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diff --git a/old/53674-8.txt b/old/53674-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4046da2..0000000 --- a/old/53674-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16146 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of -Jahangir, by Nuru-d-din Jahangir Padshah - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir - -Author: Nuru-d-din Jahangir Padshah - -Editor: Henry Beveridge - -Translator: Alexander Roger - -Release Date: December 6, 2016 [EBook #53674] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI: OR *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - - - - - - - - - THE - TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI - - Or - Memoirs of Jahangir - - - Translated by - Alexander Rogers - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - Edited by - Henry Beveridge - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - - - - - - -PREFACE. - - -Mr. Rogers translated the Memoirs of Jahangir several years ago from -the edition which Sayyid Ahmad printed at Ghazipur in 1863 and at -Allyghur in 1864. Orientalists are greatly indebted to the Sayyid for -his disinterested labours, but his text seems to have been made from -a single and defective MS. and is often incorrect, especially in the -case of proper names. I have collated it with the excellent MSS. in the -India Office and the British Museum, and have thus been able to make -numerous corrections. I have also consulted the MS. in the Library -of the R.A.S., but it is not a good one. I have, with Mr. Rogers's -permission, revised the translation, and I have added many notes. - -There is an account of the Memoirs in the sixth volume of Elliot & -Dowson's "History of India," and there the subject of the various -recensions is discussed. There is also a valuable note by Dr. Rieu -in his "Catalogue of Persian MSS.," i, 253. It is there pointed out -that there is a manuscript translation of the first nine years of the -Memoirs by William Erskine in the British Museum. I have consulted this -translation and found it helpful. The MS. is numbered Add. 26,611. The -translation is, of course, excellent, and it was made from a good MS. - -A translation of what Dr. Rieu calls the garbled Memoirs of Jahangir -was made by Major David Price and published by the Oriental Translation -Committee of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1829. The author of this -work is unknown, and its history is an unsolved problem. It is -occasionally fuller than the genuine Memoirs, and it contains some -picturesque touches, such as the account of Akbar's deathbed. But it -is certain that it is, in part at least, a fabrication, and that it -contains statements which Jahangir could never have made. Compare, for -instance, the account of the death of Sohrab, the son of Mirza Rustam, -near the end of Price's translation, pp. 138-9, with that given in the -genuine Memoirs in the narrative of the fifteenth year of the reign, -p. 293, and also in the Iqbal-nama, p. 139. Besides being inaccurate, -the garbled or spurious Memoirs are much shorter than the genuine -work, and do not go beyond the fifteenth year. Price's translation, -too, was made from a single and badly written MS. [1] which is now in -the R.A.S. library. Dr. Rieu remarks that it is to be regretted that -so poor a fabrication as the garbled Memoirs should have been given -to the world as a genuine production of Jahangir. This being so, it -is appropriate that the present translation of the genuine Memoirs -should be published by the Royal Asiatic Society. - -When Jahangir had written his Memoirs for the first twelve years -of his reign he made them into a volume, and had a number of copies -made and distributed (Elliot, vi, 360). The first of these he gave to -Shah Jahan, who was then in high favour. The present publication is a -translation of the first volume of the Memoirs, but the translation -of the whole Memoirs, together with the additions of Mu`tamad Khan -and Muhammad Hadi, has been completed, and it is to be hoped that -its publication will follow in due course. - -Jahangir reigned for twenty-two years, but ill-health and sorrow -made him give up the writing of his Memoirs in the seventeenth -year of his reign (see Elliot, vi, 280). He then entrusted the task -to Mu`tamad Khan, the author of the Iqbal-nama, who continued the -Memoirs to the beginning of the nineteenth year. He then dropped -writing the Memoirs in the name of the emperor, but he continued -the narrative of the reign, to Jahangir's death, in his own work, -the Iqbal-nama. Muhammad Hadi afterwards continued the Memoirs down -to Jahangir's death, but his work is little more than an abridgment -of the Iqbal-nama. Sayyid Ahmad's edition contains the continuations -of the Memoirs by Mu`tamad and Muhammad Hadi, and also Muhammad -Hadi's preface and introduction. But this preface and introduction -have not been translated by Mr. Rogers, and I do not think that a -translation is necessary. Muhammad Hadi is a late writer (see Elliot, -vi, 392), his date being the first quarter of the eighteenth century, -and his introduction seems to be almost wholly derived from the -Ma'asir-i-Jahangiri of Kamgar Husaini (Elliot, vi, 257). It consists -mainly of an account of Jahangir's life from his birth up to his -accession. - -It is perhaps unnecessary to say anything about the importance of -Jahangir's Memoirs. They give a lively picture of India in the early -decades of the seventeenth century, and are a valuable supplement to -the Akbar-nama. I may be allowed, however, to end this preface with -the following remarks which I contributed to the Indian Magazine for -May, 1907:-- - -"The Royal authors of the East had more blood in them than those kings -whose works have been catalogued by Horace Walpole. To find a parallel -to them we must go back to Julius Cæsar, and even then the advantage -is not upon the side of Europe. After all, the commentaries of the -famous Roman are a little disappointing, and certainly the Memoirs of -Babar and Jahangir are far more human and fuller of matter than the -story of the Gallic Wars. All Muhammadans have a fancy for writing -chronicles and autobiographies, and several Muhammadan kings have -yielded to the common impulse. Central Asia has given us the Memoirs -of Tamarlane, Babar, and Haidar, and the chronicle of Abu-l-ghazi; -Persia has given us the Memoirs of Shah Tahmasp, and India the Memoirs -of the Princess Gulbadan and Jahangir. In modern times we see the -same impulse at work, for we have the biography of the late Ameer of -Afghanistan and the diary of the Shah of Persia. - -"The contributions to literature by Royal authors which come to -us from the East form a department by themselves, and one which -is of great value. Nearly all Eastern histories are disfigured -by adulation. Even when the author has had no special reason for -flattery and for suppression of truth, he has been dazzled by the -greatness of his subject, and gives us a picture which no more -reveals the real king than does a telescope the real constitution -of the Morning Star. But when Eastern monarchs give us chronicles, -the case is different. They have no occasion for fear or favour, -and mercilessly expose the failings of their contemporaries. Not that -they are to be trusted any more than other Orientals when speaking of -themselves. Babar has suppressed the story of his vassalage to Shah -Isma`il, of his defeat at Ghajdawan, and his treatment of `Alam Lodi; -and Jahangir has glossed over his rebellion against his father, and -the circumstances of Shir-afgan's death. But when they have to speak -of others--whether kings or nobles--they give us the whole truth, and -perhaps a little more. An amiable Princess like Gulbadan Begam may -veil the faults and weaknesses of her brothers Humayun and Hindal; -but Babar strips the gilt off nearly every one whom he mentions, -and spares no one--not even his own father. - -"The Memoirs of Babar, Haidar, and Gulbadan have been translated -into English, and those of Tahmasp have been translated into German; -but unfortunately Jahangir's have never been fully translated, [2] -though there are extracts in Elliot & Dowson's History, and Major -Price many years ago gave us from an imperfect manuscript a garbled -account of a few years of his Memoirs. Yet in reality Jahangir's -Memoirs are not inferior in interest to those of Babar. Indeed, we -may go further and say there is twice as much matter in them as in -Babar's Memoirs, and that they are by far the most entertaining of -the two works. Not that Jahangir was by any means as remarkable a man -as his great-grandfather. He was a most faulty human being, and his -own account of himself often excites our disgust and contempt. But he -had the sense not to confine his narrative to an account of himself, -and he has given us a picture of his father, the great Akbar, -which is a bigger 'plum' than anything in Babar's Memoirs. But his -account of himself has also its charm, for it reveals the real man, -and so he lives for us in his Memoirs just as James VI--to whom, -and to the Emperor Claudius, he bears a strange and even ludicrous -resemblance--lives in the 'Fortunes of Nigel' or Claudius in Suetonius -and Tacitus. Jahangir was indeed a strange mixture. The man who could -stand by and see men flayed alive, and who, as he himself tells us, -put one man to death and had two others hamstrung because they showed -themselves inopportunely and frightened away his game, could yet be a -lover of justice and could spend his Thursday evenings in holding high -converse. He could quote Firdusi's verse against cruelty to animals-- - - - 'Ah! spare yon emmet, rich in hoarded grain-- - He lives with pleasure, and he dies with pain'; - - -and be soft-hearted enough to wish that his father were alive to -share with him the delicious mangoes of India. He could procure the -murder of Abu-l-fazl and avow the fact without remorse, and also -pity the royal elephants because they shivered in winter when they -sprinkled themselves with cold water. 'I observed this,' he says, -'and so I ordered that the water should be heated to the temperature -of luke-warm milk.' And he adds: 'This was entirely my own idea; -nobody had ever thought of it before.' One good trait in Jahangir -was his hearty enjoyment of Nature and his love for flowers. Babar -had this also, but he was old, or at least worn out, when he came to -India, and he was disgusted by an Indian attempt to poison him, and -so his description of India is meagre and splenetic. Jahangir, on the -other hand, is a true Indian, and dwells delightedly on the charms of -Indian flowers, particularises the palas, the bokul, and the champa, -and avows that no fruit of Afghanistan or Central Asia is equal to the -mango. He loved, too, to converse with pandits and Hindu ascetics, -though he is contemptuous of their avatars, and causes the image of -Vishnu as the boar avatar to be broken and flung into the Pushkar lake. - -"It is a remark of Hallam's that the best attribute of Muhammadan -princes is a rigorous justice in chastising the offences of others. Of -this quality Jahangir, in spite of all his weaknesses, had a large -share, and even to this day he is spoken of with respect by Muhammadans -on account of his love of justice. It is a pathetic circumstance that -it was this princely quality which was to some extent the cause of the -great affront put upon him by Mahabat Khan. Many complaints had been -made to Jahangir of the oppressions of Mahabat in Bengal, and crowds -of suppliants had come to Jahangir's camp. It was his desire to give -them redress and to punish Mahabat for his exactions, together with -his physical and mental weakness, which led to his capture on the -banks of the Jhilam. - -"One of the many interesting observations in his Memoirs is his account -of an inscription he saw at Hindaun. He says that in the thirteenth -year of his reign, as he was marching back to Agra, he found a verse -by someone inscribed on the pillar of a pleasure-house on an islet -in the lake at Hindaun. He then proceeds to quote it, and it turns -out to be one of Omar Khayyam's! This is FitzGerald's paraphrase:-- - - - 'For some we loved, the loveliest and the best - That from his vintage Time hath prest, - Have drunk their Cup a Round or two before, - And one by one crept silently to rest.' - - -"The same quatrain has also been quoted by Badayuni in his history, -and the interesting thing about Jahangir's quotation of it is that -he could see the beauty of the verse and at the same time did not -know who was the author. There is also an interest in the fact -that the third line contains a different reading from that given in -Whinfield's edition of the text. Hindaun is in the Jaipur territory, -and one would like to know if the inscription still exists. - -"Among other things in Jahangir's Memoirs there is the description -of the outbreak of the Plague, given to him by a lady of his court -[which has been quoted by Dr. Simpson in his book upon Plague], and -there is a very full account of Kashmir, which is considerably superior -to that in the Ayin Akbari, which Sir Walter Lawrence has praised." - -With reference to the portrait of Jahangir prefixed to this volume, -it may be interesting to note that it appears from Mr. E. B. Havell's -"Indian Sculpture," p. 203, that the British Museum possesses a -drawing by Rembrandt which was copied from a Moghul miniature, -and which has been pronounced by Mr. Rouffaer to be a portrait -of Jahangir. Coryat (Purchas, reprint, iv, 473) thus describes -Jahangir's personal appearance:--"He is fifty and three years of -age, his nativity-day having been celebrated with wonderful pomp -since my arrival here. On that day he weighed himself in a pair of -golden scales, which by great chance I saw the same day; a custom he -observes most inviolably every year. He is of complexion neither white -nor black, but of a middle betwixt them. I know not how to express -it with a more expressive and significant epitheton than olive. An -olive colour his face presenteth. He is of a seemly composition of -body, of a stature little unequal (as I guess not without grounds of -probability) to mine, but much more corpulent than myself." - -As regards the bibliography of the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, I have to -note that there is an Urdu translation by Munshi Ahmad `Ali Simab of -Rampura, that is, Aligarh in Tonk. It was made from Muhammad Hadi's -edition under the patronage of Muhammad Ibrahim `Ali Khan Nawab of -Tonk, and was published by Newal Kishor in 1291 (1874). There is also -a Hindi translation by Munshi Debi Prasad which was published in 1905 -at Calcutta by the Bharat Mitra Press. The Urdu translation referred -to by Mr. Blumhardt in his Catalogue of Hindustani MSS., p. 61, and -noticed by Elliot, vi, 401, and Garcin de Tassy, iii, 301, is, as the -two latter writers have remarked, a translation of the Iqbal-nama. The -MS. referred to by Elliot vi, 277, as having been in the possession -of General Thomas Paterson Smith, and which is described in Ethé's -Catalogue of the India Office MSS., No. 2833, p. 1533, was made by -Sayyid Muhammad, the elder brother of Sayyid Ahmad. At the end of the -MS. the copyist gives some account of himself and of his family. He -made the copy from copies in the Royal Library and in the possession -of Rajah Roghu Nath Singh alias Lal Singh Jalpur. He finished it in -October, 1843. Sayyid Muhammad was Munsif of Hutgam in the Fathpur -district. He died young in 1845. My friend Mr. T. W. Arnold, of the -India Office, informs me that Sayyid Ahmad told him that he found -a valuable illustrated MS of the Tuzuk in the débris of the Delhi -Royal Library, and took it home, but that it was lost when his house -was plundered by the mutineers. There is in the Bodleian a copy in -Sayyid Ahmad's own handwriting. He states that he made use of ten -good MSS. The Englishman at whose request he made the copy was John -Panton Gubbins, who was once Sessions Judge of Delhi. This copy is -described in the Bodleian Catalogue, p. 117, No. 221. The MS. No. 220 -described on the same page was brought home by Fraser, and is a good -one, but only goes down to the end of the 14th year. - - -H. Beveridge. - -March, 1909. - - - - -Postscript.--Since writing this Preface I have been enabled by the -kindness of Mr. Irvine to examine the Hindi Jahangir-nama of Debi -Prasad. It is not a translation, but an abstract, and I do not think -it is of much value. Being a Jodhpur man he has been able, perhaps, -to correct some spellings of places, but he does not seem to have -consulted any MSS., and when he comes to a difficulty he shirks -it. The most valuable adjunct to the Tuzuk, after the Iqbal-nama, -is the Ma'asir-i-Jahangiri of Kamgar Husaini. It is important as -giving the early history of Jahangir, that is, of the time when he -was Prince Selim. There are three copies of his work in the British -Museum, but the so-called Maathir-i-Jahangiri of the India Office -Library, No. 3098, or 324 of the new Catalogue, is only a copy of -the Iqbal-nama. - -I regret that the number of Errata and Addenda is so large, but when -I began the revision I did not know that Sayyid Ahmad's text was so -incorrect. It will be seen that at pp. 158 and 162 I have made two -erroneous notes. - - -H. B. - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - - Jahangir's Memoirs. 1 - Feast of the Second New Year 85 - The Third New Year's Feast from my Accession. 138 - The Fourth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession. 154 - The Fifth New Year's Feast from the Auspicious Accession. 165 - The Sixth New Year's Feast after my auspicious Accession. 191 - The Seventh New Year's Festival after the auspicious Accession. 206 - The Eighth New Year after the auspicious Accession. 235 - The Ninth New Year's Feast after my auspicious Accession. 259 - The Tenth New Year's Festival after my auspicious Accession. 280 - The Eleventh New Year's Feast after the auspicious Accession. 317 - The Twelfth New Year's Feast after my auspicious accession. 370 - - Errata and Addenda. 447 - - - - - - - - -JAHANGIR'S MEMOIRS. - -IN THE NAME OF GOD, THE MERCIFUL, THE CLEMENT. - - -CHAPTER I. - - -By the boundless favour of Allah, when one sidereal hour of Thursday, -Jumada-s-sani 20th, A.H. 1014 (October 24th, 1605), had passed, I -ascended the royal throne in the capital of Agra, in the 38th year -of my age. [3] - -Till he was 28 years old, no child of my father had lived, and -he was continually praying for the survival of a son to dervishes -and recluses, by whom spiritual approach to the throne of Allah is -obtained. As the great master, Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din Chishti, was the -fountain-head of most of the saints of India, he considered that in -order to obtain this object he should have recourse to his blessed -threshold, and resolved within himself that if Almighty God should -bestow a son on him he would, by way of complete humility, go on -foot from Agra to his blessed mausoleum, a distance of 140 kos. In -A.H. 977, on Wednesday, 17th Rabi`u-l-awwal (August 31st, 1569), when -seven ghari of the aforesaid day had passed, when Libra (Mizan) had -risen to the 24th degree, God Almighty brought me into existence from -the hiding-place of nothingness. At the time when my venerated father -was on the outlook for a son, a dervish of the name of Shaikh Salim, -a man of ecstatic condition, who had traversed many of the stages of -life, had his abode on a hill near Sikri, one of the villages of Agra, -and the people of that neighbourhood had complete trust in him. As my -father was very submissive to dervishes, he also visited him. One day, -when waiting on him and in a state of distraction, he asked him how -many sons he should have. The Shaikh replied, "The Giver who gives -without being asked will bestow three sons on you." My father said, -"I have made a vow that, casting my first son on the skirt of your -favour, I will make your friendship and kindness his protector and -preserver." The Shaikh accepted this idea, and said, "I congratulate -you, and I will give him my own name." When my mother came near the -time of her delivery, he (Akbar) sent her to the Shaikh's house -that I might be born there. After my birth they gave me the name -of Sultan Salim, but I never heard my father, whether in his cups -or in his sober moments, call me Muhammad Salim or Sultan Salim, -but always Shaikhu Baba. My revered father, considering the village -of Sikri, which was the place of my birth, lucky for him, made it -his capital. In the course of fourteen or fifteen years that hill, -full of wild beasts, became a city containing all kinds of gardens and -buildings, and lofty, elegant edifices and pleasant places, attractive -to the heart. After the conquest of Gujarat this village was named -Fathpur. When I became king it occurred to me to change my name, -because this resembled that of the Emperor of Rum. An inspiration -from the hidden world brought it into my mind that, inasmuch as -the business of kings is the controlling of the world, I should give -myself the name of Jahangir (World-seizer) and make my title of honour -(laqab) Nuru-d-din, inasmuch as my sitting on the throne coincided with -the rising and shining on the earth of the great light (the Sun). I -had also heard, in the days when I was a prince, from Indian sages, -that after the expiration of the reign and life of King Jalalu-d-din -Akbar one named Nuru-d-din would be administrator of the affairs -of the State. Therefore I gave myself the name and appellation of -Nuru-d-din Jahangir Padshah. As this great event took place in Agra, -it is necessary that some account of that city should be given. - -Agra is one of the grand old cities of Hindustan. It had formerly -an old fort on the bank of the Jumna, but this my father threw down -before my birth, and he founded a fort of cut red stone, the like of -which those who have travelled over the world cannot point out. It -was completed in the space of fifteen or sixteen years. It had four -gates and two sally-ports, and its cost was 35 lakhs of rupees, equal -to 115,000 toman of current Persian coinage and to 10,500,000 khani -according to the Turan reckoning. The habitable part of the city -extends on both sides of the river. On its west side, which has the -greater population, its circumference is seven kos and its breadth is -one kos. The circumference of the inhabited part on the other side of -the water, the side towards the east, is 2 1/2 kos, its length being -one kos and its breadth half a kos. But in the number of its buildings -it is equal to several cities of `Iraq, Khurasan, and Mawara'a-n-nahr -(Transoxiana) put together. Many persons have erected buildings -of three or four storeys in it. The mass of people is so great, -that moving about in the lanes and bazars is difficult. It is on the -boundary of the second climate. On its east is the province of Qanauj; -on the west, Nagor; on the north, Sambhal; and on the south, Chanderi. - -It is written in the books of the Hindus that the source of the Jumna -is in a hill of the name of Kalind, [4] which men cannot reach because -of the excessive cold. The apparent source is a hill near the pargana -of Khizrabad. - -The air of Agra is warm and dry; physicians say that it depresses -the spirits (ruhra ba tahlil mibarad) and induces weakness. It is -unsuited to most temperaments, except to the phlegmatic and melancholy, -which are safe from its bad effects. For this reason animals of this -constitution and temperament, such as the elephant, the buffalo, -and others, thrive in its climate. - -Before the rule of the Lodi Afghans, Agra was a great and populous -place, and had a castle described by Mas`ud b. Sa`d b. Salman in -the ode (qasida) which he wrote in praise of Mahmud, son of Sultan -Ibrahim, son of Mas`ud, son of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, on the capture -of the castle-- - - - "The fort of Agra appeared in the midst of the dust - Like a mountain, and its battlements like peaks." [5] - - -When Sikandar Lodi designed to take Gwalior he came to Agra from -Delhi, which was the capital of the Sultans of India, and settled down -there. From that date the population and prosperity of Agra increased, -and it became the capital of the Sultans of Delhi. When God Almighty -bestowed the rule of India on this illustrious family, the late king, -Babar, after the defeat of Ibrahim, the son of Sikandar Lodi, and -his being killed, and after his victory over Rana Sanga, who was the -chief of the Rajas of Hindustan, established on the east side of the -Jumna, on improved land, a garden (charbagh) which few places equal -in beauty. He gave it the name of Gul-afshan (Flower-scatterer), and -erected in it a small building of cut red stone, and having completed -a mosque on one side of it he intended to make a lofty building, -but time failed him and his design was never carried into execution. - -In these Memoirs, whenever Sahib qirani is written it refers to -Amir Timur Gurgan; and whenever Firdus-makani is mentioned, to Babar -Padshah; when Jannat-ashyani is used, to Humayun Padshah; and when -`Arsh-ashyani is employed, to my revered father, Jalalu-d-din Muhammad -Akbar Padshah Ghazi. - -Melons, mangoes, and other fruits grow well in Agra and its -neighbourhood. Of all fruits I am very fond of mangoes. In the reign of -my father (`Arsh-ashyani) many fruits of other countries, which till -then were not to be had in India, were obtained there. Several sorts -of grapes, such as the sahibi and the habshi [6] and the kishmishi, -became common in several towns; for instance, in the bazars of Lahore -every kind and variety that may be desired can be had in the grape -season. Among fruits, one which they call ananas (pineapple), which -is grown in the Frank ports, [7] is of excessive fragrance and fine -flavour. Many thousands are produced every year now in the Gul-afshan -garden at Agra. - -From the excellencies of its sweet-scented flowers one may prefer the -fragrances of India to those of the flowers of the whole world. It -has many such that nothing in the whole world can be compared to -them. The first is the champa (Michelia champaca), which is a flower of -exceedingly sweet fragrance; it has the shape of the saffron-flower, -but is yellow inclining to white. The tree is very symmetrical and -large, full of branches and leaves, and is shady. When in flower one -tree will perfume a garden. Surpassing this is the keora [8] flower -(Pandanus odoratissimus). Its shape and appearance are singular, and -its scent is so strong and penetrating that it does not yield to the -odour of musk. Another is the rae bel, [9] which in scent resembles -white jessamine. Its flowers are double and treble (?). Another is -the mulsari [10] (Mimusops Elengi). This tree, too, is very graceful -and symmetrical, and is shady. The scent of its flowers is very -pleasant. Another is the ketaki [11] (Pandanus ?), which is of the -nature of the keora, but the latter is thorny, whereas the ketki -has no thorns. Moreover, the ketki is yellowish, whereas the keora -is white. From these two flowers and also from the chambeli [12] -(Jasminum grandiflorum), which is the white jessamine of wilayat -(Persia or Afghanistan), they extract sweet-scented oils. There are -other flowers too numerous to mention. Of trees there are the cypress -(sarw), the pine (sanubar), the chanar (Platanus orientalis), the -white poplar (safidar, Populus alba), and the bid mulla (willow), -which they had formerly never thought of in Hindustan, but are now -plentiful. The sandal-tree, which once was peculiar to the islands -(i.e., Java, Sumatra, etc.), also flourishes in the gardens. - -The inhabitants of Agra exert themselves greatly in the acquirement -of crafts and the search after learning. Various professors of every -religion and creed have taken up their abode in the city. - -After my accession, the first order that I gave was for the -fastening up of the Chain of Justice, so that if those engaged in the -administration of justice should delay or practise hypocrisy in the -matter of those seeking justice, the oppressed might come to this -chain and shake it so that its noise might attract attention. Its -fashion was this: I ordered them to make a chain of pure gold, [13] -30 gaz in length and containing 60 bells. Its weight was 4 Indian -maunds, equal to 42 `Iraqi maunds. One end of it they made fast to the -battlements of the Shah Burj of the fort at Agra and the other to a -stone post fixed on the bank of the river. I also gave twelve orders to -be observed as rules of conduct (dasturu-l-`amal) in all my dominions-- - -(1) Forbidding the levy of cesses under the names of tamgha and mir -bahri (river tolls), and other burdens which the jagirdars of every -province and district had imposed for their own profit. - -(2) On roads where thefts and robberies took place, which roads -might be at a little distance from habitations, the jagirdars of the -neighbourhood should build sara'is (public rest-houses), mosques, -and dig wells, which might stimulate population, and people might -settle down in those sara'is. If these should be near a khalisa estate -(under direct State management), the administrator (mutasaddi) of -that place should execute the work. - -[14](3) The bales of merchants should not be opened on the roads -without informing them and obtaining their leave. - -(4) In my dominions if anyone, whether unbeliever or Musalman, -should die, his property and effects should be left for his heirs, -and no one should interfere with them. If he should have no heir, -they should appoint inspectors and separate guardians to guard the -property, so that its value might be expended in lawful expenditure, -such as the building of mosques and sara'is, the repair of broken -bridges, and the digging of tanks and wells. - -(5) They should not make wine or rice-spirit (darbahra) [15] or any -kind of intoxicating drug, or sell them; although I myself drink wine, -and from the age of 18 years up till now, when I am 38, have persisted -in it. When I first took a liking to drinking I sometimes took as much -as twenty cups of double-distilled spirit; when by degrees it acquired -a great influence over me I endeavoured to lessen the quantity, and in -the period of seven years I have brought myself from fifteen cups to -five or six. My times for drinking were varied; sometimes when three -or four sidereal hours of the day remained I would begin to drink, -and sometimes at night and partly by day. This went on till I was -30 years old. After that I took to drinking always at night. Now I -drink only to digest my food. - -[16](6) They should not take possession of any person's house. - -(7) I forbade the cutting off the nose or ears of any person, and -I myself made a vow by the throne of God that I would not blemish -anyone by this punishment. - -(8) I gave an order that the officials of the Crown lands and the -jagirdars should not forcibly take the ryots' lands and cultivate -them on their own account. - -(9) A government collector or a jagirdar should not without permission -intermarry with the people of the pargana in which he might be. - -(10) They should found hospitals in the great cities, and appoint -physicians for the healing of the sick; whatever the expenditure -might be, should be given from the khalisa establishment. - -(11) In accordance with the regulations of my revered father, I -ordered that each year from the 18th [17] of Rabi`u-l-awwal, which -is my birthday, for a number of days corresponding to the years of -my life, they should not slaughter animals (for food). Two days in -each week were also forbidden, one of them Thursday, the day of my -accession, and the other Sunday, the day of my father's birth. He -held this day in great esteem on this account, and because it was -dedicated to the Sun, and also because it was the day on which the -Creation began. Therefore it was one of the days on which there was -no killing in his dominions. [18] - -(12) I gave a general order that the offices and jagirs of my father's -servants should remain as they were. Later, the mansabs (ranks or -offices) were increased according to each one's circumstances by not -less than 20 per cent. to 300 or 400 per cent. The subsistence money -of the ahadis was increased by 50 per cent., and I raised the pay of -all domestics by 20 per cent. I increased the allowances of all the -veiled ladies of my father's harem from 20 per cent. to 100 per cent., -according to their condition and relationship. By one stroke of the -pen I confirmed the subsistence lands [19] of the holders of aimas -(charity lands) within the dominions, who form the army of prayer, -according to the deeds in their possession. I gave an order to Miran -Sadr Jahan, who is one of the genuine Sayyids of India, and who for -a long time held the high office of sadr (ecclesiastical officer) -under my father, that he should every day produce before me deserving -people (worthy of charity). [20]I released all criminals who had been -confined and imprisoned for a long time in the forts and prisons. [21] - -At a propitious hour I ordered that they should coin gold and silver -of different weights. To each coin I gave a separate name, viz., -to the muhr of 100 tola, that of nur-shahi; to that of 50 tola, -that of nur-sultani; to that of 20 tola, nur-daulat; to that of -10 tola, nur-karam; to that of 5 tola, nur-mihr; and to that of 1 -tola, nur-jahani. The half of this I called nurani, and the quarter, -rawaji. With regard to the silver coins (sikkas). I gave to the coin -of 100 tola the name of kaukab-i-tali` (star of horoscope); to that -of 50 tola, the name of kaukab-i-iqbal (star of fortune); to that of -20 tola, the name of kaukab-i-murad (star of desire); to that of 10 -tola, the name of kaukab-i-bakht (star of good luck); to that of 5 -tola, the name of kaukab-i-sa`d (star of auspiciousness); to that of -1 tola, the name of jahangiri. The half jahangiri I called sultani; -the quarter, nisari [22] (showering money); the dime, khair-i-qabul -(the acceptable). Copper, also, I coined in the same proportions, -and gave each division a particular name. I ordered that on the gold -muhr of 100, 50, 20, and 10 tola the following verse by Asaf Khan -[23] should be impressed--namely, on the obverse was this couplet:-- - - - "Fate's pen wrote on the coin in letters of light, - The Shah Nuru-d-din Jahangir"; - - -and between the lines of the verse the Creed (Kalima) was impressed. On -the reverse was this couplet, in which the date of coinage was -signified:-- - - - "Through this coin is the world brightened as by the sun, - And the date thereof is 'Sun of Dominion' (Aftab-i-Mamlakat)." [24] - - -Between the lines of the verse, the mint, the Hijra year, and the -regnal year were impressed. On the nur-jahani, which is in the place -of the ordinary gold muhr and exceeds it in weight by 20 per cent. (as -12 to 10), is impressed this couplet of the Amiru-l-umara:-- - - - "Shah Nuru-d-din Jahangir ibn Akbar Padshah - Made gold's face bright with the sheen of sun and moon." - - -Accordingly, a hemistich was impressed on each face, and also the mint, -and the Hijra and regnal year. The jahangiri sikka, also, which is -greater in weight by 20 per cent., was reckoned as equal to a rupee, -its weight being fixed in the same manner as that of the nur-jahani -(each was a tola in weight, but one was in gold and the other was -in silver). The weight of a tola is 2 1/2 misqals of Persia and -Turan. [25] - -It would not be good to give all the versified chronograms which were -made for my accession. I therefore content myself with the one which -Maktub Khan, the superintendent of the library and picture gallery, -and one of my old servants, composed-- - - - "The second lord of conjunction, Shahinshah Jahangir, - With justice and equity sat on the throne of happiness. - Prosperity, Good Fortune, Wealth, Dignity, and Victory, - With loins girt in his service, stood rejoicing before him. - It became the date of the accession when Prosperity - Placed his head at the feet of the Sahib-Qiran-i-Sani." [26] - - -To my son Khusrau a lakh of rupees was presented that he might build -up for himself the house of Mun`im Khan, [27] the (former) Khankhanan, -outside the fort. The administration and government of the Panjab was -bestowed on Sa`id Khan, [28] who was one of the confidential nobles and -connected with my father by marriage. His origin was from the Moghul -tribe, and his ancestors were in the service of my forefathers. At the -time of his taking leave, as it was said that his eunuchs oppressed and -tyrannized over the weak and the poor, I sent a message to him that -my justice would not put up with oppression from anyone, and that in -the scales of equity neither smallness nor greatness was regarded. If -after this any cruelty or harshness should be observed on the part -of his people, he would receive punishment without favour. [29] - -Again, having previously bestowed on Shaikh Farid Bukhari, who -had been Mir Bakhshi in my father's service, a dress of honour, a -jewelled sword, a jewelled inkstand and pen, I confirmed him in the -same post, and in order to exalt him I said to him, "I regard thee as -Sahibu-s-saif-wa-l-qalam" ("Captain Sword and Captain Pen"). Muqim, -[30] to whom my father had given at the end of his reign the title of -Wazir Khan and the viziership of his dominions, I selected for the same -title, rank, and service. I also gave Khwajagi Fathu-llah a dress of -honour, and made him a bakhshi, as formerly `Abdu-r-Razzaq Ma`muri, -although when I was prince he had left my service without cause or -reason and had gone over to my father, I made bakhshi as formerly, -and I gave him a dress of honour. To Aminu-d-daula, who when I was -prince had the post of bakhshi, and without my leave had run away and -taken service with my revered father, not looking to his offences I -gave the office of Atish-i-begi [31] (Head of the Artillery), which -he had held under my father. I left all those who were in possession -of posts, both inside and outside, in the positions which they had -with my father. Sharif Khan [32] had lived with me from his early -years. When I was prince I had given him the title of khan, and when -I left Allahabad to wait upon my honoured father I presented him -with a drum and the tuman-togh (standard of yak tails). I had also -promoted him to the rank of 2,500 and given him the government of the -province of Bihar. I gave him complete control over the province, and -sent him off there. On the 4th of Rajab, being fifteen days after my -accession, he waited upon me. I was exceedingly pleased at his coming, -for his connection with me is such that I look upon him as a brother, -a son, a friend, and a companion. As I had perfect confidence in his -friendship, intelligence, learning, and acquaintance with affairs, -having made him Grand Vizier, I promoted him to the rank of 5,000 with -5,000 horse and the lofty title of Amiru-l-umara, to which no title -of my servants is superior. Though his position might have warranted -a higher rank, he himself represented to me that until some notable -service on his part had become perceptible to me he would not accept -a higher grade than that mentioned (5,000). - -As the reality of the loyalty of my father's servants had not -yet become apparent, and certain faults and errors and unbecoming -intentions which were not approved at the throne of the Creator or -pleasing to His creatures had shown themselves, they of themselves -became ashamed. Though on the day of my accession I had forgiven all -offences and determined with myself that I would exact no retribution -for past deeds, yet on account of the suspicion that had been aroused -in my mind about them I considered the Amiru-l-umara my guardian and -protector; although God Almighty is the guardian of all His servants, -and is especially so of kings, because their existence is the cause -of the contentment of the world. His father, `Abdu-s-Samad, who -in the art of painting had no equal in the age, had obtained from -the late king (Jannat-ashyani) Humayun the title of Shirin-qalam -(Sweet pen), and in his council had attained a great dignity and was -on intimate terms with him (the king). He was one of the chief men -of Shiraz. My honoured father, on account of his former services, -paid him great honour and reverence. I made Raja Man Singh--who was -one of the greatest and most trusted noblemen of my father, and had -obtained alliances with this illustrious family, inasmuch as his aunt -had been in my father's house (i.e. was his wife), [33] and I had -married his sister, and Khusrau and his sister Sultanu-n-nisa Begam, -the latter of whom is my eldest child, were born of her--as before, -ruler of the province of Bengal. Though as in consequence of certain -of his acts he had no expectation of this favour towards himself, -I dignified him with a charqab (vest without sleeves) as a robe of -honour, a jewelled sword, and one of my own horses, and sent him off to -his province, which is a place of (or can keep up) 50,000 horse. His -father was Raja Bhagwan Das. His grandfather, Raja Bihari Mal, was -the first of the Kachwaha Rajputs to have the honour of entering my -father's service, and he excelled his tribe in truth and sincerity -of friendship, and in the quality of valour. After my accession, when -all the nobles with their retinues presented themselves at my palace, -it came into my mind that I should send this body of retainers under -my son, Sultan Parwiz, to make a holy war against the Rana, who was -one of evil deeds, and a foul infidel of the country of Hindustan, -and in my father's time had had troops sent constantly against him, -but had not been driven off. In a fortunate hour I invested my said -son with gorgeous robes of honour, a jewelled waist-sword, a jewelled -waist-dagger, and a rosary of pearls intermixed with rubies of great -price of the value of 72,000 rupees, `Iraq and Turkman horses and -famous elephants, and dismissed him. About 20,000 horsemen with nobles -and chief leaders were appointed to this service. The first was Asaf -Khan, who in my father's time was one of his confidential servants, -and for a long time had been confirmed in the post of bakhshi and -afterwards became diwan ba istiqlal (Chancellor with full powers); -him I advanced from the rank of an Amir to that of Vizier, and -promoting him from the command of 2,500 horse to that of 5,000 made -him guardian to Parwiz. Having honoured him with a robe of honour, -jewelled waist-sword, a horse and an elephant, I ordered that all -the mansabdars (commanders), small and great, should not depart from -such orders as he thought proper to give them. I made `Abdu-r-Razzaq -Ma`muri his bakhshi and Mukhtar Beg, Asaf Khan's paternal uncle, diwan -to Parwiz. I also presented to Raja Jagannath, son of Raja Bihari Mal, -who had the rank of 5,000, a robe of honour and a jewelled waist-sword. - -Again, I gave Rana Shankar, cousin of the Rana--to whom my father had -given the title of Rana, proposing to send him with Khusrau against the -Rana, but at that time he (Akbar) became a shanqar (a falcon, i.e. he -died)--a robe of honour and a jewelled sword, and sent him with him. - -I presented Madho Singh, brother's son of Raja Man Singh, and Rawal -Sal Darbari with flags, from this consideration, that they were -always present at Court and belonged to