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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Intermediate Sex - A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women - -Author: Edward Carpenter - -Release Date: December 18, 2016 [EBook #53763] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERMEDIATE SEX *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - -<p class="center"><big><big>The Intermediate Sex</big></big></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="center larger"><i>Works by Edward Carpenter</i></p> - -<div class="container"> - -<ul> -<li>ANGELS’ WINGS</li> -<li>ART OF CREATION</li> -<li>CIVILIZATION: ITS CAUSE AND CURE</li> -<li>DAYS WITH WALT WHITMAN</li> -<li>DRAMA OF LOVE AND DEATH</li> -<li>ENGLAND’S IDEAL</li> -<li>FROM ADAM’S PEAK TO ELEPHANTA</li> -<li>HEALING OF NATIONS</li> -<li>INTERMEDIATE TYPES</li> -<li>AMONG PRIMITIVE FOLK</li> -<li>IOLÄUS: AN ANTHOLOGY OF FRIENDSHIP</li> -<li>LOVE’S COMING OF AGE</li> -<li>MY DAYS AND DREAMS</li> -<li>PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN CREEDS</li> -<li>PROMISED LAND</li> -<li>TOWARDS DEMOCRACY</li> -<li>TOWARDS INDUSTRIAL FREEDOM</li> -<li>VISIT TO A GÑANI</li> -<li>CHANTS OF LABOUR</li> -</ul> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h1>The Intermediate<br /> -Sex</h1> - -<p class="center"><i>A Study of Some Transitional Types<br /> -of Men and Women</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -EDWARD CARPENTER</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/publisher.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="Publisher’s device" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD.<br /> -RUSKIN HOUSE, 40 MUSEUM STREET, W.C.1</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<table summary="Editions"> - <tr> - <td><i>First published</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>1908</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><i>Reprinted</i></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>1909</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr"><i>1912</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr"><i>1916</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr"><i>1918</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr"><i>1921</i></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p>“<i>There are transitional forms between the metals -and non-metals; between chemical combinations and -simple mixtures, between animals and plants, between -phanerogams and cryptogams, and between mammals -and birds.… The improbability may henceforth be -taken for granted of finding in Nature a sharp cleavage -between all that is masculine on the one side and -all that is feminine on the other; or that any living -being is so simple in this respect that it can be put -wholly on one side, or wholly on the other, of the line.</i>”</p> - -<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">O. Weininger.</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - - -<h2><a name="Pr" id="Pr">Prefatory Note<br /> -<small><small><small>TO FIRST EDITION</small></small></small></a></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> following papers, now collected in book-form, -have been written—and some of them -published—on various occasions during the last -twelve or fourteen years, and in the intervals of -other work; and this must be my excuse for -occasional repetitions or overlapping of matter, -which may be observable among them. I have -thought it best, however, to leave them as they -stand, as in this way each is more complete in -itself. The second essay, which gives its title to -the book, has already appeared in my “Love’s -Coming-of-Age” (edition 1906), but is reprinted -here as belonging more properly to this volume.</p> - -<p>A collection of quotations from responsible -writers, who touch on various sides of the subject, -is added at the end, to form an Appendix—which -the author thinks will prove helpful, though he -does not necessarily endorse all the opinions -presented.</p> - -<p class="right">E. C.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"> </a></span></p> - -<h2>Contents</h2> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td></td> - <td class="right"><i>Page</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Prefatory Note</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Pr">7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Introductory</span></td> - <td class="right"><a href="#I">9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Intermediate Sex</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#II">16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Homogenic Attachment</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#III">39</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Affection in Education</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#IV">83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">V.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Place of the Uranian in Society</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#V">107</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="right"></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Appendix">131</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="I">Introductory</h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> subject dealt with in this book is one of -great, and one may say growing, importance. -Whether it is that the present period is one of -large increase in the numbers of men and women -of an intermediate or mixed temperament, or -whether it merely is that it is a period in which -more than usual attention happens to be accorded -to them, the fact certainly remains that the subject -has great actuality and is pressing upon us from -all sides. It is recognised that anyhow the number -of persons occupying an intermediate position -between the two sexes is very great, that -they play a considerable part in general society, -and that they necessarily present and embody -many problems which, both for their own sakes -and that of society, demand solution. The literature -of the question has in consequence already -grown to be very extensive, especially on the -Continent, and includes a great quantity of scientific<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> -works, medical treatises, literary essays, -romances, historical novels, poetry, etc. And it -is now generally admitted that some knowledge -and enlightened understanding of the subject is -greatly needed for the use of certain classes—as, -for instance, medical men, teachers, parents, -magistrates, judges, and the like.</p> - -<p>That there are distinctions and gradations of -Soul-material in relation to Sex—that the inner -psychical affections and affinities shade off and -graduate, in a vast number of instances, most -subtly from male to female, and not always in -obvious correspondence with the outer bodily -sex—is a thing evident enough to anyone who -considers the subject; nor could any good purpose -well be served by ignoring this fact—even -if it were possible to do so. It is easy of course -(as some do) to classify all these mixed or intermediate -types as <em>bad</em>. It is also easy (as some -do) to argue that just because they combine -opposite qualities they are likely to be <em>good</em> and -valuable. But the subtleties and complexities of -Nature cannot be despatched in this off-hand -manner. The great probability is that, as in any -other class of human beings, there will be among -these too, good and bad, high and low, worthy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> -and unworthy—some perhaps exhibiting through -their double temperament a rare and beautiful -flower of humanity, others a perverse and tangled -ruin.</p> - -<p>Before the facts of Nature we have to preserve -a certain humility and reverence; nor rush in -with our preconceived and obstinate assumptions. -Though these gradations of human type -have always, and among all peoples, been more -or less known and recognised, yet their frequency -to-day, or even the concentration of attention on -them, may be the indication of some important -change actually in progress. We do <em>not</em> know, -in fact, what possible evolutions are to come, or -what new forms, of permanent place and value, -are being already slowly differentiated from the -surrounding mass of humanity. It may be that, -as at some past period of evolution the worker-bee -was without doubt differentiated from the two -ordinary bee-sexes, so at the present time certain -new types of human kind may be emerging, -which will have an important part to play in the -societies of the future—even though for the -moment their appearance is attended by a good -deal of confusion and misapprehension. It may -be so; or it may not. We do not know; and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> -best attitude we can adopt is one of sincere and -dispassionate observation of facts.</p> - -<p>Of course wherever this subject touches on -the domain of love we may expect difficult queries -to arise. Yet it is here probably that the noblest -work of the intermediate sex or sexes will be accomplished, -as well as the greatest errors committed. -It seems almost a law of Nature that new -and important movements should be misunderstood -and vilified—even though afterwards they -may be widely approved or admitted to honour. -Such movements are always envisaged first from -whatever aspect they may possibly present, of -ludicrous or contemptible. The early Christians, -in the eyes of Romans, were chiefly known as the -perpetrators of obscure rites and crimes in the -darkness of the catacombs. Modern Socialism -was for a long time supposed to be an affair of -daggers and dynamite; and even now there are -thousands of good people ignorant enough to -believe that it simply means “divide up all round, -and each take his threepenny bit.” Vegetarians -were supposed to be a feeble and brainless set of -cabbage-eaters. The Women’s movement, so vast -in its scope and importance, was nothing but an -absurd attempt to make women “the apes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> -men.” And so on without end; the accusation in -each case being some tag or last fag-end of fact, -caught up by ignorance, and coloured by prejudice. -So commonplace is it to misunderstand, -so easy to misrepresent.</p> - -<p>That the Uranian temperament, especially in -regard to its affectional side, is not without faults -must naturally be allowed; but that it has been -grossly and absurdly misunderstood is certain. -With a good deal of experience in the matter, -I think one may safely say that the defect of the -male Uranian, or Urning,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> is <em>not</em> sensuality—but -rather <em>sentimentality</em>. The lower, more ordinary -types of Urning are often terribly sentimental; -the superior types strangely, almost incredibly -emotional; but neither <em>as a rule</em> (though of -course there must be exceptions) are so sensual -as the average normal man.</p> - -<p>This immense capacity of emotional love represents -of course a great driving force. Whether in -the individual or in society, love is eminently creative. -It is their great genius for attachment which -gives to the best Uranian types their penetrating -influence and activity, and which often makes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> -them beloved and accepted far and wide even by -those who know nothing of their inner mind. How -many so-called philanthropists of the best kind -(we need not mention names) have been inspired -by the Uranian temperament, the world will probably -never know. And in all walks of life the -great number and influence of folk of this disposition, -and the distinguished place they already -occupy, is only realised by those who are more or -less behind the scenes. It is probable also that it -is this genius for emotional love which gives to -the Uranians their remarkable <em>youthfulness</em>.</p> - -<p>Anyhow, with their extraordinary gift for, and -experience in, affairs of the heart—from the double -point of view, both of the man and of the woman—it -is not difficult to see that these people have -a special work to do as reconcilers and interpreters -of the two sexes to each other. Of this -I have spoken at more length below (chaps. <a href="#II">ii.</a> -and <a href="#V">v.</a>). It is probable that the superior Urnings -will become, in affairs of the heart, to a large -extent the teachers of future society; and if so -that their influence will tend to the realisation and -expression of an attachment less exclusively sensual -than the average of to-day, and to the diffusion -of this in all directions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span></p> - -<p>While at any rate not presuming to speak with -authority on so difficult a subject, I plead for the -necessity of a patient consideration of it, for the -due recognition of the types of character concerned, -and for some endeavour to give them -their fitting place and sphere of usefulness in the -general scheme of society.</p> - -<p>One thing more by way of introductory explanation. -The word Love is commonly used in so -general and almost indiscriminate a fashion as -to denote sometimes physical instincts and acts, -and sometimes the most intimate and profound -feelings; and in this way a good deal of misunderstanding -is caused. In this book (unless there -be exceptions in the <a href="#Appendix">Appendix</a>) the word is used -to denote the inner devotion of one person to -another; and when anything else is meant—as, -for instance, sexual relations and actions—this is -clearly stated and expressed.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="II"><small>II</small><br /> -The Intermediate Sex.</h2> - -<p><small>“Urning men and women, on whose book of life -Nature has written her new word which sounds so -strange to us, bear such storm and stress within them, -such ferment and fluctuation, so much complex material -having its outlet only towards the future; their -individualities are so rich and many-sided, and withal -so little understood, that it is impossible to characterise -them adequately in a few sentences.”—<cite>Otto de Joux.</cite></small></p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> late years (and since the arrival of the New -Woman amongst us) many things in the relation -of men and women to each other have altered, -or at any rate become clearer. The growing sense -of equality in habits and customs—university studies, -art, music, politics, the bicycle, etc.—all these -things have brought about a <em lang="fr">rapprochement</em> between -the sexes. If the modern woman is a little -more masculine in some ways than her predecessor, -the modern man (it is to be hoped), while -by no means effeminate, is a little more sensitive -in temperament and artistic in feeling than the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> -original John Bull. It is beginning to be recognised -that the sexes do not or should not normally -form two groups hopelessly isolated in habit and -feeling from each other, but that they rather represent -the two poles of <em>one</em> group—which is the -human race; so that while certainly the extreme -specimens at either pole are vastly divergent, -there are great numbers in the middle region who -(though differing corporeally as men and women) -are by emotion and temperament very near to -each other.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> We all know women with a strong -dash of the masculine temperament, and we all -know men whose almost feminine sensibility and -intuition seem to belie their bodily form. Nature, -it might appear, in mixing the elements which go -to compose each individual, does not always keep -her two groups of ingredients—which represent -the two sexes—properly apart, but often throws -them crosswise in a somewhat baffling manner, -now this way and now that; yet wisely, we must -think—for if a severe distinction of elements were -always maintained the two sexes would soon drift -into far latitudes and absolutely cease to understand -each other. As it is, there are some remarkable -and (we think) indispensable types of character<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> -in whom there is such a union or balance of -the feminine and masculine qualities that these -people become to a great extent the interpreters -of men and women to each other.</p> - -<p>There is another point which has become clearer -of late. For as people are beginning to see that -the sexes form in a certain sense a continuous -group, so they are beginning to see that Love and -Friendship—which have been so often set apart -from each other as things distinct—are in reality -closely related and shade imperceptibly into each -other. Women are beginning to demand that -Marriage shall mean Friendship as well as Passion; -that a comrade-like Equality shall be included -in the word Love; and it is recognised that -from the one extreme of a ‘Platonic’ friendship -(generally between persons of the same sex) up -to the other extreme of passionate love (generally -between persons of opposite sex) no hard and fast -line can at any point be drawn effectively separating -the different kinds of attachment. We know, in -fact, of Friendships so romantic in sentiment that -they verge into love; we know of Loves so intellectual -and spiritual that they hardly dwell in the -sphere of Passion.</p> - -<p>A moment’s thought will show that the general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> -conceptions indicated above—if anywhere near -the truth—point to an immense diversity of human -temperament and character in matters relating -to sex and love; but though such diversity has -probably always existed, it has only in comparatively -recent times become a subject of study.</p> - -<p>More than thirty years ago, however, an Austrian -writer, K. H. Ulrichs, drew attention in a -series of pamphlets (<cite>Memnon</cite>, <cite>Ara Spei</cite>, <cite>Inclusa</cite>, -etc.) to the existence of a class of people who -strongly illustrate the above remarks, and with -whom specially this paper is concerned. He -pointed out that there were people born in such -a position—as it were on the dividing line between -the sexes—that while belonging distinctly to one -sex as far as their bodies are concerned they may -be said to belong <em>mentally</em> and <em>emotionally</em> to -the other; that there were men, for instance, who -might be described as of feminine soul enclosed -in a male body (<i lang="la">anima muliebris in corpore -virili inclusa</i>), or in other cases, women whose -definition would be just the reverse. And he -maintained that this doubleness of nature was to -a great extent proved by the special direction of -their love-sentiment. For in such cases, as indeed -might be expected, the (apparently) masculine person<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> -instead of forming a love-union with a female -tended to contract romantic friendships with one -of his own sex; while the apparently feminine -would, instead of marrying in the usual way, devote -herself to the love of another feminine.</p> - -<p>People of this kind (<i>i.e.</i>, having this special -variation of the love-sentiment) he called Urnings;<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> -and though we are not obliged to accept -his theory about the crosswise connexion between -‘soul’ and ‘body,’ since at best these words are -somewhat vague and indefinite; yet his work was -important because it was one of the first attempts, -in modern times, to recognise the existence of -what might be called an Intermediate sex, and -to give at any rate <em>some</em> explanation of it.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></p> - -<p>Since that time the subject has been widely -studied and written about by scientific men and -others, especially on the Continent (though in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> -England it is still comparatively unknown), and -by means of an extended observation of present-day -cases, as well as the indirect testimony of the -history and literature of past times, quite a body -of general conclusions has been arrived at—of -which I propose in the following pages to give -some slight account.</p> - -<p>Contrary to the general impression, one of the -first points that emerges from this study is that -‘Urnings,’ or Uranians, are by no means so very -rare; but that they form, beneath the surface of -society, a large class. It remains difficult, however, -to get an exact statement of their numbers; -and this for more than one reason: partly because, -owing to the want of any general understanding of -their case, these folk tend to conceal their true -feelings from all but their own kind, and indeed -often deliberately act in such a manner as to lead -the world astray—(whence it arises that a normal -man living in a certain society will often refuse to -believe that there is a single Urning in the circle -of his acquaintance, while one of the latter, or one -that understands the nature, living in the same -society, can count perhaps a score or more)—and -partly because it is indubitable that the numbers -do vary very greatly, not only in different countries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> -but even in different classes in the same -country. The consequence of all this being that -we have estimates differing very widely from each -other. Dr. Grabowsky, a well-known writer in -Germany, quotes figures (which we think must be -exaggerated) as high as one man in every 22, -while Dr. Albert Moll (<cite>Die Conträre Sexualempfindung</cite>, -chap. 3) gives estimates varying -from 1 in every 50 to as low as 1 in every 500.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> -These figures apply to such as are exclusively of -the said nature, <i>i.e.</i>, to those whose deepest feelings -of love and friendship go out only to persons -of their own sex. Of course, if in addition are -included those double-natured people (of whom -there is a great number) who experience the normal -attachment, with the homogenic tendency in -less or greater degree superadded, the estimates -must be greatly higher.</p> - -<p>In the second place it emerges (also contrary -to the general impression) that men and women -of the exclusively Uranian type are by no means -necessarily morbid in any way—unless, indeed, -their peculiar temperament be pronounced in itself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> -morbid. Formerly it was assumed as a matter of -course, that the type was merely a result of disease -and degeneration; but now with the examination -of the actual facts it appears that, on -the contrary, many are fine, healthy specimens of -their sex, muscular and well-developed in body, of -powerful brain, high standard of conduct, and with -nothing abnormal or morbid of any kind observable -in their physical structure or constitution. -This is of course not true of all, and there still remain -a certain number of cases of weakly type to -support the neuropathic view. Yet it is very noticeable -that this view is much less insisted on by the -later writers than by the earlier. It is also worth -noticing that it is now acknowledged that even -in the most healthy cases the special affectional -temperament of the ‘Intermediate’ is, as a rule, -ineradicable; so much so that when (as in not -a few instances) such men and women, from social -or other considerations, have forced themselves to -marry and even have children, they have still not -been able to overcome their own bias, or the leaning -after all of their life-attachment to some friend -of their own sex.</p> - -<p>This subject, though obviously one of considerable -interest and importance, has been hitherto,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> -as I have pointed out, but little discussed in this -country, partly owing to a certain amount of -doubt and distrust which has, not unnaturally perhaps, -surrounded it. And certainly if the men -and women born with the tendency in question -were only exceedingly rare, though it would not -be fair on that account to ignore them, yet it -would hardly be necessary to dwell at great length -on their case. But as the class is really, on any -computation, numerous, it becomes a duty for -society not only to understand them but to help -them to understand themselves.</p> - -<p>For there is no doubt that in many cases people -of this kind suffer a great deal from their own -temperament—and yet, after all, it is possible that -they may have an important part to play in the -evolution of the race. Anyone who realises what -Love is, the dedication of the heart, so profound, -so absorbing, so mysterious, so imperative, and -always just in the noblest natures so strong, cannot -fail to see how difficult, how tragic even, must -often be the fate of those whose deepest feelings -are destined from the earliest days to be a riddle -and a stumbling-block, unexplained to themselves, -passed over in silence by others.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> To call people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> -of such temperament ‘morbid,’ and so forth, is -of no use. Such a term is, in fact, absurdly inapplicable -to many, who are among the most active, -the most amiable and accepted members of society; -besides, it forms no solution of the problem -in question, and only amounts to marking -down for disparagement a fellow-creature who -has already considerable difficulties to contend -with. Says Dr. Moll, “Anyone who has seen many -Urnings will probably admit that they form a by -no means enervated human group; on the contrary, -one finds powerful, healthy-looking folk -among them;” but in the very next sentence he -says that they “suffer severely” from the way -they are regarded; and in the manifesto of a -considerable community of such people in Germany -occur these words, “The rays of sunshine -in the night of our existence are so rare, that we -are responsive and deeply grateful for the least -movement, for every single voice that speaks in -our favour in the forum of mankind.”<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a></p> - -<p>In dealing with this class of folk, then, while -I do not deny that they present a difficult problem, -I think that just for that very reason their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> -case needs discussion. It would be a great mistake -to suppose that their attachments are necessarily -sexual, or connected with sexual acts. On -the contrary (as abundant evidence shows), they -are often purely emotional in their character; and -to confuse Uranians (as is so often done) with -libertines having no law but curiosity in self-indulgence -is to do them a great wrong. At the -same time, it is evident that their special temperament -may sometimes cause them difficulty in regard -to their sexual relations. Into this subject we -need not just now enter. But we may point out how -hard it is, especially for the young among them, -that a veil of complete silence should be drawn -over the subject, leading to the most painful misunderstandings, -and perversions and confusions -of mind; and that there should be no hint of -guidance; nor any recognition of the solitary -and really serious inner struggles they may have -to face! If the problem is a difficult one—as it -undoubtedly is—the fate of those people is already -hard who have to meet it in their own persons, -without their suffering in addition from the refusal -of society to give them any help. It is partly for -these reasons, and to throw a little light where it -may be needed, that I have thought it might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> -advisable in this paper simply to give a few -general characteristics of the Intermediate types.</p> - -<p>As indicated then already, in bodily structure -there is, as a rule, nothing to distinguish the subjects -of our discussion from ordinary men and -women; but if we take the general mental characteristics -it appears from almost universal testimony -that the male tends to be of a rather gentle, -emotional disposition—with defects, if such exist, -in the direction of subtlety, evasiveness, timidity, -vanity, etc.; while the female is just the opposite, -fiery, active, bold and truthful, with defects running -to brusqueness and coarseness. Moreover, -the mind of the former is generally intuitive and -instinctive in its perceptions, with more or less -of artistic feeling; while the mind of the latter -is more logical, scientific, and precise than usual -with the normal woman. So marked indeed are -these general characteristics that sometimes by -means of them (though not an infallible guide) -the nature of the boy or girl can be detected in -childhood, before full development has taken -place; and needless to say it may often be very -important to be able to do this.</p> - -<p>It was no doubt in consequence of the observation -of these signs that K. H. Ulrichs proposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> -his theory; and though the theory, as we have -said, does not by any means meet <em>all</em> the facts, -still it is perhaps not without merit, and may be -worth bearing in mind.</p> - -<p>In the case, for instance, of a woman of this -temperament (defined we suppose as “a male -soul in a female body”) the theory helps us to -understand how it might be possible for her to -fall <i lang="la">bonâ fide</i> in love with another woman. Krafft-Ebing -gives<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> the case of a lady (A.), 28 years -of age, who fell deeply in love with a younger -one (B.). “I loved her divinely,” she said. They -lived together, and the union lasted four years, -but was then broken by the marriage of B. -A. suffered in consequence from frightful depression; -but in the end—though without real love—got -married herself. Her depression however -only increased and deepened into illness. The -doctors, when consulted, said that all would be -well if she could only have a child. The husband, -who loved his wife sincerely, could not understand -her enigmatic behaviour. She was friendly to -him, suffered his caresses, but for days afterwards -remained “dull, exhausted, plagued with -irritation of the spine, and nervous.” Presently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> -a journey of the married pair led to another -meeting with the female friend—who had now -been wedded (but also unhappily) for three years.