diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53904-h.zip | bin | 49863 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53904-h/53904-h.htm | 1269 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53904-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 23921 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53904.txt | 1146 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53904.zip | bin | 25092 -> 0 bytes |
8 files changed, 17 insertions, 2415 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a69bfd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53904 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53904) diff --git a/old/53904-h.zip b/old/53904-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8798346..0000000 --- a/old/53904-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/53904-h/53904-h.htm b/old/53904-h/53904-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 19c35e9..0000000 --- a/old/53904-h/53904-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1269 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> - -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Slavery, by J. L. Baker. - </title> - <style type="text/css"> - - p { margin-top: .75em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - - p.bold {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} - p.bold2 {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - } - h1 span, h2 span { display: block; text-align: center; } - #id1 { font-size: smaller } - - - hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; - } - - hr.smler { - width: 15%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 42.5%; - margin-right: 42.5%; - clear: both; - } - - body{margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - - table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: right;} - - .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - text-indent: 0px; - } /* page numbers */ - - .center {text-align: center;} - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - .space-above {margin-top: 3em;} - .left {text-align: left;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Slavery, by J. L. Baker - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Slavery - -Author: J. L. Baker - -Release Date: January 7, 2017 [EBook #53904] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="center"><a name="cover.jpg" id="cover.jpg"></a><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" /></div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - -<h1>SLAVERY:</h1> - -<p class="bold space-above">BY</p> - -<p class="bold2">J. L. BAKER.</p> - -<p class="bold">AUTHOR OF "EXPORTS AND IMPORTS," "MEN AND THINGS," &c.</p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="bold">PHILADELPHIA:</p> - -<p class="bold">JOHN A. NORTON,</p> - -<p class="bold">1860.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - -<p class="bold2">SLAVERY.</p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>The recent attempt of John Brown to incite an insurrection at Harper's -Ferry has created no little excitement throughout the country. Strange -and desperate as the movement was, it seems to have been the natural and -necessary result of the long twenty years' war, waged in the free States -upon the institutions of the South, the culminating point, it is to be -hoped, in a reform based on no sound principle, and which, like an -epidemic, has swept over the land, fruitful only in bitter words, harsh -recrimination, sectional hostility, and ending, like the last act of a -tragedy, in violence and murder.</p> - -<p>The scene that has been enacted at Harper's Ferry will perhaps have the -effect to open the eyes of the nation, so that they can see fully the -yawning gulf, the brink of which they have at last reached, and lead -them to examine the ground on which they stand; inquire what they have -been doing, and what good cause can be served by a course of action -which has led to such fatal results. Many lives have been sacrificed. A -whole family has been ruined, and an old man has been led out to suffer -the last and most terrible infliction of the law. He has been but an -instrument in the hands of others, who have acted, with the exception of -some political leaders, from honest convictions.</p> - -<p>The time has now come, however, for them to inquire, and for all to -inquire with the utmost seriousness, if these convictions of duty have -been just and commendable, or if they have been mistaken, and therefore -to be condemned. Zeal without knowledge is a dangerous weapon, as all -history has proved, and it is incumbent upon all, not only to do right, -but to think right. It is an old maxim that ignorance of the law excuses -no man, and it is equally true that we are not at liberty to follow our -blind impulses, but are bound to inform ourselves, and to <i>know</i> whether -a particular course of action, however well intended, is such as will -not defeat the very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> purposes we have in view, while it brings misery -and ruin to thousands of our fellow beings.</p> - -<p>Liberty has been in all ages of the world a most fruitful theme for the -poet and the orator, and still its true nature and conditions are but -imperfectly understood. Constitutional liberty, such as that of England -and the United States, is possible only to a race that has a physical -temperament that fits it for self-control or self-government, and to -such a race only is it a blessing. But few such races have been known in -history. One of them was the Grecian, and afterwards the Roman, but both -became degenerated, and lost the capacity of self-government.</p> - -<p>In modern times the English nation has exhibited the same capacity, -which belongs also to ourselves, who are of the same blood. No other -people have those constitutional traits which fit them for -self-government, which is but another name for self-restraint. The -Frenchman is volatile, fickle, and fond of glory, and less free to-day -than he was under Louis the Sixteenth. He has a government which answers -to his wants and his genius, which exactly represents his condition, and -contributes, therefore, most to his happiness. Should he, in the course -of centuries, become changed in his physical and mental constitution, he -will find, necessarily, a government that corresponds to the progress he -has made. Governments are but the agents and representatives of the -people. They reflect very nearly the condition of the governed, and -change to meet the changes of those they represent. No mortal power can -prevent any people from taking and enjoying that degree of freedom they -are capable of enjoying, and which would, therefore, contribute to their -happiness. What is true of France, is true of the other European -nations, and of all nations; so that we never deceive ourselves more -completely than when we talk of political liberty as something equally -applicable to all, and attainable by all.</p> - -<p>Such liberty the Anglo-Saxon finds contributing to his happiness; but it -may be the greatest curse, as it has often proved to those who have -different blood in their veins, who have not the same capacity of -self-control, and who enjoy, therefore, as much, if not more, under -governments suited to their peculiar temperaments. An Italian Republic -exists only in the dreams of Mazzini and Garibaldi, and yet if the sum -of human happiness could be measured, there may be as much happiness in -Italy, and perhaps more than is to be found in the two nations that are -able to live under a constitutional government.</p> - -<p>It often happens, that among those nations which require a strong<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> -government, we find a larger amount of social freedom, than among those -who are politically more free. A man is more free to express an opinion -in Paris, upon any matter of science or religion, or other topic, -excepting politics, than he is in Boston. He stands less in awe of his -neighbors, feels less the pressure of public opinion, than do we, on -whom government bears lightly, but who are, to a corresponding extent, -the slaves of Public Sentiment. Where laws bear lightest, Public Opinion -takes their place, and becomes, often, a dreadful tyrant, as is seen -frequently in our western States, and on the borders of civilization. On -the other hand, where there exists the least political freedom, we find -the largest social liberty, as though one was incompatible with the -other, which is probably the case, and for the reason that man must be -governed to a certain extent in some way, and if he becomes politically -more free, he becomes by necessity, socially, more enslaved.</p> - -<p>We shall find, if we look at the different nations of the world, that -each enjoys that degree of liberty, either political or social, which -most contributes to its happiness. If this were not the case with any -nation, it is certain that its condition would be changed at once, to -correspond to its wants and capacities. No government, however despotic, -could for a moment prevent such a result; nor is it at all safe to judge -of the real condition of a nation, by the excited harangues of such -enthusiasts as Kossuth and Mazzini.</p> - -<p>As fast as a people become capable of self-control or self-government, -just so fast the government becomes modified to meet their wants; for -they are in fact the government, and rulers are but their -representatives.</p> - -<p>This view of liberty will be considered, I am aware, by many as very -heretical and not at all in accordance with the facts of history or the -nature of man. To some it will, no doubt, appear new as well as strange, -and very doubtful. That what we call constitutional liberty, however, -depends mainly upon the peculiar physical and moral temperament of a -people, I cannot doubt. Self-government is constitutional in more senses -than one. Such at least is the result of my reflections upon the -subject. The lesson I learn from history is, that no amount of physical -or mental culture can materially change the peculiar temperament which -belongs to each race. A nation may be educated to excel in all the arts -and all the sciences, in oratory, philosophy, poetry, music, and -painting, but not in the art of self-government, which implies a natural -gift bestowed upon a very small portion of the human race. To judge of a -people in this respect we must also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> witness their capacity at home, and -not be deceived by what happens to individuals or small communities when -thrown into the midst of a self-controlling or self-governing race. Such -is the case with our German population which constitutes an intelligent, -useful, law-abiding portion of our citizens, and to all appearance -capable of exercising the functions of self-government. But we must -consider that they exist here surrounded and entirely controlled by our -own people, and in some parts of the Union have been born and brought up -under our institutions. If we wish to know the capacity of their race -for self-government, we must go to Germany, and if possible find it -there. The German race comes nearest to our own and excels it in some -respects, though wanting the necessary political elements with which we -are gifted. For many years the profoundest scholars and the greatest -musical composers have been found in Germany, which has also produced in -Goethe and Schiller, names worthy to rank with the greatest of modern -times. We come from the same stock and the same northern hive, but have -pursued different courses, and have not now the same blood in our veins. -One race takes naturally to politics, for which it has an aptitude and -capacity, the other as naturally to music and painting, to science and -philosophy. In the lapse of centuries, the physical constitution of both -may change. The English may lose by admixture the peculiar qualities of -blood which now distinguish them, and so lose their capacity of -self-control. They may become degenerated, like the Romans, by the -enervating influence of luxury, and like that nation lose their -constitutional liberty. So on the other hand, Germany may, in the -progress of time, undergo changes equally great and in precisely the -opposite direction. A union of the different races of that vast kingdom -may produce a new result. A new race may arise which shall excel the -present race of Englishmen, in the capacity of self-government. The -present English race is the work of centuries, and contains the blood of -Saxons, Danes, and Normans, blended in due proportion for the production -of a certain result, and such a result as can nowhere else be witnessed.