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diff --git a/old/53680-h/53680-h.htm b/old/53680-h/53680-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index a7f58ee..0000000 --- a/old/53680-h/53680-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2945 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Précis Writing for Beginners, by Guy N. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Précis writing for beginners - -Author: Guy Noel Pocock - -Release Date: December 6, 2016 [EBook #53680] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRÉCIS WRITING FOR BEGINNERS *** - - - - -Produced by MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<h1>PRÉCIS WRITING<br /> -FOR BEGINNERS</h1> - -<p class="titlepage">BY</p> - -<p class="center">GUY N. POCOCK, M.A.</p> - -<p class="center smaller">Royal Naval College, Dartmouth<br /> -Late Head of the History and English Department, Military Side,<br /> -Cheltenham College</p> - -<p class="titlepage">BLACKIE AND SON LIMITED<br /> -50 OLD BAILEY LONDON<br /> -GLASGOW AND BOMBAY</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<h2>FOREWORD</h2> - -<p>The object of this little book is to teach précis writing -from the very start. It has been found from -experience that the average boy who in the Lower -Fifth Form starts making précis of Government Blue -Books and Collected Correspondence, will flounder -about for a whole term without understanding what -he is really expected to do.</p> - -<p>The following exercises are progressive and the -rules of strict précis writing are learnt one by one. -The exercises are really very simple parodies of -Government Reports, &c., such as a boy will have to -deal with in the higher forms and the Army Examinations. -They are arranged in groups, e.g. <i>Reports</i>, -<i>Correspondence</i>, <i>Trials</i>, <i>Ships’ Logs</i>, and so forth. -After working through the series a boy should be -perfectly competent to tackle the real thing.</p> - -<p>Incidentally, there is no better training than précis -writing for concentration of thought and expression.</p> - -<p class="sig">G. N. P.</p> - -<p class="smaller hanging"><span class="smcap">Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.</span><br /> -<i>April, 1917.</i></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<h2>EXERCISES</h2> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">Page</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Reported Speech</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_1_Exercises_in_Reported_Speech">10</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">George Oakes</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_2_George_Oakes">13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Cobra</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_3_The_Cobra">15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Two Lieutenants</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_4_The_Two_Lieutenants">19</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Black Republic</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_5_The_Black_Republic">23</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">6.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Professor and the Monkeys</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_6_The_Professor_and_the_Monkeys">27</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">7.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Island</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_7_The_Island">31</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">8.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">A Seventeenth-Century Witch Trial</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_8_A_Seventeenth-Century_Witch_Trial">35</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">9.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Miser</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_9_The_Miser">39</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Boy Scouts</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_10_The_Boy_Scouts">43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">11.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Child Labourers in 1836</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_11_Child_Labourers_in_1836">47</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">12.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Museum, 300 B.C.</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_12_The_Museum_300_BC">51</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">13.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Warning</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_13_The_Warning">55</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">14.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Science as taught in our Great-grandfathers’ School-days</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_14_Science_as_taught_in_our_Great-grandfathers">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Hut-Tax</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_15_The_Hut-Tax">63</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">16.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Mandarin</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_16_The_Mandarin">69</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">17.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Isaac Newton</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_17_Isaac_Newton">73</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr">18.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">The Battle of the Nile</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#No_18_The_Battle_of_the_Nile">77</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PRÉCIS WRITING</h2> - -<h3>What Précis Means</h3> - -<p>A précis is the essence of a longer story of any -kind. You take your story and ‘boil it down’, so -as to get rid of all the parts that do not really matter; -you then collect what is left, and put these points -together in a short concise ‘summary’. But the -result must not be a ‘list’ of important points, or a -series of ‘jottings’. It must be the same story told -clearly and readably, in a very much condensed form.</p> - -<p>For instance, you may have to make a précis of -a long pile of letters dealing with some particular -subject; or perhaps the account of a trial; or a long -report written by one individual. It doesn’t matter -what the longer ‘story’ is. What you have to do -is to read it through, extract all the parts that matter, -and put them down in readable form.</p> - -<h3>The Object of these Exercises</h3> - -<p>Now précis writing is unlike free English composition. -It is much more exact and scientific; and it -must be written according to certain definite rules. -It is no use trying to learn all the rules at once; you -will learn them one by one, and without trouble, as -you work through the following exercises.</p> - -<p>These exercises are not the <i>real</i> Government Blue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -Books, reports, trials, &c., that you will have to tackle -later on. They are all ‘made up’. But they are -exactly like the real thing. The only difference is -that they are much easier and shorter—and they are -not so dull. And as they are the same sort of thing -on a small scale, you should be able to deal with the -real ones later on when you meet them.</p> - -<h3>How to tackle a Précis</h3> - -<p>All précis, whether easy or difficult, should be -tackled in the same way. First read the whole thing -through very carefully without writing any notes or -underlining any passages.</p> - -<p><i>All depends on this first reading.</i> For if you once -get into the way of writing your précis or even making -notes ‘as you go along’, you will never grasp -the subject as a whole. And the result will be that -your précis will lack balance. Either you will write -too much about the first half and skimp the rest, or -you will write a great deal about the picturesque -points that appeal to you, and leave out things that -really matter.</p> - -<p>When you have read it carefully through, and got -the whole story in your mind, run through it quickly -a second time marking the passages you mean to use. -For the purposes of this book the best plan will be -to underline in pencil those passages which will have -to be used with little alteration, and to put a wavy -line against those which cannot be left out altogether, -but must be greatly condensed.</p> - -<p>Last, work up all the marked passages into a short -continuous ‘story’.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule I.</span>—<b>Start your Précis with a title.</b></p> - -<p>This title must not be of the imaginative kind that -would suit a story, such as ‘A Misunderstanding’,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -or ‘The Adventures of a Red Cross Man’. It must -be a clear and concise statement of what the précis is -about. Thus: “Précis of the correspondence between -the British Government and Dr. Wilson, -President of the United States, concerning contraband -of war”. And if dates are given you should -add, “between Feb. 18, 1915, and Oct., 1916”.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule II.</span>—<b>Every Précis must be written in the -form of REPORTED SPEECH.</b></p> - -<p>This rule is so important that it is impossible to -write a précis till it is thoroughly understood. It will -be necessary to explain what is meant by ‘reported -speech’, and to practise a few examples.</p> - -<h3>“Reported Speech”</h3> - -<p>Suppose you say to somebody, “I can’t be bothered, -as I am busy writing a précis!” you are using a form -which is called Direct speech. And suppose the -person you were addressing goes away and says -to somebody else, “So-and-so said he couldn’t be -bothered, as he was busy writing a précis”, he is -<i>reporting</i> what you said. In other words, he has -turned your ‘direct speech’ into ‘reported speech’.</p> - -<p>Notice what has happened. You are no longer the -person speaking, but the person spoken about: therefore -‘I’ becomes ‘he’. Also you are no longer -speaking: what you said is now ‘in the past’; -therefore ‘can’t’ becomes ‘could not’ and ‘am’ becomes -‘was’.</p> - -<p>This is quite straightforward. The difficulty arises -when you are dealing with words that imply future -time. Without going into the syntax, one may just -explain that in Reported speech the ‘future’ must -be referred back to the time at which the Direct statement -was spoken. Thus: “I will write when I get<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -home”, becomes “He said that he <i>would</i> write when -he <i>got</i> home”.</p> - -<p>Thus for the purposes of simple précis writing the -following rules must be observed:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) Never use the First or Second persons: always -the Third.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) Never use the Present tense: always the Past.</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) Never use the Future tense: always refer it back -to the past. Even a verb such as ‘must’, which -usually implies the future, should be changed to -‘would have to’, or some such phrase.</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) Possessive adjectives, my, your, our, must be -changed to the Third person.