2-in., and -other artillery that had not till then opened. By -9.30 a.m. the Turks were pressing hard against the -left of Courtney's and the right of Quinn's Post. -At 10 a.m. this attack, unable to face fire from the -right, swung round to the left, where it was severely -handled by our guns and the machine-guns of our -left section. By 11 a.m. the enemy, who were -crowded together in the trenches beyond Quinn's -Post, were giving way under their heavy losses.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Heavy Enemy Losses</span></h3> - -<p>According to prisoners' reports 30,000 troops, -including five fresh regiments, were used against -us. General Liman von Sanders was himself -in command.</p> - -<p>The enemy's casualties were heavy, as may be -judged from the fact that over 3,000 dead were -lying in the open in view of our trenches. A large -proportion of these losses were due to our artillery -fire. Our casualties amounted to about 100 killed -and 500 wounded, including nine officers wounded.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Temporary Suspension of Arms</span></h3> - -<p>The next four days were chiefly remarkable -for the carrying through of the negotiations for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> -the suspension of arms, which actually took place -on May 24. About 5 p.m. on May 20 white flags -and Red Crescents began to appear all along the -line. In No. 2 section a Turkish staff officer, -two medical officers, and a company commander -came out and were met by Major-General H. B. -Walker, commanding the Australian Division, halfway -between the trenches. The staff officer explained -that he was instructed to arrange a suspension -of arms, for the removal of dead and -wounded. He had no written credentials, and he -was informed that neither he nor the General Officer -Commanding Australian Division had the power to -arrange such a suspension of arms, but that at -8 p.m. an opportunity would be given of exchanging -letters on the subject, and that meanwhile hostilities -would recommence after ten minutes' grace. At -this time some stretcher parties on both sides were -collecting wounded, and the Turkish trenches -opposite ours were packed with men standing -shoulder to shoulder two deep. Matters were less -regular in front of other sections, where men with -white flags came out to collect wounded. Meanwhile -it was observed that columns were on the -march in the valley up which the Turks were accustomed -to bring up their reinforcements.</p> - -<p>On hearing the report of these movements, -General Sir W. R. Birdwood, commanding Australian -and New Zealand Army Corps, ordered -his trenches to be manned against a possible attack. -As the evening drew in the enemy's concentration -continued, and everything pointed to their intention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> -of making use of the last of the daylight to get their -troops into position without being shelled by our -artillery. A message was therefore sent across -to say that no clearing of dead or wounded could -be allowed during the night, and that any negotiations -for such a purpose should be opened through -the proper channel and initiated before noon on -the following day.</p> - -<p>Stretcher and other parties fell back, and immediately -firing broke out. In front of our right -section masses of men advanced behind lines of -unarmed men holding up their hands. Firing -became general all along the line accompanied by -a heavy bombardment of the whole position, so -that evidently this attack must have been pre-arranged. -Musketry and machine-gun fire continued -without interruption till after dark, and -from then up to about 4 a.m. next day.</p> - -<p>Except for a half-hearted attack in front of -Courtney's Post, no assault was made till 1.20 a.m., -when the enemy left their trenches and advanced -on Quinn's Post. Our guns drove the Turks back -to their trenches, and beat back all other attempts -to assault. By 4.30 on May 21 musketry fire had -died down to normal dimensions.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Turkish Dead</span></h3> - -<p>As the Turks seemed anxious to bury their -dead, and as human sentiment and medical science -were both of one accord in favour of such a course, -I sent Major-General W. P. Braithwaite, my Chief<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> -of the General Staff, on May 22, to assist Lieutenant-General -Sir W. R. Birdwood, commanding the Army -Corps, in coming to some suitable arrangements -with the representative sent by Essad Pasha. The -negotiations resulted in a suspension of arms from -7.30 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. on May 24. The procedure -laid down for this suspension of arms was, I am -glad to inform your Lordships, correctly observed -on both sides.</p> - -<p>The burial of the dead was finished about 3 p.m. -Some 3,000 Turkish dead were removed or buried -in the area between the opposing lines. The whole -of these were killed on or since May 18. Many -bodies of men killed earlier were also buried.</p> - -<p>On May 25, with the assistance of two destroyers -of the Royal Navy, a raid was carried out on Nibrunesi -Point. A fresh telephone line was destroyed -and an observing station demolished.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Death of Major Quinn</span></h3> - -<p>On May 28, at 9 p.m., a raid was made on a -Turkish post overlooking the beach 1,200 yards -north of Kaba Tepe, H.M.S. <i>Rattlesnake</i> co-operating. -A party of fifty rifles rushed the post, killing or -capturing the occupants. A similar raid was made -against an enemy trench to the left of our line which -cost the Turks 200 casualties, as was afterwards -ascertained.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig7.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption r1"><span class="smaller">(<i>To face page 64.</i>)</span></p> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">Map 3.</span></p> -</div> - -<p>From May 28 till June 5 the fighting seemed -to concentrate itself around Quinn's Post. Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> -enemy galleries had been detected there, and work -on them stopped by counter-mines, which killed -twenty Turks and injured thirty. One gallery had, -however, been overlooked, and at 3.30 a.m. on -May 29, a mine was sprung in or near the centre of -Quinn's Post. The explosion was followed by a -very heavy bomb attack, before which our left -centre sub-section fell back, letting in a storming -party of Turks. This isolated one sub-section on -the left from the two other sub-sections on the -right.</p> - -<p>At 5.30 a.m. our counter-attack was launched, -and by 6 a.m. the position had been retaken with -the bayonet by the 15th Australian Infantry Battalion, -led by Major Quinn, who was unfortunately -killed. All the enemy in the trench were killed -or captured, and the work of restoration was begun.</p> - -<p>At 6.30 a.m. the Turks again attacked, supported -by artillery, rifle, and machine-gun fire and by -showers of bombs from the trenches. The fine -shooting of our guns and the steadiness of the -infantry enabled us to inflict upon the enemy a -bloody repulse, demoralizing them to such an extent -that the bomb throwers of their second line flung -the missiles into the middle of their own first line.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Our Losses</span></h3> - -<p>At 8.15 a.m. the attack slackened, and by -8.45 a.m. the enemy's attacks had practically -ceased.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> - -<p>Our casualties in this affair amounted to 2 officers, -31 other ranks killed, 12 officers and 176 other ranks -wounded. The enemy's losses must have been -serious, and were probably equal to those sustained -on May 9-10. Except for the first withdrawal in -the confusion of the mine explosion, all ranks fought -with the greatest tenacity and courage.</p> - -<p>On May 30 preparations were made in Quinn's -Post to attack and destroy two enemy saps, the -heads of which had reached within 5 yards of our -fire trench. Two storming parties of thirty-five -men went forward at 1 p.m., cleared the sap heads -and penetrated into the trenches beyond, but they -were gradually driven back by Turkish counter-attacks, -in spite of our heavy supporting fire, -our casualties being chiefly caused by bombs, -of which the enemy seem to have an unlimited -supply.</p> - -<p>During May 31 close fighting continued in -front of Quinn's Post.</p> - -<p>On June 1, an hour after dark, two sappers -of the New Zealand Engineers courageously crept -out and laid a charge of guncotton against a timber -and sandbag bomb-proof. The structure was completely -demolished.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Distracting the Enemy</span></h3> - -<p>After sunset on June 4 three separate enterprises -were carried out by the Australian and New Zealand -Army Corps. These were undertaken in compliance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> -with an order which I had issued that the -enemy's attention should be distracted during -an attack I was about to deliver in the southern -zone.</p> - -<p>(1) A demonstration in the direction of Kaba -Tepe, the Navy co-operating by bombarding the -Turkish trenches.</p> - -<p>(2) A sortie at 11 p.m. towards a trench 200 -yards from Quinn's Post. This failed, but a -second sortie by 100 men took place at 2.55 a.m. -on June 5 and penetrated to the Turkish trench; -demolished a machine-gun emplacement which -enfiladed Quinn's Post, and withdrew in good -order.</p> - -<p>(3) At Quinn's Post an assault was delivered -at 11 p.m. A party of sixty men, accompanied -by a bomb-throwing party on either flank, stormed -the enemy's trench. In the assault many Turks -were bayoneted and twenty-eight captured. A -working party followed up the attack and at once -set to work. Meanwhile the Turkish trenches on -the left of the post were heavily assailed with -machine-gun fire and grenades, which drew from -them a very heavy fire. After daybreak a strong -bomb attack developed on the captured trench, -the enemy using a heavier type of bomb than -hitherto.</p> - -<p>At 6.30 a.m. the trench had to be abandoned, -and it was found necessary to retire to the original -fire trench of the post and the bomb-proof in front -of its left. Our casualties were eighty; those of -the enemy considerably greater.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">A Sortie from Quinn's Post</span></h3> - -<p>On June 5 a sortie was made from Quinn's -Post by 2 officers and 100 men of the 1st Australian -Infantry, the objective being the destruction of a -machine-gun in a trench known as German Officer's -Trench. A special party of ten men with the officer -commanding the party (Lieutenant E. E. L. Lloyd, -1st Battalion (New South Wales) Australian Imperial -Force) made a dash for the machine-gun; one -of the ten men managed to fire three rounds into -the gun at a range of 5 feet and another three at -the same range through a loophole. The darkness -of the trench and its overhead cover prevented -the use of the bayonet, but some damage was done -by shooting down over the parapet. As much of -the trench as possible was dismantled. The party -suffered some casualties from bombs, and was -enfiladed all the time by machine-guns from either -flank. The aim of this gallant assault being attained -the party withdrew in good order with their -wounded. Casualties in all were thirty-six.