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diff --git a/old/53822-0.txt b/old/53822-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 41da403..0000000 --- a/old/53822-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4215 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Footprints of Abraham Lincoln, by J. T. Hobson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Footprints of Abraham Lincoln - Presenting many interesting fact, reminiscences and - illustrations never before published - -Author: J. T. Hobson - -Release Date: December 28, 2016 [EBook #53822] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOOTPRINTS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Hulse, Christian Boissonnas and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: THE RAIL-SPLITTER] - - - - - FOOTPRINTS - - OF - - ABRAHAM LINCOLN - - - PRESENTING - - Many Interesting Facts, Reminiscences - and Illustrations Never Before - Published - - - BY - J. T. HOBSON, D.D., LL.B., - _Author of "The Lincoln Year Book."_ - - - Nineteen Hundred and Nine - THE OTTERBEIN PRESS - DAYTON, OHIO - - - - -COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY J. T. HOBSON - - - - -[Illustration: THE AUTHOR.] - - - - -DEDICATION - - - _To all my Kindred, Friends, and Acquaintances among - whom are Fellow Ministers, Teachers, Students, - Pupils, Parishioners, though Widely - Scattered, and to All Who Cherish - the Memory of_ - =Abraham Lincoln= - - _The Apostle of Human Liberty, Who Bound the Nation - and Unbound the Slave, This Little Volume - is Respectfully Dedicated by_ - =THE AUTHOR= - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -Everything pertaining to the life of Abraham Lincoln is of undying -interest to the public. - -It may at first appear unnecessary, if not presumptuous, to add another -volume to the already large number of books in Lincoln literature. -Hitherto efforts have been made by the biographer, the historian, and -the relic-hunter to gather everything possible connected with the life -of Lincoln. - -If an apology is needed in presenting this volume to the public, it -may be said that it has fallen as a rare opportunity to the author, -during the passing years, to gather some well-authenticated facts, -reminiscences, and illustrations which have never before appeared in -connection with the history of this great man. - -Like many others, I have always taken great interest in the life and -work of Abraham Lincoln. There are some special reasons for this, upon -my part, aside from my interest in the lives of great men, and the -magnetic charm which surrounds the name and fame of the most eminent -American and emancipator of a race. - -The name, "Abraham Lincoln," is connected with my family history, -and with one of my first achievements with pen and ink. Because of -an affliction in early life, I was, for two or three years, unable -to attend the public schools. At home I learned to make figures and -letters with slate and pencil, as other writing material was not so -common then as now. The first line I ever wrote with pen and ink was at -home, at the age of ten, under a copy on foolscap paper, written by my -sainted mother, "Abraham Lincoln, President, 1861." - -After the birth of John the Baptist, there was considerable controversy -among the kinsfolk as to what name he should bear. The father, old -Zacharias, was appealed to, and when writing material was brought him, -he settled the matter by writing, "John." On the 7th of May, 1863, when -a boy baby was horn in our old home, the other children and I were -very anxious to know what name would be given the little stranger. -We appealed to father. He did not say, but called for the old family -Bible, pen and ink. He turned to the "Family Record," between the Old -and the New Testaments. I stood by and saw him write, with pen and blue -ink, the name, "Abraham Lincoln Hobson." - -I was born in due time to have the good fortune to become acquainted -with a number of persons who personally knew Mr. Lincoln in his early -life in Indiana, and heard them tell of their associations with him, -and their words were written down at the time. I am also familiar with -many places of historic interest where the feet of Abraham Lincoln -pressed the earth. I resided for a time near the old Lincoln farm in -Spencer County, Indiana, on which the town of Lincoln City now stands. -I have often visited the near-by grave of Nancy Hanks Lincoln, the -"angel mother" of the martyred President; have stood by the grave of -Sally Grigsby, his only sister, at the Little Pigeon Cemetery, one -mile and a half south of the Lincoln farm; have been in the Lincoln -home at Springfield, Illinois; have seen Ford's Theater building, in -Washington, where he was shot; have stood in the little rear room, in -the first story of the house across the street, where he died; have -been in the East Room of the White House, where his body lay in state; -and have reverently stood at his tomb where his precious dust rests in -peace in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, Illinois. - -This volume can hardly claim the dignity of a biography, for many -important facts in the life of Mr. Lincoln are omitted, the object -being to set forth some unpublished facts, reminiscences, and -illustrations to supplement larger histories written by others. -However, it was necessary to refer to some well-known facts in order -to properly connect the new material never before in print. It was -necessary, in some instances, to correct some matters of Lincoln -history which later and more authentic information has revealed. - -The illustrations were secured mainly for this publication, and none, -so far as I know, except the frontispiece, has ever appeared in any -other book on Lincoln. I am indebted to a number of persons who have -assisted me in securing information and photographs, most of whom are -mentioned in the body of the book. - -This being the centennial year of Abraham Lincoln's birth, it is -with feelings of genuine pleasure and profound reverence that the -opportunity is here given me to exhibit some "footprints" from the -path of one whose life is imprinted in imperishable characters in the -history of the great American republic. The excellent principles and -noble conduct that characterized his life should be an inspiration to -all. As Longfellow says: - - "Lives of great men all remind us - We can make our lives sublime, - And, departing, leave behind us - Footprints in the sands of time." - - J. T. HOBSON. - - _Lake City, Iowa, February 19, 1909._ - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Abraham Lincoln. - - The Author. - - Jacob S. Brother, who when a boy lived in the Kentucky Lincoln - cabin. - - United Brethren Church on Indiana Lincoln farm. - - Rev. Allen Brooner, an associate of Lincoln in Indiana. - - Mr. and Mrs. Captain Lamar, who knew Lincoln in Indiana. - - Honorable James Gentry, of Indiana. - - Elizabeth Grigsby, one of the double wedding brides in Indiana. - - Ruth Jennings Huff, daughter of Josiah Crawford. - - Rifle Gun owned jointly by Lincoln and Brooner in Indiana. - - David Turnham, the Indiana Constable, and wife. - - George W. Turnham, son of David Turnham. - - William D. Armstrong, defended by Lincoln in 1858. - - Hannah Armstrong, who boarded Lincoln; he later defended her son. - - Walker and Lacey, associated with Lincoln in the Armstrong case. - - Moses Martin, still living, signed Lincoln's temperance pledge in - 1847. - - Major J. B. Merwin, still living, campaigned Illinois with Lincoln - for prohibition in 1854-55. - - Rev. R. L. McCord, who named Lincoln as his choice for President, - in 1854. - - Site of the old still-house in Indiana, where Lincoln worked. - - Triplets, yet living, named by Abraham Lincoln. - - Lincoln's mill. - - - - -CHRONOLOGY - - - Born in Hardin (now Larue) County, Kentucky, February 12, 1809. - - Moved to Spencer County, Indiana, in 1816. - - His mother, Nancy, died October 5, 1818, aged 35 years. - - His father married Sarah Bush Johnson, 1819. - - Moved to Illinois, March, 1830. - - Captain in Black Hawk War, in 1832. - - Appointed postmaster at New Salem, Illinois, in 1833. - - Elected to Illinois Legislature in 1834, 1836, 1838, 1840. - - Admitted to the bar in 1837. - - Presidential elector on Whig ticket, 1840, 1844. - - Married to Miss Mary Todd, November 4, 1842. - - Elected to Congress in 1846, 1848. - - His father, Thomas, died January 17, 1851, aged 73 years. - - Canvassed Illinois for State prohibition in 1855. - - Debated with Stephen A. Douglas in 1858. - - Nominated for President at Chicago, May 16, 1860. - - Elected President, November 6, 1860. - - Inaugurated President, March 4, 1861. - - Issued call for 75,000 volunteers, April 15, 1861. - - Issued Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863. - - His address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1863. - - Renominated for President at Baltimore, June, 1864. - - Reëlected President, November 8, 1864. - - Reinaugurated President, March 4, 1865. - - Shot by John Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865. - - Died April 15, 1865. - - Buried at Springfield, Illinois, May 3, 1865. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Dedication 3 - - Introduction 4 - - Illustrations 7 - - Chronology of Abraham Lincoln 8 - - - CHAPTER I. - - LINCOLN'S BIRTH AND EARLY LIFE IN KENTUCKY. - - Unpromising Cradles—Site of the Log Cabin—Tangled History - Untangled—Jacob S. Brother's Statement—Speaking with - Authority-The Lincolns Move to Knob Creek—"The Lincoln Farm - Association" 13 - - - CHAPTER II. - - THE LINCOLNS MOVE TO INDIANA. - - Early Hardships—"Milk Sickness"—Death of Lincoln's Mother—Henry - and Allen Brooner's Recollections—Second Marriage of Thomas - Lincoln—Marriage of Sarah Lincoln—Redmond D. Grigsby's - Recollections—Death of Sarah Grigsby—Mrs. Lamar's - Recollections—Captain Lamar's Interesting - Reminiscences—Honorable James Gentry Interviewed 17 - - - CHAPTER III. - - INDIANA ASSOCIATES AND INCIDENTS. - - The Double Wedding—One of the Brides Interviewed—"The Chronicles - of Reuben"—Josiah Crawford's Daughter—The Lincoln-Brooner Rifle - Gun—David Turnham, the Indiana Constable—The "Revised Statutes - of Indiana" 26 - - - CHAPTER IV. - - THE EMIGRATION TO ILLINOIS. - - Preparations for Removal—Recollections of Old Acquaintances—The - Old Indiana Home—Blocks from the Old House—The Cedar Tree—More - Tangled History Untangled—Mr. Jones' Store—Various Experiences - in Illinois—Recollections of an Old Friend 32 - - - CHAPTER V. - - LINCOLN VISITS THE OLD INDIANA HOME. - - Lincoln an Admirer of Henry Clay—A Whig Elector—Goes to - Indiana—Makes Speeches—Old Friends and Old-Time Scenes—Writes - a Poem 36 - - - CHAPTER VI. - - LINCOLN AND THE ARMSTRONG CASE. - - Famous Law Cases—The Clary Grove Boys—The Wrestling Contest—Jack - and Hannah Armstrong—Trial of Their Son for Murder—Lincoln's - Tact, and the Acquittal—Letters from the Surviving Attorney in - the Case—More Tangled History Untangled—Unpublished Facts - Connected with Parties in the Case 39 - - - CHAPTER VII. - - LINCOLN'S TEMPERANCE PRINCIPLES. - - Promise Made to His Mother—Writes a Temperance Article Before - Leaving Indiana—Mr. Wood and Mr. Farmer—Did Lincoln Sell - Whisky—His Great Temperance Address—Testimony of - Associates—Moses Martin's Letter—The Internal Revenue Bill 51 - - - CHAPTER VIII. - - LINCOLN AS A PROHIBITIONIST. - - Major J. B. Merwin and Abraham Lincoln—They Together Canvass - Illinois for State Prohibition in 1854-55—Lincoln's Arguments - Against the Saloon—Facts Omitted by Lincoln - Biographers—President Lincoln, Generals Scott and Butler - Recommend Merwin's Temperance Work in the Army—The President - Sends Merwin on a Mission to New York the Day of the - Assassination—Proposition for Freedmen to Dig the Panama - Canal—Lincoln's Last Words to Merwin—Merwin's Characteristic - Address at Lincoln's Tomb—"Lincoln the Christian - Statesman"—Merwin Living at Middlefield, Connecticut 57 - - - CHAPTER IX. - - LINCOLN AND THE SLAVERY QUESTION. - - An Ancient Institution—The Evils of Slavery—Lincoln Always - Opposed to Slavery—Relic of "Cruel Slavery Days"—Discussions, - Laws, and Compromises—The Missouri Compromise—The Fugitive - Slave Law—The Kansas-Nebraska Bill—Lincoln Aroused—He Answers - Douglas—R. L. McCord Names Lincoln as His Candidate for - President—A New Political Party—"Bleeding Kansas"—The Dred - Scott Decision—"The Underground Railroad"—The John Brown - Raid—The Approaching Crisis 68 - - - CHAPTER X. - - THE LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATES. - - Candidates for the United States Senate—Seven Joint Debates—The - Paramount Issue—The "Divided House"—"Acts of a Drama"—Douglas - Charged Lincoln with Selling Whisky—Lincoln's Denial—A - Discovery—Site of the Old Still House in Indiana—Douglas - Elected—Lincoln the Champion of Human Liberty 77 - - - CHAPTER XI. - - LINCOLN NOMINATED AND ELECTED PRESIDENT. - - Rival Candidates—Great Enthusiasm—Lincoln's Temperance Principles - Exemplified—Other Nominations—A Great Campaign—Lincoln's Letter - to David Turnham—Lincoln's Election—Secession—Lincoln - Inaugurated—Douglas 83 - - - CHAPTER XII. - - PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE CIVIL WAR. - - The Beginning—Personal Recollections—The War Spirit—Progress of - the War—The Emancipation Proclamation—A Fight to - Finish—Lincoln's Kindness—He Relieves a Young Soldier—He Names - Triplets Who Are Yet Living—His Reëlection—The Fall of - Richmond—Appomattox—Close of the Rebellion 87 - - - CHAPTER XIII. - - DEATH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. - - Personal Recollections—The Tragic Event—Mr. Stanton—A Nation in - Sorrow—The Funeral—The Interment at Springfield, Illinois—The - House in Which President Lincoln Died—Changed Conditions—The - South Honors Lincoln—A United People—A Rich Inheritance 93 - - - CHAPTER XIV. - - UNPUBLISHED OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. - - A Discovery—Documents of Historic Value—Lincoln Owned Land in - Iowa—Copy of Letters Patent from United States, under James - Buchanan, to Abraham Lincoln, in 1860—Copy of Deed Executed by - Honorable Robert T. Lincoln and Wife, in 1892—Other - Transfers—The Present Owner 100 - - - CHAPTER XV. - - CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF LINCOLN'S BIRTH. - - Preparations—General Observance—President Roosevelt Lays - Corner-stone of Lincoln Museum at Lincoln's Birthplace—Extracts - from Addresses at Various Places—Closing Tribute 105 - - - - -Footprints of Abraham Lincoln - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -Lincoln's Birth and Early Life in Kentucky - - Unpromising Cradles—Site of the Log Cabin—Tangled History - Untangled—Jacob S. Brother's Statement—Speaking with - Authority—The Lincolns Move to Knob Creek—The Lincoln Farm - Association. - - -It has been said truly that God selects unpromising cradles for his -greatest and best servants. On a cold winter night, a hundred years -ago, in a floorless log cabin, the emancipator of a race was born. Like -the Redeemer of mankind, there was "no room" in the mansions of the -rich and the great for such a child to be born. - -Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks, natives of Virginia, were married -by Rev. Jesse Head, a minister of the Methodist Church, June 12, -1806, near Beechland, Washington County, Kentucky. They settled at -Elizabethtown, Hardin County, where their first child, Sarah, was born, -February 10, 1807. In 1808 they moved to a farm containing one hundred -and ten acres, on the south fork of Nolin Creek, two miles south of -Hodgenville, Hardin County, and fifty miles south of Louisville. -Hodgenville afterward became, and is now the county-seat of Larue -County, as that part of the territory now embraced in Larue County was -set off from Hardin County in 1843. Here, on the twelfth of February, -1809, Abraham Lincoln was born. - -The Hodgenville and Magnolia public highway runs through the farm. -The site of the old log cabin in which Lincoln was born is about -five hundred yards west of the road, and a short distance from the -well-known "Rock Spring." The old Kirkpatrick mill, on Nolin Creek, -is but a short distance away. The cabin, of course, is no longer in -existence, although various publications have printed pictures of it, -as though it were still standing on the original spot. Misleading -statements have also been published that the original cabin has been -placed on exhibition in various cities. Other publications, with more -caution, have pictured it as the _alleged_ log cabin in which Lincoln -was born. - -Evidence is here introduced to untangle tangled history. Jacob -S. Brother, now in his ninetieth year, resides at Rockport, the -county-seat of Spencer County, Indiana, on the Ohio River, fifteen -miles south of Lincoln City, the site of the Lincoln farm in Indiana. -Mr. Brother is a highly-respected Christian gentleman. I have known him -for many years. On the thirtieth of March, 1899, when visiting him, -he incidentally told me that his father purchased the Lincoln farm -in Kentucky, and that the family lived in the cabin in which Abraham -Lincoln was born. On the eighth of September, 1903, I again visited -him, and, at my request, he gave a fuller statement, which I wrote out, -and then read it to him, all of which he said was correct, and is here -submitted: - - "My name is Jacob S. Brother. My father's name was Henry, but he - was generally known as 'Harry.' I was born in Montgomery County, - Kentucky, March 8, 1819. In the year 1827, when I was eight years - old, my father purchased the old farm on which Abraham Lincoln - was born, in Kentucky. He purchased it of Henry Thomas. We - lived in the house in which Lincoln was born. After some years, - my father built another house almost like the first house. The - old house was torn down, and, to my knowledge, the logs were - burned for fire-wood. Later he built a hewed log house, and the - second old house was used as a hatter-shop. My father followed - the trade of making hats all his life. The pictures we often see - of the house in which Lincoln was born are pictures of the first - house built by my father. He died in the hewed log house, and my - youngest brother, Joseph, was born in the same house three weeks - after father's death. Some time after father's death, mother, - I, and the other children moved to near St. Joe, Missouri. The - brother born on the Lincoln farm enlisted in the Southern army, - and was captured at Lookout Mountain, and taken to Camp Morton, - Indianapolis, as a prisoner. My oldest brother, George, who was - a surgeon in the Union army, went to Washington City to see - President Lincoln, in order to get a reprieve for his brother. - Among other things, he told the President that his brother and he - (the President) were born on the same farm. I do not know how much - weight this had with the President, but my brother was reprieved. - I left Missouri to avoid going into the Confederate army, and came - to Rockport, Indiana, in 1863, where I have ever since resided." - -At the time of this interview, I had with me some newspaper and -magazine articles, with illustrations, descriptive of the old Lincoln -farm in Kentucky, including the "Rock Spring," Nolin Creek, the old -watermill, Hodgenville, and other places, which were read and shown the -old gentleman. He was perfectly familiar with all the points named, and -mentioned a number of other items. When the name of the creek, near -the farm, was pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, he -said, "We always pronounced it No-lin´" (with the accent on the second -syllable). All these statements are entitled to credit, as there could -have been no object in making any false representations. - -When Abraham was about four years old the Lincolns moved from the Rock -Spring farm to a farm on Knob Creek, in the eastern part of what is now -Larue County. Here a little boy, younger than Abraham, was buried. - -Of late years considerable interest has been given to Lincoln's -birthplace. "The Lincoln Farm Association" has been organized and -incorporated, and the farm purchased by a group of patriotic citizens -who believe that the people of our country should, through affiliating -with the organization, develop the farm into a national park, -embellished by an historical museum. Mrs. Russell Sage has contributed -$25,000 for this purpose, and others are contributing. It is hoped that -this most worthy enterprise may be successful, and thus further honor -the immortal emancipator, and that the place will be dedicated to peace -and good will to all, where North, South, East, and West may find a -common ground of pride and fellowship. - - -[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN] - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -The Lincolns Move to Indiana - - Early Hardships—"Milk Sickness"—Death of Lincoln's - Mother—Henry and Allen Brooner's Recollections—Second Marriage - of Thomas Lincoln—Marriage of Sarah Lincoln—Redmond P. - Grigsby's Recollections—Death of Sarah Grigsby—Mrs. Lamar's - Recollections—Captain Lamar's Interesting - Reminiscences—Honorable James Gentry Interviewed. - - -Thomas Lincoln moved with his family to southern Indiana in the fall of -1816. There were two children, Sarah and Abraham, the former nine, and -the latter seven years old. The family located in what was then Perry -County. By a change in boundary made in 1818, that part of the county -was made a part of the new county of Spencer. The location was one mile -and a half east of where Gentryville now stands, and fifteen miles -north of the Ohio River. The town of Lincoln City is now located on the -farm, and is quite a railroad connecting point. Here the family lived -fourteen years. The county was new, and the land was not of the best -quality. The family was subject to the toils and privations incident to -pioneer life. Lincoln, long afterward, in referring to his early days -in Indiana, said they were "pretty pinching times." - -Peter Brooner came with his family to the same community two years -before, and Thomas and Betsy Sparrow, who reared Mrs. Lincoln and her -cousin, Dennis Hanks, came one year later than the Lincolns. - -A peculiar disease, called "the milk sickness," prevailed in the -community in 1818. Thomas and Betsy Sparrow, Mrs. Lincoln, Mrs. -Brooner, and others died of this disease near the same time. Thomas -Lincoln, having learned the carpenter and cabinet-maker's trade in -Kentucky, made all their coffins from green lumber sawed with a -whip-saw. Their bodies were laid to rest on the little hill a few -hundred yards south of the Lincoln home. - -Peter Brooner had two sons, Henry and Allen. I became acquainted with -these brothers twenty-two years ago. I was pastor of a church at Dale, -three miles from Lincoln City, two years, near where Allen lived, and -of a country church near where Henry lived. I was frequently at their -homes. They both knew Abraham Lincoln quite well. The Thomas Lincoln -and Peter Brooner homes were only one-half mile apart. Henry was five -years older, and Allen was four years younger than Abraham. "Uncle -Henry," as he was always called, gave me the following items, which I -wrote at the time, and have preserved the original notes: - - "I was born in Breckenridge County, Kentucky, February 7, 1804. - We came to Indiana in 1814, when Allen was one year old. No man - has lived longer in the State than I have, for I have lived in - it ever since it became a State, and before. The Lincoln family - came to Indiana two years