</p> - -<p>(<i>e</i>) Adverbs and adverbial phrases must be changed -in the same way. ‘Now’ becomes ‘then’; ‘at the -present time’ becomes ‘at that time’; ‘here’ becomes -‘there’, and so on.</p> - -<p>Take one more example. You know this familiar -quotation: “I will arise and go to my Father, and -say unto Him, ‘Father, I have sinned against Heaven -and before Thee, and am no more worthy to be called -Thy son’”.</p> - -<p>Now suppose you were telling the story of the -Prodigal Son to a Japanese gentleman, or somebody -who had not heard it before, and you wished to keep -pretty close to the original, you might put it in this -way: “The prodigal son then determined that he -would arise and go to his Father, and confess that he -had sinned before Him and against Heaven, and was -no more worthy to be called His son”.</p> - -<p>Compare these two forms, and note all the differences.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_1_Exercises_in_Reported_Speech">No. 1.—Exercises in “Reported Speech”</h2> - -<p>(1.) The following are written in the form of Direct -speech. Rewrite them in Reported speech:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) “Sister Anne, sister Anne, do you see anyone -coming?” asked the poor wife again.</p> - -<p>“I see nothing but a cloud of dust,” her sister -replied.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) “I cannot speak to you here and now; but after -the match is over I shall take the first opportunity of -telling you exactly what I think of you.”</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) “I don’t know whether I shall be able to come. -I will if I can, but that must depend on how things -turn out. At this moment I cannot say definitely -that I will come.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> - -<p>(2.) Report the following speech, beginning thus:—</p> - -<p>“On rising to introduce Mr. Elijah Timmins, the -mayor elect, the retiring mayor said that.…”</p> - -<p>“Gentlemen, I have the honour to bring to your -notice Mr. Elijah Timmins, who is to be your mayor -for the coming year. Mr. Timmins, gentlemen, has -had—not the experience <i>I</i> have had, of course, for <i>my</i> -experience has been exceptional. I have had a hard -struggle, gentlemen, but by solid work and honest -dealing—and you will bear me out when I say that -my pork sausages are always of the highest order—I -raised myself to the top of the tree. Modesty forbids -me to speak of myself, gentlemen; but I have felt that -in these times of war and stress it is very important -to have at the helm a mayor of real tact and business -capacity; and I cannot help thinking that I have been -the right man in the right place. With Lord Nelson -I may say, ‘Thank God I have done my duty’.</p> - -<p>“Mr. Timmins, gentlemen, is about to step into -my shoes; and I only trust he will not undo the good -work that I have done.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> - -<p>We are now in a position to write précis in its -simplest form. We will try a few very easy examples -first, such as “George Oakes” and the “Cobra”; -after that the exercises will become more difficult.</p> - -<hr /> - -<h2 id="No_2_George_Oakes">Notes</h2> - -<p>The following is a letter written by an old cottager -to the Squire of his Parish. Condense it to half the -length, correcting the spelling and grammar. It is -very simple, as there is only one ‘subject’, and -therefore only one paragraph. But it will serve to -introduce this most important rule of Précis writing:</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule III.</span>—<b>All points essential to the subject -MUST be put in; while all unessential points, repetitions, -&c., should be left out.</b></p> - -<p>(We may modify the second half of this rule later -on.)</p> - -<p>Remember that it must be written as ‘reported -speech’.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 2.—George Oakes</h2> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date"><span class="smcap">Ivy Cottage,<br /> -Bourton-on-the-Water.</span></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I ope you are quite well as this leaves me at -present which my wife as the swolen glans something -bitter but I do not complain it being the Will of -God, which my wife do so most monotinous. Dear -Sir I ave been out of work Severn weeks come -Toosdy and the price of coals is rose something -crool which I cannot afford them nohow, and my -wife havin the swolen glans and wot not. Dear Sir -if you could give me a job of work in the garden or -the fowlouse I should take it most grateful bein bread -and born in the fowlouse in a manner of speakin -sixty years man and boy I ave ad truck with fowls. -Dear Sir you ave the oner to know me so long there -is no need of Referances, which perraps you might -not ave heard my experance in the foulouse which -believe me sir I understands all manner of Fowls, -poultry and wot not, and my wife as ad truck with -ducks but she bein laid aside with the swolen glans -she cannot come out which bein the Will of God I -do not complain. Dear Sir perraps you would like -to give me a trial seein as how I do not live far a -way bein strong in the Legs. Dear Sir if you will -give me a Trial I will take it most kind.</p> - -<p>Dear Sir God bless you and trousers you give me -are fine and warm as everso which they are a bit -narrer but not to mention.</p> - -<p class="sig2">Yours umble Dear Sir</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">George Oakes</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_3_The_Cobra">Notes</h2> - -<p>The following is also very simple, and may be done -in one paragraph of ten or twelve lines.</p> - -<p>Make up your mind what the real subject of this -paragraph should be; and notice that the colonel is -not really of the slightest importance to the story—except -that he tells it.</p> - -<p>Don’t forget the title, beginning “Précis of …”.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 3.—The Cobra</h2> - -<p>“Talking of snakes,” said the colonel, pushing -back his chair and lighting another cheroot, “reminds -me of a curious incident that happened when I was -stationed at Ghurrapore, in the early ’eighties. Ghurrapore -was an infernal bad place for snakes, and the -worst of the lot was the cobra or hooded snake. These -cobras, or hooded snakes, turned up everywhere—in -your bath, under the verandah, anywhere. Now, one -day one of my officers, Lieutenant Simpson, went -into the officers’ changing-room to get a pair of tennis -shoes. There were a dozen pairs in a wooden box; -and not seeing his own on the top he put his hand in -to fish out the bottom ones. Now you must know -that there had been a regular plague of cobras, or -hooded snakes, in the lines, and we were all a bit -panicky; so when Simpson suddenly felt something -pricking him, and drew out his hand to find two -drops of blood on his little finger, he at once concluded -it was a cobra, or hooded snake.</p> - -<p>“I was sitting in the club at the time drinking some -of that excellent 7 star whisky—you remember it, -Major? And when I saw young Simpson running -across the compound holding his little finger, I at -once said to myself, ‘That’s a hooded snake or cobra!’</p> - -<p>“I then followed him to the carpenter’s shop; but by -the time I got there the thing was done. He had -taken a heavy chisel, and cut his little finger right -off! I helped him back to the club, sent for the -doctor, and gave Simpson a dose of that 7 star whisky—you -remember it, Major? I then sent four men to -the changing-room armed with sticks. We upset the -box and beat those shoes unmercifully—but no cobra<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -or hooded snake! When I felt that the situation was -quite safe, I myself examined the box. And there -sticking up through the bottom boards were two -little nails, sharp and close together! And so young -Simpson had cut his finger off for nothing! Infernal -bad luck I call it. Infernal bad luck. For anyone—even -I myself—would easily have mistaken the ‘bite’ -for that of a cobra, or hooded snake.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_4_The_Two_Lieutenants">Notes</h2> - -<p>The following is a study in contrasts. The rest -is really quite subsidiary. Bring out this point by -means of contrasting paragraphs.</p> - -<p>Condense the descriptions of the characters as much -as you can, without leaving out more points than you -can help.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 4.—The Two Lieutenants</h2> - -<p>Extract from the Autobiography of Admiral Sir -Hercules Prout, K.C.B.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“… The sphere of influence of the British Navy -comprising as it does the waters of the entire globe, -it follows that the average naval officer comes into -contact with all sorts and conditions of men; and if -he uses his opportunities he will inevitably become -a rare judge of human character. He will tend to -range men in groups whether they be his own officers -or men, or persons of every race and grade of society -with whom he comes into contact.</p> - -<p>“Captains of H.M. Ships are often called upon to -use powers of selection and discrimination. I recall -one particular instance in which I was called upon to -select from among my junior officers one who could -carry through a difficult and dangerous business, the -success or failure of which would be attended with -far-reaching consequences. No matter now what the -business was. Suffice to say that it was connected -with gun-running on the part of certain unfriendly -chiefs, and indirectly with the influence of a so-called -friendly European power. A delicate business requiring -rare qualities of daring and tact, and an -aptitude for diplomacy and espionage.</p> - -<p>“I retired to my cabin and went through the list of -all officers above the rank of midshipman, crossing -out the unsuitable till I had reduced my choice to two. -These I will call Lieutenant X and Lieutenant Z.</p> - -<p>“Lieutenant X was a very large and powerful fellow, -with fair hair and blue-grey eyes—a typical Saxon. -He was a magnificent athlete and had played back -for the Navy. He was a clever fellow too—I had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -noticed that—though he pretended not to be. His -manner was boisterous and frank, and sometimes he -used this as bluff. (I recall several instances—but -that is neither here nor there.) He was very popular, -for he ‘had a way with him’, and often made people -tell him things when they had had no intention of -doing so. His manner was so pleasant that most -people failed to realize how masterful he was. As a -boy on the <i>Britannia</i> he had been a strong chief -cadet captain, and yet contrived to be very popular. -Add to this he was a capital seaman, and could turn -his hand to anything, especially in emergency; and -in those days and that part of the world emergencies -were frequent.