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diff --git a/old/53813-0.txt b/old/53813-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fb5d9f1..0000000 --- a/old/53813-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4153 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Maritime Wars of the -Turks, by Kâtip Çelebi - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks - Chapters I. to IV. - -Author: Kâtip Çelebi - -Translator: James Mitchell - -Release Date: December 27, 2016 [EBook #53813] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY MARITIME WARS OF TURKS *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - THE - - HISTORY - - OF THE - - MARITIME WARS OF THE TURKS, - - TRANSLATED FROM - - THE TURKISH OF HAJI KHALIFEH - - BY JAMES MITCHELL. - - CHAPTERS I. TO IV. - - - LONDON: - - PRINTED FOR THE ORIENTAL TRANSLATION FUND. - - BY A. J. VALPY, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. - - SOLD BY J. MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET; AND MESSRS. PARBURY, ALLEN, AND CO., - - LEADENHALL STREET; MESSRS. THACKER AND CO., CALCUTTA; MESSRS. TREUTTEL - - AND WÜRTZ, PARIS; AND MR. ERNEST FLEISCHER, LEIPSIG. - 1831. - - - TO - - THE RIGHT HONORABLE - - GEORGE JOHN EARL SPENCER, K.G. F.R.S. M.R.A.S. - - &c. &c. &c. - - THIS TRANSLATION - - OF THE - - HISTORY OF THE MARITIME WARS OF THE TURKS - - IS, WITH HIS LORDSHIP’S PERMISSION, - - MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, - - BY - - HIS LORDSHIP’S GRATEFUL AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, - - THE TRANSLATOR. - - - - -TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. - - -The work of which the following pages contain a translation was some -time since recommended to the notice of the Oriental Translation -Committee, by the venerable nobleman to whom this performance is -inscribed, as being calculated to throw considerable light on the naval -history of the Turkish nation. - -It is entitled تحفة الكبار في اسفار البحار _A gift to the Great -concerning Naval Expeditions_. The author, Haji Khalifeh,[1] is known -to all Oriental scholars as a deliberate and impartial historian, and -a man of extensive learning. In the present work, however, he has -confined himself to a simple narration of events as they occurred, -leaving to his readers the task of philosophising on their influence on -the political affairs of the empire in general. Of his youthful days -nothing is known, except that he was the son of a Sipahi, and that at -an early age he was taught to read and write. In his twenty-fifth year -he entered as student into the office of the chief historiographer; -and while in this capacity, was present in the Persian campaigns of -Hamadan and Baghdad. On his return to Constantinople, he attended the -lectures of Kazi-Zadeh. Whilst the army was wintering at Aleppo he -made the pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, whence his title of Haji, -or Pilgrim. He was also at the siege of Erivan. He now commenced -“the greater holy warfare,”—that against ignorance, by indefatigable -study. He attended the principal professors of the capital, and after -ten years application to the study of languages, the law, logic, and -rhetoric, and the interpretation of the Koran and the traditions, he -applied himself to the mathematics and geography, to which latter -science the Cretan war particularly attracted his attention. At length, -beginning to suffer from ill health, he devoted himself to the study of -medicine and the mysteries of religion. So ardent was he in the pursuit -of knowledge, that he frequently sat up whole nights reading some -favourite author; and when he first commenced his literary labours, he -expended the whole of his little patrimony in the purchase of books; -but some time afterwards a rich relation died, leaving him a legacy, -which enabled him to enjoy more of the comforts of life, and to make -some additions to his library. - -The fruits of his thirty years study are the following excellent -works:—a translation of the “Minor Atlas”, under the title of “Rays -of Light,” which he translated from the Latin by the assistance of -Shaikh Mohammed, a renegade Frenchman; “The View of the World,” -which contains the geography of Asia; and a “Description of European -Turkey.” These are the three best geographical productions of the -Ottomans. They were succeeded by five historical works: two bearing -the title “Fezliké;” the one in Arabic being an universal history -from the creation of the world, till within three years of his death; -the other, a similar history, in Turkish, from the year 1000 of the -Hejirah (about which time he must have been born), also continued till -three years before his death, being a period of sixty-five years; the -“History of the Maritime Wars;” a “History of Constantinople;” and the -well-known “Chronological Tables.” Then, his great Bibliographical and -Encyclopædical Dictionary, which forms the groundwork of D’Herbelot’s -“Bibliotheque Orientale.” Besides these, he wrote several smaller -treatises, one of which, his last work, he entitled “True Scales -for the Detection of Truth.” This contains some curious essays on -smoking, dancing, singing, &c., and concludes with a short account of -himself.[2] He died at Constantinople in the month of Zilhijeh, A.H. -1068, (A.D. 1657.) - -This work was the second which issued from the imperial -printing-office, established at Constantinople in the year 1726, under -the superintendence of Syed Effendi and Ibrahim Effendi; the latter a -Hungarian, who had embraced the Mohammedan faith, and on whom the more -immediate direction of the establishment seems to have devolved. The -types, which were cast by him at Constantinople, are very neat, and the -execution of the whole, considering that printing in Turkey was then -only in its infancy, is highly creditable to the ingenuity of Ibrahim. -Unfortunately, however, it abounds in typographical errors, which -have frequently occasioned the translator considerable difficulty. -In addition to a list of upwards of two hundred errata appended to -the work, he has detected as many more, which were not corrected in a -second impression which was subsequently printed. - -The volume is a small folio, consisting of 149 pages, exclusive of the -table of contents, the list of errata, and the printers dedication, -and is accompanied by five neatly executed plates, the first of -which represents the two terrestrial hemispheres; the second, the -Mediterranean and Black Seas; the third, the islands subject to the -Ottoman empire; the fourth, the Adriatic; and the fifth, two mariners -compasses, one having the names of the winds in Turkish, the other -both in Turkish and Arabic. - -The translator has endeavoured to render his version as literal as -possible. In some few instances, however, owing either to the errors -of the press, or to the use of obsolete nautical terms, of which the -most diligent inquiries made during a residence of some months in -the capital of Turkey, failed to obtain him the explication, he may -not have hit upon the precise signification: but these are few in -number, and of such a nature as not to affect the general sense of the -narrative. - -He takes this opportunity of acknowledging his obligations to Omer -Effendi, an officer of the pasha of Egypt, now in London, for the -valuable assistance he has rendered him during the progress of the work. - - London, - August 12th, 1831. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Page - - Author’s Preface 1 - - Introduction 3 - - Explanation of the Globe 4 - - Explanation of the Map ib. - - The Venetian Islands on the Coast of the Morea 5 - - The Towns of the Arnaout Shores ib. - - The Hersek and Bosnia Shores 7 - - Description of the Christian Towns 8 - - Venice ib. - - The Italian, French, and Spanish Coasts 10 - - - CHAPTER I. - - Of the Ottoman Capudans, and the Expeditions and Battles - of several Sultans and Admirals, to the time - of Khair-ad-din Pasha 12 - - The Expedition to Enos 13 - - The Expedition to Amassra, Sinope, and Trebisond 14 - - The Expedition to Mitylene 14 - - The Expedition to the Negropont 15 - - The Expedition to Kafa and Azak 16 - - The Expedition to Puglia 17 - - The Expedition to Mota ib. - - The Fortifying of Boosja 18 - - The Expedition to Rhodes ib. - - The Expedition to Avlona 19 - - The Expedition to Lepanto ib. - - The Expedition to Metone and Corone 21 - - The Expedition to Mitylene 23 - - Preparation of a Fleet for Rhodes 24 - - The Expedition to Rhodes 25 - - The Expedition of Salman Reis 26 - - The Expedition of Keman-Kesh 27 - - - CHAPTER II - - Respecting the Affairs of Khair-ad-din Pasha 28 - - The Engagements of Oruj and Khair-ad-din 29 - - The Engagements of Khair-ad-din 30 - - The Expedition to Bejaia and the Capture of Sharshal ib. - - Departure of Oruj Reis to Algiers 31 - - Attack of the French upon Tunis ib. - - Defeat of the Infidel Fleet and the Arab Tribes - at Algiers 32 - - The Capture of Tunis 33 - - The Capture of Tilmisan ib. - - Attack of the Infidels upon Algiers 34 - - The Capture of Tunis 35 - - Execution of the Infidel Chiefs at Algiers ib. - - The Government of Khair-ad-din at Algiers ib. - - Insurrection of the People of Tunis and Tilmisan 36 - - The Capture of Mustaghanim 36 - - The second Capture of Tilmisan 37 - - Rebellion of Kazi-Zadeh ib. - - Departure of Khair-ad-din Beg to Jijeli 38 - - Operations of Khair-ad-din at Jijeli 39 - - The Defeat of Kazi-Zadeh ib. - - Return of Khair-ad-din Beg to Algiers 40 - - The Engagement with Abdullah ib. - - The Wars of Aidin Reis 41 - - Appearance of Andrea Doria, and Attack of Khair-ad-din 42 - - The Flight of Andrea 43 - - Attack of Andrea Doria upon Corone, and Rebellion - of the Governor of Tilmisan 44 - - State of the Mudagils of Spain 45 - - The Stratagems of Andrea and of Khair-ad-din ib. - - Execution of the Infidel Chiefs 46 - - Departure of Khair-ad-din for the Capital 47 - - Arrival of Khair-ad-din at the Sublime Porte ib. - - Khair-ad-din goes to Aleppo 48 - - - CHAPTER III - - Respecting the Affairs of Khair-ad-din, from the time - of his being made Capudan of the Fleet 49 - - The First Expedition of Khair-ad-din Pasha ib. - - Khair-ad-din’s Expedition against Tunis, and the Attack - of the Infidels upon that City 50 - - Khair-ad-din’s Return to Algiers 52 - - Capture of the Castle of Minorca 53 - - Cause of the Cowardice of the Infidels 54 - - Return of Khair-ad-din to the Porte ib. - - The Expedition to Puglia 55 - - Sultan Soleiman’s Expedition to Corfu ib. - - Account of the Treachery of the Venetians 56 - - Siege of Corfu 57 - - Attack of Khair-ad-din upon the Venetian Islands 58 - - The Capudan Pasha’s Present to the Sultan 59 - - Third Expedition of Khair-ad-din Pasha ib. - - The Grand Battle of Khair-ad-din Pasha 61 - - The Number of the Infidel Ships 62 - - Attack and Flight of the Infidels 63 - - Capture of Castel Novo by the Infidels 65 - - Expedition of Soleiman Pasha to India ib. - - Expedition of Khair-ad-din to Castel Novo 67 - - Attack of the King of Spain upon Algiers ib. - - France craves Assistance of the Porte 68 - - Death of Khair-ad-din Pasha ib. - - - CHAPTER IV. - - Of the Expeditions of the Capudans, from the time - of Khair-ad-din Pasha till that of Pialeh Pasha 70 - - The Expeditions of Mohammed Pasha ib. - - The Capture of Tripoli by Senan Pasha ib. - - Expedition of Piri Reis to the Eastern Ocean 71 - - Second Expedition of Piri Pasha to the Eastern Ocean ib. - - Expedition of Murad Pasha to India 72 - - Account of Seidi Ali, Capudan ib. - - Expedition of Seidi Ali to the Eastern Ocean 73 - - The Engagement between Seidi Ali and the Portuguese 74 - - Second Expedition of Seidi Ali against the Capudan - of Goa ib. - - The Result of Seidi Ali’s Expedition to the Indian Ocean 75 - - Account of a Whirlpool ib. - - The Expedition of Senan Pasha 77 - - The Appearance of Torghudjeh Beg ib. - - The Occurrence at Jarba 78 - - Capture of Infidel Vessels 79 - - The Visit of Torghudjeh to Moghreb, &c. ib. - - The Expedition of Torghudjeh to Bastia 80 - - - - -HISTORY - -OF - -THE MARITIME WARS OF THE TURKS. - - - - -AUTHOR’S PREFACE. - -_In the Name of the Compassionate and Merciful God,—and on him we rely._ - - -In commencing the History of the Conqueror of the World, it is proper -that all due praise should be ascribed to the Lord of the Earth -and Time, who, according to the signification of the sacred verse, -“_Certainly my Hosts shall be victorious_,” hath strengthened the -armies of the Faithful: and having by his revealed decree and promise, -“_I will fill with awe the hearts of the Unbelievers_,” terrified the -enemies of the Faith: has also by his command, “_When ye meet them -be steady_,” rendered permanent the power and victory of the True -Believers. - -And salutations of joy and songs of peace be ascribed to our Prophet, -the Lord of Creation, Mohammed Mustaffa, (upon whom be the peace of -God!) who, by the divine Oracle, “_The cities shall be opened to -you_,” preached his glorious religion, which he has bequeathed as an -invaluable treasure to his illustrious household and posterity till -the day of the resurrection. Thus, in confirmation of his divine -prediction, in the year one thousand and fifty-five from the flight -of the Prophet (A.D. 1645), amongst other victories, he vanquished -the island of Candia; so that in the space of ten years its capital -and all the other forts and towns came, one by one, into the hands of -the Faithful. By these means several circumstances having transpired, -which on some occasions, through negligence and want of management, -tended to the advantage of the Infidels, the author of these pages, -Haji Khalifeh, according to the verse of Muttanabbi, the prince of -poets, “Thou hast no squadrons to bring forward, nor property to -present; if therefore thy state is not happy, let at least thy words -be acceptable,” in order to manifest a zeal for religion, and the -defence of the Faithful; and having in view the establishment of the -Ottoman power, and the destruction of the Unbelievers, has related how -the ancient kings spoke with maledictions on this subject, and the -reasons of their rage and hatred; the battles of celebrated admirals -and captains; the opinions and deliberations of the experienced and -wise; and several other matters pertaining to expeditions and fleets. -These he called, “A Gift to the Great respecting Naval Expeditions;” -and having completed it, he presented it at the feet of the Lord of -Munificence, the Illustrious of the World, the Sovereign of the Land -and Ocean, Attendant of the two Holy Cities (Mecca and Medina), Sultan -Mohammed Khan, son of Sultan Ibrahim Khan, (may God perpetuate his -kingdom, and continue his power to the end of time!) with the hope -that, considering its usefulness, he would be pleased to bestow his -approbation. - -This Epitome then consists of an Introduction, two parts, and a -Conclusion. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -Respecting the difficulties we have had in this work, the fixing of the -boundaries, and drawing the maps of places: - -Be it known, that to those engaged in the affairs of state, no science -is so necessary as that of geography. If they are not acquainted with -the whole surface of the earth, they ought at least to know the figure -of the Turkish empire and the neighbouring states; that, when it may be -necessary to undertake a journey, or to send an army into any country, -they may be properly directed; and by this knowledge it will be easy to -enter the enemy’s territory, and defend their own frontiers. Persons -ignorant of this science are not competent to be counsellors, even -should they be natives; for there are many natives who are ignorant -even of the figure of their own country and its boundaries. - -Of the necessity of this science the following will be a sufficient -proof; that the Infidels by application to it have discovered America, -and become masters of India: and even the despicable Venetians, a -nation the chief of which among the Christian kings is confined to the -title of Duke, and is known by the epithet of _the Fisherman_, coming -to the frontiers of the Ottoman empire, have opposed their power to -that of our august Monarch, who rules from east to west. - -In order therefore to illustrate this history of voyages, we shall in -the first place give a map of the whole figure of the globe; then of -the Mediterranean and Black Seas; and then of the countries of Venice -and Germany. Thus, at first sight, a person may obtain a summary -knowledge of the figure of the globe and the Turkish dominions; and -being able to tell where the city of Venice, the castle of Zadra -(Zara), or the island of Corfu, is situated, he will find it useful -in commencing the perusal of travels and voyages. All the land and -water of the globe are, according to the map, contained in two -circles. The first circle represents half of the globe, and the -ancient four quarters; and the other circle is the other half, or more -recently-discovered part which they call the new world. - - -EXPLANATION OF THE GLOBE. - -The different portions of land on the surface of the globe, which by -attraction or repulsion are found projecting through the element of -water, are, according to the rules of geography, marked by red and -yellow. The yellow represents the continent, the little red spots are -islands, and the white shows the water. The line drawn across the two -circles is the equator, and the double red line on each side of it -is the ecliptic, showing the sun’s extreme ascension and declension. -Besides these are the zones, and the lines of latitude and longitude, -by which the latitude and longitude of towns and the situation of -places are ascertained. These I have explained at full length in my -work called the _Jehan Nemah_,[3] which is the translation of an atlas. -Here it will be sufficient to know, that every line is divided into -three hundred and sixty degrees, and each degree into three stages -(munzil), so that the whole circumference of the globe is 1080 stages; -and a person going west and moving forward will return by the east. -This assertion has been corroborated by proof. To proceed: geographers -divide the whole earth into four regions. They draw an imaginary line -from the Mediterranean, the Strait of Constantinople, the Strait of -Jenicale, and the south of the river Don as far as the Northern Ocean, -and the region that remains on the west of this line they call Europe; -that on the east, Asia; and the districts of Ethiopia and Egypt, which -divide the Mediterranean and Red Seas, they call Africa. The new world -they call America. The Ottoman power, then, has a share in each of the -three regions. To exhibit these portions and their boundaries, I have -drawn a map of the European portion and the Mediterranean and Black -Seas, and described their boundaries. I have also marked the names of -the Christian towns, and the Bosnia shores. When necessary it will be -sufficient to show their situations. - - -EXPLANATION OF THE MAP. - -The Mediterranean which is drawn on this map is, excepting the ocean, -the largest of the six seas in the four quarters. It extends over -ten degrees of latitude and thirty of longitude. From the Straits of -Gibraltar in the east to the Syrian coast, it is computed to be -seventy degrees. On its southern coast are, Fez, Tilimsan, Algiers, -Tunis, Mahdiah, Jarba, Tripoli West, Alexandria of Egypt, and Damietta. -Its western and Arabian coast terminates at Arish. On the east are, -Gaza, Acca, Bairut, Tripoli Sham, and Pias. On the north, Selfeka, -Anemur, Alanieh, Antakia, and proceeding by Cape Teker and Smyrna as -far as the Strait (of the Dardanelles) are the coasts of Anatolia. -It terminates at the island of Boosja. From within the Strait as far -as the Strait of Constantinople is a small sea (Marmora) of about -seven hundred miles in circumference. On the coasts of this sea are, -Kaputagh, Mikhalij, Moudania, Bay of Gemlik, Constantinople, Chekmejeh, -and Gallipoli. Within it are the islands of Marmara, Amar-Ali, and -Kuzil. Beyond the Straits on the Rumelian shores are, the plain of Aja, -Enos, Cavalla, Aianur, Zlonkur, Kesendreh, Gulf of Salonica, the Gulfs -of Koolur and Azdin, the Negropont; and in the Morea, Capes Napoli and -Menkesheh (or St. Angelo), which, as Cape Teker in Anatolia, form an -angle and passage (with Candia). Projecting from the land into the sea, -they extend nearly to the east and west points of Candia, and most of -the islands of the Mediterranean being within this centre, they call -it (Candia) the central island. All these islands have been taken from -the Venetians and Genoese, except Istandil (Tino) in the middle, which -remains in the hands of the Venetians. That also was formerly captured, -but for the sake of policy it was given in exchange for the castle of -Menkesheh (St. Angelo). - -The names and situations of these islands are marked; but to avoid -prolixity, I do not enter into a minute account of them, for my purpose -is to explain the Bosnia and Arnaout (Albanian) coasts. Leaving Cape -Menkesheh and going round the Morea, we pass Capes Manieh (Matapan), -Modon, and Helomej. The coast terminates at Badra (Patras). The whole -of it is computed to be two hundred miles. - - -THE VENETIAN ISLANDS ON THE COAST OF THE MOREA. - -The principal islands near this coast, subject to the Venetians, are -these: Choka (Cerigo), fifteen miles south of Cape Menkesheh, and -sixty miles in circumference; it has a strong castle. Zaklisa (Zante), -fifteen miles west of Helomej, is a rocky island, and has a strong -fortress. - - -THE TOWNS ON THE ARNAOUT SHORES. - -In the Atlas this country is called Albania. Fifty-six miles from the -mouth of the Gulf of Lepanto is Prevesa; eighty miles from thence is -the posterior part of Delvino; sixty beyond that Avlona; a hundred -farther Duraj (Durazzo); and a hundred miles beyond that is Nuovo. On -these shores, turning round from Port Injeer, in the island of Aiamur -(Lefcathia) to the mouth of the Gulf of Narda (Arta), we first meet -the castle of Prevesa. Next Parga, which is a castle belonging to the -Venetians, situated on an elevated spot near the sea. Behind it is -Mount Mizarak: to the east the country is rocky, and is interspersed -with villages and water-mills.