</p> - -<p>If the theory of human liberty, which I have thus so briefly and -imperfectly suggested, is the true one, and is supported by the facts of -history, then it will furnish us with a key to unlock some of those hard -problems in human life and destiny which have so puzzled mankind, and -which have resisted all attempts at solution.</p> - -<p>If we regard all nations as moving on in the sphere designed by -Providence, each seeking and finding its happiness in its own -way,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>—some less capable of self-restraint than others, some enjoying a -high degree of political liberty, and some, on the other hand, in -possession of a high degree of social freedom; their happiness dependent -not so much on the peculiar forms of their government as upon its -adaptation to their peculiar wants and capacities,—we shall be relieved -of much of that commiseration and misplaced sympathy which we have -bestowed upon others, and which was, perhaps, more needed by ourselves. -Viewed in the light I have suggested, and also in connection with the -great facts, moral and physical, of which I am about to speak more -particularly, the problem of negro slavery in the United States is not -one so difficult of solution as has been generally supposed. The recent -outbreak in Virginia brings home to us, with renewed and redoubled -force, the question, What must become of the millions of slaves in our -Southern States, could they be set free by some such movement as that of -John Brown, urged on by those who have been for many years engaged in -agitating the subject?</p> - -<p>This is the important matter for our consideration, or rather it should -have been the matter to have been considered many years ago. This is the -problem which should have been solved by those who have been so long -dealing in such extravagant language and "glittering generalities" about -the natural rights of man. They should have informed us what is to -become of those millions, suddenly let loose from restraint and thrown -upon their own resources, no longer to be protected by the white race, -but to be met by competition, by undying prejudice, extreme social -hardship, and the "irrepressible conflict" of incompatible races.</p> - -<p>Those of us who have attained to middle age have been taught by -experience that no portion of those millions could exist for any length -of time on the soil of Massachusetts. But for the occasional emigration -from the South, a negro would now be a sight as rare in this State as -that of a wild Indian, hardly a remnant being left of the families which -we knew in our boyhood.</p> - -<p>From statistics gathered by the late Dr. Jesse Chickering, it appears -that the blacks die in Massachusetts in a ratio of three to one as -compared with the whites. This state of things is the result of both -moral and physical causes. The depressing influence of extreme social -hardship, which no philanthropy can alleviate, accounts in a great -measure for this unequal mortality; while physical causes operate, -perhaps, still more to the same effect. Of the latter, we may learn -something from a paper read a few years since before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> the Boston Society -of Natural History, by Dr. Samuel Kneeland, Jr., from which the -following is an extract:—</p> - -<blockquote><p>"The mulatto is often triumphantly appealed to as a proof that -hybrid races are prolific without end. Every physician who has seen -much practice among the mulattoes knows that, in the first place, -they are far less prolific than the blacks or whites,—the -statistics of New York State and city confirm this fact of daily -observation; and in the second place, when they are prolific, the -progeny is frail, diseased, short-lived, rarely arriving at robust -manhood or maturity. Physicians need not be told of the -comparatively enormous amount of scrofulous and deteriorated -constitutions found among those hybrids.</p> - -<p>"The Colonization Journal furnishes some statistics with regard to -the colored population of New York city, which must prove painfully -interesting to all reflecting people. The late census showed that, -while other classes of our population in all parts of the country -were increasing in an enormous ratio, the colored were decreasing. -In the State of New York, in 1840, there were fifty thousand; in -1850, only forty-seven thousand. In New York city, in 1840, there -were eighteen thousand; in 1850, seventeen thousand. According to -the New York City Inspector's report for the four months, ending -with October, 1853:—</p> - -<table summary="Births deaths and marriages"> - <tr> - <td>1.</td> - <td class="left"> The whites present marriages,</td> - <td>2,230</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="left"> The colored present marriages,</td> - <td>26</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2.</td> - <td class="left"> The whites present births,</td> - <td>6,780</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="left"> The colored present births,</td> - <td>70</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>3.</td> - <td class="left"> The whites deaths about</td> - <td>6,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="left"> (exclusive of 2,152 among 116,000 newly-arrived<br /> -emigrants, and others unacclimated.)</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="left"> The colored exhibit deaths,</td> - <td>160</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>giving a ratio of deaths among acclimated whites to colored persons -of thirty-seven to one; while the births are ninety-seven whites to -one colored. The ratio of whites to colored, is as -follows:—Marriages, 140 to 1; births, 97 to 1; deaths, 37 to 1. -According to the ratio of the population, the marriages among the -whites, during this time, are three times greater than among the -colored; the number of births among the whites is twice as great. -In deaths, the colored exceed the white not only according to ratio -of population, but show one hundred and sixty-five deaths to -seventy-six births, or seven deaths to three births,—more than two -to one.</p> - -<p>"The same is true, of Boston, as far as the census returns will -enable us to judge. In Shattuck's census of 1845, it appears that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> -in that year there were one hundred and forty-six less colored -persons in Boston than in 1840; the total number being 1842. From -the same work, the deaths are given for a period of fifty years, -from 1725 to 1775, showing the mortality among the blacks to have -been twice that among the whites. Of late years, Boston, probably, -does not differ from itself in former times, nor from New York at -present. In the compendium of the United States census for 1850, p. -64, it is said that the 'declining ratio of the increase of the -free colored in every section is notable. In New England, the -increase is now almost nothing;' in the south-west and the Southern -states, the increase is much reduced; it is only in the north-west -that there is any increase, 'indicating a large emigration to that -quarter.' What must become of the black population at this rate in -a few years? What are the causes of this decay? They do not -disregard the laws of social and physical well-being any more than, -if they do as much as, the whites. It seems to me one of the -necessary consequences of attempts to mix races; the hybrids cease -to be prolific; the race must die out as mulatto; it must either -keep black unmixed, or become extinct. Nobody doubts that a mixed -offspring may be produced by intermarriage of different races,—the -Griquas, the Papuas, the Cafuses of Brazil, so elaborately -enumerated by Prichard, sufficiently prove this. The question is, -whether they would be perpetuated if strictly confined to -intermarriage among themselves? From the facts in the case of -mulattoes, we say unquestionably not. The same is true, as far as -has been observed, of the mixture of the white and red races, in -Mexico, Central and South America. The well-known infrequency of -mixed offspring between the European and Australian races, led the -Colonial government to official inquiries, and to the result, that, -in thirty-one districts, numbering fifteen thousand inhabitants, -the half-breeds did not exceed two hundred, though the connection -of the two races was very intimate.</p> - -<p>"If any one wishes to be convinced of the inferiority and tendency -to disease in the mulatto race, even with the assistance of the -pure blood of the black and white race, he need only witness what I -did recently, viz.: the disembarkation from a steamboat of a -colored pic-nic party, of both sexes, of all ages, from the infant -in arms to the aged, and of all hues, from the darkest black to a -color approaching white. There was no <i>old mulatto</i>, though there -were several <i>old negroes</i>; many fine-looking mulattoes of both -sexes, evidently the first offspring from the pure races; then came -the youths and children, and here could be read the sad truth at a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> -glance. The little blacks were agile and healthy-looking; the -little mulattoes, youths and young women, farther removed from the -pure stocks, were sickly, feeble, thin, with frightful scars and -skin diseases, and <i>scrofula</i> stamped on every feature and every -visible part of the body. Here was hybridity of human races, under -the most favorable circumstances of worldly condition and social -position."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Such are the results of an unfavorable climate and the mixture of the -blood of two races that can never intermarry. The union of such races -produces the results described by Dr. Kneeland. Similar results are -observed when the two races differ less and where marriage is possible, -as for instance in Mexico and Central America, which are in ruins from -the union of the Spanish and native blood. Union of different races is, -on the other hand, often highly beneficial, our own blood being a -fortunate result of such a union, but such races must be similar and not -like those of Europe, Africa, and the natives of this country, wholly -dissimilar or repugnant. At the South, the free black would suffer less -from the effects of climate; but much more from the extreme prejudice -existing there towards the black, when he assumes the position of an -equal. To suppose he could exist under such a state of things is to -ignore all experience, and the observation of every day. In Jamaica, the -English Government have troops to protect the freed slaves from the -encroachments of their old masters; but there it is stated, on the -authority of the London Times, that the blacks are not only falling -below the point of civilization attained during their servitude, but in -many cases actually returning to their native barbarism, and the worship -of idols. We have no such standing army here, but the slave, when free, -must be left to the tender mercies of his former master. What would be -the fate of the slave is as certain as is the fate of the North American -Indian, the difference being that the Indian flies from civilization, -which destroys him, while the imitative and mild-tempered African -cling-to civilization which as certainly destroys <i>him</i>. How far he may -rise in the scale of civilization if left to himself, whether the -African is a self-sustaining and progressive race, or whether it will -lose, when left to itself, what has been gained, and fall back in a -state of barbarism, are questions not settled as yet by experiment. The -attempt is making in Liberia, and it is to be hoped successfully, to -solve this question in favor of the negro; but sufficient time has not -yet elapsed, nor is the testimony which comes from the West Indies by -any means such as could be wished.