</p> - -<p>“Both ladies trembled with joy and excitement -as they fell into each other’s arms, and were -thenceforth inseparable. The man found that -this friendship relation was a singular one, and -hastened the departure. When the opportunity -occurred, he convinced himself from the correspondence -between his wife and her ‘friend’ that -their letters were exactly like those of two lovers.”</p> - -<p>It appears that the loves of such women are -often very intense, and (as also in the case of male -Urnings) life-long.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> Both classes feel themselves -blessed when they love happily. Nevertheless, to -many of them it is a painful fact that—in consequence -of their peculiar temperament—they are, -though fond of children, not in the position to -found a family.</p> - -<p>We have so far limited ourselves to some very -general characteristics of the Intermediate race. -It may help to clear and fix our ideas if we now -describe more in detail, first, what may be called -the extreme and exaggerated types of the race, -and then the more normal and perfect types. By<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> -doing so we shall get a more definite and concrete -view of our subject.</p> - -<p>In the first place, then, the extreme specimens—as -in most cases of extremes—are not particularly -attractive, sometimes quite the reverse. In the -male of this kind we have a distinctly effeminate -type, sentimental, lackadaisical, mincing in gait -and manners, something of a chatterbox, skilful -at the needle and in woman’s work, sometimes -taking pleasure in dressing in woman’s clothes; -his figure not unfrequently betraying a tendency -towards the feminine, large at the hips, supple, -not muscular, the face wanting in hair, the voice -inclining to be high-pitched, etc.; while his dwelling-room -is orderly in the extreme, even natty, -and choice of decoration and perfume. His affection, -too, is often feminine in character, clinging, -dependent and jealous, as of one desiring to be -loved almost more than to love.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></p> - -<p>On the other hand, as the extreme type of the -homogenic female, we have a rather markedly -aggressive person, of strong passions, masculine -manners and movements, practical in the conduct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> -of life, sensuous rather than sentimental in love, -often untidy, and <i lang="fr">outré</i> in attire;<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> her figure muscular, -her voice rather low in pitch; her dwelling-room -decorated with sporting-scenes, pistols, etc., -and not without a suspicion of the fragrant weed -in the atmosphere; while her love (generally to -rather soft and feminine specimens of her own -sex) is often a sort of furor, similar to the ordinary -masculine love, and at times almost uncontrollable.</p> - -<p>These are types which, on account of their -salience, everyone will recognise more or less. -Naturally, when they occur they excite a good deal -of attention, and it is not an uncommon impression -that most persons of the homogenic nature belong -to either one or other of these classes. But -in reality, of course, these extreme developments -are rare, and for the most part the temperament in -question is embodied in men and women of quite -normal and unsensational exterior. Speaking of -this subject and the connection between effeminateness -and the homogenic nature in men, Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> -Moll says: “It is, however, as well to point out -at the outset that effeminacy does not by any -means show itself in all Urnings. Though one -may find this or that indication in a great number -of cases, yet it cannot be denied that a very large -percentage, perhaps by far the majority of them, -do <em>not</em> exhibit pronounced Effeminacy.” And it -may be supposed that we may draw the same conclusion -with regard to women of this class—namely, -that the majority of them do not exhibit -pronounced masculine habits. In fact, while these -extreme cases are of the greatest value from a -scientific point of view as marking tendencies and -limits of development in certain directions, it -would be a serious mistake to look upon them as -representative cases of the whole phases of human -evolution concerned.</p> - -<p>If now we come to what may be called the more -normal type of the Uranian man, we find a man -who, while possessing thoroughly masculine powers -of mind and body, combines with them the -tenderer and more emotional soul-nature of the -woman—and sometimes to a remarkable degree. -Such men, as said, are often muscular and well-built, -and not distinguishable in exterior structure -and the carriage of body from others of their own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> -sex; but emotionally they are extremely complex, -tender, sensitive, pitiful and loving, “full of storm -and stress, of ferment and fluctuation” of the -heart; the logical faculty may or may not, in their -case, be well-developed, but intuition is always -strong; like women they read characters at a -glance, and know, without knowing how, what -is passing in the minds of others; for nursing and -waiting on the needs of others they have often a -peculiar gift; at the bottom lies the artist-nature, -with the artist’s sensibility and perception. Such -an one is often a dreamer, of brooding, reserved -habits, often a musician, or a man of culture, -courted in society, which nevertheless does not -understand him—though sometimes a child of -the people, without any culture, but almost always -with a peculiar inborn refinement. De Joux, who -speaks on the whole favourably of Uranian men -and women, says of the former: “They are enthusiastic -for poetry and music, are often eminently -skilful in the fine arts, and are overcome with -emotion and sympathy at the least sad occurrence. -Their sensitiveness, their endless tenderness for -children, their love of flowers, their great pity -for beggars and crippled folk are truly womanly.” -And in another passage he indicates the artist-nature,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> -when he says: “The nerve-system of -many an Urning is the finest and the most complicated -musical instrument in the service of the -interior personality that can be imagined.”</p> - -<p>It would seem probable that the attachment of -such an one is of a tender and profound character; -indeed, it is possible that in this class of -men we have the love sentiment in one of its most -perfect forms—a form in which from the necessities -of the situation the sensuous element, though -present, is exquisitely subordinated to the spiritual. -Says one writer on this subject, a Swiss, -“Happy indeed is that man who has won a real -Urning for his friend—he walks on roses, without -ever having to fear the thorns”; and he adds, -“Can there ever be a more perfect sick-nurse -than an Urning?” And though these are <i lang="la">ex -parte</i> utterances, we may believe that there is an -appreciable grain of truth in them. Another writer, -quoted by De Joux, speaks to somewhat the same -effect, and may perhaps be received in a similar -spirit. “We form,” he says, “a peculiar aristocracy -of modest spirits, of good and refined -habit, and in many masculine circles are the representatives -of the higher mental and artistic -element. In us dreamers and enthusiasts lies the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> -continual counterpoise to the sheer masculine -portion of society—inclining, as it always does, to -mere restless greed of gain and material sensual -pleasures.”</p> - -<p>That men of this kind despise women, though -a not uncommon belief, is one which hardly appears -to be justified. Indeed, though naturally -not inclined to “fall in love” in this direction, -such men are by their nature drawn rather near -to women, and it would seem that they often feel -a singular appreciation and understanding of the -emotional needs and destinies of the other sex, -leading in many cases to a genuine though what -is called ‘Platonic’ friendship. There is little -doubt that they are often instinctively sought after -by women, who, without suspecting the real cause, -are conscious of a sympathetic chord in the homogenic -which they miss in the normal man. To -quote De Joux once more: “It would be a mistake -to suppose that all Urnings must be woman-haters. -Quite the contrary. They are not seldom -the faithfulest friends, the truest allies, and most -convinced defenders of women.”</p> - -<p>To come now to the more normal and perfect -specimens of the homogenic <em>woman</em>, we find a -type in which the body is thoroughly feminine and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> -gracious, with the rondure and fulness of the -female form, and the continence and aptness of its -movements, but in which the inner nature is to -a great extent masculine; a temperament active, -brave, originative, somewhat decisive, not too -emotional; fond of out-door life, of games and -sports, of science, politics, or even business; -good at organisation, and well-pleased with positions -of responsibility, sometimes indeed making -an excellent and generous leader. Such a woman, -it is easily seen, from her special combination of -qualities, is often fitted for remarkable work, in -professional life, or as manageress of institutions, -or even as ruler of a country. Her love goes out -to younger and more feminine natures than her -own; it is a powerful passion, almost of heroic -type, and capable of inspiring to great deeds; -and when held duly in leash may sometimes become -an invaluable force in the teaching and -training of girlhood, or in the creation of a school -of thought or action among women. Many a -Santa Clara, or abbess-founder of religious houses, -has probably been a woman of this type; and in -all times such women—not being bound to men -by the ordinary ties—have been able to work the -more freely for the interests of their sex, a cause<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> -to which their own temperament impels them to -devote themselves <i lang="it">con amore</i>.</p> - -<p>I have now sketched—very briefly and inadequately -it is true—both the extreme types and -the more healthy types of the ‘Intermediate’ man -and woman: types which can be verified from -history and literature, though more certainly and -satisfactorily perhaps from actual life around us. -And unfamiliar though the subject is, it begins -to appear that it is one which modern thought and -science will have to face. Of the latter and more -normal types it may be said that they exist, and -have always existed, in considerable abundance, -and from that circumstance alone there is a strong -probability that they have their place and purpose. -As pointed out there is no particular indication -of morbidity about them, unless the special nature -of their love-sentiment be itself accounted morbid; -and in the alienation of the sexes from each other, -of which complaint is so often made to-day, it -must be admitted that they do much to fill the gap.</p> - -<p>The instinctive artistic nature of the male of this -class, his sensitive spirit, his wavelike emotional -temperament, combined with hardihood of intellect -and body; and the frank, free nature of the -female, her masculine independence and strength<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> -wedded to thoroughly feminine grace of form and -manner; may be said to give them both, through -their double nature, command of life in all its -phases, and a certain freemasonry of the secrets -of the two sexes which may well favour their -function as reconcilers and interpreters. Certainly -it is remarkable that some of the world’s -greatest leaders and artists have been dowered -either wholly or in part with the Uranian temperament—as -in the cases of Michel Angelo, Shakespeare, -Marlowe, Alexander the Great, Julius -Cæsar, or, among women, Christine of Sweden, -Sappho the poetess, and others.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="III"><small><small>III</small></small><br /> -The Homogenic Attachment</h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">In</span> its various forms, so far as we know them, -Love seems always to have a deep significance -and a most practical importance to us little mortals. -In one form, as the mere semi-conscious -Sex-love, which runs through creation and is -common to the lowest animals and plants, it appears -as a kind of organic basis for the unity of -all creatures; in another, as the love of the mother -for her offspring—which may also be termed a -passion—it seems to pledge itself to the care and -guardianship of the future race; in another, as -the marriage of man and woman, it becomes the -very foundation of human society. And so we -can hardly believe that in its homogenic form, -with which we are here concerned, it has not also -a deep significance, and social uses and functions -which will become clearer to us, the more we -study it.</p> - -<p>To some perhaps it may appear a little strained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> -to place this last-mentioned form of attachment on -a level of importance with the others, and such -persons may be inclined to deny to the homogenic<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> -or homosexual love that intense, that -penetrating, and at times overmastering character -which would entitle it to rank as a great human -passion. But in truth this view, when entertained, -arises from a want of acquaintance with the actual -facts; and it may not be amiss here, in the briefest -possible way, to indicate what the world’s -History, Literature, and Art has to say to us on -this aspect of the subject, before going on to -further considerations. Certainly, if the confronting -of danger and the endurance of pain and -distress for the sake of the loved one, if sacrifice, -unswerving devotion and life-long union, constitute -proofs of the reality and intensity (and let -us say healthiness) of an affection, then these -proofs have been given in numberless cases of -such attachment, not only as existing between -men, but as between women, since the world -began. The records of chivalric love, the feats of -enamoured knights for their ladies’ sakes, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> -stories of Hero and Leander, etc., are easily -paralleled, if not surpassed, by the stories of the -Greek comrades-in-arms and tyrannicides—of -Cratinus and Aristodemus, who offered themselves -together as a voluntary sacrifice for the purification -of Athens; of Chariton and Melanippus,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> -who attempted to assassinate Phalaris, the tyrant -of Agrigentum; or of Cleomachus who in like manner, -in a battle between the Chalkidians and -Eretrians, being entreated to charge the latter, -“asked the youth he loved, who was standing -by, whether he would be a spectator of the fight; -and when he said he would, and affectionately -kissed Cleomachus and put his helmet on his head, -Cleomachus with a proud joy placed himself in the -front of the bravest of the Thessalians and charged -the enemy’s cavalry with such impetuosity that -he threw them into disorder and routed them; -and the Eretrian cavalry fleeing in consequence, -the Chalkidians won a splendid victory.”<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a></p> - -<p>The annals of all nations contain similar records—though -probably among none has the ideal of -this love been quite so enthusiastic and heroic -as among the post-Homeric Greeks. It is well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> -known that among the Polynesian Islanders—for -the most part a very gentle and affectionate -people, probably inheriting the traditions of a -higher culture than they now possess—the most -romantic male friendships are (or were) in vogue. -Says Herman Melville in “Omoo” (chap. 39), -“The really curious way in which all Polynesians -are in the habit of making bosom friends is deserving -of remark.… In the annals of the -island (Tahiti) are examples of extravagant friendships, -unsurpassed by the story of Damon and -Pythias—in truth much more wonderful; for notwithstanding -the devotion—even of life in some -cases—to which they led, they were frequently -entertained at first sight for some stranger from -another island.” So thoroughly recognised indeed -were these unions that Melville explains (in -“Typee,” chap. 18) that if two men of hostile -tribes or islands became thus pledged to each -other, then each could pass through the enemy’s -territory without fear of molestation or injury; and -the passionate nature of these attachments is indicated -by the following passage from “Omoo” -(another book of Melville’s):—“Though little -inclined to jealousy in ordinary love-matters, the -Tahitian will hear of no rivals in his <em>friendship</em>.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></p> - -<p>Even among savage races lower down than -these in the scale of evolution, and who are generally -accused of being governed in their love-relations -only by the most animal desires, we find a -genuine sentiment of comradeship beginning to -assert itself—as among the Balonda<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> and other -African tribes, where regular ceremonies of the -betrothal of comrades take place, by the transfusion -of a few drops of blood into each other’s -drinking-bowls, by the exchange of names,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> and -the mutual gift of their most precious possessions; -but unfortunately, owing to the obtuseness of -current European opinion on this subject, these -and other such customs have been but little investigated -and have by no means received the -attention that they ought.</p> - -<p>When we turn to the poetic and literary utterances -of the more civilised nations on this subject -we cannot but be struck by the range and intensity -of the emotions expressed—from the beautiful -threnody of David over his friend whose love -was passing the love of women, through the vast -panorama of the Homeric Iliad, of which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> -heroic friendship of Achilles and his dear Patroclus -forms really the basic theme, down to the -works of the great Greek age—the splendid odes -of Pindar burning with clear fire of passion, the -lofty elegies of Theognis, full of wise precepts to -his beloved Kurnus, the sweet pastorals of Theocritus, -the passionate lyrics of Sappho, or the -more sensual raptures of Anacreon. Some of -the dramas of Æschylus and Sophocles—as the -“Myrmidones” of the former and the “Lovers of -Achilles” of the latter—appear to have had this -subject for their motive<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a>; and many of the prose-poem -dialogues of Plato were certainly inspired -by it.</p> - -<p>Then coming to the literature of the Roman -age, whose materialistic spirit could only with -difficulty seize the finer inspiration of the homogenic -love, and which in such writers as Catullus -and Martial could only for the most part give -expression to its grosser side, we still find in -Vergil, a noble and notable instance. His second -Eclogue bears the marks of a genuine passion; -and, according to some,<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> he there under the name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> -of Alexis immortalises his own love for the youthful -Alexander. Nor is it possible to pass over in -this connection the great mass of Persian literature, -and the poets Sadi, Hafiz, Jami, and many -others, whose names and works are for all time, -and whose marvellous love-songs (“Bitter and -sweet is the parting kiss on the lips of a friend”) -are to a large extent, if not mostly, addressed to -those of their own sex.<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a></p> - -<p>Of the mediæval period in Europe we have of -course but few literary monuments. Towards its -close we come upon the interesting story of Amis -and Amile (thirteenth century), unearthed by -Mr. W. Pater from the Bibliotheca Elzeviriana.<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> -Though there is historic evidence of the prevalence -of the passion we may say of this period -that its <em>ideal</em> was undoubtedly rather the chivalric -love than the love of comrades. But with the -Renaissance in Italy and the Elizabethan period -in England the latter once more comes to evidence -in a burst of poetic utterance,<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> which culminates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> -perhaps in the magnificent sonnets of Michel -Angelo and of Shakespeare; of Michel Angelo -whose pure beauty of expression lifts the enthusiasm -into the highest region as the direct perception -of the divine in mortal form;<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> and of Shakespeare—whose -passionate words and amorous spirituality -of friendship have for long enough been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> -a perplexity to hide-bound commentators. Thence -through minor writers (not overlooking Winckelmann<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> -in Germany) we pass to quite modern times—in -which, notwithstanding the fact that the passion -has been much misunderstood and misinterpreted, -two names stand conspicuously forth—those -of Tennyson, whose “In Memoriam” is -perhaps his finest work, and of Walt Whitman, -the enthusiasm of whose poems on Comradeship -is only paralleled by the devotedness of his labors -for his wounded brothers in the American Civil -War.</p> - -<p>It will be noticed that here we have some of the -very greatest names in all literature concerned; -and that their utterances on this subject equal -if they do not surpass, in beauty, intensity and -humanity of sentiment, whatever has been written -in praise of the other more ordinarily recognised -love.</p> - -<p>And when again we turn to the records of Art, -and compare the way in which man’s sense of -Love and Beauty has expressed itself in the portrayal -of the male form and the female form -respectively we find exactly the same thing. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> -whole vista of Greek statuary shows the male passion -of beauty in high degree. Yet though the -statues of men and youths (by men sculptors) -preponderate probably considerably, both in actual -number and in devotedness of execution, over -the statues of female figures, it is, as J. A. -Symonds says in his “Life of Michel Angelo,” -remarkable that in all the range of the former -there are hardly two or three that show a base -or licentious expression, such as is not so very -uncommon in the female statues. Knowing as -we do the strength of the male physical passion -in the life of the Greeks, this one fact speaks -strongly for the sense of proportion which must -have characterised this passion—at any rate in -the most productive age of their Art.</p> - -<p>In the case of Michel Angelo we have an artist -who with brush and chisel portrayed literally -thousands of human forms; but with this peculiarity, -that while scores and scores of his male -figures are obviously suffused and inspired by -a romantic sentiment, there is hardly one of his -female figures that is so,—the latter being mostly -representative of woman in her part as mother, -or sufferer, or prophetess or poetess, or in old -age, or in any aspect of strength or tenderness,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> -except that which associates itself especially with -romantic love. Yet the cleanliness and dignity -of Michel Angelo’s male figures are incontestable, -and bear striking witness to that nobility -of the sentiment in him, which we have already -seen illustrated in his sonnets.<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a></p> - -<p>This brief sketch may suffice to give the reader -some idea of the place and position in the world -of the particular sentiment which we are discussing; -nor can it fail to impress him—if any -reference is made to the authorities quoted—with -a sense of the dignity and solidity of the sentiment, -at any rate as handled by some of the world’s -greatest men. At the same time it would be -affectation to ignore the fact that side by side with -this view of the subject there has been another -current of opinion leading people—especially in -quite modern times in Europe—to look upon -attachments of the kind in question with much -suspicion and disfavour.<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> And it may be necessary -here to say a few words on this latter view.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></p> - -<p>The origin of it is not far to seek. Those -who have no great gift themselves for this -kind of friendship—who are not in the inner -circle of it, so to speak, and do not understand -or appreciate its deep emotional and romantic -character, have nevertheless heard of certain corruptions -and excesses; for these latter leap to -publicity. They have heard of the debaucheries -of a Nero or a Tiberius; they have noted the -scandals of the Police Courts; they have had -some experience perhaps of abuses which may be -found in Public Schools or Barracks; and they -(not unnaturally) infer that these things, these -excesses and sensualities, are the motive of comrade-attachments, -and the object for which they -exist; nor do they easily recognise any more -profound and intimate bond. To such people -physical intimacies of <em>any</em> kind (at any rate between -males) seem inexcusable. There is no -distinction in their minds between the simplest or -most naive expression of feeling and the gravest -abuse of human rights and decency; there is no -distinction between a genuine heart-attachment -and a mere carnal curiosity. They see certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> -evils that occur or have occurred, and they think, -perfectly candidly, that any measures are justifiable -to prevent such things recurring. But they -do not see the interior love-feeling which when it -exists does legitimately demand <em>some</em> expression. -Such folk, in fact, not having the key in themselves -to the real situation hastily assume that the -homogenic attachment has no other motive than, -or is simply a veil and a cover for, sensuality—and -suspect or condemn it accordingly.</p> - -<p>Thus arises the curious discrepancy of people’s -views on this important subject—a discrepancy -depending on the side from which they approach -it.</p> - -<p>On the one hand we have anathemas and execrations, -on the other we have the lofty enthusiasm -of a man like Plato—one of the leaders of -the world’s thought for all time—who puts, for -example, into the mouth of Phædrus (in the -“Symposium”) such a passage as this<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a>: “I know -not any greater blessing to a young man beginning -life than a virtuous lover, or to the lover -than a beloved youth. For the principle which -ought to be the guide of men who would nobly -live—that principle, I say, neither kindred, nor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> -honour, nor wealth, nor any other motive is able -to implant so well as love. Of what am I speaking? -Of the sense of honour and dishonour, -without which neither states nor individuals ever -do any good or great work.… For what lover -would not choose rather to be seen of all mankind -than by his beloved, either when abandoning his -post or throwing away his arms? He would -be ready to die a thousand deaths rather than -endure this. Or who would desert his beloved -or fail him in the hour of danger? The veriest -coward would become an inspired hero, equal -to the bravest, at such a time; love would inspire -him. That courage which, as Homer says, the -god breathes into the soul of heroes, love of his -own nature inspires into the lover.” Or again -in the “Phædrus” Plato makes Socrates say<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a>: -“In like manner the followers of Apollo and of -every other god, walking in the ways of their -god, seek a love who is to be like their god, and -when they have found him, they themselves imitate -their god, and persuade their love to do the -same, and bring him into harmony with the form -and ways of the god as far as they can; for -they have no feelings of envy or jealousy towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> -their beloved, but they do their utmost to create -in him the greatest likeness of themselves and -the god whom they honour. Thus fair and -blissful to the beloved when he is taken, is the -desire of the inspired lover, and the initiation of -which I speak into the mysteries of true love, if -their purpose is effected.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>With these few preliminary remarks we may -pass on to consider some recent scientific investigations -of the matter in hand. In late times—that -is, during the last thirty years or so—a group -of scientific and capable men chiefly in Germany, -France, and Italy, have made a special and more -or less impartial study of it. Among these may -be mentioned Dr. Albert Moll of Berlin; R. von -Krafft-Ebing, one of the leading medical authorities -of Vienna, whose book on “Sexual Psychopathy” -has passed into its tenth edition; Dr. -Paul Moreau (“Des Aberrations du sens génésique”); -Cesare Lombroso, the author of various -works on Anthropology; M. A. Raffalovich -(“Uranisme et unisexualité”); Auguste Forel -(“Die Sexuelle Frage”); Mantegazza; K. H.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> -Ulrichs; and last but not least, Dr. Havelock -Ellis, of whose great work on the Psychology of -Sex the second volume is dedicated to the subject -of “Sexual Inversion.”