[4] Then, the port of Chinak, opposite -the island of Corfu, is a celebrated harbour. It has lately been -strengthened by having a fortress built in it. Next, passing a small -arm of the sea, is Lake Dalianli, at the mouth of which is a castle -belonging to the Venetians, rendered famous from its having been -lately captured by one of the princes of that nation. To the north of -Cape Durazzo are the castles of Lemesh, Eskanderieh, Oulkoun, Bar, -Boudou, and Nuovo. The latter, which is situated in the Bay of Coutour -(Cattaro), is called Castel Nuovo, which signifies a new castle. -Eighteen miles farther, at the extreme end of the bay, is the castle -of Cattaro, situated in the Ottoman dominions, but subject to Venice. -It is built at the foot of a mountain, and a river passes it on both -sides. Being a very strong castle, its capture has hitherto been found -impracticable. The islands near these are, the two islands of Kefalonia -(Cephalonia), situated opposite the mouth of the Gulf of Lepanto. -Great Cephalonia is one hundred and fifty miles in circumference, -and is a well-populated island. Its castle was once captured, but -after the taking of Modon the Venetians again took possession of it. -It is twenty miles east from Zante. Little Cephalonia (Theaki) is a -small island to the north: it has no castle. Port Injeer in Aiamura -(Lefcathia), is about six miles from Cephalonia. Then, opposite Parga -is Bahshilar (Paxu), a pleasant little island of about thirty miles -in circumference, and eighteen from the shore. We next come to the -island of Corfu, which extends from Delvino along the Mizarak shores. -It is about forty miles from Parga, and its castle is six miles from -Port Chinak. It is one hundred and ninety miles in circumference, is a -celebrated and well-populated island, and has a strong fortress built -in the sea, but connected on one side with the land. In former times -this island passed by right of inheritance from one of the Christian -princes who governed Albania into the hands of a woman, but in A. H. -803 (A. D. 1400), the Venetians becoming victorious, succeeded by -stratagem in wresting it from her, and having fortified the castle, -they made it a guard island for the Gulf, and a general rendezvous -for their army and navy. Near to it, in the mouth of the Gulf, is a -watch-tower, and Kemal Reis observing that the Venetians had their -eye upon it, repeatedly suggested to the late Sultan Soleiman Khan -the necessity of capturing it; in consequence of which, in 943 of the -Hejra (A. D. 1536), the illustrious emperor proceeded thither by sea -and land, and completely besieged it. What followed shall be related -in its proper place. The castle of Corfu, as described in the Bahria, -is nearly three miles in circumference, is a very strong fort, and has -within it and in the suburbs about eighteen thousand houses. Within the -walls the Venetians have built, upon two hills, two towers of stone, -with a subterraneous passage between them, so that when necessary they -are able to render assistance to each other. Its walls are surrounded -by the sea, and it has also a harbour, into which the smaller vessels -enter, but the galleys lie outside. Between this island and the coast -there is a small strait, by which when necessary an army may pass. -The above-mentioned islands are the principal ones belonging to the -Venetians, but there are besides them numerous little islands in the -Gulf. Sixty miles below Corfu is Avlona, which is opposite Kara Beroun -(in Anatolia) and Cape St. Maria (C. di Leuca) on the Polia shores, and -from this place the sea is called the Gulf of Venice. It extends as far -as the city of Venice in the north, is seven hundred miles in length, -and about one hundred and fifty in breadth. On its eastern coast are -the districts of Arnaout, Hersek (Herzegovinia), Bosnia, and Croatia. -On the west, Lombardia, Ancona, and Poliapiana. - - -THE HERSEK AND BOSNIA SHORES. - -Having passed Castel Nuovo, situated as before described on the Bay -of Cattaro, and proceeding eighteen miles to the north, we come to -the castle of Dobra-Venedik (Ragusa), situated in a district the -inhabitants of which are an independent people, and whose territory -extends from Hersek to Ghabla and Mostar. From this castle, Sebeneco -is distant two hundred miles, and between them on the river Mostar is -Ghabla, a harbour which has its Capudan. On the opposite side are two -long islands belonging to the Venetians which are called Braj (Brazza), -and Lesina. Beyond Ghabla is Ispalat (Spalatra), which also belongs -to the Venetians, and is a well-known port and harbour. Near that, on -an elevated spot on the land, is Kelis, a strong citadel, which has -lately been taken by the Venetians; but means must be used to recover -it. Beyond this, on the coast, is Shebenic (Sebenico), a strong castle, -with a spacious harbour, into which falls a great river that flows from -the north. Near this castle is a rocky eminence where Tekeli Pasha was -once routed. Zadra (Zara), twenty miles beyond Sebenico, is a strong -fortress, almost entirely surrounded by the sea, being only on one -side slightly connected with the land. Between these two castles, at -the place where the river Darmah falls into the sea, is the fort of -Iskaradin. The above river divides the districts of Kerka and Kelis, -all the forts of which have been taken by the Venetians. Here the -Bosnia shore terminates. - - -DESCRIPTION OF THE CHRISTIAN TOWNS. - -Along the coast beyond Zara are the forts of Nodi and Sein (Zeng), -belonging to the Germans. Behind them, on the land, are Abrutisa, -Bahka, Todornoi, Bamaluka, and Kostanitza. These are the frontiers of -Croatia. Then, between Zara and Venice, which is a space of one hundred -and fifty miles, lies the country of Istria. It is in the form of a -square, and three sides of it are surrounded by the sea. It has in it, -and on the shores, many towns and forts, some of which are governed -by the Venetians, and some by the German princes. Farther on is the -district of Friuli, called also Forum Julii, which signifies the market -of Julius Cæsar. It is a very large district, and part of it borders on -the city of Venice. The sources of the rivers Save and Drave are in it, -and it contains numerous towns and forts, most of which are governed -by the Venetians, though they are all tributary to the Emperor (of -Germany). In travelling to Venice we go through this country. All its -towns and forts are marked in my translation of the Atlas Minor. - - -VENICE. - -Venedik, as described in the Atlas, has various significations: it -is also called Venechia and Venetia. It is a large city, built upon -sixty small islands in a corner of the sea like a lake. Its waters -ebb and flow every six hours; and some of the isles are raised like -ramparts to prevent the water from overflowing. This city has three or -four passages to the sea; and although it is not guarded by walls and -towers, its being so completely surrounded by water renders it quite -safe and free from all danger. Between the houses there are roads and -passages by which passengers and boats may pass from house to house. -Over these waters there are about four hundred and fifty bridges, -both of stone and wood. The largest of these roads they call a canal; -it divides the city into two parts, and over it there is a wonderful -bridge. Eight thousand vessels are constantly in motion, some of -which are ornamented with covers, and these they call gondolas. The -circumference of the city is nearly eight miles; and its principal -streets are sixty-four in number. The public and private buildings are -excessively grand and ornamental, especially the church dedicated to -the Four Evangelists, which is called St. Marco, and is an astonishing -building. It is adorned with the most valuable and expensive stones, -and its interior is gilt with pure gold. In the treasury, which they -say is a sacred deposit, there are kept the most costly and precious -articles; and affirming that the city with all its castles and ships -belongs to it, the priests have shackled these fools, and by this -artifice have brought under their power all the Christians, small and -great. The city has three fine market-places, all adjoining each other: -in the square of the principal one is the above-mentioned church; and -close to the quay there are two massy columns; upon one of which is -set up the standard of St. Marco, and upon the other the image of St. -Theodorus. On the flag is represented a lion with wings; by which, -and on their coins also, they celebrate the valour of St. Marco, who -is said to have been a brave and valiant person. The space between -the two columns is the Hall of Justice. The centre of the city they -call the Arsenal; which has a spacious building, and being two miles -in circumference, it forms a strong castle. Here naval armaments and -cannons are daily manufactured and repaired; and the wrecks of fleets, -the arms taken from pirates, old vessels, and colours, being deposited -in this place, are exhibited to visitors. - -The population of Venice is estimated to be three hundred thousand, -and it is divided into three classes. Those of the first are called -Patricii, and correspond to our _Meshaiékh_. To these belong the -management of the state, and the affairs of government. Their principal -is called _Doge_, which signifies Duke. He enters into all questions -of law, but has not power to act until he has the voice of the people. -Amongst the Christians a Duke corresponds to the _Begler Beg_ of the -Mussulmans, except that the former has his own coin. Those constituting -the second order are called _Istadinū_,[5] and to them are committed -civil affairs, customs, and education. The third class is composed of -merchants and artisans. In former times the power of this people was -vested in a consul, but in the year 555 from the birth of Christ (upon -whom be peace!) it was committed to a tribune or chief of a tribe; and -this government continued two hundred and fifty-two years, till, in -A. D. 707, it became a dukedom: so that from the commencement of the -dukedom to the time of the writing of this book, which is A. H. 1067 -(A. D. 1656), is a period of nine hundred and fifty years. To proceed: -Mercator, the author of the Atlas, describing this city, speaks very -highly of it, and says that it is the most celebrated city in the -world; and being the common port of the universe, merchants of all -sorts, and from the most distant countries, trade in it. The number of -its inhabitants, and the extent of their wealth, are beyond -conception. On this account the Christians call it the Paradise of -the Earth: for although during a period of one thousand years it -suffered much, yet it never was under a foreign power. For this reason -the Venetians represent their city by the figure of a virgin holding -a sword; and this figure they place in all their offices: for they -state that her still holding the sword, signifies her having continued -a virgin down to the present time. The above-mentioned book, which -is an European work, in describing this city, gives the following -statement: “that the first founding of Venice was, according to several -historians, in A. D. 421, when the inhabitants of Patavia, being -attacked by the Hungarians, left that town, and settling on these -islands, commenced the building of Venice.” Several rivers from the -territory of Lombardy fall into the Gulf near it; and the greatest part -of the provisions consumed in the city are brought down these rivers. -Here terminates the description as given in European books; but Piri -Reis in his Bahria says, that ships bound for Venice first touch at -Parenza, which is a fort in the territory of Istria, and distant about -one hundred miles from Venice. They cannot proceed without a pilot on -account of the shallows; they therefore engage one to conduct them from -this place. They then proceed till they come in sight of Iskandil and -Marco-chaklik: the latter is a high castle, which appears first, and -then when they can see the city they cast anchor. Soon after another -pilot comes from the city with a small boat, which takes the vessel in -tow; and thus they proceed to the harbour. It is forbidden to pilot -foreign vessels. The quays are always kept open on account of the -tides. In the city there are also water-boats; these they fill with -water, and going about the streets they sell it by measure. Fish is -plentiful here. The fishermen have boats like skimmers, in which they -keep the fish alive; and carrying them through the streets, sell them. -On the east side of the city is an island, which they call Muran, where -crystal vessels and other glass articles are manufactured. - - -THE ITALIAN, FRENCH, AND SPANISH COASTS. - -Having passed the city of Venice, we come to Ancona, Bashtia, -Manfredonia, Brindisi, Cape Otranto, and Cape St. Maria, where the Gulf -of Venice terminates. Turning thence to the west, we pass Taranto, -Rossano, Cape Cotrone, Spartivento, and Cape Reggio: opposite which, in -the island of Chichlia (Sicily), is Cape Messina; and the space between -forms the Strait of Messina, which, like the Strait of Constantinople, -is very narrow. Beyond these are Naples, Cape Gaeta, the river Rooma -(Tiber), upon which a little farther in the land is the city (of Rome), -Pantan, Leghorn, which is in the district of Florence, an independent -dukedom bordering on the pope’s dominions. Farther on is the state of -Genoa, which is also an independent government, bordering on Milan. -In the French dominions are, Savona, Nice, Afwamort, and Marseilles. -Perpignan, Davina, Barcelona, Tortosa, Cape Carthagena, Malaga, and -Jabl-al-Fat’h (Gibraltar), on the Strait of Sabta, are on the Spanish -coast. In the Atlas they are called Catalonia, Aragonia, Valencia, -and Andalusia. According to computations in several histories, the -Rumelian and European coasts are reckoned to be 8047 miles in length; -and the Anatolian, Arabian, and western coasts, 5010 miles: in all -13,057 miles. The principal islands are Sardinia, Corsica, Minorca, -Miorca, Ivica, Malta, Crete (or Candia), Cyprus, and Rhodes. In former -times all these, except Rhodes, were captured; and how this was done, -I have fully explained in my works called the Fezliket Tarikh and the -Jehan Nemah. At present they are all, except Cyprus and Rhodes, in the -possession of the Infidels; and even the subjugation of Candia has not -yet been fully accomplished. God grant that it may soon be effected! -Here our Introduction ends: we shall now proceed to our First Part. - - - - -PART FIRST. - - Concerning the ancient fleets, victories, and naval wars; - accounts of which have, for the sake of example, been - arranged and collected from historical books. This Part - consists of several Chapters. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -_Of the Ottoman Capudans, and the expeditions and battles of several -Sultans and Admirals, to the time of Kheir al Deen Pasha._ - - -Be it known that before the time of the late illustrious and -victorious Sultan Mohammed, the Ottomans had not ventured to undertake -naval expeditions, or to engage with the European nations. It is -indeed related that in the time of Sultan Murad the Second, they -occasionally made excursions to the neighbouring shores and islands; -but these expeditions are not worth enumerating. After the taking of -Constantinople, when they spread their conquests over land and sea, it -became necessary to build ships and make armaments, in order to subdue -the fortresses and castles on the Rumelian and Anatolian shores, and in -the islands of the Mediterranean. - -When they first besieged Constantinople on the land side, and saw the -little success they had, they found the necessity of raising a proper -fleet in order to attack the city by sea; and to the management of this -affair, Soleiman Beg, son of Balta, was appointed. According to one -account he built the vessels behind Sūdlūja; but, according to the Tāj -al Tuarikh, behind the castle of Rumeili. - -This Soleiman Beg then, it appears, was the first Capudan of this -nation, for before the capture of Constantinople no mention is made in -any history of the harbour of Gallipoli, or its capudan, whereas there -is at present, near that castle, a port named after this Soleiman Beg. - -It is related in the above-mentioned work, that a chain being drawn -across the bay which separates Galata from Constantinople, it was found -utterly impossible to bring up the vessels to attack the city on that -side; but orders being given to move from Galata, they conducted the -ships to Iengi Hissar, where, by a novel and surprising contrivance of -raising weights, they lifted them out of the water, and placing them on -oiled rollers, thus carried them over the land, and again lowered them -into the sea. These vessels were filled with the most valiant warriors; -and parapets being erected, they fought bravely, completely discomfited -the Infidels, and at last vanquished the city. - -The various expeditions that succeeded this distinguished victory, and -the account of their leaders, shall now follow in order. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO ENOS. - -Soon after the capture of Constantinople, the cazy and inhabitants of -Ferra having represented that they were much annoyed by the wickedness -of the Infidels of Enos, his Majesty (Sultan Mohammed) instantly -resolved on subjugating those rebels; in consequence of which, Khass -Ionas was summoned to the Sublime Porte, and his Majesty having -communicated his design, ordered him to collect all the troops that -were at hand; to fit out ten triremes, and sail with all possible -haste to the appointed place. He further charged him not to disclose -the place of their destination to any one, till they reached it; -whilst he himself would lead on his victorious army by land. Ionas -Beg, in conformity with his instructions, put out to sea, and with -favourable winds, in a short time arrived at the castle, to which he -laid siege. The imperial banners of victory, being equally expeditious, -were also raised; and the Infidels, being filled with terror, offered -stipulations, and surrendered the fortress. Ionas Beg after this, by -the sultans command, attacked another castle on the island of Tashūz -(Tasse), opposite Enos, which he reduced, and returned. - -THE EXPEDITION TO AMASSERO, SINOPE, AND TREBISOND. - -In the year of the Hejra 864 (A. D. 1459), the victorious sultan, -Mohammed Khan, proceeded by land to reduce Amassero, a castle on the -shores of the Black Sea; and at the same time sent forward other -forces by sea. Being again crowned with success, he turned his -attention to Sinope, then occupied by Ismael Beg, son of Isfendiar; -and the grand vizier, Mohammed Pasha, having fitted up a fleet of one -hundred vessels, manned by warlike heroes, set sail, and on his way to -Trebisond touched at Sinope, where the land forces having also arrived, -they besieged the castle both by sea and land. The helpless Emir Ismael -surrendered without resistance, and delivered the castle to the Sublime -Porte. Having, besides this, subjugated Kastamouni, the victorious -fleet proceeded towards Sinope, whither the imperial forces also -marched; and after a short siege, the enemy stipulated, and surrendered -the city. - -In the European history, which I translated from the Latin into -Turkish, I have mentioned that at this time Ismael Beg built a very -large ship of nine hundred tons. This vessel the Emperor sent to -Constantinople. About the same time Alfonso, the king of Aragonia, -built a vessel which held four thousand tons; and soon after built two -others, which in point of size had never been equalled, but they could -not use them; and striking against each other in the harbour, they were -dashed to pieces. - -The Venetians also at this period, having made peace with the Genoese, -began to build immense vessels. Sultan Mahommed at the same time built -one of three thousand tons, but, as they were launching it, it sunk in -the harbour, and the builders were obliged to fly. _Ton_ (_fouchi_) is -a phrase peculiar to ships of the ocean, and is used to designate their -size. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO METYLINI. - -In the year of the Hejra 866 (A. D. 1461), the emperor having returned -from an expedition to Wallachia, he made preparations for the -capture of Meddeli (Metylini); for which purpose he proceeded to the -neighbourhood of Gallipoli, and there gave orders for the preparing -of the fleet. When the Constantinople ships had also arrived, they -set sail; whilst his Majesty, with the Imperial and Anatolian troops, -having passed the Strait at Gallipoli, proceeded to Ayazmend; and the -ships, tall as mountains, anchored opposite Metylini. When the forces -were about to commence an attack, the governor of the island came -out, offered stipulations, and surrendered the garrison. His private -property they returned to him, and sent him to his own country. Having -established laws, and divided the island, they left the natives as -subjects, registered the houses, and returned. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO THE NEGROPONT. - -In the year 872 (A. D. 1467), the army having returned from an -expedition into Caramania, a complaint was made that the Venetian -general with upwards of sixty vessels had made an attack upon Enos; -taken prisoners the cazy, the khatib (priest), and several Mussulmans; -and had plundered the neighbouring district. In consequence of this, -Mahmood Pasha was ordered to proceed to Gallipoli to collect the fleet; -and on this occasion all the vessels on the Ottoman coasts were given -in charge to him. Among the Greek islands, the Negropont still remained -in the hands of the Christians; and from its channel the Mussulmans -received much harm; whereas the general, from his avarice, exacted a -great revenue from the inhabitants of the island. - -In 873, therefore, the victorious forces proceeded both by land and -water towards the island; and the pasha having made all preparations -for its attack, besieged it with upwards of one hundred ships. The -bridges, which had been cut down, were supplied by suspending temporary -ones from the vessels, by means of which the soldiers ascended the -castle and mounted the battlements. Just at this time the general, -with eighty vessels, arrived, to give assistance to the besieged; but -when he saw the Mussulman forces, he cast anchor and looked on with -despair. His intention was, that whilst the Mussulman vessels were -cruising about the island, he also would approach it on one side, and -thus prevent its capture; and for this purpose he sent out several -caicks to endeavour to take some one from whom they might learn the -day of the intended attack. One of the Mahommedan men who had deserted -went over to the ships of the Infidels, and being found by the spies -was immediately taken before the general, who ascertained from him that -the criers had announced that the attack was to take place in three -days. The general anxiously waited for that day, and began to make -preparations for the combat; but those on the other side having learned -that the enemy was informed of their designs, resolved to attack the -castle without further delay; and the same night the criers raising -their voices to the stars, proclaimed that the morrow should be the -day of plunder, and admonished the soldiers to be in readiness. As -soon as it was morning, and long before the Infidels had opened their -eyes, the soldiers, in the hope of plunder, assaulted the castle, and -entered it by the breaches they had made. Those who were considered -fit for service were made captives, and the rest were killed; whilst -the victors were enriched with money and property beyond compute. In -the forenoon the colours hoisted on the tower caught the eyes of the -Infidels, who were so mortified that they spread their sails, and -turned their helms. After this fine fortification was reduced, the -victors proceeded to the small fort called Kuzil Hissar, situated on -the banks of the island, and in which the treasury of the Infidels was -deposited. This they also subjugated, and the property they found in it -they transferred to the royal treasury; and with cheerfulness of mind -returned to the seat of dominion. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO KAFA AND AZAK. - -The territory of Kafa, lying on the shores of the Black Sea, having for -many ages been in the possession of the Genoese, the Turkish and Tartar -princes, though united by their proximity to each other, had never, -as yet, on account of its strong fortifications, been able to reduce -it. In 880 (A. D. 1475), the victorious sultan Mohammed Khan, having -resolved upon its subjugation, gave orders to Keduk Ahmed Pasha to -prepare the fleet. The pasha immediately collected a number of galleys, -triremes, &c., amounting in all to three hundred vessels, and having -prepared his Janissaries and Azabs,[6] kissed his hand, and according -to custom bowed to the princes and nobles; after which he left the -divan, went down to the harbour and embarked. With favourable winds -he arrived in a short time on the shores of Kafa, where he landed and -laid siege to the castle.[7] The Christians not daring to stand against -the arms of the Faithful, delivered up the castle with stipulations, -and left it. The castle being taken, they proceeded to subjugate -its dependencies; and Azak, which is the boundary of the Sakalaba -kingdoms,[8] being also reduced, by proper management they subjugated -all the disaffected. The people of Kafa had their rights restored to -them, and the place became subject to the Ottoman power. The date of -this victory was called _A Favour_.[9] - - -THE EXPEDITION TO PUGLIA. - -Keduk Ahmed Pasha, having been dismissed from the office of grand -vezier and imprisoned, was by some circumstance brought before the -Sultan Mohammed Khan on his return from an expedition to Eskenderia. -On this occasion the Sultan was pleased to bestow the _sanjak_ of -Avlona on the pasha. In 884 he came to court, and having represented -the facility with which Puglia, a district of Italy opposite Avlona, -might be conquered, he petitioned for forces, and accordingly orders -were issued to prepare a fleet. The necessary provisions were given -him, and having collected a select troop of the bravest men of Roumelia -and Anatolia, and some thousands of janissaries and Azabs, the pasha -sailed for the coast of Puglia. In his first attack he took the castle -of Taranto, and reduced by force of arms several other places in the -neighbourhood, in each of which he stationed troops. But the governor -of Puglia, an infidel called Raika, represented his case to the king -of Spain, who immediately sent assistance to him. Of this the pasha -had information, and Sultan Mohammed Khan[10] dying at that time, he -embarked for the Porte under the pretence of paying his respects to the -new Sultan. In 886 the infidel, having arrived with forty vessels and -an army, retook the whole of the fortresses, and put to the sword most -of the troops that were stationed in them. Elated by this success, he -resolved on overtaking the pasha, and for this purpose pursued him at -sea for some time; but the pasha had reached the Porte in safety. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO MOTA. - -In 884 the illustrious Emperor, returning from a journey to Eskenderia, -sent the beg of Koja-eili with thirty _brak kadargas_,[11] to take -Mota, a castle situated on the sea of Azoph, in the neighbourhood of -Kaffa, and which still remained in the possession of the infidels. On a -former occasion, Keduk Ahmed Pasha, being pressed with more important -affairs, did not attempt to take it; but at this time, as soon as it -was blockaded by the noble troops, it was surrendered and evacuated by -the infidel its governor. - - -THE FORTIFYING OF BOOSJA. - -The island Boosja (Tenedos), near the Straits (of the Dardanelles), -being destitute of a fortress, and as the levend[12] were in the habit -of taking up their quarters there, a royal order was issued the same -year, that a fortress should be erected near the shore of the island, -and that those who were willing might reside in the neighbourhood -exempt from taxes. The island of Lemnos, also, which they call _Lemni_, -was fortified about the same time. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO RHODES. - -The Moslems who resided in the island of Rhodes being much molested by -the infidels, the chief commander, Vezier Messih Pasha, was in the year -885 ordered to proceed thither with three thousand janissaries and four -thousand Azabs. Besides the vessels from Constantinople, sixty others -had been built at Gallipoli. With these they set sail, and arrived at -the island of Rhodes. They blockaded the castle both by sea and land, -but first attacked the tower on the west towards the water, because -from this tower the troops had been much annoyed. They made a bridge -from the water, so as to reach the tower; but during a fierce attack -upon the latter, the bridge, owing to the immense crowd, gave way, -and upwards of a thousand men perished in the water. They again took -courage, once more made a brave assault upon the castle, and had even -raised their standard on the walls, which were covered with troops. -These fierce warriors having also whetted the teeth of avarice with -the hope of plunder, were rushing on to seize their prey, when Messih -Pasha, unwilling that the riches of a fortified place like Rhodes -should fall a prey to the soldiery, gave orders that as the treasury -of the place belonged exclusively to the Sultan, no one should dare to -touch it. As soon as this unwelcome intelligence was spread amongst -the soldiers, those on the outside would proceed no farther, whilst -those in the interior remained motionless; and the enemy, having made a -violent rush from one quarter, put to the sword all they met. Soleiman -Pasha Beg of Costamoni likewise shared the fate of martyrdom. Thus the -avarice of Messih Pasha and the selfishness of the troops were the -cause of this ill fortune. At last he withdrew from the castle, and -amidst loud complaints directed his course towards the capital. On his -way he attacked the castle of Bodrun; but being unsuccessful here -also, he returned to the Porte. When he landed at Beshektash the sanjak -of Gallipoli was given to him, and to this district he immediately -proceeded. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO AVLONA. - -In the year 889 the Sultan Bayezid Khan, having sent forward his fleet -by the Black sea and proceeded thither himself by land, completely -reduced Kili[13] and Ak-Kerman. In 897 the beg of Semendreh sent -information that the king of Hungary being dead, the governor of -Belgrade had promised allegiance to the Sultan. In consequence of this -message his majesty directed his course to that quarter; but fearing -it might only be a false promise, and that he might not return empty -handed, he gave orders to Gubegu Senan Pasha to sail for Avlona with -three hundred vessels; so that in case he should not succeed in the -capture of Belgrade, he might as it were turn his forces to that -quarter, and plunder the Arnaout shores. When the preparations for the -expedition were completed, and his majesty was marching towards Sofia, -the new king sent an apology and asked forgiveness: he therefore turned -towards the Arnaout shores, and passed on by Monaster to Dipa-diln, -whilst Davud Pasha laid waste a great part of that district and -returned. The fleet also attacked several places along the coasts, and -plundered the rebels. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO LEPANTO. - -The Sultan Bayezid Khan, contemplating an expedition in order to subdue -the districts of the Morea and Enabekht (Lepanto), began about this -time to build large ships. He appointed Davud Pasha, then a capudan, -his serasker (commander-in-chief). He built two immense _kokas_, the -length of each being seventy cubits and the breadth thirty cubits. The -masts were of several trees joined together, and in the middle measured -four cubits in circumference. The maintop was capable of holding forty -men in armour, who might thence discharge their arrows and muskets. The -builders and other labourers employed were servants of the Sultan; and -the building materials being all the productions of the Ottoman empire, -were valued at twenty thousand florins. According to the statements of -several respectable historians, the builder of these vessels was one -Iani, who having seen ship-building at Venice, had there learned the -art. These vessels had two decks, the one like that of a galleon, -and the other like that of a _mavuna_ (_trireme_); and on the side -of each of these, according to custom, were two port-holes, in which -immense guns were placed. Along the upper deck was a netting, under -which on both sides were four-and-twenty oars, each pulled by nine -men. The sterns were like those of a galleon, and from them boats were -suspended. Each of these ships contained two thousand soldiers and -sailors. The command of the one was given to Kemal Reis, and that of -the other to Brak Reis. The whole fleet consisted of three hundred -vessels of various sorts; and these being filled with the most intrepid -warriors, were sent towards Enabekht. The illustrious Emperor also, -about the end of the month Sheval, in the year 904, (A.D. 1498,) -leaving Constantinople, proceeded to Adrianople, and sent Mustaffa -Pasha, the begler-beg of Roumelia, to besiege Enabekht. When the pasha -arrived at this place, the infidel who had charge of it sent out a -message to say he was ordered not to give up the garrison until the -Moslem fleet had entered the gulf of Lepanto. Upon this Mustaffa Pasha -turned aside into the country to wait the arrival of the fleet, which -by contrary winds had been kept at sea for three months. At last, when -they touched on the shores of the Morea, another contrary gale arose, -and with difficulty they made into the harbour of an island opposite -Motone, in which they remained twenty days. After this they began to -be pressed by the failure of their provisions and water: when they -attempted to go on shore the infidels prevented them, and on the other -side they were continually harassed by the enemy’s ships. At last the -beg of the Morea, Khalil Pasha, made known their situation by sending a -courier to the Sultan Bayezid Khan, who at that time had arrived at the -plain of Chatalaja, in the vicinity of Enabekht. The Sultan immediately -issued orders that Hersek Oghli Ahmed Pasha with the Anatolian forces -should enter the Morea and render assistance to the fleet. Ahmed Pasha -accordingly set out with haste, but before he reached Motone they had -left the harbour, and were on their way to Navarin. The pasha soon -after joined the vessels at Helomej. - -The royal fleet having passed Navarin and arrived at Brak island, were -again met by the abject infidels, who sailed directly against them. -On a former occasion the enemy had been much annoyed by Kemal Reis, -and now the enmity in their breasts was without bounds. The beg of -Jeni-sheher, Kemal Beg, being on board the vessel of Brak Reis, they -supposed it to be that of Kemal Reis, attacked it furiously, and many -on both sides fell into the whirlpool of destruction. Two _kokas_, each -containing a thousand men, and a trireme and barge with five hundred -men, succeeded in placing the vessel of Brak Reis in the centre; but in -this position, the two smaller vessels not being able to sustain the -fire of Brak Reis, they both sunk, and most of the infidels on board -were drowned; a few were however taken up by hooks into the other boats -and made prisoners. The two _kokas_ then bore down on Brak Reis, and -the engagement being extended, Brak Reis threw burning pitch into them, -and thus burnt up the rascals with their ships. But all his exertions -to detach his own vessel were fruitless, and at last that also caught -fire. Kemal Beg, Brak Reis, and Kara Hassan, with about five hundred -brave men, perished by this catastrophe. The other heroes who fell into -the sea were taken up into boats, by which means about seven hundred -were saved. The two _kokas_ were also burnt, and of those that were -swimming, besides the drowned and burnt, seven hundred of the enemy -were killed. A galleon which had come to their assistance was also -taken, and the infidels on board were made prisoners. The island near -which this engagement took place was hence called _Brak-atasi_ (the -island of Brak). - -After this, one hundred and fifty Venetian vessels having shut up the -entrance of the gulf of Lepanto, and cannons being placed at the mouth -of it, the commanders stood prepared for an engagement. The Moslem -ships then came up, and in attempting to enter the gulf received the -enemy’s fire. Here also a fierce engagement took place, and several -brave men fell. At last the Divine Ruler favoured the armies of -Islamism, so that they completely destroyed the enemy’s fleet. In -short, in the neighbourhood of Motone, after they had left the harbour, -at the island of Brak, and on their entering the gulf of Lepanto, they -had sharp battles with the enemy. At length they passed the strait, and -proceeded towards Lepanto, notwithstanding the great number of cannons -and ships, and although the current was against them. When they reached -the fortress the heroes went out to blockade it; but the besieged, -according to their former promise, sent out the keys to Mustaffa Pasha, -and in the following year evacuated it. The capture of the fortress -being reported to his majesty, Ahmed Pasha left his ship, and the royal -fleet was ordered to winter in the liman of Amar Beg, near Kirma. His -majesty then returned to Adrianople. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO MOTONE AND CORONE. - -Although the greater part of the Morea had been subjugated in the time -of Abul-Fat’h (Mohammed II.), the fortresses of Motone and Corone -on the coast still remained in the hands of the infidels. For the -subjugation of these, the beg of Prevesa, Mustaffa Beg, was directed -to prepare before the approaching spring forty vessels, which were to -be added to the fleet. During the summer he built twenty vessels, and -was just finishing them, when one dark night the infidels came and set -fire to them all. Mustaffa Beg now began to finish the other vessels, -and about this time the combination of the infidel tribes to attack -the Ottoman territory by sea was made known to the Sublime Porte; in -consequence of which Iacub Pasha, and several noble begs, with ten -thousand infantry and twenty thousand cavalry, were sent to assist in -repairing the fleet then wintering at Enabekht, whence they had orders -to sail with the fleet in the spring for Motone. The Khoonkar[14] -also, in the month of Ramazan 905,[15] (A.D. 1499) left Adrianople and -proceeded to the Morea. When the arrival of Iacub Pasha and his fleet -at Motone was announced to his majesty, after having rested twenty -days at Londar, he proceeded to the neighbourhood of the castle of -Motone. The troops then surrounded the castle by land and sea, and with -their cannon razed its walls to the ground. They were on the point of -taking it when the enemy’s fleet arrived, and made preparations for -an engagement. The Moslem troops took two of the enemy’s ships, and -punished the infidels found in them opposite the castle. They also -sunk one of their triremes, and burnt several of their other ships. -While they were thus on the point of victory, four galleys arrived -from Venice, carrying ammunition, and some thousands of artillery-men, -passed through the fleet at a time when the Moslems were off their -guard, and as soon as they had landed their cargo within the castle, -set fire to the four galleys. This being reported to the Sultan, his -majesty in a rage gave orders that as soon as the enemy began to remove -the ammunition that had been taken in, they should make a general -attack. Upon this Senan Pasha, the begler-beg of Anatolia, entered the -castle by a ladder, through a breach which he had made, and the whole -army attacking it furiously, they continued to fight from mid-day till -sunset in a manner that baffles description. At this time fire broke -out in the castle, and the infidels being terrified, the Moslems took -possession of the castle and put the enemy to the sword. This victory -happened on the fourteenth of Moharrem 906. - -For the subjugation of Corone Ali Pasha was sent by land, and the -capudan with his fleet by sea. Ali Pasha having announced his intention -of besieging Navarin, the inhabitants gave up the castle on condition -that they should be permitted to go out of it. When the troops arrived -at Corone, the inhabitants of that place also surrendered, and with -their families and property departed to Frankestan. - -The Sultan having returned to the capital, Ali Pasha turned his -attention to the capture of Astaffa; but in the mean time the infidels, -by some means or other, retook the castle of Navarin. When the pasha -was informed of this, he reported it to the Divan, and immediately -returned to Navarin. He also sent thither Kemal Reis with thirty -vessels. When they arrived at the castle they attacked the fleet lying -in the harbour, and in their first attack took eight of the enemy’s -ships, and killed the infidels that were in them. Several brave men who -had come with the pasha then scaled the walls, bound the chiefs, and -made about three thousand infidels food for the sword. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO MITYLENE. - -The Venetians, in order to revenge themselves for the loss of Enabekht, -Motone and Corone, sent to beg assistance from the king of France,[16] -who, having equipped some vessels and appointed his nephew commander, -sent them to join the Venetian fleet. The whole, amounting to two -hundred vessels, set sail, and in the month of Rabia-al-Avul 907 (A.D. -1501) came upon Mitylene. The Prince Korkud, being informed of this, -sent one of his agas with eight hundred men to Ayazmend, whence one -dark night they sailed for Mitylene, and with the assistance of Krassi -Beg and his troops, massacring the infidel tribes, they entered the -castle; in doing which the aga was killed. When this unpleasant news -reached the Sultan, his majesty without loss of time filled the vessels -that were at hand with troops, of which Hersek Oghli Ahmed Pasha was -commander; and Senan Pasha, the governor of Anatolia, was also ordered -to join the fleet with the forces of his district. When Ahmed Pasha -arrived in the neighbourhood of Mitylene the infidels had blockaded the -castle; but as the French general was about to enter it he was killed; -and all the troops that had been stationed about the castle seeing this -betook themselves to flight. The Venetians also took refuge in their -ships and went off. The protection of the fortress being left to the -begler-beg of Anatolia, Ahmed Pasha returned to the Porte. - -This Ahmed Pasha, after being made grand vezier, was dismissed. In 912 -he was made a capudan, which office he held for five years, and in 917 -he again became grand vezier. - -It is recorded that this expedition gave rise to the levying of taxes -and enlisting galley-men. Formerly these impositions were not made on the -subjects; but from that time to the present they have been authorised -by law, and are raised annually. - -As the Venetian and Moslem fleets did not come to an engagement, after -the former were driven from Mitylene, the necessity of silence and of -refraining from their intended revenge, on their part, and various -causes on the part of the latter, induced them to consider an armistice -desirable. After this no attacks were made on any of their districts -either by land or sea, and the fleet was employed only in protecting -the Ottoman dominions. When however the power of the Persian kings in -the East began to increase, the disturbances of the _Rafezis_,[17] -and the retirement of Sultan Bayezid Khan on account of his great -age, produced negligence in the ministers, and tended to injure the -prosperity of the state; and Sultan Selim, after his ascension to the -throne, being occupied in matters that demanded immediate attention,—in -punishing the Persians,[18] and subjugating the countries of Egypt -and Syria,—the possessions of the infidels thus remained unmolested. -The Venetians and Hungarians also, duly appreciating this peace, did -not make the least stir. On the decease of Sultan Selim, Soleiman -Khan coming to the throne, began to subjugate all those places which -he thought proper should be annexed to the Ottoman dominions; and -opening both by land and sea the gates of war, he terminated that -armistice which from necessity had been adopted during the reign of -his illustrious father, and in his second expedition succeeded in the -capture of Rhodes. - - -PREPARATION OF A FLEET FOR RHODES. - -In the year 923 (A. D. 1517), during the reign of Sultan Selim the -First, the countries of Egypt having been subdued and added to the -Ottoman dominions, in 925 it was considered necessary to open a road -for the importation of the productions of that country. For this -purpose the capture of Rhodes, the seat of pirates, was suggested to -the victorious Sultan, who immediately began to prepare a fleet; but -although for a long time reports of an intended expedition were heard -from the ministers and nobles, yet from the movements of the Sultan -nothing to that effect could be perceived, till one day with his nobles -and attendants he went out to visit the tomb of Abi Aiub Ansari, and -standing on his usual spot beside the high dome near his nurse’s tomb, -he read the _Fatihat_.[19] Looking towards the channel, he saw one of -the newly built vessels cruising about, and in a rage demanded to know -by whose authority they had put it to sea, before an expedition had -been determined upon; at the same time giving orders for the execution -of the Capudan Jafar Aga. Piri Pasha with some difficulty satisfied -him, by saying that the vessel had been put to sea merely to try it. -On his majesty’s return he severely reprimanded the veziers, saying, -“Whilst I am accustomed to subdue kingdoms, you waste the means in -taking a single castle, the requisite for which is ammunition. How -many months will your ammunition last? and are the necessary stores -in readiness?” The veziers informed him of what stores they had, but -declined giving any account of their ammunition till the next day, and -thus they departed with many reproaches. The next morning they reported -to his majesty that their ammunition was sufficient for four months. -His majesty in a scornful manner replied, that whilst his grandfather -Sultan Mohammed Khan’s disgrace with respect to Rhodes was not yet -forgotten, they wished to double it on him, especially as four months -ammunition was by no means sufficient for the reduction of a fortress -like Rhodes, which, if it were taken in double that time, would be -highly creditable: that he was determined to undertake no expedition -on such vain counsel, nor by the advice of any one; and concluded by -saying, that for himself he had no voyage in view, except the one to -eternity. According to his prediction, the fortress was with difficulty -taken in the time he specified; and about six months after this -conversation he departed to the world of spirits. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO RHODES. - -Sultan Soleiman Khan, of happy memory, ascended the throne in 926 (A.D. -1519); and the violence and oppression of Capudan Jafar Beg having been -discovered, he was hanged, and his office was given to Iilak Mustaffa -Pasha. After the capture of Belgrade, the subjugation of Rhodes -being considered most important, the emperor, in the month of Rajab -928, came to the capital and issued orders for the preparation of an -immense fleet; and a great number of sailors and azabs being collected, -the second vezier, Mustaffa Pasha, was appointed commander. On an -auspicious day they set out, and with about seven hundred vessels -of various sorts sailed for the Mediterranean. The Capudan Pasha also -joined them with the ships he had prepared at Gallipoli; and in the -month of Rajab 928 the illustrious emperor passed over to Skutari, -whence he pursued his journey by land. The Roumeili troops, having -marched by different routes, joined the royal camp in the vales of -Moghala; and on the third of Rajab his majesty crossed over to a -small island opposite Marmaross. Previously to this, the fleet having -arrived in the vicinity of Rhodes, the commander, Kara Mahmūd Reis, -sent a few vessels to an island called Herka, and reduced its fortress. -After this the fleet touched opposite Jem-Baghche. The heavy vessels -were stationed to guard the channel; whilst the pasha, with three -hundred galleys, proceeded to the fortress of Rhodes, and entered the -harbour of Cape Oghuz. Having arranged their cannon, on the fifth of -Ramazan they blockaded the fortress: a week after, Bali Beg, one of the -Egyptian begs, arrived, and with twenty-four galleys, which had sailed -before him, brought additional ammunition and stores. They continued -to have sharp battles, and to make brave assaults, till the end of -_Sheval_; and the _Arab_ tower being the occasion of much molestation -to the troops, orders were given to attack it. In doing this, although -they succeeded in passing the trench, and raised their flag on the -walls and towers, yet the enemy bore down and repelled them; and -Bâli Beg, the beg of Seké, and Ali Beg, the beg of Avlona, fell as -martyrs. As they could not thus effect any thing, they began, with the -approbation of the experienced among them to raise a mound, and after -five months of continued warfare they raised it to a level with the -walls. The infidels within the castle, helpless and confounded, and -not being able to screen themselves from the cannons and muskets, on -the fifth of Seffer 929, they surrendered the fortress. Its governor, -Mighali Masturi,[20] was permitted to go out, and accordingly he went -over to Malta. The islands subject to Rhodes, such as Takhtalu, Londas, -Istanco, and Bodrum, being also subdued and all necessary arrangements -completed, the victorious emperor, on the fourteenth of the same month, -with honor and dignity proceeded to Mantesha, whence by hasty marches -he returned to the capital. - - -THE EXPEDITION OF SALMAN REIS. - -Before this period the Ottoman Sultans had not sent their victorious -arms to the Indian Ocean. In the year 932, (A. D. 1525,) the Sultan -Soleiman appointed the Corsair Salman Reis a capudan and commander, and -sent him with twenty galleys to that quarter. He proceeded along -the coasts of Aden and Yemen, and plundered the habitations of the -rebellious and such as were not well affected to the Porte; in -consequence of which, the sheikhs and Arabs of those districts came -out to him with numerous presents, offered their services, and bound -themselves to transmit their taxes. - - -THE EXPEDITION OF KEMAN-KESH. - -About this time the office of capudan was held by Keman-Kesh Ahmed -Beg, who in 940 sailed with eighty galleys, on an expedition to the -Mediterranean, and having pillaged several of the infidels coasts, -returned and was employed in the royal arsenal. This capudan was famous -for his great strength, for he could hold an enraged ram with one hand. -He was also a good archer.[21] He held the office of capudan till the -arrival of Khair-ad-din Pasha from Algiers, about which time he died. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -_Respecting the Affairs of Khair-ad-din Pasha._ - - -This pasha, who arrived at the highest honours of his country, was a -brave and valiant soldier, and altogether an astonishing person. When -he was brought before the Sultan Soleiman Khan, he was treated with -the greatest attention, and was requested to write an account of his -adventures. In compliance with this request he selected, from the -writings of those who had been with him, accounts of his principal -adventures; and having formed them into a book, he forwarded it to the -Sultan of happy memory. - -The greater part of these adventures we have extracted from that work, -and shall here insert them in order. - -The pasha’s name was Hezr. His father Iacub was a soldier’s son at -Aja Ava, and at the capture of Metylini enlisted in the volunteers, -and remained in that island. He had four sons, Is’hak, Oruj, Hezr, -and Elias, each of whom carried on a trade at sea. Is’hak afterwards -settled at Metylini; Oruj continued his voyages to Egypt and Trabalos -Sham; and Hezr to Saros and Salonica. Whilst Oruj and his brother -Elias were sailing to Trabalos, they were attacked by some infidels of -Rhodes, and Elias fell in the struggle. Hezr was also made a prisoner, -and remained some time in the island. When he regained his liberty, he -petitioned Sultan Corcud, who was then in Anatolia, for permission to -go out as a corsair; which being granted, he sailed with a galley of -eighteen benches. He first plundered the infidels’ ships about Rhodes, -and then passed over to the coasts of Italy, where he attacked some -boats, and after several engagements, in which he took considerable -booty, returned and wintered at Eskenderia. Thence he went to the -island of Jarba, where he left his cargo, and made preparations for a -voyage to the infidel countries. On the accession of Sultan Selim to -the throne, his brother, Corcud Khan, was obliged to conceal himself, -and the Mediterranean ships were prohibited from sailing. Khair-ad-din -therefore took ship at Metylini, and sailed to Maghreb; whilst his -brother Oruj proceeded to the island of Jarba. Here the two brothers -met, and formed an agreement to carry on their wars together; after -which they repaired to Tunis, and requested some place of abode from -the governor. At that time Tunis was held by Beni Hefs, who appointed -for their use the castle of Halk-al-vad, upon condition that he should -receive a fifth part of all their plunder. - - -THE ENGAGEMENTS OF ORUJ AND KHAIR-AD-DIN. - -After the winter had passed, and the season for sailing had returned, -the two corsairs fitted up two vessels, and left Halk-al-vad. They -first came in contact with a large Genoese vessel, with a cargo of -corn, which they seized without any ceremony. Shortly afterwards they -met a huge merchant ship laden with cloth: this they also took without -any loss of time; and returned to Tunis, where they gave up a fifth -part of their plunder, and divided the remainder. They then once more -made for the infidel coasts, and soon met a Spanish vessel in full -sail, to which they made up; but there being on board of her an infidel -beg, they had to fight sharply for some time. At last however they took -the ship. - -The fame of these two men now began to be very conspicuous, and their -valour was celebrated along the shores of the Mediterranean. On one -occasion they went out with four ships, and proceeded to a castle -called Bajaia (Bujia), in the vicinity of Trabalos (Tripoli), of which -they had obtained possession. Here they were opposed by the Spanish -fleet, which gave them battle; but they bravely resisted them, and -by the favour of God were victorious. They took two of the ships, -and dispersed the rest, except one which Oruj Reis sunk. After the -engagement Oruj Reis went out, and whilst he was surveying the castle, -the enemy made an attempt to recover their vessels. Whilst Oruj Reis -was employed in repelling them, a shot from the castle wounded his left -arm. His brother took him on board, and had his arm dressed; but, as -the wound seemed incurable, they were obliged to amputate it. In the -mean time they took a barge and several small vessels, which they sent -to Tunis. Khair-ad-din himself sailed to the island of Majorca, which -he attacked, reduced several of the fortresses, and enriched himself -with the plunder of the villages. Whilst he continued his cruise, the -capudan of Corsica came out with eight galleys, and made preparations -for an engagement. Khair-ad-din turned upon the capudan’s galley and -attacked it; but the contest was long, and many men fell on both sides. -At last the infidels were beaten, and began to retreat. The two vessels -which they had taken Khair-ad-din obliged them to give up. He then -returned to Tunis, where he left Oruj Reis on account of his wound. - - -THE ENGAGEMENTS OF KHAIR-AD-DIN. - -During the winter the warrior again went to sea, and became exceedingly -rich, having taken in one month three thousand eight hundred prisoners -and twenty ships. The captives he retained for himself, but all the -booty he divided among his men. In the spring he again took the command -of seven private vessels, and went to sea. On this occasion he attacked -a town on the infidel coast, and having taken about one thousand eight -hundred prisoners, he sold them for two thousand florins, and returned. -Whilst his vessels were dispersed in search of plunder, one night after -he had lighted his lantern, he was followed by four barges, which he -did not observe till the next morning, when he turned upon them and -took all the four. These were laden with cloth; and when he carried -them to Tunis, he took out of them eight thousand pastas and bales -of cloth. Previously to this, on the same night, he had given chase -to another barge, which however contrived to escape from him, but it -was taken by the other ships, and being a French vessel, and fully -laden, he entrusted it to his nephew, Mohi-ad-din Reis, and sent it -with presents to the Porte; in return for which, the Porte sent him -two galleys and a robe of honour. After this no ship could venture to -withstand Khair-ad-din. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO BEJAIA AND THE CAPTURE OF SHARSHAL. - -The warrior and his brother once more prepared ten vessels, and -went out on an expedition to Bajaia. On their way they attacked a -small fortress called Sharshal or Jajl, which they took without any -difficulty; and putting into chains a hundred infidels whom they found -in it, they left three ships with fifty men to guard it. - -After this they went on to the castle of Bajaia, where they landed -their men and took out their cannon. Having closely blockaded it, they -took it by assault on the fourth day. Besides those who fell, they took -five thousand prisoners; and the plunder of the castle they allotted to -the twenty thousand Arabs who had come to their assistance. They then -laid siege to the second castle, which they surrounded for twenty days; -but at last, their ammunition falling short, they sent for assistance -to the Sultan of Tunis, who however denied it them. In the mean time, -an infidel fleet of two hundred vessels arrived, and placed more than -ten thousand soldiers in the castle. Thus the Moslem troops were driven -desperate and obliged to withdraw. Previously to this they had run -their ships into the river; and the water having subsided, they were -left on the land; and not being able to put them to sea again, they -were obliged to fire them. - -They then went overland to Jajl, taking with them the prisoners -they had taken from the fortress. The distance was sixty miles. At -this place were stationed Oruj’s ship and Khair-ad-din’s galley of -twenty-four benches. Oruj Reis remained at Jajl, whilst Khair-ad-din -with three ships proceeded to Tunis, where he bought four others, and -with seven volunteer ships, making in all fourteen, he put out to -sea. Soon after he was joined by Kurd Oghli Mussaleh-ad-din Reis with -fourteen ships; and his fleet now consisting of twenty-eight sail, he -proceeded to the infidel coasts. Near Genoa he saw eight barges laden -with corn, and having made himself known, they suffered themselves to -be taken without any resistance. On his return he met twelve more, all -which he also took. These were laden with cloth. The twenty barges he -sent by Kurd Oghli to Tunis, whilst he himself went to join his brother. - - -DEPARTURE OF ORUJ REIS TO ALGIERS. - -At this time there was in the harbour opposite the castle of Jezaier -(Algiers) a small fortress on an island about an arrow-shot from the -city. The Spanish infidels had by some means obtained possession of -this castle, and had thus in a manner shut in the inhabitants of the -town. The unfortunate Algerines were therefore obliged to submit to -them and pay tribute; till at last the oppression of the infidels -became insupportable, and they wrote a letter of invitation to Oruj -Reis. This letter Oruj received at Jajl, and having perused it, made -preparations for his departure. The castle of Jajl he gave in charge to -his brother, and came to Algiers. There being here no regular governor, -he entered the town and took up his abode in it. Khair-ad-din also sent -nearly three hundred men to Jajl, whilst he himself returned to Tunis; -and as he was engaged with Kurd Oghli in dividing the plunder, he met -his brother Is’hak, who had just arrived at that place with the two -ships from the emperor and another from Gallipoli. - - -ATTACK OF THE FRENCH UPON TUNIS. - -The proceedings of Khair-ad-din Reis having surprised and alarmed -the infidel nations, the French became enraged, and sent a fleet of -thirty-three triremes against Tunis. On their arrival they landed at -Benzarta; and Kurd Oghli being there at the time, he left his ships and -went into the castle. The infidels having made an assault, took four of -the ships; but as they were about to attack the fortress, the troops -of Tunis came out against them, fought bravely, and repelled them. The -infidels in haste betook themselves to their ships, leaving six in -the harbour, and proceeded to Halk-al-vad. Here also Khair-ad-din was -in readiness; and valiantly repulsed them, not even suffering them to -land; so that they were obliged to return disappointed. About this time -Sultan Selim having conquered Egypt, Kurd Oghli went to meet him with -magnificent presents; and having paid his respects to him, reported -their engagement with the French. Khair-ad-din on the other hand fitted -up four ships with five hundred men and cannons, which he sent with his -eldest brother to Algiers, whilst he wintered at Tunis. - - -DEFEAT OF THE INFIDEL FLEET AND THE ARAB TRIBES AT ALGIERS. - -When the Arab tribes and the infidels heard that Oruj Reis had obtained -possession of Algiers, the latter prepared to attack that place with -a fleet of forty galleys and one hundred and forty barges, containing -fifteen thousand men. The Arab troops likewise, having marched by land, -arrived before the infidels in the neighbourhood of Algiers. Oruj Reis -with his followers being prepared for battle, first attacked the Arab -troops on the land side, and killed great numbers of them. By the -favour of God he was victorious, and the Arabs were routed and obliged -to fly, leaving behind them nearly twelve thousand camels. After this -the infidel fleet arrived, and having anchored near the castle, they -began to land their men and take out their cannon. The castle being -in a dilapidated state, Oruj Reis was repairing the breaches when -the enemy made a sudden assault, and erected their standard on the -fortifications. Oruj Reis now led on his heroes against them, and a hot -engagement ensued. By the favour of God they were again crowned with -victory, and succeeded in taking the standard of the infidels, whom -they pursued and killed whilst flying to their ships. Only one thousand -of them escaped, who, entering their ships, set sail and departed. -After this Oruj Reis settled in Algiers, and the infidels were -constantly harassed and routed. He then sent information of his victory -to Khair-ad-din, to whom he offered the charge of the castle, as also -that of Jajl. Khair-ad-din accordingly went to Jajl, and securing the -sheikh-al-balad, made him engage to pay the annual tribute which he was -in the habit of transmitting to the infidels. After this he departed -and joined his brother. - - -THE CAPTURE OF TUNIS. - -Previously to the above affair, the beg of Tilmisan’s brother had -gone to Spain, and returning with assistance, had taken Tunis. The -inhabitants of that place having sought redress from Oruj Reis, he -sent his brother Khair-ad-din to their assistance. On the arrival of -Khair-ad-din the infidels had left their ships, and taken possession of -the castle. He then secured their ships, landed his men, and after a -siege of two days, the enemy capitulated, and gave up the castle. Hefs -Zadeh also fled, and Khair-ad-din, not being able to find him, enriched -himself with plunder, and returned to Algiers. The two brothers then -divided the castles belonging to Algiers and Bajaia. These were ten in -number; five on the east side of Algiers, and five on the west. Those -on the east were assigned to Khair-ad-din Beg, and the others to Oruj -Beg; a census being taken of the population of each division. - - -THE CAPTURE OF TILMISAN. - -The governor of Tilmisan was at this time tributary to the king of -Spain, and was obliged to transmit his tribute annually. Being alarmed -by hearing that Oruj Beg and his brother had become masters of Algiers, -he entered into negotiations with Spain to assist him in removing -them from that place. But just as the Spanish fleet and his own land -forces were preparing for the expedition, Oruj Beg was apprised of -it, and leaving his brother at Algiers, went off with a few troops to -Tilmisan. The inhabitants of this latter place having united with the -infidels, and disobeyed their magistrates, the Ulemas had pronounced -fatvas or decrees of death against them; but on the approach of Oruj, -the commercial intercourse between the principal men and the other -inhabitants was resumed. The governor being detected, was obliged to -fly; and his two brothers, who were in confinement, availing themselves -of the opportunity, made their escape, and fled to Fez. The governor, -however, went to the port of Tilmisan called Vehran (Oran), and craved -assistance of the Spaniards, who were then in the possession of that -port. They forthwith gave him large supplies both of money and forces; -and in addition to these, he collected by land about fifteen thousand -Arabs, with whom, and fifteen hundred infidel matchlock men, he left -Vehran, and came to Kalat-al-kala. Khair-ad-din being informed of this, -sent his brother Is´hak Reis, with a few troops, to defend it. As soon -as Is´hak had entered the castle the infidel troops arrived, and laid -siege to it. One night Oruj Reis made a sally, in which he killed about -seven hundred infidels, and took a hundred prisoners; but shortly after -the enemy were reinforced by the arrival of ten thousand infidels and -twenty thousand Arabs, an event which served to protract the siege -for six months, during which time several battles were fought with -equal fierceness and desperation on both sides. At length the towers -fell, and the besieged, now become desperate, rushed out, and commenced -plundering the enemy’s camp: a massacre ensued, and Is’hak, the brother -of Oruj, and his followers fell. Having taken Kalat-al-kala, the -infidels proceeded to Tilmisan, which they blockaded. Oruj Reis with -his attendants betook himself to the inner citadel, and there remained -shut up for seven months; during which period fierce encounters -occasionally took place: but at length Oruj with his troops evacuated -the citadel, and commenced a general attack upon the infidels. In the -engagement which ensued he and his followers suffered martyrdom, and -necessity compelled the inhabitants to yield. - - -ATTACK OF THE INFIDELS UPON ALGIERS. - -In the spring the infidels fitted out a fleet of one hundred and -seventy ships, which they manned with twenty thousand soldiers, and -sailed to Vehran, where they were joined by three or four thousand -troops who were stationed in that place. These, under the command of -the beg of Tilmisan, proceeded by land to Algiers. Khair-ad-din, on -his part, assembled his followers, and having encouraged them, desired -the natives to go out to meet the beg of Tilmisan. When they met him -they behaved respectfully to him, and abstained from offering any -affront to his army: The troops of Khair-ad-din amounted to only six -thousand, besides about twenty thousand Arabs whom he had subjugated. -When the infidel fleet arrived, they anchored opposite the island, and -sent a message demanding the surrender of Algiers. Khair-ad-din Beg -thereupon took his station in the field; and when the infidels bore -down upon him, they were repulsed with such bravery, that many of them -fell; and by the help of God he was completely victorious, and the -enemy fled in confusion to their ships. When the evening came on both -parties withdrew. The next day they again fought from morning till -evening, and on the third day the infidels drew off their field-pieces, -and being thrown into the utmost fear and confusion, most of them -were routed. Not more than about five or six thousand reached their -ships, and escaped. Of the spoil .which Khair-ad-din took, he gave -a part with a few horses to Hassan, the serasker of Tilmisan, and -giving him the command of two thousand Arabs and seven hundred regular -troops, sent him back to Tilmisan; but before he could reach it twenty -thousand Arabs had risen in arms, and the governor had fled; and when -he arrived, of nearly four thousand infidels, about seven hundred had -made their escape, and fled to Tunis, the rest having perished in the -revolt. - - -THE CAPTURE OF TUNIS. - -In the spring Khair-ad-din Beg being desirous to take this castle, its -governor solicited assistance from Spain. Accordingly fifteen barges -were sent to defend it; whilst Khair-ad-din sent eighteen ships, and -himself proceeded against it by land. When he arrived at the castle -he took it by storm, but with difficulty saved the ships which he had -sent, five of which were taken. He then returned to Algiers. - - -EXECUTION OF THE INFIDEL CHIEFS AT ALGIERS. - -About this time, when Khair-ad-din’s ships were lying in the harbour, -the Admiral Ferdinand from Spain entered it with a fleet of one hundred -and ten ships. Khair-ad-din immediately came into the harbour, and -after a hot engagement entirely routed the infidels. The admirals ship -struck on the sand, when, in despair, he and six hundred infidels -jumped overboard, and, with thirty-six captains, in all about three -thousand men, were made prisoners. Two prisons underground were filled -with them, and the city was crowded with those assigned to the natives. -Some of them formed a conspiracy, and had made arrangements for their -escape, but were detected. Soon after a messenger arrived from Spain -offering 100,000 ducats for the ransom of the thirty-six officers. To -this the Ulemas would not give their consent; saying, that the captains -being expert in naval matters, and every one of them brave fellows, the -sum ought to be doubled: this however was not effected. Khair-ad-din -then sought some pretence for having them killed; and when he heard -of their attempt to escape, ordered a general execution. For the body -of the Admiral Ferdinand seven thousand florins were offered; but the -Moslems considering it improper to deal in carcases, threw it into a -deep well. - - -THE GOVERNMENT OF KHAIR-AD-DIN BEG AT ALGIERS. - -During these transactions Khair-ad-din assembled the citizens of -Algiers, and addressed them in these words:—“Hitherto I have given -you every assistance, and I have fortified your castle by placing -in it four hundred pieces of cannon; now appoint whom you please as -your governor, and I will proceed by sea to some other place.” All -of them simultaneously began to cry out and beseech him not to leave -them. Khair-ad-din answered that the begs of Tunis and Tilmisan were -opposed to him; but that if the khotba[22] and the coinage were made -in the name of the Ottoman Sultan, he would consent to remain with -them. To this they agreed; and Khair-ad-din having fitted out four -vessels, and loaded them with spoils, arms, and various presents, as -also forty valiant youths selected from among the prisoners, sent -them as a present to Sultan Selim. The illustrious emperor graciously -accepted them, and in return sent him a splendid sabre and a dress -of honour, with a sanjak[23], which he gave in charge to one Haji -Hussein, a servant of the Sublime Court. But on their way to Algiers -eight Venetian galleys attacked them, and killed all the servants of -Khair-ad-din Beg. Haji Hussein with three others escaped, and landed -at Motone, whence he returned to the capital. On application to the -Venetian governor, the ships were restored, and they once more set -out for Algiers. On their arrival Khair-ad-din came out to meet them, -and received with profound reverence the horse and sanjak, which the -emperor had sent him. He then assembled his divan, and ordered the -criers to proclaim the authority of the sultan. After having given a -splendid entertainment to the messenger, and treated him with proper -courtesy, he sent him back to the Porte. - - -INSURRECTION OF THE PEOPLE OF TUNIS AND TILMISAN. - -On account of the above proceedings, the begs of Tunis and Tilmisan -became jealous, and concerted measures to corrupt Mohammed Beg and Ibn -Kazi, two of Khair-ad-din’s most powerful begs. They at last gained -them over to their party, and by giving money to the Arabs, would have -conquered Algiers; but Khair-ad-din maintained a defensive position, -and did not submit to them. - - -THE CAPTURE OF MUSTAGHANIM. - -As was previously mentioned, the two brothers of the beg of Tilmisan -had fled to the king of Fez, and he having supplied them with forces, -they marched against Tilmisan, and besieged it; but being deserted by -their Arabs, Massoud (one of them) came over to Khair-ad-din, whilst -his brother fled to Vehran. Khair-ad-din treated Massoud with kindness, -and persuaded his Arabs to return to him: whereupon he again set out -against Tilmisan with what forces he could collect, and having put his -brother to flight, took the castle. But not long after this he broke -his faith with Khair-ad-din, and joined the infidels; in consequence -of which, Khair-ad-din sent assistance to his brother (Abdullah) at -Vehran, whence the allies sent an army by land, and twenty-eight ships -by sea, to a castle called Mustaghanim, which they reduced. They then -sailed to the infidel coasts, which they plundered extensively, and -taking on board all the Moslems they could find in Andalusia, returned -to Algiers. - - -THE SECOND CAPTURE OF TILMISAN. - -When Abdullah, the brother of Massoud, had left Vehran and come to -Tilmisan, with the troops of Khair-ad-din, Massoud came out against -him, but was routed in an engagement, and driven into the castle, -where he was shut up twenty days. One night, however, two hundred men -scaled the castle walls and threw open the outer gates; but Massoud, -who was in the inner castle, made his escape with two hundred horsemen. -The criers then proclaimed Sultan Selim sovereign of the place; and -as soon as order was restored Abdullah was duly installed governor -by Khair-ad-din. The khotba was read, and coinage was issued in the -name of the emperor; and a garrison of an hundred and fifty men was -left in the castle. On the departure of Khair-ad-din, Massoud returned -and besieged it for three months; but the former hastened back to -its defence, routed Massoud in an engagement, in which he made him -prisoner; and he died in confinement. - - -REBELLION OF KAZI-ZADEH. - -About this time Kazi-Zadeh, the governor of Tunis, revolted, and -having excited the Arab tribes against Khair-ad-din, came and besieged -Algiers. The infidels inhabiting a small island near Algiers also -effected a passage, and attacked the city on one side. For six months -Khair-ad-din was engaged in various battles with the besiegers, but -still remained unconquered. At length, on the approach of winter, -Kazi-Zadeh was under the necessity of begging a truce, and returned -to Tunis. Shortly afterwards, however, he again sent an army against -Algiers, under the command of his brother; but Khair-ad-din came out, -and having completely routed them, sent in pursuit of the fugitives -Kara Hassan, one of his attendants, who reduced all the fortresses -belonging to Tunis. But Kazi-Zadeh corrupted him also, and induced -him to come over to his own party. Khair-ad-din had now nothing left -him but the city of Algiers; and even here the inhabitants began to -be disaffected. Having discovered that it was the intention of the -Arab sheikhs to leave the city, he assembled his followers, who, as -about two hundred of the sheikhs were rushing towards the palace, the -gate of which opened into three roads, attacked and dispersed them, -taking several, whom they put in prison. The followers of Khair-ad-din -recommended a general massacre in the city; but this he prevented. -In the morning he assembled the citizens at the mosque, and reasoned -with them. One hundred and fifty of the insurgents he sent to prison, -and dismissed the others; whilst the twenty-five persons who had been -the original conspirators met the fate they deserved. Peace was thus -restored, which continued for two years. - - -DEPARTURE OF KHAIR-AD-DIN BEG TO JIJELI. - -A misunderstanding afterwards arose between the inhabitants of Algiers -and Khair-ad-din Beg, whose troops quarrelled with the natives; and -the intercourse between Algiers and the neighbouring places was -interrupted. In this state of affairs, Khair-ad-din, being little -better than a prisoner, determined on leaving the place; but was -undecided as to taking his property with him. While he was perplexed -about this matter, and was praying for direction, the Prophet (upon -whom be the blessing of God!) appeared to him in a dream, and seemed -to him to be commencing in person the operation of placing the -warrior’s effects in a ship. At this time information had been received -of the apprehension of Kara Hassan, with offers to deliver him up. -Khair-ad-din, therefore, under the pretence of going to secure him, -emptied his house, and in the morning loaded nine vessels with his -property, and put on board his family and servants. He then called for -the principal men of the town, and the men of Ibn Kazi, who wished to -make peace with him, and throwing them the keys of the city, exclaimed, -“The troubles of Islamism be upon your shoulders, ye wretches!” mounted -his horse, and went down to his ship. That night he lay in the harbour, -whilst the Algerines raised a great lamentation, and great and small -came to bid him farewell, and entreated him for advice. Khair-ad-din -recommended them to God, and telling them to wait three years, and that -they might then go where they pleased, he weighed anchor, and sailed -for Jijeli. - - -OPERATIONS OF KHAIR-AD-DIN AT JIJELI. - -On his arrival at the castle of Jijeli, which is situated on the coast -of Moghreb, and in which he fixed his residence, a great scarcity of -provisions arose; to remedy which inconvenience, he went out to sea -with seven ships. On the infidels’ coast he came up with nine barges -laden with provisions, one of which he sunk, and took the remaining -eight. With these he returned and produced plenty, for which the people -gave thanks. Seven hundred infidels were taken out of these barges. He -then built for himself a galley of twenty-seven benches, with which and -nine other vessels he began to plunder on the coasts of Tunis, taking -prisoners all who had been opposed to him, and burning their ships. -Shortly afterwards he met six barges laden with corn in the Gulf of -Genoa. When the people on board saw Khair-ad-din, they immediately -surrendered their vessels, which he took, and went to Jarba. He now -began to recover the favour of the people, and Aidin Reis, Shaaban -Reis, and twelve other reises, having heard of his invitation, joined -him with forty ships, and sailed on an expedition to the coasts of -the infidels, all the towns along which they attacked and plundered; -and having taken many prisoners, and acquired considerable wealth, -returned, and most of them wintered at Jijeli. - - -THE DEFEAT OF KAZI-ZADEH. - -As the power of Khair-ad-din now began to increase, Ibn Kazi, from -fear of him, sent him presents; but as he was not very peaceably -disposed, Khair-ad-din evinced no friendship towards him. About this -time some of the ships of the former arrived from Spain with Moslems; -but when they touched at Algiers Kazi-Zadeh would not permit them to -land; in consequence of which they came to Jijeli, and laid their -complaints before Khair-ad-din. Khair-ad-din, who had been directed -in a dream to return to Algiers, rose up and addressed a letter to -the sheikhs of that place, inviting them to join him. This invitation -they accepted, and came over to him. Kazi-Zadeh, being informed of -this, collected an army of twenty thousand men, and came out to meet -Khair-ad-din, prepared to give him battle. He was defended on one side -by a