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p><p>From some of our Western States the colored man has been entirely -excluded. This is a wise provision, and a merciful one, to the blacks, -who come into the free States only to drag out a few years in some -menial employment, and then disappear with their families, if they have -any, leaving no trace behind. If history and experience teach us -anything, it is this, that two races constituted like the Anglo-Saxon -and the African, can never co-exist in a state of equality, which means -competition. So long as the inferior race is in a dependent condition, -and can claim support and protection from the white, it remains, with -rare exceptions, contented and happy, the great burden of such a -relation falling, in fact, upon the master, and not upon the slave. The -moment that relation is changed, the negro thrown upon his own -resources, and exposed to the withering and blasting effects of that -ineradicable antipathy which exists towards all of African descent, that -moment his fate is sealed; he perishes like the autumn leaves when comes -a killing frost, and, in course of a very few generations, not a vestige -remains to show that he has ever existed.</p> - -<p>This is a truth which experience and observation have taught us, and -which could not have been taught in the same manner to Mr. Jefferson, -and other founders of our government, whose opinions are quoted in favor -of the abolition of slavery. That slavery was an evil, they knew, and we -know it also, but that the evil is mainly to the white, and that the -black could never co-exist with his master in a state of freedom, they -did not know, because the experiment had not been tried. Sufficient time -has now elapsed to settle that question, and in a manner which would -seem to leave but small chance for doubt to a rational mind.</p> - -<p>Such, I suppose, to be the immutable law of Providence, regulating the -intercourse of those races which he has made, and given to one a white -skin, and to the other a dark one. The Creator of all things could, -doubtless, have made all white, or all black, but, for some purpose -which we cannot fathom, he has chosen not to do so. He has created some -races near akin to each other, and some entirely incompatible and -repugnant, and it is not for us to say that he has done wrong. If -possible, we should ascertain what are the laws, physical and moral, -which <i>he has established</i>, and then we shall do well to acquiesce in -them as being right, without attempting to repeal or improve upon them, -or to set up in opposition our own notions about what we call <i>abstract -right</i>. Right is not an abstraction, but a reality, and, to find out -what it is, we have to consult our experience, observation, revelation, -expediency, divine laws and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> human laws, and every source from which we -can gather the means of directing our limited capacities to the -formation of just conclusions.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<p>Some may say, perhaps, better let them perish then, than remain in -slavery. As the slaves do not say so themselves, I do not, for one, feel -warranted in saying it for them. They may, in the designs of Providence, -have an important mission to perform,—that mission being, for aught we -know, to carry back from their long sojourn in a land of bondage the -seeds of civilization to benighted Africa, the home of their fathers. -Whatever may be their ultimate fate, I do not feel warranted in -hastening and deciding it by exterminating them, or, in other words, -dissolving the tie that binds them to those whose duty and interest it -is to protect them. A heavy burden lies upon the backs of the masters, -which they cannot throw off at will, and with which we are not burdened. -They have a sad and perplexing duty to perform, and why should we, by -our interference, increase those burdens which we can do nothing to -lighten? All such interference is a positive injury to the slave, and -insulting to those with whom we have formed a copartnership, and with -whom we must live as one family, so long as we continue to be a free people.</p> - -<p>One who has a true respect for the colored man and a just regard for his -interests, will not, I think, wish to see him placed in a false -position, such as he occupies in the free States, hanging for a short -time upon the skirts of a community which disowns him, and then sinking -into the grave leaving no trace behind. For the negro there is, -socially, no hope in the free States, and those who flatter him with -such a prospect do him a most grievous wrong. A few of partly African -descent and possessed of considerable intellectual endowments have been -thus deceived, as they will no doubt have occasion to realize most fully.</p> - -<p>As lovers of their race how can they wish to see it occupy its present -position in the free States? If they would improve its condition, why -not lead out a colony to its native land, where it can live and not die, -where it can be relieved from the destroying influence of the -Anglo-Saxon, and stand up on its own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> ground, conscious of no superior, -feeling its own dignity, and with ample opportunity for the development -of all the faculties with which it has been endowed. Such a work would -be worthy of the best intellect and the highest powers that have been -bestowed on either black or white; but those of the colored race who are -content with delivering anti-slavery lectures, or writing for -anti-slavery papers, so far from elevating their race are engaged in a -work which can end only in ruin, to the blacks certainly, in the loss of -life and entire extinction, and to the whites in the loss it may be of a -Union which no art can restore to its original beauty and perfection -when once destroyed. As the true friend of the negro, I would not -flatter him with delusive hopes and false expectations that can never be -realized as has been too often and constantly done by very excellent -men, and with the very best intentions; but, I would endeavor, as far as -possible, to tell him the truth, however unpalatable, in the full belief -that in the end such truth will operate for the best interest of all, -black and white, bond and free.</p> - -<p>The diversities and repulsions of race which have been ordained, no -doubt, for some wise purpose, are intended, perhaps, only for this state -of existence. Another life may present a new order of things in which no -such distinctions exist. Men have been created to differ from each other -physically, morally, and intellectually, but still all are equal before -the Creator of all, entitled to an equal share in his bounty, and to the -enjoyments of life best suited to the genius and capacity of each. In -another world the genius and capacity of all may be alike, all finding -happiness in the society of all—and in a mutual pursuit of the same -objects, whether of knowledge or of taste, of study or of worship.</p> - -<p>It is much to be hoped that this subject will ere long be treated in a -very different manner from what it has been for the last fifteen or -twenty years. It is simply a question of races, and all the violent and -bitter harangues that have been uttered have advanced not one step -towards ameliorating the condition of the slave, or solving the problem -of negro slavery in this country. Such harangues have only served to -stir up strife and jealousy, to set one portion of the people against -another portion, array in opposition members of the same family, and -finally, when acting upon such fiery spirits and undisciplined minds as -that of John Brown, to bring us to the brink of civil and servile war.</p> - -<p>In offering the above suggestions, it may be proper to say, that I have -done so with entire respect for the personal character and motives of -many of those who have been prominent in promoting and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> bringing upon us -the present state of things. I have the best reason to know that some of -them have acted from a high sense of duty, and such no doubt is the case -with those colored men to whom I have referred. I yield to no one in my -regard and sympathy for the colored man, wherever he may be found, and -would therefore see him placed in a true position, not in a false and -impossible one.</p> - -<p>Those who have been so long agitating this subject, however honestly, -may still have done so under a mistaken sense of duty, and the time has -now come when the subject should be viewed in every aspect and in all -its relations, so that, if possible, we can know the ground whereon we -stand. No attempt, however humble, to throw light on a subject of such -momentous importance should be discouraged, and I cannot therefore feel -that any apology is due from me for laying before the community some -considerations which may present the subject, to many, in a somewhat new -light. If it is true that the two races can never co-exist, in a state -of freedom, it is a truth of the utmost importance, and should, -therefore, be fully known and understood by all.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> If that proposition -is not true, its fallacy can no doubt be shown, or at any rate -demonstrated by the lapse of time. In my judgment, time has, thus far, -proved and confirmed it. The reader will judge from his own experience -and observation, and the evidence here presented, how far my conclusion -is a just and reasonable one.</p> - -<p>When we consider that the slave is supported from birth until he can -labor, and from the time when he can no longer work until he dies, and -also that at best his services are not worth more than one-third as much -as those of free labor, it is very easy to see that he is the best paid -laborer in the world, as it is certainly true that a more happy and -contented laboring population is not to be found among civilized or -uncivilized nations. With rare exceptions, the relation of master and -slave in our Southern States is a very happy one, at least to the slave. -Kindness and indulgence are the rule, while cruelty and harsh treatment -are the exception. Our Northern patience would no doubt soon be -exhausted, were we compelled to deal with and provide for a similar -class of laborers.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p><p>At the same time, the slave is subject to occasional hardships. This is -the fate of all, under whatever social system they may live. In some -form or other, all men are called on to pay for the privileges they -enjoy, nor could it be expected that the slave would be an exception to -this general rule. If the marriage bond could be legalized and rendered -more sacred, and families not allowed to be separated by sale, many -cases of hardship would be prevented. This is a matter for the serious -consideration of the slaveholder, if he would manifest to the world a -desire to place the dependent race in the best possible condition, -consistent with its safety.