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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e43281 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53936 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53936) diff --git a/old/53936-0.txt b/old/53936-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 58dc17c..0000000 --- a/old/53936-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1655 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mangue: An extinct Dialect -formerly spoken in Nicaragua, by Daniel Garrison Brinton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Notes on the Mangue: An extinct Dialect formerly spoken in Nicaragua - -Author: Daniel Garrison Brinton - -Release Date: January 10, 2017 [EBook #53936] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON THE MANGUE *** - - - - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MFR, University of Texas -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note: Obvious printers’ errors have been corrected. - - - - - NOTES ON THE MANGUE; - - An extinct Dialect formerly spoken in - Nicaragua. - - BY - DANIEL G. BRINTON, M.D., - - (_Read before the American Philosophical Society, - November 20, 1885._) - - - - - NOTES ON THE MANGUE; - - An extinct Dialect formerly spoken in - Nicaragua. - - BY - DANIEL G. BRINTON, M.D., - - Professor of Ethnology and Archæology at the - Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. - - (_Read before the American Philosophical Society, - November 20, 1885._) - - PHILADELPHIA: - MCCALLA & STAVELY, PRINTERS, 237-9 DOCK STREET. - 1886. - - - - -NOTES ON THE MANGUE; - -_An Extinct Dialect formerly spoken in Nicaragua_. - -BY DANIEL G. BRINTON, M.D. - -(_Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 20, 1885._) - - -_Sources._ Nothing whatever has been published about the Mangue language, -except a list of ninety-five words, by Mr. E. G. Squier in his work, -“Nicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments.” Whence he obtained this -short vocabulary he does not state; but it is evidently the work of some -one only slightly acquainted with the character of the language. I do not -make any use of it in the present notes, except in a few instances for -comparison. - -My authorities are, first, Don Juan Eligio de la Rocha’s _Apuntamientos de -la Lengua Mangue, MS._ The author was born in Granada, C. A., June 15, -1815. By profession a lawyer, his taste led him to the study of languages, -and he acquired a fluent knowledge of French, English and Italian. He was -appointed instructor in French and Spanish grammar in 1848 in the -University of Leon, C. A., and ten years later, 1858, published his -_Elementos de Gramática Castellana_ (Leon, 1858, small 4to, pp. 199). His -death occurred in 1873. - -While living in Masaya in 1842, he became interested in the surviving -remnants of the Mangues, and undertook to collect materials for a study of -their language. Unfortunately, he never completed these investigations, -and many of the sheets on which he had recorded his notes were scattered. -A few of them, however, were in the hands of his brother, Doctor Don -Jesus de la Rocha, of Granada, who gave Dr. C. H. Berendt an opportunity -to copy them in 1874. - -In that same year, 1874, Dr. Berendt collected the last obtainable -fragments of the Mangue. In his (printed) lecture before the American -Geographical Society in 1876, he thus describes his efforts in this -direction, and at the same time points out the localities where the Mangue -speaking populations were located when they first came to the knowledge of -the invading whites:-- - - “The Spaniards on entering the present State of Nicaragua from - Nicoya bay, and then marching through the country, came into contact - first with the southern section of the Chorotegas or Mangues, as - they were also called; then with a Nahuatl tribe, whose capital and - king are mentioned as bearing the name of Nicarao; and after these - again with Chorotegas or Mangues, who, however, did not occupy the - whole tract of land up to the Bay of Fonseca, but were again - separated from the Chorotegas on the shores of that bay by another - foreign tribe called Maribios. Thus we obtain the three sections - into which the Chorotegas of Nicaragua were divided at the time of - the Conquest. Now, their language seemed to me an object worthy of - having some special attention bestowed upon it--not so much for its - own sake, but in order that a better understanding might be arrived - at of the ethnological features of Nicaragua, which, on account of - an insufficient acquaintance with its actual condition as well as - with the early writers, and of the rather precarious speculations - and conjectures of modern authors based upon such scanty knowledge, - have become greatly confused. Having studied the Chapanecan language - on a former expedition, and wishing to compare it with the - Chorotegan, I visited Nicaragua in the year 1874. I found that the - Indian population near the Nicoya and the Fonseca bays had entirely - disappeared, and in both districts only met with some local names - belonging to the Chorotegan language. In the third district also, - where descendants of the old stock are still living in twelve - villages around the lakes of Masaya and Apoyo, I was informed that - no other vestiges of the old idiom were left, the inhabitants - speaking exclusively the Spanish language. I had, however, the good - luck to ferret out some old people who still remembered words and - phrases they had heard in their childhood; and I was enabled to - collect material sufficient to convince myself and others of the - identity of this Mangue or Chorotegan idiom with the Chapaneco - language of Mexico. I was not a moment too early in obtaining this - information, for the greater number of my informants died while I - was staying in the country. I still hope that with the knowledge of - the Chorotegan thus gained in Nicaragua and Chiapas, it may be - possible to trace their history and descent backwards to one of the - nations that were living in Anahuac in the earliest times of which - our records speak.” - -The materials were never published by Dr. Berendt, nor, indeed, did the -many other projects which occupied him allow him the leisure to collate -and arrange them. I have taken them from his original notes, often in -pencil and not always perfectly legible. But I believe those here offered -can be depended upon as accurate, and have special value as the sole -remaining vestiges of an idiom now wholly extinct. - -_Synonyms._ It will be seen that Berendt speaks of this people as the -“Chorotegas or Mangues.” I have given the origin of these names in the -Introduction to “The Güegüence, a Comedy-Ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish -Dialect of Nicaragua,” published as Number III, of “Brinton’s Library of -Aboriginal American Literature” (Philadelphia, 1883). They adjoined on the -north-east and south-west the Nahuatl-speaking tribe, who occupied the -narrow strip of land between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific ocean. - - “They were of one blood and one language, and called themselves - _Mánkeme_, rulers, masters, which the Spaniards corrupted into - _Mangues_. The invading Aztecs appear to have split this ancient - tribe into two fractions, the one driven toward the south, about the - Gulf of Nicoya, the other northward, on and near Lake Managua, and - beyond it on Fonseca bay. Probably in memory of this victory, the - Aztec Nicaraguans applied to them the opprobrious name, - _Chololteca_, ‘those driven out,’ from the Nahuatl verb _choloa_, in - its compulsive form _chololtia_, and the suffix, _tecatl_, people; - which was corrupted by the Spaniards into _Chorotegas_.” (_The - Güegüence_, Introduction, p. viii.) - -In Squier’s work above referred to they are called “Chorotegans or -Dirians.” The latter is from the Mangue _diri_, a hill or mountain, and -was applied to that portion of them who dwelt in the hilly country south -of Masaya. - -The Spanish form of their native name is that which I should recommend for -adoption in ethnological works. - -_Early Notices._ The old historians and travelers, on whom we depend for -our knowledge of Nicaragua, tell us practically nothing about this -language, and little about the people who spoke it. The chieftain, called -Nicoya, living on the bay of that name, was first visited by Captain Gil -Gonzalez Dávila in 1523. The natives were estimated at about six thousand, -who received the Spaniards in a friendly manner, and gave them -considerable gold.[1] - -Oviedo in his _Historia de las Indias_ gives a few words of the language -as follows: - - _mamea_, hell. - _nam bi_, dog. - _nam bue_, tiger, - -the last two of which correspond to those in later vocabularies.[2] - -The Auditor Garcia de Palacio (1576) mentions the Mangue as spoken in -Choluteca, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, in the last mentioned as introduced -from elsewhere.[3] About a century later a colony of Mangues, several -hundred in number, were found by Juan Vazquez de Coronado, almost at the -extreme eastern end of Costa Rica, in the Province of Pacaca.[4] Those on -the Pacific Coast, about the Gulf of Nicoya, were accustomed to cross to -the ocean on the north for trading purposes, and to obtain salt.[5] They -appear to have been a people of moderate cultivation, and rather extended -commercial connections. - -_Affiliations._ The Mangue is the mother tongue from which the Chapanec -(or Chiapanec) of Chiapas branched off. The separation from the ancestral -tribe, and the migration from Nicaragua to Chiapas, were distinctly -remembered by the Chapanec off-shoot when first encountered by the whites. -Remesal, in his well-known history, gives a brief but clear account of it. - -The date of this occurrence cannot be specifically stated, but its -occasion can be readily surmised. The Mangues at one time occupied the -whole coast from the entrance of the Gulf of Nicoya to Fonseca bay. At a -period which we may locate some time in the fourteenth century, a large -colony of Aztecs descended the coast and seized the strip between Lake -Nicaragua and the Pacific, thus splitting the Mangues in two, and driving -a large portion of them out of their homes. Some of these wanderers -remained with their relatives, but one body of them marched north and west -until they reached a lofty peak on the Rio Grande in Central Chiapas, -where they constructed a formidable fortress, and became the terror of -their Nahuatl-speaking neighbors.[6] - -No connection has been demonstrated between the Mangue (or Chapanec), and -any other North American language, although owing to the liberal exertions -of M. Alphonse Pinart, we have now in print and easily procurable, a -grammar and a number of texts of the Chapanec dialect.