mountain, at the foot of which he raised a mound; but when the two -armies engaged, he was put to the rout, and four thousand of his Arabs -were killed. He then took refuge in a fastness of the mountain; but -Khair-ad-din coming upon him, killed him, and put to flight part of his -army. The number of his matchlock men did not exceed eighteen hundred. -After this event, the Arab sheikhs from all quarters came and joined -Khair-ad-din, who, by proper management recovered all his former -possessions. When these transactions reached the ear of Kara Hassan, he -fled with five hundred men to Sharshal; but Khair-ad-din pursued him -with speed, attacked the rebel, took him prisoner, and put him to death. - - -RETURN OF KHAIR-AD-DIN BEG TO ALGIERS. - -Khair-ad-din when he left Algiers promised to return in three years; -and that period having now expired, he fulfilled his promise, and -once more entered that city. This hero was in the habit of seeking -Divine guidance in all his affairs, and foresaw in visions most of the -circumstances attending the battles he fought. The Arabs now attached -themselves to him, and the people enjoyed security and ease. Abdullah, -the beg of Tilmisan, having for six years refused to transmit his -annual tribute of ten thousand ducats, and having joined himself with -the infidels, and issued the khotba and the coinage in his own name, -Khair-ad-din sent him an admonitory epistle; to which however he paid -no attention, and preparations for hostilities were commenced on both -sides. - - -THE ENGAGEMENT WITH ABDULLAH. - -Abdullah drew out his Arab troops, whilst Khair-ad-din marched against -him from Algiers, and his efforts being crowned with success, he routed -Abdullah, who fled, leaving behind him only eight thousand camels, -which fell into the hands of the victorious troops. Abdullah then sent -a messenger to sue for peace; and having read the khotba and issued the -coinage in the name of the sultan, a peace was concluded, on condition -that he should pay an indemnity of twenty thousand ducats, and an -annual sum of ten thousand ducats for six years. His brother Ibn Kazi -having also rebelled, Khair-ad-din marched against him, and compelled -him to pay thirty _yūks_[24] of silver. Having now overcome most of the -difficulties with which he had been surrounded, Khair-ad-din began to -think of reducing the island opposite Algiers. On this island, which is -about a bow-shot from the city, there was formerly a small fortress, -of which the infidels by some means or other had obtained possession; -and when Khair-ad-din took Algiers they filled it with ammunition, and -strongly fortified it. Previously to that event these infidels exacted -a tribute from the citizens; and whilst the Moslems were calling to -prayers from the minarets, were accustomed to discharge the artillery, -and thus did considerable injury. On the arrival of Khair-ad-din Beg -at Algiers, they petitioned him to allow them to remain unmolested in -their fortress, promising at the same time never to set foot within the -city. Khair-ad-din however would not consent to a peace, but continued -to annoy them. This state of things had now continued, fourteen years, -when Khair-ad-din Beg blockaded the castle; and hearing that the king -of Spain had resolved to send to its succour, he continued his attacks -night and day for a whole week. The besieged then begged for quarter; -but this he refused, and took the castle, sword in hand. Besides those -who were killed, about five hundred men were taken prisoners. He then -ordered that the castle should be rased, and the passage filled up, -so that the centre might form a harbour; and it accordingly forms the -present harbour of Algiers. He next made the infidels repair those -parts of the town which they had destroyed with their cannon, and put -their chiefs to death. Nine barges which had come to their assistance -from Spain, not being able to find the castle, were about to return, -when Khair-ad-din pursued them with fifteen galleys; took them all by -force of arms, and returned to Algiers. Besides those who fell in the -engagement, one thousand seven hundred men were made prisoners. - -The moral this event teaches is, that a barge may be taken by a galley -provided the commander of the latter be an experienced person. - - -THE WARS OF AIDIN REIS. - -The admiral who had been taken in the above-mentioned expedition -having informed them that the king of Spain had gone to Genoa, -Khair-ad-din Beg appointed Aidin Reis to the command of his fleet, and -sent him towards that quarter. The reis, sailing towards the infidel -territories, plundered the coast about Marseilles, and took many -Mudagils.[25] Fifteen vessels that had been sent from Spain to protect -these parts were now cruising about; and Aidin Reis being desirous -of attacking them, commenced a vigorous pursuit, and at length came -up with them whilst they were lying off a barren island. A fierce -engagement ensued, in which Aidin Reis took the admiral’s ship, -and the others were voluntarily surrendered. Three of these ships he -emptied and sunk, three he burned, and the rest he brought to Algiers. -Khair-ad-din then reported this victory to the Porte. - - -APPEARANCE OF ANDREA DORIA, AND ATTACK OF KHAIR-AD-DIN. - -When the infidel nations could no longer navigate the seas, and there -was no safety along their coasts, the king of Spain called a council -to determine what measures were to be adopted against Barbarossa.[26] -(Barbarossa in Italian signifies one with a red beard.) Andrea Doria, -one of the most valiant admirals of Spain, taking his hat in his hand, -said, if the king of France would give him twenty of his galleys he -would venture to attack Barbarossa. Spain had at this time concluded -peace with France, and accordingly sent thither an ambassador to -request the galleys. France, in order to preserve the peace, complied, -and the galleys, together with the Spanish fleet, were given to Andrea, -who with a complete army on board, sailed for Algiers. Khair-ad-din, -on the other hand, equipped thirty-five ships at Algiers, and invited -Senan Reis from Jarba, who fitted out seven vessels, and joined -him. Khair-ad-din Beg had hoped to meet Andrea at Majorca; and in -anticipation of this had fortified the castle of Sharshal, which he -filled with Mudagils. But Andrea suddenly changed his course, and early -one morning came upon Sharshal with forty ships, and landed his men. -As they were about to commence their work of destruction, the Moslems -came out of the castle, and after a fierce engagement, put the infidels -to flight. Before they could reach their ships four hundred fell by -the sword, and six hundred and forty were made prisoners. The rest got -on board, and made their escape. When Khair-ad-din arrived he put all -the captives in chains. Among these was Andrea’s steward, from whom -they ascertained that his master was bound for Genoa, there to obtain -a reinforcement of troops. Khair-ad-din therefore immediately sailed -for that quarter; and having ascertained in the vicinity of Marseilles -that Andrea had on his way passed near to that place, he went to an -island about thirty miles from thence, and lay off there ten days. Here -they took a vessel that was passing by laden with cheeses from Majorca, -which had previously been taken near Toulon, a celebrated French port -not far from Marseilles; but through the negligence of the warriors on -board the goletta stationed there as a guard-ship by Khair-ad-din, the -captain made his escape with his own ship and four others, and gave -information respecting Khair-ad-din. The captain then returned to the -fortress, whilst Khair-ad-din turned towards the Genoese coasts, and -early next morning attacked a castle on the coast, which he succeeded -in capturing, and took the inhabitants prisoners. In the harbour he -found twenty-two ships; all of which he burnt, and demolished the -castle. He then directed his course towards Genoa; but was driven back -by a storm to the island off which he had formerly been lying; and here -he remained until the storm had subsided. - - -THE FLIGHT OF ANDREA. - -Andrea not being able to reach Genoa from Sharshal, entered a large -river in Spain, and thence demanded from Genoa three thousand men, -and a supply of gunpowder and arms. These the Genoese had already -forwarded in two large ships to the place where he was lying. The -storm however drove them to Khair-ad-din’s place of rendezvous, and -one morning one of them passed near his fleet, which, immediately the -sail appeared, weighed anchor, and ten vessels proceeded to attack -her; when, after a fierce combat, she was taken and brought into port. -A few hours afterwards the other ship also made her appearance; but -owing to the approach of evening was too late to enter the harbour, -and remained out at sea. That night therefore they did not molest -her; but the next morning, as she was preparing to enter the harbour, -Khair-ad-din gave orders to commence an attack upon her from a -distance. Senan Reis however disobeyed these orders, and going too -near, had a musket-ball aimed at him, and was obliged to return into -the harbour; but Khair-ad-din, keeping up a distant fire upon the -ship, gradually weakened her; and the infidels on board perceiving she -began to leak, threw themselves into the sea, and were immediately -made prisoners. The warriors then towed the ship to the shore, where -they plundered her, and then sunk the hulk. They then dressed their -wounded and buried their dead; first reading over them the prayers -appropriated for the funerals of martyrs. This being done, they put all -the infidels in chains, and set fire to the ship which they had first -taken. Khair-ad-din having obtained from those on board these vessels -information respecting Andrea, returned to the Arab shores. Andrea then -left the river, and passing through the Strait of Gibraltar, went and -lay in the harbour of Seville; whilst Khair-ad-din on his part returned -to Algiers. - -Some time previous to this the Sultan Soleiman Khan had sent out -Mustaffa, one of the _chiaoush_[27] of the Sublime Court, to obtain -information respecting a peace that had been concluded with the king -of France, and several other affairs. Khair-ad-din therefore wrote down -all the particulars he had been able to obtain, and transmitted them by -Mustaffa to the Porte. About this time also the son of Khair-ad-din, -Hassan Beg, (who by his mother’s side was descended from the Prophet,) -with some other reises, made two expeditions to Teiomlek, and took -immense booty. - - -ATTACK OF ANDREA DORIA UPON CORONE, AND REBELLION OF THE GOVERNOR OF -TILMISÁN. - -The Sultan Soleiman Khan having in the year 938 (A. D. 1531-2) gone on -an expedition into Germany, Charles V., king of Spain, came to Genoa, -and suggested to the Genoese government that as the Grand Toork (i. e. -the Great Turk) was engaged in war, a favourable opportunity offered -to plunder the Roumelian coasts: but his brother Ferdinand, emperor of -Germany, despatched a letter to him, intimating that there would be -no great merit in attacking two or three castles, and requesting that -he would rather come to his assistance by land. With this request he -complied; and at the same time resolved to send his fleet, under the -command of Andrea, to Motone. In order also to divert the attention -of Barbarossa, he sent men to excite the beg of Tilmisan to revolt; -and for this purpose he sent fourteen vessels to aid him in an -expedition against Algiers. Khair-ad-din was at this time preparing -for a voyage to the Sublime Porte; but immediately left his fleet at -sea, and marched to meet the enemy by land. The two armies met in a -desert, where a battle took place, and Abdullah, the beg of Tilmisan, -was routed, and fled back to Tilmisan. At the intercession of certain -persons, peace was restored, on the beg’s paying thirty thousand pieces -of gold; and Khair-ad-din returned to Algiers. Andrea now, finding the -sea clear, sailed towards the coast of the Morea, and attacked and took -the fortress of Corone; the Capudan Ahmed Pasha, who had this year gone -to sea with eighty vessels, arriving too late to save it. - -In the Moghreb districts, Khair-ad-din having reduced the land side, -sent his chiefs with fifteen vessels to the Spanish coast, where they -burnt and destroyed the towns. Fifteen ships which had formerly been -taken by the Spaniards were now found at an island called Kïounlugé, -where an engagement took place, in which the Spaniards saved only one -of them, and the remaining fourteen were brought to Algiers, where the -immense booty they contained was divided. - - -STATE OF THE MUDAGILS OF SPAIN. - -Charles V. having gone by land to the assistance of Germany, was -obliged to return disappointed and mortified. Before his time the -Moslems who remained in the Andalusian towns, though they paid taxes, -were allowed to call publicly to prayers, and to exercise their -religious ceremonies. But when Charles became king, he issued a -proclamation forbidding any one to worship according to the forms of -Islamism, and commenced the work of immolation among the faithful. The -Moslems, being able to endure this no longer, began to form themselves -into societies, and at length convened a general meeting, and took up -their position behind a mountain, whence they sent to beg assistance -from Khair-ad-din, who immediately sent over thirty-six golettas. -On their arrival they bravely withstood the troops that came out to -prevent the embarkation of the Moslems. A thousand men were stationed -on the field, whilst seven voyages were performed; and all the Moslems -were thus conveyed to the opposite shore, and delivered from the power -of the infidels. On their passage they captured several vessels, and -enriched themselves with plunder. On this occasion about seventy -thousand Mudagils were brought over, who settled in Algiers and other -places. This is the reason why most of the Algerines are Andalusians. - - -THE STRATAGEMS OF ANDREA AND OF KHAIR-AD-DIN. - -When Sultan Soleiman Khan returned from his expedition into Germany, -he sent a letter by Senan Chiaoush to Khair-ad-din Beg, saying that -he intended to undertake an expedition against Spain; and requesting -him to appoint some trusty person to govern Algiers in his stead, and -proceed forthwith to the Sublime Porte; and that if he could find no -such person, he would inform his highness. When it became known that -Khair-ad-din was about to set out for the Porte, Andrea left Seville, -and came to Genoa; and in order to prevent him from going, had recourse -to the stratagem of sending to Algiers a barge laden with a quantity -of merchandise, worth six thousand pieces of gold, and seventy of -the prisoners he had taken at Corone, with instructions to inform -Khair-ad-din that the king of Spain intended to come against Algiers. -Khair-ad-din perceiving the trick, made a feint of unmanning his fleet, -and casting trenches; and having emptied the barge of its cargo, -allowed the men to depart; who, on their arrival at Genoa, gave out -that Barbarossa had abandoned his intention of going to the Porte. This -intelligence pleased Andrea, who immediately proceeded towards Corone. - - -EXECUTION OF THE INFIDEL CHIEFS. - -Among the infidel chiefs who were taken in the two ships before -mentioned[28] there were twenty men of rank, and captains, and one -hundred and twenty brave infidels, who wore golden chains about -their necks. One of the captains was the son of the grand-master, -(μεγα μαγιστωρμεγα μαγιστωρ,) who had been sent out from Rhodes; and -when the agents of the Genoese government arrived to treat for their -ransom, they offered large sums (amounting in the whole to 20,000 -pieces of gold) for him and several of the captains. This offer the -begs were disposed to accept; but the _ulema_ (priests) prevented -them, saying, “That as these were powerful enemies, it would be -imprudent to give them their liberty.” The unfortunate prisoners were -thus left to despair. To keep them prisoners at Algiers was deemed -impolitic; and to put them to death seemed scarcely more advisable; -for, in either case, it was certain that the infidels would employ -the money intended for their ransom in purchasing Moslem captives -for the purpose of putting out their eyes, since they had previously -to this cut off the noses and ears of several Moslem chiefs, cutting -the cartilages, and otherwise maiming them; upon which Khair-ad-din -had sent a remonstrance to them, which had the effect of making them -desist from torturing their captives. Thus it was that Saleh Reis and -Torghudjeh, who were captives, escaped the torture. Khair-ad-din -however anticipated the consequences of retaining his prisoners; for -having seen in a dream that the captains had murdered the jailer, with -a view to effect their escape, he, by way of experiment, instructed the -latter, who was one of his relations, to ingratiate himself with the -prisoners, and endeavour to discover their secret. This he effected; -and so entirely did he possess their confidence, that they intrusted -him with a letter to the governor of Bajaiah, requesting him to send -them a ship, and informing him that it was their intention to murder -the guard of the prison, and thus make their escape; that there were -seven thousand prisoners in Algiers; and that if they did not succeed -in taking the city, they should at all events escape from prison. -Having first showed this letter to Khair-ad-din, the jailer proceeded -to Bajaiah to deliver it. On his arrival there he delivered the letter; -and a vessel was immediately prepared and sent off, so as to reach the -prisoners that night. The jailer, having been treated with the greatest -respect, returned, and related all that had passed to Khair-ad-din, who -immediately sent out a vessel to seize the one sent from Bajaiah, which -had just arrived; when the infidels on board, about 120 in number, -together with the captains in the prison, were put to death, on the -above accusation. Their letters he sent to the Genoese, who recognised -the handwriting, and necessarily kept silence. - - -DEPARTURE OF KHAIR-AD-DIN FOR THE CAPITAL. - -Khair-ad-din having thus disposed of most of the captives, appointed -Hassan Beg, one of his most faithful servants, governor in his stead, -and with several vessels fully equipped sailed for the Sublime Porte, -in order to pay his respects.[29] Passing by Sardinia and Sicily, he -went on to Genoa, near which place he one morning suddenly attacked and -plundered a castle. Before this was made generally known he left Genoa, -and proceeded towards Messina. On his passage thither he met eighteen -barges, all of which he took, and made the infidels on board prisoners; -and on approaching the town set fire to the barges. Being informed -that Andrea with twenty-four galleys and twenty-six barges had gone to -Corone, he sailed to Prevesa, whence the infidels sent intelligence -to Andrea that Barbarossa was seeking him, and cautioned him to be on -his guard: and in consequence of this information he went and secured -himself in Brindisi. Khair-ad-din, hearing this, sent twenty-five -vessels in pursuit of him. These overtook seven Anapolitan ships that -were following Andrea, five of which made their escape to Anapoli; and -the other two they took, and returned to Khair-ad-din. At this time -Khair-ad-din and his fleet had arrived at Navarin, where he had an -interview with the Capudan Ahmed Beg. He then proceeded to Corone, and -there liberated a few of his captives. On his arrival at the Straits he -received a pressing invitation from the emperor (whose glory is like -that of Jemshid) to enter Constantinople, which he did, amid the firing -of numerous salutes. - - -ARRIVAL OF KHAIR-AD-DIN AT THE SUBLIME PORTE. - -On that day, which was about the middle of the year 940 (A. D. 1533), -the vessels were moored opposite Galata; and on the morning following -Khair-ad-din entered the house of the Capudan Ahmed Beg, in the At -Meidan, which had been appointed for his reception. On the divan day, -he went to the divan, taking with him eighteen reises, his companions, -and rich presents, where he had the honour of kissing the royal hand, -and had innumerable favours conferred upon him. The reises were also -admitted into the august presence; and having kissed the royal hand, -each received a dress of honour and had a stipend allotted him; and his -majesty commanded that they should be sent to the royal arsenal, and -there exercise their skill in constructing vessels. - - -KHAIR-AD-DIN GOES TO ALEPPO. - -The illustrious emperor being prepared to set out on his sixth -expedition, (which was to be to the Irakin,[30]) in the above-mentioned -year (940), in the month Rabi-al-Akher, (Oct. or Nov. 1533,) sent -forward the Grand Vezier Ibrahim Pasha to winter at Aleppo. This -general now sent a letter of invitation to Khair-ad-din, with a request -that the emperor would allow him to depart. The emperor having at -this time directed all his forces, both military and naval, to that -quarter, expressed in an interview with Khair-ad-din his consent to -his departure. Khair-ad-din then set out by land; and on his arrival -at Aleppo, the vezier called a divan, and performing the ceremonies -of the istakbal,[31] showed him great respect. Khair-ad-din, having -according to custom kissed hands, had a place assigned him under all -the begs and pashas. Next day, however, when he came to the assembly, -he was clothed, according to the custom of the Osmanlis, with the robe -of the begler-beg of Algiers, and took his seat above all the other -begler-begs. After two or three days spent in feasting and transacting -unimportant business, he was sent back to the Porte, where he arrived -in twenty-four days, and resumed his affairs. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -_Respecting the affairs of Khair-ad-din, from the time of his being -made Capudan of the fleet_. - - -The pasha, on his return from Aleppo, built sixty-one _bashderdés_[32] -and galleys, with which and eighteen vessels which he brought with him -from Algiers and five private ones, in all eighty-four, he was ordered -out to sea. - - -THE FIRST EXPEDITION OF KHAIR-AD-DIN PASHA. - -On a propitious day Khair-ad-din Pasha sailed with the above-mentioned -eighty-four vessels, and went towards Messina, where he demolished the -castle of Reggio, which had been evacuated by the infidels. That night -he lay with lantern lights, and prayed for success in an expedition he -contemplated against Malta. Having had a favourable dream, he arose -and set sail during the night, and by morning reached a castle called -Santalohso, which he took and plundered. Seven thousand eight hundred -prisoners were taken, and the fortress rased. In the evening he again -sailed, and reached a fortress called Giatros, where he landed his men, -took it by the sword, and made the people prisoners. Here he found -eighteen full-built vessels, which, with the castle and houses, he -entirely destroyed. After this he went again to sea, and took another -castle in the neighbourhood of Anapoli, the people of which he also -took captive. Passing thence, he sailed a day and a night, and attacked -the castle of Sperlonca, where he took ten thousand prisoners, and -levelled the fortress with the ground. He then proceeded onwards, -attacked the island of Sardinia, and having plundered it, turned his -course towards Algiers; but the weather driving him to the Arab shores, -he was about to proceed to the castle of Bekerzet, when the governor -abandoned it, and went to acquaint Hefs, the king of Tunis. - - -KHAIR-AD-DIN’S EXPEDITION AGAINST TUNIS, AND THE ATTACK OF THE INFIDELS -UPON THAT CITY. - -At this period the kingdom of Tunis was held by the Beni Hefs, Sultan -Hassan, the twentieth king of that branch, being the reigning monarch. -His brother Rashid had some time before this gone with Khair-ad-din to -the Porte, where a provision had been made for him.