</p> - -<p>Of the possibility of such reforms, they are the best judges, however, -who have the burden upon them, and are best acquainted with the wants -and capacities of the African race. It is easy for those at a distance -to give advice, in regard to a social system, the practical working of -which they are quite ignorant of, but those who are born and bred under -such system can only know the difficulties that lie in the way of -reform, especially when those difficulties are aggravated by -interference from abroad.</p> - -<p>Slavery may finally come to an end in the United States, by the -operation of natural causes, such as the rapid increase and constant -encroachment of free labor, and the fact that slave labor is so -expensive and tends so greatly to the impoverishing of the soil. As -Slavery dies out, the colored race will disappear from the scene -forever. It is not for us, I think, to hasten that time by revolution -and servile insurrection, to put torches and pikes into the hands of -such a population to be used against the whites, in re-enacting all the -horrors of a St. Domingo massacre, and at the same time sealing its own -fate as suddenly and as rapidly as the dew disappears before the rising -sun.</p> - -<p>Public sentiment has undergone a marked change in England, on the -subject of Slavery, within the last few years. The Anti-Slavery -sentiment, like an epidemic, swept over the whole length and breadth of -Great Britain, and in its course swept away Slavery in the British West -Indies. The natural and inevitable re-action has already taken place in -England, and happy will it be for us if it comes in this country before -it is too late. That such a re-action is already taking place in the -United States, hastened by the foray of John Brown, there is great -reason to believe.</p> - -<p>The following extracts from the London Times are very significant:—</p> - -<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Effect of Emancipation on the African Race.</span>—There is no blinking -the truth. Years of bitter experience; years of hope deferred; of -<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>self-devotion unrequited; of poverty; of humiliation; of prayers -unanswered; of sufferings derided; of insults unresented; of -contumely patiently endured,—have convinced us of the truth. It -must be spoken out loudly and energetically, despite the wild -mockings of "howling cant." The freed West India slave will not -till the soil for wages; the free son of the ex-slave is as -obstinate as his sire. He will not cultivate lands which he has not -bought for his own. Yams, mangoes, and plantains—these satisfy his -wants; he cares not for yours. Cotton, sugar and coffee, and -tobacco—he cares but little for them. And what matters it to him -that the Englishman has sunk his thousands and tens of thousands on -mills, machinery and plants, which now totter on the languishing -estate that for years has only returned beggary and debt. He eats -his yams, and sniggers at "Buckra."</p> - -<p>We know not why this should be, but it is so. The negro has been -bought with a price—the price of English taxation and English -toil. He has been redeemed from bondage by the sweat and travail of -some millions of hard-working Englishmen. Twenty millions of pounds -sterling—one hundred millions of dollars—have been distilled from -the brains and muscles of the free English laborer, of every -degree, to fashion the West Indian negro into a "free and -independent laborer." "Free and independent" enough he has become, -God knows; but laborer he is not; and, so far as we can see, never -will be. He will sing hymns and quote texts; but honest, steady -industry he not only detests but despises. We wish to Heaven that -some people in England—neither Government people nor parsons nor -clergymen, but some just-minded, honest-hearted and clear-sighted -men—would go out to some of the islands (say Jamaica, Dominica, or -Antigua)—not for a month or three months, but for a year—would -watch the precious <i>protege</i> of English philanthropy, the freed -negro, in his daily habits; would watch him as he lazily plants his -little squatting; would see him as he proudly rejects agricultural -or domestic services, or accepts it only at wages ludicrously -disproportionate to the value of his work. We wish, too, they would -watch him while, with a hide thicker than that of a hippopotamus, -and a body to which fervid heat is a comfort rather than an -annoyance, he droningly lounges over the prescribed task on which -the intrepid Englishman, uninured to the burning sun, consumes his -impatient energy, and too often sacrifices his life. We wish they -would go out and view the negro in all the blazonry of his -idleness, his pride, his ingratitude, contemptuously sneering at -the industry of that race which made him free, and then come home -and teach the memorable lesson of their experience to the fanatics -who have perverted him into what he is.</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * -* * * *</p> - -<p>The Abolitionists in America would have the population of the -Southern States turned into a mixed race, whites, blacks, and -mulattoes being on terms of equality, and constantly intermarrying; -but if one thing more than another has tended to give to the -Anglo-Saxon race in the New World the victory over the Spanish, it -is that it has kept itself apart from the red and negro races, and -lodged power constantly in the hands of men of European origin. It -has been fully proved, not only on the American continent, but in -our own colonies, that the enforced equality of European and -African tends, not to the elevation of the black, but the -degradation of the white<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> man. We cannot find any sympathy for -those who would try, in the United States, the plan of a half-caste -Republic, and we trust that the Federal Government and the -right-thinking part of the community will protect the South from -the repetition of such outrages as that at Harper's Ferry.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Our own race is boastful as well as intolerant and aggressive. This is -especially true of the New England type, and hence it is that we are -prone to regard ourselves in many, if not all respects, superior to the -people of the South. In some respects, undoubtedly, we have the -advantage of those who have been born and educated under a very -different social system; but, on the other hand, according to the law of -compensation, we lack much that is valuable in the Southern character -and mental constitution.</p> - -<p>The nature of our climate and more especially of our institutions, has -given to our English blood a new and most powerful stimulus, so that we -develope an immense amount of intellectual energy and activity, which -constantly seeks vent, and which constantly tends to run into some -extreme or excess. Having lived for many years in a state of great -material prosperity, we are prone to wax fat and kick. We have known no -real evils, no invasion from without, or civil war within, and for want -of any real danger we conjure up those that are imaginary. We torment -ourselves with evils which have no existence but in our own brain. I -think it was Judge Marshall who speaks of those imaginary evils, which -as they are without cause, are also without remedy.</p> - -<p>The Southern mind is less active and more conservative, sometimes -erratic, but generally disposed to take a common sense and rational view -of things, and is, in some respects, more reliable than our own. It -forms an admirable check in our political system, and preserves us from -a natural tendency to run into the extreme of radicalism, and that -spirit of agrarianism which has destroyed all former Republics.</p> - -<p>The constant tendency in a Republic is to remove all constitutional -checks intended for the security of individual rights, and reduce -everything to the rule of the majority. It is obvious that the Senate of -the United States and the Supreme Court, though intended as checks upon -popular impulse and outbreaks, are yet but very imperfect barriers when -opposed to what is termed the will of the people. It requires but a few -years to change the political character of the Senate so that it shall -reflect the prevailing sentiments of the day, and the same is true of -the Supreme Court. In some of our States the judges are already elected -from year to year, and must become to a greater or less extent -political<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> partizans. When these checks are removed and the rights of -the individual are dependant on the bare will of the majority, then we -have a pure democracy, which is pure despotism, and a despotism so -dreadful that it soon gives way to despotism of a milder form in the -person of a military Dictator. We have no landed aristocracy which, in -England, stands between the people and the throne, keeping each from -encroaching upon the other, nor any real check in our system of -government, unless it is the fixed fact of a large number of States, -whose population is naturally and necessarily conservative, and which -stands like a rock against the surging waves of popular excitement of -agrarianism and radicalism from whatever quarter they may come. The -assertion that Slavery was the corner-stone of American liberty, made -some years ago by a statesman from South Carolina, was looked upon with -amazement as a most absurd paradox, but time may show that it contained -a truth which we have as yet failed to see and comprehend.</p> - -<p>The Southern character is more impulsive, but also more open and genial -than our own. If it shows a hasty spark, it is also soon cold and -rational again. It is not brooding and intolerant, nor easily led away -into excesses, such as too often befall us of a more Northern clime. One -prominent cause for such difference is, no doubt, to be found in the -fact that, while we, at the North, live in towns and cities where men -are in a constant state of action and reaction upon each other, and the -masses can be suddenly and extensively roused and excited, the Southern -Planters live remote from each other, and, in many cases, in almost -entire seclusion. Such a population is less in danger from these moral -epidemics that from time to time sweep over communities, because it is -sparse, and therefore not so much exposed to exciting causes; thus, -while it loses many good influences which flow from a more compact -society, escaping also many serious evils to which the latter is -subject. It is not France, but Paris, the great centre of population, -the seat of all that is luxurious and refined, of science and of art, of -everything in short which can serve to adorn and embellish social life; -it is this Paris alone that makes and unmakes kings and emperors, that -overthrows one dynasty during the night and sets up another the next -morning, and then gives the law to the nation which stands looking on. -Some editor or some orator touches that sympathetic telegraphic chord -which passes through each individual of this vast living mass, and in an -instant, as it were, the gutters run with blood, a ferocious mob rushes -through every avenue, seeking vengeance for wrongs, which, if they have -no existence, in fact,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> exist not the less really in the excited and -inflamed imagination. Then comes a satiety of blood, then a re-action, -and then a state of things too often far worse than the first. Our own -city of New York is considered by many to have become incapable of -intelligent self-government, and to exhibit those evils which, -especially under a government like our own, flow from the collection of -a very large population at one point. A sparse and widely scattered -population, which is also by necessity highly consecutive, may supply -the very check we most need and which is not to be found in paper -constitutions, courts or senates.