the Sekhawat [34] Rajputs, -and were confidential servants of my father. Each received also the -rank of 3,000. - -I promoted Shaikh Ruknu-d-din the Afghan, to whom when I was -prince I had given the title of Shir Khan, from the grade of 500 to -that of 3,500 Shir Khan is the head of his clan and a very valiant -man. He lost his arm by the sword in service against the Uzbegs. [35] -`Abdu-r-Rahman, son of Shaikh Abu-l-fazl, Maha Singh, grandson of Raja -Man Singh, Zahid Khan, son of Sadiq Khan, Wazir Jamil, and Qara Khan -Turkman were exalted to the rank of 2,000; all these obtained robes of -honour and horses, and were dismissed. Manohar also obtained leave to -join the expedition. He is of the tribe of the Sekhawat Kachhwahas, -and on him in his young days my father bestowed many favours. He had -learned the Persian language, and, although from him up to Adam the -power of understanding cannot be attributed to any one of his tribe, -he is not without intelligence. He makes Persian verses, and the -following is one of his couplets:-- - - - "The object of shade in Creation is this: - That no one place his foot on the light of my Lord, the Sun." [36] - - -If the details were to be described of all the commanders and servants -appointed by me, with the conditions and connections and rank of each, -it would be a long business. Many of my immediate attendants and -personal followers and nobles' sons, house-born ones (khanazadan) and -zealous Rajputs, petitioned to accompany this expedition. A thousand -ahadis, the meaning of which is single ones (Blochmann, p. 20), -were also appointed. In short, a force was collected together such -that if reliance on the Friend (God) were vouchsafed, it could have -embarked on enmity and conflict with any one of the monarchs of power. - - - "Soldiers came up from all sides, - Seizing life from heroes of the world in battle; - They had no fear of death from the sharp sword, - No terror of water [37] and no flight from fire; - In valour singular, in vigour a crowd, - Anvils in endurance, rocks in attack." - - -When I was prince I had entrusted, in consequence of my extreme -confidence [38] in him, my own uzuk seal [39] to the Amiru-l-umara -(Sharif), but when he was sent off to the province of Bihar I made -it over to Parwiz. Now that Parwiz went off against the Rana, I made -it over, according to the former arrangement, to the Amiru-l-umara. - -Parwiz was born of Sahib-Jamal (Mistress of Beauty), the cousin [40] -of Zain Khan Koka, who, in point of affinity, was on the same footing -[41] as Mirza `Aziz Koka, in the 34th year of my father's reign, -in the city of Kabul, two years and two months after the birth of -Khusrau. After several other children had been born to me and had been -received into God's mercy, a daughter was born of Karamsi, [42] who -belonged to the Rathor clan, and the child received the name of Bihar -Banu Begam. To Jagat Gosa'in, [43] daughter of the Mota Raja (the fat -raja), was born Sultan Khurram, in the 36th year of my father's reign, -corresponding to A.H. 999, [44] in the city of Lahore. His advent -made the world joyous (khurram), [45] and gradually, as his years -increased, so did his excellencies, and he was more attentive to my -father than all (my) other children, who was exceedingly pleased with -and grateful for his services, and always recommended him to me and -frequently told me there was no comparison between him and my other -children. He recognised him as his real child. - -After that (Khurram's birth) some other children were born who -died in infancy, and then within one month two sons were borne by -concubines. One of these I called Jahandar and the other Shahryar. [46] - -About this time there came a petition from Sa`id Khan with regard -to granting leave to Mirza Ghazi, who was a son of the ruler of the -province of Thathah (Tattah in Sind). [47] I said that as my father -had betrothed his sister to my son Khusrau, please God, when this -alliance came into force, I would give him leave to return to Sind. - -A year before I became king I had determined that I would drink no -wine on Friday eve, and I hope at the throne of God that He will keep -me firm in this resolve as long as I live. - -Twenty thousand rupees were given to Mirza Muhammad Riza Sabzwari to -divide amongst the faqirs and the needy of Delhi. The viziership of -my dominions I gave in the proportions of half and half to Khan Beg, -[48] to whom when I was prince I had given the title of Waziru-l-mulk, -and to Wazir Khan [49] (Muqim), and I gave to Shaikh Farid Bukhari, -who held the rank of 4,000, that of 5,000. I promoted Ram Das -Kachhwaha, whom my father had favoured, and who held the rank of -2,000, to that of 3,000. I sent dresses of honour to Mirza Rustam, -son of Mirza Sultan Husain and grandson of Shah Isma`il, the ruler of -Qandahar, and to `Abdu-r-Rahim Khankhanan, son of Bairam Khan, and to -Iraj and Darab, his sons, and to other nobles attached to the Deccan -(command). Barkhurdar, son of `Abdu-r-Rahman, son of Mu'ayyid Beg, as -he had come to court without a summons, I ordered back to his jagir. -[50]It is not according to good manners to go to the king's banquet -without a summons, otherwise there would be no forbidding of the -doors and walls to the foot of desire. - -A month had elapsed after my auspicious accession when Lala Beg, who -while I was prince had obtained the title of Baz Bahadur, obtained -the blessing of waiting on me. His rank, which had been 1,500, was -raised to 4,000. I promoted him to the Subah of Bihar and gave him -2,000 rupees. Baz Bahadur is of the lineage of the special attendants -of our family; his father's name was Nizam, and he was librarian to -Humayun. Kesho Das Maru, who is a Rajput of the province of Mairtha -and is greater in loyalty than his contemporaries, I promoted to the -rank of 1,500. I directed the `ulama and the learned men of Islam -to collect those of the distinctive appellations of God which were -easy to remember, in order that I might make them into my rosary [51] -(ward). On Friday eves [52] I associate with learned and pious men, and -with dervishes and recluses. When Qilij Khan, who was one of the old -retainers of the State in my revered father's reign, was appointed to -the government of the province of Gujarat, I presented him with a lakh -of rupees for his expenses. I raised Miran Sadr Jahan from the rank -of 2,000 to that of 4,000. I knew him in my childhood when I read the -"Forty Sayings" with Shaikh `Abdu-n-Nabi, [53] whose history is given -in detail in the Akbarnama. From these early days till now Miran Sadr -Jahan has acted towards me with single-minded loyalty, and I regard him -as my preceptor in religions matters (khalifa). Whilst I was prince -and before my revered father's illness, and during that time, when -the ministers (pillars of the State) and the high nobles had become -agitated, and each had conceived some idea of gain for himself and -wished to become the originator of some act which could only bring -ruin on the State, he had not failed in the activity of his service -and devotedness. Having made `Inayat Beg, [54] who for a long period -in the reign of my father had been Master of Works (Diwan-i-buyutat) -and held the rank of 700, half-vizier of my dominions in the place -of Wazir Khan, I gave him the high title of I`timadu-d-daula with -the rank of 1,500, and I appointed Wazir Khan to the Diwani of the -province of Bengal, and assigned to him the settlement of the revenues -thereof. To Patr Das, who in the time of my father had the title of -Ray Rayan, I gave the title of Raja Bikramajit. The latter was one of -the great Rajas of India, and it was in his reign that astronomical -observatories were established in India. I made Patr Das Master of -Ordnance, and ordered that he should always have light artillery -[55] in the arsenal, 50,000 light guns [56] and 3,000 gun-carriages, -ready and in efficient order. He was a khatri by caste, and rose in -my father's service from being accountant of the elephants' stables -to be diwan and an amir. He is not wanting in military qualities -and in administrative skill. I made Khurram, the son of Khan A`zam -(`Aziz Koka), who had had the rank of 2,000, an officer of 2,500. - -As it was my desire that many of the Akbari and Jahangiri officers -should obtain the fruition of their wishes, I informed the bakhshis -that whoever wished to have his birthplace made into his jagir should -make a representation to that effect, so that in accordance with the -Chingiz canon (tura) the estate might be conveyed to him by al tamgha -and become his property, and he might be secured from apprehension of -change. Our ancestors and forefathers were in the habit of granting -jagirs to everyone under proprietary title, and adorned the farmans -for these with the al tamgha seal, which is an impressed seal made in -vermilion (i.e. red ink). I ordered that they should cover the place -for the seal, with gold-leaf (tilaposh) and impress the seal thereon, -and I called this the altun [57] tamgha. - -I had selected from the other sons of Shahrukh, Mirza Sultan, [58] son -of Mirza Shahrukh the grandson of Mirza Sulaiman, who was a descendant -(great-grandson) of Mirza Sultan Abu Sa`id and for a long time ruler -of Badakhshan, and with consent of my [59] revered father brought -him into my service. I count him as a son, and have promoted him to -the rank of 1,000. I also promoted Bhao Singh, son of Raja Man Singh -and the most capable of his sons, from his original rank to that of -1,500. I raised Zamana Beg, [60] son of Ghayur Beg of Kabul, who has -served me personally from his childhood, and who, when I was prince, -rose from the grade of an ahadi to that of 500, giving him the title -of Mahabat Khan and the rank of 1,500. He was confirmed as bakhshi -of my private establishment (shagird-pisha). - -I promoted Raja Bir Singh Deo, a Bandela Rajput, who had obtained my -favour, and who excels his equals and relatives in valour, personal -goodness, and simple-heartedness, to the rank of 3,000. The reason -for his advancement and for the regard shown to him was that near the -end of my revered father's time, Shaikh Abu-l-fazl, who excelled the -Shaikhzadas of Hindustan in wisdom and learning, had adorned himself -outwardly with the jewel of sincerity, and sold it to my father at -a heavy price. He had been summoned from the Deccan, and, since his -feelings towards me were not honest, he both publicly and privately -spoke against me. At this period when, through strife-exciting -intriguers, the august feelings of my royal father were entirely -embittered against me, it was certain that if he obtained the honour -of waiting on him (Akbar) it would be the cause of more confusion, and -would preclude me from the favour of union with him (my father). It -became necessary to prevent him from coming to Court. As Bir Singh -Deo's country was exactly on his route and he was then a rebel, I -sent him a message that if he would stop that sedition-monger and -kill him he would receive every kindness from me. By God's grace, -when Shaikh Abu-l-fazl was passing through Bir Singh Deo's country, -the Raja blocked his road, and after a little contest scattered his -men and killed him. He sent his head to me in Allahabad. Although this -event was a cause of anger in the mind of the late king (Akbar), in -the end it enabled me to proceed without disturbance of mind to kiss -the threshold of my father's palace, and by degrees the resentment -of the king was cleared away. - -I made Mir Ziya'u-d-din of Qazwin, who had done me service in -the days of my princehood and had shown loyalty, commander of -1,000 and accountant of the stables. An order was given that every -day thirty horses should be produced before me for the purpose of -making presents. I honoured Mirza `Ali Akbarshahi, who is one of the -distinguished braves of this family, [61] with the rank of 4,000, -and gave him the sarkar of Sambhal as his jagir. - -One day the Amiru-l-umara (Sharif Khan) greatly pleased me by an -incidental remark. It was this: "Honesty and dishonesty are not -confined to matters of cash and goods; to represent qualities as -existing in acquaintances which do not exist, and to conceal the -meritorious qualities of strangers, is dishonesty. In truth, honesty -of speech consists in making no distinction between intimates and -strangers and in describing each man as he really is." - -When I sent off Parwiz I had said to him, "If the Rana himself, and -his eldest son who is called Karan, should come to wait upon you and -proffer service and obedience, you should not do any injury to his -territory." My intention in this recommendation was of two kinds; -one, that inasmuch as the conquest of Transoxiana was always in the -pure mind of my revered father, though every time he determined on it -things occurred to prevent it, if this business could be settled, and -this danger dismissed from my mind, I would leave Parwiz in Hindustan, -and in reliance on Allah, myself start for my hereditary territories, -especially as at this time there was no permanent ruler in that -region. Baqi Khan, who, after `Abdu-llah Khan and `Abdu-l-Mu'min -Khan, his son, had acquired complete independence, had died, and the -affairs of Wali Muhammad Khan, his brother, who is now the ruler of -that region, had not as yet been brought into proper order. Secondly, -to bring about the termination of the war in the Deccan, of which a -part in the time of my revered father had been acquired, so that it -might come into possession, and be incorporated with the Imperial -dominions. My hope is that through the favour of Allah both these -undertakings will be accomplished. - - - "Though a king should seize the seven climes, [62] - He still would labour to take others." - - -I promoted Mirza Shahrukh, [63] grandson of Mirza Sulaiman, (once) -the ruler of Badakhshan, who was nearly related to my family, and held -the rank of 5,000 in my father's service, to the rank of 7,000. The -Mirza is a true Turk in disposition and simple-minded. My father -conferred great honour on him, and whenever he bade his own sons -sit he gratified him also with this distinction. Notwithstanding the -mischievous propensities of the people of Badakhshan, the Mirza in -this familiarity never left the right road, or undertook anything -that might lead to unpleasantness. I confirmed him in the Subah of -Malwa just as my father had kindly conferred it on him. - -I conferred on Khwaja `Abdu-llah, who is of the Naqshbandi family, -and in the commencement of his service was an ahadi, and who had -risen by degrees to the command of 1,000, but without reason had gone -into my father's service, the rank and jagir my father had conferred -on him. Although I considered it best for my own prosperity that my -attendants and people should go into his (Akbar's) service, yet this -had occurred without my leave, and I was rather annoyed at it. But the -fact is that he is a manly and zealous man; if he had not committed -this fault he would have been a faultless hero (jawan). - -Abu-n-nabi, [64] the Uzbeg, who is one of the distinguished inhabitants -of Mawara'a-n-nahr and in the time of `Abdu-l-Mu'min Khan was governor -of Mashhad, obtained the rank of 1,500. - -Shaikh Hasan is the son of Shaikh Baha. [65] From the days of -his childhood to this day he has always been in my service and in -attendance on me, and when I was prince was distinguished by the -title of Muqarrab Khan. He was very active and alert in his service, -and in hunting would often traverse long distances by my side. He -is skilful with the arrow and the gun, and in surgery is the most -skilful of his time. His ancestors also had been well practised -in this profession. After my accession, in consequence of the -perfect confidence I had in him, I sent him to Burhanpur to bring -the children and dependants of my brother Daniyal to wait on me, -and sent a message to the Khankhanan in low and high words [66] -and profitable admonitions. Muqarrab Khan performed this service -correctly and in a short time, and, clearing off the suspicions which -had entered the minds of the Khankhanan and the nobles of that place, -brought those who had been left behind by my brother in safety and -security, together with his establishment and property and effects, -to Lahore, and there presented them before me. - -I promoted Naqib Khan, [67] who is one of the genuine Sayyids of -Qazwin and is called Ghiyasu-d-din `Ali, to the rank of 1,500. My -father had distinguished him with the title of Naqib Khan, and in -his service he had complete intimacy and consideration. Shortly after -his accession he (Akbar) had discussed several matters with him, and -from this familiarity he called him akhund. He has no equal or rival -in the science of history and in biographies. There is in this day -no chronologist like him in the inhabited world. From the beginning -of Creation till the present time, he has by heart the tale of the -four quarters of the world. Has Allah granted to any other person -such faculty of memory? - -Shaikh Kabir, who was of the family of the venerable Shaikh Salim, -I had honoured with the title of Shaja`at Khan when I was prince, -on account of his manliness and bravery. I now selected him for the -rank of 1,000. - -On Sha`ban 27th (28th December, 1605) a strange thing was done by -the sons of Akhayraj, son of Bhagwan Das, the paternal uncle [68] of -Raja Man Singh. These unlucky ones, who bore the names of Abhay Ram, -Bijay Ram, and Shyam Ram, were exceedingly immoderate. Notwithstanding -that the aforesaid Abhay Ram had done improper (disproportioned) acts, -I had winked at his faults. When at this date it was represented to me -that this wretch was desirous of despatching his wives and children -without leave to his own country and afterwards of himself running -away to the Rana, who is not loyal to this family, I referred to -Ram Das and other Rajput nobles, and said to them that if any one -of them would become security for them, I would confirm the rank -and jagir of those wretches, and passing over their offences would -forgive them. In consequence of their excessive turbulence and bad -disposition no one became security. I told the Amiru-l-umara that -as no one would be bound for them, they must be handed over to -the charge of one of the servants of the Court until security was -forthcoming. The Amiru-l-umara gave them over to Ibrahim Khan Kakar, -who was afterwards dignified with the title of Dilawar Khan, and Hatim, -[69] second son of Mangli, who held the title of Shahnawaz Khan. [70] -When these wished to disarm these foolish people, they refused, -and, not observing the dues of good manners, began, together with -their servants, to quarrel and fight. The Amiru-l-umara reported the -circumstance to me, and I ordered them to be punished according to -their deeds. He betook himself to driving them off, and I sent Shaikh -Farid also after him. One Rajput armed with a sword, and another with -a dagger stood up to the Amiru-l-umara. One of his attendants named -Qutb engaged the man with the dagger and was killed. The Rajput also -was cut to pieces. One of the Afghan attendants of the Amiru-l-umara -attacked the one who had the sword and killed him. Dilawar Khan drew -his dagger and turned towards Abhay Ram, who with two others was -holding his ground, and after wounding one of these fell down after -receiving wounds from the three. Some of the ahadis and the men of -the Amiru-l-umara opposed and slew these doomed men. A Rajput drew -his sword and turned to Shaikh Farid; he was met by a Habshi slave, -who brought him down. This disturbance took place in the courtyard -of the public palace. That punishment served as a warning to many -who had not looked to consequences. Abu-n-nabi [71] represented that -if such a deed had been done in the Uzbeg country the whole family -and connections of that band of men would have been destroyed. I -replied that as these people had been treated kindly and educated -by my revered father I carried on the same benevolence to them, and -justice demands that many shall not be chastised for the fault of one. - -Shaikh Husain Jami, who now sits on the cushion of darwishi and is -one of the disciples of the dervish of Shiraz, [72] had written to -me from Lahore six months before my accession that he had seen in a -dream that saints and pious men had delivered over the affairs of -the kingdom to that chosen one of the Court of Allah (Jahangir), -and that, rejoicing in this good news, he should await the event, -and that he hoped that when it had occurred, the faults of Khwaja -Zakariyya, who was one of the Ahrariyya, [73] would be pardoned. [74] - -I conferred on Tash Beg Furji, [75] who was one of the old servants of -the State, and whom my father had honoured with the title of Taj Khan, -and who had the rank of 2,000, that of 3,000, and I raised Tukhta [76] -Beg Kabuli from the rank of 2,500 to that of 3,000. He is a brave -and active man, and was greatly trusted in the service of my uncle, -Mirza Muhammad Hakim. I promoted Abu-l-Qasim Tamkin, [77] who was -one of my father's old servants, to the rank of 1,500. There are -few men such as he for abundance of children; he has thirty sons, -and if his daughters do not number so many they must be half that -number. I dignified Shaikh `Ala'u-d-din, grandson of Shaikh Salim, -who had strong connections with me, with the title of Islam Khan, -and promoted him to the rank of 2,000. He had grown up with me from -his childhood, and may be a year younger than I. He is a brave and -well-dispositioned youth, and is distinguished in every way above -his family. Till now he has never drunk intoxicating drinks, and his -sincerity towards me is such that I have honoured him with the title -of son. - -I have bestowed on `Ali Asghar Barha, who has not a rival in bravery -and zeal, and is the son of Sayyid Mahmud Khan Barha, one of my -father's old nobles, the title of Saif Khan, and thus distinguished him -amongst his equals and connections. He is evidently a brave youth. He -was always one of the confidential men who went with me to hunt and to -other places. He has never in his life drunk anything intoxicating, -and as he has abstained in his youth he probably will attain high -dignities. I granted him the rank of 3,000. - -I promoted Faridun, son of Muhammad Quli Khan Barlas, who held the rank -of 1,000, to that of 2,000. Faridun is one of the tribe of Chaghatay, -and is not devoid of manliness and courage. - -I promoted Shaikh Bayazid, grandson of Shaikh Salim, who held the -rank of 2,000, to that of 3,000. The first person who gave me milk, -but for not more than a day, was the mother of Shaikh Bayazid. - -[78]One day I observed to the Pandits, that is, the wise men of -the Hindus, "If the doctrines of your religion are based on the -incarnation of the Holy Person of God Almighty in ten different forms -by the process of metempsychosis, they are virtually rejected by the -intelligent. This pernicious idea requires that the Sublime Cause, -who is void of all limitations, should be possessed of length, -breadth, and thickness. If the purpose is the manifestation of the -Light of God in these bodies, that of itself is existent equally in -all created things, and is not peculiar to these ten forms. If the -idea is to establish some one of God's attributes, even then there -is no right notion, for in every faith and code there are masters -of wonders and miracles distinguished beyond the other men of their -age for wisdom and eloquence." [79] After much argument and endless -controversy, they acknowledged a God of Gods, devoid of a body or -accidents, [80] and said, "As our imagination fails to conceive a -formless personality (zat-i-mujarrad), we do not find any way to -know Him without the aid of a form. We have therefore made these -ten forms the means of conceiving of and knowing Him." Then said I, -"How can these forms be a means of your approaching the Deity?" - -My father always associated with the learned of every creed and -religion, especially with Pandits and the learned of India, and -although he was illiterate, so much became clear to him through -constant intercourse with the learned and wise, in his conversations -with them, that no one knew him to be illiterate, and he was so -acquainted with the niceties of verse and prose compositions that -his deficiency was not thought of. - -In his august personal appearance he was of middle height, but -inclining to be tall; he was of the hue of wheat; his eyes and -eyebrows were black, and his complexion rather dark than fair; -he was lion-bodied, [81] with a broad chest, and his hands and -arms long. On the left side of his nose he had a fleshy mole, very -agreeable in appearance, of the size of half a pea. Those skilled -in the science of physiognomy considered this mole a sign of great -prosperity and exceeding good fortune. His august voice was very -loud, and in speaking and explaining had a peculiar richness. In -his actions and movements he was not like the people of the world, -and the glory of God manifested itself in him. - - - "Greatness in his manner, kingship in his lineage, - As if Solomon would have put the ring on his finger." [82] - - -Three months after my birth my sister, Shahzada Khanam, was born to one -of the royal concubines; they gave her over to his (Akbar's) mother, -Maryam Makani. After her a son was born to one of the concubines, -and received the name of Shah Murad. As his birth occurred in the -hill country of Fathpur, he was nicknamed Pahari. When my revered -father sent him to conquer the Deccan, he had taken to excessive -drinking through associating with unworthy persons, so that he died -in his 30th year, in the neighbourhood of Jalnapur, in the province -of Berar. His personal appearance was fresh-coloured; he was thin -in body and tall of stature. Dignity and authority were evident in -his movements, and manliness and bravery manifested themselves in -his ways. On the night of Jumada-l-awwal 10th, A.H. 979 (September, -1572), another son was born to one of the concubines. As his birth -took place at Ajmir in the house of one of the attendants of the -blessed shrine of the reverend Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din Chishti, whose -name was Shaikh Daniyal, this child was called Daniyal. - -After the death of my brother Shah Murad, he (Akbar), towards the -end of his reign, sent Daniyal to conquer the Deccan and followed -him himself. When my revered father was besieging Asir (Asirgarh) he, -with a large body of nobles such as the Khankhanan and his sons and -Mirza Yusuf Khan, invested the fort of Ahmadnagar, and it came into -the possession of the victorious officers about the time that Asir -was taken. After my father `Arsh-ashyani had returned in prosperity -and victory from Burhanpur towards his capital, he gave the province -to Daniyal and left him in possession of that territory. Daniyal took -to improper ways, like his brother Shah Murad, and soon died from -excessive drinking, in the 33rd year of his age. His death occurred -in a peculiar way. He was very fond of guns and of hunting with the -gun. He named one of his guns yaka u janaza, 'the same as the bier,' -and himself composed this couplet and had it engraved on the gun:-- - - - "From the joy of the chase with thee, life is fresh and new; - To everyone whom thy dart strikes, 'tis the same as his bier." [83] - - -When his drinking of wine was carried to excess, and the circumstance -was reported to my father, farmans of reproach were sent to the -Khankhanan. Of course he forbade it, and placed cautious people to look -after him properly. When the road to bring wine was completely closed, -he began to weep and to importune some of his servants, and said: -"Let them bring me wine in any possible way." He said to Murshid -Quli Khan, a musketeer who was in his immediate service: "Pour some -wine into this yaka u janaza, and bring it to me." That wretch, in -hope of favour, undertook to do this, and poured double-distilled -spirit into the gun, which had long been nourished on gunpowder and -the scent thereof, and brought it. The rust of the iron was dissolved -by the strength of the spirit and mingled with it, and the prince no -sooner drank of it than he fell down. - - - "No one should draw a bad omen: [84] - If he does, he draws it for himself." - - -Daniyal was of pleasing figure, of exceedingly agreeable manners and -appearance; he was very fond of elephants and horses. It was impossible -for him to hear of anyone as having a good horse or elephant and not -take it from him. He was fond of Hindi songs, and would occasionally -compose verses with correct idiom in the language of the people of -India, which were not bad. - -After the birth of Daniyal a daughter was born to Bibi Daulat-Shad -whom they named Shakaru-n-nisa Begam. [85] As she was brought -up in the skirt of my revered father's care, she turned out very -well. She is of good disposition and naturally compassionate towards -all people. From infancy and childhood she has been extremely fond -of me, and there can be few such relationships between brother and -sister. The first time when, according to the custom of pressing the -breast of a child and a drop of milk is perceptible, they pressed -my sister's breast and milk appeared, my revered father said to me: -"Baba! drink this milk, that in truth this sister may be to thee as a -mother." God, the knower of secrets, knows that from that day forward, -after I drank that drop of milk, I have felt love for my sister such -as children have for their mothers. - -After some time another girl was born to this same Bibi Daulat-Shad, -and he (Akbar) called her Aram Banu Begam. [86] Her disposition was on -the whole inclined to excitement and heat. My father was very fond of -her, so much so that he described her impolitenesses as politenesses, -and in his august sight they, from his great love, did not appear -bad. Repeatedly he honoured me by addressing me, and said: "Baba! for -my sake be as kind as I am, after me, to this sister, who in Hindi -phrase is my darling (that is, dearly cherished). Be affectionate to -her and pass over her little impolitenesses and impudences." - -The good qualities of my revered father are beyond the limit of -approval and the bounds of praise. If books were composed with regard -to his commendable dispositions, without suspicion of extravagance, -and he be not looked at as a father would be by his son, even then -but a little out of much could be said. - -Notwithstanding his kingship and his treasures and his buried -wealth, which were beyond the scope of counting and imagination, -his fighting elephants and Arab horses, he never by a hair's breadth -placed his foot beyond the base of humility before the throne of God, -but considered himself the lowest of created beings, and never for -one moment forgot God. - - - "Always, everywhere, with everyone, and in every circumstance, - Keep the eye of thy heart secretly fixed on the Beloved." - - -The professors of various faiths had room in the broad expanse of -his incomparable sway. This was different from the practice in other -realms, for in Persia [87] there is room for Shias only, and in Turkey, -India, and Turan there is room for Sunnis only. - -As in the wide expanse of the Divine compassion there is room for -all classes and the followers of all creeds, so, on the principle -that the Shadow [88] must have the same properties as the Light, -in his dominions, which on all sides were limited only by the salt -sea, there was room for the professors of opposite religions, and for -beliefs good and bad, and the road to altercation was closed. Sunnis -and Shias met in one mosque, and Franks and Jews in one church, -and observed their own forms of worship. - -He associated with the good of every race and creed and persuasion, -and was gracious to all in accordance with their condition and -understanding. He passed his nights in wakefulness, and slept little -in the day; the length of his sleep during a whole night and day -(nycthemeron) was not more than a watch and a half. He counted his -wakefulness at night as so much added to his life. His courage and -boldness were such that he could mount raging, rutting elephants, and -subdue to obedience murderous elephants which would not allow their own -females near them--although even when an elephant is bad-tempered he -does no harm to the female or his driver--and which were in a state -in which they might have killed their drivers or the females, or not -have allowed their approach. He would place himself on a wall or tree -near which an elephant was passing that had killed its mahout and -broken loose from restraint, and, putting his trust in God's favour, -would throw himself on its back and thus by merely mounting, would -bring it under control and tame it. This was repeatedly seen. - -He ascended the throne in his 14th year. Hemu, the infidel whom the -Afghan ruler had raised to high station, collected a wonderful force -after King Humayun's death with a stud of elephants such as no ruler -of Hindustan had at that time, and he went towards Delhi. Humayun had -appointed Akbar to drive off some of the Afghans from the foot-hills -of the Panjab, but just then he exemplified the hemistich which is -a description of the accident and the chronogram of his death-- - - - "The august monarch (Humayun) fell from the roof. The news (of - the death) was conveyed to my father by Nazar-jivi." [89] - - -Bairam Khan, who was then his tutor, having collected the nobles who -were in the province, chose an auspicious hour and seated him on the -throne of rule in pargana Kalanur, near Lahore. - -When Hemu reached the neighbourhood of Delhi, Tardi Beg Khan and -a large force that was in the city drew up to oppose him. When the -preparations for the combat had been made the armies attacked one -another, and, after considerable endeavours and strife, defeat fell -on Tardi Beg Khan and the Moguls, and the army of darkness overcame -the army of light. - - - "All things and battles and fights are of God, - He knows whose will be the victory. - From the blood of the brave and the dust of the troops, - The earth grew red and the heavens black." - - -Tardi Beg Khan and the other defeated ones took the road to my revered -father's camp. As Bairam Khan disliked Tardi Beg, he made this defeat -an excuse to put him to death. - -A second time, through the pride engendered in the mind of this -accursed infidel by his victory, he came out of Delhi with his force -and elephants and advanced, while the glorious standards of His -Majesty (Akbar) proceeded from Kalanur for the purpose of driving -him away. The armies of darkness and light met in the neighbourhood -of Panipat, and on Thursday, Muharram 2nd, A.H. 964 (November 5th, -1556), a fight took place. In the army of Hemu were 30,000 brave -fighting horsemen, while the ghazis of the victorious army were not -more than 4,000 or 5,000. On that day Hemu was riding an elephant -named Hawa'i. Suddenly an arrow struck the eye of that infidel and -came out at the back of his head. His army, on seeing this, took to -flight. By chance Shah Quli Khan Mahram with a few brave men came up -to the elephant on which was the wounded Hemu, and would have shot an -arrow at the driver, but he cried "Do not kill me; Hemu is on this -elephant." A number of men immediately conveyed Hemu as he was to -the king (Akbar). Bairam Khan represented that it would be proper if -the king with his own hand should strike the infidel with a sword, -so that obtaining the reward of a ghazi (warrior of the Faith) he -might use this title on the imperial farmans. The king answered, -"I have cut him in pieces before this," and explained: "One day, -in Kabul, I was copying a picture in presence of Khwaja`Abdu-s-Samad -Shirin Qalam, when a form appeared from my brush, the parts of which -were separate and divided from each other. One of those near asked, -'Whose picture is this?' It came to my tongue to say that it was the -likeness of Hemu." Not defiling his hand with his (Hemu's) blood, -he told one of his servants to cut off his head. Those killed in the -defeated army numbered 5,000 in addition to those who fell in various -places round about. - -Another of the well-known deeds of Akbar was the victorious expedition -against Gujarat, and his rapid march there, at the time when Mirza -Ibrahim Husain, Muhammad Husain Mirza, and Shah Mirza revolted from -this State and went towards Gujarat, and all the nobles of that -province, combining with the turbulent of those parts, besieged -the fort of Ahmadabad in which was Mirza `Aziz Koka with the royal -army. His Majesty, in consequence of the distracted state of Jiji Anga, -the mother of the last-named Mirza, started for Gujarat with a body -of royal troops without delay from the capital of Fathpur. Having -covered in the space of nine days the long road which it should take -two months to accomplish, sometimes on horseback, sometimes on a -camel or in a bullock-cart, he arrived at Sarnal. - -When, on 5th Jumada-l-awwal, 980 (September 15th, 1572), he reached -the neighbourhood of the enemy's camp, he consulted with those who -were loyal to him. Some said he should make a night attack on the -camp. His Majesty, however, said that a night attack was the resort -of the faint-hearted and the way of the deceitful, and immediately -gave orders to beat the drums and set the horsemen at them. When -the river Sabar Mahi (Sabarmati) was reached, he ordered his men to -cross it in order. Muhammad Husain Mirza was agitated by the noise of -the army of victory, and himself came forward to reconnoitre. Subhan -Quli Turk, also with a troop of brave men, went to the river's bank -to enquire into the enemy's position. The Mirza asked what troops -these were. Subhan Quli replied that they were of the army of King -Jalalu-d-din Akbar. That ill-fated one would not believe this, and said -his spies had seen the king fourteen days before in Fathpur, and that -it was clear Subhan Quli was lying. To this Subhan Quli rejoined, "Nine -days ago the king with this expedition started from Fathpur." "How -could elephants have come?" [90] asked the Mirza. "What need was there -of elephants?" answered Subhan Quli. "Young men and heroes who cleave -rocks, and are better than famous and raging elephants, have come; -the difference between loyalty and sedition will now become known." The -Mirza, after this conversation, turned aside and began to marshal his -troops. The king waited until his advanced guard sent word that the -enemy had put on their armour. He then moved forward, and although -he sent several times to order the Khan A`zam to advance, the latter -stood still. It was said to Akbar that, as the enemy was in force, -it would be well to remain on his side of the river until the army of -Gujarat arrived from within the fort. His Majesty answered: "Always, -and especially in this affair, I have put my trust in God. If I had -considered routine, I should not have come in this rapid manner. Now -that our foe is ready for the fight, we ought not to delay." With -these words, and with his innate reliance on God as his shield, -he put his horse into the river with a few chosen men whom he had -appointed to ride with him. Though it was not supposed that there was -a ford, he crossed in safety. He had called for his helmet, but in -the agitation of bringing it his armour-bearer dropped the face-guard -(buffe). His comrades did not regard this as a good omen, but he said -at once, "It is an excellent omen, for it has revealed my face." [91] -Meantime the wretched Mirza arrayed his ranks to fight his benefactor. - - - "If thou come out (to fight) with thy benefactor, - If thou wert the sphere, thou wouldest be reversed." - - -The Khan A`zam had had no idea that the king would cast the shadow -of his compassion on these regions with such speed and eagerness, -and he believed no one who gave him news of that arrival, until -convinced by visible proof. Then, arraying the army of Gujarat, he -prepared to march. Meanwhile Asaf Khan also sent news to him. Before -his army issued from the fort the enemy had appeared from amongst the -trees. The king, taking the Divine aid as the security of his courage, -started off. Muhammad Quli Khan Turk and Tardi Khan Diwana came -forward with a band of brave followers, and after a little fighting -turned rein. On this His Majesty said to Bhagwan Das, "The enemy are -unnumbered and we are few; we must attack with one face and one heart; -for a clenched fist is more useful than an open hand." With these -words he drew his sword, and with shout of Allahu-akbar and Ya Mu`in -[92] charged with those devoted to him. - - - "The sense of the age evaporated with the clamour, - The ear of the heavens was split with the shouts." - - -The royal right and left wings and a band of brave men in the centre -fought with valour. Stars (kaukaba'i), which are a kind of firework, -were lighted by the enemy; they twisted about among the thorn-bushes, -and created such confusion that a noted elephant of the enemy began -to move and threw their troops into disarray. With this the royal -centre came up and dispersed Muhammad Husain and his force. Man -Singh Darbari overcame his foe under the king's eyes, and Ragho -Das Kachhwaha sacrificed his life. Muhammad Wafa, who was of the -house-born of the State, behaving very bravely, fell wounded from -his horse. By the favour of the Creator who cherishes His servants, -and simply through the courage and good fortune of the exalted king, -the enemy were scattered and defeated. In gratitude for this great -victory the king turned his face in supplication to the throne of -his merciful Maker, and poured forth his thanks. - -One of the kalawants (musicians) represented to His Majesty that Saif -Khan Kokaltash had offered the coin of his life in loyalty to the -State, and on enquiry it appeared that when Muhammad Husain Mirza with -some of his riffraff was attacking the centre Saif Khan met him and -fighting valiantly became a martyr. The Mirza himself was wounded by -the hands of the brave men of the main body. The Kokaltash mentioned -is the elder brother of Zain Khan Koka. - -A strange circumstance was this: on the day before the battle, -when the king was eating, he asked Hazara, who was learned in the -science of looking at the shoulder-blades (a kind of divination), -to see on whose side the victory would be. Hazara said: "The victory -will be on your side, but one of the chiefs of your army will become -a martyr." Whereupon Saif Khan Koka said "Would that this blessing -might fall to my lot!" - - - "Many an omen that we have treated as jest [93] - Became true when the star passed by." - - -In short, Mirza Muhammad Husain turned his reins, but his horse's feet -became entangled in the thorn-brake and he fell. An ahadi of the king, -Gada `Ali by name, found him, and having mounted him before him on -his horse took him to the king. As two or three claimed a share in -his capture, His Majesty asked who had made him prisoner. "The king's -salt," he answered. The king ordered his hands, that had been fastened -behind him, to be tied in front. Meanwhile he asked for water. Farhat -Khan, who was one of the confidential slaves, struck him on the head, -but the king, disapproving of this, sent for his private drinking -water and satisfied his thirst. Up to this time Mirza `Aziz Koka -and the garrison of the fort had not come out. After the capture of -the Mirza, His Majesty was