later, and we lived one-half mile apart. - During my mother's last sickness, Mrs. Lincoln often came to see - her, and died just one week after my mother's death. I remember - very distinctly that when Mrs. Lincoln's grave was filled, my - father, Peter Brooner, extended his hand to Thomas Lincoln and - said, 'We are brothers, now,' meaning that they were brothers in - the same kind of sorrow. The bodies of my mother and Mrs. Lincoln - were conveyed to their graves on sleds. I often stayed all night - at Thomas Lincoln's. Dennis Hanks and his sister Sophia lived - with Thomas and Betsy Sparrow, and at their deaths Dennis and - his sister heired the estate. I helped drive up the stock on the - day of the sale of the property. Dennis Hanks married Lincoln's - step-sister. I often went with Lincoln on horseback to Huffman's - Mill, on Anderson Creek, a distance of sixteen miles. He had a - great memory, and for hours he would tell me what he had read." - -Henry Brooner died April 4, 1890, two years after the above statements -were given, at the age of eighty-six. Everybody loved and respected -"Uncle Henry." Reference will be made in another chapter to further -statements made by him on the same occasion. - -Allen Brooner was nine years younger than his brother Henry. He was -born in Kentucky, October 22, 1813. He was a minister in the United -Brethren Church more than fifty years. Among other items, he gave me -the following, which were written at the time: - - "During my mother's last sickness, Mrs. Lincoln, the mother of - Abraham Lincoln, came to see her. Mother said, 'I believe I - will have to die.' Mrs. Lincoln said, 'Oh, you may outlive me.' - She died just one week from the death of my mother. This was in - October, 1818. I was five years old when mother died. I remember - some one came to me in the night and told me my mother was dead. - Thomas Lincoln made mother's coffin, and sawed the lumber with - a whip-saw to make the coffin. She was taken on a sled to the - graveyard on a hill, one quarter of a mile south of where Lincoln - City now stands. Old man Howell took the corpse. He rode the horse - hitched to the sled, and took me up, and I rode on the horse - before him. I remember that his long beard bothered me. We did not - have wagons in those days. The first wagon I ever saw, my father - made, and it had wooden tires." - -Reference will be made again to some facts stated by this associate of -Abraham Lincoln. "Uncle Allen" died at his old home, near Dale, Spencer -County, Indiana, April 2, 1902, in his eighty-ninth year, respected -by all. I am indebted to his daughter, Mrs. Sarah Knowlton, for his -photograph, taken at seventy-five years of age. - -Nancy Hanks Lincoln died October 5, 1818, when her daughter Sarah was -eleven and her son Abraham was nine years old. Abraham's mother had -taught him to read and write, and, young as he was, he wrote for an -old minister, David Elkin, whom the family had known in Kentucky, to -come and preach his mother's funeral. Some time after, the minister -came and the funeral was preached at the grave where many people had -gathered. The minister stated that he had come because of the letter -he had received from the little son of the dead mother. As I have -stood by that grave, in my imagination I have seen that primitive -congregation—the old minister, the lonely husband, and the two -motherless children, Sarah and Abraham, on that sad occasion. - -After the death of Thomas and Betsy Sparrow, Dennis Hanks and his -sister Sophia became inmates of the Lincoln home. - -For many years Mrs. Lincoln's grave was neglected. But few persons were -buried at that graveyard. In 1879, Mr. P. E. Studebaker, of South Bend, -Indiana, erected a marble slab at the grave, and some of the citizens -of Rockport enclosed it with an iron railing. Later a larger and more -appropriate monument has also been placed at the grave, and several -acres surrounding, forming a park, have been enclosed with an iron -fence. The park is under the control of an association which has been -incorporated. - -In December, 1819, Thomas Lincoln went to Kentucky and married a -widow, Sarah Bush Johnston, whom he had known there before coming to -Indiana. She had three children, John, Matilda, and Sarah. She was a -most excellent woman, and proved worthy of a mother's place in the home -of Thomas Lincoln. Dennis Hanks married one of the daughters, and Levi -Hall married the other. - -In August, 1826, at the age of nineteen, Sarah Lincoln, or Sally, as -she was commonly called, was married to Aaron Grigsby, the oldest of -a large family of boys. Learning that Redmond D. Grigsby resided near -Chrisney, Spencer County, Indiana, I called upon him October 18, 1898. -After being introduced by a friend, I asked him, "What relation were -you to Aaron Grigsby, who married Abraham Lincoln's sister?" "He was my -oldest brother, sir," answered the old gentleman. He said he was born -in 1818, and was at that time eighty years old. He said that he and -Lincoln were often thrown together, he at the home of his brother and -Lincoln at the home of his sister. Mr. Grigsby said that when Abraham -would start off with other boys, he had often heard Sally admonish him -as to his conduct. Then Abraham would say, "Oh, you be good yourself, -Sally, and Abe will take care of himself." We shall have occasion to -refer to Mr. Grigsby again. He still resides at Chrisney; is now ninety -years of age and quite feeble. - -Sally Grigsby died in childbirth January 20, 1828, less than two years -after her marriage. Her body sleeps in the old Pigeon Creek Cemetery, -one mile and a half south of where her mother is buried. - -Mrs. Lamar, the wife of Captain Lamar, who resided at Buffaloville, a -short distance east of Lincoln City, said to me, in her home, September -8, 1903: - - "I remember old Tommy Lincoln. I sat on his lap many times. I was - at Sally Lincoln's infare dinner. I remember the night she died. - My mother was there at the time. She had a very strong voice, and - I heard her calling father. He awoke the boys and said, 'Something - is the matter.' He went after a doctor, but it was too late. They - let her lay too long. My old aunt was the midwife." - -Mrs. Lamar is still living in Spencer County, Indiana. At the same -time, I interviewed Captain John W. Lamar. I copied the date of his -birth from the record in his Bible. He was born December 9, 1822, and -although but a small boy when the Lincolns removed to Illinois, he -remembers Abraham Lincoln quite well. At the time of my interview, -I had a clipping from the Indianapolis _News_ of April 12, 1902, -containing some items pertaining to his recollections of Lincoln, which -were read to him. The clipping is as follows: - - "Captain J. W. Lamar, of Buffaloville, Spencer County, a delegate - to the Republican State Convention, knew Abraham Lincoln when the - latter lived in Spencer County. He is past eighty years old, but - his memory is keen, and he is unusually vigorous for a man of his - age. He is six feet tall, broad-shouldered, with flowing white - hair and beard, making him one of the picturesque figures of the - convention crowd. Lincoln is his favorite theme, and he delights - to talk of him. - - "'I well remember the first time I saw Abe,' he said. 'My father - took me to Troy, at the mouth of Anderson River, to do a little - trading, and Lincoln was at that time working at the ferry. - Dressed in the frontiersman's coon-skin cap, deerskin shirt, and - home-made trousers, he was indelibly impressed upon my memory as - being one of the gawkiest and most awkward figures I ever saw. - From that time on I saw him very often, as he lived near, and - worked for my father frequently. He and my father and his father - all helped to build the old Pigeon meeting-house, near which - Abe's only sister, Sally, was buried. Tom Lincoln, Abe's father, - often did odd jobs of carpentering for us. - - "'One day, about a year after I first saw Lincoln, my father - and I went over to old Jimmy Gentry's store, where the town of - Gentryville now stands. When we got there, I noticed Lincoln out - by an old stump, working very industriously at something. On going - nearer, I saw that he was figuring or writing on a clapboard, - which he had shaved smooth, and was paying no attention to what - was going on around him. My father remarked to me then that Abe - would be somebody some day, but, of course, did not have any idea - how true his words would come out. - - "'Many times have I seen him studying at odd moments, with a book - or something to write on, when others were having a good time. - That was what made him so great. - - "'In August, before the spring that the Lincoln's left for - Illinois, a township election was held at a log house near - where the town of Santa Fe now stands.... All the men in the - neighborhood were gathered there, and conspicuous among them - was one, Sampson, a braggart and bully. He was storming around, - praising a horse he had. - - "'"Why," said he, "I ran him four miles in five minutes this - morning, and he never drew a long breath!" - - "'Abe, who was sitting on a rail fence near me, remarked quietly - to him, "I suppose, though, Mr. Sampson, he drew a good many short - ones." - - "'This was just the opening Sampson was looking for, so he began - to bluster up to Lincoln. After standing abuse for a few minutes, - Abe told him to hush up or he would take him by the nape of the - neck and throw him over the fence. [At this point the old captain - interrupted my reading, and said, "Lincoln did not say he would - throw him over the fence, but said he would throw him into a pond - of water near by."] This had an effect, and Sampson shut up, - because he knew Abe could, and would do what he said. - - "'My father's house was on the road between Gentryville and the - nearest trading-point on the Ohio River, at Troy. To this place - the settlers took their deer and bear hides, venison hams, and - other game, for which they received clothes, powder, and other - necessary articles. Lincoln and his father had constructed a wagon - for old man Gentry, made entirely out of wood, even to the hickory - rims to the wheels. - - "'This they loaded with produce, and started for Troy. Arriving - at my father's house, a rain had swollen the creek near there, so - that they decided to stay all night, and wait for the water to - subside. During the night wolves stole nearly all the venison from - the wagon. That which belonged to the Lincolns was not touched, - however; it was in the bottom of the wagon. My father was a very - serious man, and scarcely ever smiled, but Abe, with his droll - ways and pleasant humor, always made him laugh. - - "'A great grief, which affected Abe through his life, was - caused by the death of his only sister, Sally. They were close - companions, and were a great deal alike in temperament. About a - year after her marriage to one of the Grigsbys, she died. This - was a hard blow to Abe, who always thought her death was due to - neglect. Abe was in a little smoke-house when the news came to him - that she had died. He came to the door and sat down, burying his - face in his hands. The tears trickled through his large fingers, - and sobs shook his frame. From then on he was alone in the world, - you might say.'" - -In addition to the foregoing interesting reminiscences, the captain -related to me other important items, some of which are here given as he -related them: - - "Old Si Crawford, the man who loaned Lincoln the book which - was damaged, was my uncle. I remember one time Lincoln came to - our place when my father was sitting on a shaving-horse, doing - some work. Other boys and I were standing near by. Mr. Lincoln, - addressing us, said, 'Well, boys, what have you learned to-day?' - No one answering, he said, 'I wouldn't give a cent for a boy who - doesn't know more to-day than he knew yesterday.' This remark - greatly impressed me, and I have never forgotten it. - - "Old Uncle Jimmy Gentry, who founded the town of Gentryville, kept - a store there. He was somewhat illiterate. I remember hearing him - and Major Daniels talking, when the major asked him what per cent. - he was making on the sale of his goods. Uncle Jimmy replied, 'God - bless your soul, I don't know anything about your per cent., but I - know when I buy an article in Louisville for a dollar, and sell it - in Gentryville for two dollars, I double my money every time.'" - -Captain Lamar died November 4, 1903, a little more than two months -after my visit to him, at the age of eighty-one. Mrs. Lamar is still -living in Spencer County. - -The same day, after leaving the Lamars, I called upon the Honorable -James Gentry, at Rockport. He was the son of James Gentry, the founder -of Gentryville. He was born February 24, 1819, and was ten years -younger than Lincoln. He related much about Lincoln, some things which -will be found in another chapter. He repeated the story about his -brother, Allen Gentry, and Lincoln taking a flatboat, loaded with farm -products, down the Ohio River to New Orleans, the attack of the negroes -and how they were driven away. Mr. Gentry said, "If ever a man was -raised up by Providence, it was Lincoln, for he had no chance." Mr. -Gentry was elected on the Democratic ticket to the Indiana Legislature -of 1871. He gave me his picture, reproduced herein, but it represents -him much younger than when I saw him. He died May 3, 1905, at the age -of eighty-six. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -Indiana Associates and Incidents - - The Double Wedding—One of the Brides Interviewed—"The Chronicles - of Reuben"—Josiah Crawford's Daughter—The Lincoln-Brooner Rifle - Gun—David Turnham, the Indiana Constable—The "Revised Statutes - of Indiana." - - -Reuben Grigsby had quite a family of sons. Aaron, the oldest, who -married Lincoln's sister, and Redmond D., the youngest, have already -been mentioned. Two sons, Reuben and Charles, were married the same -day, the former married in Spencer County and the latter in Dubois, the -adjoining county on the north. A double infare dinner was given at old -Reuben Grigsby's, the day following the marriages. The Grigsbys were -regarded as belonging to the "upper ten" class in those days, for they -lived in a two-story hewed-log house. - -On the sixth of April, 1899, I met Elizabeth Grigsby, commonly called -"Aunt Betsy," one of the brides, the widow of Reuben, Jr., at the home -of Mr. and Mrs. Justin Banks, near Grandview, Spencer County. She was -in her eighty-seventh year. She was cheerful, and bright in her mind, -and had a good knowledge of current events. I requested her to give -me a sketch of her life, and stated that it might prove useful and -interesting as a matter of history. She thought that, perhaps, what I -said might be true, and cheerfully gave the following: - - "My father, Ezekiel Ray, was born in Ireland, and came to America - at the age of three years, and his father settled in Tennessee. - My father and a number of others, among them Mr. Grass and Mr. - Lamar, came to Indiana, and settled where Grandview now stands. My - father died when I was five years old. I had one sister and five - brothers. I was next to the youngest child. My mother remained a - widow, and died twelve years after the death of my father. I had - sixty acres of land left to me, my part of father's estate. - - "I was married to Reuben Grigsby on the 15th of April, 1829, - before my seventeenth birthday, which was June 1, following. - Charles, my husband's brother, was married the same day. We had - infare dinner at the home of my husband's father, Reuben Grigsby, - three miles south of Gentryville. My husband and I arrived about - two hours before the other couple arrived. John Johnston, Abraham - Lincoln's step-brother, told a story about a mistake made by the - brothers in going to bed upstairs that night, which led to a fight - between himself and William Grigsby, a brother of the two who were - married. This story told by John Johnston occasioned the writing - of 'The Chronicles of Reuben,' by Abraham Lincoln, a short time - afterward. I saw Lincoln at my father-in-law's two days after our - marriage. He was not a good looking young man. - - "Sally Lincoln, Abraham's only sister, married Aaron Grigsby, my - husband's oldest brother, but that was before my marriage. I never - saw her, for she died about three years after her marriage. I have - seen Thomas Lincoln, but was not acquainted with him. My husband - and Abraham Lincoln attended the same school. My husband never had - a sister that he thought more of than he did of Sally Lincoln. - - "After our marriage on Thursday, we moved to my place, where - Grandview now is. I have been a member of the United Brethren - Church about forty-five years. My husband joined the church about - eight years before I joined. He was a class-leader for many years. - He died sixteen years ago last January. I have raised eight - children, but only four are living, one son and three daughters. - - "I am not much account any more, but I am still here. My health - has been better the past winter than common. My eyesight is good. - I have never used spectacles, but I have trouble sometimes in - threading a fine needle. My teeth are all gone, except two old - snags. I am living on my farm of forty acres, two miles northwest - of Grandview. I have a house of four rooms. I rent my farm and - three rooms, reserving one room for myself. I do my own cooking, - and eat alone." - -"Aunt Betsy" died March 27, 1901, two years after the interview -mentioned, in her eighty-ninth year. Her picture, secured for this -book, through her daughter, Mrs. Enco, residing in Spencer County, is a -good one. - -"The Chronicles of Reuben," mentioned by "Aunt Betsy," were written -in scripture style, but no copy has been preserved. Thomas Bunton, -an aged citizen of Gentryville, told me that he remembered hearing -the "Chronicles" read when he was a boy. Redmond D. Grigsby told me, -in my interview with him, that he was in possession of them for some -time, but they were lost or destroyed. He said the "Chronicles" were -no credit to Mr. Lincoln. Those purporting to be the "Chronicles" -in Herndon and Weiks' "Life of Lincoln," were written by Herndon as -remembered by Mrs. Crawford, the wife of Josiah Crawford. Dr. W. S. -Bryant, of Dale, told me, some years ago, that he accompanied Herndon, -in 1865, to the Crawford place, when the "Chronicles" were written -as before stated. It had then been thirty-six years since they were -written. - -The Grigsbys were much irritated when the "Chronicles" were written, -and have protested against their becoming a matter of history. It is -alleged that they were written to humiliate the Grigsbys for slighting -Lincoln in the invitations to the infare. The account of the fight -between John Johnston and William Grigsby is mentioned in full in -Lamon's "Life of Lincoln," but whether all the details there mentioned -are true no one can say. - -The day I visited Captain and Mrs. Lamar, already referred to, at -their request, I visited the captain's cousin, Mrs. Ruth Jennings -Huff, residing in Buffaloville. She was the only surviving child of -Josiah Crawford. She said she was the middle child of five children, -three brothers and one sister. She showed me a corner cupboard made -by Thomas Lincoln and his son Abraham for her father. Her father died -about thirty years before my visit. In the distribution of the property -among the children, among other things, she chose the cupboard. After -telling many things she had heard her parents say about Lincoln, I -ventured to ask if she ever heard of the "Chronicles of Reuben." Her -quick, characteristic reply was, "Lord, yes; I've heard mother tell it -a thousand times." Mrs. Huff died at the residence of her son, S. H. -Jennings, in Rockport, Indiana, December 26, 1906, in her eightieth -year. Mr. Jennings is the present owner of the cupboard referred to, -and he writes me that he would not part with it for any reasonable -price. I am indebted to him for a good photograph of his mother. - -In the latter part of the 'twenties, Abraham Lincoln and Henry Brooner -walked to Vincennes, Indiana, a distance of more than fifty miles, -and while there they purchased a rifle gun in partnership for fifteen -dollars. They hunted for game on their way back home. When the Lincolns -moved to Illinois in 1830, Mr. Brooner purchased Mr. Lincoln's interest -in the gun. He kept it until 1872, when he presented it to his adopted -son Samuel, on the day of his marriage. I purchased the gun of Samuel -Brooner, September 7, 1903. Of course, the gun was originally a -"flint-lock." It was changed to shoot with percussion caps. John -F. Martin, now living at Dale, in his seventy-eighth year, and a -son-in-law of Henry Brooner; John W. Kemp, now sixty-three, a justice -of the peace, born and reared on a farm adjoining Henry Brooner, and -Samuel Brooner, each made oath as to their knowledge of the gun. I have -known all these persons for more than twenty years, and know their -testimony to be first class. The gun is now in possession of John E. -Burton, of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. - -Nearly all the Lincoln biographies mention the fact that Lincoln -often read and studied the "Revised Statutes of Indiana," which he -borrowed of David Turnham, a constable, who lived near the Lincolns in -Indiana. Mr. Turnham's father and family came to Indiana and settled -in Spencer County, in 1819. Turnham and Lincoln went hunting together -and attended the same school, although Turnham was six years older, as -he was born August 2, 1803. "The Revised Statutes," besides containing -the constitution and laws of Indiana, contained the Declaration of -Independence and the Constitution of the United States. No doubt it was -in this book that Lincoln first read those important documents. Mr. -Turnham gave the book to Mr. Herndon in 1865, when he was gathering -material for the "Life of Lincoln." After being in several hands, the -book is now said to be in possession of W. H. Winters, librarian of the -New York Law Institute. - -Twenty years ago I visited the home of David Turnham's widow, now -deceased, who knew Mr. Lincoln, and I was well acquainted with the two -sons, John J. and George W., who then resided at Dale. David Turnham -died August 2, 1884, at the age of eighty-one. I am under obligation -to my esteemed friend, George W. Turnham, now of Evansville, Indiana, -for information concerning his father, for a copy of Lincoln's letter -to his father, found elsewhere in this book, and for his father's and -mother's pictures, which have never before appeared in any publication. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -The Emigration to Illinois - - Preparations for Removal—Recollections of Old Acquaintances—The - Old Indiana Home—Blocks from the Old House—The Cedar Tree—More - Tangled History Untangled—Mr. Jones' Store—Various Experiences - in Illinois—Recollections of an Old Friend. - - -After residing in Indiana fourteen years, and having rather a rough -experience, Thomas Lincoln, through the inducements of others, -concluded to move to Illinois. Abraham was now twenty-one years old. -The farm products were sold to David Turnham. The family started March -1, 1830. Other families accompanied them. - -Expressions made to me, and written at the time by different persons -who remembered the departure of the Lincolns, are here given: - -Allen Brooner said: "I remember when the Lincoln family left for -Illinois. Abraham and his step-brother, John Johnston, came to my -father's to trade a young horse for a yoke of oxen. The trade was made. -John Johnston did most of the talking." - -Redmond D. Grigsby said: "I was twelve years old when the Lincolns left -for Illinois. I helped to hitch the two yokes of oxen to the wagon, and -went with them half a mile." - -James Gentry said: "I was eleven years old when the Lincoln family -started to Illinois. They stayed at my father's the night before they -started." - -Mrs. Lamar said: "I remember when the Lincolns left for Illinois. All -the neighbors went to see them start. All the surroundings, to my -mind, are as plain as things are now in my kitchen." - -The old Indiana house, built by Thomas Lincoln, in 1817, was torn -down, and the logs shipped away, many years ago, except one log. -Isaac Houghland, a reliable man and merchant of Lincoln City, was in -possession of this log, and stated to me that a man by the name of -Skelton said he would make oath that it was one of the logs of the old -Lincoln house. Mr. Houghland kindly gave me two blocks, which I saw his -son chop from the log. - -A cedar-tree stands near where the Lincoln house stood. A number of -unreliable stories concerning this tree have been told in various -Lincoln biographies, magazine and newspaper articles. Some state that -the tree was planted by Abraham Lincoln; others, that James Gentry -planted the tree the day the Lincolns started to Illinois, in honor of -his friend, Abraham. James Gentry, many years ago, purchased several -hundred acres of land around and including the Lincoln farm. He told -me, in the interview before mentioned, that he planted the cedar-tree -in 1858. I wrote that fact in his presence, and have preserved -the original paper on which it is written. The tree was planted -twenty-eight years after the Lincolns vacated the premises. Some of the -citizens of Lincoln City do not know the true history of the tree. Some -yet believe Lincoln planted it, and hundreds of visitors have almost -stripped the tree of its twigs and branches with the same delusive -idea. Here is more "tangled history untangled." - -William Jones kept a store at Gentryville some years before, and at -the time the Lincolns went away, Abraham often worked for Mr. Jones, -and read newspapers at the store. Before leaving he bought thirty-five -dollars' worth of goods from Mr. Jones to sell on the way out to -Illinois. He wrote back that he doubled his money on the investment. -Mr. Jones was born in Vincennes, Indiana, January 5, 1800. He was a -member of the Indiana Legislature from 1838 to 1841. He was killed -while in command as colonel of the Fifty-third Indiana Regiment, at -Atlanta, Georgia, July 22, 1864. I gather these facts, mainly, from an -article furnished a newspaper by Captain William Jones, of Rockport, -Indiana, a son of Colonel William Jones. I knew Captain Jones at Dale, -many years ago. - -The Lincolns were about two weeks on their journey to Illinois. They -first settled near Decatur. Thomas Lincoln moved a time or two after, -and finally settled on Goosenest Prairie, near Farmington, in Coles -County, where he died January 12, 1851, at the age of seventy-three. -Lincoln's step-mother, whom he loved very dearly, died April 10, 1869, -in her eighty-first year, and four years after the death of her famous -step-son. - -After his removal to Illinois, Abraham Lincoln did not remain much of -the time at home. I shall not follow his history here in detail. His -rail-splitting proclivities; his Black Hawk War record; his experience -as a merchant and postmaster; his career as a lawyer; his election at -various times to the Illinois Legislature; his election to Congress; -his marriage, and many other matters of history are found in most any -of his numerous biographies. Whatever reference may be made to any of -these periods in his history will be for the purpose of introducing new -material. - -The following, relative to some of Lincoln's early experiences in -Indiana, was related to me by one of Lincoln's early Indiana friends, -Allen Brooner: - - "I went to Illinois in 1835-36. Most of the time I was there I - worked at the carpenter trade at Petersburg. We were getting - out timber for a mill. The owner made me 'boss.' At that time - Abraham Lincoln was postmaster at New Salem. He was also keeping - a store at the time. While I was there, Lincoln made a mistake - in his own favor of five cents in trading with a woman. When he - discovered his mistake, he walked two and a half miles to correct - the mistake. The county surveyor came to see Lincoln while I was - out there, and wanted to make him his deputy. Lincoln said, 'I - know nothing of surveying.' 'But,' said the surveyor, 'they tell - me you can learn anything.' Not long afterward I saw Lincoln out - surveying. When Lincoln would hand me my mail he would often - inquire about the Spencer County people and the old acquaintances. - In his conversation he always put the best construction on - everything." - - -[Illustration: UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH, - -_At Lincoln City, Indiana, on the old Lincoln farm. The author, as -presiding elder, has officiated and preached in this church._] - - -[Illustration: JACOB S. BROTHER. - -_Still living at Rockport, Indiana. When a small boy lived with -his father's family in the cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born._] - - -[Illustration: REV. ALLEN BROONER. - -_An old associate of Lincoln in Indiana. Their mothers died one -week apart, and are buried at same place._] - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -Lincoln Visits the Old Indiana Home - - Lincoln an Admirer of Henry Clay—A Whig Elector—Goes to - Indiana—Makes Speeches—Old Friends and Old—Time Scenes—Writes a - Poem. - - -In 1844, Henry Clay was a candidate for President of the United States, -on the Whig ticket. Abraham Lincoln was a great admirer of Mr. Clay, -and referred to him as his "beau-ideal of a statesman." He was placed -on the Whig ticket as presidential elector, and made speeches in favor -of Mr. Clay's election. During the canvass he visited his old home and -acquaintances in Indiana for the first time since he left, fourteen -years before, and it was his only visit to the home of his youth. - -On the 22d of October, 1898, Thomas Bunton, then seventy-five years -old, said to me: "I heard Lincoln speak in Gentryville in 1844. I saw -him coming to the place of meeting with Mr. Jones. I heard Lincoln -say, 'Don't introduce me to any one; I want to see how many I can -recognize.' He went around shaking hands, and when he came to me he -said, 'This is a Bunton.'" - -Captain Lamar said, at the time of my visit to him already mentioned: -"At the close of Lincoln's speech, near Buffaloville, he said, -'Friends and fellow-citizens, I may never see you again, but give us -a protective tariff and you will some day see the greatest nation the -sun ever shone over.' While saying this he pointed to the east and, -raising his hand, he closed the sentence pointing to the west. From the -speaking I went with him to Si Crawford's for dinner. He talked much -about old times, places, and people familiar to him in other days. The -last words Abe said to me were these, 'You are comparatively young, God -bless you, I may never see you again.'" - -Mr. Lincoln was so impressed by his visit to the old home that he -wrote a descriptive poem, which is published in some of the Lincoln -biographies. The following letter, written in 1846, explains why he -wrote the poem: - - "The piece of poetry of my own which I allude to I was led to - write under the following circumstances: In the fall of 1844, - thinking I might aid to carry the State of Indiana for Mr. Clay, - I went to the neighborhood in that State in which I was raised, - where my mother and my only sister are buried, and from which - I had been about fifteen years. That part of the country is, - within itself, as unpoetical as any spot of the earth; but still, - seeing it and its objects and inhabitants aroused feelings in - me which were certainly poetry, though whether my expression of - these feelings is poetry is quite another question. When I got to - writing, the change of subject divided the thing into four little - divisions, or cantos, the first only of which I send you, and may - send the others hereafter." - - "My childhood's home I see again, - And sadden with the view; - And still, as memory crowds my brain, - There's pleasure in it, too. - - "Q memory! thou midway world - 'Twixt earth and paradise, - Where things decayed, and loved ones lost, - In dreamy shadows rise; - - "And, freed from all that's earthly vile, - Seem hallowed, pure, and bright, - Like scenes in some enchanted isle, - All bathed in liquid light. - - "As dusky mountains please the eye, - When twilight chases day; - As bugle notes that, passing by, - In distance die away; - - "As leaving some grand waterfall, - We, lingering, list its roar; - So memory will hallow all - We've known, but know no more. - - "Near twenty years have passed away - Since here I bid farewell - To woods and fields, and scenes of play, - And playmates loved so well; - - "Where many were, but few remain, - Of old, familiar things; - But seeing them to mind again - The lost and absent brings. - - "The friends I left that parting day, - How changed! as time has sped - Young childhood grown, strong manhood gray, - And half of all are dead. - - "I hear the loud survivors tell - How naught from death could save, - Till every sound appears a knell, - And every spot a grave. - - "I range the fields with pensive tread, - And pace the hollow rooms, - And feel (companions of the dead), - I'm living in the tombs." - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -Lincoln and the Armstrong Case - - Famous Law Cases—The Clary Grove Boys—The Wrestling Contest—Jack - and Hannah Armstrong—Trial of Their Son for Murder—Lincoln's - Tact and the Acquittal—Letters from the Surviving Attorney in - the Case—More Tangled History Untangled—Unpublished Facts - Connected with Parties in the Case. - - -Lincoln, as a lawyer, was employed in a number of noted cases involving -great interests. One was the defense of a slave girl, Nancy, in 1841, -in the Supreme Court of Illinois, who, through him, was made free. -At this time Mr. Lincoln was only thirty-two years of age. The case -excited great interest, and the decision forever settled the few traces -of slavery which had then existed in southern Illinois. - -Another case was the Central Illinois Railroad Company against McLean -County, Illinois, tried at Bloomington. This case was decided in favor -of the railroad. Mr. Lincoln received from the company a fee of $5,000, -the largest fee he ever received. - -Another suit in which he was employed was the McCormick Reaper Patent -case, tried in 1857, in Cincinnati, Ohio. Here Mr. Lincoln first met -the Honorable Edwin M. Stanton, who was employed on the same side of -the case. Mr. Stanton treated Mr. Lincoln with great disrespect. Mr. -Lincoln overheard him, in an adjoining room, ask, "Where did that -long-armed creature come from, and what can he do in this case?" He -also declared if "that giraffe" was permitted to appear in the case he -would throw up his brief and leave it. He further referred to Lincoln -as a "long, lank creature from Illinois, wearing a dirty linen duster -for a coat, the back of which the perspiration had splotched with -stains that resembled the map of a continent." As there were a number -of attorneys on both sides, it was ordered that only two speeches be -made on each side. This order would exclude either Lincoln or Stanton, -as there were three attorneys on that side of the case. At Lincoln's -suggestion, Stanton quickly decided to speak. Mr. Lincoln was greatly -disappointed, for he had made much preparation. Four years later, Mr. -Lincoln was inaugurated President of the United States, and he chose -Mr. Stanton as a member of his cabinet, and they were close friends -during the Civil War. - -The most celebrated case in which Mr. Lincoln figured was the Armstrong -case, in 1858. All the Lincoln biographers refer to it, and as I have -some unpublished facts in reference to it and some of the parties -connected with the case, it is here presented at length. - -There was near New Salem a band of young men known as the "Clary Grove -Boys." The special tie that united them was physical courage and -strength. Every newcomer of any great strength had to be tested. So -Lincoln was required to go through the ordeal of a wrestling match. -Seeing that he could not be easily floored, Jack Armstrong, their -champion, was chosen to lay Lincoln on his back. Many gathered to -witness the contest, and a number of bets were made. After quite a -spirited engagement, Lincoln won, and was invited to become one of the -company. Jack Armstrong declared, "Abe Lincoln is the best man that -ever broke into the settlement," and he became a lifelong, warm friend -of Lincoln. - -Some time after the scuffle, Lincoln found a home, for a time, with -Jack Armstrong, where he read and studied. Armstrong was a farmer, and -a poor man, but he saw genius struggling in the young student, and -welcomed him to his cabin home and rough fare. Mrs. Armstrong, a most -excellent woman, learned to respect Mr. Lincoln, and befriended him in -many ways. - -About twenty years after Lincoln's stay in the Armstrong home, William -D. Armstrong, commonly called "Duff," a son of Jack and Hannah -Armstrong, became involved in a difficulty. He was somewhat wild, and -was often in bad company. One night, in August, 1857, in company with -a wild crowd, he went to a camp-meeting, where a row ensued, in which -a man named Metzker received injuries from which he died three days -later. Young Armstrong and another young man, Norris, were arrested, -charged with murder, and put in jail. The community was greatly stirred -over the matter and demanded the speedy punishment of the prisoners. A -short time after "Duff" was placed in jail, his father, Jack Armstrong, -died, and his last request was for his wife to sell everything she -had to clear "Duff." Mrs. Armstrong engaged two lawyers at Havana, -Illinois, and Lincoln, hearing of her troubles, wrote her the following -letter: - - "SPRINGFIELD, OHIO, September 18, ——. - - "DEAR MRS. ARMSTRONG:—I have just heard of your deep affliction, - and the arrest of your son for murder. I can hardly believe that - he can be guilty of the crime alleged against him. It does not - seem possible. I am anxious that he should have a fair trial, at - any rate; and gratitude for your long-continued kindness to me - in adverse circumstances prompts me to offer my humble services - gratuitously in his behalf. It will afford me an opportunity to - requite, in a small degree, the favors I received at your hand, - and that of your lamented husband, when your roof afforded me - grateful shelter without money and without price. - - Yours truly, - - "ABRAHAM LINCOLN." - -The first act was to secure a postponement and a change in place of -trial. The trial was held at Beardstown, in May, 1858, only two years -before Mr. Lincoln was nominated for President of the United States, -and the case was watched with great interest. Norris had already been -convicted and sent to the penitentiary. - - "When the trial was called the prisoner was pale and emaciated, - with hopelessness written on every feature. He was accompanied by - his half-hoping, half-despairing mother, whose only hope was in a - mother's belief of her son's innocence, in the justice of the God - she worshiped, and in the noble counsel, who, without hope of fee - or reward upon earth, had undertaken the case." - -A statement of the trial is here taken, with a few changes, from -Barrett's excellent "Life of Lincoln": - - "Mr. Lincoln sat quietly by while the large auditory looked on - him as though wondering what he could say in defense of one whose - guilt they regarded as certain. The examination of the witnesses - for the State was begun, and a well-arranged mass of evidence, - circumstantial and positive, was introduced, which seemed to - impale the prisoner beyond the possibility of extrication. - The strongest evidence was that of a man who belonged to the - rough element, who swore that at eleven o'clock at night he saw - Armstrong strike the deceased on the head, that the moon was - shining brightly, and was nearly full, and that its position in - the sky was just about that of the sun at ten o'clock in the - morning, and that by it he saw Armstrong give the mortal blow. - - "The counsel for the defense propounded but few questions, and - those of a character which excited no uneasiness on the part of - the prosecutor—merely, in most cases, requiring the main witness - to be definite as to time and place. - - "When the evidence of the prosecution was ended, Lincoln - introduced a few witnesses to remove some erroneous impressions - in regard to the previous character of his client, who, though - somewhat rowdyish, had never been known to commit a vicious act; - and to show that a greater degree of ill feeling existed between - the accuser and the accused than the accused and the deceased. - - "The prosecutor felt that the case was a clear one, and his - opening speech was brief and formal. Lincoln arose, while a - deathly silence pervaded the vast audience, and in a clear, - but moderate tone, began his argument. Slowly and carefully he - reviewed the testimony, pointing out the hitherto unobserved - discrepancies in the statements of the principal witness. That - which had seemed plain and plausible, he made to appear as a - serpent's path. The witness had stated that the affair took place - at a certain hour in the evening, and that, by the aid of the - brightly-shining moon, he saw the prisoner inflict the death blow." - -At this point Mr. Lincoln produced an almanac, which showed that at the -time referred to by the witness there was no moon at all, and showed it -to the jury. He then said that the principal witness had testified to -what was absolutely false, and declared his whole story a fabrication. -Lincoln had told no one of his discovery, so that it produced quite a -sensation. - - "An almost instantaneous change seemed to have been wrought in - the minds of the auditors, and the verdict of 'not guilty' was at - the end of every tongue. But the advocate was not content with - this intellectual achievement. His whole being had for months been - bound up in this work of gratitude and mercy, and, as the lava - of the overcharged crater bursts from its imprisonment, so great - thoughts and burning words leaped from the soul of the eloquent - Lincoln. He drew a picture of the perjurer, so horrid and ghastly - that the accuser could sit under it no longer, but reeled and - staggered from the court-room, while the audience fancied they - could see the brand upon his brow. Then, in words of thrilling - pathos, Lincoln appealed to the jurors, as fathers of sons who - might become fatherless, and as husbands of wives who might be - widowed, to yield to no previous impressions, no ill-founded - prejudice, but to do his client justice. As he alluded to the debt - of gratitude he owed the boy's dead father and his living widowed - mother, tears were seen to fall from many eyes unused to weep. It - was near night when he concluded by saying that if justice was - done,—as he believed it would be,—before the sun should set it - would shine upon his client a free man. - - "The jury retired, and the court adjourned for the day. Half an - hour had not elapsed when a messenger announced that the jury - had returned to their seats. All repaired immediately to the - court-house, and while the prisoner was being brought from the - jail, the court-room was filled to overflowing with citizens - of the town. When the prisoner and his mother entered, silence - reigned as completely as though the house were empty. The foreman - of the jury, in answer to the usual inquiry from the court, - delivered the verdict of 'Not guilty.' - - "The widow dropped into the arms of her son, who lifted her up, - and told her to look upon him as before, free and innocent. Then - with the words, 'Where is Mr. Lincoln?' he rushed across the room, - and grasped the hand of his deliverer, while his heart was too - full for utterance. Lincoln turned his eyes toward the west, where - the sun still lingered in view, and then, turning to the youth, - said, 'It is not yet sundown, and you are free.' An eye-witness - says: 'I confess that my cheeks were not wholly unwet by tears as - I turned from the affecting scene. As I cast a glance behind, I - saw Abraham Lincoln obeying the divine injunction, by comforting - the widowed and the fatherless.'" - -A story has been reported that the introduction of an almanac in the -Armstrong trial was a piece of trickery on Lincoln's part; that an -almanac of 1853 was used with all the figure 3's changed to 7's. This -was not necessary, for the almanac of 1857 answered the purpose, and, -besides, Mr. Lincoln was not a dishonest lawyer. - -Others have claimed that no almanac was used at all in the trial. -George Cary Eggleston, a noted author, is reported as putting a -discount on it, and intimates that the story arose from an incident -connected with a trial in the early 'fifties at Vevay, Indiana, -witnessed by himself and his brother Edward, the author of the "Hoosier -Schoolmaster," and other popular novels. He says his brother, in -writing the novel, entitled "The Graysons," exercised the novelist's -privilege, and attributed this clever trick to Abraham Lincoln in the -days of his obscurity. - -Part First of Honorable J. H. Barrett's "Life of Lincoln" was prepared -for the press in June, 1860, just after Mr. Lincoln's nomination for -the presidency, and only two years after the Armstrong trial, and there -the trial is mentioned in full, with the almanac incident. How does the -George Cary Eggleston account jibe with these facts? His brother Edward -simply stated an historical fact in attributing the almanac incident to -Lincoln, and it was not the exercise of a novelist's fancy. - -In order to secure additional facts in the Armstrong case, I recently -wrote to the postmaster at Havana, Illinois, for the names of the -lawyers, if yet living, who were associated with Mr. Lincoln in the -case. The following letter was received, which is here given for its -historic value: - - "HAVANA, ILLINOIS, August 22, 1908. - - "REV. J. T. HOBSON, DEAR SIR:—Your letter directed to the - postmaster of this place, dated August 18, 1908, was handed to - me by the postmaster, Mr. Oscar Harpham, and he requested me to - answer your letter. - - "You ask for the names of the lawyers in Havana, who, in - connection with Abraham Lincoln, defended Duff Armstrong in the - Circuit Court of Cass County, Illinois, held in Beardstown, in - 1858. In answer, I will state that the undersigned, Lyman Lacey, - Sr., was one of the two lawyers who was employed to defend said - Armstrong. Our firm name was Walker and Lacey, and we were - practicing law in Havana, Mason County, Illinois, at the time in - partnership, and had been so engaged at the time of the trial - since 1856. Mr. Walker's given name was William. In 1865, Mr. - William Walker removed to Lexington, State of Missouri, where he - practiced law, and was county judge part of the time, and, a few - years ago, died. - - "I am the only attorney who practiced and was employed to defend - Armstrong, yet alive. I am in the practice of law now, and am in - good health, and on the 9th day of May last was seventy-six years - old. Was about twenty-six years old at the time of