<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> The result of these investigations -has been that a very altered complexion -has been given to the subject. For -whereas at first it was easily assumed that the -phenomena were of morbid character, and that -the leaning of the love-sentiment towards one of -the same sex was always associated with degeneracy -or disease, it is very noticeable that step -by step with the accumulation of reliable information -this assumption has been abandoned. The -point of view has changed; and the change has -been most marked in the latest authors, such as -A. Moll and Havelock Ellis.</p> - -<p>It is not possible here to go into anything like -a detailed account of the works of these various -authors, their theories, and the immense number -of interesting cases and observations which they -have contributed; but some of the general conclusions -which flow from their researches may be -pointed out. In the first place their labors have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> -established the fact, known hitherto only to individuals, -that <em>sexual inversion</em>—that is the leaning -of desire to one of the same sex—is in a vast -number of cases quite instinctive and congenital, -mentally and physically, and therefore twined -in the very roots of individual life and practically -ineradicable. To Men or Women thus affected -with an innate homosexual bias, Ulrichs gave -the name of Urning,<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> since pretty widely accepted -by scientists. Some details with regard to -“Urnings,” I have given in the preceding paper, -but it should be said here that too much emphasis -cannot be laid on the distinction between these -born lovers of their own kind, and that class of -persons, with whom they are so often confused, -who out of mere carnal curiosity or extravagance -of desire, or from the dearth of opportunities -for a more normal satisfaction (as in schools, -barracks, etc.) adopt some homosexual practices. -It is the latter class who become chiefly prominent -in the public eye, and who excite, naturally -enough, public reprobation. In their case the -attraction is felt, by themselves and all concerned, -to be merely sensual and morbid. In the case of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> -the others, however, the feeling is, as said, so -deeply rooted and twined with the mental and -emotional life that the person concerned has -difficulty in imagining himself affected otherwise -than he is; and to him at least his love appears -healthy and natural, and indeed a necessary part -of his individuality.</p> - -<p>In the second place it has become clear that -the number of individuals affected with ‘sexual -inversion’ in some degree or other is very great—much -greater than is generally supposed to be the -case. It is however very difficult or perhaps impossible -to arrive at satisfactory figures on the -subject,<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> for the simple reasons that the proportions -vary so greatly among different peoples and -even in different sections of society and in different -localities, and because of course there are -all possible grades of sexual inversion to deal -with, from that in which the instinct is <em>quite -exclusively</em> directed towards the same sex, to the -other extreme in which it is normally towards the -opposite sex but capable, occasionally and under -exceptional attractions, of inversion towards its -own—this last condition being probably among -some peoples very widespread, if not universal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span></p> - -<p>In the third place, by the tabulation and comparison -of a great number of cases and “confessions,” -it has become pretty well established -that the individuals affected with inversion in -marked degree do not after all differ from the rest -of mankind, or womankind, in any other physical -or mental particular which can be distinctly indicated.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> -No congenital association with any -particular physical conformation or malformation -has yet been discovered; nor with any distinct -disease of body or mind. Nor does it appear that -persons of this class are usually of a gross or -specially low type, but if anything rather the -opposite—being mostly of refined, sensitive nature -and including, as Krafft-Ebing points out (“Psychopathia -Sexualis,” seventh ed., p. 227) a great -number “highly gifted in the fine arts, especially -music and poetry”; and, as Mantegazza -says,<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> many persons of high literary and social -distinction. It is true that Krafft-Ebing insists on -the generally strong sexual equipment of this -class of persons (among men), but he hastens to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> -say that their emotional love is also “enthusiastic -and exalted,”<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> and that, while bodily congress -is desired, the special act with which they -are vulgarly credited is in most cases repugnant -to them.<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a></p> - -<p>The only distinct characteristic which the scientific -writers claim to have established is a marked -tendency to nervous development in the subject, -not infrequently associated with nervous maladies; -but—as I shall presently have occasion to show—there -is reason to think that the validity even of -this characteristic has been exaggerated.</p> - -<p>Taking the general case of men with a marked -exclusive preference for persons of their own -sex, Krafft-Ebing says (“P.S.” p. 256): “The -sexual life of these Homosexuals is <i lang="la">mutatis mutandis</i> -just the same as in the case of normal sex-love.… The -Urning loves, deifies his male beloved -one, exactly as the woman-wooing man does -<em>his</em> beloved. For him, he is capable of the greatest -sacrifice, experiences the torments of unhappy, -often unrequited, love, of faithlessness on his -beloved’s part, of jealousy, and so forth. His -attention is enchained only by the male form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> -… The sight of feminine charms is indifferent -to him, if not repugnant.” Then he goes on to -say that many such men, notwithstanding their -actual aversion to intercourse with the female, do -ultimately marry—either from ethical, as sometimes -happens, or from social considerations. But -very remarkable—as illustrating the depth and -tenacity of the homogenic instinct<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a>—and pathetic -too, are the records that he gives of these cases; -for in many of them a real friendship and regard -between the married pair was still of no avail -to overcome the distaste on the part of one to -sexual intercourse with the other, or to prevent -the experience of actual physical distress after -such intercourse, or to check the continual flow -of affection to some third person of the same sex; -and thus unwillingly, so to speak, this bias remained -a cause of suffering to the end.</p> - -<p>I have said that at the outset it was assumed -that the Homogenic emotion was morbid in itself, -and probably always associated with distinct disease, -either physical or mental, but that the progress<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> -of the inquiry has served more and more to -dissipate this view; and that it is noticeable that -the latest of the purely scientific authorities are -the least disposed to insist upon the theory of -morbidity. It is true that Krafft-Ebing clings to -the opinion that there is generally some <em>neurosis</em>, -or degeneration of a nerve-centre, or <em>inherited -tendency in that direction</em>, associated with the -instinct; see p. 190 (seventh ed.), also p. 227, -where he speaks, rather vaguely, of “an hereditary -neuropathic or psychopathic tendency”—<i lang="de">neuro(psycho)pathische -Belastung</i>. But it is an -obvious criticism on this that there are few people -in modern life, perhaps none, who could be pronounced -absolutely free from such a <i lang="de">Belastung</i>! -And whether the Dorian Greeks or the Polynesian -Islanders or the Albanian mountaineers, or any -of the other notably hardy races among whom -this affection has been developed, were particularly -troubled by nervous degeneration we may -well doubt!</p> - -<p>As to Moll, though he speaks<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> of the instinct as -morbid (feeling perhaps in duty bound to do so), -it is very noticeable that he abandons the ground -of its association with other morbid symptoms—as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> -this association, he says, is by no means always -to be observed; and is fain to rest his judgment -on the <i lang="la">dictum</i> that the mere failure of the sexual -instinct to propagate the species is itself pathological—a -<i lang="la">dictum</i> which in its turn obviously -springs from that pre-judgment of scientists that -generation is the sole object of love,<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> and which -if pressed would involve the good doctor in -awkward dilemmas, as for instance that every -worker-bee is a pathological specimen.</p> - -<p>Finally we find that Havelock Ellis, one of the -latest writers of weight on this subject, in chapter -vi. of his “Sexual Inversion,” combats the idea -that this temperament is necessarily morbid; and -suggests that the tendency should rather be called -an anomaly than a disease. He says (2nd edition, -p. 186)<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> “Thus in sexual inversion we have -what may fairly be called a ‘sport’ or variation, -one of those organic aberrations which we see -throughout living nature in plants and in -animals.”<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span></p> - -<p>With regard to the nerve-degeneration theory, -while it may be allowed that sexual inversion is -not uncommonly found in connection with the -specially nervous temperament, it must be remembered -that its occasional association with nervous -troubles or disease is quite another matter; since -such troubles ought perhaps to be looked upon as -the results rather than the causes of the inversion. -It is difficult of course for outsiders not personally -experienced in the matter to realise the great -strain and tension of nerves under which those -persons grow up from boyhood to manhood—or -from girl to womanhood—who find their deepest -and strongest instincts under the ban of the -society around them; who before they clearly -understand the drift of their own natures discover -that they are somehow cut off from the sympathy -and understanding of those nearest to them; and -who know that they can never give expression to -their tenderest yearnings of affection without exposing -themselves to the possible charge of actions -stigmatised as odious crimes.<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> That such a strain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> -acting on one who is perhaps already of a nervous -temperament, should tend to cause nervous prostration -or even mental disturbance is of course -obvious; and if such disturbances are really found -to be commoner among homogenic lovers than -among ordinary folk we have in these social -causes probably a sufficient explanation of the -fact.</p> - -<p>Then again in this connexion it must never be -forgotten that the medico-scientific enquirer is -bound on the whole to meet with those cases that -<em>are</em> of a morbid character, rather than with those -that are healthy in their manifestation, since indeed -it is the former that he lays himself out for. -And since the field of his research is usually a -great modern city, there is little wonder if disease -colours his conclusions. In the case of Dr. Moll, -who carried out his researches largely under the -guidance of the Berlin police (whose acquaintance -with the subject would naturally be limited to its -least satisfactory sides), the only marvel is that -his verdict is so markedly favorable as it is. As -Krafft-Ebing says in his own preface, “It is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> -sad privilege of Medicine, and especially of Psychiatry, -to look always on the reverse side of life, -on the weakness and wretchedness of man.”</p> - -<p>Having regard then to the direction in which -science has been steadily moving in this matter, it -is not difficult to see that the epithet “morbid” -will probably before long be abandoned as descriptive -of the homogenic bias—that is, of the -general sentiment of love towards a person of the -same sex. That there are excesses of the passion—cases, -as in ordinary sex-love, where mere physical -desire becomes a mania—we may freely admit; -but as it would be unfair to judge of the -purity of marriage by the evidence of the Divorce -courts, so it would be monstrous to measure the -truth and beauty of the attachment in question by -those instances which stand most prominently perhaps -in the eye of the modern public; and after -all deductions there remains, we contend, the vast -body of cases in which the manifestation of the -instinct has on the whole the character of normality -and healthfulness—sufficiently so in fact to -constitute this <em>a distinct variety of the sexual -passion</em>. The question, of course, not being -whether the instinct is <em>capable</em> of morbid and -extravagant manifestation—for that can easily be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> -proved of any instinct—but whether it is capable -of a healthy and sane expression. And this, we -think, it has abundantly shown itself to be.</p> - -<p>Anyhow the work that Science has practically -done has been to destroy the dogmatic attitude -of the former current opinion from which itself -started, and to leave the whole subject freed from -a great deal of misunderstanding, and much more -open than before. If on the one hand its results -have been chiefly of a negative character, and it -admits that it does not understand the exact place -and foundation of this attachment; on the other -hand since it recognises the deeply beneficial influences -of an intimate love-relation of the usual -kind on those concerned, it also allows that there -are some persons for whom these necessary reactions -can only come from one of the same sex -as themselves.</p> - -<p>“Successful love,” says Moll (p. 125) “exercises -a helpful influence on the Urning. His mental -and bodily condition improves, and capacity of -work increases—just as it happens in the case of -a normal youth with <em>his</em> love.” And further on -(p. 173) in a letter from a man of this kind -occur these words:—“The passion is I suppose -so powerful, just because one looks for everything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> -in the loved man—Love, Friendship, Ideal, and -Sense-satisfaction.… As it is at present I suffer -the agonies of a deep unresponded passion, -which wake me like a nightmare from sleep. And -I am conscious of physical pain in the region of -the heart.” In such cases the love, in some degree -physically expressed, of another person of the -same sex, is allowed to be as much a necessity -and a condition of healthy life and activity, as in -more ordinary cases is the love of a person of the -opposite sex.</p> - -<p>If then the physical element which is sometimes -present in the love of which we are speaking is -a difficulty and a stumbling-block, it must be -allowed that it is a difficulty that Nature confronts -us with, and which cannot be disposed of by mere -anathema and execration. The only theory—from -K. H. Ulrichs to Havelock Ellis—which has at all -held its ground in this matter, is that in congenital -cases of sex-inversion there is a mixture of male -and female elements in the same person; so that -for instance in the same embryo the emotional and -nervous regions may develop along feminine lines -while the outer body and functions may determine -themselves as distinctly masculine, or <i lang="la">vice versa</i>. -Such cross-development may take place obviously<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> -in a great variety of ways, and thus possibly explain -the remarkable varieties of the Uranian -temperament; but in all such cases, strange as -may be the problems thus arising, these problems -are of Nature’s own producing and can hardly be -laid to the door of the individual who has literally -to bear their cross. For such individuals expressions -of feeling become natural, which to others -seem out of place and uncalled for; and not only -natural, but needful and inevitable. To deny to -such people <em>all</em> expression of their emotion, is -probably in the end to cause it to burst forth with -the greater violence; and it may be suggested -that our British code of manners, by forbidding -the lighter marks of affection between youths and -men, acts just contrary to its own purpose, and -drives intimacies down into less open and unexceptionable -channels.</p> - -<p>With regard to this physical element it must -also be remembered that since the homogenic -love—whether between man and man, or between -woman and woman—can from the nature of the -case never find expression on the physical side -so freely and completely as is the case with -the ordinary love, it must tend rather more than -the latter to run along <em>emotional</em> channels, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> -to find its vent in sympathies of social life and -companionship. If one studies carefully the expression -of the Greek statues (see <a href="#Page_9">p. 9</a>, supra) and -the lesson of the Greek literature, one sees clearly -that the <em>ideal</em> of Greek life was a very continent -one: the trained male, the athlete, the man temperate -and restrained, even chaste, for the sake of -bettering his powers. It was round this conception -that the Greeks kindled their finer emotions. -And so of their love: a base and licentious indulgence -was not in line with it. They may not have -always kept to their ideal, but there it was. And -I am inclined to think that the homogenic instinct -(for the reasons given above) would in the long -run tend to work itself out in this direction. And -consonant with this is the fact that this passion in -the past (as pointed out by J. Addington Symonds -in his paper on “Dantesque and Platonic Ideals of -Love”<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a>) has, as a matter of fact, inspired such -a vast amount of heroism and romance—only -paralleled indeed by the loves of Chivalry, which -of course, owing to their special character, were -subject to a similar Transmutation.</p> - -<p>In all these matters the popular opinion has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> -probably been largely influenced by the arbitrary -notion that the function of love is limited to child-breeding; -and that any love not concerned in the -propagation of the race must necessarily be of -dubious character. And in enforcing this view, no -doubt the Hebraic and Christian tradition has exercised -a powerful influence—dating, as it almost -certainly does, from far-back times when the multiplication -of the tribe was one of the first duties of -its members, and one of the first necessities of -corporate life.<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> But nowadays when the need has -swung round all the other way it is not unreasonable -to suppose that a similar revolution will take -place in people’s views of the place and purpose -of the non-child-bearing love.<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>I have now said enough I think to show that -though much in relation to the homogenic attachment -is obscure, and though it may have its -special pitfalls and temptations—making it quite -necessary to guard against a too great latitude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> -on the physical side; yet on its ethical and social -sides it is pregnant with meaning and has received -at various times in history abundant justification. -It certainly does not seem impossible to suppose -that as the ordinary love has a special function -in the propagation of the race, so the other has -its special function in social and heroic work, and -in the generation—not of bodily children—but of -those children of the mind, the philosophical conceptions -and ideals which transform our lives and -those of society. J. Addington Symonds, in his -privately printed pamphlet, “A Problem in Greek -Ethics” (now published in a German translation),<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> -endeavours to reconstruct as it were the genesis -of comrade-love among the Dorians in early Greek -times. Thus:—“Without sufficiency of women, -without the sanctities of established domestic life, -inspired by the memories of Achilles and venerating -their ancestor Herakles, the Dorian warriors -had special opportunity for elevating comradeship -to the rank of an enthusiasm. The incidents -of emigration into a foreign country—perils of -the sea, passages of rivers and mountains, assaults -of fortresses and cities, landings on a hostile<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> -shore, night-vigils by the side of blazing beacons, -foragings for food, picquet service in the front -of watchful foes—involved adventures capable of -shedding the lustre of romance on friendship. -These circumstances, by bringing the virtues of -sympathy with the weak, tenderness for the beautiful, -protection for the young, together with corresponding -qualities of gratitude, self-devotion, -and admiring attachment into play, may have -tended to cement unions between man and man -no less firm than that of marriage. On such -connections a wise captain would have relied for -giving strength to his battalions, and for keeping -alive the flames of enterprise and daring.” The -author then goes on to suggest that though in such -relations as those indicated the physical probably -had some share, yet it did not at that time overbalance -the emotional and spiritual elements, or -lead to the corruption and effeminacy of a later -age.</p> - -<p>At Sparta the lover was called <i lang="el">Eispnêlos</i>, the -inspirer, and the younger beloved <i lang="el">Aïtes</i>, the -hearer. This alone would show the partly educational -aspects in which comradeship was conceived; -and a hundred passages from classic -literature might be quoted to prove how deeply<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> -it had entered into the Greek mind that this love -was the cradle of social chivalry and heroic life. -Finally it seems to have been Plato’s favorite -doctrine that the relation if properly conducted -led up to the disclosure of true philosophy in the -mind, to the divine vision or mania, and to the -remembrance or rekindling within the soul of all -the forms of celestial beauty. He speaks of this -kind of love as causing a “generation in the -beautiful”<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> within the souls of the lovers. The -image of the beloved one passing into the mind of -the lover and upward through its deepest recesses -reaches and unites itself to the essential forms of -divine beauty there long hidden—the originals as -it were of all creation—and stirring them to life -excites a kind of generative descent of noble -thoughts and impulses, which henceforward modify -the whole cast of thought and life of the one -so affected.</p> - -<p>If there is any truth—even only a grain or two—in -these speculations, it is easy to see that the -love with which we are specially dealing is a very -important factor in society, and that its neglect, or -its repression, or its vulgar misapprehension, may -be matters of considerable danger or damage to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> -the common-weal. It is easy to see that while on -the one hand marriage is of indispensable importance -to the State as providing the workshop -as it were for the breeding and rearing of children, -another form of union is almost equally indispensable -to supply the basis for social activities of -other kinds. Every one is conscious that without a -close affectional tie of some kind his life is not -complete, his powers are crippled, and his energies -are inadequately spent. Yet it is not to be expected -(though it may of course happen) that the man -or woman who have dedicated themselves to each -other and to family life should leave the care of -their children and the work they have to do at -home in order to perform social duties of a remote -and less obvious, though may be more arduous, -character. Nor is it to be expected that a man -or woman single-handed, without the counsel of -a helpmate in the hour of difficulty, or his or her -love in the hour of need, should feel equal to -these wider activities. If—to refer once more to -classic story—the love of Harmodius had been -for a wife and children at home, he would probably -not have cared, and it would hardly have -been his business, to slay the tyrant. And unless -on the other hand each of the friends had had the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> -love of his comrade to support him, the two could -hardly have nerved themselves to this audacious -and ever-memorable exploit. So it is difficult to -believe that anything can supply the force and -liberate the energies required for social and mental -activities of the most necessary kind so well -as a comrade-union which yet leaves the two -lovers free from the responsibilities and impedimenta -of family life.</p> - -<p>For if the slaughter of tyrants is not the chief -social duty nowadays, we have with us hydra-headed -monsters at least as numerous as the -tyrants of old, and more difficult to deal with, -and requiring no little courage to encounter. -And beyond the extirpation of evils we have solid -work waiting to be done in the patient and life-long -building up of new forms of society, new -orders of thought, and new institutions of human -solidarity—all of which in their genesis must meet -with opposition, ridicule, hatred, and even violence. -Such campaigns as these—though different -in kind from those of the Dorian mountaineers -described above—will call for equal hardihood and -courage, and will stand in need of a comradeship -as true and valiant. And it may indeed be -doubted whether the higher heroic and spiritual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> -life of a nation is ever quite possible without the -sanction of this attachment in its institutions, -adding a new range and scope to the possibilities -of love.<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a></p> - -<p>Walt Whitman, the inaugurator, it may almost -be said, of a new world of democratic ideals and -literature, and—as one of the best of our critics has -remarked—the most Greek in spirit and in performance -of modern writers, insists continually on -this social function of “intense and loving comradeship, -the personal and passionate attachment -of man to man.” “I will make,” he says, “the most -splendid race the sun ever shone upon, I will make -divine magnetic lands.… I will make inseparable -cities with their arms about each others’ -necks, by the love of comrades.” And again, in -“Democratic Vistas,” “It is to the development,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> -identification, and general prevalence of that fervid -comradeship (the adhesive love at least -rivaling the amative love hitherto possessing imaginative -literature, if not going beyond it), that -I look for the counterbalance and offset of materialistic -and vulgar American Democracy, and for -the spiritualisation thereof.… I say Democracy -infers such loving comradeship, as its most inevitable -twin or counterpart, without which it will -be incomplete, in vain, and incapable of perpetuating -itself.”</p> - -<p>Yet Whitman could not have spoken, as he did, -with a kind of authority on this subject, if he had -not been fully aware that through the masses of -the people this attachment was already alive and -working—though doubtless in a somewhat suppressed -and un-self-conscious form—and if he had -not had ample knowledge of its effects and influence -in himself and others around him. Like -all great artists he could but give form and light -to that which already existed dim and inchoate in -the heart of the people. To those who have dived -at all below the surface in this direction it will be -familiar enough that the homogenic passion ramifies -widely through all modern society, and that -among the masses of the people as among the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> -classes, even below the stolid surface and reserve -of British manners, letters pass and enduring -attachments are formed, differing in no very -obvious respect from those correspondences which -persons of opposite sex knit with each other under -similar circumstances; but that hitherto while -this relation has occasionally, in its grosser forms -and abuses, come into public notice through the -police reports, etc., its more sane and spiritual -manifestations—though really a moving force in -the body politic—have remained unrecognised.