proceeding slowly towards Ahmadabad. He -had delivered the Mirza to Ray Ray Singh Rathor, one of the Rajput -chiefs, to be put on an elephant and brought with him. Meanwhile -Ikhtiyaru-l-mulk, who was one of the influential Gujarati leaders, -made his appearance with an army of nearly 5,000 men. Complete -confusion fell upon the royal troops. The king, as his natural valour -and lofty disposition required, ordered the drums to be beaten, and -Shaja'at Khan, Raja Bhagwan Das, and some others charged on in front -to fight this force. Fearing that the enemy might get possession of -Mirza Muhammad Husain, Ray Ray Singh's men, by the advice and plan of -the aforesaid Raja (Bhagwan Das), cut off his head. My father did not -want to kill him. The forces of Ikhtiyaru-l-mulk also were dispersed, -and he was thrown from his horse into the thorn thicket. Suhrab Beg -Turkman cut off his head and brought it in. It was only by the grace -and power of God that such a victory was won by a small number of men. - -In the same way are beyond all reckoning the conquest of the province -of Bengal, the capture of well-known and celebrated forts in Hindustan -such as Chitor and Rantambhor, the subjection of the province of -Khandesh, and the taking of the fort of Asir and of other provinces -which by the exertions of the royal armies came into the possession -of the servants of the State. If these were related in detail it -would be a long story. - -In the fight at Chitor, the king with his own hand killed Jitmal, -the leader of the men in the fort. He had no rival in shooting with -a gun, and with the one with which he killed Jitmal, and which was -called Sangram, he killed some 3,000 or 4,000 birds and beasts. [94] -I may be reckoned a true pupil of his. Of all sports I am most disposed -to that with the gun, and in one day have shot eighteen deer. - -Of the austerities practised by my revered father, one was the not -eating the flesh of animals. During three months of the year he ate -meat, and for the remaining nine contented himself with Sufi food, -and was no way pleased with the slaughter of animals. On many days -and in many months this was forbidden to the people. The days and -months on which he did not eat flesh are detailed in the Akbarnama. - -On the day I made I`timadu-l-mulk diwan, I put Mu`izzu-l-mulk in -charge of the diwani-i-buyutat (care of buildings). The latter is a -Sayyid of Bakharz, [95] and under my revered father was accountant -of the kurkaraq department. [96] - -On one of my accession days, a hundred of the Akbari and Jahangiri -servants were promoted to higher rank and jagirs. At the commencement -of the Ramazan `Id, as it was the first after my accession, I came -down to the `Idgah from my auspicious throne. There was a great crowd, -and having performed the dues of thanksgiving and praise I returned -to the palace, where according to the verse "From the table of kings -favours come to beggars," I commanded a sum of money to be spent -in alms and charity. Some lakhs of dams of this were entrusted to -Dust Muhammad (afterwards Khwaja Jahan), who divided them amongst -faqirs and those who were in want, and a lakh of dams each was given -to Jamalu-d-din Husain Anju (the lexicographer), Mirza Sadr Jahan, -and Mir Muhammad Riza Sabzawari to dispose of in charity in different -quarters of the city. I sent 5,000 rupees to the dervishes of Shaikh -Muhammad Husain Jami, and gave directions that each day one of the -officers of the watch [97] should give 50,000 dams to faqirs. I sent a -jewelled sword to the Khankhanan, and promoted Jamalu-d-din Anju to the -rank of 3,000. The office of Sadr was entrusted to Miran Sadr Jahan, -and I ordered Haji Koka, who was one of my father's foster-sisters, -[98] to bring before me in the palace such women as were worthy to be -presented with land and money. I promoted Zahid Khan, son of Muhammad -Sadiq Khan, from the rank of 1,500 to that of 2,000. - -It had been the custom [99] that when the gift of an elephant or -horse was made to anyone, the naqibs and the Masters of the Horse (Mir -Akhuran) took from him a sum of money as jilawana (bridle-money). I -gave orders that this money should be paid by the government, so that -people might be freed from the importunities and demands of that set -of men. - -At this time Salbahan arrived from Burhanpur and produced before me the -horses and elephants of my deceased brother Daniyal. Of the elephants, -one male named Mast Alast appeared to me the best, and I gave him the -name of Nur Gaj. A wonderful thing showed itself in this elephant; on -the sides of his ears small lumps had grown about the size of melons, -and from them came fluid such as drops from an elephant in the rutting -season; moreover, the top of his forehead was more prominent than in -other elephants. It was a splendid and imposing animal. [100] - -I gave to my son Khurram (Shah-Jahan) a rosary of jewels, with the -hope that he might obtain fulfilment of all his desires, both in -visible and in spiritual things. - -As I had remitted in my dominions customs duties amounting to krors, -I abolished also all the transit dues (sa'ir-jihat) in Kabul, which is -one of the noted towns on the road to Hindustan. These brought in 1 -kror and 23 lakhs of dams. From the provinces of Kabul and Qandahar -large sums used to be derived every year from customs (zaka't), -which were in fact the chief revenue of those places. I remitted -these ancient dues, a proceeding that greatly benefited the people -of Iran and Turan. - -Asaf Khan's jagir in the subah of Bihar had been given to Baz Bahadur; -I therefore ordered that a jagir in the Panjab should be given to -him. As it was represented to me that a large sum was in arrears -in his jagir, and now that the order for exchange had been given -its collection would be difficult, I directed that a lakh of rupees -should be given to him from the Treasury and the arrears recovered -from Baz Bahadur for the royal revenues. - -I promoted Sharif Amuli to the rank of 2,500, original and increase. He -is a pure-hearted, lively-spirited man. Though he has no tincture of -current sciences, lofty words and exalted knowledge often manifest -themselves in him. In the dress of a faqir he made many journeys, and -he has friendship with many saints and recites the maxims of those -who profess mysticism. This is his conversation, not his practice -(qali-u ast na hali). In the time of my revered father he relinquished -the garments of poverty and asceticism, and attained to amirship and -chiefship. His utterance is exceedingly powerful, and his conversation -is remarkably eloquent and pure, although he is without Arabic. His -compositions also are not devoid of verve. [101] - -A garden in Agra had been left by Shah Quli Khan Mahram, and as he -had no heirs I handed it over to Ruqayya Sultan Begam, the daughter -of Hindal Mirza, who had been the honoured wife of my father. [102] -My father had given my son Khurram into her charge, and she loved -him a thousand times more than if he had been her own. - - - -THE GREAT FEAST OF NAURUZ. - -On the night of Tuesday, Zi-l-qa`da 11th, A.H. 1014 (March 11th or -12th, 1606), in the morning, which is the time of the blessing of -light, his Eminence the Great Luminary passed from the constellation of -the Fish to the House of Honour in the constellation of the Ram. As -this was the first New Year's Day after my auspicious accession -I ordered them to decorate the porticoes of the private and public -halls of the palace, as in the time of my revered father, with delicate -stuffs, and to adorn them handsomely. From the first day of the Nauruz -to the 19th degree of the Ram (Aries), which is the day of culmination, -the people gave themselves over to enjoyment and happiness. Players -and singers of all bands and castes were gathered together. Dancing -lulis and charmers of India whose caresses would captivate the hearts -of angels kept up the excitement of the assemblies. I gave orders -that whoever might wish for intoxicating drinks and exhilarating -drugs should not be debarred from using them. - - - "Cupbearer! brighten my cup with the light of wine; - Sing, minstrel, for the world has ordered itself as I desire." [103] - - -In my father's time it had become established that one of the great -nobles should prepare an entertainment on each of the 17 or 18 days -of the festival, and should present His Majesty the king with choice -gifts of all kinds of jewels and jewelled things, precious stuffs, -and elephants and horses, and should invite him to take the trouble -to come to his assembly. By way of exalting his servants, he would -deign to be present, and having looked at the presents would take -what he approved of and bestow the remainder on the giver of the -entertainment. As my mind was inclined to the comfort and ease of -the army and subjects, I this year let them off their gifts with the -exception of a few from my immediate retainers, which I accepted -in order to gratify them. In those same days many servants of the -State obtained higher rank. Amongst them I raised Dilawar Khan Afghan -to 1,500, and I raised Raja Baso, who was a landholder of the hill -country of the Panjab, and who from the time I was prince till now -has kept the way of service and sincerity towards me and held the -rank of 1,500, to 3,500. Shah Beg Khan, the governor of Qandahar, -I promoted to 5,000, and Ray Ray Singh, a Rajput noble, obtained the -same rank. I gave 12,000 rupees for expenses to Rana Shankar. - -At the beginning of my reign, a son of that Muzaffar Gujarati who -claimed to be descended from the rulers of that country lifted up -the head of disturbance and attacked and plundered the environs of -the city of Ahmadabad. Some sardars such as Pim [104] Bahadur Uzbeg -and Ray `Ali Bhati, who were amongst the distinguished and brave men -there, became martyrs in that outbreak. At length Raja Bikramajit -and many mansabdars were provided by me with 6,000 or 7,000 horse, -and appointed to assist the army of Gujarat. It was decided that when -things had quieted down, by the driving off of those seditious people, -Raja Bikramajit should be Subahdar of Gujarat. Qilij Khan, who had -been previously nominated to this office, should come to Court. After -the arrival of the royal troops the thread of the rebels' union was -severed; they took refuge in different jungles, and the country was -reduced to order. The news of this victory reached the ear of my -state and dignity in the most acceptable of hours (New Year time). - -About this time there came a representation from my son Parwiz that -the Rana had left thana Mandal, which is about 30 [105] or 40 kos -from Ajmir, and had run away, and that a force had been appointed to -pursue him; and that it was to be hoped the good fortune of Jahangir -would cause him to become non-existent. - -On the last day of the feast of the New Year, many servants of -the State were honoured with favours and increase of rank. Pishrau -Khan was an old retainer and had come from Persia (wilayat) with -Humayun; indeed, he was one of the men whom Shah Tahmasp had sent -with Humayun. His name was Mihtar Sa`adat. As under my father he -was superintendent (darogha) and head (mihtar) of the farrash-khana -(store department), and had no equal in this service, he had given -him the title of Pishrau Khan (the active Khan). Though he was a -subordinate(?) servant and had an artificer's disposition (qalaqchi -mashrab), I looked to his claims of service and gave him the rank of -2,000. [106] - - - - - -THE FLIGHT OF KHUSRAU IN THE MIDDLE OF THE FIRST YEAR OF MY REIGN. - -Futile [107] ideas had entered the mind of Khusrau in consequence -of his youth and the pride youths have, and the lack of experience -and the lack of foresight of worthless companions, especially at the -time of my revered father's illness. Some of these short-sighted ones, -through the multitude of their crimes and offences, had become hopeless -of pardon and indulgence, and imagined that by making Khusrau a tool -they might conduct the affairs of State through him. They overlooked -the truth that acts of sovereignty and world rule are not things to be -arranged by the worthless endeavours of defective intellects. The just -Creator bestows them on him whom he considers fit for this glorious -and exalted duty, and on such a person doth He fit the robe of honour. - - - "He who is seized of Fortune cannot be deprived of it; - Throne and diadem are not things of purchase; - It is not right to wrest crown and dominion - From the head which God, the Crown-cherisher, has indicated." - - -As the futile imaginations of the seditious and short-sighted had -no result but disgrace and regret, the affairs of the kingdom were -confirmed in the hands of this suppliant at the throne of Allah. I -invariably found Khusrau preoccupied and distracted. However much, -in favour and affection for him, I wished to drive from his mind -some of his fears and alarms, nothing was gained until, at last, -by the advice of those whose fortune was reversed, on the night of -Sunday, Zi-l-hijja 8th, of the year mentioned (April 6th, 1605), when -two gharis had passed, he made a pretence [108] of going to visit the -tomb of His Majesty (Akbar), and went off with 350 horsemen, who were -his adherents, from within the fort of Agra. Shortly after, one of the -lamp attendants who was acquainted with the Waziru-l-mulk gave him the -news of Khusrau's flight. The Vizier took him to the Amiru-l-umara, -who, as the news seemed true, came in a distracted state of mind to -the door of the private apartments and said to one of the eunuchs, -"Take in my request and say that I have a necessary representation to -make, and let the king honour me by coming out." As such an affair -had not entered my thoughts I supposed that news had come from the -Deccan or Gujarat. When I came out and heard what the news was, -I asked, "What must be done? Shall I mount myself, or shall I send -Khurram?" The Amiru-l-umara submitted that he would go if I ordered -it. "Let it be so," I said. Afterwards he said, "If he will not turn -back on my advice, and takes up arms, what must be done?" Then I said, -"If he will go in no way on the right road, do not consider a crime -anything that results from your action. Kingship regards neither son -nor son-in-law. No one is a relation to a king." - -When I had said these words and other things, and had dismissed -him, it occurred to me that Khusrau was very much annoyed with him, -and that in consequence of the dignity and nearness (to me) which -he (the Amir) enjoyed, he was an object of envy to his equals and -contemporaries. [109] Perhaps they might devise treachery and destroy -him. I therefore ordered Mu`izzu-l-mulk to recall him, and selecting -in his place Shaikh Farid Bakhshi-begi commanded him to start off -at once, and to take with him the mansabdars and ahadis who were -on guard. Ihtimam Khan the kotwal was made scout and intelligence -officer. I determined, God willing, to start off myself when it was -day. Mu`izzu-l-mulk brought back the Amiru-l-umara. - -About this time, Ahmad Beg Khan and Dust Muhammad Khan had been -sent off to Kabul, [110] and had got as far as Sikandra, which was -on Khusrau's route. On his arrival they came out of their tents with -some of their people, and returned and waited on me with the news that -Khusrau had taken the Panjab road and was hastening on. It occurred -to me that he might change his route and go somewhere else. As his -maternal uncle, Man Singh, was in Bengal, it occurred to many of the -servants of the State that he might go in that direction. I sent out on -every side, and ascertained that he was making for the Panjab. Meantime -day dawned, and in reliance on the grace and favour of God Almighty, -and with clear resolve, I mounted, withheld by nothing and no one. - - - "In truth, he who is pursued by sorrow. - Knows not how the road is or how he may travel it. - This he knows, that horror drives him on: - He knows not with whom he goes nor whom he leaves behind." - - -When I reached the venerable mausoleum of my revered father, which -is three kos from the city, I begged for aid to my courage from -the spirit of that honoured one. About this time they captured and -brought in [111] Mirza Hasan, son of Mirza Shahrukh, who had proposed -to accompany Khusrau. He could not deny it when I questioned him, and I -ordered them to tie his hands and mount him on an elephant. [112] This -was the first good omen manifested through the kindness and blessing -of that venerable one. At midday, as it had become exceedingly hot, -having rested awhile under the shade of a tree, I said to the Khan -A`zam that we, with all our composure, were in such a state that we -had not taken till now our regular allowance of opium, which it was -the practice to take the first thing in the morning, and no one had -reminded us of the omission. We might imagine from this what was now -the condition of that graceless one (Khusrau). [113] - -My trouble was this, that my son without any cause or reason should -become an opponent and an enemy. If I should make no endeavour to -capture him, the fractious or rebellious would have an instrument, -or else he would take his own way and go for an asylum to the Uzbegs -or the Persians, and contempt would fall upon my government. On this -account, having made a special point of capturing him, I went on -after a short rest two or three kos beyond pargana Mathura, which -is 20 kos from Agra, and I alighted at one of the villages of that -pargana where there is a tank. - -When Khusrau arrived at Mathura, he met Husain Beg Badakhshi, who -was of those who had received favours from my revered father and -was coming from Kabul to wait on me. As it is the temperament of -the Badakhshis to be seditious and turbulent, Khusrau regarded [114] -this meeting as a godsend, and made Husain Beg the captain and guide -of 200 or 300 Badakhshan Aimaqs, who were with him. - -Anyone whom they met, they plundered of horses and goods. Merchants and -conveyers of goods were plundered by these rascals, and wheresoever -they went men's wives and children were not safe from the calamity -of these wretches. With his own eyes Khusrau was witnessing the -oppression practised in the hereditary dominions of his ancestors, -and after being a witness of the improper deeds of these rascals he -a thousand times every moment wished death for himself. Finally, he -had no remedy but to temporize with and support those dogs. If good -luck and fortune had assisted him in his affairs, he would have made -repentance and regret his voucher, and come without any deceit to -wait on me. God, who knows the world of secrets, knows that I should -have passed over his offences entirely and shown him such favour -and affection that to the extent of a hair's point no estrangement -or fear would have remained upon his mind. Inasmuch as during the -lifetime of the late king (Akbar) an intention of joining in the -sedition of some of the rebels had manifested itself in his mind, and -he knew that this had come to my knowledge, he placed no reliance on -my kindness and affection. His mother, while I was prince, in grief at -his ways and behaviour and the misconduct of her brother Madho Singh, -[115] killed herself by swallowing opium (tiryaq). [116] What shall I -write of her excellences and goodness? She had perfect intelligence, -and her devotion to me was such that she would have sacrificed a -thousand sons and brothers for one hair of mine. She constantly wrote -to Khusrau and urged him to be sincere and affectionate to me. When -she saw that it was of no use and that it was unknown how far he -would be led away, she from the indignation and high spirit which are -inherent in the Rajput character determined upon death. Her mind was -several times disturbed, for such feelings were hereditary, and her -ancestors and her brothers had occasionally showed signs of madness, -but after a time had recovered. At a time when I had gone hunting, -on Zi-l-hijja 26th, 1013 [117] (May 6th, 1605), she in her agitation -swallowed a quantity of opium, and quickly passed away. It was as if -she had foreseen this behaviour of her unworthy son. - -My first marriage and that at the commencement of my adolescence -was with her. After Khusrau's birth I gave her the title of Shah -Begam. When she could not endure the bad conduct of her son and -brother towards me she became disgusted with life and died, thereby -escaping the present grief and sorrow. In consequence of her death, -from the attachment I had for her, I passed some days without any kind -of pleasure in life or existence, and for four days, which amount -to 32 watches, I took nothing in the shape of food or drink. When -this tale was told to my revered father, a letter of condolence of -excessive kindness and affection reached this devoted disciple, and -he sent me a robe of honour and the auspicious turban tied just as -he had taken it off his head. This favour threw water on the flame -of my grief and afforded complete quiet and repose to my unquietude -and disturbance. My intention in relating these circumstances is to -point out that no evil fortune is greater than when a son, through the -impropriety of his conduct and his unapproved methods of behaviour, -causes the death of his mother and becomes contumacious and rebellious -to his father, without cause or reason, but simply through his own -imaginations and futile ideas, and chooses to avoid the blessing -of waiting upon him. Inasmuch as the Almighty Avenger lays a proper -punishment on each action, of necessity his condition finally came to -this, that he was caught under the worst circumstances, and falling -from a position of trust became captive to perpetual incarceration. - - - "When the man of sense behaves as if drunk, - He puts his foot in a snare, his head in a noose." - - -To sum up, on Tuesday, Zi-l-hijja 10th, I alighted at the station -of Hodal. [118] Shaikh Farid Bakhshi and a band of valiant men were -chosen to pursue Khusrau and became the vanguard of the victorious -army. I sent back Dust Muhammad, who was in attendance on me, -on account of his previous service and his white beard, to take -charge of the fort of Agra and of the zanana and the treasuries. When -leaving Agra, I had placed the city in the charge of I`timadu-d-daula -and Waziru-l-mulk. I now said to Dust Muhammad, "As we are going to -the Panjab, and that province is in the diwani of I`timadu-d-daula, -you will despatch him to us, and will imprison and keep watch over -the sons [119] of Mirza Muhammad Hakim who are in Agra; as when such -proceedings manifest themselves in the son of one's loins what may one -expect from nephews and cousins?" After the dispatch of Dust Muhammad, -Mu`izzu-l-mulk became bakhshi. - -On Wednesday I alighted at Palwal, and on Thursday at Faridabad; -on Friday, the 13th, I reached Delhi. From the dust of the road -(i.e. immediately) I hastened to the venerated tomb of Humayun, and -there besought help in my purpose, and with my own hand distributed -money to poor persons and dervishes. Thence turning to the shrine -of the venerable saint Shaikh Nizamu-d-din Auliya, I performed the -dues of pilgrimage. After this I gave a portion [120] of money to -Jamalu-d-din Husain Anju and another portion to Hakim Muzaffar that -they might divide it amongst the poor and dervishes. On Saturday -the 14th I stayed in Saray Narela. [121] This rest-house (saray) -Khusrau had burned as he went. - -The rank of Aqa Mulla, brother of Asaf Khan, who had been exalted by -becoming my servant, was fixed in original and increase at 1,000 with -300 horse. He was in close attendance during this journey. Considering -that some of the Aimaqs attached to the royal army were in league -with Khusrau, and fearing that consequently some fraud or sedition -might enter their minds, 2,000 rupees were given to their leaders to -distribute amongst their men and make them hopeful of the Jahangiri -favour. I gave money to Shaikh Fazlu-llah and Raja Dhirdhar to -distribute to faqirs and brahmans on the road. I gave orders that -to Rana Shankar in Ajmir should be given 30,000 rupees by way of -assistance for his expenditure. - -On Monday, the 16th, I reached the pargana of Panipat. [122] This -station and place used to be very propitious to my gracious father -and honoured ancestors, and two great victories had been gained in -it. One was the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi, which was won by the might of -the victorious hosts of His Majesty Firdus-makani. The story of this -has been written in the histories of the time. The second victory was -over the wicked Hemu, and was manifested from the world of fortune in -the beginning of the reign of my revered father, as has been described -by me in detail. - -At the time that Khusrau had left Delhi and was proceeding to Panipat, -it happened that Dilawar Khan had arrived there. When shortly before -Khusrau's arrival he heard of this affair, he sent his children across -the Jumna and bravely determined to hasten on and throw himself into -the fort of Lahore before Khusrau should arrive. About this time -`Abdu-r-Rahim also reached Panipat from Lahore, and Dilawar Khan -suggested to him that he too should send his children across the -river, and should stand aside and await the victorious standards of -Jahangir. As he was lethargic and timid, he could not make up his mind -to do this, and delayed so much that Khusrau arrived. He went out and -waited on him, and either voluntarily or in a state of agitation agreed -to accompany him. He obtained the title of Malik Anwar and the position -of vizier. Dilawar Khan, like a brave man, turned towards Lahore, -and on his road informed everyone and everybody of the servants of -the court and the karoriyan, and the merchants whom he came across, -of the exodus of Khusrau. Some he took with him, and others he told -to stand aside out of the way. After that, the servants of God were -relieved of the plundering by robbers and oppressors. Most probably, -if Sayyid Kamal in Delhi, and Dilawar Khan at Panipat, had shown -courage and determination, and had blocked Khusrau's path, his -disorderly force would not have been able to resist and would have -scattered, and he himself would have been captured. The fact is that -their talents (himmat) were not equal to this, but afterwards each -made amends for his fault, viz., Dilawar Khan, by his rapid march, -entered the fort of Lahore before Khusrau reached it, and by this -notable service made amends for his earlier shortcoming, and Sayyid -Kamal manfully exerted himself in the engagement with Khusrau, as -will be described in its own place. - -On Zi-l-hijja 17th the royal standards were set up in the pargana of -Karnal. Here I raised `Abidin Khwaja, son of Khwaja Kalan Juybari and -pirzada (spiritual adviser), son of `Abdu-llah Khan Uzbeg, who had -come in the time of my revered father, to the rank of 1,000. Shaikh -Nizam Thaneswari, who was one of the notorious impostors (shayyadan) -of the age, waited on Khusrau, and having gratified him with pleasant -news, again [123] led him out of the (right) path, and then came to -wait on me. As I had heard of these transactions, I gave him his road -expenses and told him to depart for the auspicious place of pilgrimage -(Mecca). On the 19th the halt was in pargana Shahabad. Here there was -very little water, but it happened that heavy rain fell, so that all -were rejoiced. - -I promoted Shaikh Ahmad Lahori, who from my princehood had filled -the relationship of service and discipleship and the position of -a house-born one (khanazada) to the office of Mir-i-`Adl (Chief -Justice). Disciples [124] and sincere followers were presented on his -introduction, and to each it was necessary to give the token [125] and -the likeness (shast u shabah). They were given on his recommendation -(?). At the time of initiation some words of advice were given to -the disciple: he must not confuse or darken his years with sectarian -quarrels, but must follow the rule of universal peace with regard to -religions; he must not kill any living creature with his own hand, -and must not flay anything. The only exceptions are in battle and -the chase. - - - "Be not the practiser of making lifeless any living thing. - Save in the battlefield or in the time of hunting." - - -Honour the luminaries (the Sun, Moon, etc.), which are manifesters of -God's light, according to the degree of each, and recognize the power -and existence of Almighty God at all times and seasons. Be careful -indeed that whether in private or in public you never for a moment -forget Him. - - - "Lame or low [126] or crooked or unrefined, - Be amorous of Him and seek after Him." - - -My revered father became possessed of these principles, and was rarely -void of such thoughts. - -At the stage of Aluwa(?) [127] I appointed Abu-n-nabi(?) [128] Uzbeg -with fifty-seven other mansabdars to assist Shaikh Farid, and gave -the force 40,000 rupees for its expenses. To Jamil Beg were given -7,000 rupees to divide among the Aimaqs (cavalry). I also presented -Mir Sharif Amuli [129] with 2,000 rupees. - -On Tuesday the 24th of the same month they captured five of the -attendants and comrades of Khusrau. Two of these, who confessed to -his service, I ordered to be thrown under the feet of elephants, -and three who denied were placed in custody that enquiry might be -made. On Farwardin 12th of the first year of my reign, Mirza Husain -and Nuru-d-din Quli the kotwal entered Lahore, and on the 24th of -the same month a messenger of Dilawar Khan arrived (there) with news -that Khusrau was moving on Lahore and that they should be on their -guard. On the same day the city gates were guarded and strengthened, -and two days later Dilawar Khan entered the fort with a few men and -began to strengthen the towers and walls. Wherever these were broken -and thrown down he repaired them, and, placing cannon and swivel guns -on the citadel, he prepared for battle. Assembling the small number -of the royal servants who were in the fort, they were assigned their -several duties, and the people of the city also with loyalty gave their -assistance. Two days later, and when all was ready, Khusrau arrived, -and, having fixed a place for his camp, gave orders to invest [130] -the city and to prepare for battle, and to burn one of the gates on -any side where one could be got at. "After taking the fort," he said -to his wicked crew, "I will give orders to plunder the city for seven -days and to make captive the women and children." - -This doomed lot set fire to a gate, and Dilawar Beg Khan, Husain Beg -the diwan, and Nuru-d-din Quli the kotwal built a wall inside opposite -the gateway. - -Meantime Sa`id Khan, who was one of those appointed to Kashmir and was -now encamped on the Chenab, having heard the news, started rapidly for -Lahore. When he reached the Ravi he sent word to the garrison of the -fort that he came with a loyal intention and that they should admit -him. They sent someone at night and conducted him and some of his -men inside. When the siege had lasted nine days, news of the approach -of the royal army came repeatedly to Khusrau and his adherents. They -became helpless (bi pa), and made up their minds that they must face -the victorious army. - -As Lahore is one of the greatest places in Hindustan, a great number of -people gathered in six or seven days. It was reported on good authority -that 10,000 or 12,000 horse were collected, and had left the city with -the view of making a night attack on the royal vanguard. This news -was brought to me at the saray of Qazi `Ali on the night of Thursday -the 16th. Although it rained heavily in the night I beat the drum of -march and mounted. Arriving in Sultanpur at dawn I remained there till -noon. By chance, at this place and hour the victorious army encountered -that ill-fated band. Mu`izzu-l-mulk had brought a dish of roast meat, -[131] and I was turning towards it with zest when the news of the -battle was brought to me. Though I had a longing to eat the roast -meat, I immediately took a mouthful by way of augury and mounted, -and without waiting for the coming up of men and without regard to -the smallness of my force I went off in all haste. However much I -demanded my chiltah (wadded coat), they did not produce it. My only -arms were a spear and sword, but I committed myself to the favour of -God and started off without hesitation. At first my escort did not -number more than fifty horsemen; no one had expected a fight that -day. In fine, when I reached the head of the bridge of Gobindwal, -[132] 400 or 500 horse, good and bad, had come together. When I -had crossed the bridge the news of a victory was brought to me. The -bearer of the good news was Shamsi, tushakchi (wardrobe man), and -for his good news he obtained the title of Khush-khabar Khan. Mir -Jamalu-d-din Husain, whom I had sent previously to advise Khusrau, -came up at the same time and said such things about the number and -bravery of Khusrau's men as frightened his hearers. Though news -of the victory came continuously, this simple-minded Sayyid would -not believe it, and expressed incredulity that such an army as he -had seen could be defeated by Shaikh Farid's force, which was small -and not properly equipped. When they brought Khusrau's litter [133] -with two of his eunuchs, the Mir admitted what had happened. Then, -alighting from his horse, he placed his head at my feet and professed -every kind of humility and submission, and said that there could be -no higher or more lofty fortune than this. - -In this command Shaikh Farid behaved with sincerity and devotion. The -Sayyids of Barha, who are of the brave ones of the age, and who -have held this place in every fight in which they have been, formed -the van. Saif Khan, son of Sayyid Mahmud Khan Barha, the head -of the tribe, had shown great bravery and had received seventeen -wounds. Sayyid Jalal, also of the brethren of this band, received an -arrow in his temple and died a few days later. At the time when the -Sayyids of Barha, who were not more than fifty or sixty in number, -having received wounds from 1,500 Badakhshi horsemen, had been cut -to pieces, Sayyid Kamal, who, with his brothers, had been appointed -to support the van, came up on the flank and fought with wondrous -bravery and manliness. After that the men of the right wing raised -the cry of Padshah salamat ("Long live the King") and charged, -and the rebels hearing the words, gave up and scattered abroad to -various hiding-places. About 400 Aimaqs became crushed on the plain -of anger and overcome by the victorious army. Khusrau's box of jewels -and precious things which he had always with him, fell into our hands. - - - "Who thought that this boy of few years - Would behave so badly to his sire? - At the first taste of the cup he brings up the lees. - He melts away my glory and his own modesty. - He sets on fire [134] the throne of Khurshid, - He longs for the place of Jamshid." - - -Short-sighted men in Allahabad had urged me also to rebel against my -father. Their words were extremely unacceptable and disapproved by -me. I know what sort of endurance a kingdom would have, the foundations -of which were laid on hostility to a father, and was not moved by -the evil counsels of such worthless men, but acting according to the -dictates of reason and knowledge I waited on my father, my guide, -my qibla, [135] and my visible God, and as a result of this good -purpose it went well with me. - -In the evening of the day of Khusrau's flight I gave Raja Baso, who -is a trusty zamindar of the hill-country of Lahore, leave to go to -that frontier, and, wherever he heard news or trace of Khusrau, to -make every effort to capture him. I also appointed Mahabat Khan and -Mirza `Ali Akbarshahi to a large force, which was to pursue Khusrau -in whatever direction he might go. I resolved with myself that if -Khusrau went to Kabul, I would follow him and not turn back till he -was captured. If not delaying in Kabul he should go on to Badakhshan -and those regions, I would leave Mahabat Khan in Kabul and return -myself (to India). My reason for not going to Badakhshan was that that -wretch would (in that case) certainly ally himself with the Uzbegs, -and the disgrace would attach to this State. - -On the day on which the royal troops were ordered to pursue Khusrau, -15,000 rupees were given to Mahabat Khan and 20,000 to the ahadis, -and 10,000 more were sent with the army to be given to whom it might -be necessary to give it on the way. - -On Saturday, the 28th, the victorious camp was pitched at Jaipal, -[136] which lies seven kos from Lahore. On the same day Khusrau -arrived with a few men on the bank of the Chenab. The brief account -of what had happened is that after his defeat those who had escaped -with him from the battle became divided in opinion. The Afghans and -Indians, who were mostly his old retainers, wished to double back -like foxes into Hindustan, and to become a source of rebellion and -trouble there. Husain Beg, whose people and family and treasure were -in the direction of Kabul, suggested going to Kabul. In the end, as -action was taken according to the wish of Husain Beg, the Hindustanis -and the Afghans decided to separate themselves from him. On arriving -at the Chenab, he proposed to cross at the ferry of Shahpur, which -is one of the recognized crossings, but as he could find no boats -there he made for the ferry of Sodharah, where his people got one -boat without boatmen and another full of firewood and grass. - -The ferries over the rivers had been stopped because before -Khusrau's defeat orders had been given to all the jagirdars and the -superintendents of roads and crossings in the subah of the Panjab -that as this kind of dispute had arisen they must all be on the -alert. Husain Beg wished to transfer the men from the boat with -firewood and grass to the other, so that they might convey Khusrau -across. At this juncture arrived Kilan, [137] son-in-law of Kamal -Chaudhari of Sodharah, and saw a body of men about to cross in the -night. He cried out to the boatmen that there was an order from the -king Jahangir forbidding unknown men from crossing in the night, -and that they must be careful. Owing to the noise and uproar, -the people of the neighbourhood gathered together, and Kamal's -son-in-law took from the boatmen the pole with which they propel the -boat, and which in Hindustani is called balli, and thus made the boat -unmanageable. Although money was offered to the boatmen, not one would -ferry them over. News went to Abu-l-Qasim Namakin, who was at Gujarat, -near the Chenab, that a body of men were wanting to cross the river -by night, and he at once came to the ferry in the night with his -sons and some horsemen. Things went to such a length that Husain Beg -shot arrows at the boatmen, [138] and Kamal's son-in-law also took to -shooting arrows from the river-bank. For four kos the boat took its -own way down the river, until at the end of the night it grounded, -and try as they would they could not get it off. Meantime it became -day. Abu-l-Qasim and Khwaja Khizr Khan, who by the efforts of Hilal -Khan had assembled on this (? the west) side of the river, fortified -its west bank, and the zamindars fortified it on the east. - -Before this affair of Khusrau's, I had sent Hilal Khan as sazawal -to the army appointed for Kashmir under Sa`id Khan, and by chance -he arrived in the neighbourhood (of the ferry) that same night; -he came in the nick of time, and his efforts had great effect in -bringing together Abu-l-Qasim Khan Namakin, and Khwaja Khizr Khan in -the capture of Khusrau. - -On the morning of Sunday, the 24th of the aforesaid month, people on -elephants and in boats captured Khusrau, and on Monday, the last day -of the month, news of this reached me in the garden of Mirza Kamran. I -immediately ordered the Amiru-l-umara to go to Gujarat and to bring -Khusrau to wait on me. - -In counsels on State affairs and government it often happens that I -act according to my own judgment and prefer my own counsel to that -of others. In the first instance I had elected to wait on my revered -father from Allahabad in opposition to the advice of my faithful -servants, and I obtained the blessing of serving him, and this was -for my spiritual and temporal good. By the same course of conduct I -had become king. The second instance was the pursuit of Khusrau, from -which I was not held back by taking time to ascertain the (auspicious) -hour, etc., and from which I took no rest until I captured him. It -is a strange thing that after I had started I asked Hakim `Ali, who -is learned in mathematics, how the hour of my departure had been -(i.e. whether propitious or not), and he replied that in order to -obtain my object if I had wished to select an hour, there could not -have been for years one selected better than that in which I mounted. - -On Thursday, Muharram 3rd, 1015, in Mirza Kamran's garden, they brought -Khusrau before me with his hands tied and chains on his legs from the -left side [139] after the manner and custom of Chingiz Khan. They -made Husain Beg stand on his right hand and `Abdu-r-Rahim on his -left. Khusrau stood weeping and trembling between them. Husain Beg, -with the idea that it might profit him, began to speak wildly. When -his purport became apparent to me I did not allow him to continue -talking, but handed over Khusrau in chains, and ordered these two -villains to be put in the skins of an ox and an ass, and that they -should be mounted on asses with their faces to the tail [140] and -thus taken round the city. As the ox-hide dried more quickly than -that of the ass, Husain Beg remained alive for four watches and died -from suffocation. `Abdu-r-Rahim, who was in the ass's skin and to -whom they gave some refreshment from outside, remained alive. - -From Monday, the last day of Zi-l-hijja, until the 9th of Muharram -of the aforesaid year, I remained in Mirza Kamran's garden because -the time was unpropitious. [141] I bestowed Bhairawal, [142] where -the battle had taken place, on Shaikh Farid, and rewarded him with -the high title of Murtaza Khan. For the sake of good government I -ordered posts to be set up on both sides of the road from the garden -to the city, and ordered them to hang up and impale the seditious -Aimaqs and others who had taken part in the rebellion. Thus each one -of them received an extraordinary punishment. I gave headship to those -landholders who had shown loyalty, and to every one of the Chaudharis -between the Jhelam and the Chenab I gave lands for their support. - -Of Husain Beg's property there were obtained from the house of Mir -Muhammad Baqi nearly seven lakhs of rupees. This was exclusive of what -he had made over to other places and of what he had with him. After -this, whenever his name is mentioned, the words [143] gawan u kharan -(bullocks and asses) will be used. When he came to this Court in -company with Mirza Shahrukh he had one horse. By degrees his affairs -flourished so that he became possessed of treasure both visible and -buried, and projects of this kind entered his mind. - -While Khusrau's affair was still in the will of God, as there was no -actual governor between Afghanistan and Agra, which is a source of -sedition and mischief, and, fearing that Khusrau's affair might be -prolonged, I ordered my son Parwiz to leave some of the sardars to -look after the Rana and to come to Agra with Asaf Khan and a body of -those nearly connected with