</p> - -<p>In the gradual progress of time, free labor will doubtless overrun the -more Northern Slave States, bringing fertility to the soil, and -improving in many respects the condition of the white race, though -fraught with ruin to all of African descent. My sympathies are with the -latter as well as the former, and I cannot wish to see our swelling, -aggressive, Northern Anglo-Saxon tide, overflowing the Southern States, -sweeping away perhaps the most conservative and useful element in our -republican system, and at the same time utterly destroying in its course -that helpless race which, in the providence of God, has been cast upon -our shores. There is room enough for us all to live together in peace -and harmony. The two races can co-exist in their present relative -condition, but in no other way. This is the great lesson of history, -experience, statistics, and the observation of every day.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Our English common law is said to be the perfection of -human wisdom. It is founded in right, and its object is to ascertain and -establish the right. The sources from which it is drawn have been thus -enumerated. "The law of nature; the revealed law of God; Christianity, -morality, and religion; common sense, legal reason, justice, natural -equity, humanity."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Since the above was written, I find that the same theory is -advanced by Mr. Buckle, in his History of Civilization, a very obvious -theory, it would seem, and the result of the most common observation, -viz: that where two distinct races come together there can be no -amalgamation, but the inferior must die out in presence of the -superior.</p></div> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Slavery, by J. L. Baker - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY *** - -***** This file should be named 53904-h.htm or 53904-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/9/0/53904/ - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/53904-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/53904-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e3c7193..0000000 --- a/old/53904-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/53904.txt b/old/53904.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 686e27c..0000000 --- a/old/53904.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1146 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Slavery, by J. L. Baker - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Slavery - -Author: J. L. Baker - -Release Date: January 7, 2017 [EBook #53904] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -SLAVERY: - - -BY - -J. L. BAKER. - -AUTHOR OF "EXPORTS AND IMPORTS," "MEN AND THINGS," &c. - -PHILADELPHIA: - -JOHN A. NORTON, - -1860. - - - - -SLAVERY. - - -The recent attempt of John Brown to incite an insurrection at Harper's -Ferry has created no little excitement throughout the country. Strange -and desperate as the movement was, it seems to have been the natural and -necessary result of the long twenty years' war, waged in the free States -upon the institutions of the South, the culminating point, it is to be -hoped, in a reform based on no sound principle, and which, like an -epidemic, has swept over the land, fruitful only in bitter words, harsh -recrimination, sectional hostility, and ending, like the last act of a -tragedy, in violence and murder. - -The scene that has been enacted at Harper's Ferry will perhaps have the -effect to open the eyes of the nation, so that they can see fully the -yawning gulf, the brink of which they have at last reached, and lead -them to examine the ground on which they stand; inquire what they have -been doing, and what good cause can be served by a course of action -which has led to such fatal results. Many lives have been sacrificed. A -whole family has been ruined, and an old man has been led out to suffer -the last and most terrible infliction of the law. He has been but an -instrument in the hands of others, who have acted, with the exception of -some political leaders, from honest convictions. - -The time has now come, however, for them to inquire, and for all to -inquire with the utmost seriousness, if these convictions of duty have -been just and commendable, or if they have been mistaken, and therefore -to be condemned. Zeal without knowledge is a dangerous weapon, as all -history has proved, and it is incumbent upon all, not only to do right, -but to think right. It is an old maxim that ignorance of the law excuses -no man, and it is equally true that we are not at liberty to follow our -blind impulses, but are bound to inform ourselves, and to _know_ whether -a particular course of action, however well intended, is such as will -not defeat the very purposes we have in view, while it brings misery -and ruin to thousands of our fellow beings. - -Liberty has been in all ages of the world a most fruitful theme for the -poet and the orator, and still its true nature and conditions are but -imperfectly understood. Constitutional liberty, such as that of England -and the United States, is possible only to a race that has a physical -temperament that fits it for self-control or self-government, and to -such a race only is it a blessing. But few such races have been known in -history. One of them was the Grecian, and afterwards the Roman, but both -became degenerated, and lost the capacity of self-government. - -In modern times the English nation has exhibited the same capacity, -which belongs also to ourselves, who are of the same blood. No other -people have those constitutional traits which fit them for -self-government, which is but another name for self-restraint. The -Frenchman is volatile, fickle, and fond of glory, and less free to-day -than he was under Louis the Sixteenth. He has a government which answers -to his wants and his genius, which exactly represents his condition, and -contributes, therefore, most to his happiness. Should he, in the course -of centuries, become changed in his physical and mental constitution, he -will find, necessarily, a government that corresponds to the progress he -has made. Governments are but the agents and representatives of the -people. They reflect very nearly the condition of the governed, and -change to meet the changes of those they represent. No mortal power can -prevent any people from taking and enjoying that degree of freedom they -are capable of enjoying, and which would, therefore, contribute to their -happiness. What is true of France, is true of the other European -nations, and of all nations; so that we never deceive ourselves more -completely than when we talk of political liberty as something equally -applicable to all, and attainable by all. - -Such liberty the Anglo-Saxon finds contributing to his happiness; but it -may be the greatest curse, as it has often proved to those who have -different blood in their veins, who have not the same capacity of -self-control, and who enjoy, therefore, as much, if not more, under -governments suited to their peculiar temperaments. An Italian Republic -exists only in the dreams of Mazzini and Garibaldi, and yet if the sum -of human happiness could be measured, there may be as much happiness in -Italy, and perhaps more than is to be found in the two nations that are -able to live under a constitutional government. - -It often happens, that among those nations which require a strong -government, we find a larger amount of social freedom, than among those -who are politically more free. A man is more free to express an opinion -in Paris, upon any matter of science or religion, or other topic, -excepting politics, than he is in Boston. He stands less in awe of his -neighbors, feels less the pressure of public opinion, than do we, on -whom government bears lightly, but who are, to a corresponding extent, -the slaves of Public Sentiment. Where laws bear lightest, Public Opinion -takes their place, and becomes, often, a dreadful tyrant, as is seen -frequently in our western States, and on the borders of civilization. On -the other hand, where there exists the least political freedom, we find -the largest social liberty, as though one was incompatible with the -other, which is probably the case, and for the reason that man must be -governed to a certain extent in some way, and if he becomes politically -more free, he becomes by necessity, socially, more enslaved. - -We shall find, if we look at the different nations of the world, that -each enjoys that degree of liberty, either political or social, which -most contributes to its happiness. If this were not the case with any -nation, it is certain that its condition would be changed at once, to -correspond to its wants and capacities. No government, however despotic, -could for a moment prevent such a result; nor is it at all safe to judge -of the real condition of a nation, by the excited harangues of such -enthusiasts as Kossuth and Mazzini. - -As fast as a people become capable of self-control or self-government, -just so fast the government becomes modified to meet their wants; for -they are in fact the government, and rulers are but their -representatives. - -This view of liberty will be considered, I am aware, by many as very -heretical and not at all in accordance with the facts of history or the -nature of man. To some it will, no doubt, appear new as well as strange, -and very doubtful. That what we call constitutional liberty, however, -depends mainly upon the peculiar physical and moral temperament of a -people, I cannot doubt. Self-government is constitutional in more senses -than one. Such at least is the result of my reflections upon the -subject. The lesson I learn from history is, that no amount of physical -or mental culture can materially change the peculiar temperament which -belongs to each race. A nation may be educated to excel in all the arts -and all the sciences, in oratory, philosophy, poetry, music, and -painting, but not in the art of self-government, which implies a natural -gift bestowed upon a very small portion of the human race. To judge of a -people in this respect we must also witness their capacity at home, and -not be deceived by what happens to individuals or small communities when -thrown into the midst of a self-controlling or self-governing race. Such -is the case with our German population which constitutes an intelligent, -useful, law-abiding portion of our citizens, and to all appearance -capable of exercising the functions of self-government. But we must -consider that they exist here surrounded and entirely controlled by our -own people, and in some parts of the Union have been born and brought up -under our institutions. If we wish to know the capacity of their race -for self-government, we must go to Germany, and if possible find it -there. The German race comes nearest to our own and excels it in some -respects, though wanting the necessary political elements with which we -are gifted. For many years the profoundest scholars and the greatest -musical composers have been found in Germany, which has also produced in -Goethe and Schiller, names worthy to rank with the greatest of modern -times. We come from the same stock and the same northern hive, but have -pursued different courses, and have not now the same blood in our veins. -One race takes naturally to politics, for which it has an aptitude and -capacity, the other as naturally to music and painting, to science and -philosophy. In the lapse of centuries, the physical constitution of both -may change. The English may lose by admixture the peculiar qualities of -blood which now distinguish them, and so lose their capacity of -self-control. They may become degenerated, like the Romans, by the -enervating influence of luxury, and like that nation lose their -constitutional liberty. So on the other hand, Germany may, in the -progress of time, undergo changes equally great and in precisely the -opposite direction. A union of the