[7] - -A comparison, the partial results of which I have previously published, -proves that the differences between the Chapanec and Mangue are slight and -unimportant, and for purposes of collation with other stocks the two may -be looked upon as identical. - -In the Introduction to “The Güegüence,” I pointed out some singular -coincidences between the Mangue and the Aymara of Peru. Further -examination of the two tongues has not added to the list given, and has -weakened the belief I entertained of some possible connection in the past -between them. - -I take this occasion to point out an error which has crept into several -philological works, that of confounding the Mangue with the Nagrandan of -Nicaragua. Thus, Francisco Pimentel, in his work on the languages of -Mexico, falls into the capital mistake of declaring the Chapanec of -Chiapas to be allied to the Nagrandan of Nicaragua; and to prove his -assertion, gives a list of alleged Nagrandan words, all of which belong to -the Mangue tongue![8] - -The same confusion marks an attempt of Mr. Hyde Clark, of London, to -bring into relation “the Masaya language of Nicaragua with the Sioux -language.” The words he quotes as from Masaya are all from the Nagrandan -of Subtiaba, near Leon. There is really no relationship between the -Nagrandan and Mangue, and although Dr. Latham has attempted to indicate -some few analogies,[9] they must be deemed quite accidental. - -A comparison of about 125 words of the Mangue with the Mixteca, which I -find among the Berendt MSS., reveals only about half a dozen similarities, -all apparently accidental. - -_Phonetics._ The Mangue words in this paper are principally in letters -with the Spanish powers, some of the semi-vowels being in smaller type. -The _h_ is pronounced as an aspirate, and is equivalent to the _j_, which -has its aspirated Spanish value. - -All syllables are open; that is, they all end in a vowel sound. Thus -_nimbu_, water, is to be divided _ni-mbu_. In this respect it resembles -the Cherokee, the Japanese, etc. - -Dr. Berendt stated that the Chapanec dialect was the most difficult of any -American language he had ever studied, on account of the obscurity and -uncertainty of its sounds. It is greatly syncopated, and terminal -syllables are often pronounced in so low a tone that they escape the -unpracticed ear. The vowels are not distinct, and many of the consonants -are “alternating” as it is called, that is, one may be substituted for -another without altering the meaning of the word. Thus, evil spirit -(_demonio_) may be either _tixämbi´_ or _sisaⁱmbᵘi_, these two being the -same word pronounced indifferently, either way, by the same individual. -This is by no means without parallel in American languages. - -The curious frequency in the Mangue of the “resonants” _n_ and _m_ will -strike every observer. This is also the case in the Chapanec. Albornoz -regards it as a phonetic phenomenon only, and remarks, “Whenever a word -begins with _b_, _g_, _y_ or _d_, an _n_ must be written before it, which -is pronounced with the word itself.” Dr. Berendt calls it an “article” -which appears as _n_, _na_, _ni_, or _m_, especially before the letter -_b_. As such, I may suggest its similarity to the Nahuatl _in_, and the -Othomi _na_, both of which are demonstratives worn down almost to -articles. - -There is a similar resonant nasal in various South American tongues, -especially the Tupi-Guarani dialects of Brazil. It appears most frequently -before the consonants _b_ and _d_. Its peculiarity is that it is not an -expiratory sound, but a soft _inspirate_, and as such is claimed by Dr. -Nogueira to be a phonetic phenomenon confined exclusively to American -tongues.[10] I have been unable to decide from the descriptions within my -reach of the Chapanec phonetics, whether the initial resonant is an -inspirate, and I would call the attention of travelers to this interesting -point. - -In addition to this simple resonant prefix there are a number of particles -beginning either with _n_ or _m_, which are added to indicate the absolute -or independent form of the noun, that is, to characterize it when not -attached to a personal possessive pronoun. Of these Albornoz gives -fourteen for the singular, and seven for the plural. This will explain the -striking prevalence of words beginning with these letters in the -vocabulary. - -Accent is of the utmost importance in both these dialects, and the -identity to the eye of various words as _nyujmi_, ear and smoke, arises -from absence of proper accent marks in my authorities. The words for bird, -snake and flower are the same; but Albornoz gives this very example to -illustrate the importance of accent, _nolō_, a snake, _nolô_, a flower. -Unfortunately, none of my authorities employ any accentual mark but the -acute, and this appears to be syllabic. A vowel written above the line of -the word, in Berendt’s MSS., signifies a semi-vowel. - -_Structure._ The general structure of the Mangue was clearly polysynthetic -and incorporative in a marked degree. In its grammar it was no doubt -identical in all essential points with the Chapanec, about which, as above -mentioned, we have considerable information in published sources. Nominal -and verbal forms are defined by the categories of animate and inanimate -genera, a distinction which is to a certain extent purely grammatical, as -for instance, a book is considered animate, and a table inanimate -(Albornoz, _Gram._, cap. xiii). The first person plural has an inclusive -and exclusive form. Adjectives usually, but not always, follow the nouns. -Plurals are frequently formed by simply lengthening the terminal vowel -sound. - -_The Vocabulary._ The words in the vocabulary have been obtained from the -Rocha and Berendt MSS. Where these two authorities differ the variants are -indicated by the affixed initials, R. and B. All words quoted for the sake -of comparison from Squier, are marked by an affixed S. The observations, -explanations and other remarks attached to the words and phrases are my -own. The comparative expressions taken from the Chapanec (marked, _Chap._) -are from the printed works above mentioned, or from MS. vocabularies of -various authorship in my possession. - -All of Rocha’s words are from the dialect of Masaya; but Dr. Berendt -obtained some at the villages of Masatepec, Niquindomo, and Namotiva´, and -this explains the occasional variants given. The differences, however, -between the speech of these localities was evidently slight. - - -_Vocabulary: English--Mangue._ - -Achiote, nariyu. (The _Bixa orellana_, a fruit tree; _achiote_ is -Nahuatl). - -Aguacate, nirimo´, narimu. (Fruit of the _Persea gratissima_). - -Ancestor, kopo´. The same as _old_, q. v. - -Ancestress, kapoi. Apparently a feminine form of _kopo_, old. - -Anona, naria´. Fruit of the _Anona squamosa_. - -Ant, an, náju, naᵃ. - -Ara, lapa; _Chap._ txapa. The _Ara macao_, of ornithologists. - -Arm, ndiro. Compare _hand_, and _finger_. Properly “the upper extremity.” -S. deno. _Chap._ guluᵘa. - -Armpit, ngisa. Compare, _beard_. Perhaps “hair of the armpit.” - -Armadillo (_Dasypus_), nyuku´. Compare _lizard_. - -Ashes, nitsu, nisú. - -Atole, nambo. (A dish prepared from maize.) - -Bad, gangame, ganyame. Properly _not-good_. - -Bark, nansoᵘa´. - -Basket, najᵘari. - -Bat, nyuta´. - -Bean, nyumú. - -Beast, nyumbú. Compare _tiger_. - -Bear, to (to bear children), pindih. - -Beard, gísa. - -Bed, nakutá. - -Bee, nopopo. - -Beetle, nagᵘa. - -Belly, ngusi. - -Bird, nori, nyuri´. Compare _snake_ and _flower_. _Chap._ nuri. - -Bitter, yasi. - -Black, nansome. - -Blood, nijnyú; S. nenuh. - -Blue, nandipame. - -Body or Flesh, nimbrome, nampoome. - -Bone, nyuⁱ. - -Bowels, ngita. - -Boy, nasome; R. norome; little boy, noromiñamu. - -Branch (of a tree) ndiro nya; = “its arm, tree.” - -Brandy, nimbuyasi; = “water, bitter.” - -Brave, pusitⁱu. - -Brook, nanda. - -Brother, manku, mambo. - -Brother, younger, mambo nyamo nasome. - -Buttocks, bojoⁱ; nbasi, basti´. - -Cacao, nyúsi. - -Camote, yujmi (an edible root). - -Cane, sugar, niriómbome. - -Cantaro (a water jar), natiyojpo. - -Casava, see _yuca_. - -Cat, misa, mixa. - -Cat, wild, misa se nirome; = “cat of the forest.” - -Chachalaca, tásara. A kind of partridge called, in Nahuatl, -_chachalacatl_. - -Chalchihuitl (a green stone, Nah.), nyu se rayo; the last word, _rayo_, is -Spanish, and the expression means “stone of the lightning,” the belief -being that these stones are thunderbolts. - -Cheek, girote. Compare _face_. - -Chief, ruler, mánkeme. _Chap._ manaχämä, from _χimá_, the head. See _The -Güegüence_, Introd., p. viii, note. - -Chief, female, najyumbu. - -Child, nasungi. - -Chile (a sort of red pepper), ningi. - -Chocolate, nimbu nyusi; = “water-cacao.” - -Chocollo (a bird), naturi. - -Church, nakúmbui. - -Clay, nambroj. - -Clay, potter’s, nambrój se nati; = “clay of jars.” - -Cock, a, norijᵘé. - -Cockroach, nambisa. - -Cocoyol, neme; a species of palm. - -Cold, poro´, yoro, oro. - -Collar, or necklace, bakoya´jo. - -Comal (a dish or plate), nambujyoⁱ. - -Come, to, na. - -Conch-shell, txote. - -Cook, a female, nakaⁱ nakupasi. Comp. _kitchen_. - -Corn-field, namasinyu´, ndam bur´rio. - -Cotton, naroti´. - -Cotton, thread of, tapakúsime naròti. - -Dance, to, tasosmo. - -Daughter, banya nasinyamo. Comp. _son_ and _girl_. - -Daughter-in-law, mbájtioro. - -Dead, koⁱjme. Comp. _to die_. - -Deaf, gungupajo; = not hearing. - -Deer, nyúmba ngami. - -Devil, natamasimo. - -Die, to, nagaᵃnyu; _imper._ koijme. - -Dish from a gourd, nambira. Comp. _water_. - -Distant, haⁱtsu. - -Door, nya síyu. - -Drink, to, _imper._ koi ri (?). - -Drum, nyunsú. Comp. _jicara_. - -Dog, nyumbi´. - -Dog, female, nyumbi nyakaⁱ. - -Ear, nyújmi. - -Earth, land, nikupu´, nambrome. - -Eat, to, nasu, _imper._ koⁱta´. - -Egg, nyuga-yori. Comp. _bird_. - -Egg-shell, nansoᵘa. Compare _bark_. - -Enclosure, mendí. - -Enclosure of stone, mendi nyuᵃ. - -Excrement, nigᵘa. - -Eye, nate. - -Face, ngroti. Compare _cheek_. - -Father, kᵘé; kújkᵘe; S. gooha. R. coehyo. - -Feather, napa yorí. - -Female, of animals, nyaka. - -Finger, ndiro. Compare _arm_ and _hand_. _Chap._ banya dilá. - -Finger nail, monsu´, munsú. - -Fire, nyayu, naku; S. nahu. - -Fish, nyujú. - -Flatus, píjⁱ. - -Flea, louse, etc., nyuⁱ. - -Flesh, for eating, nampumi. - -Flint, nyupa nyugo. Compare _stone_. - -Flower, nyuri, niri. Compare _bird_ and _snake_. - -Fly, a, nimbrome. - -Food, nyumuta. Comp. _bean_. - -Foot, ngirá. - -Forehead, gula. - -Forest, nijome, nmandi. - -Fork, a, nya nangu. Compare _house_. Probably the forked stick, which -supports the ridge-pole. - -Friend, ngurí; manku. Comp. _brother_. - -Frog, natakopó. Comp. _toad_. - -Fruit, narime. - -Gall, bayatimé. - -Gaspar, nyuju yansu. A fish sometimes called the “lizard fish.” - -Girl, nasunyamo. R. najiñamu. - -God, kupankeme Dio; nikus´pᵘa. (Our Lord.) _Chap._ kopandχame; comp. -_chief_. S. gopahemedeo. - -Good, pami, pame, yame. - -Great, yokᵘe, yokᵘeme. - -Green, apame, yapame. - -Guacal (small dish), narí. - -Guayabo (a fruit), nikonyo´. - -Hair, nimbi´. - -Half-breed, nyukúsᵘa. - -Hamack, nyu. Comp. _mecate_. - -Hand, ndiro. Comp. _arm_ and _finger_. _Chap._ diⁱla. - -Hat, nimpe. - -Hatchet, nimunguyá. - -Hawk, nake´. - -He, pron. neje. - -Head, ngu´ kimo. - -Heart, nambume. - -Heaven, sky, nakupᵘi; nakujpu. - -Heavy, arime. - -Hedge, or fence. See _enclosure_. - -Henequen (a fibrous plant), notome. - -High, opome. - -Hoe, bajarítojo. - -Hog, nyuju. - -Hog, wild, nyuju