</p> - -<p>It is hardly needful in these days when social -questions loom so large upon us to emphasise -the importance of a bond which by the most -passionate and lasting compulsion may draw members -of the different classes together, and (as it -often seems to do) none the less strongly because -they are members of different classes. A moment’s -consideration must convince us that such a comradeship -may, as Whitman says, have “deepest -relations to general politics.” It is noticeable, -too, in this deepest relation to politics that the -movement among women towards their own liberation -and emancipation, which is taking place all -over the civilised world, has been accompanied -by a marked development of the homogenic passion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> -among the female sex. It may be said that -a certain strain in the relations between the opposite -sexes which has come about owing to a -growing consciousness among women that they -have been oppressed and unfairly treated by men, -and a growing unwillingness to ally themselves -unequally in marriage—that this strain has caused -the womenkind to draw more closely together and -to cement alliances of their own. But whatever the -cause may be it is pretty certain that such comrade-alliances—and -of quite devoted kind—are -becoming increasingly common, and especially -perhaps among the more cultured classes of -women, who are working out the great cause of -their sex’s liberation; nor is it difficult to see the -importance of such alliances in such a campaign. -In the United States where the battle of women’s -independence is also being fought, the tendency -mentioned is as strongly marked.</p> - -<p>A few words may here be said about the legal -aspect of this important question. It has to be -remarked that the present state of the Law, both -in Germany and Britain—arising as it does partly -out of some of the misapprehensions above alluded -to, and partly out of the sheer unwillingness of -legislators to discuss the question—is really<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> -impracticable. While the Law rightly seeks to prevent -acts of violence or public scandal, it may -be argued that it is going beyond its province -when it attempts to regulate the private and -voluntary relations of adult persons to each other. -The homogenic affection is a valuable social -force, and in some cases a necessary element -of noble human character—yet the Act of 1885 -makes almost any familiarity in such cases the -possible basis of a criminal charge. The Law -has no doubt had substantial ground for previous -statutes on this subject—dealing with a certain -gross act; but in so severely condemning the -least familiarity between male persons<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> we -think it has gone too far. It has undertaken a -censorship over private morals (entirely apart -from social results) which is beyond its province, -and which—even if it were its province—it could -not possibly fulfil;<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> it has opened wider than -ever before the door to a real, most serious social -evil and crime—that of blackmailing; and it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> -has thrown a shadow over even the simplest and -most ordinary expressions of an attachment which -may, as we have seen, be of great value in the -national life.</p> - -<p>That the homosexual feeling, like the heterosexual, -may lead to public abuses of liberty and -decency; that it needs a strict self-control; -and that much teaching and instruction on the -subject is needed; we of course do not deny. But -as, in the case of persons of opposite sex, the law -limits itself on the whole to a maintenance of -public order, the protection of the weak from -violence and insult,<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> and of the young from their -inexperience; so we think it should be here. The -much-needed teaching and the true morality on -the subject must be given—as it can only be -given—by the spread of proper education and -ideas, and not by the clumsy bludgeon of the -statute-book.<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span></p> - -<p>Having thus shown the importance of the homogenic -or comrade-attachment, in some form, in -national life, it would seem high time now that -the modern peoples should recognise this in their -institutions, and endeavour at least in their public -opinion and systems of education to understand -this factor and give it its proper place. The undoubted -evils which exist in relation to it, for -instance in our public schools as well as in our -public life, owe their existence largely to the fact -that the whole subject is left in the gutter so to -speak—in darkness and concealment. No one -offers a clue of better things, nor to point a way -out of the wilderness; and by this very non-recognition -the passion is perverted into its least -satisfactory channels. All love, one would say, -must have its responsibilities, else it is liable to -degenerate, and to dissipate itself in mere sentiment -or sensuality. The normal marriage between -man and woman leads up to the foundation of -the household and the family; the love between -parents and children implies duties and cares on -both sides. The homogenic attachment left unrecognised, -easily loses some of its best quality -and becomes an ephemeral or corrupt thing. Yet, -as we have seen, and as I am pointing out in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> -<a href="#IV">following chapter</a>, it may, when occurring between -an elder and younger, prove to be an immense -educational force; while, as between equals, it -may be turned to social and heroic uses, such as -can hardly be demanded or expected from the -ordinary marriage. It would seem high time, -I say, that public opinion should recognise these -facts; and so give to this attachment the sanction -and dignity which arise from public recognition, -as well as the definite form and outline which -would flow from the existence of an accepted -ideal or standard in the matter. It is often said -how necessary for the morality of the ordinary -marriage is some public recognition of the relation, -and some accepted standard of conduct in it. -May not, to a lesser degree, something of the -same kind (as suggested in the next chapter) be -true of the homogenic attachment? It has had its -place as a recognised and guarded institution in -the elder and more primitive societies; and it -seems quite probable that a similar place will be -accorded to it in the societies of the future.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="IV"><small><small>IV</small></small><br /> -Affection in Education</h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> place of Affection, and the need of it, as an -educative force in school-life, is a subject which -is beginning to attract a good deal of attention. -Hitherto Education has been concentred on -intellectual (and physical) development; but the -affections have been left to take care of themselves. -Now it is beginning to be seen that the -affections have an immense deal to say in the -building up of the brain and the body. Their -evolution and organisation in some degree is -probably going to become an important part of -school management.</p> - -<p>School friendships of course exist; and almost -every one remembers that they filled a large place -in the outlook of his early years; but he remembers, -too, that they were not recognised in any -way, and that in consequence the main part of -their force and value was wasted. Yet it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> -evident that the first unfolding of a strong attachment -in boyhood or girlhood must have a profound -influence; while if it occurs between an -elder and a younger school-mate, or—as sometimes -happens—between the young thing and its -teacher, its importance in the educational sense -can hardly be overrated.</p> - -<p>That such feelings sometimes take quite intense -and romantic forms few will deny. I have before -me a letter, in which the author, speaking of an -attachment he experienced when a boy of sixteen -for a youth somewhat older than himself, says:—</p> - -<p class="quote">“I would have died for him ten times over. -My devices and plannings to meet him (to come -across him casually, as it were) were those of -a lad for his sweetheart, and when I saw him my -heart beat so violently that it caught my breath, -and I could not speak. We met in——, and for -the weeks that he stayed there I thought of -nothing else—thought of him night and day—and -when he returned to London I used to write -him weekly letters, veritable love-letters of many -sheets in length. Yet I never felt one particle -of jealousy, though our friendship lasted for some -years. The passion, violent and extravagant as it -was, I believe to have been perfectly free from -sex-feeling and perfectly wholesome and good -for me. It distinctly contributed to my growth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> -Looking back upon it and analysing it as well -as I can, I seem to see as the chief element in it -an escape from the extremely narrow Puritanism -in which I was reared, into a large sunny ingenuous -nature which knew nothing at all of the -bondage of which I was beginning to be acutely -conscious.”</p> - -<p>Shelley in his fragmentary “Essay on Friendship” -speaks in the most glowing terms of an -attachment he formed at school, and so does -Leigh Hunt in his “Autobiography.” Says the -latter:—</p> - -<p class="quote">“If I had reaped no other benefit from Christ -Hospital, the school would be ever dear to me -from the recollection of the friendships I formed -in it, and of the first heavenly taste it gave me of -that most spiritual of the affections.… I shall -never forget the impression it made on me. -I loved my friend for his gentleness, his candour, -his truth, his good repute, his freedom even from -my own livelier manner, his calm and reasonable -kindness.… I doubt whether he ever had a -conception of a tithe of the regard and respect -I entertained for him, and I smile to think of -the perplexity (though he never showed it) which -he probably felt sometimes at my enthusiastic -expressions; for I thought him a kind of angel.”</p> - - -<p>It is not necessary, however, to quote authorities<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> -on such a subject as this.<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> Any one who has -had experience of schoolboys knows well enough -that they are capable of forming these romantic -and devoted attachments, and that their alliances -are often of the kind especially referred to as -having a bearing on education—<i>i.e.</i>, between an -elder and a younger. They are genuine attractions, -free as a rule, and at their inception, from -secondary motives. They are not formed by the -elder one for any personal ends. More often, -indeed, I think they are begun by the younger, -who naively allows his admiration of the elder one -to become visible. But they are absorbing and -intense, and on either side their influence is deeply -felt and long remembered.</p> - -<p>That such attachments <em>may</em> be of the very -greatest value is self-evident. The younger boy -looks on the other as a hero, loves to be with him, -thrills with pleasure at his words of praise or kindness, -imitates, and makes him his pattern and -standard, learns exercises and games, contracts -habits, or picks up information from him. The -elder one, touched, becomes protector and helper; -the unselfish side of his nature is drawn out, and -he develops a real affection and tenderness towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> -the younger. He takes all sorts of trouble -to initiate his <i lang="fr">protégé</i> in field sports or studies; is -proud of the latter’s success; and leads him on -perhaps later to share his own ideals of life and -thought and work.</p> - -<p>Sometimes the alliance will begin, in a corresponding -way, from the side of the elder boy. -Sometimes, as said, between a boy and a master -such an attachment, or the germ of it, is found; -and indeed it is difficult to say what gulf, or -difference of age, or culture, or class in society, -is so great that affection of this kind will not on -occasion overpass it. I have by me a letter which -was written by a boy of eleven or twelve to a -young man of twenty-four or twenty-five. The -boy was rather a wild, “naughty” boy, and had -given his parents (working-class folk) a good deal -of trouble. He attended, however, some sort of -night-school or evening class and there conceived -the strongest affection (evidenced by this letter) -for his teacher, the young man in question, quite -spontaneously, and without any attempt on the -part of the latter to elicit it; and (which was -equally important) without any attempt on his -part to <em>deny</em> it. The result was most favorable; -the one force which could really reach the boy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> -had, as it were, been found; and he developed -rapidly and well.</p> - -<p>The following extract is from a letter written by -an elderly man who has had large experience as -a teacher. He says—</p> - -<p class="quote">“It has always seemed to me that the <i lang="fr">rapport</i> -that exists between two human beings, whether -of the same or of different sexes, is a force not -sufficiently recognised, and capable of producing -great results. Plato fully understood its importance, -and aimed at giving what to his countrymen -was more or less sensual, a noble and exalted -direction.… As one who has had much to do -in instructing boys and starting them in life, I am -convinced that the great secret of being a good -teacher consists in the possibility of that <i lang="fr">rapport</i>; -not only of a merely intellectual nature, but involving -a certain physical element, a personal -affection, almost indescribable, that grows up -between pupil and teacher, and through which -thoughts are shared and an influence created that -could exist in no other way.”</p> - -<p>And it must be evident to every one that to the -expanding mind of a small boy to have a relation -of real affection with some sensible and helpful -elder of his own sex must be a priceless boon. -At that age love to the other sex has hardly declared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> -itself, and indeed is not exactly what is -wanted. The unformed mind requires an ideal -of itself, as it were, to which it can cling or towards -which it can grow. Yet it is equally evident -that the relation and the success of it, will depend -immensely on the character of the elder one, on -the self-restraint and tenderness of which he is -capable, and on the ideal of life which he has in -his mind. That, possibly, is the reason why -Greek custom, at least in the early days of Hellas, -not only recognised friendships between elder -and younger youths as a national institution of -great importance, but laid down very distinct laws -or rules concerning the conduct of them, so as to -be a guide and a help to the elder in what was -acknowledged to be a position of responsibility.</p> - -<p>In Crete, for instance,<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> the friendship was -entered into in quite a formal and public way, -with the understanding and consent of relatives; -the position of the elder was clearly defined, and -it became his business to train and exercise the -younger in skill of arms, the chase, etc.; while -the latter could obtain redress at law if the elder -subjected him to insult or injury of any kind. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> -the end of a certain period of probation, if the -younger desired it he could leave his comrade; -if not, he became his squire or henchman—the -elder being bound to furnish his military equipments—and -they fought thenceforward side by -side in battle, “inspired with double valor, according -to the notions of the Cretans, by the gods of -war and love.”<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> Similar customs prevailed in -Sparta, and, in a less defined way, in other Greek -states; as, indeed, they have prevailed among -many semi-barbaric races on the threshold of -civilisation.</p> - -<p>When, however, we turn to modern life and the -actual situation, as for instance in the public -schools of to-day, it may well be objected that we -find very little of the suggested ideal, but rather -an appalling descent into the most uninspiring -conditions. So far from friendship being an -institution whose value is recognised and understood, -it is at best scantily acknowledged, and -is often actually discountenanced and misunderstood. -And though attachments such as we have -portrayed exist, they exist underground, as it -were, at their peril, and half-stifled in an atmosphere -which can only be described as that of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> -gutter. Somehow the disease of premature sexuality -seems to have got possession of our centres -of education; wretched practices and habits -abound, and (what is perhaps their worst feature) -cloud and degrade the boys’ conception of what -true love or friendship may be.</p> - -<p>To those who are familiar with large public -schools the state of affairs does not need describing. -A friend (who has placed some notes at -my disposal) says that in his time a certain well-known -public school was a mass of uncleanness, incontinence, -and dirty conversation, while at the -same time a great deal of genuine affection, even -to heroism, was shown among the boys in their -relations with one another. But “all these things -were treated by masters and boys alike as more -or less unholy, with the result that they were -either sought after or flung aside according to the -sexual or emotional instinct of the boy. No -attempt was made at discrimination. A kiss was -by comparison as unclean as the act of <i lang="la">fellatio</i>, -and no one had any gauge or principle whatever -on which to guide the cravings of boyhood.” The -writer then goes into details which it is not necessary -to reproduce here. He (and others) were -initiated in the mysteries of sex by the dormitory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> -servant; and the boys thus corrupted mishandled -each other.</p> - -<p>Naturally in any such atmosphere as this the -chances <em>against</em> the formation of a decent and -healthy attachment are very large. If the elder -youth happen to be given to sensuality he has -here his opportunity; if on the other hand he is -<em>not</em> given to it, the ideas current around probably -have the effect of making him suspect his own -affection, and he ends by smothering and disowning -the best part of his nature. In both ways -harm is done. The big boys in such places become -either coarse and licentious or hard and -self-righteous; the small boys, instead of being -educated and strengthened by the elder ones, -become effeminate little wretches, the favorites, -the petted boys, and the “spoons” of the school. -As time goes on the public opinion of the school -ceases to believe in the possibility of a healthy -friendship; the masters begin to presume (and -not without reason) that all affection means sensual -practices, and end by doing their best to -discourage it.</p> - -<p>Now this state of affairs is really desperate. -There is no need to be puritanical, or to look -upon the lapses of boyhood as unpardonable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> -sins; indeed, it may be allowed, as far as that -goes, that a little frivolity is better than hardness -and self-righteousness; yet every one feels, and -must feel, who knows anything about the matter, -that the state of our schools is bad.</p> - -<p>And it is so because, after all, purity (in the -sense of continence) <em>is</em> of the first importance to -boyhood. To prolong the period of continence -in a boy’s life is to prolong the period of <em>growth</em>. -This is a simple physiological law, and a -very obvious one; and whatever other things may -be said in favour of purity, it remains perhaps -the most weighty. To introduce sensual and -sexual habits—and one of the worst of these is -self-abuse—at an early age, is to arrest growth, -both physical and mental.</p> - -<p>And what is even more, it means to arrest the -capacity for affection. I believe affection, attachment—whether -to the one sex or the other—springs -up normally in the youthful mind in -a quite diffused, ideal, emotional form—a kind -of longing and amazement as at something divine—with -no definite thought or distinct consciousness -of sex in it. The sentiment expands and -fills, as it were like a rising tide, every cranny -of the emotional and moral nature; and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> -longer (of course within reasonable limits) its -definite outlet towards sex is deferred, the longer -does this period of emotional growth and development -continue, and the greater is the refinement -and breadth and strength of character resulting. -All experience shows that a too early outlet towards -sex cheapens and weakens affectional -capacity.</p> - -<p>Yet this early outlet it is which is the great -trouble of our public schools. And it really does -not seem unlikely that the peculiar character of -the middle-class man of to-day, his undeveloped -affectional nature and something of brutishness -and woodenness, is largely due to the prevalent -condition of the places of his education. The -Greeks, with their wonderful instinct of fitness, -seem to have perceived the right path in all -this matter; and, while encouraging friendship, -as we have seen, made a great point of modesty -in early life—the guardians and teachers of every -well-born boy being especially called upon to -watch over the sobriety of his habits and -manners.<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span></p> - -<p>We have then in education generally, it seems -to me (and whether of boys or of girls), two great -currents to deal with, which cannot be ignored, -and which certainly ought to be candidly recognized -and given their right direction. One of -these currents is that of friendship. The other -is that of the young thing’s natural curiosity about -sex. The latter is of course, or should be, -a perfectly legitimate interest. A boy at puberty -naturally wants to know—and ought to know—what -is taking place, and what the uses and -functions of his body are. He does not go very -deep into things; a small amount of information -will probably satisfy him; but the curiosity is -there, and it is pretty certain that the boy, if he -is a boy of any sense or character, <em>will</em> in some -shape or another get to satisfy it.</p> - -<p>The process is really a <em>mental</em> one. Desire—except -in some abnormal cases—has not manifested -itself strongly; and there is often perhaps -generally, an actual repugnance at first to anything -like sexual practices; but the wish for -information exists and is, I say, legitimate -enough.<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> In almost all human societies except,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> -curiously, the modern nations, there have been -institutions for the initiation of the youth of -either sex into these matters, and these initiations -have generally been associated, in the opening -blossom of the young mind, with inculcation of -the ideals of manhood and womanhood, courage, -hardihood, and the duties of the citizen or the -soldier.<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a></p> - -<p>But what does the modern school do? It shuts -a trap-door down on the whole matter. There is -a hush; a grim silence. Legitimate curiosity -soon becomes illegitimate of its kind; and a -furtive desire creeps in, where there was no desire -before. The method of the gutter prevails. In -the absence of any recognition of schoolboy -needs, contraband information is smuggled from -one to another; chaff and ‘smut’ take the place -of sensible and decent explanations; unhealthy -practices follow; the sacredness of sex goes its -way, never to return, and the school is filled with -premature and morbid talk and thought about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> -a subject which should, by rights, only just be -rising over the mental horizon.</p> - -<p>The meeting of these two currents, of ideal -attachment and sexual desire, constitutes a rather -critical period, even when it takes place in the -normal way—<i>i.e.</i>, later on, and at the matrimonial -age. Under the most favorable conditions a certain -conflict occurs in the mind at their first -encounter. But in the modern school this conflict, -precipitated far too soon, and accompanied by -an artificial suppression of the nobler current and -a premature hastening of the baser one, ends in -simple disaster to the former. Masters wage -war against incontinence, and are right to do so. -But how do they wage it? As said, by grim -silence and fury, by driving the abscess deeper, -by covering the drain over, <em>and</em> by confusing -when it comes before them—both in their own -minds and those of the boys—a real attachment -with that which they condemn.</p> - -<p>Not long ago the headmaster of a large public -school coming suddenly out of his study chanced -upon two boys embracing each other in the -corridor. Possibly, and even probably, it was the -simple and natural expression of an unsophisticated -attachment. Certainly, it was nothing that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> -in itself could be said to be either right or wrong. -What did he do? He haled the two boys into his -study, gave them a long lecture on the nefariousness -of their conduct, with copious hints that he -knew <em>what such things meant</em>, and <em>what they -led to</em>, and ended by punishing both condignly. -Could anything be more foolish? If their friendship -was clean and natural, the master was only -trying to make them feel that it was unclean and -unnatural, and that a lovely and honorable thing -was disgraceful; if the act was—which at least is -improbable—a mere signal of lust—even then the -best thing would have been to assume that it was -honorable, and by talking to the boys, either -together or separately, to try and inspire them -with a better ideal; while if, between these positions, -the master really thought the affection -though honorable would lead to things undesirable, -then, plainly, to punish the two was only to -cement their love for each other, to give them -a strong reason for concealing it, and to hasten -its onward course. Yet every one knows that -this is the <em>kind</em> of way in which the subject is -treated in schools. It is the method of despair. -And masters (perhaps not unnaturally) finding -that they have not the time which would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> -needed for personal dealing with each boy, nor -the forces at their command by which they might -hope to introduce new ideals of life and conduct -into their little community, and feeling thus utterly -unable to cope with the situation, allow themselves -to drift into a policy of mere silence with -regard to it, tempered by outbreaks of ungoverned -and unreasoning severity.</p> - -<p>I venture to think that school-masters will never -successfully solve the difficulty until they boldly -recognize the two needs in question, and proceed -candidly to give them their proper satisfaction.</p> - -<p>The need of information—the legitimate curiosity—of -boys (and girls) must be met, (1) partly -by classes on physiology, (2) partly by private -talks and confidences between elder and younger, -based on friendship. With regard to (1) classes -of this kind are already, happily, being carried -on at a few advanced schools, and with good -results. And though such classes can only go -rather generally into the facts of motherhood -and generation they cannot fail, if well managed, -to impress the young minds, and give them a far -grander and more reverent conception of the -matter than they usually gain.</p> - -<p>But (2) although some rudimentary teaching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> -on sex and lessons in physiology may be given -in classes, it is obvious that further instruction -and indeed any real help in the conduct of life -and morals can only come through very close and -tender confidences between the elder and the -younger, such as exist where there is a strong -friendship to begin with. It is obvious that -effective help <em>can</em> only come in this way, and -that this is the only way in which it is desirable -that it should come. The elder friend in this -case would, one might say, naturally be, and in -many instances may be, the parent, mother or -father—who ought certainly to be able to impress -on the clinging child the sacredness of the relation. -And it is much to be hoped that parents -will see their way to take this part more freely in -the future. But for some unexplained reason -there is certainly often a gulf of reserve between -the (British) parent and child; and the boy who -is much at school comes more under the influence -of his elder companions than his parents. If, -therefore, boys and youths cannot be trusted and -encouraged to form decent and loving friendships -with each other, and with their elders or juniors—in -which many delicate questions could be discussed -and the tradition of sensible and manly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> -conduct with regard to sex handed down—we -are indeed in a bad plight and involved in a -vicious circle from which escape seems difficult.</p> - -<p>And so (we think) the need of attachment must -also be met by full recognition of it, and the granting -of it expression within all reasonable limits; -by the dissemination of a good ideal of friendship -and the enlistment of it on the side of manliness -and temperance. Is it too much to hope that -schools will in time recognise comradeship as -a regular institution—considerably more important, -say, than “fagging”—an institution having -its definite place in the school life, in the games -and in the studies, with its own duties, responsibilities, -privileges, etc., and serving to ramify -through the little community, hold it together, -and inspire its members with the two qualities of -heroism and tenderness, which together form the -basis of all great character?