different races of that vast kingdom -may produce a new result. A new race may arise which shall excel the -present race of Englishmen, in the capacity of self-government. The -present English race is the work of centuries, and contains the blood of -Saxons, Danes, and Normans, blended in due proportion for the production -of a certain result, and such a result as can nowhere else be witnessed. - -If the theory of human liberty, which I have thus so briefly and -imperfectly suggested, is the true one, and is supported by the facts of -history, then it will furnish us with a key to unlock some of those hard -problems in human life and destiny which have so puzzled mankind, and -which have resisted all attempts at solution. - -If we regard all nations as moving on in the sphere designed by -Providence, each seeking and finding its happiness in its own -way,--some less capable of self-restraint than others, some enjoying a -high degree of political liberty, and some, on the other hand, in -possession of a high degree of social freedom; their happiness dependent -not so much on the peculiar forms of their government as upon its -adaptation to their peculiar wants and capacities,--we shall be relieved -of much of that commiseration and misplaced sympathy which we have -bestowed upon others, and which was, perhaps, more needed by ourselves. -Viewed in the light I have suggested, and also in connection with the -great facts, moral and physical, of which I am about to speak more -particularly, the problem of negro slavery in the United States is not -one so difficult of solution as has been generally supposed. The recent -outbreak in Virginia brings home to us, with renewed and redoubled -force, the question, What must become of the millions of slaves in our -Southern States, could they be set free by some such movement as that of -John Brown, urged on by those who have been for many years engaged in -agitating the subject? - -This is the important matter for our consideration, or rather it should -have been the matter to have been considered many years ago. This is the -problem which should have been solved by those who have been so long -dealing in such extravagant language and "glittering generalities" about -the natural rights of man. They should have informed us what is to -become of those millions, suddenly let loose from restraint and thrown -upon their own resources, no longer to be protected by the white race, -but to be met by competition, by undying prejudice, extreme social -hardship, and the "irrepressible conflict" of incompatible races. - -Those of us who have attained to middle age have been taught by -experience that no portion of those millions could exist for any length -of time on the soil of Massachusetts. But for the occasional emigration -from the South, a negro would now be a sight as rare in this State as -that of a wild Indian, hardly a remnant being left of the families which -we knew in our boyhood. - -From statistics gathered by the late Dr. Jesse Chickering, it appears -that the blacks die in Massachusetts in a ratio of three to one as -compared with the whites. This state of things is the result of both -moral and physical causes. The depressing influence of extreme social -hardship, which no philanthropy can alleviate, accounts in a great -measure for this unequal mortality; while physical causes operate, -perhaps, still more to the same effect. Of the latter, we may learn -something from a paper read a few years since before the Boston Society -of Natural History, by Dr. Samuel Kneeland, Jr., from which the -following is an extract:-- - - - "The mulatto is often triumphantly appealed to as a proof that - hybrid races are prolific without end. Every physician who has seen - much practice among the mulattoes knows that, in the first place, - they are far less prolific than the blacks or whites,--the - statistics of New York State and city confirm this fact of daily - observation; and in the second place, when they are prolific, the - progeny is frail, diseased, short-lived, rarely arriving at robust - manhood or maturity. Physicians need not be told of the - comparatively enormous amount of scrofulous and deteriorated - constitutions found among those hybrids. - - "The Colonization Journal furnishes some statistics with regard to - the colored population of New York city, which must prove painfully - interesting to all reflecting people. The late census showed that, - while other classes of our population in all parts of the country - were increasing in an enormous ratio, the colored were decreasing. - In the State of New York, in 1840, there were fifty thousand; in - 1850, only forty-seven thousand. In New York city, in 1840, there - were eighteen thousand; in 1850, seventeen thousand. According to - the New York City Inspector's report for the four months, ending - with October, 1853:-- - - - 1. The whites present marriages, 2,230 - The colored " " 26 - 2. The whites " births, 6,780 - The colored " " 70 - 3. The whites " deaths about 6,000 - (exclusive of 2,152 among 116,000 newly-arrived - emigrants, and others unacclimated.) - The colored exhibit deaths, 160 - - - giving a ratio of deaths among acclimated whites to colored persons - of thirty-seven to one; while the births are ninety-seven whites to - one colored. The ratio of whites to colored, is as - follows:--Marriages, 140 to 1; births, 97 to 1; deaths, 37 to 1. - According to the ratio of the population, the marriages among the - whites, during this time, are three times greater than among the - colored; the number of births among the whites is twice as great. - In deaths, the colored exceed the white not only according to ratio - of population, but show one hundred and sixty-five deaths to - seventy-six births, or seven deaths to three births,--more than two - to one. - - "The same is true, of Boston, as far as the census returns will - enable us to judge. In Shattuck's census of 1845, it appears that - in that year there were one hundred and forty-six less colored - persons in Boston than in 1840; the total number being 1842. From - the same work, the deaths are given for a period of fifty years, - from 1725 to 1775, showing the mortality among the blacks to have - been twice that among the whites. Of late years, Boston, probably, - does not differ from itself in former times, nor from New York at - present. In the compendium of the United States census for 1850, p. - 64, it is said that the 'declining ratio of the increase of the - free colored in every section is notable. In New England, the - increase is now almost nothing;' in the south-west and the Southern - states, the increase is much reduced; it is only in the north-west - that there is any increase, 'indicating a large emigration to that - quarter.' What must become of the black population at this rate in - a few years? What are the causes of this decay? They do not - disregard the laws of social and physical well-being any more than, - if they do as much as, the whites. It seems to me one of the - necessary consequences of attempts to mix races; the hybrids cease - to be prolific; the race must die out as mulatto; it must either - keep black unmixed, or become extinct. Nobody doubts that a mixed - offspring may be produced by intermarriage of different races,--the - Griquas, the Papuas, the Cafuses of Brazil, so elaborately - enumerated by Prichard, sufficiently prove this. The question is, - whether they would be perpetuated if strictly confined to - intermarriage among themselves? From the facts in the case of - mulattoes, we say unquestionably not. The same is true, as far as - has been observed, of the mixture of the white and red races, in - Mexico, Central and South America. The well-known infrequency of - mixed offspring between the European and Australian races, led the - Colonial government to official inquiries, and to the result, that, - in thirty-one districts, numbering fifteen thousand inhabitants, - the half-breeds did not exceed two hundred, though the connection - of the two races was very intimate. - - "If any one wishes to be convinced of the inferiority and tendency - to disease in the mulatto race, even with the assistance of the - pure blood of the black and white race, he need only witness what I - did recently, viz.: the disembarkation from a steamboat of a - colored pic-nic party, of both sexes, of all ages, from the infant - in arms to the aged, and of all hues, from the darkest black to a - color approaching white. There was no _old mulatto_, though there - were several _old negroes_; many fine-looking mulattoes of both - sexes, evidently the first offspring from the pure races; then came - the youths and children, and here could be read the sad truth at a - glance. The little blacks were agile and healthy-looking; the - little mulattoes, youths and young women, farther removed from the - pure stocks, were sickly, feeble, thin, with frightful scars and - skin diseases, and _scrofula_ stamped on every feature and every - visible part of the body. Here was hybridity of human races, under - the most favorable circumstances of worldly condition and social - position." - - -Such are the results of an unfavorable climate and the mixture of the -blood of two races that can never intermarry. The union of such races -produces the results described by Dr. Kneeland. Similar results are -observed when the two races differ less and where marriage is possible, -as for instance in Mexico and Central America, which are in ruins from -the union of the Spanish and native blood. Union of different races is, -on the other hand, often highly beneficial, our own blood being a -fortunate result of such a union, but such races must be similar and not -like those of Europe, Africa, and the natives of this country, wholly -dissimilar or repugnant. At the South, the free black would suffer less -from the effects of climate; but much more from the extreme prejudice -existing there towards the black, when he assumes the position of an -equal. To suppose he could exist under such a state of things is to -ignore all experience, and the observation of every day. In Jamaica, the -English Government have troops to protect the freed slaves from the -encroachments of their old masters; but there it is stated, on the -authority of the London Times, that the blacks are not only falling -below the point of civilization attained during their servitude, but in -many cases actually returning to their native barbarism, and the worship -of idols. We have no such standing army here, but the slave, when free, -must be left to the tender mercies of his former master. What would be -the fate of the slave is as certain as is the fate of the North American -Indian, the difference being that the Indian flies from civilization, -which destroys him, while the imitative and mild-tempered African -cling-to civilization which as certainly destroys _him_. How far he may -rise in the scale of civilization if left to himself, whether the -African is a self-sustaining and progressive race, or whether it will -lose, when left to itself, what has been gained, and fall back in a -state of barbarism, are questions not settled as yet by experiment. The -attempt is making in Liberia, and it is to be hoped successfully, to -solve this question in favor of the negro; but sufficient time has not -yet elapsed, nor is the testimony which comes from the West Indies by -any means such as could be wished. - -From some of our Western States the colored man has been entirely -excluded. This is a wise provision, and a merciful one, to the blacks, -who come into the free States only to drag out a few years in some -menial employment, and then disappear with their families, if they have -any, leaving no trace behind. If history and experience teach us -anything, it is this, that two races constituted like the Anglo-Saxon -and the African, can never co-exist in a state of equality, which means -competition. So long as the