him in the service. He was to consider -the protection and management of that region his special charge. But -by the blessed favour of Allah, Khusrau's affair was settled before -Parwiz arrived in Agra; I accordingly ordered my aforesaid son to -come and wait on me. - -On Wednesday, Muharram 8th, I auspiciously entered the fort of -Lahore. A number of loyalists represented to me that my return to -Agra would be for the good of the State at this time when much was -going amiss in Gujarat, in the Deccan, and in Bengal. This counsel -did not meet with my approval, for the reports of Shah Beg Khan, the -governor of Qandahar, showed that the officers of the Persian border -were meditating an attack on that fortress. They had been moved thereto -by the machinations of the residuum of the Mirzas of Qandahar's army, -which was always shaking the chain of contention. The Persian officers -had written letters to these malcontents, and there was likelihood of -a disturbance. It occurred to me that the death of His Majesty Akbar -and the unreasonable outbreak of Khusrau might put an edge on their -design, and that they might attack Qandahar. What had occurred to -my mind became a realized fact. The governor of Farah, the Malik of -Sistan, and the jagirdars of that neighbourhood, with the assistance -of Husain Khan, the governor of Herat, invaded Qandahar. Praise is -due to the manliness and courage of Shah Beg Khan, who planted his -foot firmly like a man, and strengthened the fort, and seated himself -on the top of the third(?) citadel of the aforesaid fort in such a -manner that outsiders could see his entertainments. During the siege -he girded not his loins, but with bare head and feet arranged parties -of pleasure; yet no day passed that he did not send a force from the -fort to meet the foe and did not make manly efforts. This went on as -long as he was in the fort. The Qizilbash army had invested on three -sides. When news of this reached Lahore it was clearly advisable to -remain in that neighbourhood. A large force was immediately appointed -under the leadership of Mirza Ghazi, who was accompanied by a number of -men of rank and servants of the Court, such as Qara Beg and Tukhta Beg, -who had been promoted with the titles of Qara Khan and Sardar Khan. I -appointed Mirza Ghazi to a mansab of 5,000 personal, and horsemen, -and bestowed drums on him. Mirza Ghazi was the son of Mirza Jani -Tarkhan, king of Thathah (Sind), and by the efforts of `Abdu-r-Rahim -Khankhanan that country had been conquered in the reign of the late -king. The country of Thathah was included in his jagir, and he held -the rank with personality and horsemen of 5,000. After his death his -son Mirza Ghazi was raised to his rank and service. Their ancestors -were among the amirs of Sultan Husain Mirza Bay-qara, the ruler of -Khurasan, and they were originally descended from the amirs of Timur -(Sahib-qirani). Khwaja `Aqil was appointed bakhshi of this army; 43,000 -rupees were given to Qara Khan for road expenses, and 15,000 to Naqdi -Beg and Qilij Beg, who were to accompany Mirza Ghazi. I determined to -stay at Lahore in order to settle this matter and with the intention -of a tour to Kabul. About this time the rank of Hakim Fathu-llah was -fixed, original and increased, at 1,000 personality and 300 horse. As -Shaikh Husain Jami had had dreams about me which had come true, I -gave him twenty lakhs of dams, equivalent to 30,000 or 40,000 rupees, -for the expenses of himself and his monastery and the dervishes who -were with him. On the 22nd I promoted `Abdu-llah Khan to the rank of -2,500 personal and 500 horse, original and increased. I ordered to -be given to the ahadis two lakhs of rupees to be paid in advance and -deducted by degrees from their monthly pay. I bestowed 6,000 rupees -on Qasim Beg Khan, the son-in-law of Shah Beg Khan, and 3,000 rupees -on Sayyid Bahadur Khan. - -In Gobindwal, which is on the river Biyah (Beas), there was a Hindu -named Arjun, [144] in the garments of sainthood and sanctity, so much -so that he had captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus, and -even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and -manners, and they had loudly sounded the drum of his holiness. They -called him Guru, and from all sides stupid people crowded to worship -and manifest complete faith in him. For three or four generations -(of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm. Many times -it occurred to me to put a stop to this vain affair or to bring him -into the assembly of the people of Islam. - -At last when Khusrau passed along this road this insignificant fellow -proposed to wait upon him. Khusrau happened to halt at the place where -he was, and he came out and did homage to him. He behaved to Khusrau -in certain special ways, and made on his forehead a finger-mark -in saffron, which the Indians (Hinduwan) call qashqa, [145] and -is considered propitious. When this came to my ears and I clearly -understood his folly, I ordered them to produce him and handed over -his houses, dwelling-places, and children to Murtaza Khan, and having -confiscated his property commanded that he should be put to death. - -There were two men named Raju and Amba, who, under the shadow of -the protection of the eunuch Daulat Khan, made their livelihood by -oppression and tyranny, and had done many acts of oppression in the -few days that Khusrau was before Lahore. I ordered Raju to the gallows -and a fine to be taken from Amba, who was reputed to be wealthy. In -short, 15,000 rupees were collected from him, which sum I ordered -them to expend on bulghur-khanas (refectories) and in charity. - -Sa`du-llah Khan, son of Sa`d Khan, was promoted to the rank of 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse. - -In his great desire to wait upon me, Parwiz traversed long distances in -a short time, in the rainy season and incessant rain, and on Thursday, -the 29th, when two watches and three ghari of day had passed, obtained -the blessing of seeing me. With exceeding kindness and affection, -I took him into the embrace of favour and kissed his forehead. - -When this disgraceful conduct showed itself in Khusrau, I had -resolved not to delay in any place till I had captured him. There -was a probability that he might turn back towards Hindustan, so -it appeared impolitic to leave Agra empty, as it was the centre -of the State, the abode of the ladies of the holy harem, and the -depository of the world's treasures. On these accounts I had written -when leaving Agra to Parwiz, saying that his loyalty had had this -result, that Khusrau had fled and that Fortune had turned her face -toward himself; that I had started in pursuit of Khusrau, and that he -should consequently dispose of the affairs of the Rana in some way -according to the necessity of the time, and for the benefit of the -kingdom should himself come quickly to Agra. I had delivered into -his charge the capital and treasury, which was equal to the wealth -of Qarun, [146] and I had commended him to the God of power. Before -this letter reached Parwiz, the Rana had been so humbled that he -had sent to Asaf Khan to say that as by his own acts he had come -to shame and disgrace, he hoped that he would intercede for him in -such a way that the prince would be content with his sending Bagha, -[147] who was one of his sons. Parwiz had not agreed to this, and -said that either the Rana himself should come or that he should send -Karan. Meantime the news of Khusrau's disturbance arrived, and on its -account Asaf Khan and other loyalists agreed to the coming of Bagha, -who obtained the blessing of waiting on the prince near Mandalgarh. - -Parwiz, leaving Raja Jagannath and most of the chiefs of his army, -started for Agra with Asaf Khan and some of those near to him and -his own attendants, and with him brought Bagha to the Court. When -he came near Agra he heard the news of the victory over Khusrau and -his capture, and after resting two days an order reached him that -as matters appeared settled in all quarters he should betake himself -to me, in order that on the prescribed date he might obtain the good -fortune of waiting on me. I bestowed on him the parasol (aftab-gir), -[148] which is one of the signs of royalty, and I gave him the rank -of 10,000 and sent an order to the officials to grant him a tankhwah -jagir. At this time I sent Mirza `Ali Beg to Kashmir; 10,000 rupees -were delivered to Qazi `Izzatu-llah to divide amongst faqirs and -the poor of Kabul. Ahmad Beg Khan was promoted to the rank of 2,000 -personal and 1,250 horse, original and extra. At the same time Muqarrab -Khan, who had been sent to Burhanpur to bring the children of Daniyal, -returned after an absence of 6 months 22 days and had the honour of -an audience, and related in detail what had occurred in those regions. - -Saif Khan was promoted to the rank of 2,000 personal and 1,000 -horse. Shaikh `Abdu-l-Wahhab [149] of the Bukhara sayyids, who was -governor of Delhi under the late king, was dismissed from the post -(by me) for certain ill-deeds done by his men, and was entered amongst -the holders of subsistence lands and the arbab-i-sa`adat. - -In the whole of the hereditary dominions, both the crown lands -and the jagirs, I ordered the preparation of bulghur-khanas (free -eating-houses), where cooked food might be provided for the poor -according to their condition, and so that residents and travellers -both might reap the benefit. - -Amba [150] Khan Kashmiri, who was of the stock of the rulers -of Kashmir, was selected for the rank of 1,000 personal and 300 -horse. On Monday, Rabi`u-l-akhir 9th, I gave Parwiz a special sword; -and jewelled swords were presented also to Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka and -the Amiru-l-umara. I saw Daniyal's children, whom Muqarrab Khan had -brought; there were three sons and four daughters. The boys bore -the names Tahmuras, [151] Baysunghar, and Hushang. Such kindness -and affection were shown by me to these children as no one thought -possible. I resolved that Tahmuras, who was the eldest, should always -be in waiting on me, and the others were handed over to the charge -of my own sisters. - -A special dress of honour was sent to Raja Man Singh in Bengal. I -ordered a reward of 30 lakhs of dams to Mirza Ghazi. I bestowed -on Shaikh Ibrahim, son of Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka, the rank of 1,000 -personal and 300 horse, and dignified him with the title of Kishwar -Khan. - -As when I started in pursuit of Khusrau I had left my son Khurram in -charge of the palaces and treasury, I now, when that affair had been -settled, ordered the said son to attend upon Hazrat Maryam-zamani -and the other ladies, and to escort them to me. When they reached the -neighbourhood of Lahore, on Friday the 12th of the month mentioned, -I embarked in a boat and went to a village named Dahr to meet my -mother, and I had the good fortune to be received by her. After the -performance of obeisance and prostration and greeting which is due -from the young to the old according to the custom of Chingiz, the rules -of Timur and common usage, and after worship of the King of the World -(God), and after finishing this business, I obtained leave to return, -and re-entered the fort of Lahore. - -On the 17th, having appointed Mu`izzu-l-mulk bakhshi of the army -against the Rana, I dismissed him to it. As news had come of the -rebellion of Ray Ray Singh and his son, Dulip, in the neighbourhood of -Nagor, I ordered Raja Jagannath to proceed against them with others -of the servants of the State and Mu`izzu-l-mulk, and to put a stop -to this disturbance. I gave 50,000 rupees to Sardar Khan, who had -been appointed to the place of Shah Beg Khan as Governor of Qandahar, -and I promoted him to the rank of 3,000 personal and 2,500 horse. To -Khizr Khan, the late ruler of Khandesh, were given 3,000 rupees, and -to his brother, Ahmad Khan, [152] who is one of the khanazadas of the -State. Hashim Khan, son of Qasim Khan, who is one of the house-born of -the State, and worthy of advancement, I promoted to the rank of 2,500 -personal and 1,500 horse. I gave him also one of my own horses. I sent -robes of honour to eight individuals amongst the nobles of the army of -the Deccan. [153] Five thousand rupees were given to Nizam of Shiraz, -the story-teller. Three thousand rupees were given for the expenses -of the bulghur-khana of Kashmir to the wakil of Mirza `Ali Beg, the -governor of that place, to send to Srinagar. I presented a jewelled -dagger of the value of 6,000 rupees to Qutbu-d-din Khan. - -News reached me that Shaikh Ibrahim Baba, the Afghan, had opened -a religious establishment (lit. one of being a shaikh and having -disciples) in one of the parganas [154] of Lahore, and as his doings -were disreputable and foolish a considerable number of Afghans had -collected round him. I ordered him to be brought and handed over to -Parwiz to be kept in the fort of Chunar; so this vain disturbance -was put an end to. - -On Sunday, 7th Jumada-l-awwal, many of the mansabdars and ahadis -were promoted: Mahabat Khan obtained the rank of 2,000 personal -and 1,300 horse, Dilawar Khan 2,000 personal and 1,400 horse, -Waziru-l-mulk 1,300 personal and 550 horse, Qayyam Khan 1,000 -personal and horse, Shyam Singh 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse; -in the same way forty-two mansabdars were promoted. On most days -the same observances occur. I presented Parwiz with a ruby of the -value of 25,000 rupees. On Wednesday the 9th of the aforesaid month, -the 21st of Shahriwar, [155] after three watches and four gharis, -the feast for my solar weighing, which is the commencement of the -38th year of my age, took place. According to custom they got ready -the weighing apparatus and the scales in the house of Maryam-zamani -(his mother). At the moment appointed blessings were invoked and I sate -in the scales. Each suspending rope was held by an elderly person who -offered up prayers. The first time the weight in gold came to three -Hindustani maunds and ten seers. After this I was weighed against -several metals, perfumes, and essences, up to twelve weighings, the -details of which will be given hereafter. Twice a year I weigh myself -against gold and silver and other metals, and against all sorts of -silks and cloths, and various grains, etc., once at the beginning -of the solar year and once at that of the lunar. The weight of the -money of the two weighings I hand over to the different treasurers -for faqirs and those in want. On the same auspicious day I promoted -Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka, who for many years had expected such a day, -[156] with various favours. First, I gave him the rank of 5,000 -personal and horse, and with this a special robe of honour, a jewelled -sword, and one of my own horses, with a jewelled saddle, and I gave -him leave to go to the subahdarship of the province of Bengal and -Orissa, which is a place for 50,000 horse. As a mark of honour he -set off accompanied by a large force, and two lakhs of rupees were -given him as a sumptuary allowance. My connection with his mother is -such that as in my childhood I was under her guardianship and care, -I have not so much affection for my own mother as for her. She is to -me my gracious mother, and I do not hold him less dear than my own -brothers and children. Qutbu-d-din is the foster-brother who is most -fit for fosterage. I gave 300,000 rupees to his auxiliaries. On this -day I sent 130,000 as a marriage present (sachiq) for the daughter -of Pahari (his brother Murad), who had been betrothed to Parwiz. - -On the 22nd, Baz Bahadur Qalmaq, who had long been guilty of evil -practices in Bengal, by the guidance of fortune obtained the honour -of kissing my threshold. I gave him a jewelled dagger, 8,000 rupees, -and promoted him to the rank of 1,000 personal and horse. One lakh of -rupees and cash and jewels were bestowed on Parwiz. Kesho Das Maru -was promoted to the grade of 1,500 personal and horse. Abu-l-hasan, -who had been the diwan and factotum of my brother Daniyal, together -with his children, [157] had the honour of an audience, and was -raised to the rank of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On the 1st of the -second Jumada Shaikh Bayazid, [158] who was one of the shaikhzadas -of Sikri, well known for brilliance of understanding and knowledge, -and the connection of old service, [159] was honoured with the title -of Mu`azzam Khan, and to him I gave the government of Delhi. On the -21st of the same month I presented Parwiz with a necklace composed -of four rubies and one hundred pearls. The rank of Hakim Muzaffar -was fixed at 3,000 personal and 1,000 horse, original and extra. I -gave 5,000 rupees to Nathu Mal (?), Raja of Manjholi. [160] - -A remarkable occurrence was the discovery of a letter from Mirza `Aziz -Koka to `Ali Khan, the ruler of Khandesh. I had had an impression -that he had a particular enmity to me on Khusrau's account, who was -his son-in-law. From the discovery of this writing it became clear -that he had never given up his innate treachery, and had adopted -this unbecoming attitude towards my revered father also. In short, -this letter which he had written at some time to Raja `Ali Khan was -from beginning to end full of abuse and disapprobation, and said -things which no enemy even could have written and such as could -not be attributed to anyone, and far less to one like His Majesty, -`Arsh-ashyani, a king and an appreciative sovereign, who from childhood -had educated him and brought him up because of what was due for -services rendered by his mother, and raised the standard of reliance -on him to such a high degree as no other person possessed. This letter -fell into the hands of Khwaja Abu-l-hasan in Burhanpur amongst the -property of Raja `Ali Khan. He brought and laid it before me. In -reading and seeing it the hair on my limbs stood on end. But for -the consideration and due recognition of the fact that his mother -had given her milk to my father I could have killed him with my own -hand. Having procured his attendance I gave the letter into his hand -and told him to read it with a loud voice to those present. When he -saw the letter I thought his body would have parted from his soul, -but with shamelessness and impudence he read it as though he had -not written it and was reading it by order. Those present in that -paradise-like assembly of the servants of Akbar and Jahangir and heard -the letter read, loosened the tongue of reproach and of curses and -abuse. I put the question to him, "Leaving aside the treacheries which -in reliance on your worthless self you contrived against my fortune, -what was done to you by my father, who raised you and your family -from the dust of the road to such wealth and dignity as to make you -the envy of your contemporaries, that you should write these things -to the enemies of his Empire? Why did you enrol yourself amongst the -wicked and disloyal? Truly, what can one make of an original nature and -innate disposition? Since your temperament has been nourished by the -water of treachery, what else can spring up but such actions? Passing -over what you did to myself, I gave you the rank you had held before, -thinking that your treachery was directed against me only. Since it -has become known that you behaved in a similar way to your benefactor -and visible Deity, I leave you to the thoughts and actions which you -formerly had and still have." After these remarks his lips closed, -and he was unable to make any reply. What could he have said in the -presence of such disgrace? I gave an order to deprive him of his -jagir. Although what this ingrate had done was unpardonable, yet in -the end, from certain considerations, I passed it over. - -On Sunday the 26th of the above-mentioned month was held the marriage -feast of Parwiz and the daughter of Prince Murad. The ceremony was -performed in the house of Her Highness Maryam-zamani. The entertainment -was arranged in the house of Parwiz, and all who were present were -exalted with all kinds of honour and civilities. Nine thousand rupees -were handed over to Sharif Amuli and other nobles, to be given in -alms to faqirs and other poor people. - -On Sunday the 10th Rajab I left the city to hunt in Girjhak and -Nandana, [161] and took up my quarters in the garden of Ram Das, -where I remained four days. - -On Wednesday the 13th the solar weighing of Parwiz took place. They -weighed him twelve times against various metals and other things, -and each weighing came to two maunds and eighteen seers. I ordered -the whole to be distributed amongst faqirs. At this time the rank -of Shaja`at Khan was fixed at 1,500 personal and 700 horse, original -and extra. - -After the march of Mirza Ghazi and his force it occurred to me to send -a second contingent after him. Having bestowed on Bahadur [162] Khan -Qurbegi the rank of 1,500 personal and 800 horse, original and extra, -I started off a body of cavalry, [163] which came to about 3,000, -with him under the leadership of Shah Beg and Muhammad Amin. For the -expenses of this force 200,000 rupees were given and 1,000 musketeers -were also appointed. - -I left Asaf Khan to guard Khusrau and defend Lahore. The Amiru-l-umara -was deprived of the honour of waiting on me, as he had a severe illness -and remained in the city. `Abdu-r-Razzaq Ma`muri, who had been summoned -from the Rana's country, was promoted to be bakhshi at headquarters, -and it was ordered that in company with `Abu-l-hasan he should perform -this service permanently. Following my father's rule, I appoint two -men in association in the discharge of the chief offices, not from -want of confidence in them, but because, as they are mortal and no -man is safe from accidents or illness, if any confusion or obstacle -should present itself to one the other is there so that the affairs -of the servants of God may not come to ruin. - -At this time also news came that at the Dasahra, which is one of the -fixed feast days of the Hindus, `Abdu-llah Khan had made an incursion -from Kalpi, which is his jagir, into the province of Bandilah, and -displaying great valour made prisoner Ram Chand, son of Madhukar, who -for a long time had made a centre of disturbance in that difficult -country and taken him to Kalpi. For this service he was presented -with a standard and raised to 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. - -Petitions from the subah of Bihar represented that Jahangir Quli Khan -had had a battle with Sangram, one of the chief zamindars of Bihar, -who had about 4,000 horse and innumerable foot, on account of certain -opposition and disloyalty on rough land, and that on the field the -aforesaid Khan had exerted himself manfully. In the end Sangram died -of a gunshot wound; many of his men fell in the battle, and those -saved from the sword took to flight. Since this distinguished affair -had been brought about by Jahangir Quli Khan, I promoted him to the -rank of 4,500 personal and 3,500 horse. - -Three months and six days passed by in hunting; 581 animals were -captured with the gun, hunting leopards and nets, and a qamargah; -of these 158 were killed by my own gun. The qamargah was held twice; -on one occasion in Girjhak, when the ladies were present, 155 animals -were killed; and the second time, in Nandina, 110. [164] The details -of the animals killed are as follows: mountain sheep, 180; mountain -goats, 29; wild asses, 10; Nilgai, 9; antelope, etc., 348. - -On Wednesday the 16th Shawwal I returned safe from my hunting, and -when one watch and six gharis of day had passed I entered Lahore on -the day named. During this hunting a strange affair was witnessed. At -Chandwalah, where a minaret had been erected, I had wounded in the -belly a black antelope. When wounded, a sound proceeded from him -such as I have never heard from any antelope, except in the rutting -season. Old hunters and those with me were astonished, and said they -never remembered nor had they heard from their fathers that such a -voice issued from an antelope except at rutting time. This has been -written down because it is not void of strangeness. I found the flesh -of the mountain goat more delicious than that of all wild animals, -although its skin is exceedingly ill-odoured, so much so that even -when tanned the scent is not destroyed. I ordered one of the largest -of the he-goats to be weighed; it was 2 maunds and 24 seers, equal -to 21 foreign maunds (Persian). I ordered a large ram to be weighed, -and it came to 2 maunds and 3 seers Akbari, equal to 17 Persian -(wilayati) maunds. The largest and strongest of the wild asses weighed -9 maunds and 16 seers, equal to 76 Persian (wilayati) maunds. I have -frequently heard from hunters and those fond of the chase that at -a certain regular time a worm develops in the horns of the mountain -ram, and that this worm causes an irritation which induces the ram -to fight with his hind, and that if he finds no rival he strikes his -head against a tree or a rock to allay the irritation. After enquiry it -seems that the same worm appears in the horn of the female sheep, and -since the female does not fight the statement is clearly untrue. Though -the flesh of the wild ass is lawful food and most men like to eat it, -it was in no way suited to my taste. - -Inasmuch as before this time the punishment of Dulip and of his -father, Ray Ray Singh, had been ordered, there now came news that -Zahid Khan, the son of Sadiq Khan, and `Abdu-r-Rahim, son of Shaikh -Abu-l-fazl, and Rana Shankar and Mu`izzu-l-mulk, with another force -of mansabdars and followers of the Court, had heard news of Dulip -in the neighbourhood of Nagor, which is in the subah of Ajmir, and -having moved against him had found him. As he could find no way of -escape, of necessity he planted a firm foot and came to blows with -the royal army. After a short encounter he was badly beaten and gave -over many to slaughter, and himself, taking with him his own effects, -fled into the vale of ruin. - - - "With broken arms and loosened belt, - No power to fight and no care for head." - - -In spite of his old age, I continued Qilij Khan in his mansab because -of his service under my father, and I ordered that he should get a -jagir in the sarkar of Kalpi. - -In the month Zi-l-qa`da the mother of Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka, who had -given me her milk and was as a mother to me or even kinder than my -own kind mother, and in whose lap I had been brought up from infancy, -was committed to the mercy of God. I placed the feet of her corpse on -my shoulders and carried her a part of the way (to her grave). Through -extreme grief and sorrow I had no inclination for some days to eat, -and I did not change my clothes. - - - - - - - - -FEAST OF THE SECOND NEW YEAR. - - -On Wednesday the 22nd Zi-l-qa`da, 1015 (10th March, 1607), when -3 1/2 gharis of the day had passed, the sun rose to his House of -Honour. They decorated the palace after the usual fashion: a great -entertainment was prepared, and having seated myself at an auspicious -hour on the throne of accession I exalted the nobles and courtiers -with kindness and favour. On this same auspicious day it was learned -from the reports sent from Qandahar that the army sent under Mirza -Ghazi, son of Mirza Jani, to succour (which had been appointed to -assist) Shah Beg Khan, had entered the city of Qandahar on the 12th -of Shawwal. When the Persians heard of the arrival of the victorious -army at the last stage before the aforesaid city, [165] they became -surprised and wretched and repentant, and did not draw rein until -they had reached the Helmand, fifty or sixty kos distant. - -In the second place it became known that the governor of Farah -and a number of the officers of that neighbourhood had taken it -into their heads, after the death of the late king, that in this -confusion Qandahar might easily fall into their hands, and without -waiting for an order from Shah `Abbas had collected together and won -over the Chief of Sewistan (Sistan). Sending someone to Husain Khan, -the governor of Herat they asked for support from him. He also sent a -force. After that they turned to attack Qandahar. Shah Beg Khan, the -governor of that place, seeing that battle has two heads, and that if -(which God forbid!) he should be defeated he would lose possession -of Qandahar, thought that to confine himself in a fort would be -better than to fight. He therefore determined to hold the fort, and -sent quick messengers to the Court. It happened that at this time -the royal standards had started from Agra in pursuit of Khusrau, -and had arrived at Lahore. Immediately on hearing this news (from -Shah Beg Khan), a large force was sent off of amirs and mansabdars -under Mirza Ghazi. Before the Mirza reached Qandahar the news had -been carried to the Shah (of Persia) that the governor of Farah, with -some of the jagirdars of that neighbourhood, had proceeded towards -the province of Qandahar. Considering this an improper proceeding, -he sent Husain Beg, a well-known man and one of his own intimates to -make enquiries. He also sent a farman in their names that they should -move away from the vicinity of Qandahar and go to their own places -and abodes, because the friendship and amity of his ancestors with the -dignified family of Jahangir Padshah were of old standing. That body, -before the arrival of Husain Beg and the King's order, not being able -to oppose the royal army, considered the opportunity of returning a -favourable one. The said Husain Beg censured the men and started off -to wait on me, which he had the honour to do at Lahore. He explained -that the ill-fated army which had attacked Qandahar had acted without -the order of Shah `Abbas. God forbid (he said) that in consequence -of this any unpleasantness should remain in my mind. In short, after -the victorious troops reached Qandahar, they, according to orders, -delivered the fort over to Sardar Khan, and Shah Beg Khan returned -to Court with the relieving force. - -On the 27th Zi-l-qa`da, `Abdu-llah Khan, having brought Ram Chand -Bandilah into captivity and chains, brought him before me. I ordered -them to take the fetters from his legs, and bestowed on him a robe of -honour, and handed him over to Raja Baso that he might take security -and release him and a number of his relations who had been captured -with him. This through my clemency and kindness came to pass. He had -never imagined such clemency and kindness as I showed to him. - -On the 2nd Zi-l-hijja I gave my son Khurram a tuman u tugh, a -flag and drums, and bestowed on him the rank of 8,000 personal -and 5,000 horse, and gave an order for a jagir. On the same day, -having exalted Pir Khan, [166] son of Daulat Khan Lodi, who had -come from Khandesh with the children of Daniyal, with the title of -Salabat Khan and honoured him with the rank of 3,000 personal and -1,500 horse, and presented him with a standard and drums, I promoted -him to the distinction of sonship (farzandi) beyond his fellows and -equals. The ancestors and uncles of Salabat Khan's grandfather had -been great and honourable among the tribe of Lodi. An earlier Daulat -Khan, uncle of Salabat Khan's grandfather, when Ibrahim after his -father Sikandar's death, began to behave ill to his father's amirs -and destroyed many, became apprehensive, and sent his younger son, -Dilawar Khan, to wait upon H.M. Babar in Kabul, and suggested to him -the acquisition of Hindustan. As Babar also had this enterprise in -mind, he at once proceeded in that direction, and did not turn his -rein till he reached the neighbourhood of Lahore. Daulat Khan with his -followers obtained the good fortune to wait upon him, and performed -loyal service. As he was an old man, adorned with inward and outward -excellencies, he did much good service. He (Babar) generally called him -"father," and entrusting to him as before [167] the government of the -Panjab placed its amirs and jagirdars under his jurisdiction. Taking -Dilawar Khan with him he (Babar) returned to Kabul. When he (Babar) -came a second time into the Panjab with intent to invade Hindustan, -Daulat Khan waited on him, and about the same time died. Dilawar Khan -was honoured with the title of Khankhanan and was with Babar in the -battle he had with Ibrahim. In the same way he was permanently in -waiting on the late king Humayun. In the thana of Mungir, at the time -of his (Humayun's) return from Bengal, he fought bravely against Shir -Khan Afghan, and was made prisoner on the field of battle. Although -Shir Khan urged him to take service with him, he refused and said, -"Thy ancestors were always the servants of mine: how, then, could I -do this?" Shir Khan was enraged, and ordered him to be shut up in a -wall. [168] - -`Umar Khan, the grandfather of Salabat Khan Farzand, who was cousin -of Dilawar Khan, had been treated with respect in the time of Salim -Khan. After Salim Khan's death and the slaughter of Firuz, his son, -at the hand of Muhammad Khan, `Umar Khan and his brethren became -suspicious of Muhammad Khan and went to Gujarat, where `Umar Khan -died. Daulat Khan, his son, who was a brave young man of pleasant -appearance, and good at all things, chose the companionship of -`Abdu-r-Rahim, son of Bairam Khan, who had been dignified with the -title of Khankhanan in the reign of Akbar, and performed excellent -service. The Khankhanan regarded him as his own brother, or even -a thousand times better than his brother, and dearer. Most of the -Khankhanan's victories were gained through Daulat Khan's valour and -manliness. [169] When my revered father, having taken the province -of Khandesh and the fort of Asir, returned to Agra, he left Daniyal -in charge of that province and of all the provinces acquired from the -rulers of the Deccan. At this time Daniyal had separated Daulat Khan -from the Khankhanan, and was keeping him in attendance on himself and -handing over to him for disposal all the business of the State. He -showed him much favour and perfect affection until he died in his -service. He left two sons, one Muhammad Khan, and the other Pir -Khan; Muhammad Khan, who was the elder, died a short time after -his father. Daniyal, too, wore himself out with drinking. After my -accession I summoned Pir Khan to Court. As I discovered in him a good -disposition and natural abilities, I raised the pedestal of regard for -him to the point that has been described. To-day there is not in my -government any person of greater influence than he, so much so that -on his representation I pass over faults which are not pardoned at -the intercession of any of the other servants of the Court. In short, -he is a young man of good disposition, brave, and worthy of favour, -and what I have done for him has been done rightly, and he will be -exalted by further favours. [170] - -As I had made up my exalted mind to the conquest of Mawara'a-n-nahr -(Transoxiana), which was the hereditary kingdom of my ancestors, I -desired to free the face of Hindustan from the rubbish of the factious -and rebellious, and leaving one of my sons in that country, to go -myself with a valiant army in due array, with elephants of mountainous -dignity and of lightning speed, and taking ample treasure with me, -to undertake the conquest of my ancestral dominions. In accordance -with this idea, I despatched Parwiz to drive back the Rana, and -intended to go myself to the Deccan, when just at that moment the -improper action of Khusrau took place, and it became necessary to -pursue him and put an end to that disturbance. For the same reason, -the undertaking of Parwiz did not assume a promising appearance, -and regarding the exigency of the time he gave a respite to the -Rana. Bringing with him one of the Rana's sons, he came to wait on -me, and had the bliss of attending me in Lahore. When I was at ease -about Khusrau's disturbance, and the repulse of the Qizilbashes, -who had invested Qandahar, had been brought about in a facile way, -it came into my mind to make a hunting tour to Kabul, which is like my -native land. After that I would return to Hindustan, when the purposes -of my mind would pass from design to action. In pursuance of these -steps, on the 7th Zi-l-hijja, at an auspicious hour, I left the fort -of Lahore and took up my quarters in the Dil-amiz Garden, which is -on the other side of the Ravi, and stayed there four days. Sunday, -the 19th Farwardin, which is the culmination of His Majesty the Sun, -I passed in the garden, and some of the servants of the Court were -favourably and kindly honoured with increased rank. Ten thousand -rupees were bestowed on Hasan Beg, the envoy of the ruler of Persia -(Shah `Abbas). Leaving Qilij Khan, Miran Sadr Jahan, and Mir Sharif -Amuli in Lahore, I ordered them to settle in consultation any matters -that might present themselves. On Monday I marched from the garden -mentioned, and encamped at the village of Harhar, 3 1/2 kos distant -from the city. On Tuesday the royal standards alighted at Jahangirpur, -which is one of my fixed hunting-places. In this neighbourhood had been -erected by my order a manar at the head of the grave of an antelope -called Mansaraj, [171] which was without equal in fights with tame -antelopes and in hunting wild ones. On a stone of that manar was -carved this prose composition, written by Mulla Muhammad Husain of -Kashmir, who was the chief of the elegant writers of the day: "In this -enchanting place an antelope came into the world-holding (jahan-giri) -net of the God-knowing ruler Nuru-d-din Jahangir Padshah. In the -space of one month, having overcome his desert fierceness, he became -the head of the special antelopes." On account of the rare quality of -this antelope, I commanded that no person should hunt the deer of this -plain, and that their flesh should be to Hindus and Muhammadans as is -the flesh of cows and pigs. They made the gravestone in the shape of -an antelope. I ordered Sikandar Mu`in, the jagirdar of the aforesaid -pargana, to build a strong fort in the village of Jahangirpur. - -On Thursday, the 14th, I encamped in the pargana of Chandala. [172] -Thence on Saturday, the 16th, making one stage in the middle, I came -to Hafizabad. [173] I stayed in the station which had been erected by -the exertions of the karori of that place, Mir Qiyamu-d-din. Having -reached the Chenab in two marches on Thursday, the 21st Zi-l-hijja, -I crossed the river by a bridge which had been built there and my -camp was pitched in the neighbourhood of the pargana of Gujrat. At -the time when His Majesty Akbar went to Kashmir, a fort had been -built on that bank of the river. Having brought to this fort a body -of Gujars who had passed their time in the neighbourhood in thieving -and highway robbery, he established them here. As it had become the -abode of Gujars, he made it a separate pargana, and gave it the name -of Gujrat. They call Gujars a caste which does little manual work -and subsists on milk and curds. On Friday I pitched at Khawasspur, -five kos from Gujrat, founded by Khawass Khan, a slave of Shir Khan -Afghan. Thence, with two halts in the middle, I pitched on the bank of -the Bihat (Jhelam). On that night a great wind blew and a black cloud -hid the face of the sky. The rain was of such violence that old men -remembered none such. It turned to hail, and every hailstone was the -size of a hen's egg. From the flooding of the river and the force of -the wind and rain, the bridge broke. I, with the inmates of the harem, -crossed in a boat. As there were few boats, I ordered the men not -[174] to cross in these, but to rebuild the bridge. It was finished -in a week, and the whole army crossed with ease. The source of the -Bihat is a spring in Kashmir called the Vir-nag; in the language -of India a snake is vir-nag. Clearly there had been a large snake -at that place. I went twice to the spring in my father's lifetime; -it is 20 kos from the city of Kashmir. It is an octagonal reservoir -about 20 yards by 20. Near it are the remains of a place of worship -for recluses; cells cut out of the rock and numerous caves. The water -is exceedingly pure. Although I could not guess its depth, a grain of -poppy-seed is visible until it touches the bottom. There were many -fish to be seen in it. As I had heard that it was unfathomable, I -ordered them to throw in a cord with a stone attached, and when this -cord was measured in gaz it became evident that the depth was not -more than once and a half the height of a man. After my accession I -ordered them to build the sides of the spring round with stone, and -they made a garden round it with a canal; and built halls and houses -about it, and made a place such that travellers over the world can -point out few like it. When the river reaches the village of Pampur, -at a distance of ten kos from the city, it increases, and all the -saffron of Kashmir is obtained in this village. I do not know if there -is so much saffron in any other place in the world. The annual crop -is 500 maunds by Hindustan weight, equal to 5,000 wilayat (Persian) -maunds. In attendance on my revered father, I went to this place at -the season when the saffron was in flower. On other plants of the -world, first the branches (stems) shoot out and then the leaves and -flowers. On the contrary, when the saffron stem is four fingers breadth -from the dry ground, its flowers shoot out, of the colour of the iris, -[175] with four petals, and in the middle are four threads (risha) -of an orange colour like that of the flower, and of the length -of a finger-joint. This is the saffron. The land is not ploughed -[176] or irrigated, the plant springs up amongst the clods. In some -places its cultivation extends for a kos, and in others for half a -kos. It looks better from a distance. At the time of plucking, all -my attendants got headache from its sharp scent. Though I drank wine -and took a cup, I too got headache. I asked the animal-like Kashmiris, -who were employed in picking the flowers how they felt. I ascertained -that they had never experienced headache in their lives. - -The waters from the spring Vir-nag and of other streams and nullahs -that join from right and left form the river Bihat, which passes -through the heart of the city. Its breadth in most places is not -more than a bowshot. [177] No one drinks its water, because of its -heaviness and indigestibility. All the people of Kashmir drink the -water of a lake that is near the city, and is called Dall. The river -Bihat enters this lake and flows through to the Panjab by the Baramula -Pass, Pakli, and Dantur. - -In Kashmir there is plenty of water from streams and springs. By -far the best is that of the Lar valley, which joins the Bihat in the -village of Shihabu-d-din-pur. This village is one of the celebrated -places of Kashmir, and is on the Bihat. About a hundred plane-trees -(chanar) of graceful form clustered [178] together on one plot of -ground, pleasant and green, join each other so as to shade the whole -plot, and the whole surface of the ground is grass and trefoil [179]; -so much so that to lay a carpet on it would be superfluous and in -bad taste. The village was founded by Sultan Zainu-l-`abidin, who for -52 years ruled Kashmir with absolute sway. They speak of him as the -great Padshah. They tell many strange customs of his. There are many -remains and traces of buildings of his in Kashmir. One of these is in -the midst of a lake called Wulur, and of which the length and breadth -are more than three or four kos. It