[33] Khair-ad-din -was exceedingly anxious to add to the possessions of the Sublime -Power the city of Tunis, and particularly the castle of Halk-al-vad -(Goletta), on account of the conveniences it afforded for the wintering -of a fleet, and its being a well secured place; and on representing -to his majesty the expediency of his project, he was charged with the -reduction of the place. - -The Tunisians at this time were discontented with Sultan Hassan, -and Khair-ad-din coming against them ostensibly in the company of -Rashid, who however remained at Constantinople, was directed to -Halk-al-vad. Hassan now took to flight, whereupon Khair-ad-din left -the castle of Halk-al-vad, and entered the city of Tunis, which was -nine miles distant. The partisans of the Hefsi now held out the hand -of submission to Khair-ad-din, who collected and imprisoned them in -the castle, executing a few of the sheikhs. Hassan then commenced an -attack from the outside, and Khair-ad-din going without the gates, a -fierce battle ensued. Three hundred Arabs fell, and Hassan was routed -and fled. Khair-ad-din having thus subdued Tunis, wrote letters to -all the Arab Meshaïekh, and adopted measures for the apprehension of -Hassan. He also brought a few troops from Algiers, and registered the -subjects. The Tunisians having at length discovered that Rashid was not -with Khair-ad-din, became discontented and rebellious: but order was -speedily restored by putting to death some of the insurgents. Hassan, -on the other hand, collected a force at Kairavan, (Cyrene,) whilst -Khair-ad-din with his Arab troops, consisting of ten thousand men, and -thirty cannons, the carriages of which were propelled by sails, marched -from Tunis into the desert. The battle was commenced by the firing of -the artillery, and the enemy, unable to maintain their ground against -cannon and musketry, fled in confusion. Hassan being thus again routed, -the Arab sheikhs came over and submitted themselves to Khair-ad-din. At -this time a brother of Hassan, Abdul-momin, considering the absence of -the Sultan Soleiman Khan in Persia afforded a favourable opportunity -for his enterprise, went over to Tripoli. Charles, king of Spain, -also, excited by the Pope, united with Portugal, embarked twenty-four -thousand troops on board three hundred barges and galleys, and made -preparations for sailing. Just at this time Hassan sent a message to -the latter, informing them that he had besieged Barbarossa with his -Arab army in Tunis, and inviting them to come and take him prisoner. -They thereupon immediately resolved to go and take Tunis, and then to -resume their intended course. On the seventh day they arrived, and -entered the harbour by the left tower, near the castle of Halk-al-vad, -where they landed their men. When the Tunisians saw the infidels -they joined Khair-ad-din; and the castle of Halk-al-vad being rather -confined, the besieged cast a trench about it, raised tabors,[34] and -disposed their artillery. The infidel forces having fixed their camps, -for several days fierce engagements were fought, and more than six -thousand of the enemy were slain; but as they constantly received fresh -assistance from their rear, they kept their ground, and continued the -assault: they also raised mounds, and strengthened themselves with -one hundred and twenty pieces of cannon, which they landed from their -ships. For thirty-two days and nights they kept up an incessant attack -upon the castle, which exhausted their stock of ammunition. Thrice did -the Moslems force their mound, on each occasion killing great numbers -of the infidels; but the attack of the latter was so violent, that, -finding it impossible to hold out any longer, they were obliged to -evacuate the castle and secure themselves in Tunis.—The infidels then -took possession of it, when Sultan Hassan, coming up with a few Arabs, -mixed his own troops with the infidels, and sent letters, holding -forth great promises, to his friends in Tunis. The Tunisians were at -this time divided into four parties; one of them consisting of the -people of the castle, and the other three of Mar’esh. Khair-ad-din -having assembled these parties, thus addressed them: “You have received -letters from the infidels: what is _your_ intention? _I_ shall go -out and fight, but _you_ may remain in the city.” They cried out, -“God forbid!” and swore they would accompany him. Nine thousand seven -hundred men accordingly went out with him, the party that had seemed -favourable to the enemy joining them, though against their inclination. -When the infidels approached the castle, Khair-ad-din attacked them, -and fought bravely. A few Algerines having made their appearance in the -rear, the infidels turned back, and the Algerines pursued and killed -many of them. The enemy being now on the point of making a retreat, -the party that had been standing neutral fled towards the castle, -Khair-ad-din sent men to induce them to return; but failing in his -object, the others too began to fly, and he then removed his artillery -to the castle. The infidels supposing that the Turks had fled, began to -return, but after some slight skirmishing, as the evening drew on they -retired to their tents. Next morning Khair-ad-din having raised a mound -about the fortress, and sent his Algerines forward, leaving a person -called Giafer Agha in charge of the city, shortly afterwards followed -them himself. The infidels, being now greatly distressed by reason -of the great heat and the scarcity of water, were about to retreat, -when the Tunisians evacuated the city and fled. There were only four -thousand captives, who immediately freed themselves and shut the gates. -According to one account, the above-mentioned Giafer Beg had joined the -opposite party of Tunis, and had persuaded them to leave the place. -The infidels having taken to flight, when it was over Khair-ad-din, -with about two hundred men who had stood by him, pursued the fugitive -Tunisians, and turning them from the direction which Hassan’s army had -taken, brought them into the road leading to Bajaiah. The infidels -in the mean time came back, took possession of the city, and placed -Hassan on the throne. At his request they repaired the fortress of -Halk-al-vad, and garrisoned it with four thousand soldiers. The vile -race who had been the cause of the insurrection, and who remained in -the castle, were accused of adherence to Rashid, and the greater part -of them publicly executed. - - -KHAIR-AD-DIN’S RETURN TO ALGIERS. - -About this time Khair-ad-din had given the fortress of Beled-al-enab in -charge to a certain capudan, whom he sent thither with fifteen small -vessels. On his arrival there, hearing of the attack of the infidels -upon Tunis, he sunk the vessels by order of the pasha. On the fifth -day after the above events Khair-ad-din went to Bajaiah, and thence to -Beled-al-enab, where he gave orders that each reis should bring out his -vessel, and placing several pieces of cannon at the mouth of the river, -he repulsed the infidel ships that attempted to approach. Having fully -equipped the vessels, he sailed for Algiers, the inhabitants of which -came out to meet him. After having had an interview with his family, -the pasha began to equip the nine vessels which were lying there under -the command of Murad Agha, with which and eight private Algerine -ones, after a stay of fifteen days, he went out to sea, having in all -thirty-two vessels under his command. He first anchored at a place -about thirty miles from Majorca, and early the next morning a salute of -fifty-six guns was fired from the castle. The pasha, telling his people -they should learn the cause of all this afterwards, then made sail, and -on his way took two barges, in which were some Tunisian captives. These -he set free; but put the infidels into chains, and burnt their ships. -From Minorca he sailed to a castle called Milota, into the harbour of -which he entered with infidel colours. The infidel fleet had put into -this port on its way to Tunis, and now when Khair-ad-din approached the -castle, the infidels, supposing it to be Andrea’s fleet on its return, -fired a salute. Two Portuguese barges that were coming in with a fair -wind, when they saw Khair-ad-din’s fleet tacked and were about to fly, -but on hearing the salute returned and anchored. Several infidels then -came from the castle to learn the news about Tunis; these Khair-ad-din -seized and put into chains. He also sent two boats to the barges with -the intimation, “Come along—Barbarossa wants you:” a mandate which the -terrified infidels obeyed; and ninety prisoners found on board were -liberated. - -When Khair-ad-din came to these islands,[35] a report had been spread -that his intention was to plunder them, and the inhabitants were in -consequence greatly alarmed. The governor, in order to comfort them, -sent them a prisoner dressed like the pasha, with a message that the -king, having taken Barbarossa, had sent him to them that they might -burn him. The captive was accordingly burnt, and this gave occasion to -the salute. When however the capture of Minorca was made known, the -circumstance afforded a source of ridicule to the captives. - - -CAPTURE OF THE CASTLE OF MINORCA[36]. - -Khair-ad-din having landed his men, laid siege to this castle; and when -the attack had lasted four days, the governor of the island came out -with six thousand infidels, when, after a furious engagement, he was -routed, and his horse being hamstrung, he fell, and was killed on the -spot. The infidels, seeing this, surrendered the castle. Khair-ad-din -then abandoned the wealth of the place to the plunder of his warriors. -Five thousand seven hundred prisoners were taken, and eight hundred -were killed: and on the sixth day Khair-ad-din rased the fortress and -returned to Algiers. - - -CAUSE OF THE COWARDICE OF THE INFIDELS. - -At the last-mentioned siege the Moslems had to resist the infidel begs -for some days, on account of their superior numbers: for had they not -possessed this advantage, they would not have fought in the position -which Khair-ad-din had taken; since it is written in their books that -it is lawful to fall alive into the enemy’s hand, and that they who -fall in battle do not enter paradise; their learned men also teach this -doctrine. It is related that Andrea Doria once asked a learned captive -the reason why our race were so brave in battle. The captive replied -that it was a miracle performed by our prophet, because that whoever -received his faith became brave, and would draw his sword even against -his own relatives. Andrea asked a farther reason, but the captive could -not give him any other, and said he knew no more on the subject. Andrea -then said, “Is it not written in your books that whoever flies from -battle goes to hell, and that if a person flies from two infidels he -cannot enter paradise? These are the words that make the Moslems so -brave. Now in our books it is written, that if a thousand men should -be attacked by one Moslem, and they know they are to be killed by him, -they need not fight him, because those who die in battle do not enter -paradise. This it is that makes us so cowardly.” This doctrine is also -taught by the Pope; the infidel soldiers however fight till they die, -caring little about a future state. The author has questioned several -learned men among the Christians on this subject, and has ascertained -that the case is not as stated by Andrea, who being an ignorant fellow -and unacquainted with books, spoke only his own ideas of the matter. -The Christians do not consider it lawful to turn from battle. - - -RETURN OF KHAIR-AD-DIN TO THE PORTE. - -Whilst the king of Spain was on a visit to the Pope, and was boasting -that he had killed Barbarossa and taken Tunis, the account of the -capture of Minorca reached him, disclosed his falsehood, and obliged -him to return with shame to his own country. Andrea having also heard -of the fate of Minorca, resolved on going against Barbarossa. The -latter had just left Algiers, and on his way came in sight of Andrea’s -fleet, but not being observed himself, he took no notice of the fleet. -The pasha next touched at Jarba, and thence continued his course to -the Porte. The emperor at that time had just returned from Bagdad, and -Khair-ad-din having paid his respects,[37] was ordered to build two -hundred vessels for an expedition against Puglia, to the completion of -which he accordingly applied himself. - - -THE EXPEDITION TO PUGLIA. - -The warlike pasha in the month Rabia-al-akher 943 (Sept. 1536) left -the royal arsenal with thirty light vessels, and sailing into the -Mediterranean, directed his course to a strong fortress called Castel, -which he captured after a hot engagement. Having secured the prisoners, -he plundered the fortress, and the winter season having set in, -returned to the Porte to repair and refit his fleet. - - -SULTAN SOLEIMAN’S EXPEDITION TO CORFU. - -The cause of this expedition was this. In the time of Sultan Mohammed -Khan, the conqueror, the kingdom of Puglia had been subdued, but when -Keduk Ahmed Pasha succeeded to it, Spain demanded its restoration. -The warlike emperor therefore determined to send a large fleet to -that quarter; for the Grand Vizier Eias Pasha represented that the -sanjaks of Avlona and Delvina, situated opposite to Puglia, being now -subject to the Porte, the reduction of this territory ought to be -considered a matter of importance to the state. Kemal Reis, however, -having recommended the capture of Corfu in the first place, the Sultan -resolved upon going thither in person, and on a Friday, in the middle -of Zilhijé 943 (May 1537), Lutfi Pasha being then commander of the -fleet, Khair-ad-din sailed for the Mediterranean with one hundred and -thirty-five galleys and other vessels, amounting in all to two hundred -and eighty. Never before had so large a fleet sailed. Thirty thousand -sailors had been collected from all parts of the Ottoman dominions. On -the 7th of Zilhijé (17th May) the illustrious emperor with his two sons -left the capital, and set out on his journey, taking Smako on the way. -About the end of Moharrem, 944 (A. D. 1533), they passed Albassan, and -on the fifth of Seffer entered the plains of Avlona, where they had a -sight of the royal fleet, which had arrived and lay off that coast. - -The Vezier Mustaffa Pasha, having been charged with the subjugation of -that part of Albania which was in rebellion, proceeded thither, and -subdued it, plundering the inhabitants. Avlona being bounded on the -west by the sea, and on the east by rebellious Albania, the natives -of which held intercourse with the infidel ships, by the advice of -Eias Pasha the whole of that line of country was subjugated; and the -rebels of Delvina having also submitted, territory to the extent of two -sanjaks was thus added to the Sublime Porte. - -When the whole fleet was collected opposite Avlona, sixty vessels -were consigned to Khair-ad-din to conduct those that were bringing -provisions from Egypt. The chief commander, Lutfi Pasha, taking charge -of the remaining vessels, went over to the Puglia coasts, and attacked -a few castles, which he rased, first securing the prisoners and their -wealth. - -As Khair-ad-din was passing the island of Corfu, about forty Venetian -galleys that were lying in the neighbourhood, seeing his fleet, and -supposing that he was leaving altogether, resolved to join the rest -of their fleet, which was then in the Gulf of Venice. On their way to -the rendezvous they were met by Lutfi Pasha on his return from Puglia, -who gave them battle, sunk two of their ships, took two, and the rest -escaped to Corfu. Khair-ad-din then brought his provision-ships to -Prevesa, and thence sailed to Avlona, where the sultans fleet had again -assembled. - - -ACCOUNT OF THE TREACHERY OF THE VENETIANS. - -The Venetian infidels are a people famous for their great wealth, -their extensive commerce, and their deceit and perfidy in all their -transactions. Having by treachery taken most of the islands in their -possession from the Hungarian princes, and these islands being on -the borders of the Ottoman dominions, and deriving their subsistence -and trade from them, the Venetians from necessity maintain a show of -friendship, but are in reality the most inveterate of all the enemies -of the faith. During the above expedition, they being unmolested, the -governor of Gallipoli harbour, Ali Ketkhoda, happened to touch at Corfu -with two galleys on his way to join the Moslem fleet, when Andrea -Doria, who was there at the time, came out with the Corfiote vessels, -and attacked him. A fierce engagement ensued, in which the superior -numbers of the infidels overcame the warriors, and the battle having -lasted from morning till afternoon,[38] most of the Gallipoli vessels -were burnt or sunk, and the survivors were made prisoners. - -On another occasion, another governor of Gallipoli, Boustan Ketkhoda, -was sailing to Corfu with dispatches from Lutfi Pasha, when four of the -Venetian ships gave him chase, and captured him. It was of no avail -that he declared he was only going on an embassy. Fearing however -that the affair might become known, they sunk the vessel and cruelly -murdered all that were on board, except a youth who threw himself into -the sea, and floated on a board till he was taken up by one of the -ships of the fleet, which conveyed him to Lutfi Pasha. Lutfi Pasha laid -the matter before the Sultan, who, on account of these two outrages, -commanded that Corfu should be besieged. - - -SIEGE OF CORFU. - -Accordingly, the expedition to Puglia having been abandoned, the -imperial fleet was ordered to lay siege to and plunder the castle -of Corfu, whilst the emperor left Avlona, and took up his quarters -over-against the island. According to one account, a bridge of boats -was constructed across the channel where its width did not exceed half -a mile, by means of which the armies of the faithful passed over to -the island. One hundred and forty villages in the neighbourhood of the -town were all pillaged, so that the town alone remained, against which -the artillery was drawn up, and the siege was regularly commenced. -But it being almost entirely surrounded by sea, they attacked it on -the land side for full forty-three days and nights. When however they -had opened the sally ports, and had several fierce engagements, they -found their time for warlike operations was exhausted, the setting in -of winter having commenced, and heavy rains falling, accompanied with -extreme cold,—added to which, the sailing season was past. The emperor -therefore, out of compassion for the army, sent Eias Pasha over to the -island with orders to raise the siege. Lutfi Pasha and Khair-ad-din -Pasha, however, remonstrated against this step, saying that so much -labour ought not to be thrown away, and endeavoured to make the matter -appear feasible: but there is an adage, “What is ordained must come to -pass,” and therefore their counsel did not meet the royal approbation. -One history relates that when it was reported to his majesty that -a cannon ball had killed four of his men, he declared he would not -exchange one of his brave warriors for a thousand such castles, and -immediately gave orders to raise the siege. In short, the reduction -of this place having been so long attempted without success, a divan -was held about the end of the month Rabi-al-akher, and after robes of -honor had been given to the nobles, presents to the naval capudans and -reises, two pieces of money to each of the cavalry, and one piece to -each of the infantry, on the 24th of the same month the troops retired -from the siege, and his majesty, passing through Perpol, Kortsha, -Prespa, Monaster, Florina, and Salonica, after a journey of twenty -days, arrived at Adrianople. - -Lutfi Pasha and Khair-ad-din Pasha on their return landed at -Cephalonia, which they attacked and plundered, taking immense booty. - - -ATTACK OF KHAIR-AD-DIN UPON THE VENETIAN ISLANDS. - -The royal fleet leaving Cephalonia proceeded to Motone, where -Khair-ad-din chose sixty vessels, with which he remained at sea, Lutfi -Pasha returning with the rest to the Porte. Khair-ad-din first touched -at Cerigo, whence he went to an island called Egina, which was a strong -fortress. To this, having prepared his artillery, he laid siege, and -after three days’ fighting, succeeded in capturing it on the fourth -day, when he took four thousand eight hundred prisoners, besides -considerable booty. He then went to an island called Merted,[39] -which he also took, and carried off twelve hundred prisoners. He -next proceeded to the island of Bara (Paros), which the infidels -defended with great obstinacy for some time: but it was at length -taken at the point of the sword, and yielded much plunder. On his -going against Naksha (Naxia), the infidels came out and agreed to an -impost. Khair-ad-Din’s men with his permission then went and plundered -an island in the neighbourhood, and returned with great spoils. The -victorious pasha then attacked another island, and in fourteen days -took three of its castles and made eleven thousand prisoners. Having -done this, he bound down these six islands to pay an annual tribute -of five thousand pieces of gold. In the course of this expedition -Khair-ad-din collected cloth, money, a thousand girls, and fifteen -hundred boys—plunder amounting in all to the value of four hundred -thousand pieces of gold: such at least was the calculation of his -wealth. He then returned to Constantinople. - - -THE CAPUDAN PASHA’S PRESENT TO THE SULTAN. - -The morning after his arrival the pasha dressed two hundred boys in -scarlet, bearing in their hands flasks and goblets of gold and silver. -Behind them followed thirty others, each carrying on his shoulders -a purse of gold; after these came two hundred men, each carrying a -purse of money; and lastly, two hundred infidels wearing collars, each -bearing a roll of cloth on his back. These he took as a present to the -emperor, and having kissed the royal hand, was presented with robes of -the most splendid kind, and received the highest marks of honour; for -never at any period had any capudan done such signal service. - - -THIRD EXPEDITION OF KHAIR-AD-DIN PASHA. - -The winter season being nearly over, Sultan Soleiman gave orders to his -veziers to equip a hundred and fifty vessels, and to send Khair-ad-din -to sea. Accordingly, although the ships were not ready, the veziers -pressed Khair-ad-din to sail; and he not consenting, they had recourse -to stratagem, saying that Andrea Doria had gone with forty vessels -to Candia, where he was waiting to intercept Saleh Reis, who with -twenty vessels had gone to bring the Indian merchandise from Egypt. -Khair-ad-din therefore with the forty ships that were in readiness (the -other ninety being ordered to follow) sailed on the ninth of Moharrem, -945, (June 8th, 1538,) accompanied by three thousand janissaries; and -Ali Beg, the beg of Koga-eili, Khorrem Beg, the beg of Tekké, Ali Beg, -the beg of Seida, and Mustaffa Beg, the beg of Alanieh, having joined -him, they proceeded to Imbro, where some time previously a vessel -containing seventeen pieces of cannon had been wrecked, and having -possessed themselves of these, they sailed to an island called Ishkatos -(Skiathos), which had a strong castle and harbour. In consequence of -the complaint of the governor of Negropont that the pirates were in -the habit of lying there and carrying on their depredations in the -vicinity, they conveyed their artillery from a distance of seven miles, -and blockaded the castle for six days and nights, taking it by assault -on the seventh day. A great number of the infidels were slain, and -three thousand eight hundred taken prisoners. - -The ninety vessels from Constantinople, and Saleh Reis, with the -twenty under his command, had now arrived; so that, according to -the royal command, the fleet now consisted of a hundred and fifty -vessels; but the equipment and manning of the ninety from the Porte -not being quite complete, Khair-ad-din emptied and sent back twelve -of them to Gallipoli; the rest he despatched to the Negropont. The -fleet then touched at Eskeri (Skyro), which they left the same night. -In the forenoon of the following day, which was very foggy, they met -seventy of the Mediterranean pirate boats which had but the day before -attempted in vain to take Skyro. On the approach of Khair-ad-din, -however, the infidels of the castle surrendered, crying for quarter; -and he accordingly spared them, on the condition that they should pay -an annual sum of one thousand pieces of gold. At this place he remained -a short time, and oiled his vessels. With the plunder he took he filled -seven vessels, and sent them to Constantinople. Two cannoniers had -been sent from Candia to Skyro; but not arriving till the afternoon, -when the castle had surrendered, they were seized and brought before -the pasha, who having obtained from them the information he needed -respecting the enemy’s movements, divided his fleet into seven -squadrons, which he sent in different directions,—one cruising about -the islands to levy the tribute. He then sailed to Istandil (Tino), the -governor of which was a Frank, and the people Greeks. These immediately -surrendered, and the pasha agreed to molest them no further if they -would deliver up their chiefs, which they accordingly did. He then -appointed one of the principal inhabitants governor, and stipulated for -an annual tribute of five thousand pieces of gold. He next sailed to -Andro, the people of which also submitted. On this and a neighbouring -island he imposed an annual tribute of one thousand pieces of gold. -From Andro the squadron proceeded to Naxia, and received the tribute -from that island, the inhabitants firing a salute. In the afternoon -of the third day from this time, as they were sailing to Candia, they -perceived before them a huge barge, which seemed like a black mountain -rising out of the sea. They immediately bore down upon her; but she -received their fire for a considerable time without striking her -colours. At length, however, she was weakened by several balls striking -her prow, when the Capudan Ibrahim went in and took her in tow. On the -fifteenth of Seffer the fleet arrived at Candia, first touching at the -castle of Miloietimo, where they landed their men. They then plundered -twenty of the neighbouring villages, which had been abandoned by the -infidels, and proceeding thence to Bakorna, took the natives prisoners, -and plundered sixty of the adjacent villages. On the 17th they sailed -towards a very strong castle called Khania (Canea), and as the infidels -had fled into the fortress, took in a supply of water, and made -preparations to attack it. But several of the more experienced capudans -were of opinion that to attack this castle would be a most difficult -matter; because, being on the side next the sea strongly fortified, and -on the land side protected by a wall of three miles in extent, besides -being well stored with arms and ammunition, and strongly garrisoned, -to effect its reduction would require an armament of no ordinary -strength. For these reasons they desisted from their attack, but fired -the houses on the outside, demolished all the strong buildings in -the neighbourhood, and in the course of three days plundered three -hundred villages. They then came upon Menolilo and Retimo, the villages -of which they plundered. Thence they went to Ista (Setia), where -the inhabitants seemed disposed to resist: but finding themselves -unable to hold out, speedily took to flight. Most of them were taken -prisoners, and the rest were devoured by the sword. Two castles, -called Isklaria and Istilo, were next reduced, and eighty villages in -their neighbourhood plundered. In one short week the whole of Candia -was overrun and pillaged. More than fifteen thousand prisoners were -taken, of whom a few were sent in barges to Constantinople. The fleet -afterwards proceeded to the island of Kirpé, which had three forts. -Here they remained ten days, during which they took all the three, and -laid them under tribute. - -The heat at this time became very oppressive, and hot winds like the -Sam[40] beginning to blow, and the sailors suffering much, the fleet -went over to the island of Ilki (Piscopia), where they rested for some -time. Sailing thence to Stanko, they broke up the levend frigates, and -manned the galleys with the sailors they found on board. Besides these, -they also took in a great number of infidel sailors from the islands -and the Anatolian coasts. They then reduced an island called Stanpalia, -which the pasha left to be plundered by the volunteer ships. This year -the Venetians possessed twenty-five islands, each having one, two, or -three castles; all of which were taken; twelve of the islands being -laid under tribute, and the remaining thirteen plundered. - -After this the fleet sailed towards Roumelia, and having broken up -the heavy sailing vessels at Kuzil Hissar, put into the harbour of -Negropont. They then took over the light sailing vessels by night to -Kara-Ata, where they oiled their sides, and returned to Negropont to -take in provisions. At this time Saleh Reis, who was a most valiant -commander, arrived at Negropont with thirty vessels; on which occasion -numerous salutes were fired. - - -THE GRAND BATTLE OF KHAIR-AD-DIN PASHA. - -About this time information was received that the Spanish, Papal, -and Venetian fleets had assembled at Corfu, and attacked Prevesa; -whereupon Khair-ad-din sent twenty small privateers to that quarter, -which, on reaching Zante, came in sight of forty guard ships. These -latter immediately returned to their fleet and gave information that -Barbarossa was in the neighbourhood. The enemy then left Prevesa; which -circumstance being made known to Khair-ad-din, when he was near Motone, -he took in water at Helomej, and proceeded thence to Cephalonia, where -he landed his men and plundered the surrounding villages. Crossing -thence to Prevesa, the castle of which had been much injured by the -enemy’s cannon, he was preparing to besiege it, when he received -reinforcements during the night from Santa Maura. With this assistance -he entered the fortress, many of the infidels being slain in the -assault: and having planted his great guns, the infidels, exhausted -and terrified, left the place.