trial of the - Armstrong case in Beardstown, and my partner, some years older - than myself, was the senior member of our firm. He attended the - trial in Beardstown with Lincoln. I was not present, but stayed at - home in the office in Havana. - - "Mason and Cass counties join, and the crime of killing Metzker, - for which Armstrong was indicted, took place in Mason County, and - the indictment against Armstrong was found in this county, and a - change of venue was taken to Cass County, which was in the same - judicial district. - - "I was well acquainted with Hannah Armstrong, mother of "Duff," - with whom Lincoln had boarded in Menard County, which also joins - Mason, when he was a young man, and before he was a lawyer, That - was the reason Lincoln would not charge anything for defending - her son. Our firm, Walker and Lacey, did not charge her anything - for our services. "Duff" could not pay. His mother employed us - and Lincoln. Lincoln and our firm consulted together about the - defense, and Walker assisted at the trial. - - "I would be glad to give you any information in regard to the - trial and the parties in the Armstrong case. It was quite - celebrated, and things have been told that were not true. - - "In regard to myself, in 1873 I was elected judge of the Circuit - Court, and elected three times afterwards, and served in all - twenty-four years. By appointment of the Supreme Court of this - State, I served twenty years on the Appellate Court bench. I - retired from the bench in 1897. - - "Yours very truly, - - "LYMAN LACEY, SR." - -After receiving the above letter, I wrote to Judge Lacey for additional -information, and, in reply, received another letter containing -interesting data, which here follows: - - "HAVANA, ILLINOIS, September 1, 1908. - - "REV. J. T. HOBSON, DEAR SIR:—Your letter of August 26th, was duly - received, and contents noted. I wish to state to you that William - Duff Armstrong was duly and jointly indicted with James H. Norris - in the Circuit Court of Mason County, Illinois, for the murder - of Metzker, October 3, 1857. Hugh Fullerton, of Mason County, - was State's attorney and prosecutor, and is long since deceased. - Norris was unable to employ an attorney, not having the necessary - means. According to the laws of Illinois, in such case the - circuit judge appoints an attorney at law to defend him, and the - attorney is obliged to defend the prisoner without compensation. - Accordingly the court appointed William Walker, my law partner, - to defend Norris, which he did. Norris was tried before a jury of - twelve men in Mason County, and said jury, on the 5th of November, - convicted him of manslaughter, and fixed the time he should serve - in the penitentiary as eight years, and the judge sentenced him to - serve that time in the penitentiary at hard labor, which he did, - less time gained by good behavior. - - "William Duff Armstrong was granted a change of venue, November - 5, 1857, to Cass County, Illinois, and was tried the next spring. - William Walker and myself were employed by Hannah Armstrong and - Duff to defend him in Cass County, Illinois. I cannot state for - certain whether 'Aunt Hannah' first sought the advice and help of - Lincoln, or whether Lincoln first volunteered his services, but - my recollection is that she first sought his aid. I understood - after the trial of Duff that Mr. Lincoln told her he would make - no charge for his services, because, he told her, she had spent - more time, while he boarded with her, in darning his stockings - and mending his clothes, than he had in defending her son in the - trial, and as she never charged him anything, he would not charge - her for his services. - - "You know that 'Old Abe,' as he was called, was a humorous kind - of a man. At one time when I was in Beardstown, at a term of - court, looking after the Armstrong case, Lincoln was also there, - and the judge, who had to come down on a steamboat from Pekin on - the Illinois River, was long delayed. Lincoln and myself were at - the same hotel in Beardstown, waiting for the judge, when Lincoln - became very uneasy, and walked backward and forward, slowly, at - the door of the hotel, when finally he spelled out—'t-e-j-u-s, - t-e-j-u-s,' pronouncing the word as spelled twice. - - "In regard to the almanac question, there was a witness who - testified that after eleven o'clock, when the moon was shining - brightly, he saw Duff Armstrong strike Metzker with a club. - Lincoln and my partner, William Walker, introduced the almanac - of 1857, showing that the moon set before eleven o'clock, which - proved that the witness was swearing to a falsehood as regarded - the shining of the moon. Now some one started the story that - the almanac introduced was not one of the date of 1857, but of - a former date showing the setting of the moon before eleven - o'clock.... My partner, Walker, would have told me about it if - such a trick had been performed at the trial, but he never did. - Some years ago, I examined an almanac of 1857, which showed the - setting of the moon was before eleven o'clock, and that it was the - right almanac to introduce. A year or two before Duff Armstrong - died, I had a conversation with him in Mason City, Mason County, - Illinois, and he said there was no truth in the story that an - almanac of a different date than 1857 was introduced. The above - charge is untrue, and is what I referred to in my former - letter.... - - "I practiced law with Herndon in the 'fifties and the 'sixties, - and he often talked to me about Lincoln, whom he liked very much, - and afterward wrote his history. [Herndon was Lincoln's law - partner twenty years.] - - "At the time of the Armstrong trial, Lincoln was not looked upon - as the great man he is to-day, only that he was a very good and - successful lawyer. No one ever dreamed that he would be President. - He was a man of great common sense, and an amusing story-teller. - He knew how to please the common people, and everybody liked him - personally. - - Yours truly, - - "LYMAN LACEY, SR." - -Miss Ida M. Tarbell says, in _McClure's Magazine_, that Lincoln told -the jury in the Armstrong case that he was not there as a hired -attorney, but to discharge a debt of gratitude. Duff Armstrong said: -"Uncle Abe did his best talking when he told the jury what true friends -my father and mother had been to him in the early days. He told how he -used to go out to Jack Armstrong's and stay for days; how kind mother -was to him; and how, many a time, he had rocked me to sleep in the old -cradle." - -J. M. Hobson, now in his eighty-first year, and who, for many years, -has resided in Winterset, Iowa, recently informed me that he was -acquainted with "Aunt Hannah." She was married the second time to -Samuel Wilcox. She died in Winterset, August 15, 1890, at the age of -seventy-nine. - -Mr. Hobson further said: "The son that Lincoln took an interest in -was here fifteen or sixteen years ago. His name was William, but they -called him "Duffy." We had a revival meeting at our church, and he -attended. I took an interest in him, and tried to get him to be a -Christian. He did not make a start then, and I do not know whether he -did later or not." - -Duff Armstrong was a soldier in the Civil War, and died a widower, in -1899, at his daughter's, near Easton, Mason County, Illinois. - -"Aunt Hannah" has a number of relatives in Winterset, Iowa, among them -Mrs. Martha McDonald, her step-daughter and daughter-in-law. She was -first married to Robert, a son of "Aunt Hannah." He died several years -ago. I am indebted to Mrs. McDonald, through J. M. Hobson, for the -excellent picture of "Aunt Hannah" in this book, also for the picture -of "Duff," taken late in life, as an every-day farmer. He was Mrs. -McDonald's step-brother and brother-in-law. - - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN JOHN W. LAMAR, - -_Who knew Lincoln in Indiana_.] - - -[Illustration: MRS. CAPT. J. W. LAMAR, - -_Yet living in Spencer County, Indiana, who remembers the Lincolns -in Indiana_.] - - -[Illustration: HONORABLE JAMES GENTRY, - -_Son of proprietor of Gentryville, Indiana. Both knew Lincoln in -Indiana_.] - - -[Illustration: ELIZABETH GRIGSBY, - -_One of the brides of a double wedding in Indiana which caused -Lincoln to write the "Chronicles of Reuben."_] - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -Lincoln's Temperance Principles - - Promise Made to His Mother—Writes a Temperance Article Before - Leaving Indiana—Mr. Wood and Mr. Farmer—Did Lincoln Sell - Whisky?—His Great Temperance Address—Testimony of - Associates—Moses Martin's Letter—The Internal Revenue Bill. - - -It is well known that Abraham Lincoln was strictly a temperance man. -His early training was on that line. In his maturer years, while a -member of Congress, when urged by an associate to drink on a certain -occasion, he said, "I promised my precious mother only a few days -before she died that I would never use anything intoxicating as a -beverage, and I consider that promise as binding to-day as it was on -the day I made it." - -Among his first literary efforts, at his boyhood home in Indiana, -was to write an article on temperance. William Wood, living near by, -was Lincoln's chief adviser in many things. He took a political and -a temperance paper, and Lincoln read them thoroughly. He expressed a -desire to try his hand at writing an article on temperance. Mr. Wood -encouraged him, and the article was written. Aaron Farmer, a noted -minister of the United Brethren Church, often stopped with Mr. Wood, -who was a zealous and devoted member of the same church. Mr. Herndon -and other Lincoln biographers are mistaken in saying that Aaron Farmer -was a minister of the Baptist Church. Henry Brooner told me that he -joined the United Brethren Church at a grove meeting held in that part -of the country by Aaron Farmer, in the fall of 1827. - -Lincoln's temperance article was shown Mr. Farmer by Mr. Wood, and he -was so well pleased with it that he sent it to an Ohio paper, in which -it was published. Lincoln, at this time, was seventeen or eighteen -years old. I was acquainted with James, Andrew, Robert, and Charles, -aged sons of William Wood, all of whom knew Lincoln. They have all -passed away. In the year 1888, I officiated at the funeral of Mrs. -Nancy Armstrong, one of Mr. Wood's daughters, at her home, which was -the old home of her father, where Lincoln was always a welcome visitor. -William L. Wood, a grandson of Lincoln's adviser, now living at Dale, -and whom I have known for many years, says his grandfather was a -temperance worker. - -Mr. Farmer had a literary turn of mind, and published a paper called -_Zion's Advocate_, at Salem, Indiana, in 1829, but this was about -two years after Lincoln's temperance article was written. The United -Brethren Church organ, the _Religious Telescope_, now published at -Dayton, Ohio, was first published at Circleville, Ohio, in 1834, but -this was still later. Query: In what paper in Ohio was Lincoln's -temperance article printed? Mr. Farmer died March 1, 1839, while -serving as presiding elder of the Indianapolis District. William -Wood, Lincoln's old friend and adviser, died at Dale, Spencer County, -Indiana, December 28, 1867, at the age of eighty-three. - -Mr. Lincoln has been charged with selling whisky at New Salem, -Illinois. Let us examine the facts and his own statement. In 1833, -he and Mr. Berry bought out three groceries in New Salem. Berry was -a drinking man and not a suitable partner for Lincoln. At that time -grocery stores usually kept whisky on sale, so the firm had quite -a stock of whisky on hand, along with other commodities. Drinking -was common then. Even some ministers of the gospel would take their -"dram." It appears that Lincoln trusted Berry to run the business. -It is doubtful if Lincoln himself sold whisky, although his name was -connected with the firm. The firm failed. Berry died, leaving Lincoln -the debts to pay. - -Mr. Douglas, in his debates with Lincoln, twitted him as having been a -"grocery keeper" and selling whisky. In replying, Lincoln jokingly said -Mr. Douglas was one of his best customers, and said he had left his -side of the counter, while Douglas stuck to his side as tenaciously as -ever. When Lincoln laid aside his jokes he declared that he never sold -whisky in his life. (See Chapter IX.) - -Mr. Lincoln often "preached" what he called his "sermon to boys," as -follows: "Don't drink, don't gamble, don't smoke, don't lie, don't -cheat. Love your fellow-men, love God, love truth, love virtue, and be -happy." - -On the 22d of February, 1842, he made a strong address before the -Washingtonian Temperance Society, in the Second Presbyterian Church, -Springfield, Illinois, in which he said: "Whether or not the world -would be vastly benefited by a total and final banishment from it -of all intoxicating drinks, seems to me not now an open question. -Three-fourths of mankind confess the affirmative with their tongues, -and, I believe, all the rest acknowledge it in their hearts." - -Leonard Swett, who, for eleven years was associated with Lincoln in -law in the Eighth Judicial District of Illinois, said, "Lincoln never -tasted liquor, never chewed tobacco or smoked." - -The late Philip Clark, of Mattoon, Illinois, an old-time friend of -Lincoln, is reported to have said: "We were together one night in a -country neighborhood, when some one proposed that we all go to church, -close by, to hear the Rev. John Berry preach a temperance sermon. After -listening intently, Abe remarked to me that that subject would some -time be one of the greatest in this country." - -In the year 1847, Lincoln made a number of temperance addresses and -circulated a total abstinence pledge, urging persons to sign it. Among -those who signed the pledge presented by Mr. Lincoln were Moses Martin -and Cleopas Breckenridge, who are still living. Recently I wrote to -Mr. Martin, asking him to furnish for this book a statement concerning -his recollections of Lincoln and his temperance speech. He promptly -answered, as follows: - - "EDINBURG, ILLINOIS, January 14, 1909. - - "MR. J. T. HOBSON, DEAR SIR:—I heard Abraham Lincoln lecture on - temperance in 1847, at the South Fork schoolhouse. He came out - from Springfield. He had gotten up a pledge. It was called the - Washingtonian pledge. He made a very forcible lecture, the first - temperance lecture I ever heard, and the first one ever delivered - in our neighborhood. It was in the grove, and a large crowd came - out to hear the lecture. Lincoln asked if any one had anything - to say, for it or against it, while he circulated the pledge, he - would hear from them. My old friend, Preston Breckenridge, got - up and made a very forcible talk. He signed the pledge, and all - his children. Cleopas was his son. Nearly every one there signed - it. Preston went out lecturing. I usually went with him and - circulated the pledge copied after Abraham Lincoln's pledge. It - read as follows: 'Whereas, the use of intoxicating liquors as a - beverage is productive of pauperism, degradation, and crime, and - believing it is our duty to discourage that which produces more - evil than good; we, therefore, pledge ourselves to abstain from - the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage.' When I signed - Lincoln's pledge I was about nineteen years old. I am now eighty - years old. - - "MOSES MARTIN." - -At my request, Mr. Martin kindly sent his picture for this book. -Cleopas Breckenridge, who is referred to in Mr. Martin's letter, is -living, in his seventy-third year, at Custer, Illinois. As he has -furnished a statement for other publications, he writes that he prefers -not to furnish it again. It may be said, however, that he was ten years -old when Lincoln, by permission, wrote his name under the pledge, then -placing his hand on the little boy's head, said, "Now, sonny, you keep -that pledge, and it will be the best act of your life." In his long -life, subject to many temptations, Mr. Breckenridge has faithfully kept -his pledge made at Mr. Lincoln's temperance meeting. - -On the 29th of September, 1863, in response to an address from the Sons -of Temperance in Washington, President Lincoln said: - - "If I were better known than I am, you would not need to be told - that, in the advocacy of the cause of temperance you have a friend - and a sympathizer in me. When I was a young man—long ago—before - the Sons of Temperance as an organization had an existence, I, - in a humble way, made temperance speeches, and I think I may say - that to this day I have never, by my example, belied what I then - said.... I think the reasonable men of the world have long since - agreed that intemperance is one of the greatest, if not the very - greatest, of all evils among mankind. This is not a matter of - dispute, I believe. That the disease exists, and that it is a very - great one, is agreed upon by all. The mode of cure is one about - which there may be differences of opinion." - -It is true that President Lincoln, during the awful pressure of the -Civil War, signed the Internal Revenue Bill, (H. R., No. 312,) to raise -money from various sources to support the Government, among which was -the licensing of retail dealers in intoxicating liquors. This bill -was warmly discussed. Some years ago, I read these discussions in the -"Congressional Record," of May 27, 1862. Senators Wilson, Pomeroy, -Harris, and Wilmot opposed the licensing of the sale of intoxicants in -the strongest manner. Mr. Lincoln threatened to veto the bill, but, as -a war measure, and, acting under dire necessity, with the assurance -that the bill would be repealed when the war was over, he reluctantly -signed the bill, July 1, 1862. Up to this time, however, the bill has -never been repealed. There have been some changes made, among which -the word "license" was changed to "special tax," but the import is -practically the same. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -Lincoln as a Prohibitionist - - Major J. B. Merwin and Abraham Lincoln—They Together - Canvass Illinois for State Prohibition in 1854-55—Lincoln's - Arguments Against the Saloon—Facts Omitted by Lincoln's - Biographers—President Lincoln, Generals Scott and Butler - Recommend Merwin's Temperance Work in the Army—The President - Sends Merwin on a Mission to New York the Day of the - Assassination—Proposition for Freedmen to Dig Panama - Canal—Lincoln's Last Words to Merwin—Merwin's Characteristic - Address at Lincoln's Tomb—"Lincoln, the Christian - Statesman"—Merwin Living at Middlefield, Connecticut. - - -It will, no doubt, be of interest to here introduce a man who, perhaps, -knew Mr. Lincoln as well as any man now living. It is Major J. B. -Merwin, of Middlefield, Connecticut, who is now eighty years old. He -is a noted educator and lecturer. He formerly resided in St. Louis, -Missouri, and was the founder of "The American Journal of Education," -in that city in 1867. Since that time he has written much and lectured -widely on educational and literary subjects. - -Learning of his associations with Mr. Lincoln, that they together -campaigned the State of Illinois for State prohibition in 1854-55, -I wrote Mr. Merwin for some items relative to his acquaintance and -associations with the great emancipator. In his reply, Mr. Merwin said: - - "I mail you a very brief résumé of my connection with Mr. Lincoln - from 1854 on, up to the day he was assassinated. This will answer - your query and request, I think, fully. Of course the address made - at the tomb of the great, dear man, on May 26, 1904, was greatly - abridged for lack of space, but many essential points you will be - able to gather from what I send you. And I am glad to do this, for - nearly all his biographers ignore both his prohibition and his - religious work and character." - -From what Mr. Merwin furnished, as stated in his letter, the following -facts are here presented: - -Mr. Merwin, then a young man, was a temperance lecturer in Connecticut, -in 1851, during which year he and Neal Dow both addressed the -legislature in behalf of State prohibition. A resident of Springfield, -Illinois, then visiting in Hartford, being interested in the question, -gained admittance to this legislative session, and was much pleased -with Mr. Merwin's presentation of the subject. He afterward took it -upon himself to invite Mr. Merwin to visit Springfield and deliver -the same address before the Illinois Legislature. The invitation was -accepted, and the following winter Mr. Merwin began a temperance -campaign in Illinois. His first address was made at the capital. -At this time the legislature was considering the submission of the -prohibition question to the people, and as the question met with great -opposition from the leaders of the two political parties, who feared -to jeopardize the liquor interests, the speaker from the East was not -permitted to address the legislature as a body, and spoke instead in -the representative hall. - -It was at this meeting that he first met Lincoln, who was immediately -touched by the young speaker's words and enthusiastically accepted -his message. Mr. Lincoln invited Mr. Merwin home with him that night, -but, knowing nothing of the character of the man, Mr. Merwin asked the -advice of a friend, who said, "Most certainly, if Mr. Lincoln invites -you, go." Mr. Merwin says: "We were barely inside his door, and even -before he asked me to be seated, he wanted to know if I had a copy of -the Maine law with me. I had, and we spent until four o'clock in the -morning discussing its features." The matter of a prohibition canvass -was outlined, and Mr. Lincoln volunteered to put the whole matter -before Richard Yates, afterwards Illinois' war governor, but who was -then Grand Worthy Patriarch of the Sons of Temperance. Mr. Yates was -quick to see the strength of the new idea, and himself arranged the -first series of rallies where Lincoln and Merwin spoke. - -The meeting at Jacksonville was presided over by Richard Yates. Among -the places at which they spoke were Bellville, Bloomington, Peoria, -Edwardsville, and Decatur. Mr. Lincoln's political friends were alarmed -for him because of his radicalism on the temperance question, and made -a combined effort to silence him, but he continued in the fight. - -Prohibition did not carry in its submission to the people, but it is -said that the votes of forty counties were changed in favor of State -prohibition. - -After the campaign of 1854-55, Mr. Merwin's friendship with Lincoln -continued without a break up to the latter's assassination. Soon after -the commencement of the war, Mr. Merwin's unceasing advocacy of the -great reform won him personal recognition, and it was suggested by -prominent military men that he should be officially appointed, and -be permitted the freedom of the camps in the interests of personal -temperance work, need of which was widely evident. What President -Lincoln and Generals Scott and Butler wrote on the back of the -recommendation, as endorsements, is here given. Mr. Merwin has the -original manuscript: - - "If it be ascertained at the War Department that the President has - legal authority to make an appointment such as is asked within, - and Gen. Scott is of opinion it will be available for good, then - let it be done. - - "July 17, 1861. A. LINCOLN." - - "I esteem the mission of Mr. Merwin to this army a happy - circumstance, and request all commanders to give him free access - to all our camps and posts, and also to multiply occasions to - enable him to address our officers and men. - - WINFIELD SCOTT, - - "July 24, 