</p> - -<p>“Lieutenant Z was the very antithesis of Lieutenant -X both in appearance and manner. He was small -and dark and wiry; his features were very clean-cut, -and his thin lips pressed tightly together in a perfectly -straight line gave an impression of immense -determination. He was then quite one of the cleverest -lieutenants in the Navy, and as shrewd as he was -clever. He was very reticent, and he possessed a -‘biting’ tongue, if one may be allowed a queer metaphor; -no one ever knew what he was thinking about -unless he told them, and then he often told them what -he did not really think. And so he was feared but -not liked. I had never known him to be taken by -surprise; and he was an absolutely dead shot with a -revolver.</p> - -<p>“After taking into consideration all the possible circumstances -with which my emissary was likely to be -faced, I made my decision, and sent for Lieutenant Z. -I need hardly say that I had every ground for satisfaction -with my choice; but Z’s adventures must be -told in another chapter.”</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_5_The_Black_Republic">Notes</h2> - -<p>The following exercise is again a study in contrasts, -but in this case there are <i>more than two</i>.</p> - -<p>You will have seen from the last exercise that the -way to make your précis clear is to arrange all the -topics in separate paragraphs.</p> - -<p>We may put it in the form of a Rule:</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule IV.</span>—<b>After you have stated your main subject -in the ‘title’, arrange all the different topics in -SEPARATE PARAGRAPHS; and whenever you -can, make the ‘state of affairs’ clear in your first -paragraph.</b></p> - -<p>This rule applies to every précis you write. The -best plan is to jot down in pencil Headings for all -your paragraphs before you start writing your précis -(three in short précis; four, five, or six, in longer -précis). The length of each paragraph depends on -the importance of the topic.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 5.—The Black Republic</h2> - -<p>Extract from the reminiscences of Commander -Brown, R.N.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>I have only once visited the Black Republic, and -that was some years ago, when I was still a midshipman. -I was in the <i>Argo</i> then, a curious old tub that -has long since been scrapped. We had been cruising -about the islands and enjoying ourselves hugely, -when the captain received orders to bring certain -pressure to bear upon the Black Republicans. I -don’t know what the fuss was about; that didn’t -concern me. What did interest me was the fact that -we—myself and four other “snotties”—were allowed -shore-leave for the afternoon.</p> - -<p>A strange wild place the island looked as we approached -it in the picket-boat: a huge tumbled mass -of bare mountain peaks, for all the world like a -crumpled newspaper thrown down on a blue carpet. -It was beautiful too in this glare of the tropical sun, -with its gleaming grey rocks and dark forest belt, and -the straggling lines of white houses that backed the -harbour.</p> - -<p>As we drew nearer we could see the yellow lateen -sails of little fruit-boats that crowded round the quay, -the green sun-blinds of houses, and the white dresses -and brilliant red and blue parasols of the ladies who -thronged the promenade—a regular kaleidoscope of -dazzling colour points. And we promised ourselves -a jolly afternoon of exploration and ramble.</p> - -<p>But no sooner had we rounded the mole and entered -the harbour than the whole aspect changed. It is -difficult to convey a true impression of the extreme -shabbiness and tawdriness of the scene. It fell like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -blight upon us, and our spirits sank down into our -boots. The whole surface of the harbour was covered -with a scum of dirt and oil in which floated banana -skins, bits of orange-peel, matches, and dead flies, -while the quay was pervaded by an indescribable -stench, heavy and sweet, like an old dust-bin.</p> - -<p>We came alongside and walked up the steps, slipping -on fishes’ heads and fruit skins; and everywhere -we were met by the same dirty finery and pretentious -tawdriness. Crowds of ladies walked up and down -the parade—black ladies, dressed in dirty white frocks -and darned canvas shoes. Their brilliant parasols -were torn, and their hat-feathers dishevelled like those -of a scare-crow.</p> - -<p>Innumerable soldiers—black men, of course—thronged -the streets, strutting with indescribable -self-satisfaction. But they were as shabby as the -“ladies”, in their dirty cocked-hats, their concertina-like -trousers, and tunics stuck all over with medals -and orders like Christmas-trees. We discovered from -the Commander afterwards that the whole army consists -of officers, very few of them below the rank of -Major-general. They are inordinately proud of their -medals, and quite amazingly inefficient.</p> - -<p>It was really beastly—there is no other word to -describe it—so beastly that we snotties walked along -in silence, unable at first to realize how funny it all -was. Presently a huge black major-general, decked -with gold tinsel epaulets and as many orders as the -Lord High Executioner, came across to us and -saluted with magnificent gusto.</p> - -<p>“What the deuce does the old buffer want?” -whispered Jones to me.</p> - -<p>“Me speak Englees,” said the major-general, and -paused.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Well, out with it, old son; what do you want?” -asked Jones disrespectfully.</p> - -<p>And then at last we saw the humour of the whole -ramshackle system; for what in the world should -this affected old turkey-cock of a major-general want, -but to carry the bag which contained our towels and -tea for the modest sum of half a crown! We roared -with laughter; and at that moment our 1st Lieutenant -came along.</p> - -<p>“Get out! no want!” he said; and the disconcerted -major-general slunk away with the most humorous -expression of offended pride and grovelling servility.</p> - -<p>“I shouldn’t stay in the town,” said the lieutenant; -“it stinks. If you carry on down the road, you will -come to a first-rate bathing-place.”</p> - -<p>And so we did.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_6_The_Professor_and_the_Monkeys">Notes</h2> - -<p>A short paragraph of explanation is needed. The -different lines of investigation fit very easily into different -paragraphs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 6.—The Professor and the Monkeys</h2> - -<p>Translation of a letter written by Herr Professor -Otto von Pumpenstein to the München Philological -Society.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date"><span class="smcap">Wilhelmstrasse, Hamburg.</span><br /> -<i>June 1.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,</p> - -<p>I regret that distance prohibits me from -attending the summer meeting of the Philological -Society in person; more especially as I have been -making certain investigations which, I venture to -think, will have far-reaching consequences. Allow -me to enclose the report of my experiments.</p> - -<p class="sig2">ihr ergebenst</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Otto von Pumpenstein</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="center"><i>Enclosure</i></p> - -<p>Report of certain experiments carried out in the -Monkey-house of the Hamburg Zoological Gardens.</p> - -<p>The following experiments were made by me by -kind permission of the Herr Vorsteher of the Zoological -Gardens, with the object of ascertaining -whether monkeys actually converse in language. I -was drawn to make these experiments by a consideration -of the extraordinary similarity between the -structure of the mouth and vocal chords in Man and -the Anthropoid Apes, and by the amazing correspondence -between their brain-charts. I accordingly had -a small travelling cage fitted up with table, ink-stand, -and so forth, and placed inside the large cage -of the chimpanzees, which happened to be next that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -of the spider monkeys, in such a position that I could -enter it without fear of attack.</p> - -<p>In this cage I spent my holiday, arriving at the -Monkey-house at 10 every morning, and leaving at -6 p.m. My meals I took when the chimpanzees were -fed, to avoid arousing jealousy. During the first week -I filled five notebooks with the noises made by these -animals (spelt phonetically), but without being able -to attach any particular thought to any of them. My -first success was the result of flashing a mirror in the -eyes of the old male chimpanzee. He invariably -showed signs of distress, beat the wires of my cage, -and said, “Kee—kee—r-r-r-t!” which would seem to -mean, “This I can no longer stand!” I tried this -experiment on 105 occasions, and always with the -same result.</p> - -<p>My next success was with regard to the spider -monkeys. I discovered that by singing a particular -note I could induce these monkeys to imitate me in a -very shrill strident tone, but always in perfect pitch. -In a few days’ time they could sing up and down the -scale, but without any articulation. I next sang -them “Deutschland, Deutschland über alles” in a loud -voice. They received the first few lines in silence, -and were then seized with a wild enthusiasm, gathering -handfuls of bran and flinging them into my cage. -Since that experiment I have so far been unable to -induce them to sing.</p> - -<p>I next carried out a series of important experiments -with the aid of a gramophone. Observing that an -old fierce chimpanzee was kept in a cage by himself, -I induced his keeper to deprive him of water for -several hours. I then approached a basin of water to -the outside of the beast’s cage, placing the gramophone -close to his mouth as he hung by one foot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -from the ceiling. I took a record of his remarks, -which appeared to consist of a repetition of the word -“G-r-r-ump”. I then carried the record to my -original cage and turned it on. My first trials were -unsuccessful, but on the fifteenth repetition I observed -that an old female chimpanzee pushed her saucer of -water in my direction. From this I concluded that -the meaning of the old ape’s remark was, “I a drink -of water want”. I have made a great number of -experiments with the gramophone, and am inclined -to believe that the chimpanzee for “nut” is “warra-yak”; -“banana” is “kee-e” (very shrill), and so -forth.</p> - -<p>I shall spend another fortnight in my cage, and I -confidently hope for still more startling and far-reaching -results. I have attempted to reproduce these -noises, or phrases, myself; but so far they have not -been received in a friendly spirit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_7_The_Island">No. 7.—The Island</h2> - -<p>Report of Captain H. Cardew, R.N., on the condition -of the Island of Ingelos.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">H.M.S. <i>Dundonald</i>, off St. Helena.<br /> -<i>June 1.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation">To the Colonial Secretary.</p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I have the honour to inform you that I have -just returned from a visit to the island of Ingelos, and -I herewith submit my report.</p> - -<p>The <i>Dundonald</i> was the first ship to visit this island -since October, 1910, though an Italian brigantine -was wrecked there a year ago. (All the crew were -drowned with the exception of the cook, one Antonio -Posillippo, who has since married and settled down, -and has no intention of leaving.)