is called Zain-lanka, and in making -it they have exerted themselves greatly. The springs of this lake are -very deep. The first time they brought a large quantity of stone in -boats and poured it on the place where now the building stands it had -no result. At last they sank some thousands of boats with stones, and -with great labour recovered a piece of ground 100 gaz by 100 gaz out -of the water, and made a terrace, and on one side thereof the Sultan -erected a temple for the worship of his supreme God. Than this there -is no finer place. [180] He often came to the spot by boat and engaged -in worship of the King of Wisdom. They say he spent many "forty days" -in that place. One day a wicked son of his came to that place to -kill him, and finding him alone, drew a sword and went in. When his -eye fell on the Sultan, however, on account of his venerable dignity -and the might of his virtues, he became confused and bewildered and -turned away. The Sultan shortly after came out and seated himself in -the boat with this same son, and started for the city. On the way -he said to his son, "I have forgotten my rosary; get into a canoe -and fetch it for me." The son having gone into the temple sees his -father in the same place, and the graceless man with complete shame of -face falls at his father's feet and asks pardon for his fault. They -have told many tales of such miracles as this of him, and they say -also that he had well practised the science of khala`. [181] When, -from the ways and methods of his sons, he perceived in them signs -of haste in seeking for rule and government, he would say to them, -"To me it is very easy to abandon rule, and even to pass away from -life, but when I am gone you will do nothing and the time of your -prosperity will not endure long, but in a short time you will obtain -the recompense of your evil deeds and your own dispositions." Having -spoken thus, he gave up eating and drinking, and passed forty days in -this manner. He made not his eye acquainted with sleep, and employed -himself after the manner of men of piety and austerity in the worship -of God Almighty. On the fortieth day he gave up the deposit of his -existence, and entered into the mercy of God. He left three sons--Adam -Khan, Haji Khan, and Bahram Khan. They quarrelled with each other, and -all three were ruined. The government of Kashmir was transferred to the -tribe of the Chaks, who belonged to the class of the common soldiers -of the country. During their dynasty three of the rulers constructed -buildings on three sides of the terrace formed by Zainu-l-`abidin in -the Wulur Lake, but none of these is as strong as his. - -Autumn and Spring in Kashmir are things worthy to be seen. I witnessed -the Autumn season, and it appeared to me to be better than what I had -heard of it. I have never seen Spring in that province, but hope to -do so some day. On Saturday the 1st of Muharram (18th April, 1607) -I left the bank of the Bihat, and with one day between reached the -fort of Rohtas, which was built by Shir Khan Afghan. This fort was -founded in a cleft of the ground, and the strength of it cannot be -imagined. As the place is near the Ghakhar territory, and they are a -proud and rebellious people, he had looked to this fort specially as a -means of punishing and defeating them. When a little of the building -had been done Shir Khan died and his son, Salim Khan, obtained the -grace to complete it. On each of the gates [182] they have carved on -a stone the cost of erecting the fort; 16 krors, 10 lakhs of dams, -and more were expended, equal in Hindustan reckoning to 4,025,000 -rupees, and according to the currency of Iran to 120,000 tuman, -and in the currency of Turan to 1 arb, 21 lakhs and 75,000 khani, -that are now current. [183] - -On Tuesday the 4th of the month, having travelled four kos and -three-quarters, I encamped at Tila. [184] Thence I came down to the -village of Bhakra. In the Ghakhar tongue bhakra [185] is a jungle. The -jungle was composed of clusters of flowers, white and scentless. I -came the whole way from Tila to Bhakra in the middle of the river-bed, -[186] which had running water in it, with oleander flowers of the -colour of peach-blossom. In Hindustan this plant is always in full -bloom (purbar). There was much of it on the banks of this river. The -horsemen and men on foot who were with me were told to put bunches of -the flower on their heads, and whoever did not do so had his turban -taken off; a wonderful flower-bed was produced. - -On Thursday the 6th of the month the halting-place was at Hatya. On -this road many palas-trees (Butea frondosa) were in blossom. This -flower, too, is peculiar to the jungles of Hindustan; it has no scent, -but its colour is flaming orange. The base of the flower is black; -the flower itself is as big as a red rose. It is so beautiful that one -cannot take one's eyes off it. As the air was very sweet and clouds -had hidden the sun, and rain was gently sprinkled about, I felt an -inclination to drink wine. In short this road was traversed with -great enjoyment and pleasure. They call the place Hatya because it -was founded by a Ghakkar named Hathi (elephant). From Margala to Hatya -the country is called Pothuwar. [187] In these regions there are few -crows. From Rohtas to Hatya is the place and abode of the Bhugyals, -[188] who are related to and of the same ancestry as the Ghakkars. - -Marching on Friday the 7th, I travelled 4 1/2 kos and alighted at the -station of Pakka. [189] This place is called Pakka because the saray -is of burnt brick, and in the Hindi language what is ripe (that is, -not raw material) is called pakka. The station was strangely full of -dust and earth. The carts reached it with great difficulty owing to -the badness of the road. They had brought from Kabul to this place -riwaj (rhubarb), which was mostly spoiled. - -On Saturday the 8th we marched 4 1/2 kos and encamped at the -village of Khar. [190] Khar in the Ghakkar language is a rent and -breakage. There are few trees in this country. On Sunday the 9th I -halted beyond Rawalpindi. This place was founded by a Hindu named -Rawal, and pindi in the Ghakkar tongue means a village. In the valley -near this station there was a stream flowing, the waters of which -were collected in a pool. As this halting-place was not devoid of -freshness I alighted there for a time, and I asked the Ghakkars the -depth of the pool. They gave me no precise answer, but said they had -heard from their fathers that there were alligators in the pool which -wounded animals that came there, and on that account no one had the -boldness to go in. I ordered them to throw in a sheep. It swam across -the pool and came out. I then ordered a farrash to go in, and he also -came out safe. It thus became clear that there was no foundation for -what the Ghakkars had said. The pool was an arrow's flight in width. - -On Monday the 10th the village of Kharbuza [191] was our stage. The -Ghakkars in earlier times had built a dome here and taken tolls -from travellers. As the dome was shaped like a melon it became -known by that name. On Tuesday the 11th I halted at Kala-pani, -which in Hindi means black water. There is a mountain pass (kotal) -at this place called Margalla; in Hindi mar means to beat and galla -is a caravan, the name therefore means the place of the plundering of -the caravan. The boundary of the Ghakkar country is here. This tribe -are wonderfully like animals; they are always squabbling and fighting -with one another. Although I wished to put an end to this fighting, -I was unable to do so. - - - "The soul of the fool is doomed to trouble." [192] - - -On Wednesday the 12th the camp was at Baba Hasan Abdal. One kos to -the east of this station there is a waterfall over which the stream -rushes with great force. There is no fall like it on the way to -Kabul. On the road to Kashmir there are two or three like it. [193] - -In the middle of the basin, in which is the source of the stream, -Raja Man Singh has erected a small building. There are many fish in -the basin of the length of half a gaz and a quarter gaz. I halted -three days at this enchanting place, drinking wine with those who were -intimate with me and employing myself in catching fish. Until now I had -never thrown a sufra net, which is a famous kind of net, and which in -Hindi they call bhanwar [194] jal. It is not easy to throw. I threw -it with my own hand and caught twelve fish, and putting pearls into -their noses, [195] let them loose in the water. I enquired into the -story of Baba Hasan from the story-tellers and from the inhabitants of -the place, but no one could tell me any particulars. The celebrated -place at that station is a spring which flows from the foot of a -little hill, exceedingly clear, sweet, and nice, as witness this -couplet of Amir Khusrau:-- - - - "In the bottom of the water, from its clearness, a blind man - Can count the sand-grains in the heart of the night." - - -Khwaja Shamsu-d-din Muhammad Khwafi, who was for long employed as -Vizier by my revered father, had made a platform and a reservoir there, -into which is led the water from the spring, and thence is used in -cultivation and in gardens. On the edge of this terrace he had built -a dome for his own burial. By chance his destiny was not there, and -(the bodies of) Hakim Abu-l-fath Gilani and his brother Hakim Humam, -who were close to the person and had the complete confidence of my -revered father, were placed in that dome in accordance with his order. - -On the 15th the halt was at Amrohi. [196] It is a wonderfully green -place, in which no ups and downs were visible. In this village and -its neighbourhood there are 7,000 or 8,000 households of Khaturs and -Dalazaks. All kinds of mischief and oppression and highway robbery -take place through this tribe. I ordered the government of this -region and Attock to be given to Zafar Khan, son of Zain Khan Koka, -and that by the time of the return of the royal standards from Kabul -they should march all the Dalazaks to Lahore and capture the head -men of the Khaturs and keep them in prison. - -On Monday, the 17th, a march was made, and, with one stage in between, -the royal standards alighted near the fort of Attock on the bank of -the river Nilab (Indus). At this stage Mahabat Khan was promoted to -the rank of 2,500. This fort was built by the late king Akbar, and -was completed by the labours of Khwaja Shamsu-d-din Khwafi. It is a -strong fort. At this time the water of the Nilab was low, [197] and -accordingly a bridge had been made with eighteen boats, and the people -crossed over easily. I left the Amiru-l-umara at Attock on account of -weakness of body and illness. An order was given to the bakhshis that, -as the province of Kabul could not support a large army, they should -only allow the immediate attendants of the Court to cross the river, -and until the return of the royal standards the royal camp should -remain at Attock. On Wednesday, the 19th, with the princes and some of -the private servants, having mounted on to a raft (with inflated skins -underneath), and having crossed the river Nilab safely, I alighted on -the bank of the river Kama. The Kama is a river that flows by the qasba -(fortified town) of Jalalabad. The jala is a structure they make of -bamboos and grass and place underneath it skins full of air. In this -province they call them shal (or sal). In rivers and streams in which -there are rocks they are safer than boats. 12,000 rupees were given -to Mir Sharif Amuli and to a number of men, who had been appointed -to perform services at Lahore, to divide amongst the faqirs. An -order was given to `Abdu-r-Razzaq Ma`muri [198] and to Bihari Das, -bakhshi of the Ahadis, to complete the force that had been appointed -to accompany Zafar Khan and send them away. With one stage in between, -the camp halted at the saray of Bara. On the other side of the river -Kama there is a fort which Zain Khan Koka built at the time when he -was appointed to subjugate the Yusufza'e Afghans, and called Naushahr -(Newcastle). About 50,000 rupees were spent upon it. They say that -Humayun used to hunt rhinoceros in this region. I also heard from my -father that he had twice or thrice witnessed such a hunt in the company -of his father. On Thursday, the 25th, I alighted at the saray of -Daulatabad. Ahmad Beg of Kabul, jagirdar of Peshawar, with the Maliks -of the Yusufza'es and the Ghoriya-khel, came and waited on me. As the -service of Ahmad Beg was not approved, I transferred him from that -territory (wilayat) and conferred it on Shir Khan, the Afghan. On -Wednesday, the 26th, I encamped in the garden of Sardar Khan, which he -had made in the neighbourhood of Peshawar. I walked round Ghorkhatri, -which is the worshipping-place of the jogis in this neighbourhood, -with the idea that I might see some faqirs from association with -whom I might obtain grace. But that was like looking for the phoenix -or the philosopher's stone. A herd without any religious knowledge -came to my view, from seeing whom I derived nothing but obscurity of -mind. On Thursday, the 27th, I arrived at the halting-place of Jamrud, -and on Friday, 28th, at the Khaibar Kotal (Khyber Pass) and encamped -at `Ali Masjid, and on Saturday I traversed the tortuous (marpich, -i.e. snake-twisting) Pass, and alighted at Gharib-khana. At this stage -Abu-l-qasim Namakin, Jagirdar of Jalalabad, brought an apricot, which -was not inferior in beauty to good Kashmir apricots. At the stage -of Daka they brought from Kabul gilas (cherries), which my revered -father had entitled Shah-alu. As I was much inclined to eat them, -inasmuch as I had not (hitherto?) obtained them, I ate them with -great zest as a relish to wine. On Tuesday, 2nd Safar, I encamped -at Basawal, which is on the bank of the river. On the other side of -the river there is a mountain which has no trees or grass on it, -and on that account they call this mountain the hill of Bidaulat -(unfortunate). I heard from my father that in mountains like this -there are mines of gold. On the mountain of Ala Bughan, at the time -when my revered father went to Kabul, I had had a qamargah hunt, and -killed several [199] red deer. As I had handed over the administration -of all civil affairs to the Amiru-l-umara, and his illness increased -greatly, and forgetfulness came over his faculties to such an extent -that what was settled in one hour he forgot in the next, and his -forgetfulness was increasing day by day, on Wednesday, the 3rd Safar, -I entrusted the duties of the viziership to Asaf Khan, presenting him -with a special robe of honour, and inkstand and a jewelled pen. It -was a remarkable coincidence that twenty-eight years previously to -this, at the same halting-place, my revered father had promoted him -[200] to the rank of Mir Bakhshi (chief paymaster). A ruby which his -brother [201] Abu-l-qasim had bought for 40,000 rupees and sent him, -he presented as an offering on obtaining the viziership. He petitioned -that Khwaja Abu-l-hasan, who held the offices of bakhshi and the Qur, -etc., might go with him. Jalalabad was transferred from Abu-l-qasim -Namakin to Arab Khan. A white rock was present in the river-bed; I -ordered them to carve it in the form of an elephant and cut upon its -breast this hemistich, which agrees with the date of the Hijra year: -"The white stone elephant of Jahangir Padshah," that is, 1016. - -On the same day Kalyan, son of Raja Bikramajit, came from -Gujarat. Certain extraordinary proceedings on the part of this -rebellious rascal had been reported to me. Amongst these was this. He -had kept a Musulman luli woman in his house, and for fear this affair -should become known had killed her father and mother and buried -them in his house. I ordered that he should be imprisoned until -I could enquire into his proceedings, and after ascertaining the -truth I ordered first that they should cut out his tongue and place -him in perpetual confinement, and that he should eat his food with -dog-keepers and outcasts. On Wednesday I encamped at Surkhab. Thence -I alighted at Jagdalak. At this stage I saw many ballut [202]-trees -(oak or chestnut), which are the best wood for burning. Although -this stage had neither passes nor declivities there were plenty of -rocks. On Friday, the 12th, I encamped at Ab-i-barik, and Saturday, -the 13th, at Yurt-i-padshah. On Sunday, the 14th, I alighted at Khurd -Kabul (little Kabul). At this stage I entrusted the Chief Justiceship -and Qaziship of the city of Kabul to Qazi `Arif, son of Mulla Sadiq -Halwa'i. They brought some ripe shah-alu (cherries) from the village -of Gulbahar to this place; of these I ate with much enjoyment nearly -a hundred. Daulat, the head of the village of Jigri [203](?), brought -some uncommon flowers, such as I had never seen in my life. Thence I -alighted at Bikrami. At this place they brought to show me a piebald -[204] animal, like the flying (i.e. jumping) mouse, which in the -Hindi tongue they call galahri (squirrel), and said that mice would -not frequent any house in which this animal was. On this account -they call this animal the master of mice. As I had never seen one -before, I ordered my painters to draw a likeness of it. It is larger -than a mongoose. On the whole it is very like a civet cat. Having -appointed Ahmad Beg Khan to punish the Afghans of Bangash, I ordered -`Abdu-r-Razzaq Ma`muri, who was in Attock, to take 2,000,000 rupees -under the charge of Mohan Das, son of Raja Bikramajit, with him, and -divide it among the auxiliaries of the aforesaid army. One thousand -musketeers were also ordered to accompany this army. - -Shaikh `Abdu-r-Rahman, son of Shaikh Abu-l-fazl, was promoted to -the rank of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and obtained the title -of Afzal Khan. 15,000 rupees were presented to `Arab Khan, and 20,000 -rupees more for the repair of the fort of Pesh Bulagh. [205] I bestowed -Sarkar Khanpur [206] in fief on Dilawar Khan Afghan. On Thursday, the -17th, from the Mastan bridge as far as the Shahr-ara garden, which -was the encamping place for the royal standards, scattering rupees, -half-rupees, and quarter-rupees to faqirs and indigent persons on both -sides of the road, I entered the aforesaid garden. It appeared to be -very green and fresh. As it was a Thursday I gave a wine entertainment -to my intimates, and on account of hilarity and excitement ordered -those who were of equal age to myself and had been my playfellows to -jump over the stream that flowed through the middle of the garden and -was about four gaz in width. Most of them could not jump it, and fell -on the bank or into the stream. Although I jumped it, yet now that I -was 40 years of age I could not jump it with the activity that I had -shown in the presence of my revered father when I was 30. On this day -I perambulated seven of the famous gardens of Kabul. I do not think -that I ever walked so far before. - -First of all I walked round the Shahr-ara (city-adorning), then the -Mahtab (moonlight) garden, then the garden that Bika Begam, grandmother -of my father, had made, then passed through the Urta-bagh (middle -garden), then a garden that Maryam-makani, my own grandmother, had -prepared, then the Surat-khana garden, which has a large chanar-tree, -the like of which there is not in the other gardens of Kabul. Then, -having seen the Charbagh, which is the largest of the city gardens, -I returned to my own abode. There were abundance of cherries on the -trees, each of which looked as it were a round ruby, hanging like -globes on the branches. The Shahr-ara garden was made by Shahr-banu -[207] Begam, daughter of Mirza Abu Sa`id, who was own aunt to the late -king Babar. From time to time it has been added to, and there is not -a garden like it for sweetness in Kabul. It has all sorts of fruits -and grapes, and its softness is such that to put one's sandalled -[208] feet on it would be far from propriety or good manners. In the -neighbourhood of this garden an excellent plot of land came to view, -which I ordered to be bought from the owners. I ordered a stream -that flows from the guzargah (ferry, also bleaching green) to be -diverted into the middle of the ground so that a garden might be -made such that in beauty and sweetness there should not be in the -inhabited world another like it. I gave it the name of Jahan-ara -(world-adorning). Whilst I was at Kabul I had several entertainments -in the Shahr-ara garden, sometimes with my intimates and courtiers and -sometimes with the ladies of the harem. At nights I ordered the learned -and the students of Kabul to hold the cooking entertainment, [209] -bughra, and the throwing of bughra, together with arghushtak dances. - -To each of the band of Bughra'iyan I gave a dress of honour, and -also gave 1,000 rupees to divide amongst themselves. To twelve of -the trustworthy courtiers I ordered 12,000 rupees to be given, to -be bestowed every Thursday, as long as I was in Kabul, on the poor -and needy. I gave an order that between two plane-trees that were -on the canal bank in the middle of the garden--to one of which I had -given the name of Farah-bakhsh (joy-giver) and the other Saya-bakhsh -(shade-giver)--they should set up a piece of white stone (marble?) one -gaz in length and three-quarters of a gaz in breadth, and engrave -my name thereon (and those of my ancestors) up to Timur. It was set -forth on the other side that I had done away with the whole of the -customs dues and charges of Kabul, and whichever of my descendants -and successors should do anything contrary to this would be involved -in the wrath and displeasure of God. Up to the time of my accession -these were fixed and settled, and every year they took large sums -on this account from the servants of God (the Muhammadan people in -general). The abolition of this oppression was brought about during my -reign. On this journey to Kabul complete relief and contentment were -brought about in the circumstances of my subjects and the people of -that place. The good and leading men of Ghaznin and that neighbourhood -were presented with robes of honour and dealt kindly with, and had -their desires excellently gratified. - -It is a strange coincidence that (the words) ruz-i-panjshanba -hizhdaham-i-Safar, [210] Thursday, 18th Safar, which is the date of -my entry into Kabul, give the Hijra date thereof. - -I ordered them to inscribe this date on the stone. Near a seat -(takht) on the slope of a hill to the south of the city of Kabul, -and which is known as Takht-i-shah, they have made a stone terrace -where Firdus-makani (Babar) used to sit and drink wine. In one corner -of this rock they have excavated a round basin which could contain -about two Hindustani maunds of wine. He caused his own blessed name -with the date to be carved on the wall of the terrace which is next -to the hill. The wording is, "The seat of the king, the asylum of -the world, Zahiru-d-din Muhammad Babar, son of `Umar Shaikh Gurgan, -may God perpetuate his kingdom, 914 (1508-9)." I also ordered them -to cut out of stone another throne parallel to this, and dig another -basin of the same fashion on its side, and engrave my name there, -together with that of Sahib-qirani (Timur). Every day that I sat on -that throne I ordered them to fill both of the basins with wine and -give it to the servants who were present there. One of the poets of -Ghaznin found the date of my coming to Kabul in this chronogram--"The -king of the cities of the seven climes" (1016). I gave him a dress of -honour and a present, and ordered them to engrave this date on the wall -near the aforesaid seat. Fifty thousand rupees were given to Parwiz; -Wazir-al-mulk was made Mir Bakhshi. A firman was sent to Qilij Khan -to despatch 170,000 rupees from the Lahore treasury for expenses of -the army at Qandahar. After visiting the Khiyaban (avenue) of Kabul -and the Bibi Mah-ru, I ordered the governor of that city to plant -other trees in the place of those cut down by Husain Beg Ru-siyah -(the black-faced). I also visited the Ulang-yurt of Chalak and found -it a very pleasant place. The Ra'is of Chikri (Jigri?) shot with an -arrow a rang [211] and brought it to me. Up to this time I had never -seen a rang. It is like a mountain goat, and there is a difference -only in its horns. The horns of the rang are bent, and those of the -goat are straight and convoluted. - -In connection with the account of Kabul the commentaries of Babar -[212] passed in view before me. These were in his own handwriting, -except four sections (juz' [213]) that I wrote myself. At the end -of the said sections a sentence was written by me also in the Turki -character, so that it might be known that these four sections were -written by me in my own hand. Notwithstanding that I grew up in -Hindustan, I am not ignorant of Turki speech and writing. [214] -On the 25th Safar I with the people of the harem visited the julgah -(plain) of Safid-sang, a very bright and enjoyable place. On Friday, -the 26th, I enjoyed the blessing of a pilgrimage to (the tomb of) -H.M. Firdus-makani (Babar). I ordered much money and food, bread, -and sweetmeats for the souls of the departed to be distributed to -faqirs. Ruqayya Sultan Begam, daughter of Mirza Hindal, had not -performed a pilgrimage to her father's tomb, and on that day had the -honour to do so. On Thursday, 3rd Rabi`u-l-awwal, I ordered them to -bring my racehorses (aspan-i-dawanda) to the Khiyaban (avenue). The -princes and the Amirs raced them. A bay Arab horse, which `Adil Khan, -the ruler of the Deccan, had sent to me, ran better than all the other -horses. At this time the son of Mirza Sanjar Hazara and the son of -Mirza Mashi, who were the chief leaders of the Hazaras, came to wait on -me. The Hazaras of the village of Mirdad produced before me two rangs -[215] that they had killed with arrows. I had never seen a rang of -this size; it was larger by 20 per cent. than a large markhur (?). - -News came that Shah Beg Khan, the governor of Qandahar, had reached the -parganah of Shor, [216] which is his jagir. I determined to give Kabul -to him and return to Hindustan. A petition came from Raja Birsing-deo -that he had made a prisoner of his nephew, who had been creating a -disturbance and had killed many of his men. I ordered him to send him -to the fort of Gwalior to be imprisoned there. The parganah of Gujrat -[217] in the Panjab Sarkar I bestowed on Shir Khan, the Afghan. I -promoted Chin Qilij, son of Qilij Khan, to the rank of 800 personal -and 500 horse. On the 12th I sent for Khusrau and ordered them to -take the chains off his legs that he might walk in the Shahr-ara -garden. My fatherly affection would not permit me to exclude him from -walking in the aforesaid garden. I transferred the fort of Attock -and that neighbourhood from Ahmad Beg to Zafar Khan. To Taj Khan, -who was nominated to beat back the Afghans of Bangash, I gave 50,000 -rupees. On the 14th I gave `Ali Khan Karori, [218] who was one of my -revered father's old servants and was the darogha of the Naqarakhana -(drum-house), the title of Naubat Khan, and promoted him to the rank -of 500 personal and 200 horse. I made Ram Das ataliq to Maha Singh, -grandson of Raja Man Singh, who had also been nominated to drive -back the rebels of Bangash. On Friday, the 18th, the wazn-i-qamari -(the weighing according to the lunar year) for my 40th year took -place. On that day the assembly was held when two watches of the day -had passed. I gave 10,000 rupees of the money of the weighing to ten -of my confidential servants to divide amongst those who deserved it -and the needy. On this day a petition came from Sardar Khan, governor -of Qandahar, by way of Hazara and Ghaznin, in twelve days; its purport -was that the ambassador of Shah `Abbas, who had started for the Court, -had entered the Hazara [219] (country). The Shah had written to his -own people: "What seeker of occasion and raiser of strife has come -against Qandahar without my order? Perhaps he does not know what is our -connection with H.M. Sultan Timur, and especially with Humayun and his -glorious descendants. If they by chance should have taken the country -into their possession they should hand it to the friends and servants -of my brother Jahangir Padshah and return to their own abodes." I -determined to tell Shah Beg Khan to secure the Ghaznin road in such a -way that travellers from Qandahar might reach Kabul with ease. At the -same time I appointed Qazi Nuru-d-din to the Sadarat of the province -of Malwah and Ujjain. The son of Mirza Shadman Hazara and grandson -of Qaracha Khan, who was one of the influential Amirs of Humayun, -waited on me. Qaracha Khan had married a woman from the Hazara tribe, -and this son [220] had been born by her. On Saturday, the 19th, Rana -Shankar, son of Rana Uday Singh, was promoted to the rank of 2,500 -personal and 1,000 horse. An order was given for the rank of 1,000 -personal and 600 horse for Ray Manohar. The Shinwari Afghans brought -a mountain ram the two horns of which had become one and had become -like a rang's horns. The same Afghans killed and brought a markhur -(Erskine translates this 'a serpent-eating goat'), the like of which -I had never seen or imagined. I ordered my artists to paint him. He -weighed four Hindustani maunds; the length of his horns was 1 1/2 -gaz. [221] On Sunday, the 27th, I gave the rank of 1,500 personal and -1,000 horse to Shaja`at Khan, and the hawili (district surrounding) -of Gwalior was placed in the jagir of I`tibar Khan. I appointed -Qazi `Izzatu-llah with his brothers to the Bangash duty. At the end -of the same day a petition came to me from Islam Khan from Agra, -together with a letter which Jahangir Quli Khan had written to him -from Bihar. Its purport was that on the 3rd Safar (30th May, 1607), -after the first watch, `Ali Quli Istajlu had wounded Qutbu-d-din -Khan at Bardwan, in the province of Bengal, and that he had died -when two watches of the same night had passed. The details of this -matter are that the aforesaid `Ali Quli was sufrachi (table servant) -to Shah Isma`il (the 2nd), ruler of Iran; after his death he took to -flight through his natural wickedness and habit of making mischief, -and came to Qandahar, and having met at Multan the Khankhanan, who -had been appointed to the charge of the province of Tulamba, [222] -started with him for that province. The Khankhanan in the field -[223] placed him among the servants of the late king (Akbar), and -he having performed services in that campaign was promoted to a rank -in accordance with his condition, and was a long time in the service -of my revered father. At the time when he (Akbar) went in prosperity -to the provinces of the Deccan, and I was ordered against the Rana, -he came and became servant to me. I gave him the title of Shir-afgan -(tiger-throwing). When I came from Allahabad to wait on my revered -father, on account of the unfriendliness that was shown me, most of -my attendants and people were scattered abroad, and he also at that -time chose to leave my service. After my accession, out of generosity -I overlooked his offences, and gave an order for a jagir for him in -the Subah of Bengal. Thence came news that it was not right to leave -such mischievous persons there, and an order went to Qutbu-d-din Khan -to send him to Court, and if he showed any futile, seditious ideas, to -punish him. The aforesaid Khan had reason to know him (his character), -and with the men he had present, immediately the order arrived, went -hastily to Bardwan, which was his jagir. When he (Shir-afgan) became -aware of the arrival of Qutbu-d-din Khan, he went out to receive him -alone with two grooms. After he arrived and entered into the midst -of his army (his camp) the aforesaid Khan surrounded him. When from -this proceeding on the part of Qutbu-d-din Khan a doubt arose in his -mind, he by way of deceiving him said: "What proceeding is this of -thine?" [224] The aforesaid Khan, keeping back his own men, joined him -alone in order to explain the purport of the order to him. Seeing his -opportunity he immediately drew his sword and inflicted two or three -severe wounds upon him. Amba Khan Kashmiri, who was descended from the -rulers of Kashmir and was connected (by marriage?) with the aforesaid -Khan, and had a great regard for him by way of loyalty and manliness, -rushed forward and struck a heavy blow on `Ali Quli's head, and that -vicious fellow inflicted a severe wound on Amba Khan with the point -of his sword. [225] When they saw Qutbu-d-din Khan in this state, his -men attacked him (Shir-afgan), and cut him in pieces and sent him to -hell. It is to be hoped that the place of this black-faced scoundrel -will always be there. Amba Khan obtained martyrdom on the spot, and -Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka after four watches attained the mercy of God in -his quarters. What can I write of this unpleasantness? How grieved -and troubled I became! Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka was to me in the place -of a dear son, a kind brother, and a congenial friend. What can one -do with the decrees of God? Bowing to destiny I adopted an attitude -of resignation. After the departure of the late King and the death -of that honoured one, no two misfortunes had happened to me like the -death of the mother of Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka and his own martyrdom. - -On Friday, the 6th Rabi`u-l-akhir, I came to the quarters of Khurram -(Shah-Jahan), which had been made in the Urta Garden. In truth, -the building is a delightful and well-proportioned one. Whereas it -was the rule of my father to have himself weighed twice every year, -(once) according to the solar and (once according to the) lunar year, -and to have the princes weighed according to the solar year, and -moreover in this year, which was the commencement of my son Khurram's -16th lunar year, the astrologers and astronomers [226] represented -that a most important epoch according to his horoscope would occur, -as the prince's health [227] had not been good, I gave an order that -they should weigh him according to the prescribed rule, against gold, -silver, and other metals, which should be divided among faqirs and -the needy. The whole of that day was passed in enjoyment and pleasure -in the house of Baba Khurram, and many of his presents were approved. - -As I had experienced the excellencies of Kabul, and had eaten -most of its fruits, in consequence of important considerations and -the distance from the capital, on Sunday, the 4th Jumada-l-awwal, -I gave an order that they should send out the advance camp in the -direction of Hindustan. After some days I left the city, and the -royal standards proceeded to the meadow of Safid-sang. Although the -grapes were not yet fully ripe, I had often before this eaten Kabul -grapes. There are many good sorts of grapes, especially the Sahibi -and Kishmishi. The cherry also is a fruit of pleasant flavour, and -one can eat more of it than of other fruits; I have in a day eaten -up to 150 of them. The term shah-alu means gilas [228] (cherry), -which are obtainable in most places of the country, but since gilas -is like gilas, which is one of the names of the chalpasa (lizard), -my revered father called it shah-alu. The zard-alu paywandi [229] is -good, and is abundant. There is especially a tree in the Shahr-ara -garden, that Mirza Muhammad Hakim, my uncle, planted, and is known -as the Mirza'i. The apricots of this tree are quite unlike the -apricots of other trees. The peaches also are very delicious and -plentiful. They had brought some peaches from Istalif. I had them -weighed in my presence, and they came exactly in weight to 25 rupees, -which is 68 current misqal. Notwithstanding the sweetness of the Kabul -fruits, not one of them has, to my taste, the flavour of the mango. The -parganah of Mahaban was given as jagir to Mahabat Khan. `Abdu-r-Rahim, -paymaster of the Ahadis, was promoted to the rank of 700 personal and -200 horse. Mubarak Khan Sarwani was appointed to the faujdarship of -the sarkar of Hisar. I ordered that Mirza Faridun Barlas should have -a jagir in the Subah of Allahabad. On the 14th of the aforesaid month -I gave Iradat Khan, brother of Asaf Khan, the rank of 1,000 personal -and 500 horse, and presenting him with a special robe of honour and -a horse, bestowed on him the paymastership of the Subah of Patna and -Hajipur. As he was my qurbegi, I sent by his hand a jewelled sword for -my son (farzand) Islam Khan, the governor of the aforesaid Subah. As -we were going along I saw near `Ali Masjid and Gharib-khana a large -spider of the size of a crab that had seized by the throat a snake -of one and a half gaz in length and half strangled it. I delayed a -minute to look on at this, and after a moment it died (the snake). - -I heard at Kabul that in the time of Mahmud of Ghazni a person of -the name of Khwaja Tabut [230] had died in the neighbourhood of -Zuhak and Bamiyan, and was buried in a cave, whose limbs had not yet -rotted asunder. This appeared very strange, and I sent one of my -confidential record writers with a surgeon to go to the cave and, -having seen the state of affairs as they were, to make a special -report. He represented that half of the body which was next the -ground had most of it come asunder, and the other half which had -not touched the ground remained in its own condition. The nails of -the hands and feet and the hair of the head had not been shed, but -the hair of the beard and moustache as far as one side of the nose -had been shed. From the date that had been engraved on the door of -the cave it appeared that his death had occurred before the time of -Sultan Mahmud. No one knows the exact state of the case. - -On Thursday, the 15th Arslan Bi, governor of the fort of Kahmard, -who was one of the servants of middle rank (?) of Wali Muhammad Khan, -ruler of Turan, came and waited on me. [231] I had always heard that -Mirza Husain, son of Shahrukh Mirza, had been killed by the Uzbegs. At -this time a certain person came and presented a petition in his name, -and brought a ruby of the colour of an onion, which was worth 100 -rupees, as an offering. He prayed that an army might be appointed -to assist him, so that he might take Badakhshan out of the Uzbegs' -hands. A jewelled dagger-belt was sent him, and an order given that, -as the royal standards had alighted in those regions, if he really was -Mirza Husain, son of Mirza Shahrukh, he should first hasten into my -presence, so that having examined his petitions and claims I might -send him to Badakhshan. Two hundred thousand rupees were sent for -the army that had been sent with Maha Singh and Ram Das against the -rebels of Bangash. - -On Thursday, the 22nd, having gone to the Bala Hisar, I inspected the -buildings in that place. As the place was not fit for me I ordered -them to destroy these buildings and to prepare a palace and a royal -hall of audience. On the same day they brought a peach from Istalif, -barabar sar-i-buh bakalani, "as big as an owl's head" (?). [232] -I had not seen a peach of such a size, and ordered it to be weighed, -and it came to 63 Akbari rupees, or 60 tolas. When I cut it in half -its stone also came into two pieces, and its substance was sweet. I -had in Kabul never eaten better fruit from any tree. On the 25th news -came from Malwa that Mirza Shahrukh had bid farewell to this transitory -world, and God Almighty had submerged him in His mercy. From the day -on which he entered the service of my revered father till the time -of his departure, from no act of his could dust be brought into the -royal mind. He always did his duty with sincerity. The aforesaid -Mirza apparently had four sons: Hasan and Husain were born of the -same womb (i.e. they were twins). Husain fled from Burhanpur and went -by sea to Iraq, and thence to Badakhshan, where they say he now is, -as has been written about his message and his sending some one to -me. No one knows for certain whether it is the same Mirza Husain, -or the people of Badakhshan have raised up this one like other false -Mirzas and given him the name of Mirza Husain. From the time when -Mirza Shahrukh came from Badakhshan and had the good fortune to wait -on my father until now, nearly 25 years have passed. For some time the -people of Badakhshan, on account of the oppression and injury they have -to undergo from the Uzbegs, have given notoriety to a Badakhshan boy, -who had on his face the marks of nobility, as really the son of Mirza -Shahrukh and of the race of Mirza Sulaiman. A large number of the -scattered Uymaqs, and the hill-people of Badakhshan, whom they call -Gharchal (Georgians?), collected round him, and showing enmity and -disputing with the Uzbegs, took some of the districts of Badakhshan -out of their possession. The Uzbegs attacked that false Mirza and -captured him, and placing his head on a spear sent it round to the -whole country of Badakhshan. Again the seditious people of Badakhshan -quickly produced another Mirza. Up to now several Mirzas have been -killed. It appears to me that as long as there is any trace of the -people of Badakhshan they will keep up this disturbance. The third son -of the Mirza is Mirza Sultan, who excels in appearance and disposition -all the other sons of the Mirza. I begged him from his revered father, -and have kept him in my own service, and having taken great pains with -him reckon him as my own child. In disposition and manners he has no -likeness to his brothers. After my accession I gave him the rank of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and sent him to the Subah of Malwa, -which was his father's place. The fourth son is Badi`u-z-zaman, whom -he always had in attendance on himself; he obtained the rank of 1,000 -personal and 500 horse. - -While I was at Kabul, no qamargah hunt had taken place. As the time -for returning to Hindustan had come near, and I was very desirous of -hunting red deer, I ordered them to go forward as soon as possible -and surround the hill Faraq, [233] which is seven kos from Kabul. On -Tuesday, the 4th Jumada-l-awwal, I went to hunt. Nearly 100 deer had -come into the enclosure (qamargah). About a half of these were taken, -and a very hot hunt took place. I gave 5,000 rupees in rewards to the -ryots who were present at the hunt. On the same day an increase of -500 horse was ordered to the rank of Shaikh `Abdu-r-Rahman, son of -Shaikh Abu-l-fazl, so as to bring it to 2,000 personal and (2,000) -horse. On Thursday, the 6th, I went to the throne-place of the late -king Babar. As I was to leave Kabul on the next day I looked on that -day as a feast day, and ordered them to arrange a wine-party on the -spot, and fill with wine the little reservoir they had cut in the -rock. Cups were given to all the courtiers and servants who were -present, and few days have passed in such enjoyment and pleasure. On -Friday, the 7th, when a watch of day had passed, leaving the city -auspiciously and with pleasure, a halt was made at the julgah -(meadow) of the Safid-sang. From the Shahr-ara as far as the julgah -I scattered to faqirs and poor people darb and charan, that is, half -and quarter rupees. [234] On that day, when I mounted my elephant -for the purpose of leaving Kabul, the news arrived of the recovery -of the Amiru-l-umara and Shah Beg Khan. The news of the good health -of these two chief servants of mine I took as an auspicious omen for -myself. From the julgah of the Safid-sang, marching one kos on Tuesday, -the 11th, I halted at Bikram. I left