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Battle of the 4th of June</span></h3> - -<p>I now return to the southern zone and to -the battle of June 4.</p> - -<p>From May 25 onwards the troops had been -trying to work up within rushing distance of the -enemy's front trenches. On May 25 the Royal -Naval and 42nd Divisions crept 100 yards nearer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> -to the Turks, and on the night of May 28-29 the -whole of the British line made a further small -advance. On that same night the French Corps -Expéditionnaire was successful in capturing a small -redoubt on the extreme Turkish left west of the -Kereves Dere.</p> - -<p>All Turkish counter-attacks during May 29 -were repulsed. On the night of May 30 two of -their many assaults effected temporary lodgment. -But on both occasions they were driven out again -with the bayonet.</p> - -<p>On every subsequent night up to that of June 3-4 -assaults were made upon the redoubt and upon -our line, but at the end of that period our position -remained intact.</p> - -<p>This brings the narrative up to the day of the -general attack upon the enemy's front line of -trenches which ran from the west of the Kereves -Dere in a northerly direction to the sea.</p> - -<p>Taking our line of battle from right to left -the troops were deployed in the following order:—The -Corps Expéditionnaire, the Royal Naval Division, -the 42nd (East Lancs) Division and the 29th -Division.</p> - -<p>The length of the front, so far as the British -troops were concerned, was rather over 4,000 -yards, and the total infantry available amounted -to 24,000 men, which permitted the General Officer -Commanding 8th Army Corps to form a corps reserve -of 7,000 men.</p> - -<p>My General Head-quarters for the day were at -the command post on the peninsula.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> - -<p>At 8 a.m. on June 4 our heavy artillery opened -with a deliberate bombardment, which continued -till 10.30 a.m. At 11 a.m. the bombardment -recommenced, and continued till 11.20 a.m., when -a feint attack was made which successfully drew -heavy fire from the enemy's guns and rifles. At -11.30 a.m. all our guns opened fire and continued -with increasing intensity till noon.</p> - -<p>On the stroke of noon the artillery increased -their range, and along the whole line the infantry -fixed bayonets and advanced.</p> - -<p>The assault was immediately successful. On -the extreme right the French 1st Division carried -a line of trench, whilst the French 2nd Division, -with the greatest dash and gallantry, captured a -strong redoubt called the "Haricot," for which -they had already had three desperate contests. -Only the extreme left of the French was unable to -gain any ground, a feature destined to have an -unfortunate effect upon the final issue.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Naval Brigade's Dash</span></h3> - -<p>The 2nd Naval Brigade of the Royal Naval -Division rushed forward with great dash; the -"Anson" Battalion captured the southern face -of a Turkish redoubt which formed a salient in -the enemy's line, the "Howe" and "Hood" -Battalions captured trenches fronting them, and -by 12.15 p.m. the whole Turkish line forming their -first objective was in their hands. Their consolidating -party went forward at 12.25 p.m.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Manchester Brigade of the 42nd Division -advanced magnificently. In five minutes the first -line of Turkish trenches were captured, and by -12.30 p.m. the Brigade had carried with a rush -the line forming their second objective, having -made an advance of 600 yards in all. The working -parties got to work without incident, and the -position here could not possibly have been better.</p> - -<p>On the left the 29th Division met with more -difficulty. All along the section of the 88th Brigade -the troops jumped out of their trenches at noon -and charged across the open at the nearest Turkish -trench. In most places the enemy crossed bayonets -with our men and inflicted severe loss upon us. -But the 88th Brigade was not to be denied. -The Worcester Regiment was the first to capture -trenches, and the remainder of the 88th Brigade, -though at first held up by flanking as well as fronting -fire, also pushed on doggedly until they had fairly -made good the whole of the Turkish first line.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">A Check on the Left</span></h3> - -<p>Only on the extreme left did we sustain a check. -Here the Turkish front trench was so sited as to -have escaped damage from our artillery bombardment, -and the barbed wire obstacle was intact. -The result was that, though the 14th Sikhs on the -right flank pushed on despite losses amounting to -three-fourths of their effectives, the centre of the -Brigade could make no headway. A company of -the 6th Gurkhas on the left, skilfully led along the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> -cliffs by its commander, actually forced its way into -a Turkish work, but the failure of the rest of the -Brigade threatened isolation, and it was as skilfully -withdrawn under fire. Reinforcements were therefore -sent to the left so that, if possible, a fresh -attack might be organized.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, on the right of the line, the gains -of the morning were being compromised. A very -heavy counter-attack had developed against the -"Haricot." The Turks poured in masses of men -through prepared communication trenches, and, -under cover of accurate shell fire, were able to -recapture that redoubt. The French, forced to -fall back, uncovered in doing so the right flank of -the Royal Naval Division. Shortly before 1 p.m. -the right of the 2nd Naval Brigade had to retire -with very heavy loss from the redoubt they had -captured, thus exposing in their turn the "Howe" -and "Hood" Battalions to enfilade, so that they, too, -had nothing for it but to retreat across the open under -exceedingly heavy machine-gun and musketry fire.</p> - -<p>By 1.30 p.m. the whole of the captured trenches -in this section had been lost again, and the Brigade -was back in its original position, the "Collingwood" -Battalion, which had gone forward in support, -having been practically destroyed.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Manchester's Heavy Losses</span></h3> - -<p>The question was now whether this rolling -up of the newly captured line from the right would -continue until the whole of our gains were wiped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> -out. It looked very like it, for now the enfilade -fire of the Turks began to fall upon the Manchester -Brigade of the 42nd Division, which was firmly -consolidating the furthest distant line of trenches -it had so brilliantly won. After 1.30 p.m. it became -increasingly difficult for this gallant Brigade to -hold its ground. Heavy casualties occurred; the -Brigadier and many other officers were wounded -or killed; yet it continued to hold out with the -greatest tenacity and grit. Every effort was made -to sustain the Brigade in its position. Its right -flank was thrown back to make face against the -enfilade fire and reinforcements were sent to try -to fill the diagonal gap between it and the Royal -Naval Division. But ere long it became clear -that unless the right of our line could advance -again it would be impossible for the Manchesters -to maintain the very pronounced salient in which -they now found themselves.</p> - -<p>Orders were issued, therefore, that the Royal -Naval Division should co-operate with the French -Corps in a fresh attack, and reinforcements were -despatched to this end. The attack, timed for -3 p.m., was twice postponed at the request of -General Gouraud, who finally reported that he -would be unable to advance again that day with -any prospect of success. By 6.30 p.m., therefore, -the 42nd Division had to be extricated with loss -from the second line Turkish trenches, and had to -content themselves with consolidating on the first -line, which they had captured within five minutes -of commencing the attack. Such was the spirit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> -displayed by this Brigade that there was great -difficulty in persuading the men to fall back. Had -their flanks been covered nothing would have made -them loosen their grip.</p> - -<p>No further progress had been found possible -in front of the 88th Brigade and Indian Brigade. -Attempts were made by their reserve battalions to -advance on the right and left flanks respectively, -but in both cases heavy fire drove them back.</p> - -<p>At 4 p.m. under support of our artillery the -Royal Fusiliers were able to advance beyond the -first line of captured trenches, but the fact that -the left flank was held back made the attempt to -hold any isolated position in advance inadvisable.</p> - -<p>As the reserves had been largely depleted by -the despatch of reinforcements to various parts -of the line, and information was to hand of the -approach of strong reinforcements of fresh troops -to the enemy, orders were issued for the consolidation -of the line then held.</p> - -<p>Although we had been forced to abandon so -much of the ground gained in the first rush, the -net result of the day's operations was considerable—namely, -an advance of 200 to 400 yards along the -whole of our centre, a front of nearly 3 miles. That -the enemy suffered severely was indicated, not -only by subsequent information, but by the fact -of his attempting no counter-attack during the -night, except upon the trench captured by the -French 1st Division on the extreme right. Here -two counter-attacks were repulsed with loss.</p> - -<p>The prisoners taken during the day amounted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> -to 400, including 11 officers: amongst these were -5 Germans, the remains of a volunteer machine-gun -detachment from the <i>Goeben</i>. Their commanding -officer was killed and the machine-gun -destroyed. The majority of these captures were -made by the 42nd Division under Major-General -W. Douglas.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Gallant French</span></h3> - -<p>From the date of this battle to the end of the -month of June the incessant attacks and counter-attacks -which have so grievously swelled our lists -of casualties have been caused by the determination -of the Turks to regain ground they had lost, a -determination clashing against our firm resolve -to continue to increase our holding. Several of -these daily encounters would have been the subject -of a separate despatch in the campaigns of my -youth and middle age, but, with due regard to -proportion, they cannot even be so much as mentioned -here. Only one example each from the -French, British, and Australian and New Zealand -spheres of action will be most briefly set down so -that Your Lordship may understand the nature of -the demands made upon the energies and fortitude -of the troops.