</p> - -<p>The inhabitants consist of 38 men, 30 women, and -23 children. Their Head-man is John Brown, grandson -of the original John Brown who was wrecked there -in 1848. They appear to be happy and contented, -and there has never been any illness on the island, -barring a virulent cold in the head started by Posillippo -a few days after his rescue. The original flock -of goats does exceedingly well on the mountain, -providing the community with milk, cheese, and -goats’ flesh; while the islanders have developed a -wonderful capacity for fishing under difficult conditions. -Potatoes do very well, and the yearly wheat -crop is most carefully looked after.</p> - -<p>The Head-man told me that the community had -suffered very seriously for many months from a plague -of rats, the ancestors of which had swum ashore from -the wrecked brigantine. They swarm in prodigious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -numbers, spoiling crops and even killing kids. The -ship’s terrier wrought great havoc during our three -days’ stay, and I have left several tins of rat-poison. -Under the direction of the ship’s carpenter some 50 -rat-traps were constructed, and the people are setting -to work to make many more.</p> - -<p>The Head-man is deeply religious and possesses -the Bible that belonged to the original John Brown. -He conducts a service on the day after every new -moon—for there are no “days of the week”. We -attended one of these services, and found it to consist -of a strange mixture of traditions, very crude, but -reverent. The Chaplain has given the Head-man -a prayer-book.</p> - -<p>All the inhabitants talk and read English, but -their language is interspersed with a large number -of Italian and Spanish words imported by wrecked -mariners. There are a certain number of words that -appear to be indigenous, such as “skat” and “glob”—the -names of certain fish; “latté” for porridge, and -“lootoos” for the long goat-skin waders that the -fishers wear to protect their legs from stinging fish.</p> - -<p>The island is quite self-supporting; but the Head-man -is anxious to have a telescope, and knives of all -sorts would be exceedingly useful. The people are -very grateful for the illuminated texts and pocket-handkerchiefs -sent out in the <i>Dundonald</i>, and they -are wearing both upon their persons.</p> - -<p>The education of the children is entirely in the -hands of the Head-man Brown.</p> - -<p class="sig2">I have the honour to be,</p> - -<p class="sig1">Your obt. Servt.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">H. Cardew</span>,<br /> -Captain R.N.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_8_A_Seventeenth-Century_Witch_Trial">Notes</h2> - -<p>The following three exercises are short accounts of -trials and investigations.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule V.</span>—<b>In making a précis of the evidence of -various witnesses DO NOT PROCEED BY QUESTION -AND ANSWER. It is often convenient to -keep the evidence of different witnesses in separate -paragraphs, but do not repeat the same points. Just -tell the story in your own words, and as far as possible -in the order in which events happened.</b></p> - -<p>In making a précis of the Witch Trial be careful to -write in modern English.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 8.—A Seventeenth-Century Witch Trial</h2> - -<p>The fourteenth day of the third month in the year -of Grace 1616, His most gracious, learned, and religious -Majesty King James I being on throne, was -brought to trial at Quarter Sessions one Mistress -Banbury, charged with having correspondence with -the Prince of Darkness, and of practising the detestable -rites of witchcraft, whereby sundry persons -suffered grievous harm. Whereof the evidence of -witnesses was thus and thus.</p> - -<p>Master Mark Rubbleyard duly sworn. May it -please your worship, on Wednesday last at high -noon I and my servants, having felled certain trees -in Bishop’s copse, and having tied them upon a wain, -did drive by the cottage of Mistress Banbury. Now -the trees being large and the branches thereof stretching -athwartwise, they catched upon the fence of -Mistress Banbury’s garden. And thereupon, incontinent -looked forth Mistress Banbury, and in a loud -voice put a curse upon me, upon my horses, and upon -my wain. And the curse was of such power that the -wain did fall into the ditch ere reaching my farm; -moreover, my horses are fallen sick and eat not their -oats, and I myself am stricken with a grievous colic.</p> - -<p>Mistress Kate Brokedish duly sworn. May it -please your worship. Not long since came Mistress -Banbury to my house selling simples and charms. -And may it please your worship, I did purchase certain -snails stewed in milk as a cure for my goodman’s -warts. And as I made my purchase she did maliciously -cast her eyes upon my son Nicholas, he being -two years old. And before the day was out my son<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -Nicholas was smitten with a cough and did spit pins -until the evening.</p> - -<p>Master Noak, Beadle, duly sworn. May it please -your worship. Yesternight three lads of the village -passing by the house of Mistress Banbury, she cast -an evil eye upon them; and they being affrighted -threw sundry stones. Whereupon did Mistress Banbury -curse them roundly, debeasting herself with -detestable oaths. And incontinent the lads have -become crossed-eyed, and do hourly vomit forth -needles.</p> - -<p>Questioned as to whether she were in league with -the Devil, Mistress Banbury answered, Yea; howsoever, -not with the Prince of Darkness, but with three -demons. On being questioned as to their names, she -replied, “Pluck, Catch, and Chitabob.” On being -questioned as to which had forced her to do these -things, she replied, “Chitabob did this thing.” Then -said the judge unto her that was accused: Mistress -Banbury, you are accused of the most heinous crime -of witchcraft before God and man. Whereof to make -an ensample, and to insure right judgement, I hereby -give order that your thumbs and your great toes be -tied together as it were in the form of a cross, and that -you be cast into Tiddler’s Pond. And if the sacred -element receive you, and mercifully you shall be -drowned, then is your innocence approved. But if -the sacred element cast you upon its surface and you -swim, then is your guilt proven; your body shall -be burnt unto death, and your soul shall enter into -torment.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_9_The_Miser">Notes</h2> - -<p>The following exercise will obviously work out at -five paragraphs:—In the first tell the ‘state of affairs’; -in the others give the evidence of the various witnesses -without repeating or overlapping more than -is necessary.</p> - -<p>Remember that the story must be told in good -English, not in the language of the witnesses.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 9.—The Miser</h2> - -<p>Evidence concerning the death of Mr. Timothy -Keek, of No. 215<span class="smcapuc">A</span> Tapley Street, Bristol; before Mr. -Jules Curtis.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Evidence of 1st witness in answer to questions.</i></p> - -<p>My name is Clara Cloggs. I am a charwoman and -charred for Mr. Keek regular. Once a fortnight, -Fridays, I done his room out with soap and soda and -opened the winders and made the bed. No, he never -had no fires. I was charring on the 3rd floor at 11 -o’clock Friday, leaving Mr. Keek’s room to the last, -as per usual. I knocks at his door with the broom-’andle, -which there was no answer. Mrs. ’Uggins -from 2nd floor calls up, “He ain’t been down for his -walk yet, Mrs. Cloggs!” I tries the door, which it -were no good; so I calls to Mrs. ’Uggins, “Mrs. -’Uggins!” I sez, “we better fetch the perlice,” I sez; -“and I for one don’t want to be mixed up with no -locked doors and suchlike!” I sez. So me and Mrs. -’Uggins fetched the perlice sergeant; and me, I goes -’ome to mind the children’s dinner.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Evidence of 2nd witness.</i></p> - -<p>I am Police Constable Blades, 7X. On Friday, -11.20 a.m. precise, I was on my beat between Tapley -Street and the King’s Arms, when I was met by Mrs. -Cloggs and Mrs. ’Uggins, which they are both well -known to me. They told me of the business in ’and, -and me and Mrs. ’Uggins proceeds to the apartment -of Mr. Keek, which we reached it at 11.32 a.m. I then -knocked smartly on the door with the knuckles of the -left ’and. Receiving no reply I continued the process, -at the same time sending Mrs. ’Uggins for the poker.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -I then broke open the door, and discovered the deceased -Mr. Keek at the table with his ’ead on his -arms, and his arms on a pile of golden sovereigns. -Two or three thousand at a rough estimate. I then -whistled for assistance, and sent Mrs. ’Uggins for the -doctor. This was at 11.53 a.m. precise.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Evidence of 3rd witness.</i></p> - -<p>Mrs. Jane ’Uggins I am. Yes I knew Mr. Keek, -five years I knew ’im. Very quiet regular old gentleman -he was. Went out the same time every day, -and took his meals out. Couldn’t say what his business -was—nobody didn’t know. I went with Mrs. -Cloggs to fetch the perlice. I ’elped Sergeant Blades -open Mr. Keek’s door, and I see him lying on the -sovereigns.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>Evidence of 4th witness.</i></p> - -<p>I am Doctor Theodore Simpson. I was fetched to -No. 215<span class="smcapuc">A</span> Tapley Street at noon on Friday. I found -the police in possession of Mr. Keek’s room, and Mr. -Keek lying across a great pile of gold, as the sergeant -told in his evidence. Upon making an examination -I found that the deceased had literally died of -starvation. He must have been starving himself -more or less for years; and for the last few days I -should say he had eaten nothing at all.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_10_The_Boy_Scouts">Notes</h2> - -<p>Remember that you must not proceed by question -and answer. Just tell the story shortly in the order in -which events took place.</p> - -<p>You will see that it is of no importance whatever to -know the <i>names</i> of the persons concerned. (If mentioned, -they should be enclosed in brackets.) But -perhaps it is important to know the <i>ages</i> of the boys, -as this affects the story.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 10.—The Boy Scouts</h2> - -<p>Part of the evidence taken in the Police Court, in -the trial of two boys, Albert Home (16) and James -Hopkins (16).</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p><i>Mr. Carter, J.P.</i> “Your name?”</p> - -<p><i>1st Witness—a boy scout.</i> “Tom Appleby, sir.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “Age?”</p> - -<p><i>1st W.</i> “Fourteen-a-half, sir.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “Tell the Court exactly what you were -doing on Thursday afternoon.”</p> - -<p><i>1st W.</i> “Me and my patrol were doing Spider and -Fly—that’s a scout game, sir—down below Barley’s -Farm, and I was creeping through the trees so as -not to make no noise when I heard somebody laugh, -and when I crawls nearer I sees the—the prisoners -sitting on the bank of Barley’s duck pond.