</p> - -<p>But here it must be said that if we are hoping -for any great change in the conduct of our large -boys’ schools, the so-called public schools are not -the places in which to look for it—or at any rate -for its inception. In the first place these institutions -are hampered by powerful traditions which -naturally make them conservative; and in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> -second place their mere size and the number of -boys make them difficult to deal with or to modify. -The masters are overwhelmed with work; and -the (necessary) division of so many boys into -separate ‘houses’ has this effect that a master -who introduces a better tradition into his own -house has always the prospect before him that -his work will be effaced by the continual and -perhaps contaminating contact with the boys from -the other houses. No, it will be in smaller schools, -say of from 50 to 100 boys, where the personal -influence of the headmaster will be a real force -reaching each boy, and where he will be really -able to mould the tradition of the school, that we -shall alone be able to look for an improved state -of affairs.<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span></p> - -<p>No doubt the first steps in any reform of this -kind are difficult; but masters are greatly hampered -by the confusion in the public mind, to -which we have already alluded—which so often -persists in setting down any attachment between -two boys, or between a boy and his teacher, to -nothing but sensuality. Many masters quite understand -the situation, but feel themselves helpless -in the face of public opinion. Who so fit (they -sometimes feel) to enlighten a young boy and -guide his growing mind as one of themselves, -when the bond of attachment exists between -the two? Like the writer of a letter quoted in -the early part of this paper they believe that -“a personal affection, almost indescribable, grows -up between pupil and teacher, through which -thoughts are shared and an influence created that -could exist in no other way.” Yet when the pupil -comes along of whom all this might be true, who -shows by his pleading looks the sentiment which -animates him, and the profound impression which -he is longing, as it were, to receive from his -teacher, the latter belies himself, denies his own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> -instinct and the boy’s great need, and treats him -distantly and with coldness. And why? Simply -because he dreads, even while he desires it, the -boy’s confidence. He fears the ingenuous and -perfectly natural expression of the boy’s affection -in caress or embrace, because he knows how a -bastard public opinion will interpret, or misinterpret -it; and rather than run such a risk as this -he seals the fountains of the heart, withholds the -help which love alone can give, and deliberately -nips the tender bud which is turning to him for -light and warmth.<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a></p> - -<p>The panic terror which prevails in England with -regard to the expression of affection of this kind -has its comic aspect. The affection exists, and -is known to exist, on all sides; but we must bury -our heads in the sand and pretend not to see it. -And if by any chance we are compelled to recognize -it, we must show our vast discernment by -<em>suspecting</em> it. And thus we fling on the dust-heap -one of the noblest and most precious elements in -human nature. Certainly, if the denial and suspicion -of all natural affection were beneficial, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> -should find this out in our schools; but seeing -how complete is its failure there to clarify their -tone it is sufficiently evident that the method itself -is wrong.</p> - - -<p class="tb">The remarks in this paper have chiefly had -reference to boys’ schools; but they apply in the -main to girls’ schools, where much the same -troubles prevail—with this difference, that in girls’ -schools friendships instead of being repressed -are rather encouraged by public opinion; only -unfortunately they are for the most part friendships -of a weak and sentimental turn, and not -very healthy either in themselves or in the habits -they lead to. Here too, in girls’ schools, the -whole subject wants facing out; friendship wants -setting on a more solid and less sentimental basis; -and on the subject of sex, so infinitely important -to women, there needs to be sensible and consistent -teaching, both public and private. Possibly -the co-education of boys and girls may be of use -in making boys less ashamed of their feelings, -and girls more healthy in the expression of them.</p> - -<p>At any rate the more the matter is thought of, -the clearer I believe will it appear that a healthy -affection must in the end be the basis of education,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> -and that the recognition of this will form the only -way out of the modern school-difficulty. It is -true that such a change would revolutionise our -school-life; but it will have to come, all the same, -and no doubt will come <i lang="la">pari passu</i> with other -changes that are taking place in society at large.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="V"><small><small>V</small></small><br /> -The Place of the Uranian -in Society</h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Whatever</span> differing views there may be on the -many problems which the Intermediate sexes present—and -however difficult of solution some of -the questions involved—there is one thing which -appears to me incontestable: namely that a vast -number of intermediates do actually perform most -valuable social work, and that they do so partly -on account and by reason of their special temperament.</p> - -<p>This fact is not generally recognised as it ought -to be, for the simple reason that the Uranian -himself is not recognised, and indeed (as we have -already said) tends to conceal his temperament -from the public. There is no doubt that if it became -widely known <em>who are</em> the Uranians, the -world would be astonished to find so many of its -great or leading men among them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span></p> - -<p>I have thought it might be useful to indicate -some of the lines along which valuable work is -being performed, or has been performed, by -people of this disposition; and in doing this I do -not of course mean to disguise or conceal the -fact that there are numbers of merely frivolous, -or feeble or even vicious homosexuals, who practically -do no useful work for society at all—<em>just -as there are of normal people</em>. The existence of -those who do no valuable work does not alter the -fact of the existence of others whose work is of -great importance. And I wish also to make it -clearly understood that I use the word Uranians -to indicate simply those whose lives and activities -are inspired by a genuine friendship or love -for their own sex, without venturing to specify -their individual and particular habits or relations -towards those whom they love (which relations in -most cases we have no means of knowing). Some -Intermediates of light and leading—doubtless not -a few—are physically very reserved and continent; -others are sensual in some degree or other. The -point is that they are all men, or women, whose -most powerful motive comes from the dedication -to their own kind, and is bound up with it in some -way. And if it seems strange and anomalous that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> -in such cases work of considerable importance to -society is being done by people whose affections -and dispositions society itself would blame, this -is after all no more than has happened a thousand -times before in the history of the world.</p> - -<p>As I have already hinted, the Uranian temperament -(probably from the very fact of its dual nature -and the swift and constant interaction between -its masculine and feminine elements) is exceedingly -sensitive and emotional; and there is no doubt -that, going with this, a large number of the artist -class, musical, literary or pictorial, belong to this -description. That delicate and subtle sympathy -with every wave and phase of feeling which makes -the artist possible is also very characteristic of -the Uranian (the male type), and makes it easy -or natural for the Uranian man to become an -artist. In the ‘confessions’ and ‘cases’ collected -by Krafft-Ebing, Havelock Ellis and others, -it is remarkable what a large percentage of men -of this temperament belong to the artist class. -In his volume on “Sexual Inversion,”<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> speaking -of the cases collected by himself, Ellis says:—“An -examination of my cases reveals the interesting -fact that thirty-two of them, or sixty-eight per<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> -cent., possess artistic aptitude in varying degree. -Galton found, from the investigation of nearly one -thousand persons, that the general average showing -artistic taste in England is only about thirty -per cent. It must also be said that my figures are -probably below the truth, as no special point was -made of investigating the matter, and also that in -many of my cases the artistic aptitudes are of high -order. With regard to the special avocations of -my cases, it must of course be said that no occupation -furnishes a safeguard against inversion. -There are, however, certain occupations to which -inverts are specially attracted. Acting is certainly -one of the chief of these. Three of my cases -belong to the dramatic profession, and others -have marked dramatic ability. Art, again, in its -various forms, and music, exercise much attraction. -In my experience, however, literature is the -avocation to which inverts seem to feel chiefly -called, and that moreover in which they may find -the highest degree of success and reputation. At -least half-a-dozen of my cases are successful men -of letters.”</p> - -<p>Of Literature in this connection, and of the -great writers of the world whose work has been -partly inspired by the Uranian love, I have myself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> -already spoken.<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> It may further be said that -those of the modern artist-writers and poets who -have done the greatest service in the way of interpreting -and reconstructing <em>Greek</em> life and ideals—men -like Winckelmann, Goethe, Addington -Symonds, Walter Pater—have had a marked -strain of this temperament in them. And this has -been a service of great value, and one which -the world could ill have afforded to lose.</p> - -<p>The painters and sculptors, especially of the -renaissance period in Italy, yield not a few examples -of men whose work has been similarly inspired—as -in the cases of Michel Angelo, Lionardo, -Bazzi, Cellini, and others. As to music, -this is certainly the art which in its subtlety and -tenderness—and perhaps in a certain inclination -to <em>indulge</em> in emotion—lies nearest to the Urning -nature. There are few in fact of this nature who -have not some gift in the direction of music—though, -unless we cite Tschaikowsky, it does not -appear that any thorough-going Uranian has -attained to the highest eminence in this art.</p> - -<p>Another direction along which the temperament -very naturally finds an outlet is the important<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> -social work of Education. The capacity that -a man has, in cases, of devoting himself to the -welfare of boys or youths, is clearly a thing -which ought not to go wasted—and which may -be most precious and valuable. It is incontestable -that a great number of men (and women) are -drawn into the teaching profession by this sentiment—and -the work they do is, in many cases, -beyond estimation. Fortunate the boy who meets -with such a helper in early life! I know a man—a -rising and vigorous thinker and writer—who -tells me that he owes almost everything mentally -to such a friend of his boyhood, who took the -greatest interest in him, saw him almost every -day for many years, and indeed cleared up for -him not only things mental but things moral, -giving him the affection and guidance his young -heart needed. And I have myself known and -watched not a few such teachers, in public -schools and in private schools, and seen something -of the work and of the real inspiration -they have been to boys under them. Hampered -as they have been by the readiness of the world -to misinterpret, they still have been able to do -most precious service. Of course here and there -a case occurs in which privilege is abused; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> -even then the judgment of the world is often unreasonably -severe. A poor boy once told me with -tears in his eyes of the work a man had done for -him. This man had saved the boy from drunken -parents, taken him from the slums, and by means -of a club helped him out into the world. Many -other boys he had rescued, it appeared, in the -same way—scores and scores of them. But on -some occasion or other he got into trouble, -and was accused of improper familiarities. No -excuse, or record of a useful life, was of the least -avail. Every trumpery slander was believed, -every mean motive imputed, and he had to throw -up his position and settle elsewhere, his life-work -shattered, never to be resumed.</p> - -<p>The capacity for sincere affection which causes -an elder man to care so deeply for the welfare -of a youth or boy, is met and responded to by -a similar capacity in the young thing of devotion -to an elder man. This fact is not always recognised; -but I have known cases of boys and even -young men who would feel the most romantic -attachments to quite mature men, sometimes as -much as forty or fifty years of age, and only for -them—passing by their own contemporaries of -either sex, and caring only to win a return affection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> -from these others. This may seem strange, -but it is true. And the fact not only makes one -understand what riddles there are slumbering in -the breasts of our children, but how greatly important -it is that we should try to read them—since -here, in such cases as these, the finding of -an answering heart in an elder man would probably -be the younger one’s salvation.</p> - -<p>How much of the enormous amount of philanthropic -work done in the present day—by women -among needy or destitute girls of all sorts, or by -men among like classes of boys—is inspired by -the same feeling, it would be hard to say; but -it must be a very considerable proportion. -I think myself that the best philanthropic work—just -because it is the most personal, the most -loving, and the least merely formal and self-righteous—has -a strong fibre of the Uranian -heart running through it; and if it should be said -that work of this very personal kind is more liable -to dangers and difficulties on that account, it is -only what is true of the best in almost all departments.</p> - -<p>Eros is a great leveler. Perhaps the true -Democracy rests, more firmly than anywhere else, -on a sentiment which easily passes the bounds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> -of class and caste, and unites in the closest affection -the most estranged ranks of society. It is -noticeable how often Uranians of good position -and breeding are drawn to rougher types, as of -manual workers, and frequently very permanent -alliances grow up in this way, which although not -publicly acknowledged have a decided influence on -social institutions, customs and political tendencies—and -which would have a good deal more influence -could they be given a little more scope -and recognition. There are cases that I have -known (although the ordinary commercial world -might hardly believe it) of employers who have -managed to attach their workmen, or many of -them, very personally to themselves, and whose -object in running their businesses was at least as -much to provide their employees with a living -as themselves; while the latter, feeling this, have -responded with their best output. It is possible -that something like the guilds and fraternities -of the middle ages might thus be reconstructed, -but on a more intimate and personal basis than -in those days; and indeed there are not wanting -signs that such a reconstruction is actually taking -place.</p> - -<p>The “Letters of Love and Labour” written by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> -Samuel M. Jones of Toledo, Ohio, to his workmen -in the engineering firm of which he was master, -are very interesting in this connection. They -breathe a spirit of extraordinary personal affection -towards, and confidence in, the employees, -which was heartily responded to by the latter; and -the whole business was carried on, with considerable -success, on the principle of a close and -friendly co-operation all round.<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a></p> - -<p>These things indeed suggest to one that it is -possible that the Uranian spirit may lead to something -like a general enthusiasm of Humanity, -and that the Uranian people may be destined to -form the advance guard of that great movement -which will one day transform the common life -by substituting the bond of personal affection and -compassion for the monetary, legal and other -external ties which now control and confine society. -Such a part of course we cannot expect -the Uranians to play unless the capacity for their -kind of attachment also exists—though in a germinal -and undeveloped state—in the breast of -mankind at large. And modern thought and investigation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> -are clearly tending that way—to confirm -that it does so exist.</p> - -<p>Dr. E. Bertz in his late study of Whitman as -a person of strongly homogenic temperament<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> -brings forward the objection that Whitman’s gospel -of Comradeship as a means of social regeneration -is founded on a false basis—because (so Dr. -Bertz says) the gospel derives from an abnormality -in himself, and therefore cannot possibly have -a universal application or create a general enthusiasm. -But this is rather a case of assuming -the point which has to be proved. Whitman constantly -maintains that his own disposition at any -rate is normal, and that he represents the average -man. And it <em>may</em> be true, even as far as his -Uranian temperament is concerned, that while this -was specially developed in him the germs of it -<em>are</em> almost, if not quite, universal. If so, then the -Comradeship on which Whitman founds a large -portion of his message may in course of time -become a general enthusiasm, and the nobler -Uranians of to-day may be destined, as suggested, -to be its pioneers and advance guard. As one of -them himself has sung:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">These things shall be! A loftier race,</div> -<div class="line i1">Than e’er the world hath known, shall rise</div> -<div class="line">With flame of freedom in their souls,</div> -<div class="line i1">And light of science in their eyes.</div> -<div class="line">Nation with nation, land with land,</div> -<div class="line i1">In-armed shall live as comrades free;</div> -<div class="line">In every heart and brain shall throb</div> -<div class="line i1">The pulse of one fraternity.<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>To proceed. The Uranian, though generally -high-strung and sensitive, is by no means always -dreamy. He is sometimes extraordinarily and -unexpectedly practical; and such a man may, -and often does, command a positive enthusiasm -among his subordinates in a business organisation. -The same is true of military organisation. -As a rule the Uranian temperament (in the male) -is not militant. War with its horrors and savagery -is somewhat alien to the type. But here again -there are exceptions; and in all times there have -been great generals (like Alexander, Cæsar, -Charles XII. of Sweden, or Frederick II. of -Prussia—not to speak of more modern examples) -with a powerful strain in them of the homogenic -nature, and a wonderful capacity for organisation -and command, which combined with their personal -interest in, or attachment to, their troops,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> -and the answering enthusiasm so elicited, have -made their armies well-nigh invincible.</p> - -<p>The existence of this great practical ability in -some Uranians cannot be denied; and it points -to the important work they may some day have -to do in social reconstruction. At the same time -I think it is noticeable that <em>politics</em> (at any rate -in the modern sense of the word, as concerned -mainly with party questions and party government) -is not as a rule congenial to them. The -personal and affectional element is perhaps too -remote or absent. Mere ‘views’ and ‘questions’ -and party strife are alien to the Uranian man, -as they are on the whole to the ordinary woman.</p> - -<p>If politics, however, are not particularly congenial, -it is yet remarkable how many royal -personages have been decidedly homogenic in -temperament. Taking the Kings of England from -the Norman Conquest to the present day, we may -count about thirty. And three of these, namely, -William Rufus, Edward II., and James I. were -homosexual in a marked degree—might fairly be -classed as Urnings—while some others, like -William III., had a strong admixture of the same -temperament. Three out of thirty yields a high -ratio—ten per cent—and considering that sovereigns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> -do not generally choose themselves, but -come into their position by accident of birth, the -ratio is certainly remarkable. Does it suggest -that the general percentage in the world at large -is equally high, but that it remains unnoticed, -except in the fierce light that beats upon thrones? -or is there some other explanation with regard -to the special liability of royalty to inversion? -Hereditary degeneracy has sometimes been suggested. -But it is difficult to explain the matter -even on this theory; for though the epithet -‘degenerate’ might possibly apply to James I., -it would certainly not be applicable to William -Rufus and William III., who, in their different -ways, were both men of great courage and personal -force—while Edward II. was by no means -wanting in ability.</p> - -<p>But while the Uranian temperament has, in -cases, specially fitted its possessors to become -distinguished in art or education or war or administration, -and enabled them to do valuable -work in these fields; it remains perhaps true that -above all it has fitted them, and fits them, for -distinction and service in affairs of the heart.</p> - -<p>It is hard to imagine human beings more skilled -in these matters than are the Intermediates. For<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> -indeed no one else can possibly respond to and -understand, as they do, all the fluctuations and -interactions of the masculine and feminine in -human life. The pretensive coyness and passivity -of women, the rude invasiveness of men; -lust, brutality, secret tears, the bleeding heart; -renunciation, motherhood, finesse, romance, angelic -devotion—all these things lie slumbering -in the Uranian soul, ready on occasion for expression; -and if they are not always expressed are -always there for purposes of divination or interpretation. -There are few situations, in fact, in -courtship or marriage which the Uranian does -not instinctively understand; and it is strange to -see how even an unlettered person of this type will -often read Love’s manuscript easily in cases where -the normal man or woman is groping over it -like a child in the dark. [Not of course that this -means to imply any superiority of <em>character</em> in -the former; but merely that with his double outlook -he necessarily discerns things which the -other misses.]</p> - -<p>That the Uranians do stand out as helpers and -guides, not only in matters of Education, but in -affairs of love and marriage, is tolerably patent -to all who know them. It is a common experience<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span> -for them to be consulted now by the man, now -by the woman, whose matrimonial conditions are -uncongenial or disastrous—not generally because -the consultants in the least perceive the Uranian -nature, but because they instinctively feel that -here is a strong sympathy with and understanding -of their side of the question. In this way it -is often the fate of the Uranian, himself unrecognised, -to bring about happier times and a better -comprehension of each other among those with -whom he may have to deal. Also he often becomes -the confidant of young things of either sex, -who are caught in the tangles of love or passion, -and know not where to turn for assistance.</p> - -<p>I say that I think perhaps of all the services -the Uranian may render to society it will be -found some day that in this direction of solving -the problems of affection and of the heart he -will do the greatest service. If the day is coming -as we have suggested—when Love is at last to -take its rightful place as the binding and directing -force of society (instead of the Cash-nexus), -and society is to be transmuted in consequence to -a higher form, then undoubtedly the superior -types of Uranians—prepared for this service by -long experience and devotion, as well as by much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> -suffering—will have an important part to play in -the transformation. For that the Urnings in -their own lives put Love before everything else—postponing -to it the other motives like money-making, -business success, fame, which occupy so much -space in most people’s careers—is a fact which -is patent to everyone who knows them. This may -be saying little or nothing in favor of those of this -class whose conception of love is only of a poor -and frivolous sort; but in the case of those others -who see the god in his true light, the fact that they -serve him in singleness of heart and so unremittingly -raises them at once into the position of the -natural leaders of mankind.</p> - -<p>From this fact—<i>i.e.</i>, that these folk think so -much of affairs of the heart—and from the fact -that their alliances and friendships are formed -and carried on beneath the surface of society, as -it were, and therefore to some extent beyond the -inquisitions and supervisions of Mrs. Grundy, -some interesting conclusions flow.</p> - -<p>For one thing, the question is constantly arising -as to how Society would shape itself if <em>free</em>: what -form, in matters of Love and Marriage, it would -take, if the present restrictions and sanctions -were removed or greatly altered. At present in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> -these matters, the Law, the Church, and a strong -pressure of public opinion interfere, compelling -the observance of certain forms; and it becomes -difficult to say how much of the existing order is -due to the spontaneous instinct and common sense -of human nature, and how much to mere outside -compulsion and interference: how far, for instance, -Monogamy is natural or artificial; to what -degree marriages would be permanent if the Law -did not make them so; what is the rational view -of Divorce; whether jealousy is a necessary accompaniment -of Love; and so forth. These are -questions which are being constantly discussed, -without finality; or not infrequently with quite -pessimistic conclusions.</p> - -<p>Now in the Urning societies a certain freedom -(though not complete, of course) exists. Underneath -the surface of general Society, and consequently -unaffected to any great degree by its laws -and customs, alliances are formed and maintained, -or modified or broken, more in accord with inner -need than with outer pressure. Thus it happens -that in these societies there are such opportunities -to note and observe human grouping under conditions -of freedom, as do not occur in the ordinary -world. And the results are both interesting and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> -encouraging. As a rule I think it may be said -that the alliances are remarkably permanent. Instead -of the wild “general post” which so many -good people seem to expect in the event of law -being relaxed, one finds (except of course in -a few individual cases) that common sense and -fidelity and a strong tendency to permanence prevail. -In the ordinary world so far has doubt gone -that many to-day disbelieve in a life-long free -marriage. Yet among the Uranians such a thing -is, one may almost say, common and well known; -and there are certainly few among them who do -not believe in its possibility.</p> - -<p>Great have been the debates, in all times and -places, concerning Jealousy; and as to how far -jealousy is natural and instinctive and universal, -and how far it is the product of social opinion -and the property sense, and so on. In ordinary -marriage what may be called social and proprietary -jealousy is undoubtedly a very great -factor. But this kind of jealousy hardly appears -or operates in the Urning societies. Thus we -have an opportunity in these latter of observing -conditions where only the natural and instinctive -jealousy exists. This of course is present among -the Urnings—sometimes rampant and violent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span> -sometimes quiescent and vanishing almost to <em>nil</em>. -It seems to depend almost entirely upon the individual; -and we certainly learn that jealousy though -frequent and widespread, is not an absolutely -necessary accompaniment of love. There are -cases of Uranians (whether men or women) who, -though permanently allied, do not object to lesser -friendships on either side—and there are cases of -very decided objection. And we may conclude -that something the same would be true (is true) -of the ordinary Marriage, the property considerations -and the property jealousy being once removed. -The tendency anyhow to establish a -dual relation more or less fixed, is seen to be very -strong among the Intermediates, and may be -concluded to be equally strong among the more -normal folk.</p> - -<p>Again with regard to Prostitution. That there -are a few natural-born prostitutes is seen in the -Urning-societies; but prostitution in that world -does not take the important place which it does -in the normal world, partly because the law-bound -compulsory marriage does not exist there, and -partly because prostitution naturally has little -chance and cannot compete in a world where -alliances are free and there is an open field for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> -friendship. Hence we may see that freedom of -alliance and of marriage in the ordinary world will -probably lead to the great diminution or even -disappearance of Prostitution.