[41] The pasha then ordered his troops -to repair the fortress; and in the mean time sent over a few private -vessels to the infidel coasts to obtain information. These on their -return reported that the Spanish, Papal, Portuguese and Venetian fleets -had assembled at Corfu. This intelligence was immediately forwarded -to the sultan, who was then on an expedition into Boghdan (Moldavia). -About the middle of the month Jemazi-al-avul the fleets of these -accursed infidels arrived and anchored about two miles from Prevesa. - - -THE NUMBER OF THE INFIDELS’ SHIPS. - -Andrea Doria had fifty-two galleys; the Venetian general, seventy; -the Popes admiral, thirty; and the lieutenant of the Grand-Master of -Rhodes, ten. The Spaniards and Portuguese had eighty barges, and the -Venetians ten krakas, each of which contained two thousand arms of -different sorts, and was equal to fifty galleys. Andrea Doria’s own -ship was a huge galleon, with arms and ammunition beyond computation. -Besides these there were a few barges from different places; the -whole amounting to one hundred and sixty-two galleys, one hundred and -forty barges, and three hundred other ships, which, with the small -privateers, formed a fleet of upwards of six hundred sail. - -The Moslem fleet consisted of only one hundred and twenty-two light -galleys. Khair-ad-din having held a consultation, and encouraged his -troops, began to make preparations for an engagement. He then lowered -the masts, giving strict injunctions to his officers to keep a constant -eye upon his movements. The private vessels he ordered to take a -position by themselves out of the line, and when -they came in contact with the enemy’s ships to fire their bow-guns. The -begs, seeing the number of the infidel ships, recommended the landing -of the men and artillery. Khair-ad-din however did not consider this -advisable; but having afterwards ascertained that the plan of the -enemy was to enter the bay of Prevesa by night, he landed his men and -stationed his artillery on the shore. The infidels shortly afterwards -landed, when he commenced a fire upon them, whilst Mourad Agha, of the -line of privateers, Tourghoudjé, Kouzloujé Mohammed, Sadek Reis, and -several others, attacked them in the rear, and filled them with terror. -Two days after several of the enemy’s light vessels came up to the -strait of Prevesa, where the arrogant wretches opened a fire upon the -Moslem vessels. The brave and experienced pasha, unable to bear this -insolence any longer, beat his drum and cymbals, hoisted his flags, and -sailed out of the bay, with the intention of there meeting the fleet -of the despicable infidels. Casting anchor about six miles from land, -he waited until the rest of the Moslem vessels should join him; and -when they were all assembled, and had taken their proper positions, -gave a signal, at which each of the hundred and twenty-two ships fired -three guns, and coming forward to the attack, the brave Moslems filled -the air with their shouts. This struck dismay into the hearts of the -infidels, who, as evening approached, weighed anchor and fled towards -Corfu. The pasha then returned to his former position. That night, -whilst praying for direction, he saw in a dream great numbers of fishes -issuing out of the harbour; and rising up at midnight, he sailed in -that direction. - - -ATTACK AND FLIGHT OF THE INFIDELS. - -On the third of Jemazi-al-avul, as Andrea Doria was preparing to -enter the Gulf of Lepanto, Khair-ad-din sailed to Bahshiler, and -having reached that place, he sent men to the mast-heads, who descried -masts in the neighbourhood of Santa Maura and the harbour of Ingir. -He therefore immediately weighed anchor, and sailed, prepared for an -engagement. The infidels observing them, came out to meet them; and -the wind being in their favour, the Moslems were overwhelmed with -fear, for galleys are not able to compete with barges under such -circumstances. Khair-ad-din however wrote two verses of the Koran, and -threw one on each side of his vessel; when the wind immediately fell, -and the barges lay motionless. This occurrence teaches that commanders, -however celebrated, ought not to trust in human means alone, but also -to pay all possible regard to spiritual means for ensuring success. -The unfortunate infidels, stationing themselves in regular lines, now -began to discharge their artillery; which, however, wanted strength to -make it efficient. A galleon first came out and opened a heavy fire, -but was driven back by the fire of the fleet. Khair-ad-din succeeded -in taking several of the barges by attacking them from a distance, and -thus gradually weakening them. Andrea Doria and the general having now -come up with their galleys, were about to commence an attack, when the -brave pasha bore down upon them, and commenced a heavy fire, which -obliged them to bring round their barges. The balls from the barges -now fell like rain, and the two fleets were so enveloped in smoke, -that they could not see each other. The enemy’s galleys several times -attempted to take the Moslem vessels in the rear, that so they might -take up a position between them and the other ships and barges. The -latter, which, from their size resembled floating castles, were dashing -against each other with great violence; nor was it possible to separate -them. At length, after nine of the barges had been driven back by -the strength of the Moslem vessels, the pasha (of lion-like courage) -redoubled his exertions, and keeping up a brisk fire, sunk several, -and clearing a way through them, passed on to the galleys, strictly -prohibiting his men from plundering a single barge. The infidels were -astonished, and overwhelmed with terror at the impetus of the warriors: -and their small galleys being unable any longer to maintain the fight, -they turned their faces to flight. The slaughter continued during the -whole of the interval between the two hours of prayer, and most of -the barges were either destroyed or sunk by the cannon. Andrea Doria -seeing this tore his beard, and took to flight, all the smaller galleys -following him. The Moslems, supposing the barges were of less value -than the galleys, pursued the latter, and succeeded in capturing two of -them. - -In the evening the wind fell, which obliged them to remain on the scene -of action; whilst the unfortunate infidels set fire to the remaining -barges, which continued to burn till morning. Such wonderful battles -as those fought between the forenoon and sunset of that day were never -before seen at sea. - -Next morning the pasha went to Santa Maura, where he gave his son -charge of two captains he had taken, and despatched him to the sultan -with the news of the victory. He then proceeded to Prevesa, where the -begs kissed his hand and congratulated him. Sultan Soleiman Khan was -at this time hunting at Ianboli, where the pashas son on his arrival -was received with the greatest honors; and a divan being assembled, -the proclamation of the victory was read, all present standing, and -thanksgiving and praise were offered to the Divine Being. The Capudan -Pasha then received orders to make an advance of one hundred thousand -pieces of money to the principal officers, to send the proclamation of -the victory to all parts of the country, and to order public rejoicings -in all the towns. - -Andrea Doria after his flight made Corfu his place of rendezvous; -whilst the pasha on the 14th of the same month started from Prevesa by -night, and on the evening of the following day arrived at Bahshiler; -but finding no traces of the infidels there, he returned to Prevesa. -The privateers having obtained his permission to plunder Cephalonia, -proceeded thither, and left nothing behind them but the bare fortress. -On the other hand, whilst the pasha was engaged in repairing the -fortress of Prevesa, information was brought him that the infidels had -attacked Durazzo; upon which he cleared his galleys, and stood out to -sea the same night. Next morning he attacked the fort of Parga, put the -inhabitants to flight, took four hundred prisoners, and plundered and -set fire to the castle. On his way to Bahshiler he took two barges; and -after resting there two days, on the morning of the third, he again -sailed to the channel of Corfu, where he was overtaken by a violent -storm, which obliged him to put into Avlona, where he was detained -for ten days till the weather cleared up. During this time the army -suffered greatly. While there the pasha received orders either to -winter there, or to return to Constantinople, as he might think most -advisable. He chose the latter alternative, and immediately sailed -for Constantinople. On their way the fleet had to encounter another -dreadful storm at the strait of Beberjek, but succeeded in reaching -Gallipoli, and thence proceeded to Constantinople, which they entered -amidst the firing of numerous salutes. - - -CAPTURE OF CASTEL NOVO BY THE INFIDELS. - -Andrea, taking advantage of the storm which detained Khair-ad-din at -Avlona, returned and attacked Novo; and the governor being a weak man, -he with the most consummate assurance took possession of it, garrisoned -it with six thousand soldiers, and left it. - - -EXPEDITION OF SOLEIMAN PASHA TO INDIA. - -Spain had just completed the conquest of the New World; and so early as -the year 900 (A. D. 1494.) the Portuguese, emboldened by her success, -proceeded from the Western to the Eastern Ocean, and passing along the -Mountains of the Moon, (where the blessed Nile has its source,) and -the coasts of Abyssinia and Zanguebar, penetrated into India, and took -possession of the fortresses of Sind. The kings of that country being -too weak to resist them, the king of Guzerat applied for assistance to -Sultan Soleiman Khan. This zealous monarch, with the view of driving -the oppressive infidels from the coasts of Yemen and India, equipped a -fleet of thirty galleys in the road of Suez, and gave the command of -them to Khadem Soleiman Pasha, chief of the emirs of Egypt, who left -the port of Suez about the end of Moharrem (940 A.D. 1533), and arrived -on the seventh of Rabi-al-avul at the city of Aden, on the coast of -Yemen, the fortresses of which, under the command of Amar Ben Davud, -he took possession of, and having considerably strengthened them, gave -them in charge to Behram Beg. He then proceeded towards Div, an Indian -port in the possession of the Portuguese, which was the principal -object of his efforts. The winds being favourable, he arrived in the -beginning of Rabi-al-avul at the citadels of Goa and Kari, situate in -the neighbourhood of Div, and also in the possession of the Portuguese, -where he landed his men and artillery, and took both these fortresses; -a thousand infidels falling by the sword. He next laid siege to Div, -the citadel of which was defended on three sides by the sea, and on the -land side by very strong fortifications; on which account he deemed it -advisable to land twenty thousand men, and a considerable quantity of -ammunition. The siege had how lasted a month, and the king of Guzerat -had in vain expected the ammunition and provisions he had demanded from -Prince Mahmoud. This prince, frightened at the murder of Amar, the emir -of Aden, would neither come himself nor send succours. The besieged -infidels then, as a last resource, persuaded Mahmoud that the murder -was committed by Soleiman Pasha, and that any good the latter might do -him would be dictated by treachery. Deceived by these insinuations of -the infidels, he decidedly refused the succours. This refusal, together -with his open opposition to them in other matters, and the peace he had -made with the infidels, obliged the Moslems to raise the siege of the -citadel: and they accordingly reimbarked their artillery and departed -for Shedjer, where they arrived safely in twenty days. The governor of -this city having surrendered, the fleet departed for Aden and Zebid. -Emir Ahmed, having taken possession of the country, was then its -governor. On the approach of Soleiman, the emir shut himself up in a -fortress, which was subsequently taken, and the command of the province -of Yemen was given to Mustafa Beg, son of Mohammed Pasha Bikli.[42] -Soleiman Pasha, after remaining a month at these places for the defence -of Yemen, sailed for Jidda, where he arrived on the twentieth of -Sheval. Immediately on his arrival there he undertook the pilgrimage -(to Mecca), and whilst the fleet continued its voyage, accompanying -the caravan, he proceeded by land to Egypt, and at length reached -Constantinople, where he obtained a seat in the divan. - - -EXPEDITION OF KHAIR-AD-DIN TO CASTEL NOVO. - -The recovery of Castel Novo, which some time before had fallen into the -hands of the infidels, being considered a matter of importance both -to religion and the state, on the return of spring Khosrow Pasha, the -begler-beg of Roumelia, who had remained at Sophia, was sent thither by -land. Khair-ad-din also, on the eighth of Rabi-al-akher, sailed with -one hundred and fifty vessels, and with thirty-seven pieces of cannon -besieged the fortress. After a discharge of eight thousand two hundred -shots, on the twenty-second day the walls of one of the fortresses were -reduced and the fortress itself taken. Novo had two large fortresses; -they therefore proceeded to the other one, which they also took by -assault, making the infidels prisoners. The pasha then rebuilt the -castle, and placed twenty-six pieces of cannon in it. He then sent -his troops to plunder the country of the infidels, and returned to -Constantinople with immense riches. - - -ATTACK OF THE KING OF SPAIN UPON ALGIERS, &C. - -In the year 948 (A.D. 1541) the emperor went with his army on an -expedition into Hungary, and sent Khair-ad-din at the same time with -seventy galleys to guard the Mediterranean. At this time too, the king -of Spain, in order to assist the emperor Ferdinand, and to plunder the -Moslem territories, sailed with his fleet towards the Venetian coasts. -When he heard that Khair-ad-din was at sea, ashamed to return to his -own country, he proceeded to Algiers. For some time previous to this -Khadem Hassan Agha, to whose care the pasha had confided Algiers, -having equipped thirty galleys and golettas, had been carrying on a -system of plunder on the Spanish coasts. The king of Spain therefore -embarked troops to the number of fifty thousand, four thousand of which -were cavalry, on board a hundred galleys, and sailed for Algiers, where -he arrived on the twenty-eighth day of Jemazi II., A.H. 948. Hassan -thereupon immediately held a divan, and encouraged his men. Meantime -the infidels had pitched their camp, and were attempting a trench, when -Hassan Beg, with six hundred Turkish and two thousand Arab horsemen, -sallied out and attacked them by night. In the confusion which ensued -and the darkness of the night the infidels fell upon each other, -and three thousand of them were killed; and the warriors returned in -safety to the castle. By the decree of God, on the fifth day there -was a violent storm of wind and rain, which drove most of the enemys -heavy barges ashore, and sunk several; their ammunition too was wet, -and their cannon and musketry unfit for service. Hassan Beg therefore -made an attack upon them, and after a hot engagement of two hours, -returned to the castle. In this storm a hundred and six of the infidels -ships were driven ashore, and four galleys into the harbour. In these -were one thousand four hundred Moslem prisoners, who were immediately -liberated. The infidels, mortified and disappointed, now retired and -assembled at a cape called Tementos, whence they set out on their -return to their own country. They were pursued by the Moslems, who slew -great numbers of them: whilst the Algerines, observing the violence -of the stream of dissension which was strongly agitated among them, -plunged into it, and sunk or destroyed many of their ships. Those who -escaped embarked on board the remaining vessels, and on the 26th of -Rajab again put out to sea, but were again overtaken by a storm, which -drove them to Bajaiah, and at length with great difficulty made their -way to Spain. Not long after this memorable defeat by the storm, which -is recorded in the Spanish histories, Charles V. entered a monastery -and became a recluse; and his kingdom passed to his son. - - -FRANCE CRAVES ASSISTANCE OF THE PORTE. - -In the year 949 Francis king of France sent an ambassador to the -Sublime Porte, to request the aid of a naval force and other -assistance, in consequence of a terrible feud that existed between -him and Spain. Orders having been given this winter to fit out a -considerable number of vessels, Khair-ad-din, in compliance with this -request, equipped a hundred galleys, and in the spring of the year 950 -sailed with a complete fleet for France. Several historical accounts -agree in this statement. On this occasion victory deserted the arms of -the pasha. - - -DEATH OF KHAIR-AD-DIN PASHA. - -The pasha, after remaining at sea two years longer, to protect its -navigation, returned to the Porte, where he died on the sixth of -Jemazi-al-avul, 953 (A.D. August 1546), upwards of eighty years old, -and was buried in his tomb at Beshektash. The period of his death is -chronogrammatically expressed in the sentence,[43] “The chief of the -sea is dead.” May the mercy of God be extended to him! - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -_Of the Expeditions of the Capudans from the time of Khair-ad-din Pasha -till that of Pialeh Pasha._ - - -THE EXPEDITIONS OF MOHAMMED PASHA. - -After the death of Khair-ad-din Pasha, the vezier Mohammed Pasha was -made capudan, and held that office for two or three years, when he -was presented with the governorship of Roumelia. He was afterwards -appointed grand vezier, and performed the functions of that office at -Scutari. - - -THE CAPTURE OF TRIPOLI BY SENAN PASHA. - -On Mohammed Pashas being made capudan he went on an expedition against -Tripoli (West), which was formerly in the possession of the Tunisian -kings, the Beni Hefs: but about A.H. 916 (A.D. 1510) the Spaniards, -taking advantage of the supineness of the reigning monarch, Mohammed -Ben Hassan, the nineteenth king of that dynasty, who was immersed in -pleasure, captured the castles of Vahran, Bajaiah and Tripoli. The -last of these places had now been forty-two years in their possession, -when his majesty, wishing to reduce it, invited Tourghoudjé Beg, (who -formerly had the sanjak of Karli-Eili [Acarnania], but had now on some -account gone to Moghreb, where he remained two years,) under whose -direction Senan Pasha, A.H. 958 (A.D. 1551) sailed with twenty galleys, -and besieged and took the castle. Tourghoudjé Beg had been promised -the governorship of it for his life, but Senan Pasha gave it to Khadem -Mourad Agha. Tourghoudjé Beg, however, subsequently received it from -the emperor in person, and held it till he was murdered it Malta eleven -years afterwards. - - -EXPEDITION OF PIRI REIS TO THE EASTERN OCEAN. - -Notwithstanding Soleiman Pasha had, when he reduced Aden, left a -garrison in that city, the people joined the Portuguese, the masters of -India, turned away their faces from submission, and delivered up the -fortress to the infidels. To recover it, Piri Pasha, the capudan of -Egypt, (son of the sister of Kemal Reis, and author of the Bahria,[44]) -was sent from Suez with a fleet; and leaving the Red Sea, proceeded -by the straits of Babelmandel to Aden, against the fortress of which -he planted his artillery, and having taken it by storm, left in it a -considerable garrison provided with the necessary means of defence. -Davoud Pasha, the governor of Egypt, having represented to the sultan -the importance of the service rendered by Piri Reis, the latter -received in recompense lands to the value of one hundred thousand -aspres. - - -SECOND EXPEDITION OF PIRI PASHA TO THE EASTERN OCEAN. - -Piri Pasha, the capudan of Egypt, left Suez A.H. 959 with a fleet of -thirty sail, consisting of galleys, bashderdés, golettas, and galleons; -and proceeding to Aden by Jedda and Babelmandel, sailed thence towards -Ras-al-had, passing Zaffar and Shedjer. On his route he was overtaken -near Shedjer by a storm, in which several of his barges were destroyed. -With the remains of his fleet he attacked Muscat, a fortress in the -Persian Gulf, in the country of Oman, which he took, and made the -inhabitants prisoners. He then laid waste the islands of Ormuz and -Barkhet. On his arrival at Bassora he heard that the fleet of the -vile infidels was advancing towards him; a report which was confirmed -by the infidel capudan whom he took at Muscat, and who now advised -him to remain no longer in his present situation, on account of the -impossibility of escaping by the strait of Ormuz. The pasha, being -unable to clear the whole of his fleet, departed before the arrival of -the infidels, with three galleys, his private property. One of these he -lost near Bahrein, and with the remaining two returned to Egypt. Of the -vessels left at Bassora, Kobad Pasha, the governor of that city, -offered the command to Ali Beg, a beg of Egypt, and a commander in -the army; who, however, refused it, and returned by land to Egypt: -and the vessels, thus abandoned, were soon destroyed. The pasha of -Egypt, apprised of these events, seized and imprisoned Piri Reis on -his arrival at Cairo, and sent information of the circumstance to -the Sublime Porte, whence he immediately received an order to put -to death the admiral, who was beheaded accordingly in the divan of -Cairo. He left immense riches, which were confiscated to the treasury. -The inhabitants of Ormuz, from whom he had extorted large sums of -money, came to complain of his exactions and crave an indemnity; but -no attention was paid to their demands, and the gold was put into -gilt vases and sent to Constantinople. Piri Reis composed a work on -navigation, in which he has given a description of the Mediterranean. -This is the only work of the kind of any authority amongst the Moslems. - - -EXPEDITION OF MURAD PASHA TO INDIA. - -The Sublime Porte now entrusted the command of the fleet to Murad Beg -formerly governor of the sanjak of Katif, and ordered him to remain at -Bassora, with the vessels already in his command, consisting of five -galleys and one goletta. Shortly after, he quitted Bassora, at the -head of a fleet of fifteen galleys and two barges, (one of his galleys -having sunk,) and directed his course towards Egypt. Near Ormuz he met -the infidels’ fleet, which he immediately attacked, and a desperate -engagement ensued, in which Soleiman Reis, (the Capudan Reis,) Rajab -Reis, with a great number of men, obtained the palm of martyrdom, and -many others were wounded. The infidels did considerable damage to the -Moslem ships, which, unable to sustain the continual fire of the enemy, -escaped by night. One of their vessels, which was left behind, was -driven ashore near Lar, and captured by the infidels, part of the crew -escaping and the rest being made prisoners. The remainder of the fleet -returned to Bassora, whence tidings of the sad event were immediately -communicated to the Sublime