inferior race is in a dependent condition, -and can claim support and protection from the white, it remains, with -rare exceptions, contented and happy, the great burden of such a -relation falling, in fact, upon the master, and not upon the slave. The -moment that relation is changed, the negro thrown upon his own -resources, and exposed to the withering and blasting effects of that -ineradicable antipathy which exists towards all of African descent, that -moment his fate is sealed; he perishes like the autumn leaves when comes -a killing frost, and, in course of a very few generations, not a vestige -remains to show that he has ever existed. - -This is a truth which experience and observation have taught us, and -which could not have been taught in the same manner to Mr. Jefferson, -and other founders of our government, whose opinions are quoted in favor -of the abolition of slavery. That slavery was an evil, they knew, and we -know it also, but that the evil is mainly to the white, and that the -black could never co-exist with his master in a state of freedom, they -did not know, because the experiment had not been tried. Sufficient time -has now elapsed to settle that question, and in a manner which would -seem to leave but small chance for doubt to a rational mind. - -Such, I suppose, to be the immutable law of Providence, regulating the -intercourse of those races which he has made, and given to one a white -skin, and to the other a dark one. The Creator of all things could, -doubtless, have made all white, or all black, but, for some purpose -which we cannot fathom, he has chosen not to do so. He has created some -races near akin to each other, and some entirely incompatible and -repugnant, and it is not for us to say that he has done wrong. If -possible, we should ascertain what are the laws, physical and moral, -which _he has established_, and then we shall do well to acquiesce in -them as being right, without attempting to repeal or improve upon them, -or to set up in opposition our own notions about what we call _abstract -right_. Right is not an abstraction, but a reality, and, to find out -what it is, we have to consult our experience, observation, revelation, -expediency, divine laws and human laws, and every source from which we -can gather the means of directing our limited capacities to the -formation of just conclusions.[1] - -Some may say, perhaps, better let them perish then, than remain in -slavery. As the slaves do not say so themselves, I do not, for one, feel -warranted in saying it for them. They may, in the designs of Providence, -have an important mission to perform,--that mission being, for aught we -know, to carry back from their long sojourn in a land of bondage the -seeds of civilization to benighted Africa, the home of their fathers. -Whatever may be their ultimate fate, I do not feel warranted in -hastening and deciding it by exterminating them, or, in other words, -dissolving the tie that binds them to those whose duty and interest it -is to protect them. A heavy burden lies upon the backs of the masters, -which they cannot throw off at will, and with which we are not burdened. -They have a sad and perplexing duty to perform, and why should we, by -our interference, increase those burdens which we can do nothing to -lighten? All such interference is a positive injury to the slave, and -insulting to those with whom we have formed a copartnership, and with -whom we must live as one family, so long as we continue to be a free -people. - -One who has a true respect for the colored man and a just regard for his -interests, will not, I think, wish to see him placed in a false -position, such as he occupies in the free States, hanging for a short -time upon the skirts of a community which disowns him, and then sinking -into the grave leaving no trace behind. For the negro there is, -socially, no hope in the free States, and those who flatter him with -such a prospect do him a most grievous wrong. A few of partly African -descent and possessed of considerable intellectual endowments have been -thus deceived, as they will no doubt have occasion to realize most -fully. - -As lovers of their race how can they wish to see it occupy its present -position in the free States? If they would improve its condition, why -not lead out a colony to its native land, where it can live and not die, -where it can be relieved from the destroying influence of the -Anglo-Saxon, and stand up on its own ground, conscious of no superior, -feeling its own dignity, and with ample opportunity for the development -of all the faculties with which it has been endowed. Such a work would -be worthy of the best intellect and the highest powers that have been -bestowed on either black or white; but those of the colored race who are -content with delivering anti-slavery lectures, or writing for -anti-slavery papers, so far from elevating their race are engaged in a -work which can end only in ruin, to the blacks certainly, in the loss of -life and entire extinction, and to the whites in the loss it may be of a -Union which no art can restore to its original beauty and perfection -when once destroyed. As the true friend of the negro, I would not -flatter him with delusive hopes and false expectations that can never be -realized as has been too often and constantly done by very excellent -men, and with the very best intentions; but, I would endeavor, as far as -possible, to tell him the truth, however unpalatable, in the full belief -that in the end such truth will operate for the best interest of all, -black and white, bond and free. - -The diversities and repulsions of race which have been ordained, no -doubt, for some wise purpose, are intended, perhaps, only for this state -of existence. Another life may present a new order of things in which no -such distinctions exist. Men have been created to differ from each other -physically, morally, and intellectually, but still all are equal before -the Creator of all, entitled to an equal share in his bounty, and to the -enjoyments of life best suited to the genius and capacity of each. In -another world the genius and capacity of all may be alike, all finding -happiness in the society of all--and in a mutual pursuit of the same -objects, whether of knowledge or of taste, of study or of worship. - -It is much to be hoped that this subject will ere long be treated in a -very different manner from what it has been for the last fifteen or -twenty years. It is simply a question of races, and all the violent and -bitter harangues that have been uttered have advanced not one step -towards ameliorating the condition of the slave, or solving the problem -of negro slavery in this country. Such harangues have only served to -stir up strife and jealousy, to set one portion of the people against -another portion, array in opposition members of the same family, and -finally, when acting upon such fiery spirits and undisciplined minds as -that of John Brown, to bring us to the brink of civil and servile war. - -In offering the above suggestions, it may be proper to say, that I have -done so with entire respect for the personal character and motives of -many of those who have been prominent in promoting and bringing upon us -the present state of things. I have the best reason to know that some of -them have acted from a high sense of duty, and such no doubt is the case -with those colored men to whom I have referred. I yield to no one in my -regard and sympathy for the colored man, wherever he may be found, and -would therefore see him placed in a true position, not in a false and -impossible one. - -Those who have been so long agitating this subject, however honestly, -may still have done so under a mistaken sense of duty, and the time has -now come when the subject should be viewed in every aspect and in all -its relations, so that, if possible, we can know the ground whereon we -stand. No attempt, however humble, to throw light on a subject of such -momentous importance should be discouraged, and I cannot therefore feel -that any apology is due from me for laying before the community some -considerations which may present the subject, to many, in a somewhat new -light. If it is true that the two races can never co-exist, in a state -of freedom, it is a truth of the utmost importance, and should, -therefore, be fully known and understood by all.[2] If that proposition -is not true, its fallacy can no doubt be shown, or at any rate -demonstrated by the lapse of time. In my judgment, time has, thus far, -proved and confirmed it. The reader will judge from his own experience -and observation, and the evidence here presented, how far my conclusion -is a just and reasonable one. - -When we consider that the slave is supported from birth until he can -labor, and from the time when he can no longer work until he dies, and -also that at best his services are not worth more than one-third as much -as those of free labor, it is very easy to see that he is the best paid -laborer in the world, as it is certainly true that a more happy and -contented laboring population is not to be found among civilized or -uncivilized nations. With rare exceptions, the relation of master and -slave in our Southern States is a very happy one, at least to the slave. -Kindness and indulgence are the rule, while cruelty and harsh treatment -are the exception. Our Northern patience would no doubt soon be -exhausted, were we compelled to deal with and provide for a similar -class of laborers. - -At the same time, the slave is subject to occasional hardships. This is -the fate of all, under whatever social system they may live. In some -form or other, all men are called on to pay for the privileges they -enjoy, nor could it be expected that the slave would be an exception to -this general rule. If the marriage bond could be legalized and rendered -more sacred, and families not allowed to be separated by sale, many -cases of hardship would be prevented. This is a matter for the serious -consideration of the slaveholder, if he would manifest to the world a -desire to place the dependent race in the best possible condition, -consistent with its safety. - -Of the possibility of such reforms, they are the best judges, however, -who have the burden upon them, and are best acquainted with the wants -and capacities of the African race. It is easy for those at a distance -to give advice, in regard to a social system, the practical working of -which they are quite ignorant of, but those who are born and bred under -such system can only know the difficulties that lie in the way of -reform, especially when those difficulties are aggravated by -interference from abroad. - -Slavery may finally come to an end in the United States, by the -operation of natural causes, such as the rapid increase and constant -encroachment of free labor, and the fact that slave labor is so -expensive and tends so greatly to the impoverishing of the soil. As -Slavery dies out, the colored race will disappear from the scene -forever. It is not for us, I think, to hasten that time by revolution -and servile insurrection, to put torches and pikes into the hands of -such a population to be used against the whites, in re-enacting all the -horrors of a St. Domingo massacre, and at the same time sealing its own -fate as suddenly and as rapidly as the dew disappears before the rising -sun. - -Public sentiment has undergone a marked change in England, on the -subject of Slavery, within the last few years. The Anti-Slavery -sentiment, like an epidemic, swept over the whole length and breadth of -Great Britain, and in its course swept away Slavery in the British West -Indies. The natural and inevitable re-action has already taken place in -England, and happy will it be for us if it comes in this country before -it is too late. That such a re-action is already taking place in the -United States, hastened by the foray of John Brown, there is great -reason to believe. - -The following extracts from the London Times are very significant:-- - - - EFFECT OF EMANCIPATION ON THE AFRICAN RACE.