</p> - -<p>(1) At 4.30 a.m. on June 21 the French Corps -Expéditionnaire attacked the formidable works -that flank the Kereves Dere. By noon their 2nd -Division had stormed all the Turkish first and second -line trenches to their front and had captured the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> -Haricot redoubt. On their right the 1st Division -took the first line of trenches, but were counter-attacked -and driven out. Fresh troops were -brought up and launched upon another assault, -but the Turks were just as obstinate and drove -out the second party before they had time to -consolidate. At 2.45 p.m. General Gouraud issued -an order that full use might be made of the remaining -five hours of daylight, and that, before dark, -these trenches must be taken and held, otherwise -the gains of the 2nd Division would be sacrificed. -At 6. p.m. the third assault succeeded; 600 yards -of trenches remained in our hands, despite all the -heavy counter-attacks made through the night by -the enemy. In this attack the striplings belonging -to the latest French drafts specially distinguished -themselves by their forwardness and contempt of -danger. Fifty prisoners were taken, and the -enemy's casualties (mostly incurred during counter-attacks) -were estimated at 7,000. The losses of -the Corps Expéditionnaire were 2,500.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">General Hunter-Weston's Scheme</span></h3> - -<p>(2) The Turkish right had hitherto rooted itself -with special tenacity into the coast. In the scheme -of attack submitted by Lieutenant-General A. G. -Hunter-Weston, commanding 8th Army Corps, -our left, pivoting upon a point in our line about one -mile from the sea, was to push forward until its -outer flank advanced about 1,000 yards. If the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> -operation was successful then, at its close, we should -have driven the enemy back for a thousand yards -along the coast, and the trenches of this left section -of our line would be facing east instead of, as -previously, north-east. Obviously the ground to -be gained lessened as our line drew back from the -sea towards its fixed or pivoted right. Five Turkish -trenches must be carried in the section nearest the -sea: only two Turkish trenches in the section -furthest from the sea. At 10.20 a.m. on -June 28 our bombardment began. At 10.45 a.m. -a small redoubt known as the Boomerang was -rushed by the Border Regiment. At 11 a.m. the -87th Brigade, under Major-General W. R. Marshall, -captured three lines of Turkish trenches. On -their right the 4th and 7th Royal Scots captured -the two Turkish trenches allotted to them, but -further to the east; near the pivotal point the -remainder of the 156th Brigade were unable to get -on. Precisely at 11.30 a.m. the second attack -took place. The 86th Brigade, led by the 2nd -Royal Fusiliers, dashed over the trenches already -captured by their comrades of the 87th Brigade, -and, pushing on with great steadiness, took two -more lines of trenches, thus achieving the five -successive lines along the coast. This success was -further improved upon by the Indian Brigade, who -managed to secure, and to place into a state of -defence, a spur running from the west of the furthest -captured Turkish trench to the sea. Our casualties -were small; 1,750 in all. The enemy suffered -heavily, especially in the repeated counter-attacks,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> -which for many days and nights afterwards they -launched against the trenches they had lost.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Enemy's Losses</span></h3> - -<p>(3) On the night of June 29 and 30 the Turks, -acting, as we afterwards ascertained, under the -direct personal order of Enver Pasha, to drive us -all into the sea, made a big attack on the Australian -and New Zealand Army Corps, principally on that -portion of the line which was under the command -of Major-General Sir A. J. Godley. From midnight -till 1.30 a.m. a fire of musketry and guns of greatest -intensity was poured upon our trenches. A heavy -column then advanced to the assault, and was -completely crumpled up by the musketry and -machine-guns of the 7th and 8th Light Horse. -An hour later another grand attack took place against -our left and left centre, and was equally cut to -pieces by our artillery and rifle fire. The enemy's -casualties may be judged by the fact that in areas -directly exposed to view between 400 and 500 were -actually seen to fall.</p> - -<p>On the evening of this day, June 30, the Mediterranean -Expeditionary Force suffered grievous -loss owing to the wounding of General Gouraud by a -shell. This calamity, for I count it nothing less, -brings us down to the beginning of the month of -July.</p> - -<p>The command of the Corps Expéditionnaire -français d'Orient was then taken over by General -Bailloud, at which point I shall close my despatch.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig8.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">Brigadier-General R. W. Melville Jackson</span>, C.B., C.M.G.</p> -<p class="caption r2"><span class="smaller">(<i>To face page 78.</i>)</span></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Submarines</span></h3> - -<p>During the whole period under review the -efforts and expedients whereby a great army has -had its wants supplied upon a wilderness have, -I believe, been breaking world records.</p> - -<p>The country is broken, mountainous, arid, -and void of supplies; the water found in the areas -occupied by our forces is quite inadequate for their -needs; the only practicable beaches are small, -cramped breaks in impracticable lines of cliffs; -with the wind in certain quarters no sort of landing -is possible; the wastage, by bombardment and -wreckage, of lighters and small craft has led to crisis -after crisis in our carrying capacity, whilst over -every single beach plays fitfully throughout each -day a devastating shell fire at medium ranges.</p> - -<p>Upon such a situation appeared quite suddenly -the enemy submarines. On May 22 all transports -had to be dispatched to Mudros for safety. Thenceforth -men, stores, guns, horses, etc., had to be -brought from Mudros—a distance of 40 miles—in -fleet sweepers and other small and shallow craft -less vulnerable to submarine attack. Every danger -and every difficulty was doubled.</p> - -<p>But the Navy and the Royal Engineers were -not to be thwarted in their landing operations -either by nature or by the enemy, whilst the Army -Service Corps, under Brigadier-General F. W. B. -Koe, and the Army Ordnance Corps, under -Brigadier-General R. W. M. Jackson, have made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> -it a point of honour to feed men, animals, guns, and -rifles in the fighting line as regularly as if they -were only out for manœuvres on Salisbury Plain.</p> - -<p>I desire, therefore, to record my admiration -for the cool courage and unfailing efficiency with -which the Royal Navy, the beach personnel, the -engineers, and the administrative services have -carried out these arduous duties.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">A Corporal's Apology</span></h3> - -<p>In addition to its normal duties the Signal -Service, under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel -M. G. E. Bowman-Manifold, Director of Army -Signals, has provided the connecting link between -the Royal Navy and the Army in their combined -operations, and has rapidly readjusted itself to -amphibious methods. All demands made on it by -sudden expansion of the fighting forces or by the -movements of General Head-quarters have been -rapidly and effectively met. The working of the -telegraphs, telephones, and repair of lines, often -under heavy fire, has been beyond praise. Casualties -have been unusually high, but the best traditions -of the Corps of Royal Engineers have inspired -the whole of their work. As an instance, the -central telegraph office at Cape Helles (a dug-out) -was recently struck by a high explosive shell. The -officer on duty and twelve other ranks were killed -or wounded and the office entirely demolished. -But No. 72003 Corporal G. A. Walker, Royal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> -Engineers, although much shaken, repaired the -damage, collected men, and within 39 minutes -reopened communication by apologizing for the -incident and by saying he required no assistance.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Work of the Army Medical Service</span></h3> - -<p>The Royal Army Medical Service have had to -face unusual and very trying conditions. There -are no roads, and the wounded who are unable -to walk must be carried from the firing line to the -shore. They and their attendants may be shelled -on their way to the beaches, at the beaches, on -the jetties, and again, though I believe by inadvertence, -on their way out in lighters to the hospital -ships. Under shell fire it is not as easy as some -of the critically disposed seem to imagine to keep -all arrangements in apple-pie order. Here I can -only express my own opinion that efficiency, method, -and even a certain quiet heroism have characterized -the evacuations of the many thousands of our -wounded.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Honourable Mention</span></h3> - -<p>In my three Commanders of Corps I have indeed -been thrice fortunate.</p> - -<p>General Gouraud brought a great reputation -to our help from the battlefields of the Argonne, -and in so doing he has added to its lustre. A -happy mixture of daring in danger and of calm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> -in crisis, full of energy and resource, he has worked -hand in glove with his British comrades in arms, -and has earned their affection and respect.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant-General Sir W. R. Birdwood has -been the soul of Anzac. Not for one single day -has he ever quitted his post. Cheery and full of -human sympathy, he has spent many hours of -each twenty-four inspiring the defenders of the -front trenches, and if he does not know every -soldier in his force, at least every soldier in the force -believes he is known to his Chief.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant-General A. G. Hunter-Weston possesses -a genius for war. I know no more resolute -Commander. Calls for reinforcements, appeals -based on exhaustion or upon imminent counter-attacks -are powerless to divert him from his aim. -And this aim, in so far as he may be responsible -for it, is worked out with insight, accuracy, and -that wisdom which comes from close study in peace -combined with long experience in the field.</p> - -<p>In my first despatch I tried to express my -indebtedness to Major-General W. P. Braithwaite, -and I must now again, however inadequately, place -on record the untiring, loyal assistance he has -continued to render me ever since.</p> - -<p>The thanks of every one serving in the Peninsula -are due to Lieutenant-General Sir John Maxwell. -All the resources of Egypt and all of his own remarkable -administrative abilities have been ungrudgingly -placed at our disposal.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig9.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">Lieut.