mandi. Comp. _forest_. - -Honey, nambo´ pu, nombó. - -Horn, nimbomo. - -Horse, nyumpie´. Comp. _tapir_. - -Hot, tsujmu, yátsumu. - -House, nangu, nge. - -Husband, bohᵘe. Comp. _man_ and _male_. - -Iguana, nyumbu. Comp. _animal_, _beast_. - -Indian, an, namba´jimo. - -Jar, of pottery, nimbúgu. - -Jicara (tall jar), nyúnsu. - -Kill, to, tambajme. - -Kitchen, nakupasi. - -Lake, ninda. - -Leaf, nyuma´. - -Leg, ngiko. - -Light, _adj._ ngári me; = not-heavy. - -Lightning, kŏyo´mo (?). - -Lion, couguar, nyumbú nyangami. Comp. _deer_. - -Little, kame; R. ñamu. - -Lizard, nyukú. - -Low, nyamo. Comp. _small_. - -Macana (an iron implement for cutting brush), nampúj. - -Mecapal (a net for carrying loads), napalumu. - -Machete (a heavy knife), nímbⁱu. - -Maize, namá. - -Maize, ear of, nyupó. - -Maize, cob of, neje´. - -Maize, green, nyopome. - -Maize, cooked (nistamal), nyu´ritu. - -Maize, masa of, nambima. - -Male, of animals, jᵘe, fᵘe. - -Mamma, su ngitsu, ngisu. - -Man (homo), ndijpu. _Chap._ dipaju. - -Man (vir), nyugo, nojue, enkaj; S. nuho. _Chap._ nuᵘa. - -Mantle, of cotton, nambu sángui; R. nimbu ranguma. - -Married man, koipujma nasominyamo. - -Married woman, nojí. - -Mat, nuri. - -Metapail (hand-stone for pounding grain), ndiro nyupa (hand-stone). - -Metate (mealing stone, mortar), nyupá; = _stone_. - -Mill woman, a, nasinyamo tapa´ kupᵘi. - -Mole, nyu´kupu. Comp. _armadillo_. - -Money, najmo´. Comp. _silver_. - -Monkey, nambi. - -Moon, yu. _Chap._ yujú. - -Mother, ngumo; nyame; ngimo; S. goomo. R. guirmoh. - -Mountain, hill, tiri, diri. - -Mouth, nyunsu; R. ñunzu. - -Much, pókopi. - -Musquito, néju. - -Nacatamal (maize cooked with flesh), nyuga mpume. Comp. _tamal_. - -Navel, ngutinyamo. - -Near, kopunapu. - -Neck, nkoⁱ. - -Negro, a, nanso´me. Comp. _black_. - -Nephew, batsún kényamo. - -Nest, ngä. Comp. _house_. - -Net (for carrying), niskupu, namu. - -Net (for fishing), najkupu; niskupu se yuju. - -Night, koyujmi (it is now night). - -No, áku. - -Nose, nyungú; R. nuñgu. - -Old man, kopo´. Comp. _ancestor_. - -Old woman, nakaⁱ, naskaⁱme. - -Opossum, niyú. - -Orphan, butájmu. - -Pain, gaime. - -Parrot, nimbusojo. - -Pearl color (nacar), narimbame. - -Pebble, nipa. Comp. _stone_. - -Penis, buᵃyore. - -Petticoats, nimbusame; nambusangume. Comp. _mantle_. - -Pigeon, nyurinyamo. - -Pineapple, nindi. - -Pinole (maize roasted and pulverized), nambari. - -Pisote (a badger?), nyundi. - -Plantain, green, nirinte, nikotona. - -Plantain, ripe, ndurime. - -Plate (of dried gourd), nambira. - -Pleiades, the, napopo. - -Poor, nambájimo, nambainjume. - -Pretty, tapustxuya. - -Priest, kuᵘjkᵘé. - -Privates (female), sungipᵘai motxo´tete. - -Rabbit, nyuku. Comp. _lizard_. - -Rain, nimbu. Comp. _water_. - -Rat, nangi. - -Red, arimbome. - -Reed, néjeri. - -Rind (peel), nansoᵘa´. Comp. _bark_. - -River, neju. - -Road, niro. - -Roof, nimú, nakamu´. - -Room, apartment, nakangu. Comp. _home_. - -Rope, string (mecate), nyuⁱ. - -Sacate (a species of grass), nimú, nakamo. - -Saliva, nimbójmo. - -Salt, niri. - -Sandal, or moccasin, nyansu, ninsu. - -Sapote, red (a fruit), noxa´, nyuxa´. - -Scorpion, nyumbukukí. - -Sea, nimbu yumbu. - -She, pron. neja. See _He_. - -Shirt, for men, mboyú. - -Shirt, of women, nayu. - -Shore, ninda. Comp. _lake_. - -Shoulder, inkuⁱ. - -Silver, najmo. Comp. _money_. - -Sing, to, undamo. - -Sister, boronyamo, mambo. Comp. _brother_. - -Skin, hide (of animals), nínsu, nansú, nyún su. - -Sleep, to, nagu. - -Small, txote, nyamo. Comp. _low_. - -Smoke, nyujmi; S. nemare. - -Snake, nyurí. _Chap._ nulú. Comp. _bird_ and _flower_. - -Son, banya. - -Son-in-law, ngismó. - -Sorcerer, nyuᵘja. - -Sour, yagu. - -Speak, to, nata, _imper._ papa´me. - -Squirrel, naré. - -Star, nyutí; R. nuti; S. nuete. _Chap._ nahuiti. - -Stone, rock, nyupá (pl. nipa). - -Stool, nambu ku ta´. - -Sugar, nombó. Comp. _sweet_. - -Sun, nyumbᵘi, nomo; S. numbu. _Chap._ mapíju. Comp. _moon_. - -Sweet, nombo´. - -Tamal (a dumpling of sweetened maize), nyuga. - -Tapir, the, nyumpié mandi. Comp. _forest_. - -Tear, a, nimbu nate. Comp. _water_ and _eye_. - -Tenamaste or cooking stone, hajmi nyugu (three stones), nakupasí (see, -_to cook_), nikusugo´. - -Thief, tiposi´tinyo. - -Thorn, ni, nindi. - -Thunder, koi tapu´meme; lit, “it thunders.” - -Thrush, nyújᵘa. A species of _Caprimulgus_. - -Tick, nambisá, nansumá. - -Tiger, jaguar, nyumbú. Comp. _animal_. - -Tiste (a drink of cacao, etc.), nimbyusi. Comp. _water_. - -Toad, natakopó. - -Tobacco, nyumurime; nimburime; S. nemurema. To smoke tobacco, fasomo nimbu -rimi. - -Tomate, naripo. - -To-morrow, majimi. Comp. _yesterday_. - -Tongue, grijᵘí. - -Tooth, niji. - -Tortilla, noⁱ. - -Totoposte (a kind of corn-bread), nyua yanjí. - -Town, namá puma, namépume. - -Tree, nya. Comp. _wood_. - -Trough, nimbóya. Comp. _water_. - -Turtle, of water, nyuka. - -Ugly, ganyame. Comp. _bad_. - -Unio (the shell so-called), nyukanyamu. - -Vapor (mist, steam, etc.), ndipí. - -Vase (tinaja), nojpú. - -Washwoman, nasinyamo tapapa´poro. - -Wasp, najú (?). - -Water, nimbú. - -Wax, nyu. - -Well (noun), kita. - -Where? nde. - -White, nandirime. - -Wife, mboome, njujmi. Comp. _husband_. - -Wind, nitiu´; níjtⁱu. S. neshtu. - -Woman, noji, nasi. - -Wood, nya, nindomi (?). - -Yellow, nandiume. - -Yes, un; taspo (?). - -Yesterday, yajimi. - -Yuca (the _Yatropha manihot_), noya, nuya. _Chap._ niya. - - -_Numerals._ - - 1. tike. - 2. ha, ja, jami, jojo. - 3. hajmi, jajame. - 4. hahome. - 5. hagujmi. - 10. jendo. - 20. jajué. - 800. jaⁱmbí. - - -_The Verb “to be,” R._ - - I am, cejo. - Thou art, simuh. - He is, neje sumu. - We are, cis mi muh. - - -_Pronouns._ - - I, saho, S. - My, amba, mba. - He, neje, R. - She, neja, R. - - -_Phrases._ - - Koi múrio, It is already dawn. - - Koi yujmi, It is already night. - - Koi prijpi, It is already growing dark. - - Koi újumbo, He has already urinated. - - Koi gaimi ndiro, He gave me his hand. - - Koi pajo nama siñú, I am going to die (ya me voy a la muerte). - - Koi-li nimbuyati, I drank some brandy. - - Koi-tā cutaca ñumbi´, I ate like a dog. - - Koi-li gipomo ga muningui, I ate broth with chile. - - Tagüaime ga muñunso yokᵘe, Give me a large jar. - - Tari nimbuin, on güari? Will you drink some tiste, or will you not? - - Oyat us ma? How do you like it (_i. e._, hot or cold)? - - Pókopi ndijpo, } Many people. - Taku pámu ndijpú, } - - Koi jini kújkᵘe, His father died. - - Muri kagroⁱ, Here is the old woman. - - Ai nambunú ju, I have a pain in the belly. - - Ni koi sime, You have already bought. - - Pe ya puti nakutá, Go and lie down in the room. - - Tiki numapuna, It is the town. - - Nam bu mejo, His stomach is weak. - - Koi tsujmú nimbu, The water is already warm. - - Koi puró nimbu, The water is already cold. - - Koi piro, He has already come. - - Pami nyumuta, The food is good. - - Cajo rismoh, I am seated. - - Neje zuma rimah, They are lying down. - - Guay cane noy, Give me a piece of tortilla. - - Koi guaja, I have already given you some. - - Garoh, Not yet. - - Ejeh } Take some! - Uji! } - - Susupusca? } How are you? - Kuj mi mo? } - - Ko´ mi muya´ i ku? And you, how are you? - - Camo cujmi umyaique, Nasi pujimo camo? There is nothing new; and - you, how are you? - - Gusapo, Take a seat. - - Nam bro´ gatsuro yaji? Why did you not come yesterday? - - Koi kᵘeme, I was up there. - - Kupa kastai, Señor, Good-by, Señor. - - Nohue opome, A tall man. - - Nya opome, A high tree. - - Nya nyamo, A short tree. - - Nyumbi yokᵘe, A large dog. - - Nyumbi pusitⁱu, A brave dog. - - Kŏyómo nikújᵘi nímbu, With thunder comes rain. - - Koⁱ pirami nimbᵘí, Already comes the rain. - - Tapuko kuno tipo kunyo, Let us go to see the sick man. - - Mundamó, The pigeon sings. - - Nde yat supu is ya? Where are you going? - - Tsupu nekajui, I am going to the garden. - - Munsu supu kujkui, They are (go) lame. - - Ropia, Come here. - - Ropia no somíngamo, Come here and sweep. - - Koi apiñame naturi, The Chocollo (bird) has already cried. - - Koi píndih Juaná, Joanna is with child. - - Pieyas mah, She already was. - - La puta (_Span._) ansu punah, The whore that bore thee. - - Cumbú puy muh, I do not remember. - - Neje rumu coy cuhme, He is already a great man. - - Nis puzu punah? What did she bring forth? - - Naci ñamu, A little girl. - - Taru miro, They are all mine. - - Neja guirmiño, That is my half. - - Niora múta pu ninda? Are you going to the shore? - - Taspo, Yes. - - Ya pu camu, In a little while. - - Mu koi cu pumé, Thou hast already seen it. - - Koi cu pumé, I have already seen it. - - Uño! See! - - Mis upa´? Where are you going? - - Umimo uyako, } We are out of breath. - Pasi pújimo, } - - Pangare´ manijitaré, Be quiet, I will pay you to-morrow. - - Gugapi, koy ujmi, Let us sleep, it is night. - - Buᵘsi naᵃ, munikako, Get away from here, you son of a devil! - - Nim bu´ tajo pa´yamo? What were you doing by the water? - - Tapame, Be good. - - Motan atima nyumpia, You come on horseback. - - -_Observations on the Vocabulary._ - -_Prefixes._--The most frequent prefixes in the vocabulary are _nyu_ and -_nya_. They probably indicate the position of the noun as independent of -expressed possessive relations. In the Chapanec they are also found, but -not so commonly. They do not appear to be classificatory particles, as -they are prefixed to the names of the most diverse objects. - -_Generic Names._--These are quite common, as is frequently the case in -American languages, in spite of what has often been said to the contrary. -The word _nyu-mbu_ means any large quadruped; _nyuⁱ_, any insect; -_narimu_, any kind of wild fruit, etc. It must be remembered that the -genera into which individuals are grouped have a widely different -connotation from those to which we are accustomed. - -_Cat._--The word for cat, _misa_, seems identical with the Cakchiquel -_mez_. In Chapanec it is _kitu_, reminding one of _kitten_. As the -domestic cat was unknown in America before the discovery, these words can -probably be traced to some European source. - -_Color Names._--The color names appear difficult to analyze, and vary from -those in Chapanec. Thus, as given by the various authorities, they are: - - Mangue, Chapanec. - Black, nanzome, R. dujamä. - White, nandirime, R. dilimä. - Yellow, nandiume, R. nandikumä. - Blue or Green, { nandipame, R. ndipamä. - { apame, B. - Red, arimbome, B. nduimä. - -In these adjectives the termination _me_ or _mä_ does not belong to the -root. Father Abornoz tells us that this suffix characterizes adjectives in -the singular number, when they qualify a certain class of nouns “in -_tighe_.” (See his _Gram._ p. 15.) The nasal or resonant beginning most of -them is also a mere prefix. - -_Proper Names._--But few native families of the Mangue districts of -Nicaragua have retained names drawn from their ancient tongues. In a list -before me of several hundred persons in Masaya and Managua, the only -surnames from the Mangue are _Norori_, _Ñamendi_, _Namullure_, _Putoi_, -_Nionongue_, _Macanche_, and perhaps _Huembes_ and _Piura_. Generally, the -natives adopted Spanish surnames. - -On the other hand, a large number of local names, derived from the Mangue -language, on the map of Nicaragua still define the region once occupied by -this nation. Such are _Nindiria_ (from _ninda_, shore, _diri_, hill), -_Nakutiri_ (from _naku_, fire, _diri_, hill), _Monimbe_ (_nimbu_, water, -rain), _Nandasimo_ (_nanda_, brook), Mombonasi (_nasi_, woman), _Masaya_, -_Managua_, _Namotiva_, _Norome_, _Nicoya_, _Oretina_, etc., etc. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] Letter of Gil Gonzalez Dávila to the Emperor Charles V, in -_Costa-Rica, Nicaragua y Panama en el Siglo_ xvi, por D. Manuel E. de -Peralta, p. 9 (Madrid, 1833). - -[2] _Historia General y Natural de Indias_, Part iii, Lib. iii. - -[3] Palacio, _Carta al Rey_, Ed. Squier, p. 20. - -[4] See the Report of Coronado in the collection of Peralta above quoted, -p. 777. - -[5] Ibid, p. 704. - -[6] “Vinieron antiguamente de la Provincia de Nicaragua unas gentes que -cansados de andar y de las descomodades que la peregrinacion trae consigo, -se quedaron en tierra de Chiapa, y poblaron en un peñol aspero orillas de -un Rio Grande que pasa por medio della y fortificaronse alli, porque nunca -se quisieron sujetar á los Reyes de Mejico, antes tenian continuamente -guerra con sus capitanes.” etc. Remesal, _Historia de Chiapa y Guatemala_, -Lib. iv, cap. xiii. - -[7] _Arte de la Lengua Chiapeneca._ Por Fray Juan de Albornoz. - -_Doctrina Cristiana en Lengua Chiapaneca._ Por Fray Luis Barrientos. - -These two publications comprise Vol. i of the _Bibliothèque de -Linguistique et d’Ethnographie Americaines, publiée par_ Alph. L. Pinart -(Paris, 1875). - -Dr. Berendt states that the natives pronounce the name of the province -_Chapa_, not _Chiapa_, and that the word is the Mangue _Chapa_, which -means their sacred bird, the Ara or Guacamayo, from which they named their -fortress in the State of Chiapas. Father Juan Nuñez, who was missionary -among them about 1620, and who preached and wrote in their tongue, also -called it “la lengua Chapaneca.” See Brasseur (de Bourbourg), -_Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatemalienne_, pp. 109, 110. - -[8] _Cuadro Descriptivo de las Lenguas Indígenas de Mexico_, Tomo iii, p. -559 (Mexico, 1875). - -[9] Latham, _Essays, chiefly Philological and Ethnographical_, p. 373 -(London, 1880). - -[10] See the excellent work of Dr. B. C. A. Nogueira, _Apontamentos sobre -o Abañeênga tambem chamado Guarani ou Tupi_, pp. 56, 57 (Rio Janeiro, -1876). - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mangue: An extinct -Dialect formerly spoken in Nica, by Daniel Garrison Brinton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON THE MANGUE *** - -***** This file should be named 53936-0.txt or 53936-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/9/3/53936/ - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MFR, University of Texas -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Notes on the Mangue: An extinct Dialect formerly spoken in Nicaragua - -Author: Daniel Garrison Brinton - -Release Date: January 10, 2017 [EBook #53936] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON THE MANGUE *** - - - - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MFR, University of Texas -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Note: Obvious printers’ errors have been corrected.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<div class="cover"> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="larger">NOTES ON THE MANGUE;</span><br /> -<br /> -An extinct Dialect formerly spoken in<br /> -Nicaragua.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -DANIEL G. BRINTON, M.D.,</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">(<i>Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 20, 1885.</i>)</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="larger">NOTES ON THE MANGUE;</span><br /> -<br /> -An extinct Dialect formerly spoken in<br /> -Nicaragua.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -DANIEL G. BRINTON, M.D.,</p> - -<p class="center smaller">Professor of Ethnology and Archæology at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">(<i>Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 20, 1885.</i>)</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">PHILADELPHIA:<br /> -<span class="smcap">McCalla & Stavely, Printers, 237-9 Dock Street</span>.<br /> -1886.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<h1>NOTES ON THE MANGUE;<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>An Extinct Dialect formerly spoken in Nicaragua</i>.</span></h1> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Daniel G. Brinton</span>, M.D.</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 20, 1885.</i>)</p> - -<p><i>Sources.</i> Nothing whatever has been published about the -Mangue language, except a list of ninety-five words, by Mr. E. -G. Squier in his work, “Nicaragua, its People, Scenery and -Monuments.” Whence he obtained this short vocabulary he -does not state; but it is evidently the work of some one only -slightly acquainted with the character of the language. I do not -make any use of it in the present notes, except in a few instances -for comparison.</p> - -<p>My authorities are, first, Don Juan Eligio de la Rocha’s -<cite>Apuntamientos de la Lengua Mangue, MS.</cite> The author was -born in Granada, C. A., June 15, 1815. By profession a lawyer, -his taste led him to the study of languages, and he acquired a -fluent knowledge of French, English and Italian. He was -appointed instructor in French and Spanish grammar in 1848 -in the University of Leon, C. A., and ten years later, 1858, published -his <cite>Elementos de Gramática Castellana</cite> (Leon, 1858, small -4to, pp. 199). His death occurred in 1873.</p> - -<p>While living in Masaya in 1842, he became interested in the -surviving remnants of the Mangues, and undertook to collect -materials for a study of their language. Unfortunately, he never -completed these investigations, and many of the sheets on which -he had recorded his notes were scattered. A few of them, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -were in the hands of his brother, Doctor Don Jesus de la -Rocha, of Granada, who gave Dr. C. H. Berendt an opportunity -to copy them in 1874.</p> - -<p>In that same year, 1874, Dr. Berendt collected the last -obtainable fragments of the Mangue. In his (printed) lecture -before the American Geographical Society in 1876, he thus -describes his efforts in this direction, and at the same time -points out the localities where the Mangue speaking populations -were located when they first came to the knowledge of the invading -whites:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“The Spaniards on entering the present State of Nicaragua from Nicoya -bay, and then marching through the country, came into contact first with -the southern section of the Chorotegas or Mangues, as they were also -called; then with a Nahuatl tribe, whose capital and king are mentioned -as bearing the name of Nicarao; and after these again with Chorotegas or -Mangues, who, however, did not occupy the whole tract of land up to the -Bay of Fonseca, but were again separated from the Chorotegas on the -shores of that bay by another foreign tribe called Maribios. Thus we -obtain the three sections into which the Chorotegas of Nicaragua were -divided at the time of the Conquest. Now, their language seemed to me -an object worthy of having some special attention bestowed upon it—not -so much for its own sake, but in order that a better understanding might -be arrived at of the ethnological features of Nicaragua, which, on account -of an insufficient acquaintance with its actual condition as well as with the -early writers, and of the rather precarious speculations and conjectures of -modern authors based upon such scanty knowledge, have become greatly -confused. Having studied the Chapanecan language on a former expedition, -and wishing to compare it with the Chorotegan, I visited Nicaragua -in the year 1874. I found that the Indian population near the Nicoya and -the Fonseca bays had entirely disappeared, and in both districts only met -with some local names belonging to the Chorotegan language. In the -third district also, where descendants of the old stock are still living in -twelve villages around the lakes of Masaya and Apoyo, I was informed -that no other vestiges of the old idiom were left, the inhabitants speaking -exclusively the Spanish language. I had, however, the good luck to -ferret out some old people who still remembered words and phrases they -had heard in their childhood; and I was enabled to collect material sufficient -to convince myself and others of the identity of this Mangue or -Chorotegan idiom with the Chapaneco language of Mexico. I was not a -moment too early in obtaining this information, for the greater number of -my informants died while I was staying in the country. I still hope that -with the knowledge of the Chorotegan thus gained in Nicaragua and -Chiapas, it may be possible to trace their history and descent backwards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -to one of the nations that were living in Anahuac in the earliest times of -which our records speak.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>The materials were never published by Dr. Berendt, nor, -indeed, did the many other projects which occupied him allow -him the leisure to collate and arrange them. I have taken them -from his original notes, often in pencil and not always perfectly -legible. But I believe those here offered can be depended upon -as accurate, and have special value as the sole remaining vestiges -of an idiom now wholly extinct.</p> - -<p><i>Synonyms.</i> It will be seen that Berendt speaks of this -people as the “Chorotegas or Mangues.” I have given the -origin of these names in the Introduction to “The Güegüence, a -Comedy-Ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish Dialect of Nicaragua,” -published as Number III, of “Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal -American Literature” (Philadelphia, 1883). They adjoined on -the north-east and south-west the Nahuatl-speaking tribe, who -occupied the narrow strip of land between Lake Nicaragua and -the Pacific ocean.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“They were of one blood and one language, and called themselves -<i>Mánkeme</i>, rulers, masters, which the Spaniards corrupted into <i>Mangues</i>. -The invading Aztecs appear to have split this ancient tribe into two fractions, -the one driven toward the south, about the Gulf of Nicoya, the -other northward, on and near Lake Managua, and beyond it on Fonseca -bay. Probably in memory of this victory, the Aztec Nicaraguans applied -to them the opprobrious name, <i>Chololteca</i>, ‘those driven out,’ from the -Nahuatl verb <i>choloa</i>, in its compulsive form <i>chololtia</i>, and the suffix, -<i>tecatl</i>, people; which was corrupted by the Spaniards into <i>Chorotegas</i>.” -(<cite>The Güegüence</cite>, Introduction, p. viii.)</p> - -</div> - -<p>In Squier’s work above referred to they are called “Chorotegans -or Dirians.” The latter is from the Mangue <i>diri</i>, a hill or -mountain, and was applied to that portion of them who dwelt in -the hilly country south of Masaya.