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “Could you see exactly what they were -doing?”</p> - -<p><i>1st W.</i> “Yes, sir. The short one had hold of a -frog by the back legs, and the tall one had a bicycle -pump, and he put the connection down the frog’s -throat, and was blowin’ him up with the bicycle -pump.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “Are you quite certain of this?”</p> - -<p><i>1st W.</i> “Yes, sir; and here’s the body all busted.” -(Frog’s body produced.)</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “And then what did you do?”</p> - -<p><i>1st W.</i> “Crawled back through the wood and signalled -instructions to my patrol, sir. And when we -got back they was starting in on another frog.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “And how did you manage to catch these -boys? They seem to be much bigger and stronger -than any of you.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>1st W.</i> “We lassooed ’em with ropes, sir, and -pulled ’em backwards, sir, and then all ten of us set -on ’em, sir, and tied ’em up, sir!” (Laughter.)</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “And how did you get them to the camp?”</p> - -<p><i>1st W.</i> “Semaphored for the ’and-cart, sir.” (Laughter.)</p> - -<p class="noindent"><i>2nd Witness called.</i></p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “Your name?”</p> - -<p><i>2nd W.</i> “My name is George Collinson.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “You are scoutmaster in charge of the -scouts’ summer camp, I believe?”</p> - -<p><i>2nd W.</i> “That is so.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “Kindly tell the Court what you saw in -connection with this business.”</p> - -<p><i>2nd W.</i> “At 3.30 on Thursday afternoon I was -returning from the railway station with a newly -arrived patrol when I saw a party of scouts coming -from the direction of Barley’s Farm. They were pulling -the small hand-cart in which two boys appeared -to be lying. Fearing an accident I ran to meet them, -and found these two lads tied securely hand and foot -and fastened into the cart by means of the luggage-straps.”</p> - -<p><i>Mr. C.</i> “And what orders did you give?”</p> - -<p><i>2nd W.</i> “After hearing the whole story from Tom -Appleby, I gave directions that the two lads should -be taken to my tent. I also sent into Crickley for the -police.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>Several scouts were then heard as witnesses; and -the two lads, having admitted their cruelty, were -sentenced to receive six strokes each with the cane.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_11_Child_Labourers_in_1836">Notes</h2> - -<p>Remember that the evidence concerning the treatment -of children is the subject of the following letter. -The personal feelings of the clergyman are of secondary -importance.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule VI.</span>—<b>Proper Names and Titles must be -mentioned when it increases the value of the evidence, -or report, or whatever it is, to know WHO IS -WRITING OR SPEAKING AND WHOM HE IS -ADDRESSING. Otherwise do as you like.</b></p> - -<p>In the following précis it is obviously important to -know both.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 11.—Child Labourers in 1836</h2> - -<p>To the Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Lancaster.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date"><span class="smcap">The Vicarage</span>,<br /> -<i>Aug. 10, 1836</i>.</p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p> - -<p>Having the welfare of my crowded and poverty-stricken -parish at heart, and being very greatly exercised -in my mind as to the condition of the children -living therein, I have thought it well to write to you -giving you a brief outline of certain investigations -I have made—of which I am now preparing full -reports—in the hope that you will interest yourself -in the matter, and bring the question of child labour -before the Upper House.</p> - -<p>My Lord, to say that I am appalled is to use a -euphemism. I am shocked beyond all power of expression. -Few of the horrors recounted of the African -Slave-trade—now so happily abolished—can surpass -the callous cruelties inflicted upon children of our own -race, living in our own towns—not only by their task-masters -and slave-drivers (for one can use no other -term), but by their parents even, who, though not -altogether dead to feelings of affection, are so ignorant -and so harassed that they cannot grasp the idea -that any better system is possible.</p> - -<p>Let me cite two or three cases, my Lord, in general -terms. (Detailed evidence I reserve for my report.)</p> - -<p>First there are the boy chimney-sweepers. Orphan -boys of eight, nine, and ten, are given away or even -sold by the town authorities—who are only too thankful -to be rid of the encumbrance—to abandoned -ruffians, who, quite dead to all feelings of pity, treat -them worse than they treat their half-starved asses.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -The boys are flogged incessantly, kicked, and starved; -they spend their lives climbing about the chimneys -of the district in an atmosphere of soot and filth; and -if the work is not done soon enough to suit the slave-drivers, -as often as not a fire is lit below, and the boy -falls burnt and struggling, half-suffocated with the -smoke. And the only excuse that the town authorities -bring forward for their connivance at this -horrible cruelty, is the fact that “many chimneys in -the district are built in the old style, and it is absurd -to allow these new-fangled ideas of humanity to interfere -with the comfort of the home.”</p> - -<p>My parish, as you are aware, my Lord, is in the -mining area; and I have found by personal investigations -that the condition of the children in the pits is -worse even than that of the chimney boys. For a -miserable wage of one shilling a week, and an occasional -extra penny for several hours’ work overtime, -hundreds of little boys are kept working down in the -pits for from twelve to sixteen hours a day. Often the -children are so young—very many of them are not -more than six or seven years old—and so feeble that -they are carried to the pit’s mouth by their fathers, -and this at four o’clock in the morning. They are then -taken down to work all day, even during “meals”, -and only return to the surface after daylight is over.</p> - -<p>I myself have been down the shafts many times, -and the sights I have seen there are pitiful in the extreme. -The galleries in deep mines are provided with -doors and traps, “to prevent inflammable drafts”, and -children of six are trained to sit by themselves all day -long, in the dark, opening and shutting these doors -as the trucks pass and repass. Can it be wondered -at that these infants often become feeble-minded?</p> - -<p>But the lot of the older children is even worse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -Little boys of eight and nine are harnessed by chains -round the hips to small flat trucks, and these they -pull on hands and knees through passages only a -couple or two and a half feet high. The mines are -very wet, and often these narrow pipes through which -the children drag their loads are more than half full -of water.</p> - -<p>Their food is wretchedly inadequate; they are beaten -incessantly to keep them awake, for, as the men have -often told me, the boys “will fall asleep over their -work”; and their home life, such as it is, is wretched -and demoralizing beyond words.</p> - -<p>In this letter, my Lord, I can do no more than -touch upon the surface of things. But for the sake -of countless children’s lives, I beg you will interest -yourself in this matter, that you will read the full -report which I have prepared, and use your great -influence towards causing these horrors to cease.</p> - -<p class="sig2">Believe me, my Lord,</p> - -<p class="sig1">Your humble and obedient servant,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">H. Stokes</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_12_The_Museum_300_BC">Notes</h2> - -<p>In this précis the curator and the Nizam should -occupy a very small place. The Museum is the real -subject—not the curator.</p> - -<p>Arrange the points of interest, and group them in -separate paragraphs.</p> - -<p>Remember that Euclid was the best-known figure -the Museum produced; and treat him accordingly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 12.—The Museum, 300 B.C.</h2> - -<p>(<i>The Nizam Ramayana Gosh, from the Ganges -Valley, is shown over the Museum at Alexandria by -the chief Curator.</i>)</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>If the great Nizam will deign to step through the -portico, I will conduct his Mightiness at once to the -two great libraries.</p> - -<p>Here beneath these two great domes is gathered -all the literature and learning of the world. These -shelves that you see are loaded with books in papyrus -or parchment by the hundred thousand, many of -them dispatched from Babylon by the great Alexander -himself. This door upon our right leads to the -amphitheatre where sages and philosophers debate, -while upon our left is the hall of banquets.</p> - -<p>As your Mightiness will observe—permit me to -throw open the door—it is the hour of the afternoon -meal. Here you can see some two thousand students -reclining at the feast. (Slave! wine for his Mightiness -the Nizam!) We cultivate the luxury of our -tables and the subtlety of our cooking to the fullest -extent. The dignity and splendour of our dinners is -beyond belief. I myself spend many hours a day in -quiet mastication and enjoyment.</p> - -<p>This door opens straight upon the Porch or Colonnade -where the Walking philosophers discuss the -Cosmos and digest their dinner. These gardens beyond -are set apart for the study of botany. Every -species of plant and tree has been collected, from the -Pillars of Hercules to the shores of the Euxine, from -Mesopotamia to the lands of the Ganges, which your -Mightiness honours by his gracious rule.</p> - -<p>We have now reached the Zoological Gardens.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -(The collection of these animals was begun by the -great philosopher Aristotle.) Here are wolves from -the Northern Isles far beyond the Pillars of Hercules; -there are monkeys from Northern Africa; tigers from -India; river-horses from the far south; and this—I -marvel not that your Mightiness is astonished; but -have no fear, they harm neither man nor beast!—here -is the camelopard, tallest known of beasts. The -neck of this specimen measures seven cubits! Those -are the bird-houses, and these are ponds and tanks -containing all manner of fish. And here are innumerable -pheasants, bred for the philosophers’ table.