--There is no blinking - the truth. Years of bitter experience; years of hope deferred; of - self-devotion unrequited; of poverty; of humiliation; of prayers - unanswered; of sufferings derided; of insults unresented; of - contumely patiently endured,--have convinced us of the truth. It - must be spoken out loudly and energetically, despite the wild - mockings of "howling cant." The freed West India slave will not - till the soil for wages; the free son of the ex-slave is as - obstinate as his sire. He will not cultivate lands which he has not - bought for his own. Yams, mangoes, and plantains--these satisfy his - wants; he cares not for yours. Cotton, sugar and coffee, and - tobacco--he cares but little for them. And what matters it to him - that the Englishman has sunk his thousands and tens of thousands on - mills, machinery and plants, which now totter on the languishing - estate that for years has only returned beggary and debt. He eats - his yams, and sniggers at "Buckra." - - We know not why this should be, but it is so. The negro has been - bought with a price--the price of English taxation and English - toil. He has been redeemed from bondage by the sweat and travail of - some millions of hard-working Englishmen. Twenty millions of pounds - sterling--one hundred millions of dollars--have been distilled from - the brains and muscles of the free English laborer, of every - degree, to fashion the West Indian negro into a "free and - independent laborer." "Free and independent" enough he has become, - God knows; but laborer he is not; and, so far as we can see, never - will be. He will sing hymns and quote texts; but honest, steady - industry he not only detests but despises. We wish to Heaven that - some people in England--neither Government people nor parsons nor - clergymen, but some just-minded, honest-hearted and clear-sighted - men--would go out to some of the islands (say Jamaica, Dominica, or - Antigua)--not for a month or three months, but for a year--would - watch the precious _protege_ of English philanthropy, the freed - negro, in his daily habits; would watch him as he lazily plants his - little squatting; would see him as he proudly rejects agricultural - or domestic services, or accepts it only at wages ludicrously - disproportionate to the value of his work. We wish, too, they would - watch him while, with a hide thicker than that of a hippopotamus, - and a body to which fervid heat is a comfort rather than an - annoyance, he droningly lounges over the prescribed task on which - the intrepid Englishman, uninured to the burning sun, consumes his - impatient energy, and too often sacrifices his life. We wish they - would go out and view the negro in all the blazonry of his - idleness, his pride, his ingratitude, contemptuously sneering at - the industry of that race which made him free, and then come home - and teach the memorable lesson of their experience to the fanatics - who have perverted him into what he is. - - * * * * * * * * - - The Abolitionists in America would have the population of the - Southern States turned into a mixed race, whites, blacks, and - mulattoes being on terms of equality, and constantly intermarrying; - but if one thing more than another has tended to give to the - Anglo-Saxon race in the New World the victory over the Spanish, it - is that it has kept itself apart from the red and negro races, and - lodged power constantly in the hands of men of European origin. It - has been fully proved, not only on the American continent, but in - our own colonies, that the enforced equality of European and - African tends, not to the elevation of the black, but the - degradation of the white man. We cannot find any sympathy for - those who would try, in the United States, the plan of a half-caste - Republic, and we trust that the Federal Government and the - right-thinking part of the community will protect the South from - the repetition of such outrages as that at Harper's Ferry. - - -Our own race is boastful as well as intolerant and aggressive. This is -especially true of the New England type, and hence it is that we are -prone to regard ourselves in many, if not all respects, superior to the -people of the South. In some respects, undoubtedly, we have the -advantage of those who have been born and educated under a very -different social system; but, on the other hand, according to the law of -compensation, we lack much that is valuable in the Southern character -and mental constitution. - -The nature of our climate and more especially of our institutions, has -given to our English blood a new and most powerful stimulus, so that we -develope an immense amount of intellectual energy and activity, which -constantly seeks vent, and which constantly tends to run into some -extreme or excess. Having lived for many years in a state of great -material prosperity, we are prone to wax fat and kick. We have known no -real evils, no invasion from without, or civil war within, and for want -of any real danger we conjure up those that are imaginary. We torment -ourselves with evils which have no existence but in our own brain. I -think it was Judge Marshall who speaks of those imaginary evils, which -as they are without cause, are also without remedy. - -The Southern mind is less active and more conservative, sometimes -erratic, but generally disposed to take a common sense and rational view -of things, and is, in some respects, more reliable than our own. It -forms an admirable check in our political system, and preserves us from -a natural tendency to run into the extreme of radicalism, and that -spirit of agrarianism which has destroyed all former Republics. - -The constant tendency in a Republic is to remove all constitutional -checks intended for the security of individual rights, and reduce -everything to the rule of the majority. It is obvious that the Senate of -the United States and the Supreme Court, though intended as checks upon -popular impulse and outbreaks, are yet but very imperfect barriers when -opposed to what is termed the will of the people. It requires but a few -years to change the political character of the Senate so that it shall -reflect the prevailing sentiments of the day, and the same is true of -the Supreme Court. In some of our States the judges are already elected -from year to year, and must become to a greater or less extent -political partizans. When these checks are removed and the rights of -the individual are dependant on the bare will of the majority, then we -have a pure democracy, which is pure despotism, and a despotism so -dreadful that it soon gives way to despotism of a milder form in the -person of a military Dictator. We have no landed aristocracy which, in -England, stands between the people and the throne, keeping each from -encroaching upon the other, nor any real check in our system of -government, unless it is the fixed fact of a large number of States, -whose population is naturally and necessarily conservative, and which -stands like a rock against the surging waves of popular excitement of -agrarianism and radicalism from whatever quarter they may come. The -assertion that Slavery was the corner-stone of American liberty, made -some years ago by a statesman from South Carolina, was looked upon with -amazement as a most absurd paradox, but time may show that it contained -a truth which we have as yet failed to see and comprehend. - -The Southern character is more impulsive, but also more open and genial -than our own. If it shows a hasty spark, it is also soon cold and -rational again. It is not brooding and intolerant, nor easily led away -into excesses, such as too often befall us of a more Northern clime. One -prominent cause for such difference is, no doubt, to be found in the -fact that, while we, at the North, live in towns and cities where men -are in a constant state of action and reaction upon each other, and the -masses can be suddenly and extensively roused and excited, the Southern -Planters live remote from each other, and, in many cases, in almost -entire seclusion. Such a population is less in danger from these moral -epidemics that from time to time sweep over communities, because it is -sparse, and therefore not so much exposed to exciting causes; thus, -while it loses many good influences which flow from a more compact -society, escaping also many serious evils to which the latter is -subject. It is not France, but Paris, the great centre of population, -the seat of all that is luxurious and refined, of science and of art, of -everything in short which can serve to adorn and embellish social life; -it is this Paris alone that makes and unmakes kings and emperors, that -overthrows one dynasty during the night and sets up another the next -morning, and then gives the law to the nation which stands looking on. -Some editor or some orator touches that sympathetic telegraphic chord -which passes through each individual of this vast living mass, and in an -instant, as it were, the gutters run with blood, a ferocious mob rushes -through every avenue, seeking vengeance for wrongs, which, if they have -no existence, in fact, exist not the less really in the excited and -inflamed imagination. Then comes a satiety of blood, then a re-action, -and then a state of things too often far worse than the first. Our own -city of New York is considered by many to have become incapable of -intelligent self-government, and to exhibit those evils which, -especially under a government like our own, flow from the collection of -a very large population at one point. A sparse and widely scattered -population, which is also by necessity highly consecutive, may supply -the very check we most need and which is not to be found in paper -constitutions, courts or senates. - -In the gradual progress of time, free labor will doubtless overrun the -more Northern Slave States, bringing fertility to the soil, and -improving in many respects the condition of the white race, though -fraught with ruin to all of African descent. My sympathies are with the -latter as well as the former, and I cannot wish to see our swelling, -aggressive, Northern Anglo-Saxon tide, overflowing the Southern States, -sweeping away perhaps the most conservative and useful element in our -republican system, and at the same time utterly destroying in its course -that helpless race which, in the providence of God, has been cast upon -our shores. There is room enough for us all to live together in peace -and harmony. The two races can co-exist in their present relative -condition, but in no other way. This is the great lesson of history, -experience, statistics, and the observation of every day. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Our English common law is said to be the perfection of human wisdom. -It is founded in right, and its object is to ascertain and establish the -right. The sources from which it is drawn have been thus enumerated. -"The law of nature; the revealed law of God; Christianity, morality, and -religion; common sense, legal reason, justice, natural equity, -humanity." - -[2] Since the above was written, I find that the same theory is advanced -by Mr. Buckle, in his History of Civilization, a very obvious theory, it -would seem, and the result of the most common observation, viz: that -where two distinct races come together there can be no amalgamation, but -the inferior must die out in presence of the superior. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Slavery, by J. L. Baker - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SLAVERY *** - -***** This file should be named 53904.txt or 53904.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/9/0/53904/ - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/53904.zip b/old/53904.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dabd57a..0000000 --- a/old/53904.zip +++ /dev/null |