</p> - -<p>In these and other ways the experience of the -Uranian world forming itself freely and not subject -to outside laws and institutions comes as a -guide—and really a hopeful guide—towards the -future. I would say however that in making these -remarks about certain conclusions which we are -able to gather from some spontaneous and comparatively -unrestricted associations, I do not at -all mean to argue <em>against</em> institutions and forms. -I think that the Uranian love undoubtedly suffers -from want of a recognition and a standard. And -though it may at present be better off than if -subject to a foolish and meddlesome regulation; -yet in the future it will have its more or less fixed -standards and ideals, like the normal love. If -one considers for a moment how the ordinary -relations of the sexes would suffer were there no -generally acknowledged codes of honor and conduct -with regard to them, one then indeed sees -that reasonable forms and institutions are a help, -and one may almost wonder that the Urning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> -circles are so well-conducted on the whole as -they are.</p> - -<p>I have said that the Urning men in their own -lives put love before money-making, business success, -fame, and other motives which rule the -normal man. I am sure that it is also true of -them as a whole that they put love before lust. -I do not feel <em>sure</em> that this can be said of the -normal man, at any rate in the present stage of -evolution. It is doubtful whether on the whole the -merely physical attraction is not the stronger -motive with the latter type. Unwilling as the -world at large is to credit what I am about to -say, and great as are the current misunderstandings -on the subject, I believe it is true that the -Uranian men are superior to the normal men in -this respect—in respect of their love-feeling—which -is gentler, more sympathetic, more considerate, -more a matter of the heart and less one -of mere physical satisfaction than that of ordinary -men.<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a> All this flows naturally from the presence -of the feminine element in them, and its blending -with the rest of their nature. It should be expected -<i lang="la">a priori</i>, and it can be noticed at once by -those who have any acquaintance with the Urning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> -world. Much of the current misunderstanding -with regard to the character and habits of the -Urning arises from his confusion with the ordinary -<i lang="fr">roué</i> who, though of normal temperament, -contracts homosexual habits out of curiosity and -so forth—but this is a point which I have touched -on before, and which ought now to be sufficiently -clear. If it be once allowed that the love-nature -of the Uranian is of a sincere and essentially -humane and kindly type then the importance of -the Uranian’s place in Society, and of the social -work he may be able to do, must certainly also -be acknowledged.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - - -<h2 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">1</span></a> For the derivation of these terms see ch. ii., <a href="#Page_20">p. 20</a>, -<i lang="la">infra</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">2</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#Page_139">pp. 139 and 140</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">3</span></a> From <i lang="el">Uranos</i>, heaven; his idea being that the -Uranian love was of a higher order than the ordinary -attachment. For further about Ulrichs and his theories -see Appendix, <a href="#Page_157">pp. 157-159</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">4</span></a> Charles G. Leland (“Hans Breitmann”) in his -book “The Alternate Sex” (Wellby, 1904), insists -much on the frequent combination of the characteristics -of both sexes in remarkable men and women, and -has a chapter on “The Female Mind in Man,” and -another on “The Male Intellect in Woman.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">5</span></a> Some late statistical inquiries (see “Statistische -Untersuchungen,” von Dr. M. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, -1904) yield 1.5 to 2.0 per cent. as a probable ratio. -See also Appendix, <a href="#Page_134">pp. 134-136</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">6</span></a> For instances, see Appendix, <a href="#Page_149">pp. 149-153</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">7</span></a> See De Joux, “Die Enterbten des Liebesglückes” -(Leipzig, 1893), p. 21.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">8</span></a> “Psychopathia Sexualis,” 7th ed., p. 276.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">9</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#Page_153">pp. 153-156</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">10</span></a> A good deal in this description may remind readers -of history of the habits and character of Henry III. of -France.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">11</span></a> Perhaps, like Queen Christine of Sweden, who rode -across Europe, on her visit to Italy, in jack-boots and -sitting astride of her horse. It is said that she shook -the Pope’s hand, on seeing him, so heartily that the -doctor had to attend to it afterwards!</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">12</span></a> “Homosexual,” generally used in scientific works, -is of course a bastard word. “Homogenic” has been -suggested, as being from two roots, both Greek, <i>i.e.</i>, -“homos,” same, and “genos,” sex.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">13</span></a> “Athenæus” xiii., ch. 78.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">14</span></a> See Plutarch’s “Eroticus,” §xvii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">15</span></a> See “Natural History of Man,” by J. G. Wood. -Vol: “Africa,” p. 419.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">16</span></a> See also Livingstone’s “Expedition to the Zambesi” -(Murray, 1865) p. 148.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">17</span></a> Though these two plays, except for some quotations, -are lost.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">18</span></a> Mantegazza and Lombroso. See Albert Moll, “Conträre -Sexualempfindung,” 2nd ed., p. 36.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">19</span></a> Though in translation this fact is often by pious -fraudulence disguised.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">20</span></a> W. Pater’s “Renaissance,” pp. 8-16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">21</span></a> Among <em>prose</em> writers of this period, Montaigne, -whose treatment of the subject is enthusiastic and -unequivocal, should not be overlooked. See Hazlitt’s -“Montaigne,” ch. xxvii.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">22</span></a> I may be excused for quoting here the sonnet No. -54, from J. A. Symonds’ translation of the sonnets of -Michel Angelo:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line i05">“From thy fair face I learn, O my loved lord,</div> -<div class="line i1">That which no mortal tongue can rightly say:</div> -<div class="line i1">The soul, imprisoned in her house of clay,</div> -<div class="line i1">Holpen by thee to God hath often soared:</div> -<div class="line">And though the vulgar, vain, malignant horde</div> -<div class="line i1">Attribute what their grosser wills obey,</div> -<div class="line i1">Yet shall this fervent homage that I pay,</div> -<div class="line i1">This love, this faith, pure joys for us afford,</div> -<div class="line">Lo, all the lovely things we find on earth,</div> -<div class="line i1">Resemble for the soul that rightly sees,</div> -<div class="line i1">That source of bliss divine which gave us birth:</div> -<div class="line">Nor have we first-fruits or remembrances</div> -<div class="line i1">Of heaven elsewhere. Thus, loving loyally,</div> -<div class="line i1">I rise to God, and make death sweet by thee.”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>The labours of von Scheffler, followed by J. A. -Symonds, have now pretty conclusively established the -pious frauds of the nephew, and the fact that the love-poems -of the elder Michel Angelo were, for the most -part, written to male friends.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">23</span></a> See an interesting paper in W. Pater’s “Renaissance.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">24</span></a> For a fuller collection of instances of this Friendship-love -in the history of the world, see “Ioläus: an -Anthology,” by E. Carpenter (George Allen, London. -3/- net). Also “Liebling-minne und Freundesliebe -in der Welt-literatur,” von Elisar von Kupffer (Adolf -Brand, Berlin, 1900).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">25</span></a> As in the case, for instance, of Tennyson’s “In -Memoriam,” for which the poet was soundly rated by -the <cite>Times</cite> at the time of its publication.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">26</span></a> Jowett’s “Plato,” 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. 30.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">27</span></a> Jowett, vol. ii., p. 130.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">28</span></a> One ought also to mention some later writers, like -Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld and Dr. von Römer, whose work -though avowedly favourable to the Urning-movement, -is in a high degree scientific and reliable in character.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">29</span></a> From <i lang="el">Uranos</i>—see, for derivation, <a href="#Page_20">p. 20</a>, <i lang="la">supra</i>—also -Plato’s “Symposium,” speech of Pausanias.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">30</span></a> See, for estimates, Appendix, <a href="#Page_134">pp. 134-136</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">31</span></a> Though there is no doubt a general <em>tendency</em> -towards femininity of type in the male Urning, and -towards masculinity in the female.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">32</span></a> “Gli amori degli uomini.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">33</span></a> “Psychopathia Sexualis,” 7th ed., p. 227.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">34</span></a> <cite>Ibid</cite>, pp. 229 and 258. See Appendix, <a href="#Page_160">p. 160</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">35</span></a> “How deep congenital sex-inversion roots may be -gathered from the fact that the pleasure-dream of the -male Urning has to do with male persons, and of the -female with females.”—Krafft-Ebing, “P.S.,” 7th ed., -p. 228.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">36</span></a> “Conträre Sexualempfindung,” 2nd ed., p. 269.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">37</span></a> See “Love’s Coming-of-Age,” p. 22.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">38</span></a> Pub.: F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, 1901.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">39</span></a> Otto Weininger even goes further, and regards the -temperament as a natural intermediate form (“Sex -and Character,” ch. iv.) See also Appendix, <i lang="la">infra</i>, -<a href="#Page_169">p. 169</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">40</span></a> “Though then before my own conscience I cannot -reproach myself, and though I must certainly reject -the judgment of the world about us, yet I suffer -greatly. In very truth I have injured no one, and -I hold my love in its nobler activity for just as holy as -that of normally disposed men, but under the unhappy -fate that allows us neither sufferance nor recognition -I suffer often more than my life can bear.”—Extract -from a letter given by Krafft-Ebing.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">41</span></a> See “In the Key of Blue,” by J. A. Symonds -(Elkin Mathews, 1893).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">42</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#Page_162">pp. 162 and 163</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">43</span></a> See also “Love’s Coming-of-Age,” 5th ed., pp. 173, -174.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">44</span></a> See “Das Conträre Geschlechtsgefühl,” von Havelock -Ellis und J. A. Symonds (Leipzig, 1896).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">45</span></a> “Symposium,” Speech of Socrates.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">46</span></a> It is interesting in this connection to notice the -extreme fervour, almost of romance, of the bond which -often unites lovers of like sex over a long period of -years, in an unfailing tenderness of treatment and -consideration towards each other, equal to that shown -in the most successful marriages. The love of many -such men, says Moll (p. 119), “developed in youth -lasts at times the whole life through. I know of such -men, who had not seen their first love for years, even -decades, and who yet on meeting showed the old fire -of their first passion. In other cases, a close love-intimacy -will last unbroken for many years.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">47</span></a> Though, inconsistently enough, making no mention -of females.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">48</span></a> Dr. Moll maintains (2nd ed., pp. 314, 315) that if -familiarities between those of the same sex are made -illegal, as immoral, self-abuse ought much more to -be so made.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">49</span></a> Though it is doubtful whether the marriage-laws -even do this.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">50</span></a> In France, since the adoption of the Code Napoleon, -sexual inversion is tolerated under the same -restrictions as normal sexuality; and according to -Carlier, formerly Chief of the French Police, Paris is -not more depraved in this matter than London. Italy -in 1889 also adopted the principles of the Code Napoleon -on this point. For further considerations with -regard to the Law, see Appendix, <a href="#Page_164">pp. 164 and 165</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">51</span></a> For further instances, see Appendix, <a href="#Page_143">pp. 143-148</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">52</span></a> See Müller’s “History and Antiquities of the Doric -Race.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">53</span></a> Müller.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">54</span></a> Cf. the incident at the end of Plato’s “Lysis,” when -the tutors of Lysis and Menexenus come in and send -the youths home.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">55</span></a> For a useful little manual on this subject, see “How -We are Born,” by Mrs. N. J. (Daniel, London, price -2/-). For a general argument in favour of sex-teaching -see “The Training of the Young in Laws of Sex,” -by Canon Lyttelton, Headmaster of Eton College -(Longmans, 2/6).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">56</span></a> See J. G. Wood’s “Natural History of Man,” vol. -“Africa,” p. 324 (the Bechuanas); also vol. “Australia,” -p. 75.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">57</span></a> With the rapid rise which is taking place, in scope -and social status, of the state day-schools, it is probable -that some change of opinion will take place with -regard to the wisdom of sending young boys of ten to -fourteen to upper-class boarding-schools. For a boy -of fifteen or sixteen and upwards the boarding-school -system may have its advantages. By that time a boy -is old enough to understand some questions; he is -old enough to have some rational ideal of conduct, and -to hold his own in the pursuit of it; and he may learn -in the life away from home a lot in the way of discipline, -organization, self-reliance, etc. But to send a young -thing, ignorant of life, and quite unformed of character, -to take his chance by day and night in the public -school as it at present exists, is—to say the least—a -rash thing to do.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">58</span></a> It should be also said, in fairness, that the fear of -showing undue partiality, often comes in as a paralysing -influence.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">59</span></a> “Studies in the Psychology of Sex,” vol. ii., p. 173.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">60</span></a> See <a href="#II">ch. ii.</a> <i lang="la">supra</i>, also <cite>Ioläus</cite>, an Anthology of -Friendship, by E. Carpenter.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">61</span></a> Mr. Jones became Mayor of Toledo; but died at -the early age of 53. See also “Workshop Reconstruction,” -by C. R. Ashbee, Appendix, <i lang="la">infra</i>, <a href="#Page_146">p. 146</a>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">62</span></a> “Whitman: ein Charakterbild,” by Edward Bertz -(Leipzig, Max Spohr).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">63</span></a> John Addington Symonds.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">64</span></a> See Appendix, <a href="#Page_172">pp. 172-174</a>.</p> - -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="Appendix"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="tb">“In this country [Britain] we have too long, from -a sense of mock modesty, neglected the science relating -to sex. In Germany this is not so. There we find -workers who have elaborated for themselves a new -science, and who have given to the world knowledge -which is of the very utmost importance. We now know -that there are females with strong male characteristics, -and <i lang="la">vice-versa</i>. Anatomically and mentally we find -all shades existing from the pure genus man to the pure -genus woman. Thus there has been constituted what -is well named by an illustrious exponent of the science -‘The Third Sex’.”—Dr. <span class="smcap">James Burnet</span>, <cite>The Medical -Times and Hospital Gazette</cite>, vol. xxxiv., No. 1497, -10th November, 1906. London.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Every citizen of age to fulfil his duties as a citizen, -whether he be a father or husband, teacher or pupil, -master or servant, official or subordinate, has the right, -and owes it as a duty, to know the facts of sexual inversion, -to combat and to prevent debauchery, crime -and vice, to learn and to teach others the place of -inversion in Society, and its morals, the duties of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span> -invert towards himself, and towards other inverts, towards -the normal man, and towards women and children. -And the duties of the normal man towards the -invert are no less—no less difficult, no less indispensable.”—<span class="smcap">M. -A. Raffalovich</span>, “Uranisme et Unisexualité.” Paris, 1896.</p> - -<p class="tb">“That sex inversion is not a chance phenomenon … -appears from the fact that it has been observed at all -times and in all places, and among peoples quite separate -from each other.”—<span class="smcap">A. Moll</span>, “Die Conträre -Sexualempfindung,” 2nd Edition, p. 15. Berlin, 1893.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Concerning the wide prevalence of sexual inversion, -and of homosexual phenomena generally, there -can be no manner of doubt. In Berlin, Moll states that -he has himself seen between six hundred and seven -hundred homosexual persons, and heard of some two -hundred and fifty to three hundred others. I have -much evidence as to its frequency both in England and -the United States. In England, concerning which I -can naturally speak with most assurance, its manifestations -are well-marked for those whose eyes have been -opened.… Among the professional and most cultured -element of the middle class in England there -must be a distinct percentage of inverts, which may -sometimes be as much as five per cent., though such -estimates must always be hazardous. Among women -of the same class the percentage seems to be at least -double—though here the phenomena are less definite -and deepseated.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis</span>, “Psychology of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> -Sex,” vol. <cite>Sexual Inversion</cite>, pp. 29, 30. Philadelphia, -1901.</p> - -<p class="tb">“According to the information of De Joux in ‘The -Disinherited of Love,’ the number of Urnings in all -Europe is about five millions; about 4.5 per cent. of -all males in Europe are Urnings, while only 0.1 per -cent. of females are Urningins. A malady therefore—if -malady it should be called—which is so widespread -certainly demands our deepest interest; and it is -strange that it is only since the ’70’s that this subject -has been discussed in scientific literature.</p> - -<p>“It is owing to this ignorance that the public mind has -been dominated, and still is dominated, by the prejudice, -that psychical hermaphroditism and sex-inversion -are nothing but crimes, wilful crimes, whereas they -proceed necessarily out of the inborn nature of such -individuals.”—<span class="smcap">Norbert Grabowsky</span>, “Die verkehrte -Geschlechtsempfindung,” p. 16. Leipzig, 1894.</p> - -<p class="tb">Dr. <span class="smcap">Hirschfeld</span>, in his “Statistischen Untersuchunge -über den Prozentensatz der Homosexuellen,” -gives the result of various statistical investigations on -this subject; and their remarkable agreement enables -him to speak with some confidence. He says (p. 41), -“Now we <em>know</em> that we must reckon the numbers of -those who vary from the normal, not by fractions of -thousands but by fractions of hundreds. The fact -that, as a result of these circular enquiries and commissions -about the same figure has emerged (for the -proportion of exclusively homosexual persons), namely, -a figure in the neighbourhood of 1½ per cent.—this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span> -extraordinary agreement cannot possibly be a chance, -but must rest on a law—a law of nature—namely, that -only 90 to 95 per cent. of mankind are normally sexual -by birth; that about 1½ to 2 per cent. are born pure -homosexuals (say about 1,000,000 in Germany); and -that between the two classes there remain some 4 per -cent. who are bisexual by nature.”</p> - -<p>And again (p. 60), “But what do these figures show? -They show that of 100,000 inhabitants on the average -only 94,600 are sexually normal, while 5,400 vary from -the normal. Of these latter 1,500 are exclusively homosexual, -and 3,900 bisexual. While of these last again -700 are <em>predominantly</em> homosexual; so that of 100,000 -Germans, 2,200 (or 2.2 per cent.) are either exclusively -or predominantly homosexual—making 1,200,000 for -the whole German Fatherland.”</p> - -<p class="tb">“Sexual inversion has usually been regarded as -psycho-pathological, as a symptom of degeneration; -and those who exhibit it have been considered as physically -unfit. This view, however, is falling into disrepute, -especially as Krafft-Ebing, its principal champion, -abandoned it in the later editions of his work. None -the less, it is not generally recognised that sexual inverts -may be otherwise perfectly healthy, and with -regard to other social matters quite normal. When -they have been asked if they would have wished -matters to be different with them in this respect, they -almost invariably answer in the negative.”—<span class="smcap">O. Weininger</span>, -“Sex and Character,” ch. iv. Heinemann, -London, 1906.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span></p> - -<p class="tb">“It is a common belief that a male who experiences -love for his own sex must be despicable, degraded, -depraved, vicious, and incapable of humane or generous -sentiments. If Greek history did not contradict this -supposition, a little patient enquiry into contemporary -manners would suffice to remove it.”—<span class="smcap">J. Addington -Symonds</span>, “A Problem in Modern Ethics,” p. 10.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Mantegazza rightly insists that Urnings are found -by no means only among the dregs of the people, but -that they are rather to be noted in circles which in -respect of culture, wealth, and social position rank -among the first. Thus, among the aristocracy without -doubt a great number of Urnings are to be found.”—<span class="smcap">A. Moll</span>, -<cite>op. cit.</cite> p. 76.</p> - -<p class="tb">“In no rank are there so many Urnings as among -servants. One may say that every third male domestic -is an Urning.”—<span class="smcap">De Joux</span>, “Die Enterbten des Liebesglückes,” -p. 193. Leipzig, 1893.</p> - -<p class="tb">“It is therefore certain, as we have seen, that many -Urnings come from nervous or pathologically disposed -families.… All the same, I must say that there is -no proof to hand in <em>all</em> cases of sex-inversion among -men, that the individuals concerned are thus hereditarily -weighted. And besides, there is the consideration -that the extension, according to some authors, of hereditary -trouble is at present so great that one may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span> -prove a tendency to nervous or mental maladies in -almost everybody.”—<span class="smcap">A. Moll</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 221.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The truth is that we can no more explain the inverted -sex-feeling than we can the normal impulse; -all the attempts at explanation of these things, and -of Love, are defective.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 253.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Among the <i lang="fr">penchants</i> of Urnings one finds not -infrequently a great partiality for Art and Music—and -indeed, for active interest in the same as well as passive -enjoyment … the Actor’s talent is especially noticeable -among some.… But it must not be thought that -Urnings are only capable of a special activity of the -imagination. On the contrary, there are undoubted -cases in which they contribute something in the scientific -direction.… Also in Poetry do Urnings occasionally -show exceptional talent; especially in love-verses -addressed to men.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 80.</p> - -<p class="tb">“An examination of my cases [of Inverts] reveals the -interesting fact that 68 per cent. possess artistic aptitude -in varying degree. Galton found, from the investigation -of nearly 1,000 persons that the average showing artistic -tastes in England is only about 30 per cent.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock -Ellis</span>, “Sexual Inversion,” p. 173.</p> - -<p class="tb">“In Antiquity, especially among the Greeks, there -seem to have been numbers of men who in their -emotional natures were hermaphrodites. I think that -the study of psychical hermaphrodisy is most important,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> -and will throw yet greater light on the psychology -of Love itself. Observation so far already shows that -the same individual at differing times can experience -quite different sexual feelings.”—<span class="smcap">A. Moll</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, -p. 200.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The Urning is capable, through the force of his -love, of making the greatest sacrifices for his beloved, -and on that account the love of the Urning has been -often compared with Woman’s love. Just as the -Woman’s love is stronger and more devoted than that -of the normal man, just as it exceeds that of the Man -in inwardness, so, according to Ulrichs should the -Urning’s love in this respect stand higher than that -of the woman-loving Man.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 118.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Womanish men often know how to treat women -better than manly men do. Manly men, except in most -rare cases, learn how to deal with women only after -long experience, and even then most imperfectly.”—<span class="smcap">O. -Weininger</span>, “Sex and Character,” ch. v.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Is it really the case that all women and men are -marked off sharply from each other, the women on the -one hand alike in all points, the men on the other?… -There are transitional forms between the metals -and non-metals, between chemical combinations and -simple mixtures, between animals and plants, between -phanerogams and cryptogams, and between mammals -and birds.… The improbability may henceforth be -taken for granted of finding in Nature a sharp cleavage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> -between all that is masculine on the one side and -all that is feminine on the other; or that any living -being is so simple in this respect that it can be put -wholly on one side, or wholly on the other, of the line.”—<span class="smcap">Weininger</span>, -<cite>Ibid</cite>, introduction, p. 2.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Upon this, Chéron made a rather strange observation. -‘We have,’ she said, ‘with regard to sexual -distinctions, notions that were not dreamed of by the -primitive simplicity of the people of the age now gone -by. From the fact that there are two sexes, and only -two, they for a long time drew false inferences. They -concluded that a woman is simply a woman, and a -man simply a man. In reality this is not so; there -are women who are very much women, and women -who are very little so. Such differences, concealed in -former times by costume and mode of life, and masked -by prejudice, stand out clearly in our society. And -not only so, but they become more accentuated and -apparent in each generation.’”