</p> - -<p>We now reach the lecture-theatre, and I must lower -my voice, for lectures are now in progress. Observe, -your Mightiness, this old philosopher with the grey -whiskers. That is Euclid, professor of Geometry and -Conic Sections. It is he who refuted the Sceptics. -The Sceptics, your Mightiness? They are philosophers -who say that they know nothing at all, not even -that they know nothing at all—and <i>even that</i> they do -not know that they do not know. But Euclid has discovered -certain Truths that all must admit. Observe -him now, demonstrating upon the screen. I have -attended his lectures, and I understand. He is now -demonstrating that the two angles at the base of an -isosceles triangle are equal. Listen to the cries of -enthusiasm and delight with which the students hail -his proof! Those cries from the farther room? Your -Mightiness is right—<i>those</i> are not screams of enthusiasm -and enjoyment, for that is the dissecting-room -where students learn anatomy and all the -wonders of the human frame. The city authorities -allow us three criminals a week upon whom we may -experiment for the advancement of science. The -criminal whose screams you hear is a Nile boatman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -who stole three measures of meal from the public -market. They are now operating upon his stomach, -and I am told it is like to be a most entertaining -and instructive lecture. Your Mightiness would -prefer not to attend? It is as your Mightiness wishes; -though I cannot but feel that much instruction and -enjoyment will be missed.</p> - -<p>These are the instruments of the Astronomers—armils, -astrolabes, and the like; these are the halls -for light reading and discussion of general topics. -And these padded cells, marked ‘Silence’, are -reserved for poets. Here also theologians sit in contemplation, -for in the Museum six hundred different -religions are represented. No, we have no trouble -with them at all, except occasionally with the devil-worshippers.</p> - -<p>And now we reach our original starting-point, and -I have done. I humbly thank your Mightiness for -your courtesy and attention, for the honour which -you have done us by gracing the Museum with your -kingly presence, and for the brace of panthers which -you have so generously presented.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_13_The_Warning">Notes</h2> - -<p>The following précis is quite straightforward. Start -with Mr. Hunt’s reasons for writing the letter, and then -proceed with the events in the order in which they -happened, leaving out all unessential talk.</p> - -<p>This exercise will afford a good example of the -following important rule:</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule VII.</span>—<b>Never put in any critical or explanatory -remarks of your own.</b></p> - -<p>In this précis, for instance, one is tempted to point -out that Mr. Hunt was <i>not</i> in a normal state, that on -his own showing he was dreadfully depressed and -lonely, and that this would affect the value of his -evidence. But one must do nothing of the sort. -One’s business in this, as in every précis, is to write -a concise summary of the story as it stands, and leave -all criticism to the reader’s common sense.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 13.—The Warning</h2> - -<p>Letter to the Secretary of the Psychical Research -Society.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date"><span class="smcap">Sportsman’s Hotel,<br /> -Alberta, Canada.</span></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I should be glad if you would allow me to bring -before the notice of the Society an amazing case of -Forewarning which I myself have experienced. To my -mind this extraordinary event carries with it its own -evidence; for, had it not been for this premonition, I -should not now be here to write the story. These are -the facts, to which, if necessary, I am prepared to set -my oath.</p> - -<p>In the summer of the present year, 1910, I and my -friend Colonel Symes arranged a grizzly-bear-shooting -expedition in the Rocky Mountains. We wished to -be entirely alone, and so we pushed off into the wilder -country, eventually building our little hut just within -the upper limits of the tree-line at a place marked on -the enclosed map, a spot so remote that it has as yet -no name.</p> - -<p>Three weeks of excellent sport followed, and then -calamity overtook us. While rounding a precipice -path in Indian file we were met and attacked by a -bear, and, before I could do anything to help, both -the colonel and the bear had fallen over the cliff and -were dashed onto the rocks below.</p> - -<p>There was nothing to be done. Thirty seconds -had sufficed to close our expedition in appalling -disaster. I returned alone to the hut. For the rest -of the day I wandered aimlessly round the clearing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -trying in vain to make up my mind to return home to -civilization. But I was numbed by the disaster, and -after much barren thought I decided to put a double -boarding onto the hut and stay where I was.</p> - -<p>For the next five weeks I spent a solitary existence, -living on what I shot and on the provisions which -the Indian pack-horses had brought up when we first -arrived. And then began the snow. It started little -at first, and I cleared it away from the door of the hut. -But soon the storms grew in violence, and before long -all hunting was out of the question, and I spent my -days in clearing a path from the hut door, and in -reading over the camp stove.</p> - -<p>On the fourth day of the blizzard the wind got -up, and blew very hard with a most melancholy and -dispiriting noise through the pine-trees above my hut. -I felt wretchedly lonely; and, though I managed to -pass the day in cooking meals and putting the finishing -stitches to a heavy sleeping-suit of bear-skin, by -the time darkness came on I was in the depths of -depression.</p> - -<p>At ten o’clock I turned in—that is, I rolled myself -up on my bear-skin couch—and for half an hour I read -in my copy of Shakespeare: showing that my mind -was in a perfectly normal condition. At 10.30 I shut -the stove, blew out the lantern, and went to sleep, the -blizzard still raging with great violence outside.</p> - -<p>It must have been about five hours later that I -woke with a feeling of oppression and horror such as -I had never before experienced. At first I was at a -loss to understand the cause of my fright. I sat up, -on one elbow, and shivered. Then I realized what it -was—there was someone else in the room! Now the -door was barred against wild animals; moreover I was -full fifty miles from the nearest encampment. And<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -the horror of this unseen presence made the hair -crawl upon my scalp. I sat bolt upright and held -my breath. It was then that a full perception of the -Horror flooded in upon me like a wave—the Thing -was lying on the couch by my side! It was pitch -dark of course, and I could see nothing. I merely -“sensed” this presence on the couch. With a leap -I was across the room and lighting my lantern with -trembling fingers. Then I returned to the couch.</p> - -<p>I cannot attempt to express the horror of what I -saw. My breathing stopped with a jerk and my heart -stood still. For there was <i>myself</i> lying dead upon -the couch, crushed across the body by some unseen -and appalling weight!</p> - -<p>I dropped the lamp, leapt to the door, and in a -frenzy of terror staggered out into the storm. Twenty -seconds passed—it can hardly have been more—when -with a rending noise like an avalanche one of the -great pine-trees fell clean across the centre of the hut, -crushing it into matchwood!</p> - -<p>As soon as it was day I pushed off for the lowlands -(luckily my ski and gun were in the outhouse, and -so escaped).</p> - -<p>I have no evidence beyond the word of a gentleman -to prove the truth of what I have narrated; I can -only assure you of the absolute and literal truth of the -premonition; though whether the apparition was an -objective reality or a figment of my own imagination -I must leave to the opinion of the Psychical Research -Society.</p> - -<p class="sig2">Believe me, Sir,</p> - -<p class="sig1">Yours very truly,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Nimrod Hunt</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_14_Science_as_taught_in_our_Great-grandfathers">Notes</h2> - -<p>In the following précis do not proceed by question -and answer. Arrange the subjects in definite groups -as you think best.</p> - -<p>The main point to remember is that you <i>must not -criticize</i> this wonderful medley of nonsense. All you -have to do is to give a concise idea of the kind of -pseudo-science that boys had to learn by heart a hundred -and fifty years ago. (The original is largely -taken from old school-books.) You must not use a -single phrase such as ‘this absurd idea’. Your <i>title</i> -should imply that such stuff is very much out-of-date.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 14.—Science as taught in our Great-grandfathers’ -School-days</h2> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is Science?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> Science is the investigation and proper -appreciation of the phenomena of the Universe in -which it has pleased the Creator to place us. This -investigation is applied to the Elements and to the -Immutable Laws which govern them.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> How many Elements are there?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> Four: Fire, Water, Earth, and Air—the -Igneous element, the Aqueous element, the Earthy, -and the Aerial elements.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is Fire?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> Fire, or the Igneous element, is the element -of destruction. It consists of flame, which devours -materials, and imparts a comfortable warmth to man -and beast. The sun is the primary source of heat; -the interior of the Earth consists of Fire; combustion -can be produced artificially by man; and the Lightning -is its most terrific manifestation.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is Lightning?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> Lightning is a large bright flame darting -through the air to a considerable distance, of momentary -duration, and usually accompanied by thunder.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is Thunder?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> Thunder is a loud rattling noise accompanied -by Lightning, caused by the sudden clashing or rushing -together of several clouds which are filled with -sulphurous and nitrous exhalations. Its reverberations -fill the hearer with awe, and turn the mind to -thoughts of piety and submission.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is the Earthy element?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> The Earthy element is the solid ground upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -which we live. It is divided into mountains, hills, -valleys, and plains, in a variety pleasing to the eye, -and adapted to all sorts and conditions of men.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> Of what is the Earthy element composed?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> The Earth is composed of rocks, sand, -metals, and mud, in which are also to be found the -more precious stones, such as the diamond, the -jacynth, the topaz, and the chrysoprasus.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> When was the Earth created?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> The Earth was created by the Divine Will -in the year 4004 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, the sun, moon, and stars, being -created shortly afterwards for the use and benefit of -man.