1861. _Department of Virginia._" - - "The mission of Mr. Merwin will be of great benefit to the troops, - and I will furnish him with every facility to address the troops - under my command. I hope the Gen'l commanding the army will give - him such official position as Mr. Merwin may desire to carry out - his object. - - "August 8, 1861. B. F. BUTLER, _Maj-Gen. Com'd'g._" - -The testimonial to the warm appreciation of Mr. Merwin's usefulness -in the army as a temperance worker is signed by Isaac N. Arnold, O. -H. Browning, Charles Sumner, Alexander W. Randall, W. A. Buckingham, -Richard Yates, James Harlan, Alexander Ramsey, A. B. Palmer, John F. -Potter, J. L. Scripps, Lyman Trumbull, Henry Wilson, J. R. Doolittle, -Austin Blair, Thomas Drummond, James W. Grimes, Samuel J. Kirkwood, -Timothy O. Howe, David Wilmot, and more than one hundred others. They -comprise those of governors, senators, congressmen, and postmasters. - -In 1862, President Lincoln again wrote a special order to facilitate -his work at the front, as follows, the original still being in Mr. -Merwin's possession: - - "Surgeon General will send Mr. Merwin wherever he may think the - public service may require. - - "July 24, 1862. A. LINCOLN." - -Throughout the war Mr. Merwin was in close personal touch with the -nation's executive, and had a passport, given him by Mr. Lincoln, which -admitted him to the White House at any time, day or night, except -during the session of the cabinet. On the day of his assassination the -President had Mr. Merwin to dine with him, and that afternoon sent him -on an important mission to New York. - -It will be a matter of interest to many to know that Mr. Lincoln -looked very favorably upon a proposal that had been made for the -excavation and completion of the Panama Canal by means of the labor -of the freedmen. Those close to the President at the time were aware -of the fact that he favored the plan, and it was for the purpose of -securing the views of Horace Greeley, of the New York _Tribune_, and -other molders of public thought, in regard to the plan, that he called -Major Merwin to the White House on the fatal Friday, April 14, 1865, -the day that he was shot. After the President had explained this -business to Mr. Merwin, perhaps recalling again those stirring times -ten years before, when he had campaigned with him, he said, "After -reconstruction, the next great question will be the overthrow of the -liquor traffic." - -That evening Mr. Merwin was on his way to New York, and the following -morning, as he stepped from the train in that city, he heard the -terrible news of the assassination at Ford's Theater, the night before. - -Mr. Merwin says that Mr. Lincoln talked freely with him on the -overthrow of the liquor traffic, and it is his strong conviction that -if his life had been spared, even a decade, he would have emphasized -his lifelong devotion to the temperance cause with an open and decisive -championship of State and National prohibition. The slavery issue had -come unforeseen into his life and swept him heart and soul into the -very vortex of that terrific struggle. As he often expressed it, "there -must be one war at a time," and the one that called him first was not -of his own choosing in point of order. - -The abridged address on "Lincoln as a Prohibitionist," delivered by -Major Merwin at the Lincoln Monument, at Springfield, Illinois, May 26, -1904, which he furnished for this book, is here given. It was printed -in the _New Voice_, Chicago, June 16, 1904, to which I am indebted for -a number of the foregoing items, some of which were marked by Major -Merwin with a blue pencil. - -After a brief introduction by Mr. Alonzo Wilson, chairman of the State -Prohibition Committee, Mr. Merwin, standing on one of the steps of the -stairway of the monument, with a beautiful flag covering a part of the -balustrade, said: - - "We stand to-day in the heart of the continent, midway between the - two oceans, within the shadow of the monument of the man who made - more history—who made greater history than any other person, than - all other persons who lived in the nineteenth century! A leader - of the people, who was great in their greatness, who carried - their burdens, who, with their help, achieved a name and a fame - unparalleled in human history. He broke the shackles of four - millions of slaves. He saved to the world this form of government, - which gives to all our people the opportunity to walk, if they - will, down the corridors of time, arm in arm with the great of - all ages, sheltered and inspired by the flag which has become the - symbol of hope and of freedom to all the world! - - "In God's good providence, I came to know him—here in his humble - home in Springfield, in 1854, and before he had come to be the - hero, beloved, glorified, known and loved by all who love liberty. - It was in the autumn of 1854. I was a young man full of all the - enthusiasm of those first Neal Dow triumphs in New England. - Accepting the invitation of friends, I came to Illinois, where the - campaign for State prohibition was getting under way. I reached - Springfield, and one night had the privilege of speaking in the - old State House, where, with legislators and townspeople, I found - an appreciative audience. - - "After my address, there were calls of 'Lincoln! Lincoln! - Lincoln!' and turning, I saw, perhaps, the most singular specimen - of a human being rising slowly, and unfolding his long arms and - his long legs, exactly like the blades of a jack-knife. His hair - was uncombed, his coat sleeves were inches shorter than his shirt - sleeves, his trousers did not reach to his socks. First I thought - there was some plan to perpetrate a 'joke' on the meeting, but in - one minute, after the first accents of the pathetic voice were - heard, the crowd hushed to a stillness as profound as if Lincoln - were the only person present, and then this simple, uncouth man - gave to the hushed crowd such a definition of law, its design and - mission, its object and power, such as few present had ever known - or dreamed. Among the points he made were the following: - - "Mr. Lincoln asked, 'Is not the law of self-protection the first - law of nature; the first primary law of civilized society?' 'Law,' - he declared, 'is for the protection, conservation, and extension - of right things, of right conduct; not for the protection of evil - and wrong-doing.' - - "'The State must, in its legislative action, recognize in the - law enacted this principle—it must make sure and secure these - endeavors to establish, protect, and extend right conditions, - right conduct, righteousness. These conditions will be secured and - preserved, not by indifference, not by a toleration of evils, not - by attempting to throw around any evil the shield of law; never by - any attempt to license the evil.' - - "'This sentiment of right conduct for the protection of home, of - state, of church, of individuals must be taken up and embodied - in legislation, and thus become a positive factor, active in - the state. This is the first and most important function in - the legislation of the modern state.' Proceeding, Mr. Lincoln - said: 'This saves the whole, and not a part, with a high, true - conservatism through the united action of all, by all, for all. - The prohibition of the liquor traffic, except for medical and - mechanical purposes, thus becomes the new evangel for the safety - and redemption of the people from the social, political, and moral - curse of the saloon, and its inevitable evil consequences of - drunkenness.' - - "Lincoln studied every moral and political issue in this light - and from this standpoint, and, as a result of this practice, he - studied the opposite side of every question in dispute, and hence - he was never surprised by the seeming strength of his opponents, - for he saw at once the moral and legal weakness of wrong and - untenable positions assumed. This it is that throws a flood - of light on his ready and unanswerable repartee by story and - statement. In fact, we have seen, often, that after his statement - of a proposition it needed no argument. - - "Honorable Elihu B. Washburn, Lincoln's closest friend, wrote - before he died that 'when the whole truth is disclosed of Mr. - Lincoln's life during the years of 1854-55, it will throw a flood - of new light on the character of Mr. Lincoln, and will add new - luster to his greatness and his patriotism.' - - "Mr. Lincoln had, as is well known, made up his mind to retire - from the political arena. He was annoyed, yea, more, he was - disgusted with the low plane on which the politicians, mere - politicians, not statesmen, were trying to conduct the affairs of - the nation. - - "Mr. Lincoln was feeling his way up and out of the gloom, - despondency, and melancholy which had to so great an extent - affected his life. There came to him a new light, a new revelation - of destiny in those still creative, or rather recreative days, and - it is this phase of things to which Mr. Washburn refers in the - above lines. - - "It is a well-known fact that Mr. Lincoln hesitated to show his - strength of conscience, as he did his wealth of goodness, lest it - be counted as ostentation. He said often in 1854-55, 'The saloon - and the liquor traffic have defenders—but no defense!' With him - men were neither great nor small—they were right or wrong. He - knew no fear except the fear of doing wrong. His expressions and - conduct on this question of the prohibition of the liquor traffic - and the saloon were so firmly anchored on his profound - convictions of right and wrong that they were immutable. - - "In that memorable canvass, Mr. Lincoln and myself spoke in - Jacksonville, in Bloomington, in Decatur, in Danville, in - Carlinville, in Peoria, and at many other points. - - "The gist of Mr. Lincoln's argument was contained in this fearless - declaration: - - "'This legalized liquor traffic, as carried on in the saloons - and grogshops, is the tragedy of civilization. Good citizenship - demands and requires that what is right should not only be made - known, but be made prevalent; that what is evil should not only be - detected and defeated, but destroyed. The saloon has proved itself - to be the greatest foe, the most blighting curse of our modern - civilization, and this is why I am a practical prohibitionist. - - "'We must not be satisfied until the public sentiment of this - State, and the individual conscience shall be instructed to look - upon the saloon-keeper and the liquor-seller, with all the license - each can give him, as simply and only a privileged malefactor—a - criminal.' - - "Mr. Lincoln used, in advocating the entire prohibition of the - liquor traffic, nearly the same language, and in many instances - the same illustrations that he used later on in his arguments - against slavery. At another place he said: - - "'The real issue in this controversy, the one pressing upon - every mind that gives the subject careful consideration, is that - legalizing the manufacture, sale, and use of intoxicating liquors - as a beverage is a wrong—as all history and every development of - the traffic proves it to be—a moral, social, and political wrong.' - - "It should be stated distinctly, squarely, and fairly, and - repeated often, that Mr. Lincoln was a practical total abstinence - man; wrote for it, worked for it, taught it, both by precept - and by example; and when, from a long and varied experience, he - found that the greed and selfishness of the liquor-dealers and - the saloon-keepers overleaped and disregarded all barriers and - every other restraint, and taught by the lessons of experience - that nothing short of the entire prohibition of the traffic and - the saloon would settle the question, he became an earnest, - unflinching prohibitionist. - - "It has been said by those most competent to judge, that Mr. - Lincoln surpassed all orators in eloquence, all diplomats in - wisdom, all statesmen in foresight, and this makes him and his - name a power not to be resisted as a political prohibitionist. - - "We do not say much about it, for it is not necessary, but there - were times and occasions when Mr. Lincoln came to be, in his - administration, greater than law—when his wisdom was greater than - the combined wisdom of all the people. The people, the law-makers - had never comprehended the conditions and the situation that - confronted him. He was as great as necessity, and our safety lay - in the fact that he was as just as he was great, and as wise as he - was just. Great in law, but greater in necessity. - - "God be praised for the great gifts he showered upon him; God be - praised for the generous use he made of them. In the radiance of - God's light and in the sunshine of his love from out the gates of - pearl which were swung inward to his entrance by those who waited - to welcome him thither, there opened to him that vast and bright - eternity, vivid with God's love. We could wish for a moment the - veil might be parted and we, too, could have vision that such - labor shall be crowned with immortal rest. Hail, brother, and - farewell." - -In a letter to me, of late date, Major Merwin writes: - - "None of us can get too many views of the good and great Lincoln, - and the world grows better for all we know, or can learn of - him.... I spoke in New Haven last Sunday evening in one of the - largest churches in the old college town. The house was packed - with Yale students and others. The subject was, 'Lincoln, the - Christian Statesman,' emphasizing the religious phase of the - man, much to the surprise of many present. This was the real - source of his strength. He was larger than any or all so-called - 'denominations,' and yet a multitude find both comfort and - strength in these various divisions, and Lincoln's heart was glad - it was so." - -It should have been stated, in connection with Mr. Merwin's temperance -record in the army, that General Winfield Scott, after hearing several -addresses made by Mr. Merwin from President Lincoln's carriage, to the -regiments gathering in Washington, said to the President, "A man of -such force and moral power to inspire courage, patriotism, faith, and -obedience among the troops is worth more than a half-dozen regiments of -raw recruits." - -As before stated, Mr. Merwin is now in his eightieth year, and resides -at Middlefield, Connecticut. In his last letter to me, dated January -14, 1909, referring to the above paragraph, he says, "I am not now -equal to 6,000 men, but am able to tell the story of the plain, great -man, whose name is now, and ever will be a glory on the nation's brow." - - -[Illustration: THE LINCOLN-BROONER GUN, - -_Owned jointly by Abraham Lincoln and Henry Brooner in Indiana. Now -owned by John E. Burton, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin._] - - -[Illustration: RUTH JENNINGS HUFF, - -_Daughter of Josiah Crawford, for whom Lincoln often labored as hired -hand in Indiana._] - - -[Illustration: DAVID TURNHAM AND WIFE. - -_Mr. Turnham, as Constable, loaned Lincoln the Revised Statutes of -Indiana, the first law-book he ever studied._] - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -Lincoln and the Slavery Question - - An Ancient Institution—The Evils of Slavery—Lincoln Always Opposed - to Slavery—Relic of "Cruel Slavery Days"—Discussions, Laws, and - Compromises—The Missouri Compromise—The Fugitive Slave Law—The - Kansas-Nebraska Bill—Lincoln Aroused—He Answers Douglas—R. L. - McCord Names Lincoln His Candidate for President—A New Political - Party—"Bleeding Kansas"—The Dred Scott Decision—"The Underground - Railroad"—The John Brown Raid—The Approaching Crisis. - - -It may be wondered what future generations will think when they read -the history of our country and learn that within the memory of many of -those who now live this Government tolerated and protected that "sum -of all villainies"—human slavery. Slavery arose at an early period -in the world's history out of the accident of capture in war. As an -institution it has existed in many countries for ages. Unfortunately, -in the first settling of the United States, slavery was tolerated, and -allowed to spread as the country developed. This was especially true of -the Southern States. - -The many attendant evils of slavery cannot here be mentioned. Slaves -were largely kept in ignorance. In some States it was considered a -crime, with heavy penalties, for any white person to teach a colored -person to read or write. - -The traffic in human beings, as it then existed, is awful to think of. -Husbands and wives, parents and children, brothers and sisters were -often sold and separated never to meet again. When the master died, his -negroes were sold to the highest bidder, just like other property. - -Abraham Lincoln was always opposed to slavery. When a young man he -witnessed the cruelties of a slave market in New Orleans, where men, -women, and children were sold like brutes. He then and there said, "If -I ever have a chance to hit that institution, I will hit it hard." -In 1837, when he was only twenty-eight years old, he heard a sermon -preached by a noted minister, in Illinois, on the interpretation of -prophecy in its relation to the breaking down of civil and religious -tyranny. The sermon greatly impressed Mr. Lincoln, and he at that -time said to a friend, "Odd as it may seem, when he described those -changes and revolutions, I was deeply impressed that I would be somehow -strangely mixed up with them." - -Many slaveholders were otherwise good people, and their slaves -were well treated. Ministers of the gospel and church-members held -slaves. Some of the author's maternal relatives were slaveholders. He -remembers, when a small boy, during "cruel slavery days," hearing his -grandfather relate a conversation he had with a slave while on a late -visit to his slaveholding brothers in Kentucky. The slave, a young man, -was entering some complaint against slavery. Grandfather asked him, -"Is your master kind to you?" "Yes, sir," answered the slave. "Do you -have plenty to eat and wear?" "Oh, yes, sir." "Then why are you not -satisfied?" "Oh, Mr. Todd, freedom, freedom." - -I have a letter, dated June 2, 1861, written to my grandfather by one -of his Kentucky brothers. I remember seeing this great uncle in 1865, -when he was visiting in Indiana. He had administered on a brother's -estate. The letter contains the following: "You wrote to know what -I had done with the negroes. I sold them last March, one year ago. -William Hocker bought Dicey and her youngest boy for $1,100. Franklin -Todd, the son of brother Peter, bought the oldest boy for $700. I -bought the second boy, the one born when you were here, for $535." My -great-uncle says, in the same letter, that, on account of governmental -affairs, "property" is not bringing its full value. - -The people of the North were generally opposed to slavery, and great -bitterness of feeling was engendered between the Northern and Southern -States. Among the great leaders in the anti-slavery movement were -William Lloyd Garrison, Gerrit Smith, Wendell Phillips, John G. -Whittier, Joshua R. Giddings, William H. Seward, and Charles Sumner. -The institution of slavery had become a great power, and had interwoven -itself into the social, moral, religious, and political fabrics of the -country. - -Whenever a territory sought admission into the Union as a State, a -great controversy arose as to whether it should be admitted as a free -or a slave State. The halls of Congress resounded with the eloquence -of great statesmen on both sides of the question, because "there were -giants in those days." A good portion of the time of Congress was taken -in discussing some phase of the slavery question. Bad temper was often -exhibited, and great interests were at stake. On some occasions Henry -Clay would propose a compromise, which being accepted, would have a -tendency to lull the storm which, sooner or later, was to burst forth -in all its fury. Anti-slavery, abolition, and various organizations -were formed. - -In the North various opinions existed on the subject of slavery. Some -were opposed to its extension, but did not wish to interfere with it -where it already existed. Others were more ultra, chief of whom was -William Lloyd Garrison, whose motto was to destroy slavery or destroy -the Union. He finally came to the conclusion that the Constitution of -the United States favored slavery, and declared it to be "a covenant -with death and an agreement with hell." - -In 1820 the territory of Missouri sought admission into the Union. -The question as to whether it should be admitted as a free or a slave -State was so warmly and violently discussed in Congress that many -were alarmed lest it would lead to the dissolution of the Union. The -territory was finally admitted as a slave State, but on the express -condition that slavery would forever be excluded from all that part of -the territory of the United States lying north of 36 degrees and 30 -minutes. This provision was known as "the Missouri Compromise." - -In 1850 the "Fugitive Slave Law" was passed by Congress, which was, -in part, to the effect that it was a penal offense to render any -accommodations, assistance, or show any favors whatever to runaway -slaves; also that officers were empowered to compel citizens, in the -North as well as in the South, to assist in the capture of such slaves. - -As the Missouri Compromise forever excluded slavery from the -northwestern territories, the "forever" terminated when Congress, in -May, 1854, passed the celebrated Kansas-Nebraska Bill, introduced by -Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic Senator from Illinois. Its main -provision was that each territory seeking admission into the Union -might decide by vote of its inhabitants whether it should be admitted -as a free or a slave State. This virtually repealed the Missouri -Compromise, which Douglas had declared "to be sacred," and a law which -"no human hand should destroy." This act was considered such a flagrant -violation of a trust, breaking down all legal barriers to the possible -spread of slavery, that it aroused great indignation throughout the -North. - -Mr. Lincoln, just prior to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, as -already stated by Mr. Merwin in the last chapter, had become inactive -in politics, and had given himself more fully to the practice of law. -In furnishing a short biography of himself for a friend, in 1859, -he said, "I was losing interest in politics when the repeal of the -Missouri Compromise aroused me again." He now saw the great danger of -slavery enlarging its territory indefinitely, and was alarmed at the -serious nature of the situation. - -When Mr. Douglas discovered the unpopularity of his famous bill, he -hastened to Springfield and other places in Illinois, to explain -matters. On the 4th of October, 1854, he spoke in the State House at -the time of the State Fair. It was expected that Lyman Trumbull, a -noted Whig politician of Illinois, would reply, but he did not appear. -Seeing the coast clear, Mr. Douglas spread himself, and made a great -speech. He was small in stature and somewhat bombastic in his style -of delivery. He was popularly known among his friends as the "Little -Giant." Mr. Lincoln had been urged to reply to Mr. Douglas, and, after -some persuasion, consented to do so. That day he made his first great -political speech. It is stated that "all the smothered fires of his -broody days and nights and years burst forth in a power and with an -eloquence which even those who knew him best had not so much