Tash Beg Khan at Kabul to take -proper care of Kabul and neighbourhood until the coming of Shah Beg -Khan. On Tuesday, the 18th, I marched two and a half kos from the -halting-place of Butkhak by the road Du'aba, [235] and encamped -at a spring on the bank of which there are four plane-trees. No -one till now had looked to the preparation of this halting-place, -and they were ignorant of its condition and suitability. It is in -truth a most excellent spot, and one fit to have a building erected -in it. At this halting-place another qamargah hunt took place, when -about 112 deer, etc., were taken. Twenty-four rang antelope and 50 -red antelope and 16 mountain goats were taken. I had never till now -seen a rang antelope alive. [236] It is in truth a wonderful animal -of a beautiful shape. Although the black buck of Hindustan looks very -finely made, the shape and fashion and appearance of this antelope is -quite a different thing. They weighed a ram and a rang; the ram came to -a maund and 33 seers and the rang to two maunds and 10 seers. The rang, -although of this size, ran so that ten or twelve swift dogs were worn -out and seized it with a hundred thousand difficulties. The flesh of -the sheep of the Barbary goat in flavour does not surpass that of the -rang. In the same village kulangs (demoiselle crane) were also caught. - -Although Khusrau had repeatedly done evil actions and deserved a -thousand kinds of punishment, my fatherly affection did not permit me -to take his life. Although in the laws of government and the ways of -empire one should take notice of such disapproved deeds, I averted my -eyes from his faults, and kept him in excessive comfort and ease. It -became known that he was in the habit of sending men to scoundrels who -did not consider consequences, and of inciting them to give trouble -and attempt my life, and making them hopeful with promises. A band -of these ill-fated ones of little foresight having joined together, -desired to attack me in the hunts that took place in Kabul and those -parts. As the grace and protection of God Almighty are the guardians -and keepers of this sublime dynasty, they did not attain to their -end. On the day when the halt was at the Surkhab, one of that band -went at the risk of his life to Khwaja Waisi, the Diwan of my son -Khurram, and revealed that nearly 500 men at Khusrau's instigation had -conspired with Fathu-llah, son of Hakim Abu-l-fath, Nuru-d-din, son of -Ghiyasu-d-din `Ali Asaf-khan, and Sharif, son of I`timadu-d-daulah -(Nur-Jahan's father), and were awaiting an opportunity to carry -out the designs of the enemies and evil-wishers of the king. Khwaja -Waisi told this to Khurram, and he in great perturbation immediately -told me. I gave Khurram the blessing of felicity, and prepared to -get hold of the whole set of those short-sighted ones and punish -them with various kinds of punishment. Again, it came to my mind, -as I was on the march, and the seizure of these people would create -a disturbance and confusion in the camp, [237] to order the leaders -of the disturbance and mischief to be apprehended. I handed over -Fathu-llah in confinement to certain trusty men, and ordered capital -punishment for the other two wretches, with three or four of the -chief among the black-faced (conspirators). I had dignified Qasim -`Ali, who was one of the servants of the late king Akbar, after my -accession with the title of Dayanat Khan. He always accused Fathu-llah -of a want of loyalty, and said things about him. One day he said to -Fathu-llah: "At the time when Khusrau fled and the king pursued him, -you said to me: 'The Panjab should be given to Khusrau and this -quarrel cut short.'" Fathu-llah denied this, and both resorted to -oaths and curses (on themselves). Ten or fifteen days had not passed -after this altercation when that hypocritical wretch was arrested, -and his false oath did its business. - -On Saturday, the 22nd Jumada-l-awwal, the news came of the death -of the Hakim Jalalu-d-din Muzaffar Ardistani, who was of a family -of skill and medicine and claimed to be a descendant of Galen. At -all events he was an unequalled healer. His experience added to his -knowledge. [238] As he was very handsome and well-made in the days -of his youth (sada-ru'iha) [239] he frequented the assemblies of Shah -Tahmasp, and the king recited this hemistich about him:-- - - - "We have a pleasant physician: come, let as all be ill." - - -Hakim `Ali, who was his contemporary, exceeded him in skill. In short, -in medical skill and auspiciousness and rectitude and purity of method -and disposition he was perfect. Other physicians of the age could -not compare with him. In addition to his medical skill he had many -excellencies. He had perfect loyalty towards me. He built at Lahore -a house of great pleasantness and purity, and repeatedly asked me to -honour it (with my presence). As I was very fond of pleasing him I -consented. In short, the aforesaid Hakim, from his connection with me -and being my physician, had great skill in the management of affairs -and business of the world, so that for some time at Allahabad I made -him Diwan of my establishment. On account of his great honesty he was -very exacting in important business, and people were vexed at this -method of proceeding. For about twenty years he had ulcerated lungs, -and by his wisdom preserved in some measure his health. When he was -talking he mostly coughed so much that his cheek and eyes became red, -and by degrees his colour became blue. I often said to him: "Thou -art a learned physician; why dost thou not cure thy own wounds?" He -represented that wounds in the lungs were not of such a nature that -they could be cured. During his illness one of his confidential -servants put poison into some medicine he was in the habit of -taking every day and gave it to him. When he perceived this he took -remedies for it. He objected very much to be bled, although this was -necessary. It happened that he was going to the privy when his cough -overcame him and opened the wounds in his lungs. So much blood poured -out of his mouth and brain that he became insensible and fell, and made -a fearful cry. An aftabachi (ewer-bearer) becoming aware of this, came -into the assembly-room, and seeing him smeared with blood cried out: -"They have killed the hakim." After examining him it was seen that -there was no sign of wounds on his body, and that it was the same -wound in the lungs that had begun to flow. They informed Qilij Khan, -who was the Governor of Lahore, and he, having ascertained the true -state of the affair, buried him. He left no capable son. - -On the 24th, between the garden of Wafa and Nimlah, a hunt took place, -and nearly forty red antelope were killed. A female panther (yuz) fell -into our hands in this hunt. The zamindars of that place, Laghmanis, -Shali, and Afghans, came and said that they did not remember nor had -they heard from their fathers that a panther had been seen in that -region for 120 years. A halt was made on the 2nd Jumada-l-akhir, at -the Wafa Garden, and the assembly for the solar weighing was held. On -the same day Arslan Bi, an Uzbeg who was one of the Sardars and nobles -of `Abdu-l-Mumin Khan, and was at that time governor of the fort of -Kahmard, having left his fort, had the blessing of waiting on me. As he -had come from friendship and sincerity, I exalted him with a special -robe of honour. He is a simple Uzbeg, and is fit to be educated and -honoured. On the 4th of the month an order was given that `Izzat Khan, -the governor [240] of Jalalabad, should make the hunting-ground of -the Arzina plain into a qamargah (ring-hunting ground). Nearly 300 -animals were captured, namely, 35 quch (rams?), 25 qushqi (?), 90 -arghali (wild sheep), 55 tughli (yaks?), 95 antelope (safida). - -As it was the middle of the day when I arrived at the hunting-place and -the air was very hot, the (tazi) Arabian dogs had been exhausted. [241] -The time for running dogs is in the morning or at the end of the -day. On Saturday, the 12th, the halt was at Akura Saray (?). At -this stage Shah Beg Khan, [242] with a good force, came and waited -on me. He was one who had been brought up by my father, the late king -Akbar. In himself he is a very brave man and energetic, so much so that -constantly in the time of my father he fought several single combats, -and in my own reign defended the fort of Qandahar from the hosts of the -ruler of Iran. It was besieged for a year before the royal army arrived -to his assistance. His manners towards his soldiers are those of an -Amir (nobleman, umarayana), and not according to discipline (qudrat), -especially towards those who have helped him in battles or are with -him in campaigns. He jokes much with his servants, and this gives him -an undignified appearance. [243] I have repeatedly warned him about -this, but as it is in his nature my remonstrances have had no effect. - -On Monday, the 14th, I promoted Hashim Khan, who is one of the -household, born ones of our dynasty, to the rank of 3,000 with 2,000 -horse, and I made him governor of the province of Orissa. On the -same day news came that Badi`u-z-zaman, son of Mirza Shahrukh, who -was in the province of Malwa, through folly and youth had started -with a body of rebels to go to the province of the Rana and join -him. `Abdu-llah Khan, the governor of that place, being informed of -this event went after him, and having made him prisoner on the way, -slew several of the wretches who had joined with him. An order was -given that Ihtimam Khan should start from Agra and bring the Mirza to -the court. On the 25th of the aforesaid month news came that Imam Quli -Khan, nephew of Wali Khan, ruler of Mawara'a-n-nahr, had killed him -who was called Mirza Husain, who had been reported to be the son of -Mirza Shahrukh. In truth, the killing of the sons of Mirza Shahrukh -is like the killing of the demons, as they say that from every drop -of their blood demons are produced. In the station of Dhaka, Shir -Khan, the Afghan, whom when I left I had placed at Peshawar to guard -the Khaibar Pass, came and waited on me. He had made no default in -preserving and guarding the road. Zafar Khan, son of Zain Khan Koka, -had been appointed to move on the Dalazak Afghans and the tribe of -Khatur, who had perpetrated all kinds of misdeeds in the neighbourhood -of Attock and the Beas and that vicinity. After performing that service -and the conquest of those rebels, who numbered about 100,000 houses, -and sending them off towards Lahore, he came and waited upon me at -the same halting-place, and it was evident that he had performed -that service as it ought to have been done. As the month of Rajab, -corresponding with the Ilahi month of Aban, had arrived, [244] and -it was known that this was one of the months fixed for the lunar -weighing (wazn-i-qamari) of my father, I determined that the value of -all the articles which he used to order for his own weighing in the -solar and lunar years should be estimated, and that what this came -to should be sent to the large cities for the repose of the soul of -that enlightened one, and be divided amongst the necessitous and the -faqirs. The total came to 100,000 rupees, equal to 300 Iraq tumans, -and 300,000 of the currency of the people of Mawara'a-n-nahr. - -Trustworthy men divided that sum among the twelve chief cities, -such as Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Gujarat (Ahmadabad), etc. On Thursday, -the 3rd Rajab, I favoured with the title of Khan-jahan my son -(farzand) Salabat Khan, who is not less to me than my own sons, -and ordered that they should in all firmans and orders write of him -as Khan-jahan. A special robe of honour and a jewelled sword were -also given him. Also, having entitled Shah Beg Khan Khan-dauran, -I presented him with a jewelled waist-dagger, a male elephant, and -a special horse. The whole of the sarkars of Tirah, Kabul, Bangash, -and the province of Sawad (Swat) Bajaur, with the (task of) beating -back the Afghans of those regions, and a jagir and the faujdarship -were confirmed to him. He took leave from Baba Hasan Abdal. I also -ordered Ram Das Kachhwaha to receive a jagir in this province and to -be enrolled among the auxiliaries of this Subah. I conferred on Kishan -Chand, son of the Mota (fat) Raja, the rank of 1,000 personal and 500 -horse. A firman was written to Murtaza Khan (Sayyid Farid), governor -of Gujarat, that as the good conduct and excellence and abstemiousness -of the son of Miyan Wajihu-d-din [245] had been reported to me, he -should hand over to him from me a sum of money, and that he should -write and send me some of the names of God which had been tested. If -the grace of God should be with me I would continually repeat [246] -them. Before this I had given leave to Zafar Khan to go to Baba Hasan -Abdal to collect together game for sport. He had made a shakhband -(literally a tying together of horns or branches). Twenty-seven red -deer and 68 white ones came into the shakhband. I myself struck with -arrows 29 antelope, and Parwiz and Khurram also killed some others with -arrows. Afterwards orders were given to the servants and courtiers -to shoot. Khan Jahan was the best shot, and in every case of his -striking an antelope the arrow penetrated through and through. [247] -Again, on the 14th of the month of Rajab, Zafar Khan had arranged a -qamargah at Rawalpindi. I struck with an arrow a red deer at a long -distance, and was highly delighted at the arrow striking him and his -falling down. Thirty-four red deer and 35 qara-quyrugh (black-tailed) -antelope, which in the Hindi language they call chikara, and two pigs -were also killed. On the 21st another qamargah had been arranged within -three kos of the fort of Rohtas by the efforts and exertions of Hilal -Khan. I had taken with me to this hunt those who were screened by the -curtains of honour (the members of the zananah). The hunt was a good -one and came off with great éclat. Two hundred red and white antelope -were killed. Passing on from Rohtas, the hills of which contain these -antelope, there are in no place in the whole of Hindustan, with the -exception of Girjhak and Nandanah, red deer of this description. I -ordered them to catch and keep some of them alive, in order that -possibly some of them might reach Hindustan for breeding purposes. On -the 25th another hunt took place in the neighbourhood of Rohtas. In -this hunt also my sisters and the other ladies were with me, and -nearly 100 red deer were killed. It was told me that Shams Khan, -uncle of Jalal Khan [248] Gakkhar who was in that neighbourhood, -notwithstanding his great age took much delight in hunting, such -that young men had not so much enjoyment in it. When I heard that he -was well-disposed towards faqirs and dervishes I went to his house, -and his disposition and manners pleased me. I bestowed on him 2,000 -rupees, and the same sum on his wives and children, with five other -villages with large receipts by way of livelihood for them, that they -might pass their days in comfort and contentment. On the 6th Sha`ban, -at the halting-place of Chandalah, the Amiru-l-umara came and waited on -me. I was greatly pleased at obtaining his society again, for all the -physicians, Hindu and Musulman, had made up their minds that he would -die. Almighty God in His grace and mercy granted him the honour of -recovery, in order that it might be known to such as do not recognize -His will that for every difficult ill, which those who look on the -outside of causes only may have given up as hopeless, there is One -who is powerful to provide a cure and remedy out of His own kindness -and compassion. On the same day Ray Ray Singh, [249] one of the most -considerable of the Rajput Amirs, ashamed on account of the fault he -had committed in the matter of Khusrau, and who was living at his home, -came, and under the patronage of the Amiru-l-umara obtained the good -fortune of waiting on me; his offences were pardoned. At the time that -I left Agra in pursuit of Khusrau I had in full confidence left him -in charge of Agra, so that when the ladies (mahalha) [250] should be -sent for he might come with them. After the ladies were sent for he -went for two or three stages with them, and in the village of Mathura, -on merely hearing foolish tales, separated from them, and went to his -native place (Bikanir). He thought that as a commotion had arisen he -would see where the right road was. The merciful God, who cherishes -His servants, in a short time having arranged that affair broke the -rope of the alliance of those rebels, and this betrayal of his salt -remained a burden on his neck. In order to please the Amiru-l-umara -I ordered the rank which he formerly held to be confirmed to him, -and his jagir to remain as it was. I promoted Sulaiman Beg, who was -one of my attendants from the time when I was prince, to the title -of Fida'i Khan. On Monday, the 12th, a halt was made at the garden -of Dil-amiz, which is on the bank of the river Ravi. I waited on my -mother in this garden. Mirza Ghazi, who had done approved service in -command of the army at Qandahar, waited on me, and I bestowed great -favour on him. - -On Tuesday, the 13th, I auspiciously entered Lahore. The next day -Mir Khalilu-llah, son of Ghiyasu-d-din Muhammad, Mirmiran, who was of -the descendants of Shah Ni`matu-llah Wali, paid his respects. [251] -In the reign of Shah Tahmasp there was no family of such greatness in -the whole country, for the sister of the Shah, by name Janish Begam, -was in the house of (married to) Mir Ni`matu-llah, the father of the -Mirmiran. A daughter who was born to them, the Shah gave in marriage -to his own son Isma`il Mirza, and making the sons of that Mirmiran -sons-in-law, gave his younger daughter to his eldest son, who had the -same name as his grandfather, and connected (in marriage) the daughter -of Isma`il Mirza, who was born of the niece of the Shah, to another -son, Mir Khalilu-llah. After the death of the Shah, by degrees the -family went to decay, until in the reign of Shah `Abbas they became all -at once extirpated, and they lost the property and effects that they -had and could no longer remain in their own place. Mir Khalilu-llah -came to wait upon me. As he had undergone trouble on the road, and -the signs of sincerity were apparent from his circumstances, having -made him a sharer of my unstinted favours I gave him 12,000 rupees in -cash, and promoted him to the rank of 1,000 personal and 200 horse, -and gave an order for a jagir. - -An order was given to the civil department (diwaniyan) to confer -the rank of 8,000 personal and 5,000 horse on my son Khurram, and -to provide a jagir for him in the neighbourhood of Ujjain, and to -assign the Sarkar of Hisar Firuza to him. On Thursday, the 22nd, on -the invitation of Asaf Khan, I went with my ladies to his house and -passed the night there. The next day he presented before me his own -offerings, of the value of ten lacs of rupees, in jewels and jewelled -things, robes, elephants, and horses. Some single rubies and jacinths -and some pearls, also silk cloths with some pieces of porcelain from -China and Tartary, were accepted, and I made a present of the rest to -him. Murtaza Khan from Gujarat sent by way of offering a ring made -of a single ruby of good colour, substance, and water, the stone, -the socket, and the ring being all of one piece. They weighed 1 1/2 -tanks and one surkh, which is equal to one misqal and 15 surkh. This -was sent to me and much approved. Till that day no one had ever -heard of such a ring having come to the hands of any sovereign. A -single ruby weighing six surkhs or two tanks and 15 surkhs, [252] -and of which the value was stated to be £25,000, was also sent. The -ring was valued at the same figure. - -On the same day the envoy of the Sharif of Mecca came to wait on -me with a letter and the curtain of the door of the Ka`bah. He -showed great friendship towards me. The said envoy had bestowed on -him 500,000 dam, equal to 7,000 or 8,000 rupees, and I resolved to -send the Sharif the equivalent of 100,000 rupees of the precious -things of Hindustan. On Thursday, the 10th of the month, a piece -of the Subah of Multan was added to the jagir of Mirza Ghazi, -though the whole of the province of Thattah had been given to him in -jagir. He was also promoted to the rank of 5,000 personalty and 5,000 -horse. The government of Qandahar and the protection of that region, -which is the frontier of Hindustan, were assigned to his excellent -administration. Conferring on him a robe of honour and a jewelled -sword I gave him his leave. In fine, Mirza Ghazi possessed perfection, -[253] and he made also good verses. He used Waqari as his takhallus, or -poetic name (Ruz-i-rushan, Bhopal 1297, p. 455; also Ma'asiru-l-umara, -vol. iii, p. 347). This is one of his couplets:-- - - - "If my weeping should cause her to smile, what wonder? - Though the cloud weep, the cheek of the rose-bush smiles." - - -On the 15th the offering of the Khankhanan was presented to me: 40 -elephants, some jewelled and decorated vessels, some Persian robes, and -cloth that they make in the Deccan and those parts, had been sent by -him, altogether of the value of 150,000 rupees. Mirza Rustam and most -of the office-holders of that Subah had also sent good offerings. Some -of the elephants were approved. News of the death of Ray Durga, [254] -who was one of those who had been brought up by my revered father, -arrived on the 18th of the month. He had been in attendance for forty -years and more in the position of an Amir on my revered father, until, -by degrees, he had risen in rank to 4,000. Before he obtained the good -fortune of waiting on my father he was one of the trusted servants -of Rana Uday Singh. He died on the 29th. He was a good military -man. Sultan Shah, the Afghan, whose disposition was turbulent and -mischievous, passed his time in the service of Khusrau, and had his -complete intimacy, so much so that this rebel was the cause of the -running away of that unfortunate one. After the defeat and capture -of Khusrau he went off alone(?) [255] into the skirts of the hills of -Khizrabad and that region. At last he was made prisoner by Mir Mughal, -the karori of that place. As he had been the cause of the destruction -and ruin of such a son, I ordered them to shoot him with arrows on -the plain of Lahore. The aforesaid karori was promoted to higher rank, -and was dignified with a grand dress of honour. On the 29th Shir Khan, -the Afghan, who was one of my old servants, died. One might say that -he took his own life, because he was continually drinking wine, to -the extent that in every watch he used to drink four brimming cups -of arrack of double strength. He had broken the fast of the Ramazan -of the past year, and took it into his head this year that he would -fast in the month of Sha`ban on account of his having broken the fast -of Ramazan, and would fast for two months together. In abandoning -his usual custom, which is a second nature, he became weak and his -appetite left him, and becoming very weak he passed away in his -57th year. Patronising his children and brothers according to their -circumstances, I bestowed on them a portion of his rank and jagir. - -On the 1st of the month of Shawwal I went to visit Maulana Muhammad -Amin, who was one of the disciples of Shaikh Mahmud Kamangar (the -bow-maker). The Shaikh Mahmud [256] mentioned was one of the great men -of his age, and H.M. Humayun had entire reliance on him, so much so -that he once poured water on his hands. The aforesaid Maulana is a man -of good disposition, and is free, notwithstanding the attachments and -accidents (of the world), a faqir in manner and ways, and acquainted -with brokenness of spirit. His company pleased me exceedingly. I -explained to him some of the griefs that had entangled themselves -in my mind and heard from him good advice and agreeable words, and -found myself greatly consoled at heart. Having presented him with -1,000 bigha and 1,000 rupees in cash by way of maintenance, I took -leave. One watch of day had passed on Sunday when I left Lahore on -my way to the capital of Agra. Having made Qilij Khan governor, Mir -Qawamu-d-din diwan, Shaikh Yusuf bakhshi, and Jamalu-d-din kotwal, -and presented each according to his circumstances with dresses of -honour, I turned towards my desired way. On the 25th, having passed -over the river at Sultanpur, I proceeded two kos and halted at -Nakodar. My revered father had given Shaikh Abu-l-fazl [257] gold of -the weight of 20,000 rupees to build an embankment between these two -parganahs and prepare a waterfall, and in truth I found a halting-place -exceedingly pleasant and fresh. I ordered Mu`izzu-l-mulk, the jagirdar -of Nakodar, to erect a building and prepare a garden on one side of -this embankment, so that wayfarers seeing it might be pleased. On -Saturday, 10th Zi-l-qa`da, Waziru-l-mulk, who before my ascension -had the good fortune to serve me, and was Diwan of my establishment, -died of diarrhoea. At the end of his life a son of evil fortune (lit -footsteps) had been born in his house, who in the space of forty days -ruined [258] (Erskine has 'ate') both his father and mother, and who -himself died when he was two or three years old. It occurred to me -that the house of Waziru-l-mulk must not all at once be ruined, and -patronising Mansur, his brother's son, I gave him rank. Indeed, [259] -he showed no love to me (the scent of love did not come from him). On -Monday, the 14th, I heard on the road that between Panipat and Karnal -there were two tigers that were giving much trouble to wayfarers. I -collected the elephants and sent them off. When I arrived at their -(the tigers') place I mounted a female elephant, and ordered them -to place the elephants round them after the manner of a qamargah -(enclosure), and by the favour of Allah killed both with a gun, -and thus got rid of the raging tigers that had closed the road to -the servants of God. On Thursday, the 18th, [260] I halted at Delhi -and alighted at the residence which Salim Khan, the Afghan, had made -in the days of his rule in the middle of the river Jumna and called -Salimgadh. My revered father had given the place to Murtaza Khan, who -was originally an inhabitant of Delhi. The aforesaid Khan had built -on the margin of the river a terrace of stone excessively pleasant -and bright. Below that building [261] near the water there was made a -square chaukandi with glazed tiles by the order of H.M. Humayun, and -there are few places with such air. In the days when the late king -Humayun honoured Delhi with his presence, he often sat there with -his intimates, and associated with the members of his assemblies. I -passed four days in that place, and with my courtiers and intimates -enjoyed myself with wine parties. Mu`azzam Khan, who was governor -of Delhi, presented offerings. The jagirdars and citizens also made -offerings and presents, each according to his circumstances. I was -desirous to employ some days in a qamargah hunt in the parganah of -Palam, which is one of the places near the aforesaid city and one -of the fixed hunting-grounds. As it was represented to me that the -(fortunate) hour for approaching Agra had come very near, and another -proper hour was not to be obtained at all near that time, I gave up -the intention, and embarking on board a boat went on by water. On -the 20th of the month of Zi-l-qa`da four boys and three girls, -children of Mirza Shahrukh, whom he had not mentioned to my father, -were brought. I placed the boys among my confidential servants, and -made over the girls to the attendants of the ladies of the harem in -order that they might look after them. On the 21st of the same month -Raja Man Singh came and waited on me from the fort of Rohtas, which -is in the province of Patna and Behar, after orders had been sent -to him six or seven times. He also, like Khan A`zam, is one of the -hypocrites and old wolves of this State. What they have done to me, -and what has happened to them from me, God the knower of secrets knows; -possibly no one could mention such another case(?). The aforesaid -Raja produced as offerings 100 elephants, male and female, not one -of which was fit to be included among my private elephants. As he was -one of those who had been favoured by my father, I did not parade his -offences before his face, but with royal condescension promoted him. - -On this day they brought a talking jal (lark) which distinctly said -"Miyan Tuti." It was very strange and wonderful. In Turki they call -this bird turghai. [262] - - - - - - - - -THE THIRD NEW YEAR'S FEAST FROM MY ACCESSION. - - -On Thursday, the 2nd Zi-l-hijja, corresponding with the 1st Farwardin -(19th March, 1608), the Sun, which enlightens and heats the world with -its splendour, changed from the constellation of Pisces to the joyful -mansion of Aries, the abode of pleasure and rejoicing. It gave the -world fresh brightness, and being aided by the Spring clothed those -who had been plundered by the cold season, and tyrannised over by the -Autumn, with the robes of honour of the New Year and the garments of -emerald green, and gave them compensation and recuperation. - - - "Again to Not-Being came the world's lord's order, - 'Restore what thou hast devoured.'" - - -The feast of the New Year was held in the village of Rankatta, [263] -which is five kos off (from Agra), and at the time of transit (of -the sun) I seated myself on the throne with glory and gladness. The -nobles and courtiers and all the servants came forward with their -congratulations. In the same assembly I bestowed on Khanjahan the rank -of 5,000 personal and horse. I selected Khwaja Jahan for the post of -bakhshi. Dismissing Wazir Khan from the Viziership of the province of -Bengal, I sent in his place Abu-l-hasan Shihabkhani; and Nuru-d-din -Quli became kotwal of Agra. As the glorious mausoleum of the late -king Akbar was on the road, it entered my mind that if in passing by I -should have the good fortune of a pilgrimage to it, it might occur to -those who were short-sighted that I visited it because it was the place -where my road crossed. I accordingly had determined that this time I -would enter Agra, and after that would go on foot on this pilgrimage -to the shrine, which is two and a half kos off, in the same way that -the Hazrat (my father), on account of my birth, had gone from Agra to -Ajmir. Would that I might also traverse the same on my head! When two -watches of day had passed of Saturday, the 5th [264] of the month, -at an auspicious hour, I returned towards Agra, and scattering with -two hands 5000 rupees in small coins on the way, entered the august -palace which was inside the fort. On this day Raja Bir Singh Deo -brought a white cheeta to show me. Although other sorts of creatures, -both birds and beasts, have white varieties, which they call tuyghan, -[265] I had never seen a white cheeta. Its spots, which are (usually) -black, were of a blue colour, and the whiteness of the body was also -inclined to bluishness. Of the albino animals that I have seen there -are falcons, sparrow-hawks, hawks (shikara) that they call bigu [266] -in the Persian language, sparrows, crows, partridges, florican, podna -[267] (Sylvia olivacea), and peacocks. Many hawks in aviaries are -albinos. I have also seen white flying mice (flying squirrels) and -some albinos among the black antelope, which is a species found only -in Hindustan. Among the chikara (gazelle), which they call safida in -Persia, I have frequently seen albinos. At this time Ratan, son of -Bhoj-hara, who is one of the chief Rajput nobles, came to the camp -and waited on me, bringing three elephants as an offering. One of -these was much approved, and they valued it in the office at 15,000 -rupees. It was entered among my private elephants, and I gave it the -name of Ratangaj. The value of elephants of the former great Rajas of -India was not more than 25,000 rupees, but they have now become very -dear. I dignified Ratan with the title of Sarbuland Ray. I promoted -Miran Sadr Jahan to the rank of 5,000 personal and 1,500 horse and -Mu`azzam Khan to 4,000 personal and 2,000 horse. `Abdu-llah Khan was -promoted to 3,000 and 500 horse. Muzaffar Khan and Bhao Singh each -obtained the rank of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. Abu-l-hasan diwan -had 1,000 and 500 horse. I`timadu-d-daulah that of 1,000 personal and -250 horse. On the 25th Raja Suraj Singh, the maternal uncle of my son -Khurram, came and paid his respects to me. He brought with him Shyam, -the cousin of the turbulent Umra. In truth he possesses some skill and -understands well how to ride elephants. Raja Suraj Singh had brought -with him a poet who wrote verse in the Hindi tongue. He laid before me -a poem in my praise to the purport that if the Sun had a son it would -be always day and never would be night, because after his setting that -son would sit in his place and keep the world in light. Praise and -thanksgiving to God that God gave your father such a son that after -his death men should not wear mourning which is like the night. The Sun -had envy on this account, saying, "Would I might also have a son who, -taking my place, should not allow night to approach the world, for -from the light of your rising and the illumination of your justice, -notwithstanding such a misfortune, the spheres are so bright that -one might say 'night had neither name nor sign.'" Few Hindi verses of -such freshness of purport have ever reached my ear. As a reward for -this eulogy I gave him an elephant. The Rajputs call a poet Charan -(name of a caste who are many of them poets). One of the poets of -the age has turned [268] these sentiments into (Persian) verse-- - - - "If the world-illuminator had a son, - There would be no night; it would be always day; - For when his gold-crowned head was hidden - His son would display his tiara peak. - Thanks that after such a father - Such a son sits in his place. - For from the demise of that king - No one made black robes for mourning." - - -On Thursday, the 8th Muharram, 1017 [269] (24th April, 1608), -Jalalu-d-din Mas`ud, who held the rank of 400 personal and was -not wanting in bravery, and who in several battles had done great -deeds, died at about the age of 50 or 60 years of diarrhoea. He was -an opium-eater, and used to eat opium after breaking it in pieces, -like cheese, and it is notorious that he frequently ate opium from the -hand of his own mother. When his disease became violent and there was -a prospect of his death, his mother from excessive love for him ate -more opium than was right out of that which she used to give her son, -and two or three hours after his death she also died. I have never -heard of such affection on the part of a mother for her son. It is -the custom among the Hindus that after the death of their husbands -women burn themselves, whether from love, or to save the honour -of their fathers, or from being ashamed before their sons-in-law, -but nothing like this was ever manifested on the part of mothers, -Musulman or Hindu. On the 15th of the same month I presented my best -horse by way of favour to Raja Man Singh. Shah `Abbas had sent this -horse with some other horses and fitting gifts by Minuchihr, one of -his confidential slaves, to the late king Akbar. From being presented -with this horse the Raja was so delighted that if I had given him -a kingdom I do not think he would have shown such joy. At the time -they brought the horse it was three or four years old. It grew up -in Hindustan. The whole of the servants of the Court, Moghul and -Rajput together, represented that no horse like this had ever come -from Iraq to Hindustan. When my revered father gave the province of -Khandesh and the Subah of the Deccan to my brother Daniyal, and was -returning to Agra, he by way of kindness told Daniyal to ask of him -whatever he desired. Seizing the opportunity, he asked for this horse, -and he accordingly gave it to him. On Tuesday, the 20th, a report came -from Islam Khan with the news of the death of Jahangir Quli Khan, the -governor of the Subah of Bengal, who was my special slave. On account -of his natural excellence and innate merit he had been enrolled in the -list of the great Amirs. I was much grieved at his death. I bestowed -the rule of Bengal and the tutorship to Prince Jahandar on my farzand -[270] Islam Khan, and in his place gave the government of the Subah -of Behar to Afzal Khan (son of Abu-l-fazl). The son of Hakim `Ali, -whom I had sent on some duties to Burhanpur, came and brought with him -some Karnatic jugglers who had no rivals or equals; for instance, one -of them played with ten balls, each of which was equal to an orange -and one to a citron, and one to a surkh, [271] in such a way that -notwithstanding some were small and some large he never missed one, -and did so many kinds of tricks that one's wits became bewildered. At -the same time a dervish from Ceylon came and brought a strange animal -called a deonak [272] (or devang). Its face was exactly like a large -bat, and the whole shape was like that of a monkey, but it had no -tail. Its movements were like those of the black tailless monkey which -they call ban manush (jungle man) in the Hindi language. Its body was -like that of a young monkey two or three months old. It had been with -the dervish for five years. [273] It appeared that the animal would -never grow larger. Its food is milk and it also eats plantains. As -the creature appeared very strange, I ordered the artists to take a -likeness of it in various kinds of movement. It looked very ugly. - -On the same day Mirza Faridun Barlas was promoted to the rank of 1,500 -personal and 1,300 horse. An order was given that Payanda [274] Khan -Moghul, as he had reached old age after exerting himself as a soldier, -should receive a jagir equal to 2,000 personal. Ilf Khan was promoted -to the rank of 700 personal and 500 horse. The rank of Islam Khan, my -son (farzand), the governor of the Subah of Bengal, was fixed at 4,000 -personal and 3,000 horse. The guardianship of the fort of Rohtas was -bestowed on Kishwar Khan, son of Qutbu-d-din Khan Koka. Ihtimam Khan -was raised to the rank of 1,000 personal and 300 horse, and made mir -bahr (admiral) and was appointed to the charge of the nawara (fleet) -of Bengal. On the 1st Safar Shamsu-d-din Khan, son of Khan A`zam, -made an offering of ten elephants, and, receiving the rank of 2,000 -personal and 1,500 horse, was selected for the title of Jahangir Quli -Khan, and Zafar Khan received the rank of 2,000 personal and 1,000 -horse. As I had demanded in marriage the daughter of Jagat Singh, -eldest son of Raja Man Singh, I on the 16th sent 80,000 rupees for -the sachaq (a marriage present) to the house of the aforesaid Raja -in order to dignify him. Muqarrab Khan sent from the port of Cambay -a European curtain (tapestry), the like of which in beauty no other -work of the Frank painters had ever been seen. On the same day my -aunt, Najibu-n-nisa Begam, [275] died in the 61st year of her age -of the disease of consumption and hectic fever. I promoted her son, -Mirza Wali, to the rank of 1,000 personal and 200 horse. A man of -Mawara'a-n-nahr, of the name of Aqam Haji, who for a long time had been -in Turkey and was not without reasonableness and religious knowledge, -and who called himself the ambassador of the Turkish Emperor, -waited upon me at Agra. He had an unknown writing (? illegible -letter). Looking to his circumstances and his proceedings none of -the servants of the Court believed in his being an ambassador. When -Timur conquered Turkey, and Yildirim Bayazid, the ruler of that place, -fell alive into his hands, he, after levying tribute and taking one -year's revenue, determined to hand back into his possession the whole -of the country of Turkey. Just at that time Yildirim Bayazid died, -and (Timur), having handed over the kingdom to his son Musa Chelebi, -returned. From that time until now, notwithstanding such favours, -no one had come on the part of the emperors, nor has any ambassador -been sent: how, then, can it now be believed that this person from -Mawara'a-n-nahr should have been sent by the emperor? I could in -no way understand the affair, and no one could bear witness to the -accuracy of his claim: I therefore told him to go wherever he might -wish. On the 4th Rabi`u-1-awwal the daughter of Jagat Singh entered -the harem, and the marriage ceremony was performed in the house of -Her Highness Maryam-zamani. Amongst the things sent with her by Raja -Man Singh were 60 elephants. - -As I had determined to conquer the Rana, it occurred to me that I -should send Mahabat Khan. I appointed 12,000 fully armed cavalry -under able officers to go with him, and in addition 500 ahadis, -2,000 musketeers on foot, with artillery made up of 70 to 80 guns -mounted on elephants and camels; 60 elephants were appointed to this -duty. Two million rupees of treasure were ordered to be sent with this -army. On the 16th of the said month Mir Khalilu-llah, grandson of Mir -Ni`matu-llah Yazdi, the whole of whose circumstances and family history -has already been written, died of diarrhoea. In his appearance the -traces of sincerity and dervishhood were manifest. If he had lived -and passed a long time in my service he would have risen to high -rank. The bakhshi of Burhanpur had sent some mangoes, one of which -I ordered to be weighed; it came to 52 1/2 tolas. On Wednesday, the -18th, in the house of Maryam-zamani, the feast of the lunar weighing -of my 40th year was held. I ordered the money used in weighing to -be divided amongst women and needy persons. On Thursday, the 4th -Rabi`u-l-akhir, Tahir Beg, the bakhshi of the Ahadis, was given the -title of Mukhlis Khan, and Mulla-i-Taqiyya Shustari, [276] who was -adorned with excellencies and perfections, and was well acquainted -with the science of history and genealogy, that of Mu'arrikh Khan. On -the 10th of the same month, having given Barkhurdar, the brother of -`Abdu-llah Khan, the title of Bahadur Khan, I dignified him among his -fellows. Munis Khan, son of Mihtar Khan, presented me with a jug of -jasper (jade), which had been made in the reign of Mirza Ulugh Beg -Gurgan, in the honoured name of that prince. It was a very delicate -rarity and of a beautiful shape. Its stone was exceedingly white and -pure. Around the neck of the jar they had carved the auspicious name -of the Mirza and the Hijra year in riqa` [277] characters. I ordered -them to inscribe my name and the auspicious name of Akbar on the edge -of the lip of the jar. Mihtar [278] Khan was one of the ancient slaves -of this State. He had the honour of serving the late king Humayun, -and during the reign of my revered father had attained the rank of -nobility. He regarded him as one of his confidential servants. On -the 16th a firman was issued that the country of Sangram, [279] -which had been given for a year by way of reward to my son (farzand) -Islam Khan, should be handed over for the same purpose for a year -to Afzal Khan, the governor of the Subah of Behar. On this day I -promoted Mahabat Khan to the rank of 3,000 personal and 2,500 horse, -and Yusuf Khan, son of Husain Khan Tukriyah, obtained that of 2,000 -personal and 800 horse. On the 24th I gave leave to Mahabat Khan -and the Amirs and men who had been appointed to subdue the Rana. The -aforesaid Khan was honoured with a robe of honour, a horse, a special -elephant, and a jewelled sword. Zafar Khan, having been honoured -with