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> How were the Mountains formed?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> For the first few thousand years it would -seem that the Earth was subjected to occasional -violent catastrophes, both by fire and water. In -these catastrophes great mountain chains were sometimes -flung up; at other times the waters swept over -the tops of the hills, and the shells of sea creatures -may be found there to this day.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> Have these catastrophes ceased?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> They have become less violent in their -nature, though the recent Earthquake and Wave at -Lisbon and the Eruption of Mount Hecla in Iceland -attest their continued activity.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is the Aerial Element?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> It is that elastic fluid with which the Earth -is surrounded. It is generally called Air. It partakes -of all the motions of the earth.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is the cause of the Wind?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> The cause of the Wind has never been -ascertained.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> Then are the Winds of no benefit to us?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> Yes, the benefits arising from them are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> -innumerable: they dry the damp, they chase vile -humours, they bring us the rain in due season, and -waft our ships from every corner of the Earth.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> What is the Aqueous element?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> The Aqueous element is generally called -Water. It is the fluid which covers half the surface -of the Globe, and it is divided into seas and oceans. -It is also manifested in rivers, streams, springs, rain, -and mist.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> Why is the sea salt?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> The saltness of the sea is due to certain -saline properties in water when brought together in -very large quantities.</p> - -<p><i>Preceptor.</i> Do we derive any advantage from the -study of Science and Natural Philosophy?</p> - -<p><i>Child.</i> Yes; for without a competent knowledge of -Natural Philosophy we cannot form a true conception -of the Purpose of Creation; nor can we adapt our -daily lives in accordance with the Law by which all -things work together for the benefit and improvement -of Mankind.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_15_The_Hut-Tax">Notes</h2> - -<p>It is very important to be able to make a précis of -a number of letters or telegrams.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule VIII.</span>—<b>In making a précis of a number of -letters DO NOT PROCEED LETTER BY LETTER. -Get the gist of the whole story; then pick -out the important points and arrange them in the -order in which the events happened. Several letters -or telegrams may be combined in one paragraph, -if they are on the same topic, but the topics must -be kept separate.</b></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule IX.</span>—<b>Never omit the principal DATES -AND TIMES.</b></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 15—The Hut-Tax</h2> - -<p>Correspondence between the Administrator of -British Bongoland, the Commissioner of the M’Gobi -District, and the Colonial Secretary.</p> - -<p>1. To Mr. Commissioner Philips:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Government House, Bongoland</span>.<br /> -<i>June 1.</i></p> - -<p>There has been a serious falling off in the income -from your district, for which it is difficult to account. -You will therefore kindly increase the Hut-tax to the -extent of 2 pounds of rubber and 10 brass rods per -hut. Kindly acquaint me when this has been done.</p> - -<p class="sig">O. F. Administrator.</p> - -</div> - -<p>2. To the Administrator:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Commissioner’s Hut, M’Gobi District</span>.<br /> -<i>June 14.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I have the honour to report that the utmost -possible has been done in the matter of collecting -taxes. The people have suffered great hardship this -year owing to sleeping-sickness, and though the disease -has been stamped out, labour has been scarce, -and I do not feel justified in advising H.M. Government -to increase the tax.</p> - -<p class="sig2">I have the honour to be,</p> - -<p class="sig1">Your Obedient Servant,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">H. Philips</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. To Mr. Commissioner Philips:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Government House</span>.<br /> -<i>July 1.</i></p> - -<p>You are not expected to advise H.M. Government. -Kindly collect the tax as I order, and report -to me later.</p> - -<p class="sig">O. F. Administrator.</p> - -</div> - -<p>4. To the Administrator:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Commissioner’s Hut, M’Gobi District</span>.<br /> -<i>July 11.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I have the honour to inform you, from -evidence obtained on the spot, that any attempt to -levy an extra tax will be attended with serious consequences—disorder -and probable loss of life. I therefore -cannot hold myself responsible for the lives of -missionaries and other white men in the district in -case the tax is levied.</p> - -<p class="sig2">I have the honour to be,</p> - -<p class="sig1">Your Obedient Servant,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">H. Philips</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>5. To Mr. Commissioner Philips:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Government House</span>.<br /> -<i>July 20.</i></p> - -<p>You may take what steps you like with regard -to missionaries; but the tax must be collected.</p> - -<p class="sig">O. F. Administrator.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">(For Précis. Paper 2.)</p> - -<p>6. (By telegram.)</p> - -<p>To the Administrator, British Bongoland:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Colonial Office, Whitehall</span>.<br /> -<i>July 30.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries -in M’Gobi district report having been removed to -coast by order of Mr. Commissioner Philips. Danger -apprehended from levy of extra Hut-tax. H.M. -Government is very averse to the imposition of harsh -taxes, and I must therefore ask you to delay collection -and furnish information without delay.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Hedley</span>: Assist. Sec.</p> - -</div> - -<p>7. (By telegram.)</p> - -<p>To the Colonial Office:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">British Bongoland</span>.<br /> -<i>Aug. 1.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I am not accustomed to having my actions -criticized. You may leave this matter entirely in my -hands.</p> - -<p class="sig2">I have the honour to be,</p> - -<p class="sig1">Your Obedient Servant,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Obadiah FitzBlank</span>,<br /> -Administrator.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> - -<p>8. (By telegram.)</p> - -<p>To Sir Obadiah FitzBlank:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Colonial Office, Whitehall</span>.<br /> -<i>Aug. 2</i>, 1 p.m.</p> - -<p>You will inform Mr. Commissioner Philips that -H.M. Government are of opinion, in agreement with -him, that the new tax should not be imposed. You -will also resign your office immediately and return -by the boat that leaves to-morrow night. Your successor -has already left.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Joseph Chamberlain.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_16_The_Mandarin">Notes</h2> - -<p>Remember Rule VIII and Rule IX.</p> - -<p>Also, it is often convenient to use a <i>general</i> term -instead of names: such as ‘The Naval Authorities’ -or ‘The British Government’.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 16.—The Mandarin</h2> - -<p>Correspondence concerning the bastinadoing of a -British subject in the village of Ching-Wang, 30 -miles from Shang-Hai.</p> - -<p>1. To the British Consul at Shang-Hai:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Ching-Wang</span>.<br /> -<i>April 2.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>I write to say as how I have been bastinadoed -on both feet. My feet is swole something cruel. -This was done by the Mandarin Lu-Chu. He says -as how I stole his cherries, which I never done it. -Please investigate. I am a British subjick, which -my mother was a Chinee.</p> - -<p class="sig2">Yours truly,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Fu-ling Thompson</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>2. To His Complacency the Mandarin Lu-Chu:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Consul’s House, Shang-Hai</span>.<br /> -<i>April 8.</i></p> - -<p>Having been informed by the half-caste Fu-Ling -Thompson, a British subject, that corporal punishment -had been unjustly inflicted upon him by your -orders, I sent my agent to investigate the matter. -He informs me that Thompson speaks the truth, and -that you yourself are perfectly aware of the man’s -innocence. I therefore suggest that, to avoid complications -with H.M. Government, you compensate -Mr. Thompson to the extent of £50 or 100,000 sens.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">H. Caslon</span>, British Consul.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. (Translation.)</p> - -<p>To the British Consul:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Ching-Wang</span>.</p> - -<p>Almighty Consul whose face shines like the -moon. I cannot give Mr. Thompson 100,000 sens, -for I am a poor man. Moreover, the cherries were -stolen. It was right and fitting that someone should -be bastinadoed.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Lu-Chu.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p>4. To Lieut.-Commander Hanlon of H.M.S. <i>Laverock</i>:—</p> - -<p>(Per picket boat.)</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From <span class="smcap">Consul’s House, Shang-Hai</span>.<br /> -<i>April 12.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Dear Hanlon</span>,</p> - -<p>The Mandarin of Ching-Wang has been up -to his old tricks again—bastinadoing a British subject. -I have ordered him to pay the man £50 and he -refuses. I suggest that you make a demonstration. -(Correspondence enclosed.)</p> - -<p class="sig2">Yours,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">H. Caslon</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>5. (By Wireless.)</p> - -<p>To Admiral Groves, China Station:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date"><i>April 12.</i></p> - -<p>Another case of unjustified bastinadoing. Mandarin -refuses compensation. What steps may I take?</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Hanlon</span>,<br /> -Lieut.-Commander.</p> - -</div> - -<p>6. (By Wireless from H.M.S. <i>Thunderer</i>):—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Leave entirely in your hands. Use great firmness -but avoid complications.