-General A. G. Hunter-Weston</span>, C.B.</p> -<p class="caption r2"><span class="smaller">(<i>To face page 82.</i>)</span></p> -</div> - -<p>Finally, if my despatch is in any way to reflect -the feelings of the force, I must refer to the shadow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -cast over the whole of our adventure by the loss -of so many of our gallant and true-hearted comrades. -Some of them we shall never see again; some have -had the mark of the Dardanelles set upon them for -life, but others, and, thank God, by far the greater -proportion, will be back in due course at the front.</p> - -<div class="sig"> - I have the honour to be,<br /> - Your Lordship's most obedient Servant,<br /> - <span class="smcap">Ian Hamilton</span>, General,<br /> - Commanding Mediterranean<br /> - Expeditionary Force.<br /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2 class="break-before"><a name="PRESS_BUREAU_STATEMENTS" id="PRESS_BUREAU_STATEMENTS"></a>PRESS BUREAU STATEMENTS</h2> - - -<p><i>August 10</i></p> - -<p>Sir Ian Hamilton reports that fighting at -several points on the Gallipoli peninsula has taken -place during the last few days. Substantial progress -has been made.</p> - -<p>In the southern zone 200 yards on a front of -300 yards has been gained east of the Krithia -road, and has been held in spite of determined -counter-attacks, which have been repulsed with -heavy loss to the enemy.</p> - -<p>Repeated attacks by the Turks elsewhere in -this zone have been beaten off.</p> - -<p>Several attacks by the French Corps have -been made and their whole-hearted co-operation -has proved of the greatest assistance.</p> - -<p>In the Anzac zone a footing on the Chunuk -Bair portion of Sari Bair has also been gained -and a crest occupied after fierce fighting and the -successful storming of strongly held positions.</p> - -<p>Here, too, the enemy's losses have been considerable. -The advance was commenced at night -under cover of a searchlight from a destroyer.</p> - -<p>Elsewhere a fresh landing was successfully -effected and considerable progress made.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> - -<p>Six hundred and thirty prisoners have been -taken together with one Nordenfelt gun, two -bomb mortars, nine machine-guns, and a large -number of bombs. Scattered about are quantities -of the enemy's rifles, ammunition, and equipment.</p> - - -<p><i>August 11</i></p> - -<p>The latest report from Sir Ian Hamilton states -that severe fighting continued yesterday in the -Gallipoli Peninsula, mainly in the Anzac zone and -in that to the north.</p> - -<p>The positions occupied were slightly varied in -places, but the general result is that the area held -at Anzac has been nearly trebled owing chiefly -to the gallantry and dash of the Australian and -New Zealand Army Corps, while to the north no -further progress has yet been made.</p> - -<p>The troops have inflicted heavy losses on the -enemy, and the French battleship <i>St. Louis</i> is reported -to have put out of action five out of six -guns in Asiatic batteries.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a><br /><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a><br /><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> - - -<h2 class="break-before"><a name="VICE-ADMIRAL_DE_ROBECKS" id="VICE-ADMIRAL_DE_ROBECKS"></a>VICE-ADMIRAL DE ROBECK'S<br /> -DESPATCH</h2> - -<p class="r1"> - Admiralty, <i>August 16, 1915</i>.<br /></p> -<div class="center"> - The following despatch has been received<br /> - from Vice-Admiral John M. de Robeck, reporting<br /> - the landing of the Army on the Gallipoli Peninsula,<br /> - April 25-26, 1915:<br /> -</div> - -<p class="r1"> - Triad, <i>July 1, 1915</i>.<br /></p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>I have the honour to forward herewith an -account of the operations carried out on April 25 -and 26, 1915, during which period the Mediterranean -Expeditionary Force was landed and firmly -established in the Gallipoli Peninsula.</p> - -<p>The landing commenced at 4.20 a.m. on 25th. -The general scheme was as follows:</p> - -<p>Two main landings were to take place, the -first at a point just north of Gaba Tepe, the second -on the southern end of the peninsula. In addition -a landing was to be made at Kum Kale, and a -demonstration in force to be carried out in the -Gulf of Xeros near Bulair.</p> - -<p>The night of the 24th-25th was calm and -very clear, with a brilliant moon, which set at -3 a.m.</p> - -<p>The first landing, north of Gaba Tepe, was -carried out under the orders of Rear-Admiral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> -C. F. Thursby, C.M.G. His squadron consisted -of the following ships:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="collapse" summary="Squadron"> - <tr> - <th class="bb br bt pdr">Battleships.</th><th class="bb br bt">Cruiser.</th><th class="bb br bt pdr">Destroyers.</th> - <th class="bb br bt pdr">Seaplane Carrier.</th><th class="bb br bt pdr">Trawlers.</th><th class="bb bt pd">Balloon Ship.</th> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Queen</i></td><td class="br pdr"><i>Bacchante</i></td><td class="br tdl pd"><i>Beagle</i></td> - <td class="br"><i>Ark Royal</i></td><td class="br">15</td><td><i>Manica</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>London</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br tdl pd"><i>Bulldog</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Prince of</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br tdl pd"><i>Foxhound</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Wales</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br tdl pd"><i>Scourge</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Triumph</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br tdl pd"><i>Colne</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br tdl pd"><i>Chelmer</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="br bb"> </td><td class="br bb"> </td><td class="br bb tdl pd"><i>Ribble</i></td><td class="br bb"> </td><td class="br bb"> </td><td class="bb"> </td> - </tr> - -</table></div> - -<p>To <i>Queen</i>, <i>London</i>, and <i>Prince of Wales</i> was -delegated the duty of actually landing the troops. -To <i>Triumph</i>, <i>Majestic</i>, and <i>Bacchante</i> the duty -of covering the landing by gunfire.</p> - -<p>In this landing a surprise was attempted. -The first troops to be landed were embarked in -the battleships <i>Queen</i>, <i>London</i>, and <i>Prince of Wales</i>.</p> - -<p>The squadron then approached the land at -2.58 a.m. at a speed of 5 knots. When within -a short distance of the beach selected for landing -the boats were sent ahead. At 4.20 a.m. -the boats reached the beach and a landing was -effected.</p> - -<p>The remainder of the infantry of the covering -force were embarked at 10 p.m., 24th.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Landing of the Troops</span></h3> - -<p>The troops were landed in two trips, the operation -occupying about half an hour, this in spite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> -of the fact that the landing was vigorously opposed, -the surprise being only partially effected.</p> - -<p>The disembarkation of the main body was -at once proceeded with. The operations were -somewhat delayed owing to the transports having -to remain a considerable distance from the shore -in order to avoid the howitzer and field-guns' -fire brought to bear on them and also the fire from -warships stationed in the Narrows, Chanak.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Beach under Shell Fire</span></h3> - -<p>The beach here was very narrow and continuously -under shell fire. The difficulties of -disembarkation were accentuated by the necessity -of evacuating the wounded; both operations -proceeded simultaneously. The service was one -which called for great determination and coolness -under fire, and the success achieved indicates -the spirit animating all concerned. In this respect -I would specially mention the extraordinary gallantry -and dash shown by the 3rd Australian -Infantry Brigade (Colonel E. G. Sinclair Maclagan, -D.S.O.), who formed the covering force. Many -individual acts of devotion to duty were performed -by the personnel of the Navy; these are dealt -with below. Here I should like to place on record -the good service performed by the vessels employed -in landing the second part of the covering force; -the seamanship displayed and the rapidity with -which so large a force was thrown on the beach is -deserving of the highest praise.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the 26th the landing of troops, guns and -stores continued throughout the day; this was a -most trying service, as the enemy kept up an -incessant shrapnel fire, and it was extremely difficult -to locate the well-concealed guns of the enemy. -Occasional bursts of fire from the ships in the -Narrows delayed operations somewhat, but these -bursts of fire did not last long, and the fire from -our ships always drove the enemy's ships away.</p> - -<p>The enemy heavily counter-attacked, and though -supported by a very heavy shrapnel fire he could -make no impression on our line which was every -minute becoming stronger. By nightfall on April 26 -our position north of Gaba Tepe was secure.</p> - -<p>The landing at the southern extremity of the -Gallipoli peninsula was carried out under the -orders of Rear-Admiral R. E. Wemyss, C.M.G., -M.V.O., his squadron consisting of the following -ships:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="collapse" summary="Squadron"> - <tr> - <th class="bb br bt pdr">Battleships.</th><th class="bb br bt pdr">Cruisers.</th><th class="bb br bt pdr">Fleet Sweepers.</th><th class="bb bt pd">Trawlers.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Swiftsure</i></td><td class="br tdl pdr"><i>Euryalus</i></td><td class="br">6</td><td>14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Implacable</i></td><td class="br tdl pdr"><i>Talbot</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Cornwallis</i></td><td class="br tdl pdr"><i>Minerva</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Albion</i></td><td class="br tdl pdr"><i>Dublin</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Vengeance</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br tdl"><i>Lord Nelson</i></td><td class="br"> </td><td class="br"> </td><td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br bb tdl pdi"><i>Prince George</i></td><td class="br bb"> </td><td class="br bb"> </td><td class="bb"> </td> - </tr> -</table> -</div> - -<p>Landings in this area were to be attempted -at five different places; the conditions at each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> -landing varied considerably. The position of -beaches is given below.</p> - -<p><i>Position of Beach.</i>—Y beach, a point about -7,000 yards north-east of Cape Tekeh. X beach, -1,000 yards north-east of Cape Tekeh. W beach, -Cape Tekeh—Cape Helles. V beach, Cape Helles—Seddul -Bahr. Camber, Seddul Bahr. S beach, -Eski-Hissarlik Point.</p> - -<p>Taking these landings in the above order: -<i>Landing at Y Beach.