a standard, was presented with a private robe of honour and a -jewelled dagger. Shaja`at Khan also was presented with a standard, -and I gave him a robe of honour and a special elephant. Raja Bir -Singh Deo received a robe of honour and a special horse, and Mangli -Khan a horse and jewelled dagger. Narayan Das Kachhwahah, `Ali Quli -Darman, and Hizabr Khan Tahamtan obtained leave. On Bahadur Khan and -Mu`izzu-l-mulk the bakhshi jewelled daggers were conferred, and in -the same manner all the Amirs and leaders, each one according to his -degree, were honoured with royal gifts. A watch of the day had passed -when the Khankhanan, who had been selected for the high honour of my -Ataliq (guardian), came from Burhanpur and waited on me. Delight and -happiness had so overpowered him that he did not know whether he came -on his head or his feet. He threw himself bewildered at my feet. By way -of favour and kindness I lifted up his head and held it in an embrace -of kindliness and affection, and kissed his face. He brought me as -offerings two strings of pearls and some rubies and emeralds. The -value of the jewels was 300,000 rupees. Besides these he laid before -me many valuable things. On the 17th Jumada-l-awwal Wazir Khan, the -Diwan of Bengal, came and waited on me, and offered 60 elephants, -male and female, and one Egyptian [280] ruby. As he was one of the -old servants and he performed every duty, I ordered him to remain in -attendance on me. As Qasim Khan and his elder brother, Islam Khan, -could in no way keep the peace together, I had sent for the former to -my own presence, and he yesterday came and waited on me. On the 22nd, -Asaf Khan, made me an offering of a ruby of the weight of seven tank, -which Abu-l-qasim, his brother, had bought in the port of Cambay -for 75,000 rupees. It is of a beautiful colour and well-shaped, -but to my belief is not worth more than 60,000 rupees. Great faults -had been committed by Dulip Ray, son of Ray Ray Singh, but as he -took refuge with my farzand Khan Jahan his offences were pardoned, -and I knowingly and purposely passed over his delinquencies. On the -24th the sons of Khankhanan, who had followed after him, arrived and -waited on me and produced as an offering the sum of 25,000 rupees. On -the same day the said Khan offered 90 elephants. On Thursday, the -1st Jumada-s-sani, the feast of my solar year was celebrated in the -house of Maryam-zamani. Some of the money I divided among the women, -and an order was given that the balance should be distributed to the -poor of the hereditary kingdoms. On the 4th of the month I ordered -the Diwans to give a jagir, according to his rank, of 7,000 rupees -to Khan A`zam. - -On this day a female antelope in milk was brought that allowed itself -to be milked with ease, and gave every day four seers of milk. I -had never seen or heard of anything of the kind before. The milk of -the antelope, of the cow, and the buffalo in no way differs. They -say it is of great use in asthma. On the 11th of the month Raja Man -Singh asked for leave to complete the army of the Deccan to which he -had been appointed, as well as to visit Amber, his native place. I -gave him a male elephant of my own called Hushyar-mast, and gave him -leave. On Monday, the 12th, as it was the anniversary of the death of -the late king Akbar, in addition to the expenses of that entertainment, -which are fixed separately, I sent 4,000 rupees more to be divided -among the faqirs and dervishes who are present in the enlightened -mausoleum of the venerated one. On that day I exalted `Abdu-llah, the -son of Khan A`zam, with the title of Sarfaraz Khan, and `Abdu-r-Rahim, -son of Qasim Khan, with that of Tarbiyat Khan. On Tuesday, the 13th, -I sent for Khusrau's daughter, and saw a child so like her father as -no one can remember to have seen. The astrologers used to say that her -advent would not be auspicious to her father, but would be auspicious -to me. At last it became known that they had augured rightly. They -said that I should see her after three years. I saw her when she had -passed this age. On the 21st of the month Khankhanan determined to -clear out the province of the Nizamu-l-mulk, into which, after the -death of the late king Akbar, some disturbances had found their way, -and stated in writing that "If I do not complete this service in the -course of two years, I shall be guilty (of a fault), on the condition -that in addition to the force that had been allotted to that Subah -12,000 more horse with 1,000,000 rupees should be sent with me." I -ordered that materials for the army and the treasure should be quickly -prepared, and he should be despatched. On the 26th Mukhlis Khan, -bakhshi of the ahadis, was appointed bakhshi of the Subah of the -Deccan, and I bestowed his place on Ibrahim Husain Khan, the Mir -Bahr. On the 1st Rajab, Pishrau Khan and Kamal Khan, who belonged -to the servants who were in constant attendance on me (ru-shinas), -died. Shah Tahmasp had given Pishrau Khan as a slave to my grandfather, -and he was called Sa`adat. When he was promoted in the service of -the late king Akbar to the daroghahship and superintendence of the -farrashkhana (carpet department), he obtained the title of Pishrau. He -was so well acquainted with this service that one might say it was a -garment they had sewn on the stature of his capacity. When he was 90 -years old he was quicker than lads of 14. He had the good fortune to -serve my grandfather, my father, and me. Until he breathed his last -he was never for a moment without the intoxication of wine. - - - "Besmeared with wine Fighani [281] went to the dust. - Alas! if the angels [282] smelt his fresh shroud!" - - -He left 1,500,000 rupees. He has one very stupid son, called -Ri`ayat. On account of his father's claims for services performed, -I gave the superintendence of half the farrashkhana to him and the -other half to Tukhmaq Khan. Kamal Khan was one of the slaves sincerely -devoted to my service; he is of the caste of the Kalals of Delhi. On -account of the great honesty and trustworthiness that he had shown -I made him bakawal-begi (chief of the kitchen). Few such servants -are ever met with. He had two sons, to both of whom I showed great -kindness, but where are there others like him? On the 2nd of the said -month La`l [283] Kalawant, who from his childhood had grown up in my -father's service, who had taught him every breathing and sound that -appertains to the Hindi language, died in the 65th or 70th year of his -age. One of his girls (concubines) ate opium on this event and killed -herself. Few women among the Musulmans have ever shown such fidelity. - -In Hindustan, especially in the province of Sylhet, [284] which is a -dependency of Bengal, it was the custom for the people of those parts -to make eunuchs of some of their sons and give them to the governor in -place of revenue (mal-wajibi). This custom by degrees has been adopted -in other provinces, and every year some children are thus ruined and -cut off from procreation. This practice has become common. At this -time I issued an order that hereafter no one should follow this -abominable custom, and that the traffic in young eunuchs should -be completely done away with. Islam Khan and the other governors -of the Subah of Bengal received firmans that whoever should commit -such acts should be capitally punished, and that they should seize -eunuchs of tender years who might be in anyone's possession. No one -of the former kings had obtained this success. Please Almighty God, -in a short time this objectionable practice will be completely done -away with, and the traffic in eunuchs being forbidden, no one shall -venture on this unpleasant and unprofitable proceeding. I presented -the Khankhanan with a bay horse out of those sent me by Shah `Abbas; -it was the head of the stable of my private horses. He was so -rejoiced over it that it would be difficult to describe. In truth a -horse of this great size and beauty has hardly come to Hindustan. I -also gave him the elephant Futuh, that is unrivalled in fighting, -with twenty other elephants. As Kishan Singh, who was accompanying -Mahabat Khan, performed laudable service, and was wounded in the leg -by a spear in the fight with the Rana's men, so that about twenty -noblemen of his were killed and about 3,000 made captive, he was -promoted to the rank of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. On the 14th -of the same month I gave an order for Mirza Ghazi to betake himself -to Qandahar. A strange occurrence was that as soon as the aforesaid -Mirza started from Bakhar for that province the news of the death of -Sardar Khan, the governor of that place, came. Sardar Khan was one of -the permanent and intimate attendants of my uncle Muhammad Hakim, and -was known as Tukhta [285] Beg. I gave half his rank (the pay of it) -to his sons. On Monday, the 17th, I went on foot on my pilgrimage to -the enlightened mausoleum of the late king. If it had been possible, -I would have traversed this road with my eyelashes and head. My revered -father, on account of my birth, had gone on foot on a pilgrimage to -the shrine of Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din Sanjari Chishti, from Fathpur to -Ajmir, a distance of 120 kos: if I should traverse this road with my -head and eyes, what should I have done? When I was dignified with the -good fortune of making this pilgrimage, I saw the building that had -been erected in the cemetery. It did not come up to my idea of what -it ought to be, for that would be approved which the wayfarers of the -world should point to as one the like of which was not in the inhabited -world. Inasmuch as at the time of erecting the aforesaid building the -affair of the ill-starred Khusrau took place, I started for Lahore, -and the architects had built it after a design of their own. At last a -certain expenditure was made until a large sum was expended, and work -went on for three or four years. I ordered that experienced architects -should again lay the foundations, in agreement with men of experience, -in several places, on a settled plan. By degrees a lofty building was -erected, and a very bright garden was arranged round the building of -the shrine, and a large and lofty gateway with minarets of white stone -was built. On the whole they told me the cost of this lofty edifice -was 1,500,000 rupees, equivalent to 50,000 current tumans of Persia -and 4,500,000 khanis, according to the currency of Turan. - -On Sunday, the 23rd, I went with a band of courtiers who had not seen -it to look at the reservoir in the house of Hakim `Ali like one that -had been made at Lahore in the time of my father. The reservoir is -6 gaz by 6 gaz. At its side has been erected a well-lighted room, -the entrance to which is through the water, but the water does -not get into it. Ten or twelve people could meet in it. He made -an offering of some of the cash and jewels that had accumulated -[286] in his time. After looking at the room, and the entering of a -number of courtiers therein, I raised him to the rank of 2,000, and -returned to the palace. On Sunday, the 14th Sha`ban, the Khankhanan -was honoured with a jewelled sword for the waist, a robe of honour, -and a special elephant, and was given leave to go to his duty in the -Deccan. Raja Suraj Singh, who was attached to him in that service, -was raised to the rank of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. As it was -again represented to me that oppression was being committed by the -brethren and attendants of Murtaza Khan on the ryots and people of -Ahmadabad in Gujarat, and that he was unable properly to restrain -his relations and people about him, I transferred the Subah from him -and gave it to A`zam Khan, and it was settled that the latter should -attend at court, and that his eldest son Jahangir Quli Khan should go -to Gujarat as his deputy. The rank of Jahangir Quli Khan was fixed at -3,000 personal and 2,500 horse. An order was given that in company with -Mohan Das diwan and Mas`ud Beg Hamazani bakhshi he should carry on the -business of the province. Mohan Das was promoted to the rank of 800 -with 500 horse, and Mas`ud Beg to 300 with 150 horse. Tarbiyat Khan, -one of the personal servants, was given the rank of 700 with 400 horse, -and Nasru-llah the same. Mihtar Khan, whose circumstances have been -related, died at this time, and I promoted his son Munis Khan to the -rank of 500 personal and 130 horse. On Wednesday, the 4th Zi-l-hijja, -Khusrau had a son born to him by the daughter of the Khan A`zam, -and I gave him the name of Buland-akhtar. On the 6th of the same -month Muqarrab Khan sent a picture (with a report) that the belief -of the Franks was this, that the picture was that of Timur. At the -time when Yildirim Bayazid was taken prisoner by his victorious army, -a Nazarene, who at that time was ruler [287] of Constantinople, had -sent an ambassador with gifts and presents in token of submission and -service, and an artist who had been sent with the ambassador took his -likeness and brought it away. If this story were true, no better gift -could be presented to me. But as the picture had no resemblance to any -of his descendants I was not satisfied of the truth of the statement. - - - - - - - - -THE FOURTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -The passing of the great star that illumines the world into the -constellation of Aries took place on the night of Saturday, the 14th -Zi-l-hijja, in Hijra 1017 (21st March, 1609), and New Year's Day that -made brilliant the world began with good auspices and rejoicing. On -Friday, the 5th Muharram, in the year 1018, Hakim `Ali died. He was -an unrivalled physician; he had derived much profit from Arabic -sciences. He had written a commentary on the Canon (of Avicenna) -in the time of my revered father. He had greater diligence than -understanding, just as his appearance was better than his disposition, -and his acquirements better than his talents; on the whole he was -bad-hearted, and of an evil spirit. On the 20th Safar I dignified -Mirza Barkhurdar with the title of Khan `Alam. They brought from the -neighbourhood of Fathpur a water-melon, greater than any I had ever -seen. I ordered them to weigh it, and it came to 33 seers. On Monday, -the 19th Rabi`u-l-awwal, the feast of my annual lunar weighing was -arranged in the palace of my revered mother; a part of the money was -divided among the women who had assembled there on that day. - -As it had been evident that in order to carry on the affairs of -the State in the Subah of the Deccan it was necessary to send one -of the princes there, it came into my mind to send my son Parwiz -there. I ordered them to send his equipments and fix the hour for his -departure. I summoned to Court Mahabat Khan, who had been nominated -to the command of the army against the rebel Rana to arrange certain -matters at headquarters, and appointed in his place `Abdu-llah Khan, -whom I exalted with the title of Firuz-jang. I sent `Abdu-r-Razzaq -bakhshi to carry an order to all the mansabdars of that army not to -depart from the orders of the aforesaid Khan, and to pay every heed to -his thanks and blame. On the 4th Jumada-l-awwal one of the goatherds, -who are a particular tribe, brought before me a gelded goat that -had teats like a female, and gave every day sufficient milk to take -with a cup of coffee. [288] As milk is one of the favours of Allah, -and the source which nourishes many animals, I looked on this strange -affair as an omen for good. On the 6th of the same month, having given -him the rank of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, I sent Khurram, son -of Khan A`zam, to the government of the province of Sorath, which is -known as Junagadh (in Kathiyawad). I honoured [289] Hakim Sadra with -the title of Masihu-z-zaman, and gave him the rank of 500 personal -and 30 horse. On the 16th a jewelled waist-sword was sent to Raja -Man Singh. On the 22nd, having handed over 2,000,000 rupees for the -expenses of the army of the Deccan, which had been ordered for Parwiz, -to a separate treasurer, 500,000 rupees more were given for the private -expenses of Parwiz. On the 25th, Wednesday, Jahandar (his son), who -previously to this had been appointed, together with Qutbu-d-din Khan -Koka, to Bengal, came and waited on me. In reality it became known to -me that he was a born devotee. [290] As my mind was taken up with the -preparations for the Deccan, on the 1st Jumada-l-akhir I nominated the -Amiru-l-umara as well to that duty. He was honoured with the favour -of a robe of honour and a horse. Having promoted Karam Chand, son of -Jagannath, to the rank of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, I sent him -in company with Parwiz. On the 4th of the month 370 ahadi horse were -appointed with `Abdu-llah Khan to the assistance of the army employed -against the Rana. One hundred horses were also despatched from the -government stables to be given as he thought proper to the mansabdars -and ahadis. On the 17th I gave a ruby of the value of 60,000 rupees -to Parwiz, and another ruby with two single pearls, worth about 40,000 -rupees, to Khurram. On Monday, the 28th, Jagannath was promoted to the -rank of 5,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and on the 8th of Rajab, Ray -Jay Singh was promoted to that of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and -was dismissed for service in the Deccan. On Thursday, the 9th, Prince -Shahriyar from Gujarat came and waited on me. On Tuesday, the 4th, -I despatched my son Parwiz on the service of conquering the country of -the Deccan. He was presented with a robe of honour, a special horse, a -special elephant, a sword, and a jewelled dagger. The Sardars and Amirs -who were appointed with him each according to his condition received -and were made happy with the favour of a horse, a robe of honour, an -elephant, a sword, and a jewelled dagger. I appointed 1,000 ahadis to -be in attendance on Parwiz for the service of the Deccan. On the same -day a representation came from `Abdu-llah Khan that having pursued the -rebel Rana into the hill country into rough places, he had captured -several of his elephants and horses. When night came on he had escaped -with difficulty with his life. As he had made things go hard with him, -he would soon be taken prisoner or killed. I promoted the said Khan -to the rank of 5,000 personal, and a rosary of pearls, worth 10,000 -rupees, was given to Parwiz. As I had given the province of Khandesh -and Berar to the said son, I also conferred on him the fort of Asir, -and 300 horse were sent with him to be given to ahadis, mansabdars, -and whomever else he might consider worthy of favour. On the 26th, -Saif Khan Barha was given the rank of 2,500 personal and 1,350 horse, -and appointed to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Hisar. On Monday, -the 4th Sha`ban, an elephant was given to Wazir Khan. On Friday, -the 22nd, I gave an order that as bang and buza (rice spirit) -were injurious, they should not be sold in the bazars and that -gambling should be abolished, and on this subject I issued stringent -orders. On the 25th they brought a tiger from my private menagerie -to fight with a bull. Many people gathered together to see the show, -and a band of Jogis (religious mendicants) with them. One of the -Jogis was naked, and the tiger, by way of sport, and not with the -idea of rage, turned towards him. It threw him on the ground and -began to behave to him as it would to its own female. The next day -and on several occasions the same thing took place. As no such thing -had ever been seen before and was exceedingly strange, this has been -recorded. [291] On the 2nd of the month of Ramazan, at the request -of Islam Khan, Ghiyas [292] Khan was promoted to the rank of 1,500 -personal and 800 horse. Faridun Khan Barlas was promoted to the rank -of 2,500 with 2,000 horse. One thousand tolcha of gold and silver -and 1,000 rupees were given in alms on the day of the procession of -the sun into the constellation of the Scorpion, which, according to -the general acceptation of the Hindoos, is called the Sankrant. On -the 10th of that month an elephant was presented to Shah Beg Yuzi -[293] (? the panther-keeper), and Salamu-llah, the Arab, who is a -distinguished young man and a relative (son-in-law?) of Mubarak, the -ruler of Darful. [294] On account of some suspicion that Shah `Abbas -had entertained against him, he came to wait upon me. I patronised -him, and gave him the rank of 400 personal and 200 horse. Again, -another force, containing 193 mansabdars and 46 ahadis, I sent after -Parwiz for service in the Deccan. Fifty horses were also entrusted -to one of the servants of the Court to convoy to Parwiz. - -On Friday, the 13th, a certain idea came into my mind, and this rhymed -ghazal was produced:-- - - - "What shall I do, for the arrow of loss of thee has pierced my liver! - So that the (evil) eye not reaching me again may reach another? - Thou movest as if frenzied, and the world is frenzied for thee. - I burn rue lest thy eye should reach me. - I am frenzied at union with my friend, and in despair at her absence. - Alas for the grief that has o'erwhelmed me! - I've grown mad that I may rush on the pathway of meeting: - Woe for the time that brought me the news! - Jahangir, the time for humility and prayer is every morning, [295] - I hope that some spark of light may take effect." - - -On Sunday, the 15th, I sent 50,000 rupees as sachaq to the house -of the daughter of Muzaffar Husain Mirza, son of Sultan Husain -Mirza, son of Bahram Mirza, son of Shah Isma`il Safawi, who had -been demanded in marriage for my son Khurram. On the 17th of the -month Mubarak Khan Sarwani was honoured with the rank of 1,000 -personal and 300 horse. Five thousand rupees were also given to -him, and 4,000 rupees to Haji Bi Uzbeg. On the 22nd a ruby and a -pearl were given to Shahriyar. One hundred thousand rupees were -given for the subsistence of the Uymaqs (special cavalry) who -had been appointed for service in the Deccan. Two thousand rupees -were given to Farrukh Beg, the painter, who is unrivalled in the -age. Four thousand rupees were sent for expenditure on Baba Hasan -Abdal. One thousand rupees were handed to Mulla `Ali Ahmad Muhrkan -(engraver) and Mulla Ruzbihan Shirazi to expend on the anniversary -festival of Hazrat Shaikh Salim at his mausoleum. An elephant was -given to Muhammad Husain, the writer, and 1,000 rupees to Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Haqq Ansari. I gave orders to the Diwans that having -raised the rank of Murtaza Khan to 5,000 personal and horse -they should give him a jagir. I ordered Bihari Chand Qanungu, -of the Sarkar of Agra, to take 1,000 footmen and equipment from -the Zamindars of Agra, and, fixing their monthly pay, to send -them to Parwiz in the Deccan, and 500,000 rupees more were fixed -for the expenses of Parwiz. On Thursday, the 4th Shawwal, Islam -Khan was promoted to the rank of 5,000 personal and 5,000 horse, -Abu-l-wali Beg Uzbeg to that of 1,500 and Zafar Khan to that of -2,500. Two thousand rupees were given to Badi`u-z-zaman, son -of Mirza Shahrukh, and 1,000 rupees to Pathan Misr. I ordered -that drums should be given to all of them as their rank had -been raised to 3,000 and higher. Five thousand rupees more of -the money from my weighing were entrusted for the construction -of a bridge at Baba Hasan Abdal and the building that is there -to Abu-l-wafa, son of Hakim Abu-l-fath, in order that he might -exert himself and put the bridge and the aforesaid building in -perfect order. On Saturday, the 13th, when four gharis of day -were left, the moon began to be eclipsed. By degrees the whole -of its body was obscured, and it continued till five gharis of -night had passed. In order to avert the bad omen of this I had -myself weighed against gold, silver, cloth, and grain, and gave -away in alms all kinds of animals, such as elephants, horses, -etc., the cost of all of which was 15,000 rupees. I ordered them -to be distributed among the deserving and the poor. On the 25th, -at the request of her father, I took the daughter of Ram Chand -Bandilab into my service (i.e. married her). I gave an elephant -to Mir Fazil, nephew of Mir Sharif, who had been appointed to -the faujdarship of Qabulah and those regions `Inayat-ullah was -dignified with the title of `Inayat Khan. On Wednesday, the 1st -Zi-l-qa`da, Bihari Chand was granted the rank of 500 personal and -300 horse. A khapwa (dagger), adorned with jewels was given to my -son Baba Khurram. Mulla Hayati, by whom I had sent a message to -the Khankhanan, with a verbal message containing (expressions of) -all kinds of condescension and affection, came and brought before -me a ruby and two pearls of the value of about 20,000 rupees, -which the Khankhanan had sent by him. Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain, -who was in Burhanpur and whom I had sent for, came and waited on -me. I presented Shaja`at Khan Dakhani with 2,000 rupees. On the -6th of the aforesaid month, before Parwiz arrived at Burhanpur, a -petition came from the Khankhanan and the Amirs that the Dakhanis -had assembled together and were making disturbances. When I -discovered that, notwithstanding the nomination of Parwiz and -the army that had proceeded with him and been appointed to his -service, they were still in need of support and assistance, it -occurred to me that I should go myself, and by Allah's favour -satisfy myself with regard to that affair. In the meanwhile a -petition came also from Asaf Khan that my coming there would be -for the advantage of the daily-increasing State. A petition from -`Adil Khan, from Bijapur, also came, that if one of the trusted -ones of the Court could be appointed there to whom he could tell -his desires and claims, so that the envoy might convey them to me, -he hoped that it might become the means of affording profit to -these slaves (i.e. himself). On this account I consulted with the -Amirs and loyal men, and told them to represent whatever entered -into anyone's mind. My son Khan Jahan represented that inasmuch as -so many Amirs had been despatched for the conquest of the Deccan, -it was not necessary for me to go in person. If he were ordered, -he himself would go and attend on the prince and would, please God, -perform this duty while serving him. Those words were approved of by -all those who were loyal. I had never contemplated separation from -him, but as the affair was an important one I necessarily gave him -permission, and ordered that as soon as matters had been arranged he -should return without delay, and should not remain more than a year -in those regions. On Tuesday, the 17th Zi-l-qa`da, he was free to -go. I presented him with a special gold-embroidered robe of honour, -a special horse with a jewelled saddle, a jewelled sword, and a special -elephant I also gave him a yak-tail standard (tuman tugh). I appointed -Fida; Khan, who was one of my faithful servants, and to whom I gave -a robe of honour and a horse and his expenses, promoting him to the -rank of 1,000 personal and 400 horse, original and extra, to go with -Khan Jahan, in order that if it were necessary to send anyone to `Adil -Khan according to his request, he might despatch him. Lanku Pandit, -who in the time of the late king Akbar had come with offerings from -`Adil Khan, I also gave leave to go with Khan Jahan, bestowing on -him a horse, a robe of honour, and money. Of the Amirs and soldiers -who had been appointed with `Abdu-llah Khan to the duty of beating -back the Rana, men such as Raja Bir Singh Deo, Shaja`at Khan, Raja -Bikramajit, and others, with 4,000 or 5,000 horse, were nominated to -support Khan Jahan. I sent Mu`tamad Khan with the announcement that I -had made him a sazawal (i.e. one who urges on others), and that he was -to act along with Khan Jahan in Ujjain. Out of the men of the palace, -I sent 6,000 or 7,000 horse with him, such as Saif Khan Barha, Haji -Bi Uzbeg, Salamu-llah `Arab, brother's son of Mubarak `Arab, who had -in his possession the province of Jutra(?) [296] and Darful(?) and -that neighbourhood, and other mansabdars and courtiers. At the time -of giving them leave I gave each one an increase of rank and robe of -honour and money for their expenses. Making Muhammad Beg paymaster -of the army, I provided him with 1,000,000 rupees to take with him. I -sent to Parwiz a special horse, and to the Khankhanan and other Amirs -and officers who were appointed to that Subah dresses of honour. - -After carrying out these matters I left the city for the purpose of -hunting. One thousand rupees were given to Mir `Ali Akbar. As the -Rabi` Fasl (Spring season) had arrived, for fear any damage should -happen to the cultivation of the ryots from the passage of the army, -and notwithstanding that I had appointed a qurisawul [297] (Erskine has -Kor, the Yasawal) (probably a kind of provost marshal) with the band of -ahadis for the purpose of guarding the fields, I ordered certain men -to see what damage had been done to the crops from stage to stage and -pay compensation to the ryots. I gave 10,000 rupees to the daughter of -the Khankhanan, the wife of Daniyal, 1,000 rupees to `Abdu-r-Rahim Khar -(i.e. ass) for expenses, and 1,000 to Qacha the Dakhani. On the 12th, -Khanjar Khan, brother of `Abdu-llah Khan, received the rank of 1,000 -personal and 500 horse original and extra, and Bahadur Khan, another -brother, that of 600 personal and 300 horse. On this day two antelopes -with horns and one doe were taken. On the 13th I bestowed on and sent -to Khan Jahan a special horse. Having promoted Badi`u-z-zaman, son of -Mirza Shahrukh, to the rank of 1,000 and 500 horse, I gave him 5,000 -rupees for expenses, and he was sent off with Khan Jahan for service -in the Deccan. On this day two male and three female antelope were -killed. On Wednesday, the 10th, I killed a female nilgaw and a black -antelope with a gun, and on the 15th a female nilgaw and a chikara -(gazelle). On the 17th of the month two rubies and a pearl were brought -to me by Jahangir Quli Khan from Gujarat, as well as a jewelled opium -box, which Muqarrab Khan had sent from the port of Cambay. On the -20th I killed with a gun a tigress and a nilgaw. There were two cubs -with the tigress, but they disappeared from view in consequence of -the thickness of the jungle and the number of trees. An order was -given that they should search for and bring them. When I reached -the halting-place my son Khurram brought me one of the cubs, and the -next day Mahabat Khan caught the other and brought it. On the 22nd, -when I had got within shot of a nilgaw, suddenly a groom (jilaudar) -and two kahar (bearers) appeared, and the nilgaw escaped. In a great -rage I ordered them to kill the groom on the spot, and to hamstring -[298] the kahars and mount them on asses and parade them through -the camp, so that no one should again have the boldness to do such a -thing. After this I mounted a horse and continued hunting with hawks -and falcons, and came to the halting-place. - -Next day, under the guidance of Iskandar Mu`in, I shot a large nilgaw, -and promoted him to the rank of 600 personal and 500 horse. On Friday, -the 24th, Safdar Khan, who had come from the Subah of Behar, had the -good fortune to perform his obeisance to me. He presented as offerings -a hundred muhrs, a sword, and five female and one male elephant. The -male elephant was accepted. On the same day Yadgar Khwaja of Samarkand -came from Balkh and paid his respects. He made offerings of an album, -some horses, and other presents, and was dignified with a robe of -honour. On Wednesday, 6th Zi-l-hijja, Mu`izzu-l-mulk, who had been -removed from the paymastership of the army against the rebel Rana, -ill and miserable, waited on me. On the 14th of the said month, -having pardoned all the faults of `Abdu-r-Rahim Khar, [299] I promoted -him to the rank of yuzbashi (centurion) and 20 horse, and ordered -him to go to Kashmir and in company with the bakhshi of that place -hold a muster of the troops of Qilij Khan and all the jagirdars and -Uymaks in the service or not, and to bring the list. Kishwar Khan, -son of Qutbu-d-din Khan, came from the fort of Rohtas and had the -good fortune to pay his respects to me. - - - - - - - - -THE FIFTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST FROM THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -On Sunday, the 24th Zi-l-hijja (20th March, 1610), after two watches -and three gharis the sun entered into the constellation of Aries, which -is the house of honour and good fortune, and at this auspicious hour -the New Year's feast was arranged at Bak Bhal, one of the villages of -the parganah of Bari, and according to the rules of my revered father -I mounted the throne. On that morning, which was the New Year's Day -that lighted up the world, and coincided with the 1st of Farwardin -of the 5th year from my accession, I held a public reception, and -all the nobles and servants of the Court had the good fortune to -pay their respects. Some of the nobles' offerings were laid before -me. Khan A`zam gave a pearl worth 4,000 rupees; Miran Sadr Jahan, -twenty-eight hawks and falcons, and other gifts; Mahabat Khan, two -European boxes, the sides of which were made with slabs of glass, -so that whatever was placed inside could be seen from outside in a -way that you might say there was nothing between them; Kishwar Khan, -twenty-two male and female elephants. In the same way each of the -servants of the Court laid before me the presents and offerings that -they had. Nasru-llah, son of Fathu-llah sharbatchi (in charge of the -sharbat), was placed in charge of the offerings. By Sarang Deo, who had -been appointed to carry orders to the victorious army of the Deccan, -I sent souvenirs (tabarruk) to Parwiz and to each of the officers. I -presented Husamu-d-din, son of Ghazi Khan [300] Badakhshi, who had -taken to the ways of a dervish and seclusion, with 1,000 rupees and -a farji shawl. The day after the New Year's Day I mounted and started -for a tiger-hunt. Two males and a female were killed. I gave rewards -to the ahadis who had shown bravery and gone in to the tigers, and -increased their monthly pay. On the 26th of the same month I went and -busied myself mostly with hunting nilgaw. As the air was hot and the -(propitious) hour for re-entering Agra had nearly arrived, I went to -Rupbas, and hunted antelope in that neighbourhood for some days. On -Saturday, the 1st Muharram, 1019, Rup Khawass, who was the founder of -Rupbas, presented the offering that he had prepared. That which pleased -was accepted and what remained was given him back as a reward. At the -same time Bayazid Mankali and his brothers, who had come from the Subah -of Bengal, were honoured with paying their respects. Sayyid Adam, son -of Sayyid Qasim Barha, who had come from Ahmadabad, also had the same -good fortune. He presented an elephant as an offering. The faujdarship -of the Subah of Multan was given to Wali Bi Uzbeg in place of Taj Khan. - -On Monday, the 3rd Muharram of the 5th year, I halted at the -Mandakar Garden, which is in the neighbourhood of the city. On the -morning on which was the auspicious hour of entry into the city, -after a watch and two gharis had passed I mounted and rode on a -horse to the beginning of the inhabited part, and when I came to -the immediate neighbourhood mounted on an elephant, so that the -people from far and near might see, and scattering money on both -sides of the road, at the hour that the astrologers had chosen, -after midday had passed, entered with congratulation and happiness -the royal palace. In accordance with the usual custom of the New -Year I had ordered them to decorate the palace, which is like the -courts of heaven. After seeing the decorations, Khwaja Jahan laid -before me the offering that he had prepared. Having accepted out of -the ornaments and jewels, dresses and goods, whatever I approved of, -I gave the rest as a reward to him. I had ordered the clerks of the -hunting department to write out (a list of) all the animals that -had been killed from the time of my leaving until I re-entered the -city. At this time they represented that in 56 days 1,362 animals, -quadrupeds, and birds had been killed; the tigers were 7 in number; -nilgaw, male and female, 70; black buck, 51; does and mountain goats -and antelope (rojh), etc., 82; kulang (cranes); peacocks, surkhab, -[301] and other birds, 129; fish, 1,023. On Friday, the 7th, Muqarrab -Khan came from the ports of Cambay and Surat, and had the honour of -waiting on me. He had brought jewels and jewelled things, and vessels -of gold and silver made in Europe, and other beautiful and uncommon -presents, male and female Abyssinian slaves, Arab horses, and things -of all kinds that came into his mind. Thus his presents were laid -before me for two and a half months, and most of them were pleasing -to me. On this day Safdar Khan, who held the rank of 1,000 personal -and 500 horse, had an increase of 500 personal and 200 horse, and was -presented with a standard, and given leave to return to his former -jagir. Standards were also given to Kishwar Khan and Faridun [302] -Khan Barlas. A fighting elephant for Afzal Khan (Abu-l-fazl's son) -was handed over to his son Bishutan, to take to his father. I bestowed -1,000 rupees on Khwaja Husain, a descendant of Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din -Chishti, as was usual for the half-year. The Khankhanan had sent -as an offering a "Yusuf and Zulaikha" in the handwriting of Mulla -Mir `Ali, [303] with illustrations and in a beautiful gilt binding, -worth 1,000 muhrs. This Ma`sum, his Wakil, brought and submitted. Up -to the day of culmination, which is the conclusion of the New Year's -feast, every day many offerings were laid before me by the Amirs and -servants of the Court. Whichever of the rarities was approved of by -me I accepted, and gave back what was left. On Thursday, the 13th, -corresponding to the 19th Farwardin, which is the day of culmination -of the sun and of gladness and pleasure, I ordered them to prepare -an entertainment of different kinds of intoxicating drinks, and an -order was given to the Amirs and servants of the Court that everyone -might choose the kind of drink he affected. Many took wine and some -mufarrih (exhilarating drinks), whilst some ate what they wished of the -preparations of opium. The assembly was successfully held. Jahangir -Quli Khan from Gujarat had sent as an offering a throne of silver, -inlaid and painted, of a new fashion and shape, which was presented to -me. A standard was also conferred on Maha Singh. In the commencement -of my reign I had repeatedly given orders that no one should make -eunuchs or buy or sell them, and whoever did so would be answerable -as a criminal. At this time Afzal Khan sent some of these evildoers -to Court from the Subah of Behar, who were continually perpetrating -this vile offence. I ordered these unthinking ones (bi-`aqibatan) -to be imprisoned for life. - -On the night of the 12th an uncommon and strange event took place. Some -Delhi singers (Qawwalan, see Jarrett, ii, 236) were singing songs -in my presence, and Sayyidi [304] Shah was, by way of buffoonery, -mimicking a religious dance. This verse of Amir Khusrau was the refrain -(miyan-khana) of the song-- - - - "Each nation has its right road of faith and its shrine - (qibla-gahi). - I've set up my shrine (qibla) on the path of him with the - cocked cap." - - -I asked what was the real meaning of the (last) hemistich. Mulla -`Ali Ahmad, [305] the seal engraver, who in his own craft was one of -the first of the age, and had the title of Khalifa, and was an old -servant, and with whose father I had learned when I was little, came -forward and said, "I have heard from my father that one day Shaikh -Nizamu-d-din Auliya had put his cap on the side of his head, and -was sitting on a terraced roof by the bank of the Jumna and watching -the devotions [306] of the Hindus. Just then Amir Khusrau appeared, -and the Shaikh turned to him and said, 'Do you see this crowd,' -and then he recited this line:-- - - - 'Each race has its right road of faith and its shrine' - (qibla-gahi). - - -The Amir, without hesitating, respectfully did homage to the Shaikh, -and addressing him said-- - - - 'I've set up my shrine in the direction of him with the - cocked cap.'" [307] - - -The aforesaid Mulla, when these words were uttered, and the last words -of the second hemistich passed over his tongue, became senseless and -fell down. Conceiving a great fear from his falling down, I went to -his head. Most of those who were present doubted whether he had not -had an epileptic fit. The physicians who were present distractedly -made inquiry and felt his pulse and brought medicine. However much -they beat their hands and feet and exerted themselves, he did not come -to. Immediately he fell he had delivered his soul to the Creator. As -his body was quite warm, they thought that possibly some life might -be left in him. After a short time it became evident that the thing -was all over and he was dead. They carried him away dead to his own -house. I had never seen this kind of death, and sent money to his -sons for his shroud and burial, and the next morning they sent him -to Delhi and buried him in the burial-place of his ancestors. - -On Friday, the 21st, Kishwar Khan, who held the rank of 1,500, was -promoted to 2,000 personal and horse, and, having been presented -with an Iraq horse out of my private stable, a robe of honour and a -private elephant, named Bakht-jit, [308] and the Faujdarship of the -country of Uch, was dismissed with a view to the punishment of the -rebels of that region. Bayazid Mankali, having been honoured with -a robe and a horse, was sent off together with his brothers in the -company of Kishwar Khan. An elephant from my private stud, by name -`Alam-guman, was entrusted to Habibu-llah for Raja Man Singh and -sent. A special horse was sent to Bengal for Kesho Das Maru, [309] -and a female elephant was now given to `Arab Khan, the jagirdar -of Jalalabad. At this time Iftikhar Khan had sent an offering of a -rare elephant from Bengal. As I approved of it, it was entered among -my private elephants. I raised the rank of Ahmad [310] Beg Khan, -who had been nominated to the command of the army of Bangash on -account of his good service and that of his sons, from his original -rank of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse by 500 more personal. I sent -a gold throne [311] of jewelled work for Parwiz, and a sarpich, -which was of rubies and pearls, and made at a cost of 2,000 rupees, -was sent for Khan Jahan by the hand of Habib, son of Sarbarah Khan, -to Burhanpur. At this time it became known that Kaukab, son of Qamar -Khan, had become intimate with a Sanyasi, and by degrees his words, -which were all blasphemous and impious, made an impression on that -foolish fellow. He had made `Abdu-l-Latif, son of Naqib Khan, and -Sharif, his cousins, partners in that error. When this affair was -discovered, with only a slight frightening they revealed certain -circumstances with regard to themselves, the relation of which would -be extremely disgusting. Considering their punishment advisable, -I imprisoned Kaukab [312] and Sharif after giving them a whipping, -and ordered `Abdu-l-Latif a hundred lashes in my presence. This -special chastisement (was given) for the purpose of carrying out -the Divine law in order that other ignorant persons might not