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Groves</span>,<br /> -Admiral.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> - -<p>7. From H.M.S. <i>Laverock</i> (by letter):—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date"><i>April 13.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation">To his Complacency the Mandarin Lu-Chu.</p> - -<p>In the matter of the bastinadoing of Mr. Thompson, -a British subject, the case as you know has been -investigated, and I am authorized to demand the -immediate payment of 100,000 sens. Unless this -demand is complied with before 4 o’clock, I shall be -reluctantly compelled to blow your house to pieces.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Hanlon</span>,<br /> -Lieut.-Commander.</p> - -</div> - -<p>8. To Lieut.-Commander Hanlon (translation):—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Most superb Lieutenant-Commander, whose guns -roar like many devils. I cannot pay Mister Thompson -100,000 sens, for I am a poor man. Moreover, -I did but beat him upon the soles of his feet.</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Lu-Chu.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p>9. To the British Consul at Shang-Hai:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="date">From H.M.S. <i>Laverock</i>.<br /> -<i>April 14.</i></p> - -<p class="salutation"><span class="smcap">Dear Caslon</span>,</p> - -<p>Lu-Chu flatly refused to pay; so, with the -Admiral’s leave, I took the law into my own hands. -At ten past four I stood right into the harbour and -fired a large wad of cotton-waste into his cherry-trees. -The old fellow was frightened out of his life, and sent -the money within five minutes.</p> - -<p class="sig2">Yours,</p> - -<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">J. Hanlon</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_17_Isaac_Newton">Notes</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rule X.</span>—<b>ALWAYS KEEP A PROPER BALANCE. -That is to say, it often happens that in -the original too much space is given to picturesque -details, and too little to the more important facts. In -your précis this must be put right.</b></p> - -<p>This is obviously the case in the following Life of -Isaac Newton.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 17—Isaac Newton</h2> - -<p>Newton was born in 1643, and was the smallest -baby in the world. He went to school when very -young, but does not appear to have done any work -till one day the top-boy kicked him violently in the -stomach for daring to get his sums right. Then -Newton began to work, not with any idea of becoming -the greatest of mathematicians, but simply because he -resented being kicked in the stomach, and determined -to get the better of his tormentor. His spare time -was spent in making ingenious little contrivances, -water-clocks, paper lamps attached to kites with which -to frighten the villagers, a ‘wind-mill’ turned by a -pet mouse with a string tied to its tail. When he -left school he was tried on the farm, but it was no use. -Newton was always behind a hedge inventing some -new automatic toy, while the pigs wallowed in clover, -and the cows trampled down the corn. So he went -to Trinity College, Cambridge, and there his serious -studies began.</p> - -<p>His first discoveries were on the subject of light, -about which very little was then known. On darkening -his room and allowing a circular beam of sunlight -to pass through a hole in the shutter, and thence -through a triangular glass prism, he found that an -oblong patch of light was cast on the screen five -times as long as the hole in the shutter. Moreover, -it was no longer white, but made up of all the colours -of the rainbow—violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, -orange, red—always ranged in the same order. He -soon came to the conclusion that white is not a separate -colour, but is made up of all the colours of the -‘spectrum’.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> - -<p>He next invented the reflecting telescope, forerunner -of all the vast instruments by means of which -the wonders of the sky have been investigated.</p> - -<p>He then turned his great mind to the problem of -finding out what light really is, and, though his -theory has been given up for a better, it was the best -that had been suggested up to that time. He also -found out that light travels at the rate of nearly -200,000 miles a second.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the Plague broke out at Cambridge, -making it necessary for him to retire into the country. -It was in the garden of his country house that the fall -of an apple is supposed to have suggested to Newton -the theory of gravitation.</p> - -<p>Scientists had for a long time been familiar with -the fact that the earth is a colossal magnet, drawing -everything upon its surface in the direction of its -centre; but it was Newton who conceived the idea—and -whether it was the falling apple that suggested -it or no is unimportant—that the influence extended -as far as the moon, and, if this could be established, -to the stars throughout space. Was it not possible -that the moon, trying to shoot off at a tangent, was -continually pulled back by the earth, and so kept -‘falling’ round it? Newton tried experiments, applying -laws already discovered, and found that the theory -would not work. Undiscouraged he put the whole -problem aside till more facts should have been discovered. -It was not till 1682 that more accurate -measurements of the earth gave Newton fresh data -to go upon. Again he applied his theory, and this -time he began to see that his problem was ‘coming -out’—that the moon would fall just the right distance, -15 feet per minute. As he neared the end of his calculations -he became so agitated that he could not go on:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -a friend had to finish it for him. And it was right. -He had established the fact that not only is the moon -subject to the law of gravitation, but that the whole -universe is slung together in one stupendous system.</p> - -<p>It is this grand discovery, and the wonderful invention -of the calculus, that establish Newton’s claim to -immortal honour. As says the inscription in Westminster -Abbey: “The vigour of his mind was almost -supernatural”.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="No_18_The_Battle_of_the_Nile">Notes</h2> - -<p>In this précis the story should be condensed, and -told as a continuous narrative, and not in scraps and -jottings as in a log.</p> - -<p>For the purpose of verifying positions, &c.—especially -as the battle was fought at night—it is important -to mention <i>names</i> of all ships.</p> - -<p>It is also necessary to give the <i>times</i> of the chief -events; but one can avoid monotony and scrappiness -by using phrases such as “Ten minutes later.…”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> - -<h2>No. 18.—The Battle of the Nile</h2> - -<p>From the log of the <i>Swiftsure</i> (unofficial):—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>At 6.0 p.m. received order from Flag-ship to furl -and wet all unused sails; and to sling a cross-bar to -the mizzen peak with four ship’s lanterns; also to -sling a ship’s lantern over each gun-port, as the fight -would be in the dark, and friend must be distinguished -from foe. Superintended the sanding of -decks, and final arrangements. 6.30, the fight began. -French land batteries opened on the <i>Goliath</i>, which -ship, followed by the <i>Theseus</i> and others, rounded -the tip of the French line and dropped anchor on the -shoal side. By 7.0 it was dark, the battle raging -furiously apparently on both sides of the enemy van. -At 7.15 received message from Captain Troubridge -of the <i>Culloden</i> that he was on the sands. Put helm -over and kept away to eastwards. 7.30, sailed down -the battle line looking for an enemy’s ship to lie -alongside. Sighted a vessel in movement. Order -given to stand to the guns, for she showed no lights. -Hailed ship, and received answer: “This is the <i>Bellerophon</i> -going out of action disabled”. Passed close -under stern of <i>Bellerophon</i>. She had apparently lost -both main and foremasts, and much wreckage lay -over her sides. As far as could be distinguished in -the darkness she appeared to be just under control, -carrying on under mizzen and sprit sail. 7.40, order -given to take <i>Bellerophon’s</i> place in fight. At 8.3 let -go one small bower anchor in seven fathoms of water. -At 8.5 commenced firing at a two-decked ship called -the <i>Franklin</i> on the starboard quarter, and a three-decked -ship called <i>L’Orient</i> on starboard bow. Apparently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> -<i>L’Orient</i> was some 200 yards from our ship. -She was using all three tiers of guns, but some had -been put out of action by the <i>Bellerophon</i>. At 8.30 -the <i>Alexander</i> also closed on <i>L’Orient</i> [<i>added later</i>: -she was French Flag-ship] and the fight became very -furious. At 9.3 <i>L’Orient</i> caught fire. Order given -to isolate <i>L’Orient’s</i> poop with cannon and musket-fire, -to prevent the flames being put out. (In the -glare much loose gear, such as paint-pots could be -seen scattered on the poop.) At a quarter to 10 -<i>L’Orient</i> blew up. Most of the wreckage fell into the -sea; some on to the deck of the <i>Swiftsure</i> but without -inflicting casualties. Hove in cable. Lowered two -boats, in charge of midshipmen. Picked up nine -men and one lieutenant who escaped out of <i>L’Orient</i>. -Saw the <i>Alexander’s</i> bowsprit and her main-topgallant -sail to be on fire. At 10.20 ceased firing. Sent -Lieutenant Cowen to take possession of the enemy’s -ship, the <i>Franklin</i>, that lay on our quarter, who hailed -us that she had struck, with her main mizzen-masts -gone. At 10.35 he returned, finding that she was -taken possession of by an officer from the <i>Defence</i>. -At 10.50 saw the <i>Alexander</i> and another ship, which -proved to be the <i>Majestic</i>, engaging the enemy’s ships -to the left of us at about a mile. Bore down to their -assistance. For the next four hours engaged enemy’s -ships to the rear of their line. Enemy’s fire became -wild and inflicted little damage. At 3 a.m. order was -given to cease fire. Guns’ crews much exhausted, -many of the men lying on the gun decks, their -arms swollen from continuous work at the out-hauls. -Order given for the distribution of rum and coffee. -At 5.30 saw that six of the enemy’s ships at our end -of the line had struck their colours. Our carpenters -employed stopping the shot-holes. People employed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -knotting and splicing the rigging. At 6 the <i>Majestic</i> -fired her minute guns on interring her captain, who -was killed in the action.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Précis writing for beginners, by Guy Noel Pocock - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRÉCIS WRITING FOR BEGINNERS *** - -***** This file should be named 53680-h.htm or 53680-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/6/8/53680/ - -Produced by MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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