</i>—The troops to be first -landed, the King's Own Scottish Borderers, embarked -on the 24th in the <i>Amethyst</i> and <i>Sapphire</i>, -and proceeded with the transports <i>Southland</i> and -<i>Braemar Castle</i> to a position off Cape Tekeh. At -4.0 a.m. the boats proceeded to Y beach, timing -their arrival there at 5 a.m., and pulled ashore -covered by fire from H.M.S. <i>Goliath</i>. The landing -was most successfully and expeditiously carried -out, the troops gaining the top of the high cliffs -overlooking this beach without being opposed; -this result I consider due to the rapidity with which -the disembarkation was carried out and the well-placed -covering fire from ships.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Embarkation</span></h3> - -<p>The Scottish Borderers were landed in two -trips, followed at once by the Plymouth Battalion -Royal Marines. These troops met with severe -opposition on the top of the cliffs, where fire from -covering ships was of little assistance, and, after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> -heavy fighting, were forced to re-embark on the -26th. The re-embarkation was carried out by -the following ships: <i>Goliath</i>, <i>Talbot</i>, <i>Dublin</i>, -<i>Sapphire</i>, and <i>Amethyst</i>. It was most ably conducted -by the beach personnel and covered by the -fire of the warships, who prevented the enemy -reaching the edge of the cliff, except for a few -snipers.</p> - -<p><i>Landing at X Beach.</i>—The 2nd Battalion Royal -Fusiliers (two companies and M.G. section) embarked -in <i>Implacable</i> on 24th, which ship proceeded -to a position off the landing-place, where the disembarkation -of the troops commenced at 4.30 -a.m., and was completed at 5.15 a.m.</p> - -<p>A heavy fire was opened on the cliffs on both -sides. The <i>Implacable</i> approached the beach, and -the troops were ordered to land, fire being continued -until the boats were close into the beach. -The troops on board the <i>Implacable</i> were all landed -by 7 a.m. without any casualties. The nature of -the beach was very favourable for the covering -fire from ships, but the manner in which this landing -was carried out might well serve as a model.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Landing on the Rocks</span></h3> - -<p><i>Landing at W Beach.</i>—The 1st Battalion Lancashire -Fusiliers embarked in <i>Euryalus</i> and <i>Implacable</i> -on the 24th, who proceeded to positions -off the landing-place, where the troops embarked -in the boats at about 4 a.m. Shortly after 5 a.m.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> -<i>Euryalus</i> approached W beach and <i>Implacable</i> X -beach. At 5 a.m. the covering ships opened a heavy -fire on the beach, which was continued up to the -last moment before landing. Unfortunately this -fire did not have the effect on the extensive wire -entanglements and trenches that had been hoped -for, and the troops, on landing at 6 a.m., were -met with a very heavy fire from rifles, machine-guns, -and pom-poms, and found the obstructions -on the beach undamaged. The formation of this -beach lends itself admirably to the defence, the -landing-place being commanded by sloping cliffs -offering ideal positions for trenches and giving a -perfect field of fire. The only weakness in the -enemy's position was on the flanks, where it was -just possible to land on the rocks and thus enfilade -the more important defences. This landing on -the rocks was effected with great skill, and some -maxims, cleverly concealed in the cliffs, and which -completely enfiladed the main beach, were rushed -with the bayonet. This assisted to a great extent -in the success of the landing, the troops, though -losing very heavily, were not to be denied and -the beach and the approaches to it were soon in our -possession.</p> - -<p>The importance of this success cannot be overestimated; -W and V beaches were the only two -of any size in this area on which troops, other -than infantry, could be disembarked, and failure -to capture this one might have had serious consequences, -as the landing at V was held up. The -beach was being continuously sniped, and a fierce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> -infantry battle was carried on round it throughout -the entire day and the following nights. It is -impossible to exalt too highly the service rendered -by the 1st Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers in the -storming of the beach; the dash and gallantry -displayed were superb. Not one whit behind in -devotion to duty was the work of the beach personnel, -who worked untiringly throughout the day -and night, landing troops and stores under continual -sniping. The losses due to rifle and machine-gun -fire sustained by the boats' crews, to which they -had not the satisfaction of being able to reply, -bear testimony to the arduous nature of the service.</p> - -<p>During the night of the 25th-26th enemy -attacked continuously, and it was not till 1 p.m. -on the 26th, when V beach was captured, that our -position might be said to be secure.</p> - -<p>The work of landing troops, guns, and stores -continued throughout this period, and the conduct -of all concerned left nothing to be desired.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig10.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption r1"><span class="smaller">(<i>To face page</i> 96.)</span></p> -<p class="caption center"><span class="smcap">Map</span> 4.</p> -</div> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The "River Clyde"</span></h3> - -<p><i>Landing at V Beach.</i>—This beach, it was anticipated, -would be the most difficult to capture; -it possessed all the advantages for defence which -W beach had, and in addition the flanks were -strongly guarded by the old castle and village of -Seddul Bahr on the east and perpendicular cliffs -on the west; the whole foreshore was covered with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>barbed wire entanglements which extended in -places under the sea. The position formed a natural -amphitheatre with the beach as stage.</p> - -<p>The first landing here, as at all other places, -was made in boats, but the experiment was tried -of landing the remainder of the covering force by -means of a collier, the <i>River Clyde</i>. This steamer -had been specially prepared for the occasion under -the directions of Commander Edward Unwin; -large ports had been cut in her sides and gangways -built whereby the troops could reach the -lighters which were to form a bridge on to the -beach.</p> - -<p>V beach was subjected to a heavy bombardment -similarly to W beach, with the same result, -<i>i.e.</i>, when the first trip attempted to land they -were met with a murderous fire from rifle, pom-pom, -and machine-gun, which was not opened till -the boats had cast off from the steamboats.</p> - -<p>A landing on the flanks here was impossible, -and practically all the first trip were either killed -or wounded, a few managing to find some slight -shelter under a bank on the beach; in several boats -all were either killed or wounded; one boat entirely -disappeared, and in another there were only two -survivors. Immediately after the boats had -reached the beach the <i>River Clyde</i> was run ashore -under a heavy fire rather towards the eastern end -of the beach, where she could form a convenient -breakwater during future landing of stores, etc.</p> - -<p>As the <i>River Clyde</i> grounded, the lighters which -were to form the bridge to the shore were run out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> -ahead of the collier, but unfortunately they failed -to reach their proper stations and a gap was left -between two lighters over which it was impossible -for men to cross; some attempted to land by -jumping from the lighter which was in position into -the sea and wading ashore; this method proved too -costly, the lighter being soon heaped with dead and -the disembarkation was ordered to cease.</p> - -<p>The troops in the <i>River Clyde</i> were protected -from rifle and machine-gun fire and were in comparative -safety.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Gallantry of Commander Unwin</span></h3> - -<p>Commander Unwin, seeing how things were -going, left the <i>River Clyde</i> and, standing up to his -waist in water under a very heavy fire, got the -lighters into position; he was assisted in this -work by Midshipman G. L. Drewry, R.N.R., of -H.M.S. <i>Hussar</i>; Midshipman W. St. A. Malleson, -R.N., of H.M.S. <i>Cornwallis</i>; Able Seaman W. C. -Williams, O.N. 186774 (R.F.R. B. 3766), and -Seaman R.N.R. George McKenzie Samson, O.N. -2408A, both of H.M.S. <i>Hussar</i>.</p> - -<p>The bridge to the shore, though now passable, -could not be used by the troops, anyone appearing -on it being instantly shot down, and the men in <i>River -Clyde</i> remained in her till nightfall.</p> - -<p>At 9.50 a.m. <i>Albion</i> sent in launch and pinnace -manned by volunteer crews to assist in completing -bridge, which did not quite reach beach; these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> -boats, however, could not be got into position until -dark owing to heavy fire.</p> - -<p>It had already been decided not to continue -to disembark on V beach, and all other troops -intended for this beach were diverted to W.</p> - -<p>The position remained unchanged on V beach -throughout the day, men of war and the maxims -mounted in <i>River Clyde</i> doing their utmost to keep -down the fire directed on the men under partial -shelter on the beach.</p> - -<p>During this period many heroic deeds were -performed in rescuing wounded men in the water.</p> - -<p>During the night of the 25-26 the troops in -<i>River Clyde</i> were able to disembark under cover -of darkness and obtain some shelter on the beach -and in the village of Seddul Bahr, for possession of -which now commenced a most stubborn fight.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">H.M.S.</span> <span class="smcap">"Albion's" Gunfire</span></h3> - -<p>The fight continued, supported ably by gunfire -from H.M.S. <i>Albion</i>, until 1.24 p.m., when -our troops had gained a position from which they -assaulted Hill 141, which dominated the situation. -<i>Albion</i> then ceased fire, and the hill, with old fort -on top, was most gallantly stormed by the troops, -led by Lieutenant-Colonel C. H. H. Doughty-Wylie, -General Staff, who fell as the position was won. -The taking of this hill effectively cleared the enemy -from the neighbourhood of the V beach, which -could now be used for the disembarkation of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> -allied armies. The capture of this beach called -for a display of the utmost gallantry and perseverance -from the officers and men of both services—that -they successfully accomplished their task -bordered on the miraculous.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">French Landing</span></h3> - -<p><i>Landing on the "Camber," Seddul Bahr.</i>—One -half company Royal Dublin Fusiliers landed here, -without opposition, the <i>Camber</i> being "dead -ground." The advance from the <i>Camber</i>, however, -was only possible on a narrow front, and -after several attempts to enter the village of Seddul -Bahr this half company had to withdraw after -suffering heavy losses.</p> - -<p><i>Landing at "De Totts" S Beach.