—<span class="smcap">Anatole France</span>, -“Sur la Pierre Blanche,” p. 301.</p> - -<p class="tb">“In <em>every</em> human being there are present both male -and female elements, only in normal persons (according -to their sex) the one set of elements is more -greatly developed than the other. The chief difference -in the case of homosexual persons is that in them the -male and female elements are more equalized; so that -when, in addition, the general development is of a -high grade, we find among this class the most perfect -types of humanity.”—Dr. <span class="smcap">Arduin</span>, “Die Frauenfrage,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> -in <cite lang="de">Jahrbuch der Sexuellen Zwischenstufen</cite>, vol. ii., -p. 217. Leipzig, 1900.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The notion that human beings were originally -hermaphroditic is both ancient and widespread. We -find it in the book of Genesis, unless indeed there be -a confusion here between two separate theories of -creation. God is said to have first made man in His -image, male and female in one body, and to have -bidden them multiply. Later on He created the woman -out of part of this primitive man.” (See also the myth -related by Aristophanes in Plato’s Symposium.)—<span class="smcap">Havelock -Ellis</span>, “Sexual Inversion,” p. 229.</p> - -<p class="tb">“When the sexual instinct first appears in early -youth, it seems to be much less specialised than normally -it becomes later. Not only is it, at the outset, -less definitely directed to a specific sexual end, but -even the sex of its object is sometimes uncertain.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, -p. 44.</p> - -<p class="tb">“In me the homosexual nature is singularly complete, -and is undoubtedly congenital. The most intense -delight of my childhood (even when a tiny boy in my -nurse’s charge) was to watch acrobats and riders at -the circus. This was not so much for the skilful feats -as on account of the beauty of their persons. Even -then I cared chiefly for the more lithe and graceful -fellows. People told me that circus actors were wicked -and would steal little boys, and so I came to look on -my favorites as half-devil and half-angel. When I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> -older and could go about alone, I would often hang -around the tents of travelling shows in hope of catching -a glimpse of the actors. I longed to see them -naked, without their tights, and used to lie awake at -night, thinking of them and longing to be embraced -and loved by them.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, “case” ix., p. 62.</p> - -<p class="tb">“I was fifteen years and ten-and-a-half months old -when the first erotic dream announced the arrival of -puberty. I had had no previous experience of sex-satisfaction, -either in the Urning direction or in any -other. This occurrence therefore came about quite -normally. From a much earlier time, however, I had -been subject partly to tender yearnings and partly to -sensual longing without definite form and purpose—the -two emotions being always separate from each -other and never experienced for one and the same -young man. These aimless sensual longings plagued -me often in hours of solitude; and I could not overcome -them. They showed themselves first, during my -fifteenth year, when I was at school at Detmold, in -the following two ways:—First, they were awakened -by a drawing in Normand’s “Saülen-ordnungen,” of -the figure of a Greek god or hero, standing there in -naked beauty. This image, a hundred times put -away, came again a hundred times before my mind. -(I need not say it did not <em>cause</em> the Urning temperament -in me; it merely awoke what was slumbering -there already—a thing that any other circumstance -might have done.) Secondly, when studying in my -little room, or when I lay upon my bed before going<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> -to sleep, the thought used suddenly and irresistibly -to rise up in my mind—“If only a soldier would -clamber through the window and come into my room!” -Then my imagination painted me a splendid soldier-figure -of twenty to twenty-two years old; and I was, -as it were, all on fire. And yet my thoughts were -quite vague, and undirected to any definite satisfaction; -nor had I ever spoken a word with a real soldier.”—<span class="smcap">K. -H. Ulrichs</span>, “Memnon,” §77. Leipzig, 1898. -See also “A Problem in Modern Ethics,” p. 73.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The friendships of this kind which I formed at -School were two in number—I shall never forget the -absorbing depth and intensity of them. I never talked -about them to anyone else, they were much too sacred -and serious for that, nor—strange as it may seem—did -I ever speak of them to the boys themselves, or -indeed, show any signs of affection towards them. If -they had been told that I was devoted to their welfare, -and willing to sacrifice myself and all I had to it -(which was indeed the fact) they would have been -simply astonished; more especially as they were both -young boys not yet arrived at puberty.</p> - -<p>“I am at present somewhat bitterly conscious that -in these cases one of the strongest influences for good -that ever came into my life was nine-tenths wasted. -How much better it all might have been under more -favourable surroundings it is impossible to imagine. -Still, it was not without its good influence on me, -though (owing to their complete ignorance of my -feelings) it could have had none whatever on the boys.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> -I was conscious of a bracing and inspiring effect on my -whole nature, a confirmed health of body, and most of -all, of a greatly increased capacity for work. And -doubtless all this might have been intensified a thousand -fold if I had been ever so little guided and -encouraged by public opinion sanctioning these friendships.</p> - -<p>“The Public School boy has after all strong feelings -of honour and fairness: and I am sure much might be -done by cultivating the Public Opinion of the school: -making devoted and disinterested friendships highly -thought of and praised, and condemning as base and -mean the least attempt to befoul a young boy’s purity -through a gross and selfish desire for personal gratification. -School public opinion would, I am sure, tend -quite readily to flow in such channels. But this would -demand an openness of treatment of the whole question -such as does not at present exist. That the -greatest force the schoolmaster has at his command -should be so ignored (and so needlessly) is more than -absurd: it is monstrous. And it concerns him as a -teacher quite as much as the boys themselves in their -relations with each other. I believe that gaining a -boy’s affection is the necessary preliminary to really -<em>teaching</em> him anything. Otherwise you do not really -teach him at all.”—<cite>Private letter.</cite></p> - -<p class="tb">“I could tell you a good deal of another equally -strong friendship I formed (myself twenty-five, boy -fourteen) which was one of the happiest events of my -life. It was acknowledged on both sides, but perfectly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> -restrained and pure: and we saw a great deal of each -other during most of the school holidays for about -a year. I could have done anything with that boy, -my influence over him was for the time being I should -say unlimited: and undoubtedly <em>immense</em> good accrued -to us both.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>.</p> - -<p class="tb">“In my own school-life—as a day scholar—I had -two such friendships, though of course in a day -school there was not the same possibility of their -development. One was with an elder boy some five -years my senior, and the other with a master some -twelve years older than myself. I was a shy, timid -youngster, and not having a robust physique did not -enter much into the ordinary athletics of the school. -My elder friend was a very delicate, gentle, refined -boy with a purity and loftiness of mind in striking -contrast to the filthy moral atmosphere of the school -at that time, but he was never censorious or self-righteous. -I feel that this friendship was the most -powerful influence in my early life in keeping a high -ideal of conduct before me—much more powerful than -the influence of home, which I do not think I was -at all conscious of.</p> - -<p>“After he left school, for Cambridge, we used to -write regularly to one another—long letters, hardly -ever less than three sheets in length. I remember -I used to think him the most handsome man I knew, -but looking now at his photo, taken about that time -and comparing it with others, I see that his features -were inferior to many others of my school-fellows.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> -At the end of his second year he died of consumption. -It was during the Long Vacation, and I was abroad at -the time. I remember I used to sit up late into the -night writing very long letters to him about all I had -seen, to interest him during his illness. I did not -know how ill he really was, but I had a terrible fear -that I should not see him again. When I got back -and found he had just died the shock was awful. For -weeks I felt as if I had not a friend in the whole -world. I have never felt any loss so keenly either -before or since.…</p> - -<p>“The other friendship with my mathematical master, -though not so intimate, was still of a very affectionate -character. I feel I owe a great deal to it—he -laid the foundation of my ideal of a teacher’s duty to -his pupils.”—<cite>Private letter.</cite></p> - -<p class="tb">“It is not new in itself; this, the feeling that drew -Jesus to John, or Shakespeare to the youth of the sonnets, -or that inspired the friendships of Greece, has -been with us before, and in the new citizenship we shall -need it again. The Whitmanic love of comrades is its -modern expression; Democracy—as socially, not politically -conceived—its basis. The thought as to how -much of the solidarity of labour and the modern Trade-Union -movement may be due to an unconscious faith -in this principle of comradeship, is no idle one. The -freer, more direct, and more genuine relationship -between men, which is implied by it, must be the ultimate -basis of the reconstructed Workshop.”—C. R.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> -<span class="smcap">Ashbee</span>, “Workshop Reconstruction and Citizenship,” -p. 160.</p> - -<p class="tb">A case of passionate attachment between two Indian -boys was told to the author of the present book -by a master at a school in India. The boys—who -were about sixteen years of age—were both at the -same school, and were devoted friends; but the day -came when they had to part. One was taken away -by his parents to go to a distant part of the country. -The other was inconsolable at the prospect. When -the day arrived, and his companion was removed, he -soon after went quietly to a well in the school precincts, -jumped in, and was drowned. The news, sent on by -wire, reached the departing friend while still on his -journey. He said little, but at one of the stations left -the train and disappeared. The train went on, but -at a little distance out, the boy ran out of the bushes -by the line, threw himself on the rails, and was killed.</p> - -<p class="tb">The following is taken from one of the “cases” -recorded by Havelock Ellis in his “Sexual Inversion”; -“The earliest sex-impression that I am conscious of -is at the age of nine or ten falling in love with a -handsome boy who must have been about two years -my senior. I do not recollect ever having spoken to -him, but my desire, as far as I can recall, was that he -should seize hold of and handle me. I have a distinct -impression yet of how pleasurable even physical pain -or cruelty would have been at his hands.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock -Ellis</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, “case” xiii., p. 71.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span></p> - -<p class="tb">“When I was about sixteen-and-a-half years old, -there came into the house a boy about two years -younger than myself, who became the absorbing -thought of my school-days. I do not remember a -moment, from the time I first saw him to the time -I left school, that I was not in love with him, and the -affection was reciprocated, if somewhat reservedly. -He was always a little ahead of me in books and -scholarship, but as our affection ripened we spent most -of our spare time together, and he received my advances -much as a girl who is being wooed, a little -mockingly perhaps, but with real pleasure. He allowed -me to fondle and caress him, but our intimacy never -went further than a kiss, and about that even was the -slur of shame; there was always a barrier between -us, and we never so much as whispered to one another -concerning those things of which all the school obscenely -talked.”—<cite>Same case</cite>, p. 73.</p> - -<p class="tb">“At the age of twenty-one I began gradually to -remark that I was not somehow like my comrades, that -I had no pleasure in male occupations, that smoking, -drinking, and card-playing gave me little satisfaction, -and that I had a real death-horror of a brothel. And, -as a matter of fact, I had never been in one, as on -every occasion under some pretext or other I have succeeded -in stealing off. I now began to think about -myself; I felt myself frightfully desolate, miserable -and unfortunate, and longed for a friend of the same -nature as myself—yet without dreaming that there -could be other such men. At the age of twenty-two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> -I came to know a young man who at last cleared up -my mind about sexual inversion and those affected -with it, since he—an Urning, like myself—had fallen -in love with me. The scales fell from my eyes, and -I bless the day which brought light to me.… Towards -woman in her sexual relation I feel a real -horror, which the exercise of all my strongest powers -of imagination would not avail to overcome; and -indeed, I have never attempted to overcome it, since -I am quite persuaded of the fruitlessness of such an -attempt, which to me appears sinful and unnatural.”—<span class="smcap">Krafft-Ebing</span>, -“Psychopathia Sexualis,” 7th edition, -“case” No. 122, p. 291. Stuttgart, 1892.</p> - -<p class="tb">“I can no longer exist without men’s love; without -such I must ever remain at strife with myself.… If -marriage between men existed I believe I should not -be afraid of a life-long union—a thing which with a -woman seems to be something impossible.… -Since, however, this kind of love is reckoned criminal, -by its satisfaction I can be at harmony with myself -but never with the world, and necessarily in consequence -must ever be somewhat out of tune; and all -the more so because my character is open, and I hate -lies of all kinds. This torment, to have always to conceal -everything, has forced me to confess my anomaly -to a few friends, of whose understanding and reticence -I am sure. Although oftentimes my condition seems -to me sad enough, by reason of the difficulty of satisfaction -and the general contempt of manly love, yet -I am often just a little proud on account of having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> -these anomalous feelings. Naturally, I shall never -marry—but this seems to me by no means a misfortune, -although I am fond of family life, and up to now -have passed my time only among my own relations. -I live in the hope that later I shall have a permanent -loved one; such indeed I must have, else would the -future seem gray and drear, and every object which -folk usually pursue—honour, high position, etc.—only -vain and unattractive.</p> - -<p>“Should this hope not be fulfilled, I know that -I should be unable, permanently and with pleasure, -to give myself to my calling, and that I should be -capable of setting aside everything in order to gain -the love of a man. I feel no longer any moral scruples -on account of my anomalous leaning, and generally -have never been troubled because I felt myself drawn -to youths.… Up to now it has only seemed to me -bad and immoral to do that which is injurious to -another, or which I would not wish done to myself, -and in this respect I can say that I try as much as -possible not to infringe on the rights of others, and -am capable of being violently roused by any injustice -done to others.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 249, “case” No. 110 (official -in a factory, age 31).</p> - -<p class="tb">“My thoughts are by no means exclusively of the -body or morbidly sensual. How often at the sight of -a handsome youth does a deeply enthusiastic mood -come upon me, and I offer a prayer, so to speak, in -the glorious words of Heine—”Du bist wie eine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> -Blume, so hold, so schön, so rein“.… Never has -a young man yet guessed my love for him, I have -never corrupted or damaged the morals of one, but -for many have I here and there smoothed their pathway; -and then I stick at no trouble and make sacrifices -such as I can only make for them.</p> - -<p>“When thus I have a chance to have a loved friend -near me, to teach, to support and help, when my -unconfest love finds a loving response (though naturally -not sexual), then all the unclean images fade more -and more from my mind. Then does my love become -almost platonic, and lifts itself up—only to sink again -in the mire, when it is deprived of its proper activity.</p> - -<p>“For the rest, I am—and I can say it without boasting—not -one of the worst of men. Mentally more -sensitive than most average folk, I take interest in -everything that moves mankind. I am kindly-disposed, -tender, and easily moved to pity, can do no injury to -any animal, certainly not to a human being, but on the -contrary am active in a human-friendly way, where -and however I can.</p> - -<p>“Though then before my own conscience I cannot -reproach myself, and though I must certainly reject -the judgment of the world about us, yet I suffer -greatly. In very truth I have injured no one; and -I hold my love in its nobler activity for just as holy -as that of normally disposed men, but under the unhappy -fate that allows us neither sufferance nor recognition, -I suffer often more than my life can bear.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, -p. 268, “case” No. 114.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span></p> - -<p class="tb">“To depict all the misery, all the unfortunate situations, -the constant dread of being found out in one’s -peculiarity and of becoming impossible in society—to -give an idea of all this is truly more than pen or -words can compass. The very thought, so soon as it -arises, of losing one’s social existence and of being -rejected by everybody is more torment than can be -imagined. In such a case, everything, everything would -be forgotten that one had ever done in the way of -good; in the consciousness of his lofty morality every -normally disposed man would puff himself up, however -frivolously he might really have acted in the matter of -his love. I know many such normal folk whose unworthy -conception of their love is indeed hard for me -to understand.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 269.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The torturing images of betrayed love prevent -my sleeping, so that I am forced, now and again, to -have recourse to chloral. My dreams are only a continuation -of actual life, and just as painful. How all -this will end I really know not; but I suppose these -root-emotions must take their own course.… The -only reasonable end of the struggle is Death.”—<span class="smcap">A. -Moll</span>, “Conträre Sexualempfindung,” 2nd edition, -p. 123 (quotation from a letter).</p> - -<p class="tb">“Weary and worn, I have passed through every -tempest of anguish and despair. Years of the most -racking mental agony have gone over my head without -killing me. Through the long night watches I have -heard the unceasing hours toll. Sleep has never been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> -thought of by me, but I have lain on my bed trying -to read some book, or have knelt by my bedside and -endeavoured to raise my heart and spirit in prayer -for succour or forgiveness. At last, unable to hold out -any longer, with mouth tight-closed and knitted brow -the Charmer has deadened my senses for one or two -brief hours; but only that I may wake to a stronger -and clearer perception of my hopeless condition.</p> - -<p>“How the days have got on I know not. How I can -have lived so long through such misery I know not. -But torture like this is cruelly slow, whilst it is sure. -It is the nature of youth to be long-enduring where -Love is put to the test and a kind of occasional flicker—a -kind of mocking semblance of hope, as like to -hope as the rushing meteor is to the enduring sun—helps -to support the load of misery, and so to prolong -it. I am hundreds of years old in this my wretchedness -of every moment. I cannot battle against Love -and crush it out—never! God has implanted the -necessity of the sentiment in my heart; it is scarce -possible not to ask oneself why has He implanted so -divine an element in my nature, which is doomed to -die unsatisfied, which is destined in the end to be -my very death?”—<cite>From a manuscript left to the -Author by an Urning.</cite></p> - -<p class="tb"><span class="smcap">H. Ellis</span>, in Appendix D. of his book on “Sexual -Inversion,” speaks at some length on the School-friendships -of girls: what they call “Flames” and -“Raves”; of love at first sight; romance; courtship; -meetings despite all obstacles; long letters; jealousy;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span> -the writing the beloved’s name everywhere, etc. These -alliances are sometimes sexual, but oftener not so—though -full of “psychic erethism.”</p> - -<p class="tb">In the same Appendix he quotes a woman of thirty-three, -who writes, “At fourteen I had my first case -of love, but it was with a girl. It was insane, intense -love, but had the same quality and sensations as my -first love with a man at eighteen. In neither case was -the object idealized: I was perfectly aware of their -faults; nevertheless, my whole being was lost, immersed, -in their existence. The first lasted two years, -the second seven years. No love has since been so -intense, but now these two persons, though living, are -no more to me than the veriest stranger.”</p> - -<p class="tb">Another woman of thirty-five writes, “Girls between -the ages of fourteen and eighteen at college or girls’ -schools often fall in love with the same sex. This is -not friendship. The loved one is older, more advanced, -more charming or beautiful. When I was a freshman -in college I knew at least thirty girls who were in love -with a senior. Some sought her because it was the -fashion, but I knew that my own homage and that of -many others was sincere and passionate. I loved her -because she was brilliant and utterly indifferent to -the love shown her. She was not pretty, though at the -time we thought her beautiful. One of her adorers, -on being slighted, was ill for two weeks. On her return -she was speaking to me when the object of our admiration -came into the room. The shock was too great,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> -and she fainted. When I reached the senior year -I was the recipient of languishing glances, original -verses, roses, and passionate letters written at midnight -and three in the morning.”</p> - -<p class="tb">“Passionate friendships among girls, from the most -innocent to the most elaborate excursions in the direction -of Lesbos, are extremely common in theatres, both -among actresses, and even more among chorus and -ballet-girls.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis</span>, “Sexual Inversion,” -p. 130.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The love of homosexual women is often very -passionate, as is that of Urnings. Just like these, the -former often feel themselves blessed when they love -happily. Nevertheless, to many of them, as to the -Urning, is the circumstance very painful that in consequence -of their antipathy to the touch of the male -they are not in the position to found a family. Sometimes, -when the love of a homosexual woman is not -responded to, serious disturbances of the nerve-system -may ensue, leading even to paroxysms of fury.”—<span class="smcap">A. -Moll</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 338.</p> - -<p class="tb">“It is noteworthy how many inverted women have, -with more or less fraud, been married to the woman -of their choice, the couple living happily together for -long periods. I know of one case, probably unique, -in which the ceremony was gone through without any -deception on any side; a congenitally inverted English -woman of distinguished intellectual ability, now dead, -was attached to the wife of a clergyman, who, in full<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> -cognisance of all the facts of the case, privately married -the two ladies in his own church.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock -Ellis</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 146, footnote.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Seven or eight girls, we are told (in Montaigne’s -‘Journal du Voyage en Italie,’ 1350), belonging to -Chaumont, resolved to dress and to work as men; one -of these came to Vitry to work as a weaver, and was -looked upon as a well-conditioned young man, and -liked by everyone. At Vitry she became betrothed -to a woman, but, a quarrel arising, no marriage took -place. Afterwards, ‘she fell in love with a woman -whom she married, and with whom she lived for four or -five months, to the wife’s great contentment, it is said; -but having been recognised by some one from Chaumont, -and brought to justice, she was condemned to -be hanged. She said she would even prefer this to -living again as a girl, and was hanged for using illicit -inventions to supply the defects of her sex’.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, -p. 119.</p> - -<p class="tb">“It is evident that there must be some radical causes -for the frequency of homosexuality among prostitutes. -One such cause doubtless lies in the character of the -prostitute’s relations with men; these relations are -of a professional character, and, as the business element -becomes emphasized, the possibility of sexual -satisfaction diminishes; at the best also there lacks -the sense of social equality, the feeling of possession, -and scope for the exercise of feminine affection and -devotion.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 149.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span></p> - -<p class="tb">“Among the inscribed prostitutes of Berlin there -are without doubt a great number who honour the love -of women. I am told from well-informed sources, that -about twenty-five per cent. of the prostitutes of Berlin -have relations with other women.”—<span class="smcap">A. Moll</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, -p. 331.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (born in 1825 near Aurich), -who for many years expounded and defended homosexual -love, and whose views are said to have had some -influence in drawing Westphal’s attention to the matter, -was a Hanoverian legal official (Amts-assessor), himself -sexually inverted. From 1864 onward, at first -under the name of ‘Numa Numantius,’ and subsequently -under his own name, Ulrichs published in -various parts of Germany a long series of works dealing -with this question, and made various attempts to -obtain a revision of the legal position of the sexual -invert in Germany.</p> - -<p>“Although not a writer whose psychological views -can carry much scientific weight, Ulrichs appears to -have been a man of most brilliant ability, and his -knowledge is said to have been of almost universal -extent; he was not only well-versed in his own special -subjects of jurisprudence and theology, but in many -branches of natural science, as well as in archæology; -he was also regarded by many as the best Latinist of -his time. In 1880 he left Germany and settled in -Naples, and afterwards at Aquila in the Abruzzi, -whence he issued a Latin periodical. He died in -1895.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 33.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span></p> - -<p class="tb">Ulrichs enters into an elaborate classification of -human types, with a corresponding nomenclature, -which, though somewhat ponderous, has been of use. -Among males, for instance, he distinguishes the quite -normal man, whom he calls “Dioning,” from the invert, -whom he calls “Urning.” Among Urnings, again, -he distinguishes (1) those who are thoroughly manly -in appearance and in mental habit and character -(“Mannlings”), and who tend to love softer and -younger specimens of their own sex; (2) those who -are effeminate in appearance and cast of mind (“Weiblings”), -and who love rougher and older men; and -(3) those who are of a medium type (“Zwischen -Urnings”) and love young men. Then again there is -the “Urano-dioning,” who is born with a capacity -of love in both directions, <i>i.e.</i>, for women and for men. -He is generally of the manly type. And besides these, -some sub-species, like the “Uraniaster,” who is a normal -man who has contracted the Urning habit, and -the “Virilised Urning,” who is an Urning who has -contracted the normal habit, though this is not really -natural to him! The whole may be set out in a table -as follows:—<br /><br /></p> - -<table summary="Men according to Ulrichs" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height:.95em;" border="0"> - <tr> - <td rowspan="6">The Human Male</td> - <td rowspan="6"><b>⎛<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎝</b></td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><p class="indent">(<i>a</i>) Normal Man or Dioning—called - Uraniaster when he acquires Urning tendencies.