</p> - -<p>The Spanish form of their native name is that which I should -recommend for adoption in ethnological works.</p> - -<p><i>Early Notices.</i> The old historians and travelers, on whom we -depend for our knowledge of Nicaragua, tell us practically -nothing about this language, and little about the people who -spoke it. The chieftain, called Nicoya, living on the bay of that -name, was first visited by Captain Gil Gonzalez Dávila in 1523. -The natives were estimated at about six thousand, who received<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -the Spaniards in a friendly manner, and gave them considerable -gold.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<p>Oviedo in his <cite>Historia de las Indias</cite> gives a few words of the -language as follows:</p> - -<table summary="Some words"> - <tr> - <td><i>mamea</i>,</td> - <td>hell.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>nam bi</i>,</td> - <td>dog.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>nam bue</i>,</td> - <td>tiger,</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class="noindent">the last two of which correspond to those in later vocabularies.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> - -<p>The Auditor Garcia de Palacio (1576) mentions the Mangue -as spoken in Choluteca, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, in the last -mentioned as introduced from elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> About a century later -a colony of Mangues, several hundred in number, were found by -Juan Vazquez de Coronado, almost at the extreme eastern end -of Costa Rica, in the Province of Pacaca.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Those on the Pacific -Coast, about the Gulf of Nicoya, were accustomed to cross to the -ocean on the north for trading purposes, and to obtain salt.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> -They appear to have been a people of moderate cultivation, and -rather extended commercial connections.</p> - -<p><i>Affiliations.</i> The Mangue is the mother tongue from which -the Chapanec (or Chiapanec) of Chiapas branched off. The -separation from the ancestral tribe, and the migration from -Nicaragua to Chiapas, were distinctly remembered by the Chapanec -off-shoot when first encountered by the whites. Remesal, -in his well-known history, gives a brief but clear account of it.</p> - -<p>The date of this occurrence cannot be specifically stated, but -its occasion can be readily surmised. The Mangues at one time -occupied the whole coast from the entrance of the Gulf of -Nicoya to Fonseca bay. At a period which we may locate some -time in the fourteenth century, a large colony of Aztecs descended -the coast and seized the strip between Lake Nicaragua -and the Pacific, thus splitting the Mangues in two, and driving -a large portion of them out of their homes. Some of these wanderers -remained with their relatives, but one body of them -marched north and west until they reached a lofty peak on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -Rio Grande in Central Chiapas, where they constructed a formidable -fortress, and became the terror of their Nahuatl-speaking -neighbors.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - -<p>No connection has been demonstrated between the Mangue -(or Chapanec), and any other North American language, -although owing to the liberal exertions of M. Alphonse Pinart, -we have now in print and easily procurable, a grammar and a -number of texts of the Chapanec dialect.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> - -<p>A comparison, the partial results of which I have previously -published, proves that the differences between the Chapanec and -Mangue are slight and unimportant, and for purposes of collation -with other stocks the two may be looked upon as identical.</p> - -<p>In the Introduction to “The Güegüence,” I pointed out some -singular coincidences between the Mangue and the Aymara of -Peru. Further examination of the two tongues has not added -to the list given, and has weakened the belief I entertained of -some possible connection in the past between them.</p> - -<p>I take this occasion to point out an error which has crept into -several philological works, that of confounding the Mangue -with the Nagrandan of Nicaragua. Thus, Francisco Pimentel, in -his work on the languages of Mexico, falls into the capital mistake -of declaring the Chapanec of Chiapas to be allied to the -Nagrandan of Nicaragua; and to prove his assertion, gives a -list of alleged Nagrandan words, all of which belong to the -Mangue tongue!<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> - -<p>The same confusion marks an attempt of Mr. Hyde Clark, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -London, to bring into relation “the Masaya language of -Nicaragua with the Sioux language.” The words he quotes as -from Masaya are all from the Nagrandan of Subtiaba, near -Leon. There is really no relationship between the Nagrandan -and Mangue, and although Dr. Latham has attempted to indicate -some few analogies,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> they must be deemed quite accidental.</p> - -<p>A comparison of about 125 words of the Mangue with the -Mixteca, which I find among the Berendt MSS., reveals only -about half a dozen similarities, all apparently accidental.</p> - -<p><i>Phonetics.</i> The Mangue words in this paper are principally in -letters with the Spanish powers, some of the semi-vowels being -in smaller type. The <i>h</i> is pronounced as an aspirate, and is -equivalent to the <i>j</i>, which has its aspirated Spanish value.</p> - -<p>All syllables are open; that is, they all end in a vowel sound. -Thus <i>nimbu</i>, water, is to be divided <i>ni-mbu</i>. In this respect it -resembles the Cherokee, the Japanese, etc.</p> - -<p>Dr. Berendt stated that the Chapanec dialect was the most -difficult of any American language he had ever studied, on -account of the obscurity and uncertainty of its sounds. It is -greatly syncopated, and terminal syllables are often pronounced -in so low a tone that they escape the unpracticed ear. The -vowels are not distinct, and many of the consonants are “alternating” -as it is called, that is, one may be substituted for another -without altering the meaning of the word. Thus, evil spirit -(<i>demonio</i>) may be either <i>tixämbi´</i> or <i>sisaⁱmbᵘi</i>, these two being -the same word pronounced indifferently, either way, by the same -individual. This is by no means without parallel in American -languages.</p> - -<p>The curious frequency in the Mangue of the “resonants” <i>n</i> -and <i>m</i> will strike every observer. This is also the case in the -Chapanec. Albornoz regards it as a phonetic phenomenon only, -and remarks, “Whenever a word begins with <i>b</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>y</i> or <i>d</i>, an <i>n</i> -must be written before it, which is pronounced with the word -itself.” Dr. Berendt calls it an “article” which appears as <i>n</i>, -<i>na</i>, <i>ni</i>, or <i>m</i>, especially before the letter <i>b</i>. As such, I may -suggest its similarity to the Nahuatl <i>in</i>, and the Othomi <i>na</i>, both -of which are demonstratives worn down almost to articles.</p> - -<p>There is a similar resonant nasal in various South American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -tongues, especially the Tupi-Guarani dialects of Brazil. It -appears most frequently before the consonants <i>b</i> and <i>d</i>. Its -peculiarity is that it is not an expiratory sound, but a soft <i>inspirate</i>, -and as such is claimed by Dr. Nogueira to be a phonetic -phenomenon confined exclusively to American tongues.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> I have -been unable to decide from the descriptions within my reach of -the Chapanec phonetics, whether the initial resonant is an inspirate, -and I would call the attention of travelers to this interesting -point.</p> - -<p>In addition to this simple resonant prefix there are a number -of particles beginning either with <i>n</i> or <i>m</i>, which are added to -indicate the absolute or independent form of the noun, that is, -to characterize it when not attached to a personal possessive -pronoun. Of these Albornoz gives fourteen for the singular, and -seven for the plural. This will explain the striking prevalence -of words beginning with these letters in the vocabulary.</p> - -<p>Accent is of the utmost importance in both these dialects, and -the identity to the eye of various words as <i>nyujmi</i>, ear and -smoke, arises from absence of proper accent marks in my -authorities. The words for bird, snake and flower are the same; -but Albornoz gives this very example to illustrate the importance -of accent, <i>nolō</i>, a snake, <i>nolô</i>, a flower. Unfortunately, -none of my authorities employ any accentual mark but the acute, -and this appears to be syllabic. A vowel written above the line -of the word, in Berendt’s MSS., signifies a semi-vowel.</p> - -<p><i>Structure.</i> The general structure of the Mangue was clearly -polysynthetic and incorporative in a marked degree. In its -grammar it was no doubt identical in all essential points with -the Chapanec, about which, as above mentioned, we have considerable -information in published sources. Nominal and verbal -forms are defined by the categories of animate and inanimate -genera, a distinction which is to a certain extent purely grammatical, -as for instance, a book is considered animate, and a table -inanimate (Albornoz, <cite>Gram.</cite>, cap. xiii). The first person plural -has an inclusive and exclusive form. Adjectives usually, but -not always, follow the nouns. Plurals are frequently formed -by simply lengthening the terminal vowel sound.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The Vocabulary.</i> The words in the vocabulary have been -obtained from the Rocha and Berendt MSS. Where these two -authorities differ the variants are indicated by the affixed -initials, R. and B. All words quoted for the sake of comparison -from Squier, are marked by an affixed S. The observations, -explanations and other remarks attached to the words -and phrases are my own. The comparative expressions taken -from the Chapanec (marked, <i>Chap.</i>) are from the printed works -above mentioned, or from MS. vocabularies of various authorship -in my possession.</p> - -<p>All of Rocha’s words are from the dialect of Masaya; but Dr. -Berendt obtained some at the villages of Masatepec, Niquindomo, -and Namotiva´, and this explains the occasional variants -given. The differences, however, between the speech of these -localities was evidently slight.</p> - -<h2><i>Vocabulary: English—Mangue.</i></h2> - -<p>Achiote, nariyu. (The <i>Bixa orellana</i>, a fruit tree; <i>achiote</i> is -Nahuatl).</p> - -<p>Aguacate, nirimo´, narimu. (Fruit of the <i>Persea gratissima</i>).</p> - -<p id="ancestor">Ancestor, kopo´. The same as <a href="#old"><i>old</i></a>, q. v.</p> - -<p>Ancestress, kapoi. Apparently a feminine form of <i>kopo</i>, <a href="#old">old</a>.</p> - -<p>Anona, naria´. Fruit of the <i>Anona squamosa</i>.