</i>—The 2nd South -Wales Borderers (less one company) and a detachment -2nd London Field Company R.E. were landed -in boats, convoyed by <i>Cornwallis</i>, and covered by -that ship and <i>Lord Nelson</i>.</p> - -<p>Little opposition was encountered, and the hill -was soon in the possession of the South Wales -Borderers. The enemy attacked this position on -the evening of the 25th and during the 26th, but our -troops were firmly established and with the assistance -of the covering ships all attacks were easily -beaten off.</p> - -<p><i>Landing at Kum Kale.</i>—The landing here was -undertaken by the French.</p> - -<p>It was most important to prevent the enemy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> -occupying positions in this neighbourhood, whence -he could bring gun fire to bear on the transports -off Cape Helles. It was also hoped that by holding -this position it would be possible to deal effectively -with the enemy's guns on the Asiatic shore immediately -east of Kum Kale, which could fire into -Seddul Bahr and De Totts.</p> - -<p>The French, after a heavy preliminary bombardment, -commenced to land at about 10 a.m., -and by the afternoon the whole of their force -had been landed at Kum Kale. When they -attempted to advance to Yeni Shehr, their immediate -objective, they were met by heavy fire -from well-concealed trenches, and were held up -just south of Kum Kale village.</p> - -<p>During the night of the 25th and 26th the enemy -made several counter-attacks, all of which were -easily driven off; during one of these 400 Turks -were captured, their retreat being cut-off by the -fire from the battleships.</p> - -<p>On the 26th, when it became apparent that no -advance was possible without entailing severe -losses and the landing of large reinforcements, the -order was given for the French to withdraw and -re-embark, which operation was carried out without -serious opposition.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Co-operation of Allies</span></h3> - -<p>I now propose to make the following more -general remarks on the conduct of the operations:</p> - -<p>From the very first the co-operation between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> -Army and Navy was most happy; difficulties which -arose were quickly surmounted, and nothing could -have exceeded the tactfulness and forethought of -Sir Ian Hamilton and his staff.</p> - -<p>The loyal support which I received from Contre-Amiral -E. P. A. Guepratte simplified the task -of landing the Allied armies simultaneously.</p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Russian Fleet Represented</span></h3> - -<p>The Russian fleet was represented by H.I.R.M.S. -<i>Askold</i>, which ship was attached to the French -squadron. Contre-Amiral Guepratte bears testimony -to the value of the support he received from -Captain Ivanoff, especially during the landing and -re-embarkation of the French troops at Kum Kale.</p> - -<p>The detailed organization of the landing could -not be commenced until the Army Head-quarters -returned from Egypt on April 10. The work -to be done was very great, and the naval personnel -and material available small.</p> - -<p>Immediately on the arrival of the Army Staff -at Mudros, committees, composed of officers of -both services, commenced to work out the details -of the landing operations, and it was due to these -officers' indefatigable efforts that the expedition -was ready to land on April 22. The keenness -displayed by the officers and men resulted in a good -standard of efficiency, especially in the case of the -Australian and New Zealand Corps, who appear -to be natural boatmen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Contempt for Death</span></h3> - -<p>Such actions as the storming of the Seddul -Bahr position by the 29th Division must live in -history for ever; innumerable deeds of heroism -and daring were performed; the gallantry and -absolute contempt for death displayed alone made -the operations possible.</p> - -<p>At Gaba Tepe the landing and the dash of the -Australian Brigade for the cliffs was magnificent—nothing -could stop such men. The Australian -and New Zealand Army Corps in this, their first -battle, set a standard as high as that of any army -in history, and one of which their countrymen have -every reason to be proud.</p> - -<p>In closing this despatch I beg to bring to their -Lordships' notice the names of certain officers and -men who have performed meritorious service. The -great traditions of His Majesty's Navy were well -maintained, and the list of names submitted of -necessity lacks those of many officers and men who -performed gallant deeds unobserved and therefore -unnoted. This standard was high, and if I specially -mention one particular action it is that of Commander -Unwin and the two young officers and two seamen -who assisted him in the work of establishing communication -between <i>River Clyde</i> and the beach. -Rear-Admirals R. E. Wemyss, C.M.G., M.V.O., -C. F. Thursby, C.M.G., and Stuart Nicholson, M.V.O., -have rendered invaluable service. Throughout -they have been indefatigable in their efforts to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -further the success of the operations, and their -loyal support has much lightened my duties and -responsibilities.</p> - -<p>I have at all times received the most loyal -support from the Commanding Officers of His -Majesty's ships during an operation which called -for the display of great initiative and seamanship.</p> - -<p>Captain R. F. Phillimore, C.B., M.V.O., A.D.C., -as principal Beach Master, and Captain D. L. Dent, -as principal Naval Transport Officer, performed -most valuable service.</p> - - -<h3 class="break-before">HEROIC LABOURS</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Commander Unwin and His Midshipmen</span></p> - - - -<p>Commander <span class="smcap">Edward Unwin</span>, R.N.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>While in <i>River Clyde</i>, observing that the -lighters which were to form the bridge to the -shore had broken adrift, Commander Unwin -left the ship and under a murderous fire -attempted to get the lighters into position. -He worked on until, suffering from the effects -of cold and immersion, he was obliged to -return to the ship, where he was wrapped up -in blankets. Having in some degree recovered, -he returned to his work against the doctor's -order and completed it. He was later again -attended by the doctor, for three abrasions -caused by bullets, after which he once more -left the ship, this time in a lifeboat, to save<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> -some wounded men who were lying in shallow -water near the beach. He continued at this -heroic labour under continuous fire, until -forced to stop through pure physical exhaustion.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">George L. Drewry</span>, R.N.R.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Assisted Commander Unwin at the work -of securing the lighters under heavy rifle and -maxim fire. He was wounded in the head, -but continued his work and twice subsequently -attempted to swim from lighter to lighter with -a line.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Wilfred St. A. Malleson</span>, R.N.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Also assisted Commander Unwin, and after -Midshipman Drewry had failed from exhaustion -to get a line from lighter to lighter, he -swam with it himself and succeeded. The -line subsequently broke, and he afterwards -made two further but unsuccessful attempts -at his self-imposed task.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Able Seaman <span class="smcap">William Chas. Williams</span>, O.N. -186774 (R.F.R. B.3766).</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Held on to a line in the water for over an -hour under heavy fire, until killed.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Seaman R.N.R. <span class="smcap">George McKenzie Samson</span>, O.N. -2408A.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Worked on a lighter all day under fire, -attending wounded and getting out lines; -he was eventually dangerously wounded by -maxim fire.</p> -</blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> -<p>Lieut.-Commander <span class="smcap">Ralph B. Janvrin</span>, R.N.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Conducted the trawlers into Morto Bay, -for the landing at "De Totts," with much -skill.</p> - -<p>This officer showed great judgment and -coolness under fire, and carried out a difficult -task with great success.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Lieut. <span class="smcap">John A. V. Morse</span>, R.N.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Assisted to secure the lighters at the bows -of the <i>River Clyde</i> under a heavy fire, and was -very active throughout the 25th and 26th at -V beach.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Surgeon <span class="smcap">P. B. Kelly</span>, R.N., Attached To R.N.A.S.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Was wounded in the foot on the morning -of the 25th in <i>River Clyde</i>. He remained in -<i>River Clyde</i> until morning of 27th, during which -time he attended 750 wounded men, although -in great pain and unable to walk during the -last twenty-four hours.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Lieut.-Commander <span class="smcap">Adrian St. V. Keyes</span>, R.N.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>General Sir Ian Hamilton reports as follows: -"Lieut.-Commander Keyes showed great -coolness, gallantry, and ability. The success -of the landing on Y beach was largely due -to his good services. When circumstances -compelled the force landed there to re-embark, -this officer showed exceptional resource and -leadership, successfully conducting that difficult -operation."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> -<p>I entirely concur in General Hamilton's -opinion of this officer's services on April 25 -and 26.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Commander <span class="smcap">William H. Cottrell</span>, R.N.V.R.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>This officer has organized the entire system -of land communication; has laid and repaired -cables several times under fire; and on all -occasions shown zeal, tact, and coolness beyond -praise.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">John Murphy</span>, Boatswain, <i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">John Saville Metcalf</span>, R.N.R., -<i>Triumph</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Rupert E. M. Bethune</span>, <i>Inflexible</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Eric Oloff de Wet</span>, <i>London</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Charles W. Croxford</span>, R.N.R., -<i>Queen</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">C. A. L. Mansergh</span>, <i>Queen</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Alfred M. Williams</span>, <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Hubert M. Wilson</span>, <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">G. F. D. Freer</span>, <i>Lord Nelson</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">R. V. Symonds-Taylor</span>, <i>Agamemnon</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">C. H. C. Matthey</span>, <i>Queen Elizabeth</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut. <span class="smcap">Massy Goolden</span>, <i>Prince of Wales</i>.