as hoped -for." Among other things, he said: - - "My distinguished friend, Douglas, says it is an insult to the - emigrants to Kansas and Nebraska to suppose that they are not - able to govern themselves. We must not slur over an argument of - this kind because it happens to tickle the ear. It must be met - and answered. I admit that the emigrant to Kansas and Nebraska is - competent to govern himself, _but I deny his right to govern any - other person without that person's consent_." - -I now introduce to my readers one who heard Mr. Douglas and Mr. Lincoln -on that occasion, fifty-four years ago. It is Rev. R. L. McCord, now -in his seventy-ninth year. He is an intelligent and highly-respected -citizen of Lake City, Iowa, and one of my most valued parishioners. I -shall let Mr. McCord speak for himself: - - "I was then twenty-four years of age, and in my second year as a - student in the Illinois Congregational College at Jacksonville, - thirty miles west of Springfield. Some of my college mates and I - heard Mr. Douglas and Mr. Lincoln speak in the State House, in - the fall of 1854. The people were wearied with the lengthy speech - of Judge Douglas. When Mr. Lincoln began his reply, for about - fifteen minutes he kept the audience in an uproar of laughter and - applause. Then he waded into the subject of 'free speech, free - soil, and free men,' much to the confusion of the man who 'didn't - care whether slavery was voted up or down.' During Mr. Lincoln's - reply, Judge Douglas several times interrupted him, saying he - was misrepresented. Mr. Lincoln, in his good nature, allowed - him to explain a number of times. At one point he was very much - worked up, and, pointing his finger at Mr. Lincoln, vehemently - demanded a chance to explain. In a very excited manner, Judge - Douglas tried to set himself right, using about fifteen minutes - of Mr. Lincoln's time. After he was through, Mr. Lincoln spread - his mouth, and, with a broad smile, said, 'I believe the "Little - Giant" is somewhat agitated,' and, without further attention to - the judge, proceeded with his speech. I was so impressed with Mr. - Lincoln's speech that on leaving the State House, I said to my - college mates, 'Lincoln is my candidate for President at the next - election.' This was six years before Mr. Lincoln was nominated at - Chicago. The next evening, with my college mates, we called upon - Mr. Lincoln at his home and complimented him for his great speech. - He received us kindly, shook hands with us, and thanked us for our - call. This was my first meeting with Mr. Lincoln, but I met him - and heard him speak a number of times afterward." - -This speech of Mr. Lincoln's was a noted one, and nearly all his -biographers mention it, but it has not been left on record, except -in small extracts. Mr. McCord's statement, made for this book, is -interesting, and all will be glad to see the picture of his friendly -and intellectual face as it now appears. - -The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and its effects was the means -of the destruction of the Whig party, to which Mr. Lincoln belonged, -the disruption of other party lines, and the organization of a new -party with Abraham Lincoln as its acknowledged leader, which in a few -years was to decide the destinies of the United States Government. -It also had the effect of bringing about a state of civil war in -Kansas. Thousands of pro- and anti-slavery people flocked to Kansas -to help decide the destiny of that territory. Illegal votes, bogus -legislatures, mobs, murders, incendiary acts, and general lawlessness -were some of the fruits of Mr. Douglas' famous bill for popular -sovereignty, better known as "squatter sovereignty." - -In 1857, Chief-Justice Taney of the United States Supreme Court, with -a majority of his associates, decided on a test case, known as the -"Dred Scott Case," that when the Constitution of the United States -was formed and adopted, a negro slave was not a person, but simply a -piece of property,—a thing,—and that his master could lawfully take his -slaves anywhere he pleased, just as he could his horses and his cattle. - -The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the Fugitive Slave Law, and the Dred Scott -Decision greatly aroused the North. Some declared that the latter -two laws should not be carried out. This increased the hostility of -the South. Many persons in the North assisted in what was called the -"underground railroad"—secretly assisting slaves on their way to Canada -for freedom. - -When a small boy, just beginning to read, I remember seeing at my -Grandfather Todd's, in southern Indiana, copies of the Louisville -_Journal_ (now the _Courier-Journal_) with whole columns of -short advertisements, offering rewards for runaway slaves. Such -advertisements could easily be recognized at a glance, for each one had -a small picture of a slave with a carpet-sack on his back making long -strides for liberty. - -The leading opponents of slavery were bitterly hated and persecuted. -William Lloyd Garrison was mobbed in the city of Boston, and it was -with great difficulty that his life was saved. Elijah P. Lovejoy, who -published an anti-slavery paper at Alton, Illinois, was shot down by a -mob while defending his property and pleading for free speech. Charles -Sumner, because of a speech he made, was brutally assaulted while -sitting in his chair in the United States Senate, and was so beaten -that he was compelled to give up his seat in Congress for four years. - -It was well known that neither moral suasion nor the ordinary political -methods would ever do away with the curse of slavery. The people of -the North debated, prayed, preached, and voted against slavery, while -the people of the South were equally zealous in defending slavery, -contending it was a divine institution. - -While matters were in such an unsettled condition a great explosion -occurred in the fall of 1859 which startled the entire nation. John -Brown, who had rendered valuable service in keeping slavery out of -Kansas, with an armed force of seventeen men, made a raid upon Harper's -Ferry, Virginia, captured the United States arsenal, and for some time -held the United States army at bay before he was captured. He had -planned for a general insurrection among the slaves, believing that -their emancipation depended largely upon themselves. Brown's plans were -forced before he was ready. It was a rash act, and was not approved -by the North, but strongly condemned. Brown and others who survived -the conflict were executed for inciting an insurrection, murder, and -treason. Brown was a brave and sincere man, but fanatical. As the -explosion of the _Maine_ hastened the Spanish-American War, so the John -Brown raid was an important link in the chain of events to hasten the -downfall of slavery. Seward's "irrepressible conflict" was at hand, and -his "higher law" was soon to prevail. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -The Lincoln and Douglas Debates - - Candidates for the United States Senate—Seven Joint Debates—The - Paramount Issue—The "Divided House"—"Acts of a Drama"—Douglas - Charged Lincoln with Selling Whisky—Lincoln's Denial—A - Discovery—Site of the Old Still House in Indiana—Douglas - Elected—Lincoln, the Champion of Human Liberty. - - -In 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas were candidates for the -United States Senate from Illinois. Mr. Douglas, who was a Democrat, -had already served as Senator, and was a candidate for reëlection. -Mr. Lincoln was the Republican nominee. Both had had considerable -experience in politics. Arrangements were made between them to jointly -discuss the political issues at seven different places, namely, Ottawa, -August 21; Freeport, August 27; Jonesboro, September 15; Charlestown, -September 18; Galesburg, October 7; Quincy, October 13, and Alton, -October 15. - -These were the most noted public debates in American history. The -slavery question, with its various side issues, was the chief topic -of discussion. These debates were listened to by immense concourses -of people, and excited the interest of the whole country. Mr. Lincoln -assumed that slavery was wrong, and opposed the extension of it, while -Mr. Douglas, without considering the moral phase of the question, was -in favor of leaving to the vote of the inhabitants of a territory -whether it should become a State with or without slavery. - -Mr. Lincoln's "divided house" argument, first used at Springfield, in -June, when he was nominated for Senator, was one of the strongest -applications of scripture ever given. He said: - - "We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated - with the avowed object, and confident promise, of putting an end - to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that - agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented. - In my opinion it will not cease until a crisis shall have been - reached and passed. 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' - I believe this Government cannot endure permanently half slave - and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do - not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be - divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either - the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and - place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is - in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push - it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, - old as well as new—North as well as South." - -In the course of the debates, Mr. Lincoln said of slavery: - - "The real issue in this controversy—the one pressing upon every - mind—is the sentiment on the part of one class that looks upon - the institution of slavery as a wrong, and of another class that - does not look upon it as a wrong.... Because we think it wrong, we - propose a course of policy that shall deal with it as a wrong. We - deal with it as any other wrong, in so far as we can prevent it - from growing any larger, and so deal with it that in the run of - time there may be some promise of an end to it." - -Because of the great principles involved, and the wide notoriety of -these debates, Mr. Lincoln said, at Quincy: - - "I was aware, when it was first agreed that Judge Douglas and I - were to have these seven joint discussions, that they were the - successive acts of a drama—perhaps I should say, to be enacted, - not merely in the face of audiences like this, but in the face - of the nation, and, to some extent, by my relation to him, and - not from anything in myself, in the face of the world; and I am - anxious that they should be conducted with dignity and in good - temper, which would be befitting the vast audiences before which - it was conducted." - -In the first debate, at Ottawa, Mr. Douglas said, in reference to the -early career of himself and Mr. Lincoln in Illinois: - - "I have known him for nearly twenty-five years. There were many - points of sympathy between us when we first got acquainted. We - were both comparatively boys, and both struggling with poverty in - a strange land. I was a school teacher in the town of Winchester, - and he a flourishing grocery-keeper in the town of Salem." - -It has been stated, in Chapter VII., that in those days to be a -"grocery-keeper" implied the selling of whisky. In his reply, Mr. -Lincoln, using the third person, said: - - "The judge is woefully at fault about his early friend Lincoln - being a 'grocery-keeper.' I don't know as it would be a great sin - if I had been; but he is mistaken. Lincoln never kept a grocery - anywhere in the world. It is true that Lincoln did work the latter - part of one winter in a little still-house up at the head of a - hollow." - -Here Lincoln plainly denies ever keeping a grocery, but the query -arises, Where did he "work the latter part of one winter in a little -still-house, up at the head of a hollow"? In all the numerous Lincoln -biographies I have ever examined I have never seen any reference to its -location. But I have located the place. - -Reference has been made to Henry Brooner, one of Lincoln's early -associates in Indiana. At the time of giving the other items, more than -twenty years ago, already mentioned, "Uncle Henry" made this statement, -written at the time, the original still preserved: - - "When I was about twenty-five years old [1829], Abraham Lincoln - came to my house, where I now live, and left an article of - agreement for me to keep. At that time, one mile north of here, - there was a distillery owned by John Dutton. He employed John - Johnston, Lincoln's step-brother, to run it that winter, and - Lincoln left the article of agreement between the parties for me - to keep." - -"Oh, Uncle Henry," said I, "find that paper, and I will give you ten -dollars for it." He said his house burned afterward, and all his -papers were destroyed. He afterward built a brick house near the same -foundation. - -When "Uncle Henry" gave me this item, I had not read the celebrated -Lincoln and Douglas debates, and, therefore, knew nothing of Lincoln's -statement that he had worked at a still-house. When I read the debates, -fifteen years later, and saw Lincoln's reference to his having "worked -the latter part of one winter at a little still-house, up at the head -of a hollow," I was at once struck with what "Uncle Henry" had told me. -This certainly decides the fact that Lincoln had reference to the time -when he worked at the Dutton distillery, when his step-brother, John -Johnston, run it the winter before the Lincolns left for Illinois, in -1830. - -John Kemp, my old friend and a highly-respected citizen, now -sixty-three years old, who was born and reared on a farm adjoining -Henry Brooner, told me in July, 1903, in Washington, Indiana, that -north of the old Brooner farm there is an old farm still known as -the "Dutton farm," and that he remembered seeing, often, when a small -boy, near a spring, an old, dilapidated building called the "old -still-house." He had never heard of John Johnston or of Abraham Lincoln -working there, for that was before he was born. "Uncle Henry" had been -dead thirteen years, but I had the record of the statement he made to -me. - -On a bright afternoon, September 7, 1903, Mr. Kemp took me in his buggy -to see the place. The farm was then owned by John and Harmon Steineker, -and is on the old Fredonia and Princeton highway, four miles southwest -of Huntingburg, Dubois County, Indiana. Here is the "Dutton farm," and -here is a spring in the barn lot. Just across the road, to the right, -is where the old "still-house" stood, and there is the "hollow" running -down through the forest. As I viewed the scene, I felt something within -me akin to what old Archimedes felt when he discovered the solution to -an important mathematical problem, and exclaimed, "Eureka! Eureka!" ("I -have found it! I have found it!"). - -In the joint debates between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Douglas, the latter -carried the most popular applause, but the former made the deeper and -more lasting impressions. Douglas was greeted with the loudest cheers, -but when Lincoln closed, the people seemed sober and serious. As a -result of the canvass, Mr. Lincoln had a majority of four thousand of -the popular vote of the State, but it is stated that the legislative -districts were so construed that Douglas received a majority of the -ballots in the legislature, and was, therefore, returned to the United -States Senate. The debates brought Mr. Lincoln to the front as an able -and eloquent champion of human liberty and prepared the way for his -nomination and election to the presidency of the United States. - - -[Illustration: WILLIAM D. ARMSTRONG, - -_Of the Armstrong Case. Defended by Lincoln in 1858. This picture was -taken late in life, as an every-day farmer._] - - -[Illustration: HANNAH ARMSTRONG, - -_Wife of Jack Armstrong, and mother of "Duff," whom Lincoln defended._] - - -[Illustration: - -HONORABLE WILLIAM WALKER. - -HONORABLE LYMAN LACEY, SR. - -_These lawyers were associated with Mr. Lincoln in the celebrated -Armstrong Case. Mr. Lacey is still living at Havana, Illinois. Mr. -Walker died several years ago._] - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -Lincoln Nominated and Elected President - - Rival Candidates—Great Enthusiasm—Lincoln's Temperance Principles - Exemplified—Other Nominations—A Great Campaign—Lincoln's - Letter to David Turnham—Lincoln's Election—Secession—Lincoln - Inaugurated—Douglas. - - -Abraham Lincoln was nominated as the Republican candidate for President -of the United States, at Chicago, Illinois, May 18, 1860. Salmon P. -Chase, William H. Seward, Simon Cameron, William L. Dayton, and Edward -Bates were the opposing candidates for the nomination. Mr. Lincoln -was nominated on the third ballot. The nomination was afterward made -unanimous. The nomination was made amid great applause. It has been -said that the scene baffled all human description. Mr. Lincoln was the -second Republican candidate for the Presidency, General John C. Fremont -being the first, who was nominated in 1856. - -Mr. Lincoln was at his home in Springfield, Illinois, when he was -nominated. His strong temperance principles were again exemplified -when the committee formally notified him of his nomination. Some of -his Springfield friends, knowing that he did not keep or use liquors, -thought he would have nothing of the kind on hands to refresh the -committee, and offered to furnish what was needed. Mr. Lincoln thanked -them for their offer, and said, "Gentlemen, I cannot allow you to do -what I will not do myself." - -After the committee had notified him of his nomination, and he had -responded, accepting the nomination, he said that, as an appropriate -conclusion to an interview so important and interesting as that which -had transpired, he supposed good manners would require that he should -treat the committee with something to drink. Soon a servant entered -bearing a large waiter containing several glasses, and a large pitcher -in the midst, and placed it on the center-table. Mr. Lincoln arose and, -gravely addressing the company, said: "Gentlemen, we must pledge our -mutual healths in the most healthy beverage which God has given to man. -It is the only beverage I have ever used or allowed in my family, and -I cannot conscientiously depart from it on the present occasion—it is -pure Adam's ale from the spring." And, taking a glass, he touched it to -his lips, and pledged them his highest respects in a cup of cold water. - -The Democratic party was divided. The Northern Democrats nominated -Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln's old political rival. The Southern -Democrats nominated John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky. A third party, -called the "Union party," nominated John Bell, of Tennessee. The -campaign that followed was a remarkable one. "The magic words, 'Old -Abe' and 'Honest Old Abe,' were on thousands of banners." - -During the campaign, Mr. Lincoln wrote a letter to his old friend, -David Turnham, the constable of Spencer County, Indiana, from whom he -borrowed the "Revised Statutes of Indiana," mentioned in Chapter III. -This letter is now given to the general public for the first time: - - "SPRINGFIELD, ILLS., Oct. 23, 1860. - - "_David Turnham_, _Esq._, - - "MY DEAR OLD FRIEND: Your kind letter of the 17th is received. I - am indeed very glad to hear you are still living and well. I well - remember when you and I last met, after a separation of fourteen - years, at the Cross Road voting place, in the fall of 1844. It is - now sixteen years more, and we are both no longer young men. - - "I suppose you are a grandfather, and I, though married much later - in life, have a son nearly grown. - - "I would much like to visit the old home, and old friends of my - boyhood, but I fear the chance of doing so soon is not very good. - - "Your friend and sincere well-wisher, - - "A. LINCOLN." - -The election was held on the sixth of November, 1860, and the result -showed a popular vote for Lincoln of 1,857,600; for Douglas, 1,365,976; -for Breckenridge, 847,953, and for Bell, 590,631. In the electoral -college, Lincoln received 180 votes, Breckenridge, 72, Bell 39, and -Douglas 12. - -Because of an election of a Northern man for President, and fearing -their "peculiar institution" was in danger, the Southern States began -the organization of the Southern Confederacy, and when Mr. Lincoln was -inaugurated, March 4, 1861, seven Southern States had passed ordinances -of secession, followed later by four other States. Jefferson Davis, of -Mississippi, was chosen President of the Southern Confederacy. - -Mr. Lincoln's inaugural address was noted for its sentiments of good -will and forbearance, yet he strongly indicated his purpose to maintain -the Union. He stated that he had no purpose, directly or indirectly, to -interfere with slavery where it then existed, and that the people of -the South could have no war unless they became the aggressors. - -Stephen A. Douglas, Mr. Lincoln's old political rival, and who was -also a presidential candidate at the time of Mr. Lincoln's election, -held Mr. Lincoln's hat while he read his inaugural address, and stated -to those near him, "If I can't be President, I can hold his hat." -James Parton, the historian, said of Mr. Douglas: "On the breaking -out of the Rebellion, in 1861, Stephen A. Douglas gave his hand to -President Lincoln and engaged to stand by him in his efforts to save -the country. But his days were numbered. During his herculean labors of -the previous year he had sustained himself by deep draughts of whisky; -and his constitution gave way at the very time when a new and nobler -career opened up before him." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861, at the -age of forty-eight years, and only three months after Mr. Lincoln's -inauguration. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -President Lincoln and the Civil War - - The Beginning—Personal Recollections—The War Spirit—Progress of - the War—The Emancipation Proclamation—A Fight to - Finish—Lincoln's Kindness—He Relieves a Young Soldier—He Names - Triplets Who Are Still Living—His Reëlection—The Fall of - Richmond—Appomatox—Close of the Rebellion. - - -On the 12th of April, 1861, after Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, the -first outbreak of the Civil War was the bombardment of Fort Sumter on -the part of the South. President Lincoln at once called for volunteers -to suppress the rebellion. - -Although but a small boy at the time, I remember when the war began. -It was the greatest civil war in human history, and will always be -associated with Abraham Lincoln. I remember the excitement it produced -where I resided in southern Indiana and throughout the whole country. -I recall the floating flag, the mournful sound of the drum, and the -plaintive music of the fife when volunteers were enlisting for the -defense of the nation. The neighbors talked war, the newspapers were -filled with war news. The war spirit entered into the plays of the -children. Elder fifes, old tin wash-boilers for drums, wooden guns and -bayonets, and rudely-constructed flags were much in evidence in the -mimic drilling and marching. How patriotically the little boys sang, as -did some of their sires in the sunny South: - - "The Union forever, hurrah! boys, hurrah! - Down with the traitor, up with the stars, - While we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, - Shouting the battle-cry of freedom!" - -How the schoolboys played war in the autumn! The forts were made of old -fence rails and logs, and how they were bombarded with cannon-balls of -green walnuts, and how the "rebels" were routed and some captured! In -the winter-time how the snow-balls would fly as the two armies stood in -battle array! - -What a sad day it was when the news came that our "circuit rider," -a young minister, who had so often been in our home, and who had -enlisted, was killed at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in May, 1863. - -Early in 1865, I saw my name in print for the first time by writing a -letter for publication in the _Children's Friend_, published at Dayton, -Ohio, in which I made the statement, "I am a Union boy fourteen years -old, and wish the war was over." - -After the war had continued a year and a half, with victories and -defeats on both sides, the President, on the 22d of September, 1862, -issued the provisional Emancipation Proclamation, which was to the -effect that the South would be given from that time up to the first -of January, 1863, to lay down their arms, keep their slaves, and find -their proper places in the Union, otherwise a proclamation would be -issued to set at liberty their slaves. The South did not accept the -overtures of President Lincoln, and the Emancipation Proclamation was -issued. It was issued as a war measure, upon military necessity, and -on the condition that the traitor forfeits his property. After this -the war, upon the part of the North, was not only to suppress the -rebellion, but for the purpose of abolishing slavery, and the South -fought not only to preserve the Confederacy, but for the institution of -slavery itself. It was now a fight to finish upon both sides, and to -settle great principles and interests. - -Those were times that tried men's souls, but none were so tried as was -the soul of him who stood at the helm and guided the ship of state in -that stormy period of our country's history. - -Throughout the war Mr. Lincoln was very kind and forbearing in his -dealings with all classes of men. Many a deserter owed his life to the -pardoning power of President Lincoln, one of whom I knew personally -for many years. Besides his heavy duties as President, under such -extraordinary circumstances, he went to extra trouble in relieving -persons in many cases who came to him for help. George W. Wolf, an -upright and influential citizen, who resides near Georgetown, Floyd -County, Indiana, was corporal of Company C, of the Eighty-first Indiana -Regiment, in the Civil War, and afterward sergeant of the Seventh -Veteran Reserve Corps. At his home, November 26, 1904, he related to me -the following incident, which came under his observation, showing the -kind nature of President Lincoln: - - "A young soldier, about twenty years of age, belonging to an - Illinois regiment, was taken sick on the field, and sent to a - hospital. For some time after his partial recovery he was not able - for field service, and was put in the First Battalion Reserve - Corps, which was in camp in the rear of the President's mansion. - He came to me one day and said: 'Sergeant, what would you do if - you had been sent from your company to a hospital, and then sent - here, and could draw no money from the paymaster on account of not - having a descriptive roll?' - - "'I would send for it,' said I. - - "'I have sent for it two or three times, but it never came,' said - he. - - "'Then I would go and see Uncle Abe,' said I. - - "'What,' said he, 'a private soldier go up and see the President? - Would he notice me?' - - "'Yes,' I replied, 'and I will go with you.' - - "The next morning we secured a pass, and went to see the - President. The young man was very nervous. After waiting a few - minutes, we were admitted to the President's room. Mr. Lincoln, - after dropping his feet from a table, said, 'Well, soldiers, what - can I do for you?' - - "Before entering, I told the young man he must do his own talking, - but I answered, 'This soldier wants to see you about getting pay - for his service.' - - "Mr. Lincoln, after a short conversation, wrote the name of the - soldier, his regiment, when he enlisted, that he had received but - one payment, that he had tried more than once, and had failed. - Then Mr. Lincoln said, 'I will see to it.' - - "The next day, about noon, the young soldier was ordered to go to - the paymaster and draw his money. He received all his pay, and a - bounty beside, for he had been without pay for two years. After - receiving his money he joyfully took off his cap, threw it up in - the air, and exclaimed, 'Boys, if they don't treat you right, go - to Old Abe, and he will make it right.'" - -In the _Farm and Fireside_, published at Springfield, Ohio, of March -7, 1906, appeared an article written by J. L. Graff, concerning a -set of triplets, yet living, who were named by President Lincoln. -The family name is Haskins. The picture of the triplets appeared in -connection with the article. The names given by Mr. Lincoln were Simon -Cameron, Secretary of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, and -Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States. Recently I wrote a -letter addressed to the triplets, in care of Abraham Lincoln Haskins, -enclosing the article and their picture, asking for the verification of -the facts stated and for other information. In due time I received the -following letter: - - "BARABOO, WISCONSIN, January 17, 1909. - - "REV. J. T. HOBSON, DEAR SIR:—I received a letter from you asking - if I was one of the Haskins triplets. Yes, sir; I am. We were born - May 24, 1861, and named by Abraham Lincoln. We are all alive and - well. I am sorry to say that I have no picture of us three, and - never had them taken but once in our lives, and the one that I - had I sent to Mr. J. L. Graff, of Chicago. One brother is here in - Baraboo, the other is in Coleman, Michigan, whose name is Simon. - That picture you sent is an exact picture of us. A Mr. Cole, - editor of the Baraboo _News_, tried to find the letter that Mr. - Lincoln wrote to my folks. All that he could find out was that it - was in some museum in Washington. I wish we could get it, for I - would highly prize it. We boys never saw it. He wrote to my father - and asked him if it was true that he was the father of three - boys of the same age. He wrote and told him it was so; then Mr. - Lincoln wrote again, saying that he would be pleased to name us. - Father wrote and told him that he would be pleased to have him - name us. He said the first should be named Abraham Lincoln, the - second Gideon Welles, and the third Simon Cameron. We were born - in Starksboro, Addison County, Vermont. My mother's name, before - she was married, was Louisa E. Grace, and if there ever was a - Christian she was the very best one. If there is anything more I - can do for you I will be very glad to do so. I feel proud of my - name, and try hard to honor it in every respect. - - "Yours, with respect, - - "ABRAHAM LINCOLN HASKINS." - -I feel sure the reader will be pleased to see in this book the picture -of the triplets, yet living, who were named by President Lincoln. - -Mr. Lincoln was reëlected President of the United States, November 8, -1864, and entered upon his second term March 4, 1865. General George -B. McClellan was the Democratic candidate. The London _Spectator_ -declared the second inaugural address of Mr. Lincoln to be the noblest -political document known to history. - -In the meantime the war was being industriously prosecuted. Important -victories, with some reverses, came to the North from time to time. The -rebellion finally collapsed in the fall of Richmond, Virginia, April 3, -and the surrender of General Lee to General Grant at Appomattox Court -House, April 9, 1865. - -Mr. Nichols, in his "Life of Abraham Lincoln," says: - - "The spontaneous and universal rejoicings of the people of the - country at the complete overthrow of the rebellion were such as - had never been witnessed before on any continent. Men laughed, - cried, shouted, shook hands with each other; there were parades - by day and at night. America was illuminated by discharge of - fireworks and thousands of torchlight processions. The war was - over. Peace stretched her white wings over our beloved land." - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -Death of President Lincoln - - Personal Recollections—The Tragic Event—Mr. Stanton—A Nation in - Sorrow—The Funeral—The Interment at Springfield, Illinois—The - House in Which President Lincoln Died—Changed Conditions—The - South Honors Lincoln—A United People—A Rich Inheritance. - - -On the 15th of April, 1865, my father came hurriedly into the house -with the exclamatory interrogation, addressed to mother, "Guess who's -dead!" Mother at once thought of her old father, and asked if it were -he. Then came the startling news, "Lincoln is killed!" What a shock -it was to our family, as it was to thousands of others. We looked at -the little two-year-old boy of the household who bore the President's -name, and, with childish superstition, wondered if he would suffer any -disadvantages because of the murder of President Lincoln. - -On Friday evening, April 14, the President was in attendance at -Ford's Theater, on Tenth Street, in Washington, D. C. The proceeds of -the entertainment were to be given to a charity benefit, and it was -widely advertised that the President and wife, with General Grant and -others would be present. John Wilkes Booth, a fanatic and Southern -sympathizer, shot the President in the head at 10:15. He at once became -unconscious, and never regained consciousness. He was carried across -the street to a house, where he died the next morning at 7:23. Mrs. -Lincoln, the son Robert T., Private Secretary John Hay, several members -of the cabinet, surgeons, Rev. Dr. Gurley, Senator Charles Sumner, and -others were present when the end came. - -No one, outside of the family, was so deeply moved at the striking -down of the President as was Mr. Stanton. It will be remembered that -Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Stanton first met in 1857, at the trial of the -McCormick Reaper Patent case, in Cincinnati, Ohio, and that at the -trial Stanton slighted Mr. Lincoln and made uncomplimentary remarks -about him. Four years later, President Lincoln chose Mr. Stanton a -member of his cabinet, making him Secretary of War. Their relations -were very close during the war period up to the time of Mr. Lincoln's -death. - -F. B. Carpenter, in his book, "Six Months at the White House," says: - - "A few days before the President's death, Secretary Stanton - tendered his resignation of the War Department. He accompanied the - act with a heartfelt tribute to Mr. Lincoln's constant friendship - and faithful devotion to the country, saying, also, that he, as - secretary, had accepted the position to hold it only until the war - should end, and that now he felt his work was done, and his duty - was to resign. - - "Mr. Lincoln was greatly moved by the secretary's words, and, - tearing in pieces the paper containing his resignation, and - throwing his arms about the secretary, he said, 'Stanton, you have - been a good friend and a faithful public servant, and it is not - for you to say when you will no longer be needed here.' Several - friends of both parties were present on the occasion, and there - was not a dry eye that witnessed the scene." - -When Lincoln fell, Stanton was almost heart-broken, and as he knelt by -his side was heard to say to himself: "Am I indeed left alone? None may -now ever know or tell what we have suffered together in the nation's -darkest hours." When the surgeon-general said to him that there was -no hope, he could not believe it, and passionately exclaimed, "No, no, -general; no, no!" - -When Lincoln expired, and just after prayer by Doctor Gurley, Stanton -was the first to break the silence, saying, "Now he belongs to the -ages." - -At the death of President Lincoln the nation was suddenly turned from -demonstrations of great joy, on account of the closing of the war, to -intense grief and unutterable horror. W. O. Stoddard says, "It was as -if there had been a death in every home throughout the land." J. H. -Barrett says: - - "Never before was rejoicing turned into such sudden and - overwhelming sorrow. A demon studying how most deeply to wound - the greatest number of hearts, could have devised no act for - his purpose like that which sent Abraham Lincoln to his grave. - No man's loss could have been so universally felt as that of a - father, brother, friend. Many a fireside was made lonely by this - bereavement. Sadness and despondency seized upon all. Men ceased - business, and workmen returned home with their dinner buckets - unopened. The merchants left their counting-rooms for the privacy - of their dwellings. A gloom, intensified by the transition from - the pomp and rejoicing of the day before, settled impenetrably on - every mind. Bells sadly tolled in all parts of the land. Mourning - drapery was quickly seen from house to house on every square of - the national capital; and all the chief places of the country - witnessed, by spontaneous demonstration, their participation in - the general sorrow. In every loyal pulpit, and at every true altar - throughout the nation, the great public grief was the theme of - earnest prayer and discourse on the day following. One needs not - to dwell on what no pen can describe, and on what no adult living - on that day can ever forget." - -Funeral services were conducted in the East Room of the White House -on Wednesday, April 19, by Doctor Gurley, of the Presbyterian Church. -Andrew Johnson, the successor of President Lincoln, by proclamation, -recommended that memorial services be held that day throughout the -United States. I kept my first diary that year, and made the following -entry for that day: - - "Abraham Lincoln's funeral preached; order to hold meeting at - every church in the U. S. Heard David Swartz preach in Clear - Spring. 2 Samuel, 3 chapter, 38 verse. The minister was a - Methodist, and the words of the text were, 'Know ye not that there - is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel?'" - -The remains of President Lincoln were taken to his old home, -Springfield, Illinois, for interment. An address was there delivered by -Mr. Lincoln's highly-esteemed friend, Bishop Simpson, of the Methodist -Episcopal Church. A large monument, appropriate to the memory of him -who "bound the nation and unbound the slave," marks the place where his -body lies in Oak Ridge Cemetery. - -The three-story brick building in which President Lincoln died in -Washington City is still standing. The lower story is used by Mr. O. H. -Oldroyd, containing the Oldroyd Lincoln Memorial Collection, consisting -of more than three thousand articles pertaining to the martyred -President. I visited this house, May 23, 1901. In some pictures of the -house in which Lincoln died there is a flag floating from a window in -the second story, and in others the third story, with the statement -that the flag indicates the room in which President Lincoln died. -Neither is correct. He died in a small room on the first floor, in the -rear part of the building. - -It is now nearly forty-four years since Abraham Lincoln died. There have -been great changes in our country during that time. The South now -vindicates Lincoln, and realizes that he was their friend. Peace and -good will now prevail between the North and the South, cemented by the -blood of Lincoln. - -Joseph H. Bradley, chaplain National Soldiers' Home of Virginia, in -a communication to the _Ram's Horn_, quotes from a letter written by -General William G. Webb, a Christian ex-Confederate: - - "Abraham Lincoln was a great and good man, and was raised up by - God to preserve this nation as one and indivisible, and to give - freedom to the slaves. As a Confederate, I could not see it; - and after our defeat it took me some time to grasp it; but it - became very plain to me after a while. God has a great work for - this nation to do, and Mr. Lincoln was, like Washington, one of - his instruments to prepare the people for this mission which the - United States is to accomplish toward the enlightenment, freedom, - and Christianization of the world." - -I heard a lecture on Abraham Lincoln at Corydon, Indiana, March 17, -1899, by Henry Watterson, the talented editor of the Louisville -_Courier-Journal_ and ex-Confederate, in which he said, "If Lincoln -was not inspired of God, then there is no such thing on earth as -special providence or the interposition of divine power in the affairs -of men." - -In 1903, the State of Mississippi, the second State to pass an -ordinance of secession, and the home of Jefferson Davis, President of -the Southern Confederacy, requested Honorable Robert T. Lincoln to -furnish a picture of his father to hang in the new capitol building at -Jackson. The request was as follows: - - "We of the South now realize the greatness and the goodness of the - character of Abraham Lincoln, and would honor his memory. Nothing - that we could do would add to his fame. We can, however, show our - respect and love for him. Permit me, therefore, in the name of the - State, to invite you to place a portrait of President Lincoln in - the new capitol of Mississippi; that it may symbolize his love for - his country, his devotion to duty, and his heartfelt sympathy for - the Southern people." - -Abraham Lincoln loved the South. He was Southern born. At his last -cabinet meeting, on the date of his death, he advised that forbearance, -clemency, and charity should be the controlling principles in dealing -with difficult problems awaiting practical solution. - -What a rich inheritance we have in the example and deeds, the pen and -voice of Abraham Lincoln. What an inspiration his noble life should -be to struggling young men who trace the footsteps in his eventful -history, and learn the motives that prompted him in all his actions. - -Not long since I received a communication from a stranger, a poor -orphan boy in far-away Turkey. He lives in Konia, the ancient Iconium, -mentioned in the New Testament. He says: "I have read in some books -about Lincoln. I love and admire him as one of the greatest men that -ever have been lived on earth." His appeal for an opportunity to know -more about Lincoln was pathetic. - -Many years ago a young man said: - - "I was only a child when Abraham Lincoln died, but I cannot think - of his death without feeling the same pain I would feel if it had - been my father. I never saw him, and yet it seems that I knew him - and loved him personally. I am sure I am a better man because - Lincoln lived. His straightforward, simple, truthful life puts all - meaner lives to shame." - -O. H. Oldroyd, editor of the "Lincoln Memorial Album," says: - - "His fame is world-wide and stands in history more lasting than a - monument of brass. His words will continue to sound through the - ages as long as the flowers shall bloom or the waters flow." - -Another writer says: - - "We hear Lincoln's words in every schoolhouse and college, in - every cabin, and at every public meeting. We read them in every - newspaper, school-book, and magazine, and they are all in favor - of right, liberty, and truth, and of honesty and reverence for - God. His words, some of them as familiar as the Bible, are on the - tongues of the people, shaping the national character." - -Bishop Newman said: - - "There is no name more deserving of imperishable fame than Abraham - Lincoln. He is embalmed in song, recorded in history, eulogized - in panegyric, cast in bronze, sculptured in marble, painted on - canvas, enshrined in the hearts of his countrymen, and lives in - the memories of mankind." - - -[Illustration: GEORGE W. TURNHAM, - -_Of Evansville, Indiana, son of the Indiana constable who loaned -Lincoln the Revised Statutes of Indiana. Mr. Turnham has a letter -written to his father by Lincoln in 1860, and printed in this volume._] - - -[Illustration: MOSES MARTIN. - -_Mr. Martin signed a temperance pledge presented by Abraham Lincoln in -1847. Mr. Martin resides at Edinburg, Illinois, and is eighty years of -age._] - - -[Illustration: MAJOR J. B. MERWIN, - -_Who canvassed Illinois with Lincoln for State Prohibition in 1854-55, -and was associated with Mr. Lincoln till the day of his death. Major -Merwin now resides at Middleburg, Conn._] - - -[Illustration: REV. R. L. McCORD, - -_Of Lake City, Iowa, who named Lincoln as his candidate for President -after hearing him speak at Springfield, Illinois, in 1854._] - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -Unpublished Official Documents - - A Discovery—Documents of Historic Value—Lincoln Owned Land in - Iowa—Copy of Letters Patent from United States, under James - Buchanan, to Abraham Lincoln, in 1860—Copy of Deed Executed by - Honorable Robert T. Lincoln and Wife in 1892—Other Transfers—The - Present Owner. - - -A few months ago I learned through a newspaper that Abraham Lincoln, at -the time of his death, owned land in the State of Iowa, by virtue of -his having served in the Black Hawk War of 1832. He was given a land -script, good for one hundred and twenty acres, which he located in what -is now Crawford County, Iowa. Having never heard of this before, I went -to Denison, the county-seat, and, through the law and abstract office -of Shaw, Sims & Kuehnle, obtained the information where the records -could be found in the county recorder's office. The above-named Shaw is -the Honorable Leslie M. Shaw, ex-Governor of Iowa and ex-Secretary of -the United States Treasury under President Roosevelt. - -Through the kindness of the county recorder, W. E. Terry, I was allowed -to copy the records in the case. Probably Abraham Lincoln never saw the -land, but because of their historical value the records are here given. -The first is the letters-patent from the United States to Abraham -Lincoln. Record D, page 18. Original Entry, page 125. - - "THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. - - "_To All Whom, These Presents Shall Come, Greeting_: - - "WHEREAS, In pursuance of the Act of Congress, approved March - 3, 1855, entitled An Act, in addition to certain Acts, Granting - Bounty Land to certain officers and soldiers who have been engaged - in the military service of the United States, There has been - deposited in the General Land Office, Warrant No. 68645, for - 120 acres of land in favor of Abraham Lincoln, Captain Illinois - Militia, Black Hawk War, with evidence that the same has been duly - located upon the east half of the northeast quarter, and northwest - quarter of the northeast quarter of section eighteen, in Township - eighty-four, north of Range thirty-nine west, in the district of - Lands subject to sale at Council Bluffs, Iowa, containing one - hundred and twenty acres, according to the official plat of the - survey of the said land returned to the General Land Office by the - Surveyor General, the said tract having been located by the said - Abraham Lincoln. - - "Know ye, That there is, therefore, granted by the United States - unto the said Abraham Lincoln, heirs, and assigns forever. - - "In Testimony, whereof, I, James Buchanan, President of the United - States of America, have caused these Letters to be made Patent, - and the seal of the General Land Office to be hereto affixed. - - "[SEAL.] - - "Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, the tenth day - of September, in the year of our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred - and Sixty, and of the Independence of the United States the - Eighty-fifth. - - "By the