Porte. - - -ACCOUNT OF SEIDI ALI, CAPUDAN. - -Seidi Ali Ibn Hosein, whose poetical appellation was Katebi, besides -being famed for his poetical productions, was celebrated for his works -on navigation and astronomy, as well in prose as in verse. He was -author of a work called _Mohit_, (the Ocean,) on the Indian Ocean, -and of another called the _Merat al Kainat_, (the Mirror of Creation,) -treating of the science of the astrolabe, of squares, circles, and -sines. He was moreover the translator of a work called the Fat’hia. -There has never been his equal in the arsenal. He served with the -late sultan, Soleiman Khan, at the capture of Rhodes, and afterwards -in Moghreb, and other places with Khair-ad-din Pasha, Senan Pasha, -and many others. His father and grandfather having held the office of -governor of the arsenal ever since the capture of Constantinople, the -science of navigation descended to him as a legacy; and it was on this -account that Sultan Soleiman Khan, about the end of the year 960 (A. D. -1553), rewarded him with the post of capudan of Egypt, and ordered him -to bring to Cairo the vessels which were lying at Bassora. - - -EXPEDITION OF SEIDI ALI TO THE EASTERN OCEAN. - -In the month of Moharrem (December), A. H. 961 (A. D. 1553), the -Capudan Seidi Ali, following the orders he had received, left Aleppo -and proceeded to Bassora by way of Mousul and Baghdad. Favourable winds -now began to blow, and the capudan, in order to avail himself of them, -hastened to equip the five[45] barges that were lying there. Mustapha -Pasha, the governor of Bassora, and a distinguished seaman, was absent -from the city when Seidi Ali arrived; having been ordered by the Porte -to sail with a frigate to Ormuz, and was at this moment on his way -thither. Being informed that the infidels had only four ships, he -immediately communicated the intelligence to Seidi Ali, who thereupon -embarked his troops and quitted Bassora early in the month of Shaban -(July), and joined Mustapha Pasha near Ormuz. Passing Abadan, Desboul, -and Shutar, and coasting Harek and Katif in the neighbourhood of Lahsa, -they arrived at Bahrein, where they had an interview with the governor, -Murad Reis. Here the sailors, by sinking leathern bottles about eight -fathoms into the sea obtained fresh water. They sailed hence to old -Ormuz, Barkhet and Ormuz; after which the sherif Mustapha returned to -the Porte. Seidi Ali then passed the coast of Zaffar, and early on the -morning of the fortieth day, which was the tenth of Ramazan, met the -infidels near the city of Khourfekan. Their fleet consisted of four -immense barges, three large galleons, six Portuguese guard-ships, and -twelve golettas. - - -THE ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN SEIDI ALI AND THE PORTUGUESE. - -The Moslems immediately hoisted their colours, weighed anchor, and got -in readiness all their warlike machines. With flags hoisted and sails -spread, and looking in confidence to the Supreme Being, they set up -Mohammedan shouts, and commenced an attack, the fierceness of which -baffles description. By the favour of God, their fire struck one of the -Portuguese galleons, which was wrecked on the island of Fak-al-asad. -They fought bravely till night-fall, when the capudan hoisted the -lights. The infidels however fired a gun as the signal of retreat, and -fled to Ormuz. Thus, by the favour of God, the victory was left to the -Moslems, who, favoured by the winds, departed next day for the city of -Khourfekan, where the troops took in a supply of fresh water, and -after seventeen days’ sailing, arrived in the neighbourhood of Muscat -and Kalat. - - -SECOND EXPEDITION OF SEIDI ALI, AGAINST THE CAPUDAN OF GOA. - -On the morning of the 26th of Ramazan the captain of Goa, the son -of the governor, left the harbour of Muscat, and with his barges, -guard-ships, and galleons, with their mainsails spread and colours -flying, sailed against the Moslems, who, still trusting in God, -remained near the shore prepared for battle. - -The enemy’s barges first came up, and attacked the galleys, when a -sharp fire was opened on both sides, and a furious engagement ensued. -The infidels then began to shower down their hand-grenades from the -maintops upon the galleys, one of which and a barge which was near it -they burnt by throwing a bomb into the galley. Five barges and as many -galleys were driven ashore and lost. Another barge was driven ashore -by the violence with which the wind beat against it, and was lost. -At length the sailors and the troops on both sides were exhausted, -the former being unable to pull at the oars, and the latter to work -the guns any longer; they were therefore obliged to cast anchor: but -even in this position they fought for some time with springs to their -cables. They were finally obliged to abandon their boats. Elmshah Reis, -Kara Mustaffa, and Kalfat Mumi, the commanders of the lost galleys, and -Durzi Mustaffa Beg, the Commander of the volunteers, with about two -hundred Egyptian soldiers, reached the shore in safety, and afterwards -returned to the fleet, bringing with them many Arabs to the assistance -of the Moslems. The infidels also recovered the men who were in their -barges which had been driven ashore. This battle was even greater than -that between Khair-ad-din and Andrea Doria. Few soldiers are known to -have ever been engaged in such a fight. At last, when night approached, -a strong gale began to blow, and each of the barges threw out two -stream anchors; but the men on board were so overcome with fatigue, -that they were obliged to stand out from the shore, and sail before the -wind. In this way they came to the coast of Barjash, where, finding -plenty of sea, they succeeded in reaching Bender Shehbar in Mekran. -Here they took in water, and by the direction of a pilot, reached -Bender Goader; the governor of which, Malek Dinar Oghli Jelal-ad-din, -came to examine the state of their fleet, and represented to the sultan -the necessity of sending supplies: in consequence of which, fifty or -sixty vessels with provisions were sent out, and joined them before -they reached Ormuz. - - -THE RESULT OF SEIDI ALI’S EXPEDITION TO THE INDIAN OCEAN. - -From Bender Goader the capudan again sailed with nine vessels for the -Indian Ocean, and directed his course towards Yemen. For a few days -the weather was favourable, and they had arrived in the neighbourhood -of Zaffar and Shedjer, when the westerly winds began to blow, and they -were overtaken by the storm called _the Elephant_, before which they -scudded, being unable even to carry the foresail. Compared with this, -a storm in the Mediterranean is as insignificant as a grain of sand: -day could not be distinguished from night, and the waves rose like -huge mountains. Their vessels were thus greatly injured, and they were -obliged to throw overboard a great part of their ammunition and stores. -In this way they drifted before the wind for ten days, during which -time it rained incessantly, and there was no appearance of daylight. -The sailors here saw immense fishes, of the length of two galleys; at -which their spirits rose, because they consider them animals of good -omen. They also saw sea-horses, huge serpents, tortoises as large as -millstones, and sea-weed. After having been detained a long time, they -at last approached the bay of Chekd. - - -ACCOUNT OF A WHIRLPOOL. - -Suddenly the colour of the sea became changed to a whitish hue, and -the sailors began to cry out. The cause of their alarm was what in the -Indian Ocean is called a whirlpool, a thing very common about Gerdefoon -on the Ethiopian coast, and in the bay of Chekd near Sind. It is stated -in maritime works that ships getting into one of these must inevitably -perish. Having sounded, and found they had only five fathoms water, -they took in their sails. Towards morning the wind fell a little, and -they sent up an able seaman to the mast-head, who descried a temple -on the land. Soon after they passed Kormian, Mangalore, and Somnat, -and came very near Div; but the latter place being in the hands of the -infidels, they did not show their sail that day, but made the best -of their way. Again the wind increased, and the helms became quite -unmanageable: the boatswain’s whistle could not be distinguished from -the whistling of the wind, and no one could walk the decks. They were -also obliged to shut up most of the troops in the holds. In short, the -horrors of this day were comparable only to those of the resurrection. -At length they reached the coast of Guzerat, in India, when the sailors -suddenly cried out that a hurricane was before them; upon which they -dropped anchor; but the sea was so heavy that the ships were nearly -upset. The galley-slaves broke their chains, and all the men, stripping -themselves naked, began to provide themselves with barrels and leathern -bottles for their escape. Some of the anchors, however, broke; and thus -the vessels escaped the hurricane. This occurred at a place between -Div and Daman. Towards afternoon the weather became somewhat fairer, -which enabled them to proceed to the port of Daman in the district -of Guzerat, where they anchored about two miles from the shore. For -five days the hurricane continued to blow with great violence, and was -accompanied with incessant rains. The vessels had now shipped much -water; and three of them, losing their anchorage, drifted ashore; but -all on board landed in safety. When the storm had somewhat abated, they -succeeded in gaining the harbour of Daman, where they gave the guns and -ammunition, of the wrecked vessels in charge to Malek Asad, governor -of Daman, and one of the emirs of Sultan Ahmed, the king of Guzerat. -Malek Asad then cautioned them not to go to the castle of Sert, as the -fleet of the infidels was about to attack it. Hearing this, most of the -men, who had already suffered such hardships, landed, and entered the -service of Malek Asad; whilst others of them, after heaping reproaches -on the capudan, seized the boats, in which they reached the shore, -and proceeded overland to Sert. Seidi Ali, with the remaining vessels -and men, directed his course to Sert, which, sometimes sailing, and -sometimes availing himself of the assistance of the oars, he reached in -five days: a period of three months, in which he underwent thousands -of difficulties, having elapsed since he left Bassora. The Moslems at -this place were rejoiced to see them, for the country of Guzerat was -at this time in a very disturbed state. Here also several untoward -events befell them: the supplies for the troops were exhausted; the -ammunition and stores of the vessels were consumed; the vessels -themselves were much injured; and their return to Egypt was considered -quite impossible. Under these circumstances, most of the men entered -the service of the king of Guzerat, and the ships were left empty. The -capudan, having received from the governor of Sert, an undertaking that -the value of the arms and other effects which were left with him should -be sent to the Sublime Porte, set out by land for Constantinople on the -first of Moharrem, A.H. 962 (A. D. 26th November, 1554), accompanied -by fifty attendants. Having travelled through India and Persia, after -an absence of four years, he arrived at Constantinople in the month of -Rajab, 964 (A. D. May, 1557). Shortly afterwards he was admitted to the -royal presence at Adrianople, and had an addition of eighty aspres made -to his salary; whilst all his companions were promoted in Egypt; and -the royal order was issued that they should be paid their four years -salary which was in arrear. The capudan then wrote an account of his -voyages and travels, which he entitled, “The Adventures of Seidi Ali.” -From this work the foregoing particulars are extracted. - - -THE EXPEDITION OF SENAN PASHA. - -In 959 the Capudan Senan Pasha went to sea with one hundred and twenty -vessels, the command of which he held till the end of 960. He died in -961, and was buried at Scutari. The poet Sahari has thus commemorated -the period of his death: - -Fate at last gives up the body to decay, even should it be that of Noah -the pilot. - -Whenever the huge leviathan Death draws a breath, the ocean seems but a -drop to him. - -To his friends Senan was another Joseph; to his enemies he was a dart. - -Come, Sahari, let us offer up a prayer for him; “May God make glad his -pure spirit!” - -The invisible Spirit has revealed the time of his death. “The capudan -has joined the Divine Mercy.” - - -THE APPEARANCE OF TORGHUDJEH BEG. - -Torghudjeh was the son of a rayah called Veli, and was born at a -village in the neighbourhood of Seroloz, of the sanjak of Mantesheh. -Being of a brave spirit, at an early age he excelled in archery and -wrestling. He afterwards applied himself to navigation, in which he -acquired considerable fame, and was made capudan of a privateer. On -one occasion, as he was oiling his vessel, Oghlan, an infidel captain, -fell upon him, and carried him prisoner to Genoa. On this account -Khair-ad-din Pasha sailed against the Genoese with a fleet, threatening -that if they did not give up Torghudjeh he would spoil all their -villages: whereupon they immediately released him. The pasha also in -a divan spoke so highly of him, saying, Torghudjeh was braver than -himself, that they gave him a galley. After this he was in numerous -engagements with Khair-ad-din Pasha in the south, by which he became -rich, and increased the number of his ships to twenty-five, with which -he began to cruise about. Having obtained information of the position -of Senan Pasha, who was then at sea, he came out to meet him from -the south. On their approach they saluted each other; but the salute -from Torghudjeh’s ships being much louder than that of Senan Pasha, -the latter suspected him; and artfully representing to the Porte that -his not joining him was a proof of disaffection, and that to subdue -him would be a difficult matter, recommended that he should be called -to the capital. Thither Torghudjeh immediately proceeded with eight -vessels, and made offers of submission. With him also came his brave -companions in arms, Ghazi Mustaffa, Oluj Ali, Hassan Keleh, Mohammed -Reis, Sanjakdar Reis, Deli Jafar, and Kara Kazi, to each of whom a -fanar,[46] and a stipend of seventy or eighty aspres were allotted. -Both before and after his journey to the Sublime Porte, Torghudjeh was -engaged in several memorable battles; a few of which we shall mention. - - -THE OCCURRENCE AT JARBA. - -Whilst Torghudjeh was a capudan of the volunteers, he was on one -occasion lying in a harbour called Kantar, in the island of Jarba, -where he intended to oil his ships, amounting to eighteen, when -Jeghaleh, a Venetian commander, came down upon him with a hundred and -fifty vessels, blocked up the entrance to the harbour, threw overboard -their ballast, and sat down to enjoy themselves; conceiving, that when -Torghudjeh had exhausted his stock of provisions, they could take him -and his ships without any effort. They even wrote to Genoa, saying -they had secured the pirate Torghudjeh and his ships; and several of -their gentlemen fitted out a vessel, and with the intention of taking -a voyage of pleasure, sailed towards Jarba. Torghudjeh, on his part, -trusted in God, by whose providence there was in the neighbourhood a -small river, navigable by boats, which - -emptied itself into the sea. He therefore set his men to work, and cut -a canal two miles in length, by which he conveyed his vessels to sea. -He left a tent which he had pitched on the shore, and the infidels -supposed he was safe in it. He then proceeded to a place about sixty -miles distant, where he completed the oiling of his vessels, and again -put out to sea. On his way he met the gentlemen on their voyage of -pleasure, and took them prisoners. When the infidels found out that -Torghudjeh had made his escape, thinking he had carried his ships -overland, they were confounded, and declared that he must be a magician. - - -CAPTURE OF INFIDEL VESSELS. - -Torghudjeh now became the drawn sword of Islamism, and a brave and -famous corsair. He frequently attacked the infidels ships, and -destroyed their barges. He once met, at Mania, two barges, laden with -corn from Salonica, bound to Venice, which he seized, showing no -quarter to those on board. But his feats of this sort are numerous. - - -THE VISIT OF TORGHUDJEH TO MOGHREB, AND THE INVITATION TO HIM FROM THE -EMPEROR. - -On one occasion, when this chief was beg of Carli-Eili (Acarnania), he -met a Venetian barge, the captain of which, not supposing Torghudjeh -to be the principal capudan, and desirous of availing himself as much -as possible of the wind, which was then in his favour, neglected to -lower his sails, (a mark of respect always shown to great capudans,) or -offer any presents. At this, Torghudjeh Beg took umbrage, and began to -fire upon the barge from the three ships that were with him. The wind -having fallen, she was soon taken; but the capudan having lost one of -his brave companions in the conflict, put every one of the infidels to -the sword, and burnt the barge. The Venetian ambassador at the Porte, -on hearing of this circumstance, went to Rustam Pasha, and lodged a -complaint against Torghudjeh. Rustam Pasha, considering Torghudjeh -as the enemy of his brother, bore him great hatred, and obtained -permission to send a chiaoush to have him summoned to the Porte. -Torghudjeh, however, aware of his purpose, sailed with all his vessels -to Moghreb, where he remained two years an outlaw. When the capture -of Western Trabalos became necessary, the late Sultan Soleiman Khan, -whom he had offended, from motives of policy promised him safety, and -sent him a copy of the holy book (the Koran) and a golden sword, with -a promise that if he should succeed in reducing Trabalos, he should -enjoy the begler-begship of that place during his life. The Capudan -Senan Pasha was sent with a fleet, and by the direction of Torghudjeh, -Trabalos was taken; but its government was given to Senan Pasha; which -offended Torghudjeh, who immediately weighed anchor, and directed his -course towards Moghreb. He was followed by all the capudans, whose -orders were to obey his commands. Senan Pasha being thus left alone, -Torghudjeh directed them to return, and some of them with great -difficulty reached the Porte. - - -THE EXPEDITION OF TORGHUDJEH TO BASTIA. - -In some historical works it is recorded that, in A. H. 960, Torghudjeh -took the command of one hundred and twenty galleys, and sailed to -Novocacia. Afterwards, in the month of Rajab, 961, he sailed up the -gulf, and besieged Bastia, a Spanish castle on the Italian coast. -After many attempts, he was on the point of taking it, when four -thousand horse and three thousand infantry came to the assistance of -the besieged, and repulsed the Moslems several times. At length, by -the favour of God, on the seventh of Ramazan, the abject wretches -outside the walls were defeated, and the infidels inside were obliged -to fly and abandon the castle. The Moslems allowed forty or fifty of -the principal inhabitants their liberty, but put all the others into -chains. With the wealth which they found in the castle, and about seven -thousand prisoners, they then sailed to Avlona, in the neighbourhood -of which the Albanian rebels, by the aid of the governor Ahmed Beg, -were vanquished both by sea and land, and rewarded according to their -demerits. The Moslems now returned to the Porte with riches far -exceeding what they had anticipated. The emperor, who duly appreciated -merit, offered Torghudjeh, in addition to his office of capudan, -the begler-begship of Algiers. Rustam Pasha, however, prevented his -obtaining the latter post, insinuating that Torghudjeh having acquired -wealth abroad, had no wish to be employed in the service of the -Sublime Porte; and in consequence the sanjak of Carli-Eili (Acarnania) -was given to him; but this he declined to accept. The emperor then -determined to go out against him, and had actually taken horse for that -purpose, when Torghudjeh came out to meet his sovereign, and in person -petitioned for the governorship of Trabalos. This was granted him, and -he immediately proceeded to Trabalos west, and held his office till he -was slain at Malta. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] His entire name is مصطفي بن عبد الله حاجي خليفه Mustaffa Ben -Abdullah Haji Khalifeh. He was also called كاتب چلبي Katib Chelebi. - -[2] To this work, and more especially to the invaluable “History of -the Ottoman Empire,” by J. Von Hammer, the translator is principally -indebted for this biographical notice of the author. - -[3] A compendious work on Geography, published at Constantinople, A. D. -1732. - -[4] _Aker sū dekermenler_: mills moved by running water. - -[5] Probably Citadini. - -[6] Azabs are the militia of Turkey. - -[7] The name of the castle is not given, but it is probable it was Kafa. - -[8] _Sakalaba._ The countries to the north of the Black Sea, as Poland, -Russia, &c. - -[9] This is a chronogram. The letters of the word _shafakat_, a favour, -make up the number 880. - -[10] Sultan Mohammed Khan, the conqueror of Constantinople, died at -Mal-dipa, A. H. 886, A. D. 1481. - -[11] A species of light-sailing vessels. - -[12] Levend; a sort of volunteers who serve in the Turkish navy. - -[13] Kili, the ancient Lycostomos, a town on the northern mouth of the -Danube. - -[14] One of the Sultan’s titles. - -[15] In the original the date is 970; but this is evidently a mistake, -as may be seen below; or by consulting the author’s chronological -tables. - -[16] Cantemir in giving an account of this expedition doubts whether -it was the king of France who assisted the Venetians on this occasion, -because the Turks call all the European nations Franks; but our author -generally distinguishes France by the name of _Fransa_. - -[17] _Rafezi_, the Mohammedan sect of the Shiites, or followers of Ali, -which chiefly prevails in Persia. The Turks consider them heretics. - -[18] In the original _surkh ser_, red heads, a term of contempt applied -by the Turks to the Persians. - -[19] The first chapter of the Koran. - -[20] The Grand-master. - -[21] His name _Keman-Kesh_ signifies an archer. - -[22] _Khotba_ is an harangue read by the mullahs in the mosques, in -which the reigning prince is mentioned and prayed for. - -[23] _Sanjak_, the standard given to governors of districts under begs. - -[24] A _yūk_ is one hundred thousand aspres, or a thousand dollars. - -[25] مدجل This name is frequently given throughout the work to the -Andalusian Moors; but I have never seen it used by any other author, -nor can I discover its origin. The only instance in which a similar -word occurs is in the following passage in Don Quixote: “The Moors of -Arragon are in Barbary called Tagarins; and those of Grenada go by the -name of _Mudajares_.”—Story of the Captive. - -[26] The name by which Khair-ad-din is generally called in European -histories. - -[27] _Chiaoush_, a messenger of the Porte. - -[28] See p. 43. - -[29] Literally, _to rub his face on the threshold_. - -[30] _Irakin_, the name given to two countries, one of which, generally -called Irak Arabi, is Babylonia; and the other, Irak Adgemi, or Persian -Irak, is a large province of Persia. - -[31] _Istakbal_, a ceremonious procession to meet any great man. - -[32] _Bashderdé_, a commanders galley. - -[33] Rashid had been supplanted by his brother Hassan, and applied to -Khair-ad-din for assistance in regaining his kingdom. Khair-ad-din, -eager to add Tunis to his other possessions, induced Rashid to -accompany him to Constantinople, under the pretence of obtaining -the aid of the Ottoman arms. On their arrival there, Khair-ad-din -communicated his designs to the sultan, who immediately gave orders for -the preparation of a fleet. Rashid already considered himself restored -to his kingdom; but just as the fleet was about to sail, he was seized -by the command of the sultan, and was never after heard of. Such was -the _provision_ made for him at the Sublime Porte! - -[34] _Tabor_, a Polish word, signifying a wall or fence made with the -baggage, carriages, &c. - -[35] _These islands._ In the text the word is جزاير by which also -Algiers is called; but it being also the form of the Arabic plural -of جزيره an island, and the Turkish plural, جزيره لر occurring -a little after, I am inclined to think that the islands of Majorca, -Minorca, &c. are meant. - -[36] In the original it is Majorca, but from the context this appears -to be a mistake, which indeed might easily be made, the difference -between [Arabic:] and [Arabic:] being small. Hammer in his “_Geschichte -des Osmanischen Reichs_,” in a note on this event makes it Minorca. - -[37] Literally “_rubbed his face against the royal stirrup_.” - -[38] Literally, “_the battle market having been kept hot from morning -till afternoon_.” - -[39] _Merted_, probably Zea. - -[40] _Sam_, a sort of Simmoom. - -[41] According to Rycaut, Prevesa had just been taken by the Patriarch -Grimmanus, who had the command of the Pope’s galleys. The grand fleet -had left this place before Khair-ad-din’s arrival. - -[42] _Bikli_, “the moustached.” - -[43] The numerical value of مات رئس البحر is 953. - -[44] A work on navigation, of which further mention is made below, p. -72. - -[45] If these are the barges mentioned at p. 72, this should of course -be read _fifteen_. - -[46] _Fanar_, a small vessel. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Maritime Wars of -the Turks, by Kâtip Çelebi - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY MARITIME WARS OF TURKS *** - -***** This file should be named 53813-0.txt or 53813-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/8/1/53813/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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