</p> - -<p>Ant, an, náju, naᵃ.</p> - -<p>Ara, lapa; <i>Chap.</i> txapa. The <i>Ara macao</i>, of ornithologists.</p> - -<p id="arm">Arm, ndiro. Compare <a href="#hand"><i>hand</i></a>, and <a href="#finger"><i>finger</i></a>. Properly “the -upper extremity.” S. deno. <i>Chap.</i> guluᵘa.</p> - -<p>Armpit, ngisa. Compare, <a href="#beard"><i>beard</i></a>. Perhaps “hair of the armpit.”</p> - -<p id="armadillo">Armadillo (<i>Dasypus</i>), nyuku´. Compare <a href="#lizard"><i>lizard</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Ashes, nitsu, nisú.</p> - -<p>Atole, nambo. (A dish prepared from maize.)</p> - -<p id="bad">Bad, gangame, ganyame. Properly <i>not-good</i>.</p> - -<p id="bark">Bark, nansoᵘa´.</p> - -<p>Basket, najᵘari.</p> - -<p>Bat, nyuta´.</p> - -<p id="bean">Bean, nyumú.</p> - -<p id="beast">Beast, nyumbú. Compare <a href="#tiger"><i>tiger</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Bear, to (to bear children), pindih.</p> - -<p id="beard">Beard, gísa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> - -<p>Bed, nakutá.</p> - -<p>Bee, nopopo.</p> - -<p>Beetle, nagᵘa.</p> - -<p>Belly, ngusi.</p> - -<p id="bird">Bird, nori, nyuri´. Compare <a href="#snake"><i>snake</i></a> and <a href="#flower"><i>flower</i></a>. <i>Chap.</i> nuri.</p> - -<p>Bitter, yasi.</p> - -<p id="black">Black, nansome.</p> - -<p>Blood, nijnyú; S. nenuh.</p> - -<p>Blue, nandipame.</p> - -<p>Body or Flesh, nimbrome, nampoome.</p> - -<p>Bone, nyuⁱ.</p> - -<p>Bowels, ngita.</p> - -<p>Boy, nasome; R. norome; little boy, noromiñamu.</p> - -<p>Branch (of a tree) ndiro nya; = “its arm, tree.”</p> - -<p>Brandy, nimbuyasi; = “water, bitter.”</p> - -<p>Brave, pusitⁱu.</p> - -<p>Brook, nanda.</p> - -<p id="brother">Brother, manku, mambo.</p> - -<p>Brother, younger, mambo nyamo nasome.</p> - -<p>Buttocks, bojoⁱ; nbasi, basti´.</p> - -<p>Cacao, nyúsi.</p> - -<p>Camote, yujmi (an edible root).</p> - -<p>Cane, sugar, niriómbome.</p> - -<p>Cantaro (a water jar), natiyojpo.</p> - -<p>Casava, see <a href="#yuca"><i>yuca</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Cat, misa, mixa.</p> - -<p>Cat, wild, misa se nirome; = “cat of the forest.”</p> - -<p>Chachalaca, tásara. A kind of partridge called, in Nahuatl, -<i>chachalacatl</i>.</p> - -<p>Chalchihuitl (a green stone, Nah.), nyu se rayo; the last word, -<i>rayo</i>, is Spanish, and the expression means “stone of the lightning,” -the belief being that these stones are thunderbolts.</p> - -<p id="cheek">Cheek, girote. Compare <a href="#face"><i>face</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="chief">Chief, ruler, mánkeme. <i>Chap.</i> manaχämä, from <i>χimá</i>, the -head. See <i>The Güegüence</i>, Introd., p. viii, note.</p> - -<p>Chief, female, najyumbu.</p> - -<p>Child, nasungi.</p> - -<p>Chile (a sort of red pepper), ningi.</p> - -<p>Chocolate, nimbu nyusi; = “water-cacao.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> - -<p>Chocollo (a bird), naturi.</p> - -<p>Church, nakúmbui.</p> - -<p>Clay, nambroj.</p> - -<p>Clay, potter’s, nambrój se nati; = “clay of jars.”</p> - -<p>Cock, a, norijᵘé.</p> - -<p>Cockroach, nambisa.</p> - -<p>Cocoyol, neme; a species of palm.</p> - -<p>Cold, poro´, yoro, oro.</p> - -<p>Collar, or necklace, bakoya´jo.</p> - -<p>Comal (a dish or plate), nambujyoⁱ.</p> - -<p>Come, to, na.</p> - -<p>Conch-shell, txote.</p> - -<p id="cook">Cook, a female, nakaⁱ nakupasi. Comp. <a href="#kitchen"><i>kitchen</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Corn-field, namasinyu´, ndam bur´rio.</p> - -<p>Cotton, naroti´.</p> - -<p>Cotton, thread of, tapakúsime naròti.</p> - -<p>Dance, to, tasosmo.</p> - -<p>Daughter, banya nasinyamo. Comp. <a href="#son"><i>son</i></a> and <a href="#girl"><i>girl</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Daughter-in-law, mbájtioro.</p> - -<p>Dead, koⁱjme. Comp. <a href="#die"><i>to die</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Deaf, gungupajo; = not hearing.</p> - -<p id="deer">Deer, nyúmba ngami.</p> - -<p>Devil, natamasimo.</p> - -<p id="die">Die, to, nagaᵃnyu; <i>imper.</i> koijme.</p> - -<p>Dish from a gourd, nambira. Comp. <a href="#water"><i>water</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Distant, haⁱtsu.</p> - -<p>Door, nya síyu.</p> - -<p>Drink, to, <i>imper.</i> koi ri (?).</p> - -<p>Drum, nyunsú. Comp. <a href="#jicara"><i>jicara</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Dog, nyumbi´.</p> - -<p>Dog, female, nyumbi nyakaⁱ.</p> - -<p>Ear, nyújmi.</p> - -<p>Earth, land, nikupu´, nambrome.</p> - -<p>Eat, to, nasu, <i>imper.</i> koⁱta´.</p> - -<p>Egg, nyuga-yori. Comp. <a href="#bird"><i>bird</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Egg-shell, nansoᵘa. Compare <a href="#bark"><i>bark</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="enclosure">Enclosure, mendí.</p> - -<p>Enclosure of stone, mendi nyuᵃ.</p> - -<p>Excrement, nigᵘa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> - -<p id="eye">Eye, nate.</p> - -<p id="face">Face, ngroti. Compare <a href="#cheek"><i>cheek</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Father, kᵘé; kújkᵘe; S. gooha. R. coehyo.</p> - -<p>Feather, napa yorí.</p> - -<p>Female, of animals, nyaka.</p> - -<p id="finger">Finger, ndiro. Compare <a href="#arm"><i>arm</i></a> and <a href="#hand"><i>hand</i></a>. <i>Chap.</i> banya dilá.</p> - -<p>Finger nail, monsu´, munsú.</p> - -<p>Fire, nyayu, naku; S. nahu.</p> - -<p>Fish, nyujú.</p> - -<p>Flatus, píjⁱ.</p> - -<p>Flea, louse, etc., nyuⁱ.</p> - -<p>Flesh, for eating, nampumi.</p> - -<p>Flint, nyupa nyugo. Compare <a href="#stone"><i>stone</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="flower">Flower, nyuri, niri. Compare <a href="#bird"><i>bird</i></a> and <a href="#snake"><i>snake</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Fly, a, nimbrome.</p> - -<p>Food, nyumuta. Comp. <a href="#bean"><i>bean</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Foot, ngirá.</p> - -<p>Forehead, gula.</p> - -<p id="forest">Forest, nijome, nmandi.</p> - -<p>Fork, a, nya nangu. Compare <a href="#house"><i>house</i></a>. Probably the forked -stick, which supports the ridge-pole.</p> - -<p>Friend, ngurí; manku. Comp. <a href="#brother"><i>brother</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Frog, natakopó. Comp. <a href="#toad"><i>toad</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Fruit, narime.</p> - -<p>Gall, bayatimé.</p> - -<p>Gaspar, nyuju yansu. A fish sometimes called the “lizard -fish.”</p> - -<p id="girl">Girl, nasunyamo. R. najiñamu.</p> - -<p>God, kupankeme Dio; nikus´pᵘa. (Our Lord.) <i>Chap.</i> kopandχame; -comp. <a href="#chief"><i>chief</i></a>. S. gopahemedeo.</p> - -<p>Good, pami, pame, yame.</p> - -<p>Great, yokᵘe, yokᵘeme.</p> - -<p>Green, apame, yapame.</p> - -<p>Guacal (small dish), narí.</p> - -<p>Guayabo (a fruit), nikonyo´.</p> - -<p>Hair, nimbi´.</p> - -<p>Half-breed, nyukúsᵘa.</p> - -<p>Hamack, nyu. Comp. <a href="#mecate"><i>mecate</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="hand">Hand, ndiro. Comp. <a href="#arm"><i>arm</i></a> and <a href="#finger"><i>finger</i></a>. <i>Chap.</i> diⁱla.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -<p>Hat, nimpe.</p> - -<p>Hatchet, nimunguyá.</p> - -<p>Hawk, nake´.</p> - -<p id="he">He, pron. neje.</p> - -<p>Head, ngu´ kimo.</p> - -<p>Heart, nambume.</p> - -<p>Heaven, sky, nakupᵘi; nakujpu.</p> - -<p>Heavy, arime.</p> - -<p>Hedge, or fence. See <a href="#enclosure"><i>enclosure</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Henequen (a fibrous plant), notome.</p> - -<p>High, opome.</p> - -<p>Hoe, bajarítojo.</p> - -<p>Hog, nyuju.</p> - -<p>Hog, wild, nyuju mandi. Comp. <a href="#forest"><i>forest</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Honey, nambo´ pu, nombó.</p> - -<p>Horn, nimbomo.</p> - -<p>Horse, nyumpie´. Comp. <a href="#tapir"><i>tapir</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Hot, tsujmu, yátsumu.</p> - -<p id="house">House, nangu, nge.</p> - -<p id="husband">Husband, bohᵘe. Comp. <a href="#man"><i>man</i></a> and <a href="#male"><i>male</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Iguana, nyumbu. Comp. <a href="#lizard" title="No entry for animal; lizard may have been meant"><i>animal</i></a>, <a href="#beast"><i>beast</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Indian, an, namba´jimo.</p> - -<p>Jar, of pottery, nimbúgu.</p> - -<p id="jicara">Jicara (tall jar), nyúnsu.</p> - -<p>Kill, to, tambajme.</p> - -<p id="kitchen">Kitchen, nakupasi.</p> - -<p id="lake">Lake, ninda.</p> - -<p>Leaf, nyuma´.</p> - -<p>Leg, ngiko.</p> - -<p>Light, <i>adj.</i> ngári me; = not-heavy.</p> - -<p>Lightning, kŏyo´mo (?).</p> - -<p>Lion, couguar, nyumbú nyangami. Comp. <a href="#deer"><i>deer</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Little, kame; R. ñamu.</p> - -<p id="lizard">Lizard, nyukú.</p> - -<p id="low">Low, nyamo. Comp. <a href="#small"><i>small</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Macana (an iron implement for cutting brush), nampúj.</p> - -<p>Mecapal (a net for carrying loads), napalumu.</p> - -<p>Machete (a heavy knife), nímbⁱu.</p> - -<p>Maize, namá.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> - -<p>Maize, ear of, nyupó.</p> - -<p>Maize, cob of, neje´.</p> - -<p>Maize, green, nyopome.</p> - -<p>Maize, cooked (nistamal), nyu´ritu.</p> - -<p>Maize, masa of, nambima.</p> - -<p id="male">Male, of animals, jᵘe, fᵘe.</p> - -<p>Mamma, su ngitsu, ngisu.</p> - -<p id="man">Man (homo), ndijpu. <i>Chap.</i> dipaju.</p> - -<p>Man (vir), nyugo, nojue, enkaj; S. nuho. <i>Chap.</i> nuᵘa.</p> - -<p id="mantle">Mantle, of cotton, nambu sángui; R. nimbu ranguma.</p> - -<p>Married man, koipujma nasominyamo.</p> - -<p>Married woman, nojí.</p> - -<p>Mat, nuri.</p> - -<p>Metapail (hand-stone for pounding grain), ndiro nyupa (hand-stone).</p> - -<p>Metate (mealing stone, mortar), nyupá; = <a href="#stone"><i>stone</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Mill woman, a, nasinyamo tapa´ kupᵘi.</p> - -<p>Mole, nyu´kupu. Comp. <a href="#armadillo"><i>armadillo</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="money">Money, najmo´. Comp. <a href="#silver"><i>silver</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Monkey, nambi.</p> - -<p id="moon">Moon, yu. <i>Chap.</i> yujú.</p> - -<p>Mother, ngumo; nyame; ngimo; S. goomo. R. guirmoh.</p> - -<p>Mountain, hill, tiri, diri.</p> - -<p>Mouth, nyunsu; R. ñunzu.</p> - -<p>Much, pókopi.</p> - -<p>Musquito, néju.</p> - -<p>Nacatamal (maize cooked with flesh), nyuga mpume. Comp. -<a href="#tamal"><i>tamal</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Navel, ngutinyamo.</p> - -<p>Near, kopunapu.</p> - -<p>Neck, nkoⁱ.</p> - -<p>Negro, a, nanso´me. Comp. <a href="#black"><i>black</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Nephew, batsún kényamo.</p> - -<p>Nest, ngä. Comp. <a href="#house"><i>house</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Net (for carrying), niskupu, namu.</p> - -<p>Net (for fishing), najkupu; niskupu se yuju.</p> - -<p>Night, koyujmi (it is now night).</p> - -<p>No, áku.</p> - -<p>Nose, nyungú; R. nuñgu.