President: JAMES BUCHANAN. - - "By J. B. LEONARD, _Sec._ - - "G. W. GRANGER, _Recorder of the General Land Office_. - - "Recorded vol. 468, page 53." - -The following copy of the warranty deed from Robert T. Lincoln and -wife to Henry Edwards is recorded in Deed Record 13, page 208. Robert -T. Lincoln at this time was minister from the United States to Great -Britain, under President Benjamin Harrison's administration: - - - "WARRANTY DEED. - - "Filed April 26, A. D. 1892, at 2:10 P.M., W. W. Cushman, Recorder. - - "_Know All Men by These Presents_: - - "That we, Robert T. Lincoln and Mary H. Lincoln, his wife, of - Cook County, and State of Illinois, in consideration of the sum - of Thirteen Hundred Dollars ($1,300) to us in hand paid by Henry - Edwards, of Crawford County, and State of Iowa, do hereby sell - and convey unto the said Henry Edwards the following described - premises, situated in the County of Crawford, and State of Iowa, - to-wit: - - "The east half of the northeast quarter, and the northwest quarter - of the northeast quarter of section eighteen (18) in Township - eighty-four (84), north of Range thirty-nine (39), west of the - Principal Meridian. - - "And we covenant with the said Henry Edwards that we hold said - premises by good and perfect title, that we have good right and - lawful authority to sell and convey the same, that they are - free and clear of all liens and all encumbrances, whatsoever, - excepting the taxes levied, or to be levied, for the year 1892, - and excepting also a lease of said land expiring on or about the - fourth day of May, A. D. 1894, and we covenant to warrant and - defend the title to said premises against the lawful claims of - all persons, whomsoever, excepting as against the said taxes, and - the said lease, the obligation and discharge of both of which are - hereby assumed by the said Henry Edwards. - - "The said Robert T. Lincoln hereby declares that his title to said - land is wholly by descent, and derived as follows, namely: - - "That Abraham Lincoln, the patentee of said land, died on the 15th - day of April, 1865, intestate, leaving heirs surviving, his widow, - Mary Lincoln, and his two sons, Robert T. Lincoln and Thomas - Lincoln, and no other heirs; that said Thomas Lincoln died on the - 15th day of July, A. D. 1871, in the nineteenth year of his age, - intestate, and unmarried, leaving him surviving as his only heirs - his mother, said Mary Lincoln, and his brother, said Robert T. - Lincoln; that said Mary Lincoln died on the 16th day of July, A. - D. 1882, intestate, and a widow, leaving her surviving as her sole - heir, said Robert T. Lincoln; and that the estate of said Abraham - Lincoln, Thomas Lincoln, and Mary Lincoln were successively duly - administered according to law in the county court of Sangamon - County, in the State of Illinois, and that all claims against them - were duly paid and discharged. - - "Signed the twenty-second day of March, A. D. 1892. - - "ROBERT T. LINCOLN. - "MARY H. LINCOLN. - - - "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. - - "Legation of the United States of America at London on this 22d - day of March, A. D. 1892, before me Larz Anderson, a secretary of - the Legation of the United States of America at London, aforesaid, - came Robert T. Lincoln and Mary H. Lincoln, his wife, personally - to me known to be the identical persons whose names are affixed - to the above instrument as grantors thereof, and acknowledged the - execution of the same to be their voluntary act and deed for the - purpose therein expressed. - - "Witness my hand and the seal of said Legation the day and year - last above written. - - "The Legation of the United States of America to Great Britain. - - LARZ ANDERSON, - "_Secretary of Legation_." - -On the 20th of April, 1892, the above-named Henry Edwards sold the land -to Enoch T. Cochran, consideration $1,500. Recorded May 2, 1892, Deed -Book 12, page 624. - -On the 20th of October, 1892, Enoch T. Cochran sold the land to the -present owner, Peter F. Jepsen, consideration $1,925. Recorded October -24, 1892, Deed Book 15, page 135. - -I copied the foregoing records in the recorder's office, in Dennison, -Crawford County, Iowa, in the afternoon of May 22, 1908. Mr. Jepsen, -the present owner of the land, is a retired German farmer and resides -in Denison. I called at his home after I had copied the records. He -came to the United States in 1867, and is proud of the fact that he -is the owner of the land that Abraham Lincoln owned. The land joins -another farm which Mr. Jepsen owns, where he formerly resided, in -Goodrich Township, about seven miles northwest of Denison. The present -veteran county surveyor, Moses Henry, told me that he surveyed the land -Lincoln owned, and that it is now valued at one hundred dollars per -acre. - - -[Illustration: THE OLD STILL-HOUSE SITE - -_In Indiana, where Lincoln worked the latter part of the winter before -going to Illinois, in March, 1830._] - - -[Illustration: - -GIDEON WELLS HASKINS - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN HASKINS - -SIMON CAMERON HASKINS - -_Triplets named by Abraham Lincoln in 1861. They are still living._] - - -[Illustration: HOUSE IN WHICH LINCOLN DIED] - - -[Illustration: LINCOLN'S MILL] - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - -Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of Lincoln's Birth - - Preparations—General Observance—President Roosevelt Lays - Corner-stone of Lincoln Museum at Lincoln's Birthplace—Extracts - from Addresses at Various Places—Closing Tribute. - - -Never, perhaps, in the history of mankind has such general recognition -been given to the anniversary of any man's birth as was given to -the one hundredth anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth on Friday, -February 12, 1909. For weeks in advance the newspapers, both religious -and secular, and the magazines were decorated with his pictures, and -other pictures illustrating many scenes in his life. The recollections -of personal friends and acquaintances, war incidents, stories, -anecdotes, and his personal traits were placed on record, with various -announcements and programs for the coming anniversary, showed the great -interest attached to his name and his history. - -The day was made a national holiday by Congress and the proclamation -of the President, supplemented by legislatures and governors of many -States. The event was celebrated, almost without exception, by all -the common schools, colleges, and universities throughout the nation. -Churches, Grand Army posts, Young Men's Christian Associations, -the various temperance organizations, clubs, trades unions, and -almost every form of organized bodies celebrated the day. Courts -and legislatures adjourned and joined in the general anniversary -exercises, or held separate exercises. The wheels of the general -Government at Washington, D. C., stopped to recognize the great -memorial day. Business in many places was practically suspended in -honor of the day. In every community, town, and city the praises of -Lincoln were heard. - -Orations delivered by great and undistinguished men and women, -pertaining to many phases of Lincoln's life and character, were given. -Prayers, religious and patriotic songs were heard. Pictures, flowers, -flags, parades, and banquets were greatly in evidence. The Gettysburg -address, the Emancipation Proclamation, the second inaugural address, -Lincoln's favorite poem, "Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be -proud?" with many other selections, were recited and read. - -The Southern people, as well as the Northern, joined in the general -exercises of the day. The colored people were enthusiastic in showing -their appreciation of what Mr. Lincoln had done for their race. In many -cities in foreign countries, including London, Berlin, Honolulu, and -Rome, the anniversary was observed. - -The center of attraction was the celebration at Lincoln's birthplace, -on the farm three miles from Hodgenville, Larue County, Kentucky. A -large tent had been erected for the occasion, with a platform inside -for the speakers. In front of the platform was placed a rebuilt little -cabin, sixteen feet square, which had itinerated in many parts of the -country and exhibited as the cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born. -The little cabin, set in flowers contributed by the school children -of Kentucky, and decorated with the national colors, very fitly -illustrated the kind of a cabin in which the great emancipator was -born. When Lincoln was born in a log cabin on that spot, no one could -imagine that a future President was born there, and that a hundred -years later another President would stand on the same spot to assist in -celebrating his birth. - -Five extra trains came from Louisville to Hodgenville, bearing persons -from various points in the United States. These were conveyed by -carriages to the place of celebration. The day there was rainy, but the -foreign and local attendance was estimated at eight thousand. Among the -distinguished persons present were President Roosevelt, Mrs. Roosevelt, -and daughter, Miss Ethel; Mr. Loeb, the President's private secretary; -Ex-Governor Joseph Folk, of Missouri, president of the Lincoln Farm -Association; Governor A. E. Willson, of Kentucky; General James G. -Wilson, and Luke E. Wright, Secretary of War. - -There were various committees, guards and police. Good order -prevailed. All lines of the North and the South were blotted out in -representation, men of both sections taking part in the exercises. -Twenty-six negro citizens, appointed by Governor Willson, as a -reception committee, represented their race. - -After prayer, Ex-Governor Folk, of Missouri, president of the Lincoln -Farm Association, said, in part: - - "Here, on this farm, one hundred years ago to-day, was born the - strongest, strangest, gentlest character the republic has ever - known. His work was destined to have a more far-reaching influence - than any that went before him. Until recently this spot which - should be hallowed by every American, was unnoticed and abandoned. - Inspired by the idea that due regard for the apostle of human - liberty who sprang from this soil demanded the preservation of - his birthplace, a few patriotic men organized the Lincoln Farm - Association, to purchase this property and to erect upon it a - memorial to that simple, but sublime life that here came into the - world. This association is purely patriotic in its purposes, and - the movement has met with a ready response from every section of - the nation. In revering the name of Lincoln, there is now no North - or South, or East or West. There is but one heart in all, and that - the heart of patriotic America. So the memorial to be erected - here, by South as well as North, will not only be in memory of - Lincoln, but it will be a testimony that the fires of hatred - kindled by the fierce civil conflict of nearly half a century ago, - are dead, and from the ashes has arisen the red rose of patriotism - to a common country and loyalty to a common flag." - -President Roosevelt, in behalf of the nation, said, in part: - - "He lived in days that were great and terrible, when brother - fought against brother for what each sincerely deemed to be the - right. In a contest so grim the strong men who alone can carry - it through are rarely able to do justice to the deep convictions - of those with whom they grapple in mortal strife. At such times - men see through a glass darkly; to only the rarest and loftiest - spirits is vouchsafed that clear vision which gradually comes to - all, even to the lesser, as the struggle fades into distance, and - wounds are forgotten, and peace creeps back to the hearts that - were hurt. But to Lincoln was given this supreme vision. He did - not hate the man from whom he differed. Weakness was as foreign as - wickedness to his strong, gentle nature; but his courage was of - a quality so high that it needed no bolstering of dark passion. - He saw clearly that the same high qualities, the same courage and - willingness for self-sacrifice, and devotion to the right as it - was given them to see the right, belonged both to the men of the - North and to the men of the South. As the years roll by, and as - all of us, wherever we dwell, grow to feel an equal pride in the - valor and self-devotion alike of the men who wore the blue and the - men who wore the gray, so this whole nation will grow to feel a - peculiar sense of pride in the man whose blood was shed for the - union of his people, and for the freedom of a race. The lover of - his country and of all mankind; the mightiest of the mighty men - who mastered the mighty days, Abraham Lincoln." - -Governor Willson, in behalf of Kentucky, for her greatest son, said, in -part: - - "We have met here on this farm where he was born, in memory of - Abraham Lincoln, to know for ourselves and to prove to the world, - by a record made to endure, and deep graven on these acres, that - the love of country and of its nobly useful citizens are not - dreams, nor idle words, but indeed living, stirring, and breathing - feelings. Abraham Lincoln is claimed by all humanity and all time - as the type of the race best showing forth the best in all men in - all conditions of life. - - "Here are met to-day, with equal zeal to do him honor, soldiers - of the war for and against the Union, heroes of the Union and the - Confederacy, Americans all, no one less pledged than the other, - not only by the bond of the covenant of our law, but alike by the - dearest feelings of his heart and fervor of his blood, to our - united country and its beautiful flag." - -General James G. Wilson, of New York, who was in the Union Army, spoke -fitting words in behalf of the Union, while General Luke E. Wright, who -was in the Confederate Army, now Secretary of War, spoke fitting words -in behalf of the Confederacy. - -President Roosevelt laid the corner-stone of the Lincoln Museum, which -is to be built of limestone and white marble. He spread white cement -with a silver trowel where the stone was to set. The stone, weighing -three thousand pounds, was placed in position with a derrick. A number -of articles were deposited in a leaden box placed in the stone before -it was set, among which was the life of Lincoln written by President -Roosevelt and the speeches delivered on the occasion. - -In connection with the depository of articles, an aged negro, Isaac T. -Montgomery, of Mississippi, said to have been at one time a slave of -Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy, was assigned -the appropriate honor of depositing in the box a copy of President -Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. In doing this he made a brief -speech, in which he referred to himself "as one of the former millions -of slaves to whom Lincoln gave freedom, and the representative of -10,000,000 grateful negro citizens." - -The cabin in which it is alleged Abraham Lincoln was born will be -kept in the memorial building. It is expected that the building will -be dedicated in April, by William H. Taft, who will be inaugurated -President of the United States, March 4, 1909. - -The spot where Abraham Lincoln was born will, for coming ages, be the -most sacred shrine in all this great country, whose government he died -to save. - -At Lincoln City, Spencer County, Indiana, where the Lincolns lived -fourteen years after moving from Kentucky, and before moving to -Illinois, and where Abraham's mother lies buried, exercises were held. -The school children of Evansville, Indiana, raised money to purchase a -flag, and the school children of Indianapolis sent a wreath of flowers, -both of which were placed on Mrs. Lincoln's grave. A procession of one -hundred school children of Lincoln City, headed by Principal Curtis Cox -and the other teachers, marched to the grave, where the exercises were -held. - -At Springfield, Illinois, Lincoln's old home, and where his body -rests in the great monument erected to his memory, imposing exercises -were held in various places well worthy of the man. Mr. Lincoln was -instrumental in having the State capital moved from Vandalia to -Springfield. Ambassador Jusserand of France, Senator Dolliver of Iowa, -Ambassador Bryce of England, and William J. Bryan were among the -distinguished visitors, and who delivered addresses. A most impressive -feature of the occasion was the scene at Lincoln's tomb, when Robert T. -Lincoln, son of the martyred President, stood beside the sarcophagus in -which the body of his great father rests. Here his mother, brothers, -and a son named Abraham Lincoln are also entombed. He stood in silent -meditation with tear-dimmed eyes, with Ambassadors Jusserand, Bryce, -Senator Dolliver, W. J. Bryan, and many other distinguished persons -gathered about. In his speech, Ambassador Bryce said, in part: - - "Of the personal impression he made on those who knew him, you - will hear from some of the few yet living who can recollect - him. All I can contribute is a reminiscence of what reached us - in England. I was an undergraduate student in the University - of Oxford when the Civil War broke out. Well do I remember the - surprise when the Republican National Convention nominated him - as a candidate for the presidency, for it had been expected that - the choice would fall upon William H. Seward. I recollect how it - slowly dawned upon Europeans in 1862 and 1863 that the President - could be no ordinary man, because he never seemed cast down by the - reverses which befell his arms, because he never let himself be - hurried into premature action, nor feared to take so bold a step - as the Emancipation Proclamation was when he saw that the time had - arrived. And, above all, I remember the shock of awe and grief - which thrilled all Britain when the news came that he had perished - by the bullet of an assassin.... - - "To you, men of Illinois, Lincoln is the most famous and worthy of - all those who have adorned your commonwealth. To you, citizens of - the United States, he is the President who carried you through a - terrible conflict and saved the Union. To us in England he is one - of the heroes of the race whence you and we sprung. We honor his - memory as you do; and it is fitting that one who is privileged - here to represent the land from which his forefathers came should - bring on behalf of England a tribute of admiration for him and of - thankfulness to the Providence which gave him to you in your hour - of need. - - "Great men are the noblest possession of a nation, and are potent - forces in the molding of national character. Their influence lives - after them, and if they be good as well as great, they remain as - beacons lighting the course of all who follow them. They set for - succeeding generations the standards of public life. They stir the - spirit and rouse the energy of the youth who seek to emulate their - virtues in the service of the country." - -At Washington City all Government and leading business houses were -closed. The Senate adjourned until Monday, but in the House, Lincoln's -famous Gettysburg speech was read by Representative Boutell, of -Illinois. Appropriate exercises were held at Howard University, where -a large negro student body witnessed the unveiling of a large painting -of the "Underground Railroad." Secretary of the Interior Garfield and -other speakers were on the program. - -In Boston, the city sometimes called the literary "hub of the -universe," Senator Lodge gave an address on the life and work of Mr. -Lincoln before the Massachusetts Legislature. At a meeting held in the -evening in Symphony Hall, John D. Long, former Secretary of the Navy, -gave an address, and Julia Ward Howe, author of the "Battle Hymn of -the Republic," read a poem she had written for the occasion, depicting -Lincoln's rise from obscurity to the leader of the nation. - -In Chicago, the metropolis of Lincoln's adopted State, fifty public -meetings were held in his honor. The city was fairly buried beneath -flags, buntings, and pictures of Lincoln. Show-windows were filled with -war relics and Lincoln mementoes. Streets were crowded with marchers -and military bands. Standing bareheaded in Lincoln Park, in sight of -the Lincoln Statue, a group of Civil War veterans fired a presidential -salute. Dexter Pavilion, at night, was crowded, while a chorus of one -thousand voices sang patriotic songs. - -At Gettysburg, where Lincoln delivered his classic address dedicating -the national cemetery, November 19, 1863, the day was duly observed. -The principal exercises were held on the campus of Gettysburg College, -near Seminary Ridge, where much of the first and second days' fighting -occurred during the great battle. Lincoln's Gettysburg address was read -by Judge Samuel McSwope. - -At Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Vice-President Fairbanks said, in part: - - "Who, among all the men of his day, has produced utterances so - classic and lofty and which will survive so long as many of the - speeches of Mr. Lincoln? It is impossible to think that schools, - colleges, or universities could have increased the intellectual - or moral nature of Lincoln. He was the marvelous product of the - great school of nature. He kept close to nature's heart, close to - the people, close to the soul.... His life was spent in the field - of conflict. In his youth he struggled with nature. At the bar he - contended for the rights of his clients. In the wider field of - politics he fought with uncommon power to overthrow the wrong and - enthrone the right. He fought not for the love of contest, but for - the love of truth. By nature he was a man of peace. He did not - like to raise his hand against his fellow-man. He instinctively - loved justice, right, and liberty. His soul revolted at the - thought of injustice and wrong. His conscience impelled him to - uphold the right wherever it was denied his fellow-man. He could - not do otherwise." - -In New York City the celebration was the most hearty and widespread of -its kind ever seen there. The city's official celebration was held in -Cooper Union, in the hall in which Lincoln made his great speech called -the "Cooper Union Speech," delivered in 1860. Addresses were delivered -by Joseph H. Choate and Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. At a great club meeting, -Booker T. Washington delivered an address, and referred to himself as -"one whom Lincoln found a piece of property and made into an American -citizen." - -In closing this little volume as an humble tribute to the memory of -Abraham Lincoln, I desire to say that, while Mr. Lincoln possessed so -many excellent traits of character, the most significant and worthy one -was his constant anxiety, as he expressed it, to know and do the will -of God. This, in the providence of God, is what made him truly great. - - - - - +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ - ¦ Transcriber's Note: ¦ - ¦ ¦ - ¦ Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. ¦ - ¦ ¦ - ¦ Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. ¦ - ¦ ¦ - ¦ Mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved to the end ¦ - ¦ of chapters. ¦ - ¦ ¦ - ¦ Italicized words are surrounded by underline characters, _like ¦ - ¦ this_. Words in bold characters are surrounded by equal signs, ¦ - ¦ =like this=. ¦ - ¦ ¦ - ¦ References added to the list of illustrations: House in which ¦ - ¦ Lincoln died and Lincoln's mill. ¦ - +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Footprints of Abraham Lincoln, by J. T. 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