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="4">(<i>b</i>) Urning</td> - <td rowspan="4"><b>⎛<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎝</b></td> - <td>1. Mannling.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2. Zwischen-Urning.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>3. Weibling.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><p class="indent">4. Also called Virilised Urning when he acquires the normal habit.</p></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3">(<i>c</i>) Urano-dioning.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span></p> - -<p>If we add to this a corresponding table for the -female we shall have an idea of the complication of -Ulrichs’ system! Yet, complex as it is, and whatever -criticisms we may make upon it, we must allow that -it does not exceed the complexity of the real facts of -Nature. (See <span class="smcap">K. H. Ulrichs</span>’ “Memnon,” ch. iii.-v.)</p> - -<p class="tb">Krafft-Ebing’s analysis of the subject is fully as -elaborate as that of Ulrichs. It is given by <span class="smcap">J. A. -Symonds</span> in the form of a table, as follows:—<br /><br /></p> - -<table summary="Symonds' table of Krafft-Ebing’s classifications" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height:.95em;" border="0"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="7">Sexual Inversion</td> - <td rowspan="7"><b>⎛<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎝</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="2">Acquired</td> - <td rowspan="2"><b>⎛<br />⎢<br />⎝</b></td> - <td colspan="4">Persistent.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="4">Episodical.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="4">Congenital</td> - <td rowspan="4"><b>⎛<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎢<br />⎝</b></td> - <td colspan="3">Psychic Hermaphrodites.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td rowspan="2">Urnings</td> - <td rowspan="2"><b>⎛<br />⎝</b></td> - <td>Male Habitus (Mannlings).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Female Habitus (Weiblings).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2">Androgyni.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><br />And Symonds continues:—“What is the rational -explanation of the facts presented to us by the analysis -which I have formulated in this table, cannot as yet be -thoroughly determined. We do not know enough -about the law of sex in human beings to advance a -theory. Krafft-Ebing and writers of his school are -at present inclined to refer them all to diseases of the -nervous centres, inherited, congenital, excited by -early habits of self-abuse. The inadequacy of this -method I have already attempted to set forth; and -I have also called attention to the fact that it does not -sufficiently account for the phenomena known to us -through history and through every-day experience.” -[It should be noted that in later editions of his book -Krafft-Ebing considerably modifies the view that these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span> -sex-variations all indicate disease.]—“A Problem in -Modern Ethics,” p. 46.</p> - -<p class="tb">Moll, speaking of the act so commonly credited to -Urnings (sodomy), says:—“The common assumption -is that the intercourse of Urnings consists in this. But -it is a great error to suppose that this act is so frequent -among them.”—<span class="smcap">A. Moll</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 139.</p> - -<p class="tb">And Krafft-Ebing also speaks of it as rare among -true Urnings, though not uncommon among old roués -and debauchees of more normal temperament.—“Psychopathia -Sexualis,” 7th edition, p. 258.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The Urning denies not only the ‘unnaturalness’ -of his leanings, but also their pathological character; -he protests against comparison with the lame and the -deaf. The occasional coincidence of sexual inversion -with other really morbid conditions settles nothing, -nor is the reminder that it is antagonistic to the purpose -of race-propagation a proof; for who can assure -us that Nature has intended all people for race-propagation? -Even to the worker-bee Nature has not granted -this function, although in her stunted female sex-organs -there exists an undeniable indication or suggestion -of sex-feeling.”—<span class="smcap">A. Moll</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 271. (From -a letter by a sixty year old Urning.)</p> - -<p class="tb">“Homosexuality, therefore, might be described as -an abnormal variety of the sex-impulse, but hardly as -a morbid variety. If you like, it might be termed an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> -arrest of development or a kind of reversion. And -this is quite in accord with the fact that the best experts -in the subject have so far not discovered more psychic -abnormalities among homosexuals than among heterosexuals—nor -more degeneracy or signs of degeneracy.”—Consulting-Physician -Dr. <span class="smcap">Paul Naecke</span>, in <cite lang="de">Der -Tag</cite>, 26th Oct., 1907.</p> - -<p class="tb">“As a result of these considerations Ulrichs concludes -that there is no real ground for the persecution -of Urnings except such as may be found in the repugnance -felt by the vast numerical majority for an insignificant -minority. The majority encourages matrimony, -condones seduction, sanctions prostitution, legalises -divorce, in the interest of its own sexual proclivities. -It makes temporary or permanent unions illegal for the -minority whose inversion of instinct it abhors. And -this persecution, in the popular mind at any rate, is -justified, like many other inequitable acts of prejudice -or ignorance, by theological assumptions and the so-called -mandates of revelation.”—“A Problem in -Modern Ethics,” p. 83.</p> - -<p class="tb">“We understand by ‘homosexual’ a person who -feels himself drawn to individuals of the same sex by -feelings of real love. Whether or not he acts in accordance -with this homosexual feeling is, from the scientific -standpoint, beside the question. Just as there are -normal folk who live chastely, so there are homosexual -persons whose love bears a distinctly psychic, ideal -and ‘platonic’ character.…</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span></p> - -<p>“The feminine impress, in the case of homosexual -men, is in general best indicated by the presence of -greater sensitiveness and receptivity, also by the dominance -of the emotional life, by a strong artistic sense, -especially in the direction of music, often too by a -tendency to mysticism, and by various inclinations and -habits feminine in the good or less good sense of the -word. This blending of temperament, however, does -not make the homosexual as such a less worthy person. -He is indeed not of the same nature as the heterosexual, -but he is of equal worth.”—Dr <span class="smcap">M. Hirschfeld’s</span> -evidence as medical specialist in the Moltké-Harden -trial.</p> - -<p class="tb">“One serious objection to recognising and tolerating -sexual inversion has always been that it tends to -check the population. This was a sound political and -social argument in the time of Moses, when a small -militant tribe needed to multiply to the full extent of -its procreative capacity. It is by no means so valid -in our age, when the habitable portions of the globe -are rapidly becoming overcrowded. Moreover, we must -bear in mind that society under the existing order sanctions -female prostitution, whereby men and women, -though normally procreative, are sterilized to an indefinite -extent.”—<span class="smcap">J. A. Symonds</span>, “A Problem in -Modern Ethics,” p. 82.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Before Justinian, both Constantine and Theodosius -passed laws against sexual inversion, committing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> -offenders to ‘avenging flames.’ But these statutes -were not rigidly enforced, and modern opinion on the -subject may be said to flow from Justinian’s legislation. -Opinion, in matters of custom and manners, always -follows law. Though Imperial edicts could not eradicate -a passion which is inherent in human nature, they -had the effect of stereotyping extreme punishments in -all the codes of Christian nations, and of creating -a permanent social antipathy.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 13.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Our modern attitude is sometimes traced back to -the Jewish Law and its survival in St. Paul’s opinion on -this matter. But the Jewish Law itself had a foundation. -Wherever the enlargement of the population -becomes a strongly-felt social need—as it was among -the Jews in their exaltation of family life, and as it was -when the European populations were constituted—there -homosexuality has been regarded as a crime, -even punishable with death.… It was in the fourth -century at Rome that the strong modern opposition -to it was formulated in law. The Roman race had -long been decaying; sexual perversions of all kinds -flourished; the population was dwindling. At the -same time Christianity with its Judaic-Pauline antagonism -to homosexuality was rapidly spreading. The -statesmen of the day, anxious to quicken the failing -pulses of national life, utilised this powerful Christian -feeling. Constantine, Theodosius, Valentinian, all -passed laws against homosexuality—the last, at all -events, ordaining as a penalty the <i lang="la">vindices flammæ</i>.” -<span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 206.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p> - -<p class="tb">“At the present time, shoemakers, who make shoes -to measure, deal more rationally with individuals than -our teachers and school-masters do, in their application -to moral principles. The sexually intermediate forms -of individuals are treated exactly as if they were good -examples of the ideal male or female types. There is -wanted an ‘orthopædic’ treatment of the soul, instead -of the torture caused by the application of ready-made -conventional shapes. The present system stamps out -much that is original, uproots much that is truly natural, -and distorts much into artificial and unnatural -forms.”—<span class="smcap">O. Weininger</span>, “Sex and Character,” ch. v.</p> - -<p class="tb">“What is new in my view is that according to it -homosexuality cannot be regarded as an atavism or as -due to arrested embryonic development, or to incomplete -differentiation of sex; it cannot be regarded as an -anomaly of rare occurrence interpolating itself in -customary complete separation of the sexes. Homosexuality -is merely the sexual condition of those intermediate -sexual forms that stretch from one ideal sexual -condition to the other ideal sexual condition. In my -view, all actual organisms have both homosexuality and -heterosexuality.”—<span class="smcap">O. Weininger</span>, “Sex and Character,” -ch. iv.</p> - -<p class="tb">“How is it then that in our age reputed so philanthropic, -whole classes of men, on account of inborn -mental abnormalities, are marked down and banned, -frantically persecuted, publicly branded, and threatened -with the severest legal penalties? Any one would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> -hardly believe what gross cases of justiciary murder, -morally speaking, still take place in this matter even -at the end of the nineteenth century. To the pitiful -ignorance of the judges, to the thousand inherited -prejudices of public opinion, as well as to the mental -slavery of legislative bodies, must it be ascribed that -the penal code of most civilised states is still in great -measure formulated in the gloomy spirit of the Middle -Ages.”—O. de <span class="smcap">Joux</span>, “Die Enterbten des Liebesglückes,” -p. 16.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Up till now homosexual humanity has found itself -in a peculiar position. Its mouth was closed, it could -not speak. It was bound hand and foot and could not -move. But now there has come an important change. -Science has taken the part of these folk and defended -their honour … I protest therefore earnestly that -these men, whether by means of the Law or any other -means, should no longer be branded in the name of -Christianity.”—From a letter written by a Catholic -priest in reply to a circular sent by the Humane-Science -Committee of Berlin. (See “Jahrbuch der -Sexuellen Zwischenstufen,” vol. ii., p. 177.)</p> - -<p class="tb">“Thus the very basest of all trades, that of <em>chantage</em> -[blackmailing] is encouraged by the law.… The -miserable persecuted wretch, placed between the alternative -of paying money down or of becoming socially -impossible, losing a valued position, and seeing dishonour -burst upon himself and family, pays; and still -the more he pays the greedier becomes the vampire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> -who sucks his life-blood, until at last there lies nothing -else before him except total financial ruin or disgrace. -Who will be astonished if the nerves of an individual -in this position are not equal to the horrid strain? -In some cases the nerves give way altogether.… Alter -the law and instead of increasing vice you will -diminish it. The temptation to ply a disgraceful profession -with the object of extorting money would be -removed.”—“A Problem in Modern Ethics,” pp. 56 -and 86.</p> - -<p class="tb">“You will rightly infer that it is difficult for me to -say exactly how I regard (morally) the homosexual -tendency. Of this much, however, I am certain that -even if it were possible I would not exchange my -inverted nature for a normal one. I suspect that the -sexual emotions and even inverted ones have a more -subtle significance than is generally attributed to them; -but modern moralists either fight shy of transcendental -interpretations or see none, and I am ignorant and -unable to solve the mystery these feelings seem to -imply.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 65, “case” ix.</p> - -<p class="tb">“I cannot regard my sexual feelings as unnatural -or abnormal, since they have disclosed themselves so -perfectly naturally and spontaneously within me. All -that I have read in books or heard spoken about the -ordinary sexual love, its intensity and passion, life-long -devotion, love at first sight, etc., seems to me to be -easily matched by my own experiences in homosexual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> -form; and with regard to the morality of this complex -subject, my feeling is that it is the same as should prevail -in love between man and woman, namely: that no -bodily satisfaction should be sought at the cost of -another person’s distress or degradation. I am sure that -this kind of love is, notwithstanding the physical difficulties -that attend it, as deeply stirring and ennobling as -the other kind, if not more so; and I think that for a -perfect relationship the actual sex-gratifications (whatever -they may be) probably hold a less important place -in this love than in the other.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, “case” vii., -p. 58.</p> - -<p class="tb">“I grew older, I entered my professional studies, -and I was very diligent with them. I lived in a great -capital, I moved much in general society. I had a -large and lively group of friends. But always, over -and over, I realised that, in the kernel, at the very -root and fibre of myself, there was the throb and glow, -the ebb and the surge, the seeking as in a vain dream -to realise again that passion of friendship which could -so far transcend the cold modern idea of the tie; the -Over-Friendship, the Love-Friendship of Hellas, which -meant that between man and man could exist—the -sexual-psychic love. That was still possible! I knew -that now. I had read it in the verses or the prose of -the Greek or Latin or Oriental authors who have -written out every shade of its beauty or unloveliness, -its worth or debasement—from Theokritos to Martial, -or Abu-Nuwas, to Platen, Michel-Angelo, Shakespeare. -I had learned it from the statues of sculptors—in those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> -lines so often vivid with a merely physical male beauty—works -which beget, which sprang from, the sense of -it in a race. I had half-divined it in the music of a -Beethoven and a Tschaikowsky before knowing facts -in the life-stories of either of them—or of an hundred -other tone-autobiographists. And I had recognised -what it all meant to most people to-day—from the -disgust, scorn, and laughter of my fellow-men when -such an emotion was hinted at.”—<cite>Imre: a memorandum</cite>, -by <span class="smcap">Xavier Mayne</span>, p. 110. Naples, R. Rispoli, -1906.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Presently, during that same winter, accident opened -my eyes wider to myself. Since then, I have needed -no further knowledge from the Tree of my Good and -Evil. I met with a mass of serious studies, German, -Italian, French, English, from the chief European -specialists and theorists on the similisexual topic; many -of them with quite other views than those of my well-meaning -but far too conclusive Yankee doctor (who -had recommended marriage as a cure). I learned of -the much-discussed theories of ‘secondary sexes’ and -‘intersexes.’ I learned of the theories and facts of -homosexualism, of the Uranian Love, of the Uranian -race, of the ‘Sex within a Sex.’ … I came to know -their enormous distribution all over the world to-day; -and of the grave attention that European scientists and -jurists have been devoting to problems concerned with -homosexualism. I could pursue intelligently the growing -efforts to set right the public mind as to so ineradicable -and misunderstood a phase of humanity.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> -I realised that I had always been a member of that -hidden brotherhood and Sub-Sex, or Super-Sex. In -wonder too I informed myself of its deep instinctive -freemasonries—even to organised ones—in every social -class, every land, and every civilisation.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, pp. -134, 135.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Thus in sexual inversion we have what may be -fairly called a ‘sport’ or variation, one of those organic -aberrations which we see throughout living nature, in -plants and in animals.”… “All these organic variations -which I have here mentioned to illustrate sexual -inversion, are abnormalities. It is important that we -should have a clear idea as to what abnormality is. -Many people imagine that what is abnormal is necessarily -diseased. That is not the case, unless we give -the word disease an inconveniently and illegitimately -wide extension. It is both inconvenient and inexact to -speak of colour-blindness, criminality and genius as -diseases in the same sense as we speak of scarlet fever, -tuberculosis, or general paralysis as diseases.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock -Ellis</span>, <cite>op. cit.</cite>, p. 186.</p> - -<p class="tb">“I have had for some time past a theory about this -‘Homogenic’ business—I do not suppose it is new—but -it is that when man reaches a certain stage of -development and approaches the totality of Human -Nature, there gets to exist in him, though subordinately -at first, a female element as well as a male. That is to -say that as he passes the various barriers, he passes the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> -barrier of sex too, on his way to become the complete -Human—the Universal.”—<cite>From a private letter.</cite></p> - -<p class="tb">“Great geniuses, men like Goethe, Shakespeare, -Shelley, Byron, Darwin, all had the feminine soul very -strongly developed in them.… As we are continually -meeting in cities women who are one-quarter, or one-eighth, -or so on, <em>male</em> … so there are in the Inner -Self similar half-breeds, all adapting themselves to -circumstances with perfect ease. The Greeks recognised -that such a being could exist even in harmony -with Nature, and so beautified and idealised it as -Sappho.”—<span class="smcap">Charles G. Leland</span>, “The Alternate -Sex,” pp. 41, and 57. London, 1904.</p> - -<p class="tb">“I have considered and inquired into this question -for many years; and it has long been my settled -conviction that no breach of morality is involved in -homosexual love; that, like every other passion, it -tends, when duly understood and controlled by spiritual -feeling, to the physical and moral health of the -individual and the race, and that it is only its brutal -perversions which are immoral. I have known many -persons more or less the subjects of this passion, -and I have found them a particularly high-minded, -upright, refined, and (I must add) pure-minded class -of men.”—<i>Communicated by <span class="antiqua">Professor ——</span> in Appendix -to</i> <span class="smcap">Havelock Ellis’s</span> “Sexual Inversion,” -p. 240.</p> - -<p class="tb">“What from the beginning struck me most, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> -now appears perfectly clear and indeed necessary is -that among the homosexuals there is found the <em>most</em> -remarkable class of men, namely, those whom I call -<em>supervirile</em>. These men stand by virtue of the special -variation of their soul-material, just as much above -Man, as the normal sex man does above Woman. -Such an individual is able to bewitch men by his soul-aroma, -as they—though passively—bewitch him. But -as he always lives in men’s society, and men, so to -speak, sit at his feet, it comes about that such a supervirile -often climbs the very highest steps of spiritual -evolution, of social position, and of manly capacity. -Hence it arises that the most famous names of the -world and the history of culture stand rightly or -wrongly on the list of homosexuals. Names like Alexander -the Great, Socrates, Plato, Julius Cæsar, Michel -Angelo, Charles XII. of Sweden, William of Orange, -and so forth. Not only is this so, but it must be so. -As certainly as a woman’s hero remains a spiritually -inferior man, must a man’s hero—well <em>be</em> a man’s -hero, if in any way he has the stuff for it.</p> - -<p>“Consequently the German penal code, in stamping -homosexuality as a crime, puts the highest blossoms -of humanity on the proscription list.”—Professor -Dr. <span class="smcap">Jaeger</span>, “Die Entdeckung der Seele,” pp. 268, -269.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The licentious or garrulous or morbid types of -inverts have been so honoured with publicity that the -other types are even yet little known. The latter, -in the maturity of their intellectual and moral nature,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> -cease to look upon sex as the pivot of the universe. -They cease to repine about their lot. They have their -mission to fulfil here below, and they try to fulfil it as -best they can. In the same way we find there are -heterosexual (or normal) folk who at a certain stage of -their growth free themselves from the sexual life.—<span class="smcap">M. -A. Raffalovich</span>, “Uranisme et Unisexualité,” -p. 74.</p> - -<p class="tb">“The well-bred, highly-cultured Urning is a complete -Idealist; matter is for him only a symbol of -thought, and the actual only the living expression of -the Invisible.”—<span class="smcap">De Joux</span>, “Die Enterbten des Liebesglückes,” -p. 46.</p> - -<p class="tb">“As nature and social law are so cruel as to impose -a severe celibacy on him his whole being is consequently -of astonishing freshness and superb purity, -and his manners of life modest as those of a saint—a -thing which, in the case of a man in blooming health -and moving about in the world, is certainly very -unusual.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 41.</p> - -<p class="tb">“If the soul of woman in its usual form represents -a secret closed with seven seals, it is—when prisoned -in the sturdy body of a man and fused with some of -the motives of manhood, a far more enigmatic scripture -of whose sibylline meaning one can never be -really sure. Only the Urning can understand the -Urning.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 63.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span></p> - -<p class="tb">“Because they (Urnings) themselves are of a very -complex nature and put together of opposing elements, -they seek out and love the simple, plain, and straightforward -natures. Because they continually suffer from -the rebellion of their desires against good taste and -morals, they often long for a barbaric freedom. And -because their every emotion is cut short, distracted, -and worn out by the thousand doubts and suspicions -of their Urning-minds, they gather to themselves men -who are wont to live straight from feeling to action, -and who work from untamed masterly instincts, as -sure as the animals.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 97.</p> - -<p class="tb">“It is true that we are often inferior to normal men -in force of will, worldly wisdom, and sense of duty; -but on the other hand, in depth and delicacy of feeling -and every virtue of the heart, we are far superior. -We cannot <em>love</em> women, but we lament with them, and -help them on the hearth and by the cradle, in need and -loneliness, as their most unselfish friends.… We do -not despise women because they are weak, for we are -much clearer-sighted, much less prejudiced than the so-called -lords of creation, much nobler, more helpful, -and just-minded than they.… Anyhow, if either of -the sexes has cause to withhold its respect in any -degree from the other—which has the most cause? -Say what you will of them, the second and third sexes—women -and Urnings—are ever so much better than -the brutal egotistical Men, who to-day are plunged in -grossest materialism; for, with whatever corruption, -both the former are still of purer heart, easier kindled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> -towards whatever is good, and more capable of genuine -enthusiasm and love of their fellows, than the -latter.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 204.</p> - -<p class="tb">“Embodying as he does Love, Patience, Renunciation, -Humility and Mildness, the Urning should seek -to soothe with his gentle hand all hurts, and to heal -all wounds, which are the results of weak Man’s -original sinfulness. The tender emotions in his breast, -his all too soft and easily troubled heart, his delicate -sensitiveness and receptiveness of all that is lofty and -pure, his mildness, goodness and inexhaustible patience—all -these divine gifts of his soul point clearly to the -conclusion that the great framer of the world meant -to create in Urnings a noble priesthood, a race of -Samaritans, a severely pure order of men, in order to -offer a strong counterpoise to the immoral tendencies -of the human race, which increase with its increasing -culture.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 253.</p> - -<p class="tb">“When I review the cases I have brought forward -and the mental history of the inverted I have known, -I am inclined to say that if we can enable an invert to -be healthy, self-restrained and self-respecting, we have -often done better than to convert him to the mere -feeble simulacrum of a normal man. An appeal to -the <i lang="el">paiderastia</i> of the best Greek days, and the dignity, -temperance, even chastity, which it involved, -will sometimes find a ready response in the emotional -enthusiastic nature of the congenital invert. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> -‘manly’ love celebrated by Walt Whitman in ‘Leaves -of Grass,’ although it may be of more doubtful value -for general use, furnishes a wholesome and robust -ideal to the invert who is insensitive to normal ideals. -It is by some such method of self-treatment as this -that most of the more highly intelligent men and -women whose histories I have already briefly recorded -have at last slowly and instinctively reached a condition -of relative health and peace, physical and moral.”—<span class="smcap">Havelock -Ellis</span>, “Sexual Inversion,” p. 202.</p> - -<p class="tb">“From America a lady writes:—‘Inverts should -have the courage and independence to be themselves, -and to demand an investigation. If one strives to live -honourably, and considers the greatest good to the -greatest number, it is not a crime nor a disgrace to -be an invert. I do not need the law to defend me, -neither do I desire to have any concessions made for -me, nor do I ask my friends to sacrifice their ideals -for me. I too have ideals which I shall always hold. -All that I desire—and I claim it as my right—is the -freedom to exercise this divine gift of loving, which is -not a menace to society nor a disgrace to me. Let it -once be understood that the average invert is not a -moral degenerate nor a mental degenerate, but simply -a man or a woman who is less highly specialised, less -completely differentiated, than other men and women, -and I believe the prejudice against them will disappear, -and if they live uprightly they will surely win the -esteem and consideration of all thoughtful people. -I know what it is to be an invert—who feels himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> -set apart from the rest of mankind—to find one human -heart who trusts him and understands him, and I know -how almost impossible this is, and will be, until the -world is made aware of these facts.”—<cite>Ibid</cite>, p. 213.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">THE END.</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller"><i>Printed in Great Britain by</i><br /> -UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON</p> - -</div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Intermediate Sex, by Edward Carpenter - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERMEDIATE SEX *** - -***** This file should be named 53763-h.htm or 53763-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/7/6/53763/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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