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<p id="old">Old man, kopo´. Comp. <a href="#ancestor"><i>ancestor</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Old woman, nakaⁱ, naskaⁱme.</p> - -<p>Opossum, niyú.</p> - -<p>Orphan, butájmu.</p> - -<p>Pain, gaime.</p> - -<p>Parrot, nimbusojo.</p> - -<p>Pearl color (nacar), narimbame.</p> - -<p>Pebble, nipa. Comp. <a href="#stone"><i>stone</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Penis, buᵃyore.</p> - -<p>Petticoats, nimbusame; nambusangume. Comp. <a href="#mantle"><i>mantle</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Pigeon, nyurinyamo.</p> - -<p>Pineapple, nindi.</p> - -<p>Pinole (maize roasted and pulverized), nambari.</p> - -<p>Pisote (a badger?), nyundi.</p> - -<p>Plantain, green, nirinte, nikotona.</p> - -<p>Plantain, ripe, ndurime.</p> - -<p>Plate (of dried gourd), nambira.</p> - -<p>Pleiades, the, napopo.</p> - -<p>Poor, nambájimo, nambainjume.</p> - -<p>Pretty, tapustxuya.</p> - -<p>Priest, kuᵘjkᵘé.</p> - -<p>Privates (female), sungipᵘai motxo´tete.</p> - -<p>Rabbit, nyuku. Comp. <a href="#lizard"><i>lizard</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Rain, nimbu. Comp. <a href="#water"><i>water</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Rat, nangi.</p> - -<p>Red, arimbome.</p> - -<p>Reed, néjeri.</p> - -<p>Rind (peel), nansoᵘa´. Comp. <a href="#bark"><i>bark</i></a>.</p> - -<p>River, neju.</p> - -<p>Road, niro.</p> - -<p>Roof, nimú, nakamu´.</p> - -<p>Room, apartment, nakangu. Comp. <a href="#house" title="No entry for home; house is the closest"><i>home</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="mecate">Rope, string (mecate), nyuⁱ.</p> - -<p>Sacate (a species of grass), nimú, nakamo.</p> - -<p>Saliva, nimbójmo.</p> - -<p>Salt, niri.</p> - -<p>Sandal, or moccasin, nyansu, ninsu.</p> - -<p>Sapote, red (a fruit), noxa´, nyuxa´.</p> - -<p>Scorpion, nyumbukukí.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<p>Sea, nimbu yumbu.</p> - -<p>She, pron. neja. See <a href="#he"><i>He</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Shirt, for men, mboyú.</p> - -<p>Shirt, of women, nayu.</p> - -<p>Shore, ninda. Comp. <a href="#lake"><i>lake</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Shoulder, inkuⁱ.</p> - -<p id="silver">Silver, najmo. Comp. <a href="#money"><i>money</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Sing, to, undamo.</p> - -<p>Sister, boronyamo, mambo. Comp. <a href="#brother"><i>brother</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Skin, hide (of animals), nínsu, nansú, nyún su.</p> - -<p>Sleep, to, nagu.</p> - -<p id="small">Small, txote, nyamo. Comp. <a href="#low"><i>low</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Smoke, nyujmi; S. nemare.</p> - -<p id="snake">Snake, nyurí. <i>Chap.</i> nulú. Comp. <a href="#bird"><i>bird</i></a> and <a href="#flower"><i>flower</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="son">Son, banya.</p> - -<p>Son-in-law, ngismó.</p> - -<p>Sorcerer, nyuᵘja.</p> - -<p>Sour, yagu.</p> - -<p>Speak, to, nata, <i>imper.</i> papa´me.</p> - -<p>Squirrel, naré.</p> - -<p>Star, nyutí; R. nuti; S. nuete. <i>Chap.</i> nahuiti.</p> - -<p id="stone">Stone, rock, nyupá (pl. nipa).</p> - -<p>Stool, nambu ku ta´.</p> - -<p>Sugar, nombó. Comp. <a href="#sweet"><i>sweet</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Sun, nyumbᵘi, nomo; S. numbu. <i>Chap.</i> mapíju. Comp. <a href="#moon"><i>moon</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="sweet">Sweet, nombo´.</p> - -<p id="tamal">Tamal (a dumpling of sweetened maize), nyuga.</p> - -<p id="tapir">Tapir, the, nyumpié mandi. Comp. <a href="#forest"><i>forest</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Tear, a, nimbu nate. Comp. <a href="#water"><i>water</i></a> and <a href="#eye"><i>eye</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Tenamaste or cooking stone, hajmi nyugu (three stones), -nakupasí (see, <a href="#cook"><i>to cook</i></a>), nikusugo´.</p> - -<p>Thief, tiposi´tinyo.</p> - -<p>Thorn, ni, nindi.</p> - -<p>Thunder, koi tapu´meme; lit, “it thunders.”</p> - -<p>Thrush, nyújᵘa. A species of <i>Caprimulgus</i>.</p> - -<p>Tick, nambisá, nansumá.</p> - -<p id="tiger">Tiger, jaguar, nyumbú. Comp. <a href="#beast" title="No entry for animal; beast was probably meant"><i>animal</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Tiste (a drink of cacao, etc.), nimbyusi. Comp. <a href="#water"><i>water</i></a>.</p> - -<p id="toad">Toad, natakopó.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> - -<p>Tobacco, nyumurime; nimburime; S. nemurema. To smoke -tobacco, fasomo nimbu rimi.</p> - -<p>Tomate, naripo.</p> - -<p>To-morrow, majimi. Comp. <a href="#yesterday"><i>yesterday</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Tongue, grijᵘí.</p> - -<p>Tooth, niji.</p> - -<p>Tortilla, noⁱ.</p> - -<p>Totoposte (a kind of corn-bread), nyua yanjí.</p> - -<p>Town, namá puma, namépume.</p> - -<p>Tree, nya. Comp. <a href="#wood"><i>wood</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Trough, nimbóya. Comp. <a href="#water"><i>water</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Turtle, of water, nyuka.</p> - -<p>Ugly, ganyame. Comp. <a href="#bad"><i>bad</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Unio (the shell so-called), nyukanyamu.</p> - -<p>Vapor (mist, steam, etc.), ndipí.</p> - -<p>Vase (tinaja), nojpú.</p> - -<p>Washwoman, nasinyamo tapapa´poro.</p> - -<p>Wasp, najú (?).</p> - -<p id="water">Water, nimbú.</p> - -<p>Wax, nyu.</p> - -<p>Well (noun), kita.</p> - -<p>Where? nde.</p> - -<p>White, nandirime.</p> - -<p>Wife, mboome, njujmi. Comp. <a href="#husband"><i>husband</i></a>.</p> - -<p>Wind, nitiu´; níjtⁱu. S. neshtu.</p> - -<p>Woman, noji, nasi.</p> - -<p id="wood">Wood, nya, nindomi (?).</p> - -<p>Yellow, nandiume.</p> - -<p>Yes, un; taspo (?).</p> - -<p id="yesterday">Yesterday, yajimi.</p> - -<p id="yuca">Yuca (the <i>Yatropha manihot</i>), noya, nuya. <i>Chap.</i> niya.</p> - -<h2><i>Numerals.</i></h2> - -<table summary="Mangue words for numbers"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td>tike.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td>ha, ja, jami, jojo.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td>hajmi, jajame.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td>hahome.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td>hagujmi.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td>jendo.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">20.</td> - <td>jajué.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">800.</td> - <td>jaⁱmbí.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<h2><i>The Verb “to be,” R.</i></h2> - -<table summary="Mangue words for the conjugations of the verb “to be”"> - <tr> - <td>I am,</td> - <td>cejo.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Thou art,</td> - <td>simuh.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>He is,</td> - <td>neje sumu.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>We are,</td> - <td>cis mi muh.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h2><i>Pronouns.</i></h2> - -<table summary="Mangue words for the pronouns"> - <tr> - <td>I,</td> - <td>saho, S.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>My,</td> - <td>amba, mba.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>He,</td> - <td>neje, R.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>She,</td> - <td>neja, R.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h2><i>Phrases.</i></h2> - -<table summary="Mangue phrases"> - <tr> - <td>Koi múrio,</td> - <td>It is already dawn.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi yujmi,</td> - <td>It is already night.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi prijpi,</td> - <td>It is already growing dark.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi újumbo,</td> - <td>He has already urinated.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi gaimi ndiro,</td> - <td>He gave me his hand.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi pajo nama siñú,</td> - <td>I am going to die (ya me voy a la muerte).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi-li nimbuyati,</td> - <td>I drank some brandy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi-tā cutaca ñumbi´,</td> - <td>I ate like a dog.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi-li gipomo ga muningui,</td> - <td>I ate broth with chile.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tagüaime ga muñunso yokᵘe,</td> - <td>Give me a large jar.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tari nimbuin, on güari?</td> - <td>Will you drink some tiste, or will you not?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oyat us ma?</td> - <td>How do you like it (<i>i. e.</i>, hot or cold)?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pókopi ndijpo,</td> - <td class="valign" rowspan="2"><span class="bracket">}</span> <span class="by-bracket">Many people.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Taku pámu ndijpú,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi jini kújkᵘe,</td> - <td>His father died.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Muri kagroⁱ,</td> - <td>Here is the old woman.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ai nambunú ju,</td> - <td>I have a pain in the belly.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ni koi sime,</td> - <td>You have already bought.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pe ya puti nakutá,</td> - <td>Go and lie down in the room.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tiki numapuna,</td> - <td>It is the town.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nam bu mejo,</td> - <td>His stomach is weak.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi tsujmú nimbu,</td> - <td>The water is already warm.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi puró nimbu,</td> - <td>The water is already cold.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>Koi piro,</td> - <td>He has already come.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pami nyumuta,</td> - <td>The food is good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cajo rismoh,</td> - <td>I am seated.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Neje zuma rimah,</td> - <td>They are lying down.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Guay cane noy,</td> - <td>Give me a piece of tortilla.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi guaja,</td> - <td>I have already given you some.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Garoh,</td> - <td>Not yet.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ejeh</td> - <td class="valign" rowspan="2"><span class="bracket">}</span> <span class="by-bracket">Take some!</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Uji!</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Susupusca?</td> - <td class="valign" rowspan="2"><span class="bracket">}</span> <span class="by-bracket">How are you?</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kuj mi mo?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ko´ mi muya´ i ku?</td> - <td>And you, how are you?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Camo cujmi umyaique, Nasi pujimo camo?