</p> - - -<p class="center">Recommended for accelerated promotion:</p> - -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Charles Edward Bounton</span>, Gunner, R.N., -<i>Queen Elizabeth</i>.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> - -<p>The following officers are "Commended for -service in action":</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">H. A. S. Fyler</span>, <i>Agamemnon</i>, Senior Officer -inside the Straits.</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">A. W. Heneage</span>, M.V.O., who organized and -trained the mine-sweepers.</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">E. K. Loring</span>, Naval Transport Officer, Gabe -Tepe.</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">H. C. Lockyer</span>, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">C. Maxwell-Lefroy</span>, <i>Swiftsure</i>.</p> - -<p>Capt. the <span class="smcap">Hon. A. D. E. H. Boyle</span>, M.V.O., -<i>Bacchante</i>.</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">A. V. Vyvyan</span>, Beach Master, Z beach.</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">C. S. Townsend</span>, Beach Master, W beach.</p> - -<p>Capt. <span class="smcap">R. C. K. Lambert</span>, Beach Master, V beach.</p> - -<p>Commander the <span class="smcap">Hon. L. J. O. Lambart</span>, <i>Queen</i>.</p> - -<p>Commander (now Captain) <span class="smcap">B. St. G. Collard</span>, -Assistant Beach Master, W beach.</p> - -<p>Commander <span class="smcap">C. C. Dix</span>, Assistant Beach Master, -Z beach.</p> - -<p>Commander <span class="smcap">N. W. Diggle</span>, Assistant Beach Master, -V beach.</p> - -<p>Commander <span class="smcap">H. L. Watts-Jones</span>, <i>Albion</i> (acting -Captain).</p> - -<p>Commander <span class="smcap">I. W. Gibson</span>, M.V.O., <i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut,-Commander (now Commander) <span class="smcap">J. B. Waterlow</span>, -<i>Blenheim</i>.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> -<p>Lieut.-Commander <span class="smcap">H. V. Coates</span>, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut.-Commander <span class="smcap">E. H. Cater</span>, <i>Queen Elizabeth</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut.-Commander <span class="smcap">G. H. Pownall</span>, <i>Adamant</i> -(killed in action).</p> - -<p>Lieut. <span class="smcap">A. W. Bromley</span>, R.N.R., <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut. <span class="smcap">H. R. W. Turnor</span>, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut. <span class="smcap">H. F. Minchin</span>, <i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut. <span class="smcap">Oscar Henderson</span>, <i>Ribble</i>.</p> - -<p>Lieut. <span class="smcap">Kenneth Edwards</span>, <i>Lord Nelson</i>.</p> - -<p>Major <span class="smcap">W. T. C. Jones</span>, D.S.O., R.M.L.I., Beach -Master, X beach.</p> - -<p>Major <span class="smcap">W. W. Frankis</span>, R.M.L.I., <i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p>Tempy. Surgeon <span class="smcap">W. D. Galloway</span>, <i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Alfred M. Mallett</span>, Gunner T., <i>Ribble</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">John Pippard</span>, Boatswain, <i>Sapphire</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Eric Wheler Bush</span>, <i>Bacchante</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Charles D. H. H. Dixon</span>, <i>Bacchante</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">Donald H. Barton</span>, <i>London</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">A. W. Clarke</span>, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p>Proby. Midshipman <span class="smcap">Williams D. R. Hargreaves</span>, -R.N.R., <i>Sapphire</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">F. E. Garner</span>, R.N.R., <i>Triumph</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">George H. Morris</span>, R.N.R., <i>Lord -Nelson</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman the <span class="smcap">Hon. G. H. E. Russell</span>, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">D. S. E. Thompson</span>, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p>Midshipman <span class="smcap">W. D. Brown</span>, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><span class="smcap">Work of the Destroyers</span></h3> - -<p>The work accomplished by the destroyer flotillas -fully maintained the high standard they have -established in these waters.</p> - -<p>On the 25th and 26th <i>Wolverine</i> (Commander -O. J. Pretis) (killed in action), <i>Scorpion</i> (Lieut.-Commander -(now Commander), A. B. Cunningham), -<i>Renard</i> (Lieut.-Commander L. G. B. A. Campbell), -<i>Grampus</i> (Lieut.-Commander R. Bacchus), <i>Pincher</i> -(Lieut.-Commander H. W. Wyld), and <i>Rattlesnake</i> -(Lieut.-Commander P. G. Wodehouse), carried out -mine-sweeping operations under Captain Heneage -inside the Dardanelles in a most satisfactory manner, -being frequently under heavy fire. On the 26th -the French sweepers <i>Henriette</i> (Lieut. de Vaisseau -Auverny), <i>Marius Chambon</i> (Lieut. de Vaisseau -Blanc), and <i>Camargue</i> (Lieut. de Vaisseau Bergeon) -assisted them, <i>Henriette</i> doing particularly well.</p> - -<p><i>Beagle</i> (Commander (now Captain) H. R. Godfrey), -<i>Bulldog</i> (Lieut.-Commander W. B. Mackenzie), -<i>Scourge</i> (Lieut.-Commander H. de B. Tupper), -<i>Foxhound</i> (Commander W. G. Howard), <i>Colne</i> -(Commander C. Seymour), <i>Chelmer</i> (Lieut.-Commander -(now Commander) H. T. England), <i>Usk</i> -(Lieut.-Commander W. G. C. Maxwell), and <i>Ribble</i> -(Lieut.-Commander R. W. Wilkinson) assisted in -the disembarkation at Gaba Tepe.</p> - -<p>Rear-Admiral Thursby reports as follows on -the work accomplished by these boats:</p> - -<p>"The destroyers under Captain C. P. R. Coode<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> -(Captain 'D') landed the second part of the covering -force with great gallantry and expedition, and -it is in my opinion entirely due to the rapidity with -which so large a force was thrown on the beach that -we were able to establish ourselves there."</p> - -<p>I entirely concur in Admiral Thursby's remarks -on the good work performed by this division.</p> - - -<h3>PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Special Recommendations</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="hangingindent">P.O. <span class="smcap">John Hepburn Russell</span>, O.N. F.839, of the -Royal Naval Air Service, was wounded in -gallantly going to Commander Unwin's assistance.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">P.O. <span class="smcap">Mech. Geoffrey Charlton Paine Rummings</span>, -O.N. F.813, Royal Naval Air Service, assisted -Commander Unwin in rescuing wounded men.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">P.O. <span class="smcap">Sec. Cl. Frederick Gibson</span>, O.N. 191025, -R.F.R. B.3829, <i>Albion</i>, jumped overboard -with a line and got his boat beached to complete -bridge from <i>River Clyde</i> to shore. He -then took wounded to <i>River Clyde</i> under heavy -fire.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">Ord. Seaman <span class="smcap">Jesse Lovelock</span>, <i>Albion</i>, J.28798, -assisted in getting pontoon in position; also -helped wounded on beach and in boats to -reach <i>River Clyde</i>, displaying great gallantry -and coolness under fire.</p> - -<p class="hangingindent">A.B. <span class="smcap">Lewis Jacobs</span>, O.N. J.4081, <i>Lord Nelson</i>. -Took his boat into V beach unaided, after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> -all the remainder of the crew and the troops -were killed or wounded. When last seen -Jacobs was standing up and endeavouring to -pole the cutter to the shore. While thus -employed he was killed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Herbert J. G. Morrin</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 236225, -<i>Bacchante</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Alfred J. Chatwen</span>, Ch. Yeo. Signals, O.N. -156109, <i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Albert Playford</span>, P.O., O.N. 202189, <i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Arthur Roake</span>, A.B., O.N. S.S. 1940 (R.F.R. -B.88431), <i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry Thomas Morrison</span>, Seaman, R.N.R., O.N. -1495D, <i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Daniel Roach</span>, Seaman, R.N.R., 1685D, <i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">David S. Kerr</span>, A.B., O.N. 239816, <i>Ribble</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Albert Balson</span>, P.O., O.N. 211943, <i>Prince of -Wales</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William Morgan</span>, P.O., O.N. 193834, <i>Prince of -Wales</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">James Getson</span>, Stoker, P.O., O.N. 295438, <i>London</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Edward L. Barons</span>, A.B., O.N. J.7775, <i>London</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William Putman</span>, P.O., O.N. 236783, <i>Queen</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Robert Fletcher</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 213297, -<i>Queen</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Forsey</span>, A.B., S.S. 2359 (R.F.R. B.4597), -<i>Albion</i>.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> -<p><span class="smcap">Henry J. Anstead</span>, Acting C.P.O. 179989, -<i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Kenneth Muskett</span>, Ldg. Seaman, J.1325, -<i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Thomas P. Roche</span>, Ch. P.O. (Pensioner), O.N. -165533, <i>Prince George</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">John Maple</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 171890 (R.F.R. -Chat. B.2658), <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry Williams</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 176765 -(R.F.R., Chat., B.1326), <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William F. Hoffman</span>, A.B., O.N. 195940 (R.F.R., -Chat., B.2650), <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry G. Law</span>, A.B., O.N. 195366 (R.F.R., Chat., -B.8261), <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry Ridsdale</span>, Stoker, R.N.R., O.N. 1136U, -<i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Colin Mckechnie</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 157509, -<i>Lord Nelson</i> (killed).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Stanley E. Cullum</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 225791, -<i>Lord Nelson</i> (killed).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Frederick T. M. Hyde</span>, A.B., O.N. J.21153, <i>Lord -Nelson</i> (killed).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William E. Rowland</span>, A.B., O.N. J.17029, <i>Lord -Nelson</i> (wounded).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Albert E. Bex</span>, A.B., O.N. J. 17223, <i>Lord Nelson</i> -(wounded).</p></blockquote> - -<p>The above men from <i>Lord Nelson</i> were part of -boats' crews landing troops on V beach, a service -from which few returned.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> - - -<p>Commended for service in action:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><span class="smcap">Harry E. Pallant</span>, P.O., O.N. 186521, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Jesse Bontoft</span>, P.O., O.N. 193398, <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Thomas J. Twells</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 232269, -<i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Richard Mullis</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 220072, -<i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Matthew B. Knight</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 230546, -<i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">John E. Mayes</span>, Ldg. Seaman, O.N. 196849 (R.F.R. -B.8581), <i>Implacable</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William J. White</span>, P.O.I., O.N. 142848, <i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Frederick G. Barnes</span>, P.O., O.N. 209085, <i>Swiftsure</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry Minter</span>, P.O., O.N. 163128, <i>Queen Elizabeth</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Harry R. Jeffcoate</span>, Sgt. R.M.L.I., Ch. 10526, -<i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Frank E. Trollope</span>, Pte. R.M.L.I., Ch. 19239, -<i>Cornwallis</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">George Brown</span>, Ch. P.O., 276085, <i>Sapphire</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bertie Sole</span>, Ldg. Seaman, 208019 (R.F.R., -B. 10738), <i>Sapphire</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Charles H. Soper</span>, Signalman, J.9709, <i>Sapphire</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Frank Dawe</span>, A.B., 231502, <i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Quick</span>, Seaman, R.N.R., 3109 B., <i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">James Rice</span>, Seaman, R.N.R., 519 D., <i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William Thomas</span>, Seaman, R.N.R., 2208 B., <i>Albion</i>.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> -<p><span class="smcap">William H. Kitchen</span>, Seaman, R.N.R., 4330 A., -<i>Albion</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Francis A. Sanders</span>, A.B., 221315 (R.F.R., Chat., -B.8199), <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William F. Hicks</span>, A.B., S.S. 4795, <i>Euryalus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">William F. Hayward</span>, A.B., 235109, <i>London</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">George Gilbertson</span>, A.B., 207941 (R.F.R., B.4910), -<i>London</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Andrew Hope</span>, A.B., S.S. 2837 (R.F.R., B.5847), -<i>London</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Charles A. Smith</span>, A.B., J.27753, <i>Lord Nelson</i> -(wounded).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Basil Brazier</span>, A.B., J.6116, <i>Lord Nelson</i> (wounded).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Charles H. Smith</span>, A.B., J.28377, <i>Lord Nelson</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry A. B. Green</span>, A.B. 238024, <i>Lord Nelson</i> -(wounded).</p></blockquote> - -<p>No officer could have been better served by -his staff than I have been during these operations. -The energy and resource of my Chief of Staff, -Commodore R. J. B. Keyes, was invaluable, and, -in combination with Major-General Braithwaite—Chief -of the General Staff—he established a -most excellent working agreement between the -two services.</p> - -<p>Captain George P. W. Hope, of <i>Queen Elizabeth</i>, -acted as my flag captain. His gift of organization -was of the greatest assistance in dealing with the -mass of details inseparable from an operation of -such magnitude.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> - -<p>Commander the Hon. A. R. M. Ramsay has -used his sound practical knowledge of gunnery -to great advantage in working out, in connection -with the military, the details of gunfire from the -covering ships.</p> - -<p>Captain William W. Godfrey, R.M., a staff -officer of great ability, has given me invaluable -assistance throughout the operations.</p> - -<p>I would also mention my secretary, Mr. Basil -F. Hood, Acting Paymaster, and secretarial staff, -whose good services under the direction and example -of Mr. Edward W. Whittington-Ince, Assistant -Paymaster, will form the subject of a later separate -report. Also Lieutenant-Commander James F. -Sommerville (Fleet Wireless Telegraph Officer), -and Flag Lieutenants L. S. Ormsby-Johnson, -Hugh S. Bowlby, and Richard H. L. Bevan, who -have performed good service in organizing with the -military the intercommunication between the Allied -Fleets and Armies.</p> - -<div class="sig"> - J. M. <span class="smcap">de Robeck</span>,<br /> - Vice-Admiral.<br /> - To the Secretary of the Admiralty.<br /> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="small"> - <i>Wyman & Sons Ltd., Printers, London and Reading</i><br /> -</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig11.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center">MAP OF THE GALLIPOLI PENINSULA.<br /> - <span class="small">(<i>By courtesy of the "Morning Post."</i>)</span><br /> - <span class="smaller">THIS MAP SHOWS ALL THE LANDING PLACES MENTIONED IN THESE DESPATCHES,<br /> - AND THE POSITIONS OF KRITHIA, ACHI (OR AKI) BABA, SUVLA, ETC.</span> - </p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig12.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The Allies' Advance -on the -<i>Turkish Capital</i></p> - -<p>THE -"STRAND"</p> - -<p>Coloured Detail Map -of the</p> - -<p>DARDANELLES</p> - -<p>CONSTANTINOPLE</p> - -<p>etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Well produced in Four Colours -and showing all the towns in -and around the War area.</p> - - -<p>6d. net. On Sale Everywhere.</p> - -<p>Post Free 7d.</p> - -<p>GEORGE NEWNES, Ltd., 8-11, Southampton St., Strand, W.C.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig13.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Vivid, tense, and full of matter and facts, these -despatches deserve to be preserved by anyone who -wishes to keep an intelligent eye on the War."—<i>Daily -Graphic.</i></p> - -<p><i>3rd Edition Now Ready.</i></p> - -<p>Ashmead-Bartlett's</p> - - -<p>THRILLING -DESPATCHES -FROM THE</p> - -<p>DARDANELLES</p> - -<p>WITH LARGE-SCALE MAP -OF THE DARDANELLES.</p> - -<p><i>Standard</i>:—"So well has Mr. Ashmead-Bartlett marshalled -his facts, the whole campaign may be followed -without effort."</p> - - -<p><i>One Shilling net. Of all Booksellers -and Bookstalls, or post free 1/2 from</i></p> - -<p>GEORGE NEWNES, Ltd., 8-11, Southampton Street, Strand, W.C.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig14.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Compact and Complete! -Thrilling and Authentic!</i></p> - -<p>THE -<span class="smcap">Standard History OF THE WAR</span></p> - -<p>1/- -NET PER VOL. </p> - -<p>Including complete text of Gen. French's -despatches and full descriptive narrative by</p> - -<p>EDGAR WALLACE</p> - -<p>Vol. 1. Liége—Mons—Cambrai and Le Cateau—Paris—The -Marne—The Aisne</p> - -<p>Vol. 2. Ypres—Armentières—Battle for the Coast</p> - -<p>Vol. 3. St. Eloi—Givenchy—Ypres—Neuve -Chapelle—Hill 60</p> - -<p>Vol. 4. Dardanelles and Naval Despatches</p> - -<p>The volumes are strongly bound in -cloth, printed in a clear type on good -paper, and bring up to date the -complete history of the War on land -and on sea.</p> - - -<p><i>Of all Booksellers and Bookstalls, or 1/2 post free -direct from the Publishers</i></p> - -<p>GEORGE NEWNES, Ltd., 8-11, Southampton St., Strand, W.C.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig15.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Authentic Biographies -of Eminent Statesmen</p> - -<p>Crown 8vo., Cloth, with Portrait, -<b>2s. 6d.</b> net each.</p> - -<p>SIR EDWARD GREY, K.G. -By the Author of "King Edward VII."</p> - -<p>DAVID LLOYD GEORGE -By HUBERT DU PARCQ.</p> - -<p>HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH -By HAROLD SPENDER.</p> - -<p><i>Uniform with the above.</i></p> - -<p>THE REAL CROWN PRINCE -By the Author of "Sir Edward Grey."</p> - -<p><i>Of all Booksellers, or post free, 2/8, direct -from the Publishers</i>,</p> - -<p>GEORGE NEWNES, Ltd., 8-11, Southampton Street, Strand, W.C.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig16.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tales of the</span> -FLYING SERVICES</p> - -<p>By C. 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Post -free, 1/2, from the Publishers,</p> - -<p>GEORGE NEWNES, Ltd., 8-11, Southampton St., Strand, W.C.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig17.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>What Will happen if the -Allies make a premature -or unsatisfactory Peace?</i></p> - -<p>Read</p> - -<p>"1925"</p> - -<p>By</p> - -<p>EDGAR WALLACE</p> - -<p>The most astounding book -of prophecies ever written.</p> - -<p>ON SALE EVERYWHERE</p> - -<p>One Shilling net, of all Booksellers, -or post free 1/2 direct from</p> - -<p>GEORGE NEWNES LTD., 8-11 Southampton St., W.C.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/fig18.jpg" alt="" /> -<p class="caption center"></p> -</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Every reader of "The Bowmen" -will be deeply interested in</p> - -<p>PHYLLIS CAMPBELL'S</p> - -<p>Book entitled</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">BACK of the FRONT</span></p> - -<p>The subject of the Angelic -Vision at Mons has aroused -the keenest interest, and this -book will form an important -contribution to the controversy.</p> - -<p>Introduction by W. 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Entertaining chapters concerning -the brilliant deeds of the Army and the Navy. 3/6</p> - -<p>Our Boys' Book of the Navy -Authentic descriptions of the life and duties of our -gallant sailors, written by an expert. Well illustrated. 3/6</p> - -<p>Heroes All—Gallant Deeds of the War -By EDGAR WALLACE, -A stirring collection of stories of heroic and thrilling -deeds on land, sea, and in the air. 256 pages. Splendidly -illustrated. Cloth. 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Otherwise spelling - variations were not changed.</li> - <li>Inconsistent hyphenation was not altered.</li> -</ul> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Ian Hamilton's Despatches from the -Dardanelles, etc., by Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR IAN HAMILTON'S *** - -***** This file should be named 53959-h.htm or 53959-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/9/5/53959/ - -Produced by MWS, Alan and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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