</td> - <td>There is nothing new; and you, how are you?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gusapo,</td> - <td>Take a seat.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nam bro´ gatsuro yaji?</td> - <td>Why did you not come yesterday?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi kᵘeme,</td> - <td>I was up there.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kupa kastai, Señor,</td> - <td>Good-by, Señor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nohue opome,</td> - <td>A tall man.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nya opome,</td> - <td>A high tree.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nya nyamo,</td> - <td>A short tree.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nyumbi yokᵘe,</td> - <td>A large dog.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nyumbi pusitⁱu,</td> - <td>A brave dog.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kŏyómo nikújᵘi nímbu,</td> - <td>With thunder comes rain.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koⁱ pirami nimbᵘí,</td> - <td>Already comes the rain.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tapuko kuno tipo kunyo,</td> - <td>Let us go to see the sick man.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mundamó,</td> - <td>The pigeon sings.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nde yat supu is ya?</td> - <td>Where are you going?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tsupu nekajui,</td> - <td>I am going to the garden.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Munsu supu kujkui,</td> - <td>They are (go) lame.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ropia,</td> - <td>Come here.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ropia no somíngamo,</td> - <td>Come here and sweep.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi apiñame naturi,</td> - <td>The Chocollo (bird) has already cried.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi píndih Juaná,</td> - <td>Joanna is with child.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pieyas mah,</td> - <td>She already was.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>La puta (<i>Span.</i>) ansu punah,</td> - <td>The whore that bore thee.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cumbú puy muh,</td> - <td>I do not remember.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Neje rumu coy cuhme,</td> - <td>He is already a great man.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nis puzu punah?</td> - <td>What did she bring forth?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>Naci ñamu,</td> - <td>A little girl.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Taru miro,</td> - <td>They are all mine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Neja guirmiño,</td> - <td>That is my half.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Niora múta pu ninda?</td> - <td>Are you going to the shore?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Taspo,</td> - <td>Yes.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ya pu camu,</td> - <td>In a little while.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mu koi cu pumé,</td> - <td>Thou hast already seen it.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Koi cu pumé,</td> - <td>I have already seen it.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Uño!</td> - <td>See!</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mis upa´?</td> - <td>Where are you going?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Umimo uyako,</td> - <td class="valign" rowspan="2"><span class="bracket">}</span> <span class="by-bracket">We are out of breath.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pasi pújimo,</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Pangare´ manijitaré,</td> - <td>Be quiet, I will pay you to-morrow.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Gugapi, koy ujmi,</td> - <td>Let us sleep, it is night.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Buᵘsi naᵃ, munikako,</td> - <td>Get away from here, you son of a devil!</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Nim bu´ tajo pa´yamo?</td> - <td>What were you doing by the water?</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tapame,</td> - <td>Be good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Motan atima nyumpia,</td> - <td>You come on horseback.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h2><i>Observations on the Vocabulary.</i></h2> - -<p><i>Prefixes.</i>—The most frequent prefixes in the vocabulary are -<i>nyu</i> and <i>nya</i>. They probably indicate the position of the noun -as independent of expressed possessive relations. In the Chapanec -they are also found, but not so commonly. They do not -appear to be classificatory particles, as they are prefixed to the -names of the most diverse objects.</p> - -<p><i>Generic Names.</i>—These are quite common, as is frequently -the case in American languages, in spite of what has often been -said to the contrary. The word <i>nyu-mbu</i> means any large quadruped; -<i>nyuⁱ</i>, any insect; <i>narimu</i>, any kind of wild fruit, etc. It -must be remembered that the genera into which individuals are -grouped have a widely different connotation from those to which -we are accustomed.</p> - -<p><i>Cat.</i>—The word for cat, <i>misa</i>, seems identical with the Cakchiquel -<i>mez</i>. In Chapanec it is <i>kitu</i>, reminding one of <i>kitten</i>. -As the domestic cat was unknown in America before the discovery, -these words can probably be traced to some European -source.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Color Names.</i>—The color names appear difficult to analyze, -and vary from those in Chapanec. Thus, as given by the various -authorities, they are:</p> - -<table summary="Comparison of color names between the languages"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th>Mangue,</th> - <th>Chapanec.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Black,</td> - <td>nanzome, R.</td> - <td>dujamä.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>White,</td> - <td>nandirime, R.</td> - <td>dilimä.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yellow,</td> - <td>nandiume, R.</td> - <td>nandikumä.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="2" class="valign"><span class="by-bracket">Blue or Green,</span> <span class="bracket">{</span></td> - <td>nandipame, R.</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="valign">ndipamä.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>apame, B.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Red,</td> - <td>arimbome, B.</td> - <td>nduimä.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>In these adjectives the termination <i>me</i> or <i>mä</i> does not belong -to the root. Father Abornoz tells us that this suffix characterizes -adjectives in the singular number, when they qualify a certain -class of nouns “in <i>tighe</i>.” (See his <cite>Gram.</cite> p. 15.) The -nasal or resonant beginning most of them is also a mere prefix.</p> - -<p><i>Proper Names.</i>—But few native families of the Mangue districts -of Nicaragua have retained names drawn from their -ancient tongues. In a list before me of several hundred persons -in Masaya and Managua, the only surnames from the Mangue -are <i>Norori</i>, <i>Ñamendi</i>, <i>Namullure</i>, <i>Putoi</i>, <i>Nionongue</i>, <i>Macanche</i>, -and perhaps <i>Huembes</i> and <i>Piura</i>. Generally, the natives adopted -Spanish surnames.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, a large number of local names, derived -from the Mangue language, on the map of Nicaragua still define -the region once occupied by this nation. Such are <i>Nindiria</i> -(from <i>ninda</i>, shore, <i>diri</i>, hill), <i>Nakutiri</i> (from <i>naku</i>, fire, <i>diri</i>, -hill), <i>Monimbe</i> (<i>nimbu</i>, water, rain), <i>Nandasimo</i> (<i>nanda</i>, brook), -Mombonasi (<i>nasi</i>, woman), <i>Masaya</i>, <i>Managua</i>, <i>Namotiva</i>, <i>Norome</i>, -<i>Nicoya</i>, <i>Oretina</i>, etc., etc.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Letter of Gil Gonzalez Dávila to the Emperor Charles V, in <cite>Costa-Rica, Nicaragua -y Panama en el Siglo</cite> xvi, por D. Manuel E. de Peralta, p. 9 (Madrid, 1833).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <cite>Historia General y Natural de Indias</cite>, Part iii, Lib. iii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Palacio, <cite>Carta al Rey</cite>, Ed. Squier, p. 20.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See the Report of Coronado in the collection of Peralta above quoted, p. 777.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Ibid, p. 704.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> “Vinieron antiguamente de la Provincia de Nicaragua unas gentes que cansados -de andar y de las descomodades que la peregrinacion trae consigo, se quedaron -en tierra de Chiapa, y poblaron en un peñol aspero orillas de un Rio Grande -que pasa por medio della y fortificaronse alli, porque nunca se quisieron sujetar -á los Reyes de Mejico, antes tenian continuamente guerra con sus capitanes.” -etc. Remesal, <cite>Historia de Chiapa y Guatemala</cite>, Lib. iv, cap. xiii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <cite>Arte de la Lengua Chiapeneca.</cite> Por Fray Juan de Albornoz. -</p> -<p> -<cite>Doctrina Cristiana en Lengua Chiapaneca.</cite> Por Fray Luis Barrientos. -</p> -<p> -These two publications comprise Vol. i of the <cite>Bibliothèque de Linguistique et -d’Ethnographie Americaines, publiée par</cite> Alph. L. Pinart (Paris, 1875). -</p> -<p> -Dr. Berendt states that the natives pronounce the name of the province -<i>Chapa</i>, not <i>Chiapa</i>, and that the word is the Mangue <i>Chapa</i>, which means their -sacred bird, the Ara or Guacamayo, from which they named their fortress in the -State of Chiapas. Father Juan Nuñez, who was missionary among them about -1620, and who preached and wrote in their tongue, also called it “la lengua -Chapaneca.” See Brasseur (de Bourbourg), <cite>Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatemalienne</cite>, -pp. 109, 110.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <cite>Cuadro Descriptivo de las Lenguas Indígenas de Mexico</cite>, Tomo iii, p. 559 (Mexico, -1875).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Latham, <cite>Essays, chiefly Philological and Ethnographical</cite>, p. 373 (London, 1880).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See the excellent work of Dr. B. C. A. Nogueira, <cite>Apontamentos sobre o Abañeênga tambem chamado Guarani ou Tupi</cite>, pp. 56, 57 (Rio Janeiro, 1876).</p> - -</div> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Mangue: An extinct -Dialect formerly spoken in Nica, by Daniel Garrison Brinton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES ON THE MANGUE *** - -***** This file should be named 53936-h.htm or 53936-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/9/3/53936/ - -Produced by Mary Glenn Krause, MFR, University of Texas -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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