be -disposed towards the same actions. On Monday, the 24th, Mu`azzam -Khan was despatched to Delhi to punish the rebels and disaffected -of that neighbourhood. Two thousand rupees were given to Shaja`at -Khan Dakhani. I had ordered Shaikh Husain Darshani to proceed with -certain firmans to Bengal and presents to each of the Amirs of that -Subah. I now gave him his orders and despatched him. With an eye on -his actions and his approved services, I promoted Islam Khan to the -rank of 5,000 personal and horse, and bestowed on him a special dress -of honour. I gave a special dress of honour also to Kishwar Khan, and -presented Raja Kalyan with an Iraq horse, and similarly to the other -Amirs there were given robes of honour or horses. Faridun Barlas, -who held the rank of 1,500 personal and 1,300 horse, I promoted to -2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. - -On the night of Monday, the 1st Safar, through the carelessness of the -servants, a great fire occurred in the house of Khwaja Abu-l-hasan, -and before they became aware of it and the fire could be put out -many of his properties were burnt. In order to afford consolation to -the mind of the Khwaja and to make up for the loss he had sustained, -I gave him 40,000 rupees. On Saif Khan Barha, who had been cherished -and brought up by me, I bestowed a standard. I increased the rank of -Mu`izzu-l-mulk, who had been appointed to the Diwanship of Kabul, -from his original of 1,000 personal and 225 horse by 200 personal -and 275 horse, and dismissed him. The next day I sent a phul-katara -(dagger) studded with valuable jewels to Burhanpur to Khan Jahan. - -A widow woman complained that Muqarrab Khan had taken her daughter -by force in the port of Cambay, and after some while, during which -he had kept her in his own house, when she enquired for the girl had -said that she had died by an unavoidable death. I ordered an enquiry -to be made into the affair. After much search I discovered that one -of his attendants had been guilty of this outrage, and had him put -to death, and reduced Muqarrab Khan's mansab by one half, and made -an allowance to the woman who had been thus injured. - -As on Sunday, the 7th of the month, a qiran-i-nahsin (an unlucky -conjunction) had occurred, I gave alms of gold and silver and other -metals, and different kinds of cereals, to faqirs and indigent people -to be divided in most parts of the dominion. On the night of Monday, -the 8th, having sent for Shaikh Husain Sirhindi and Shaikh Mustafa, -who were celebrated for the adoption of the ways of dervishdom and the -state of poverty, a party was held, and by degrees the assembly engaged -warmly in sama` and wajd (dervish dancing and ecstasy). Hilarity and -frenzy were not wanting. After the meeting was over I gave money to -each and gave him leave. As Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan repeatedly made -representations with regard to provisions for Qandahar and the monthly -pay of the musketeers of the said fort, I ordered 200,000 rupees to -be sent there from the treasury of Lahore. [313] - -On the 19th Urdibihisht, in the fifth year of my reign, corresponding -with the 4th Safar, there occurred a strange affair at Patna, which -is the seat of government of the province of Behar. Afzal Khan, the -governor of the Subah, went off to the jagir to which he had just -been appointed, and which was at a distance of 60 kos from Patna, and -handed over the fort and the city to the charge of Shaikh Banarasi and -Ghiyas Zain-khani, the Diwan of the Subah, and to a number of other -mansabdars. With the idea that there were no enemies in that region he -did not satisfy himself as he should have with regard to the protection -of the fort and city. By chance, at that time an unknown man of the -name of Qutb belonging to the people of Uch, who was a mischievous -and seditious fellow, came to the province of Ujjainiyya, [314] -which is in the neighbourhood of Patna, with the look of a dervish -and the clothes of a beggar, and having made acquaintance with men -of that part, who were always seditious, represented to them that he -was Khusrau, who had escaped from prison and conveyed himself there; -saying that if they would accompany and assist him, after the affair -had been completed they would be the ministers of his State. In short, -deceiving those simpletons with foolish words he brought them over to -him and persuaded them that he was Khusrau. He showed those deceived -ones the parts about his eyes, where at some time he had produced -scars, of which the marks were still apparent, and told them that in -the prison they had fastened cups (katori) on them and those were the -marks. [315] Through these falsehoods and deceit a number of foot- and -horsemen had collected round him, and had obtained information that -Afzal Khan was not at Patna. Considering this a great opportunity, -they made a raid, and when two or three hours of the day had passed -on Sunday came to the city, and being hindered by nothing went for -the fort. Shaikh Banarasi, who was in the fort, obtaining news of -this, went in a disturbed state to the gate of the fort. The enemy, -who came on with speed, did not give him time to close the gate of -the fort. Together with Ghiyas, he betook himself to the side of the -river by a wicket gate, and procuring a boat proposed to go to Afzal -Khan. Those rebels came with ease into the fort and took possession -of Afzal Khan's property and the royal treasury; and some of those -wretched creatures who wait on events, who were in the city and its -neighbourhood, joined them. This news reached Afzal Khan at Gorakhpur -(Kharakpur), [316] and Shaikh Banarasi and Ghiyas also came to him -there by way of the river. Letters came from the city that this wretch, -who called himself Khusrau, was in reality not Khusrau. Afzal Khan, -placing his trust on the grace and mercy of Allah, and through my -good fortune, started without delay against those rebels. In five -days he reached the neighbourhood of Patna. When the news of Afzal -Khan's coming reached those scoundrels, they entrusted the fort to -one of those whom they had confidence in, and the horse and foot -arraying themselves went out for four kos to meet Afzal Khan. A -fight took place on the bank of the river Pun Pun, and after a slight -skirmish the array of those ill-fated ones was broken and they became -scattered. In great bewilderment a second time that wretch was coming -into the fort with a few men. Afzal Khan followed him, and did not -allow them to close the gate of the fort. Going to Afzal Khan's house -in a state of confusion, they fortified the house and remained there -for three watches, and fought. They wounded about thirty people with -arrows. After his companions had gone to jahannam (hell) he himself -became helpless, and asked for quarter, and waited upon Afzal Khan. In -order to put a stop to this affair, Afzal Khan executed him on the -same day, and imprisoned some of his companions who had fallen alive -into his hand. These items of news one after another reached the -royal ear. I summoned to Agra Shaikh Banarasi and Ghiyas Zain-khani -and the other mansabdars who had made default in holding the fort and -protecting the city, and ordered their hair and beards to be cut off, -and that they should be clothed in women's clothes, seated on asses, -and paraded round the city of Agra and in the bazars, as a warning -and example to others. - -At this time representations succeeded each other from Parwiz and the -Amirs appointed to the Deccan and those who were well-wishers of the -State, that `Adil Khan Bijapuri prayed that they would send to him -Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain Inju, on whose words and acts all the rulers -of the Deccan had great reliance, that he might associate himself -with them and dispel the fear in their minds, and the affairs of -that place might be arranged as it might seem proper to `Adil Khan, -who had chosen the way of loyalty and service. In any case, he might -drive out of their minds the fear that was in them, and soothing them -might give him hopes of the royal favour. In order to obtain this end, -on the 16th of the same month I despatched the above-mentioned Mir, -giving him a present of 10,000 rupees. I increased the former rank of -Qasim Khan, which was 1,000 personal and 500 horse, by 500 personal -and horse, in order that he might go to the support of his brother -Islam Khan in Bengal. At the same time, in order to punish Bikramajit, -Zamindar of the province Bandhu, [317] who had withdrawn his foot -from the circle of obedience and service, I appointed Maha Singh, -grandson of Raja Man Singh, to proceed to put down the disaffection -in that region and at the same time administer the estate of the -jagir of the Raja, which was in that neighbourhood. - -On the 20th of the month I gave an elephant to Shaja`at Khan -Dakhani. As the governor of Jalalabad had written and represented -the ruinous state of the fort of that place, I ordered what might be -required for the repair of the said fort to be taken from the treasury -of Lahore. Iftikhar Khan had done approved service in Bengal. On -the request of the governor of that Subah I increased his original -rank, which was 1,500, by 500. On the 28th a representation came from -`Abdu-llah Khan Firuz-jang, containing recommendations in favour of -some of the zealous servants who had been sent with him to subdue the -rebel Rana. As Ghaznin Khan Jalwari had shown the greatest zeal of all -in this service, I increased by 500 personal and 400 horse his former -rank, which was 1,500 personal and 300 horse. In the same manner each -one of those persons was promoted according to his services. - -Daulat Khan, who had been sent to Allahabad to bring the throne of -black stone, came on Wednesday, the 4th of the month of Mihr (15th -September, 1610), and had an audience and brought the stone safe and -sound. In truth it was a wonderful slab, very black and shining. Many -say it is of a species of touchstone; in length it was one-eighth -less than four cubits, and in breadth 2 1/2 cubits and one tasu, -[318] whilst its thickness may be three tasu. I ordered stone-cutters -to carve suitable couplets on the sides of it. They had attached feet -to it of the same kind of stone. I often sat on that throne. - -As the brothers of Khan `Alam became security for him, I brought out -of prison `Abdu-s-Subhan Khan, who was in confinement for certain -offences, and promoted him to the rank of 1,000 personal and 400 -horse, and appointed him to the faujdarship of the Subah of Allahabad, -and gave him the jagir of Qasim Khan, the brother of Islam Khan. I -sent Tarbiyat Khan to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Alwar. On the -12th of the same month a representation arrived from Khan Jahan that -the Khankhanan, according to my order, had started for the Court in -company with Mahabat Khan, and that Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain, who had -been nominated by the Court to go to Bijapur, had also gone from -Burhanpur, together with the wakils of `Adil Khan, to Bijapur. On -the 21st of the same month I promoted Murtaza Khan to the subadarship -of the Panjab, which is one of the largest charges in my dominions, -and gave him a special shawl. Having appointed Taj Khan, who was -in the Subah of Multan to the governorship of Kabul, I added 500 -horse to the rank of 3,000 personal and 1,500 horse already held by -him. At the request of `Abdu-llah Khan Firuz-jang, the son of Rana -Shankar was also promoted in rank. When Mahabat Khan, who had been -sent to Burhanpur to ascertain the numbers of the forces of the Amirs -appointed to the Deccan, and to bring the Khankhanan, arrived in the -neighbourhood of Agra, he left the Khankhanan some stages off the city -and came on in front himself, and was honoured with the good fortune -of paying his respects and kissing the threshold. After a few days, -on the 12th Aban, the Khankhanan came and waited on me. As many of -those who were loyal had represented the state of his affairs whether -true or false, according to their ideas, and I was displeased with -him, because the degree of favour and regard that I previously had -observed in his case and that I had seen in my revered father had -not produced its effect, I did justice in the matter, for previously -to this a letter of appointment to the service of the Deccan for a -certain time had been given to him, and he had proceeded there in -attendance on Sultan Parwiz with other nobles for that important -matter. After he arrived at Burhanpur he had not looked to the -opportuneness of the time, and at an improper season for moving, -and when forage and other necessaries had not been laid in, he had -taken Sultan Parwiz and his forces above the Ghats, and by degrees, -in consequence of want of concert among the Sardars and his treachery, -and of conflicting opinions, things had come to such a pass that -grain was obtained with difficulty, and not a man was to be got for -large sums of money. The affairs of the army became so confused that -nothing went on properly, and horses, camels, and other four-footed -beasts died. In consequence of the exigency of the time he had patched -up a kind of peace with the enemy and withdrawn Sultan Parwiz and -the army to Burhanpur. As this business did not turn out well, all -the well-wishers of the State knew that this division (of counsels) -and confusion had arisen from treachery and want of arrangement of the -Khankhanan, and represented this to the Court. Although this appeared -altogether incredible, at last this impression was left upon my mind, -and a representation came from Khan Jahan to the effect that all -this mischief and confusion had arisen through the treachery of the -Khankhanan; either this service should be left entirely in his control, -or, summoning him to Court, I should appoint to this duty this man -whom I had myself cherished and brought up, and appoint 30,000 horse -to support this slave (Khan Jahan himself), in order that in the space -of two years, having freed the whole of the royal province, now in the -possession of the enemy, and having brought the fort of Qandahar [319] -and other forts on the border into the occupation of the servants of -the Court, he should include in the royal dominions the province of -Bijapur. If he did not complete this service in that time, he might -be debarred from the good fortune of paying his respects (to me) -and would not show his face to the servants of the Court. When the -relations between the Sardars and the Khankhanan reached this point, -I did not consider it advisable for him to be there any longer, and -handed over the command to Khan Jahan and sent for him to Court. In -reality the cause of my disinclination and want of favour to him was -this. The degree of inclination and disinclination towards him in -future will be in accordance with whatever may become clear. - -I favoured and promoted Sayyid `Ali Barha, who is one of our -distinguished young men, with an increase of 500 personal and 200 -horse beyond his previous rank, which was 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -and gave Darab Khan, son of the Khankhanan, the rank of 1,000 personal -and 500 horse, with the Sarkar of Ghazipur as his jagir. Previously to -this I had had the daughter of Mirza Muzaffar Husain, son of Sultan -Husain Mirza Safawi, ruler of Qandahar, betrothed to my son Sultan -Khurram, and on this date, the 17th Aban, as the marriage meeting -had been arranged, I went to the house of Baba Khurram and passed the -night there. I presented most of the Amirs with robes of honour. Some -of those confined in the fort of Gwalior I released, and especially -Haji Mirak. Islam Khan had collected 100,000 rupees from the khalisa -(directly managed) parganahs. As he was at the head of the army and the -service, I handed this over to him as a present. Giving a little gold -and silver and some of every kind of jewellery and grain to trustworthy -men, I determined that they should distribute them to the poor of -Agra. On the same day a report came from Khan Jahan that Iraj, the son -of the Khankhanan, had obtained leave from the prince, and according -to orders he had despatched him to Court. With regard to what had been -ordered in the case of Abu-l-fath, of Bijapur, as the above-mentioned -was an experienced man, and his being sent would cause despair to -the other Sardars of the Deccan to whom promises had been made, he -had (therefore) kept him under surveillance. [320] An order had been -sent that as Kesho Das, the son of Ray Kalah(?), was in the service -of Parwiz, if any impediment should occur in sending him, he (Khan -Jahan) should despatch him whether he wished it or not. Immediately -on this becoming known to Parwiz, he gave him leave and said to Khan -Jahan: "These few words from my mouth thou wilt represent, that as -I would give my existence and life for the service of my visible God -(Jahangir), what is there in the being or annihilation of Kesho Das -[321] that I should show any resistance in sending him? When they -(i.e. the king) send for my confidential servants for any reason it -produces a feeling of hopelessness and disquietude of mind in the rest, -and becoming known in these regions gives an idea of disfavour on the -part of our lord and Qibla (place looked towards in worship). As for -the rest, it is His Majesty's order." From the date on which the fort -of Ahmadnagar, by the efforts of my deceased brother Daniyal, came -into the possession of the heads of the victorious State, up till now, -the guardianship and preservation of that place had been entrusted to -Khwaja Beg Mirza Safawi, who was a relative of the asylum of pardon -Shah Tahmasp. After the disturbance of the rebel Deccanis went to a -great length, and they besieged the said fort, he had committed no -fault in the duties of devotedness and holding of the fort. When -the Khankhanan and the Amirs and other leaders who had assembled -at Burhanpur in waiting on Parwiz devoted themselves to the driving -back and defeat of the rebels, and from the differences of opinion -and quarrels of the Amirs, and the absence of provision of forage -and grain, those who looked after matters of importance brought this -large army into improper roads and among hills and difficult passes, -they in a short space of time rendered it wretched and impotent, -and matters had come to such a pass and the difficulty with regard -to grain was such that they were giving a life for a loaf. They then -turned back helplessly with their objects unfulfilled. The garrison of -the fort, who were expecting aid from this army, on hearing this news, -lost heart and stability, and tumultuously wished to vacate the fort -at once. When Khwaja Beg Mirza became aware of this he endeavoured -to soothe and quiet the men, but though he did his best it had -no good result. At last, under an agreement, he vacated the fort, -and proceeded to Burhanpur, and on the day mentioned waited on the -prince. Representations with regard to his coming reached me, and, -as it was clear that he had not been wanting in bravery and loyalty, -I ordered his rank of 5,000 personal and horse to be confirmed and -a jagir to be given him. On the 9th a petition came from some of the -Amirs in the Deccan that on the 22nd Sha`ban Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain -had gone to Bijapur. `Adil Khan sent his wakil forward for 20 kos, -and himself received him at a distance of 3 kos, and took the Mir by -the same road to his own residence. - -As the desire to hunt overcame me, at a propitious hour determined by -the astrologers, when a watch and six gharis had passed on the night -of Friday, the 15th Ramazan, corresponding with the 10th Azar in the -5th year (of my reign), I started to hunt, and made my first halt in -the Dahrah Garden, which is near the city. At this stage I gave Mir -`Ali Akbar leave to go into the city after bestowing on him 2,000 -rupees and a special warm wrapper (fargul). In order that the grain -and cultivation should not be trodden down by my men I ordered that -all should remain in the city but the men who were actually wanted -and my personal servants. Having entrusted the charge of the city -to Khwaja Jahan I gave him his leave. On the 14th Sa`du-llah Khan, -son of Sa`id Khan, was given an elephant. On the 28th, corresponding -with the 21st Ramazan, forty-four elephants, which Hashim Khan, son -of Qasim Khan, had sent as an offering from Orissa, were produced -before me. Of these one was very good and tame; this one I put in my -private stud. On the 28th an eclipse (of the sun, kusuf) took place, -in order to do away with the unluckiness of which I weighed myself -against gold and silver; it came to 1,800 tolas of gold and 4,900 -rupees. This, along with several kinds of vegetables and sorts of -animals such as elephants and horses and cattle, I ordered to be -divided among deserving people who were unprovided for and helpless -poor of the city of Agra and other cities in the neighbourhood. - -As the affairs of the army which had been nominated for the subjugation -of the Deccan under the command of Parwiz, and leadership of the -Khankhanan and other high Amirs such as Raja Man Singh, Khan Jahan, -Asaf Khan, the Amiru-l-umara, and other mansabdars, and other leaders -of every tribe and condition, had ended in this, that they had turned -back from half-way and returned to Burhanpur, and all the confidential -servants and news-writers who spoke the truth had sent in reports -to the Court, that although there were many causes for the ruin of -this army, yet the chief reason was the disagreement of the Amirs, -especially the treachery of the Khankhanan, it came into my mind that -I must send Khan A`zam with another fresh and powerful army to make -amends for and set to rights some of the improper proceedings that had -arisen from the disagreement of the Amirs that has been described. On -the 11th of Day he (Khan A`zam) was honoured with the charge of this -duty, and an order was given to the Diwans to make preparations and -send him off quickly. I appointed Khan `Alam, Faridun Khan Barlas, -Yusuf Khan, son of Husain Khan Tukriyah, `Ali Khan Niyazi, Baz Bahadur -Qalmaq, and other mansabdars, near to the number of 10,000 horse, -to accompany him. It was settled that in addition to the ahadis -who were appointed to this duty 2,000 others should accompany him, -making altogether 12,000 horse. Having sent with him thirty lakhs of -rupees and several elephants, I gave him his leave and presented him -with a magnificent dress of honour, a jewelled sword-belt, a horse -with a jewelled saddle, a private elephant, and 500,000 rupees for -expenses. An order was given that the chiefs of the civil department -should recover this from his jagir. The Amirs who were under his -orders were honoured with robes of honour, horses, and presents. I -increased by 500 more horse the rank held by Mahabat Khan, of 4,000 -personal and 3,000 horse, and ordered him to conduct Khan A`zam and -this army to Burhanpur, and having enquired into (the circumstances of) -the destruction of the army, should give the order of the appointment -of the Khan A`zam to the Amirs of those regions and make them of one -purpose and counsel with him. He was to see the state of preparation -of the army of those parts, and after arranging all matters should -bring the Khankhanan with him to Court. On Sunday, the 4th Shawwal, -when near the end of the day, I engaged in a cheetah hunt. I had -determined that on this day and Thursdays no animals should be killed -and I would eat no meat, on Sunday especially because of the respect my -revered father had for that day in not being inclined to eat flesh on -it, and in forbidding the killing of any animals for the reason that -on the night of Sunday his own honoured birth had taken place. He -used to say it was better on that day that all animals should be -free from the calamity of those of a butcherly disposition. Thursday -is the day of my accession. On that day also I ordered that animals -should not be killed, so that whilst sporting I should not shoot an -arrow or a gun at wild animals. In hunting with cheetahs Anup Ray, -who is one of my close attendants, was heading the men who were with -him in the hunt at a little distance [322] from me and came to a -tree on which some kites were sitting. When his sight fell on those -kites he took a bow and some pointless arrows (tukka) and went towards -them. By chance in the neighbourhood of that tree he saw a half-eaten -bullock. Near it a huge, powerful tiger got up out of a clump that was -near and went off. Though not more than two gharis of day remained, -as he knew my liking for tiger-hunting, he and some of those who -were with him surrounded the tiger and sent some one to me to give -me the news. When it reached me I rode there at once in a state of -excitement and at full speed, and Baba Khurram, Ram Das, I`timad Ray, -Hayat Khan, and one or two others went with me. On arriving I saw the -tiger standing in the shade of a tree, and wished to fire at him from -horseback but found that my horse was unsteady, and dismounted and -aimed and fired my gun. As I was standing on a height and the tiger -below, I did not know whether it had struck him or not. In a moment -of excitement I fired the gun again, and I think that this time I hit -him. The tiger rose and charged, and wounding the chief huntsman, -who had a falcon on his wrist and happened to be in front of him, -sat down again in his own place. In this state of affairs, placing -another gun on a tripod, [323] I took aim (majra giriftam [324]). Anup -Ray stood holding the rest, and had a sword in his belt and a baton -(kutaka) in his hand. Baba Khurram was a short distance off to my -left, and Ram Das and other servants behind him. Kamal the huntsman -(qarawul) loaded the gun and placed it in my hand. When I was about -to fire, the tiger came roaring towards us and charged. I immediately -fired. The ball passed through the tiger's mouth and teeth. The noise -of the gun made him very savage, and the servants who had crowded -together could not stand his charge and fell over one another, so -that I, through their pushing and shock, was moved a couple of paces -from my place and fell down. In fact, I am sure that two or three of -them placed their feet on my chest and passed over me. I`timad Ray -and the huntsman Kamal assisting me, I stood up. At this moment the -tiger made for those who were on the left-hand side. Anup Ray let the -rest slip out of his hand and turned towards the tiger. The tiger, -with the same activity with which he had charged, turned on him, -and he manfully faced him, and struck him twice with both hands on -the head with the stick he had in his hand. The tiger, opening his -mouth, seized both of Anup Ray's arms with it, and bit them so that -his teeth passed through both, but the stick and the bracelets on his -arms were helpful, and did not allow his arms to be destroyed. From -the attack and pushing of the tiger Anup Ray fell down between -the tiger's fore-feet, so that his head and face were opposite the -tiger's chest. At this moment Baba Khurram and Ram Das came up to -the assistance of Anup Ray. The prince struck the tiger on the loins -with his sword, and Ram Das also struck him twice with his sword, -once on the shoulder-blade. On the whole it was very warm work, and -Hayat Khan struck the tiger several blows over the head with a stick -he had in his hand. Anup Ray with force dragged his arms out of the -tiger's mouth and struck him two or three times on the cheek with -his fist, and rolling over on his side stood up by the force of his -knees. At the time of withdrawing his arms from the tiger's mouth, -as his teeth had passed through them, they were partly torn, and -both his paws passed over his shoulders. When he stood up, the tiger -also stood up and wounded him on the chest with his claws, so that -those wounds troubled him for some days. As the ground was uneven, -they rolled over each other, holding on like two wrestlers. In the -place where I was standing the ground was quite level. Anup Ray says -that God Almighty gave him so much intelligence that he bore the tiger -over deliberately to [325] one side (in the original, that side), and -that he knew no more. At this time the tiger left him and was making -off. He in that state of bewilderment raised up his sword and followed -him and struck him on the head. When the tiger turned his face round, -he struck him another blow on the face, so that both his eyes were cut, -and the skin of the eyebrows, which had been severed by the sword, -fell over his eyes. In this state of affairs, a lamp-man of the name -of Salih, as it was time to light the lamps, came in a hurry and by -a blind chance [326] came across the tiger. The tiger struck him one -blow with his paw and knocked him down. To fall and give up his life -were the same thing. Other people came in and finished the tiger's -business. As Anup Ray had done this service to me and I had witnessed -the way in which he offered his life, after he had recovered from the -pain of his wounds and had the honour of waiting on me, I bestowed on -him the title of Anira'i Singh-dalan. Anira'i [327] they call in the -Hindi language the leader of an army, and the meaning of Singh-dalan -is a tiger-slayer. Giving him a special sword of my own, I increased -his mansab. I gave Khurram, son of Khan A`zam, who had been appointed -to the governorship of the province of Junagadh, the title of Kamil -Khan. On Sunday, the 3rd Zi-l-qa`da, I employed myself in fishing, -and 766 fish were caught; these were divided in my presence among the -Amirs, Ibachkian (?), [328] and most of the servants. I eat no fish but -those that have scales, but not because the professors of the Shiah -faith look on those without scales as unlawful, but the cause of my -aversion is this, that I have heard from old men, and it has become -known to me by experience as well, that fish without scales eat the -flesh of dead animals and fish with scales do not eat it. From this -cause, to eat them is contrary to my disposition. The Shiahs know -[329] why they do not eat them and for what reason they consider -them unlawful. One of my home-bred camels that was with me in the -hunt carried five nilgaws that weighed 42 Hindustani maunds. I had -before this sent for Naziri of Nishapur, who excelled other men in -the art of poetry, and passed his time in Gujarat as a merchant. At -this time he came and waited on me, and imitating a poem of Anwari, - - - "Again, what youth and beauty this is for the world!" - - -laid before me a poem that he had composed on me. I presented him -with 1,000 rupees, a horse, and a robe of honour as a gift for this -poem. I had also sent for Hakim Hamid Gujarati, whom Murtaza Khan -greatly praised, and he came and waited on me. His good qualities -and purity were better than his doctoring. He waited on me for some -time. When it became known that there was no physician but himself in -Gujarat, and I found he himself desired leave to go, I gave him and his -sons 1,000 rupees and some shawls, and set aside a whole village for -his maintenance; he went off to his native place quite happy. Yusuf -Khan, son of Husain Khan Tukriyah, came from his jagir and waited on -me. On Thursday, the 10th Zi-l-hijja, was the festival of the Qurban -(the sacrifice of Ishmael). As it is forbidden to take life on that -day (Thursday), I ordered that on the Friday they should kill the -sacrificial animals. Having sacrificed three sheep with my own hand, -I mounted to go hunting, and returned when six gharis of night had -passed. On this day was killed a nilgaw (commonly called blue bull) -of the weight of 9 maunds and 35 seers. The story of this nilgaw is -written because it is not devoid of strangeness. In the two past years, -during which I had come to this same place to wander about and hunt I -had shot at him each time with a gun. As the wounds were not in a fatal -place, he had not fallen, but gone off. This time again I saw that -nilgaw in the hunting-ground (shikargah), and the watchman recognized -that in the two previous years he had gone away wounded. In short, I -fired at him again three times on that day. It was in vain. I pursued -him rapidly on foot for three kos, but however much I exerted myself -I could not catch him. At last I made a vow that if this nilgaw fell -I would have his flesh cooked, and for the soul of Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din -would give it to eat to poor people. I also vowed a muhr and one rupee -to my revered father. Soon after this the nilgaw became worn out with -moving, and I ran to his head and ordered them to make it lawful (cut -its throat in the name of Allah) on the spot, and having brought it to -the camp I fulfilled my vow as I had proposed. They cooked the nilgaw, -and expending the muhr and rupee on sweets. I assembled poor and hungry -people and divided them among them in my own presence. Two or three -days afterwards I saw another nilgaw. However much I exerted myself -and wished he would stand still in one place, so that I might fire -at him, I could get no chance. With my gun on my shoulder I followed -him till near evening until it was sunset, and despaired of killing -him. Suddenly it came across my tongue, "Khwaja, this nilgaw also -is vowed to you." My speaking and his sitting down were at one and -the same moment. I fired at and hit him, and ordered him, like the -first nilgaw, to be cooked and given to the poor to eat. On Saturday, -the 19th Zi-l-hijja, I fished again. This time about 330 fish were -caught. On the night of Wednesday, the 28th [330] of the same month, -I encamped at Rupbas. As this was one of my fixed hunting-places -and there was an order that no one should hunt in the neighbourhood, -a great number of antelope had come together in the desert there, so -much so that they came into the inhabited parts and were not subject -to any kind of molestation. I hunted for two or three days in those -desert plains, and shot, and hunted with cheetahs many antelopes. As -the hour for entering the city was near, making two halts on the way, -I alighted on the night of Thursday, the 2nd Muharram, in the year 1020 -(17th March, 1611), at the garden of `Abdu-r-Razzaq Ma`muri, which is -near, in fact close to, the city. On this night many of the servants -of the Court, such as Khwaja Jahan, Daulat Khan, and a number who had -remained in the city, came and waited on me. Iraj also, whom I had -sent for from the Subah of the Deccan, had the honour of kissing the -threshold. I stayed in that garden also on the Friday. On that day -`Abdu-r-Razzaq presented his own offerings. As this was the last day -for hunting, an order was given that the duration of the hunt and the -number of animals killed should be counted up to me. The time of the -hunt was from the 9th of the month of Azar to the 29th Isfandarmuz of -the 5th year, or three months and twenty days. In this time tigers -12, deer (gawzan) 1, chikarah (gazelle) 44, kutah-pacha (hog-deer) -1 head, fawns 2 head, black buck 68 head, does 31 head, foxes 4, -kurara deer 8, patal (?) 1, bears 5, hyænas 3, hares 6, nilgaw 108, -fish 1,096, eagle 1, bustard 1, peafowl 5, herons 5, partridges 5, -brahmini ducks (surkhab) 1, saras 5, dhik (?) 1; total, 1,414. - -On Saturday, the 29th Isfandarmuz, corresponding to the 4th Muharram, -I mounted an elephant and went to the city. From the garden of -`Abdu-r-Razzaq to the palace the distance is a kos and 20 tanab. I -scattered 1,500 rupees to the crowd. At the fixed hour I entered the -palace. The bazars had been decorated with cloths after the manner of -the New Year's feast. As at the hunting-time an order had been given -to Khwaja Jahan to prepare in the Mahall (Zenanah) a building fit for -me to sit in, the said Khwaja had in the space of three months prepared -and brought to perfection this kind of lofty building, and with folded -hands (in humility) had done exceedingly active work. Coming off -the dust of the road I entered that Paradise-like building and went -to look round that abode, and it was very much to my taste. Khwaja -Jahan was dignified with much praise and commendation. The offerings -he had prepared were displayed to me in the same building. Some of -these were approved and accepted and the remainder presented to him. - - - - - - - - -THE SIXTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER MY AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -Two gharis and forty seconds of day had passed on the Monday when the -sun (lit. his honour the greatest star) entered his tower of honour, -which is in the constellation of Aries. That day was the 1st Farwardin, -corresponding with the 6th Muharram [331] (21st March, 1611). The feast -of the New Year having been prepared, I seated myself on the throne -of good fortune. The Amirs and all the servants of the Court enjoyed -the good fortune of waiting on me and gave their congratulations. The -offerings of the servants of the Court Miran Sadr Jahan, `Abdu-llah -Khan Firuz-jang, and Jahangir Quli Khan, were laid before me. On -Wednesday, the 8th Muharram, the offering of Raja Kalyan, who had -sent it from Bengal, was laid before me. On Thursday, the 9th of -the same month, Shaja`at Khan and some of the mansabdars, who had -come on summons from the Deccan, waited on me. I gave a jewelled -waist-dagger to Razzaq-wirdi Uzbeg. On the same day the New Year's -offering of Murtaza Khan was laid before me. He had prepared all -kinds of things. Having inspected all these, I took what I approved -in the shape of valuable jewels, fine cloths, elephants, and horses -and gave back the rest. I presented a jewelled dagger to Abu-l-fath -Dakhani, 3,000 rupees to Mir `Abdu-llah, and an Iraq horse to Muqim -Khan. I increased the rank of Shaja`at Khan, which was 1,500 personal -and 100 horse, by 500 personal and horse. I had summoned him from -the Deccan for the purpose of sending him to Bengal to Islam Khan, -in reality to take his place permanently, and I entrusted him with -the charge of that Subah. Khwaja Abu-l-hasan laid before me (as -offerings) two rubies, one royal pearl, and ten rings. I gave Iraj, -the son of Khankhanan, a jewelled dagger. The rank of Khurram was 8,000 -personal and 5,000 horse; I increased his personal allowance by 2,000, -and increased that of Khwaja Jahan, which was 1,500 personal, 1,000 -horse by 500 personal, 200 horse. On 24th Muharram, 18th Farwardin, -the day of the ascendant, Yadgar `Ali Sultan, ambassador of Shah -`Abbas, ruler of Persia, who had come on a visit of condolence on -the death of the late king and with congratulations on my accession, -had the honour of waiting on me, and laid before me the gifts Shah -`Abbas, my brother, had sent. He had brought good horses, cloth stuffs, -and every kind of fitting present. After he had presented the gifts, -on the same day I gave him a superb robe of honour and 30,000 rupees, -which were equivalent to 1,000 Persian tumans. He handed me a letter -in which were mingled congratulations and condolences for the death -of my revered father. As in the letter of congratulation he expressed -the greatest friendship, and omitted no point of regard and concord, -it has pleased me to enter here an exact copy of it. - - - -Copy of the letter of Shah `Abbas. - -"May the sprinklings of the cloud of the grace of God and the -dropping of the favour of the Almighty impart freshness to the -gardens of wonderful men and inventors (of new things)! May the -flower-bed of sovereignty and rule and the mead of magnificence -and exalted happiness of his Honour of heavenly dignity, of sun-like -grandeur, the king whose fortune is young, of Saturn-like majesty, the -renowned prince, possessing the authority of the spheres, the Khedive, -the world-gripper (Jahangir) and country-conquering sovereign, the -prince of the exaltedness of Sikandar, with the banner of Darius, -he who sits on the throne of the pavilion of greatness and glory, -the possessor of the (seven) climes, the increaser of the joys of -good fortune and prosperity, adorner of the gardens of happiness, -decorator of the rose-parterre, lord of the happy conjunction (of the -planets), the opener of the countenance, the perfection of kinghood, -expounder of the mysteries of the sky, the adornment of the face of -learning and insight, index of the book of creation, compendium of -human perfections, mirror of the glory of God, elevator of the lofty -soul, increaser of good fortune and of the beneficent ascension, -sun of the grandeur of the skies, the shadow of the benignity of the -Creator, he who has the dignity of Jamshid among the stars of the -host of heaven, lord of conjunction, refuge of the world, river of the -favours of Allah, and fountain of unending mercy, verdure of the plain -of purity, may his land (lit. surface) be guarded from the calamity of -the evil eye; may his fountain of perfection be preserved in truth, -his desire and love; the tale of his good qualities and benevolence -cannot be written. - - - "'The pen has not the tongue to express the secret of love.' - - -Although outwardly the distance (between us) prevents my attaining -to the ka`bah of desire, yet he is the qiblah of my keen longing -for spiritual intercourse. Thank God that by virtue of essential -oneness this humble supplicant and that pure nursling of glory have in -reality been united to one another. The distance of space and outward -separation of the body not having prevented nearness of soul and -spiritual union, my face is still towards friendship, and accordingly -the dust of sorrow has not settled on the sun-like mirror of my mind, -but it has received the reflection of the beauty of that exhibitor of -perfection, and the olfactory of my soul has been ever scented with -the sweet savour of friendship and love and the ambergris-perfumed -breezes of affection and concord, and spiritual fellowship and -perpetual union have rubbed off the rust from friendship. - - - "'I sit beside thee in thought, and my heart is at ease, - For this is an union not followed by separation's pain.' - - -"Praise be given to the most mighty and pure God that the plant of -the desire of true friends hath borne the fruit of fruition. Success -(maqsud), that beauty who for years was hidden behind the veil, has -by dint of humility and supplication at the throne of the Almighty, -come forth and manifested herself from the hidden bridal chamber, -and a ray of perfection has been thrown on the plain of the hopes -of the expectants; she has ascended the auspicious throne and seated -herself beside the king who adorns the assembly and enhances the glory -of the tribune of the king of kings. The world-opening standard of -the Caliphate and rule, and the sky-scraping umbrella of justice and -world-sway of that creator of the diadem and throne, and that opener -of the knots of knowledge and wisdom have cast the shade of equity -and sovereignty and mercy over the heads of the inhabitants of the -world. My hope is that the chief of desire-granters may make the -auspicious ascension of that blessed rising of fortune brighten the -crown and illuminate the throne, making it of good omen and prosperous -to all, and may the things that appertain to kingship and rule of -the world and the causes of dignity and prosperity be ever on the -increase! For long past the customs of amity and the ways of intimacy, -which have been in existence between our ancestors, and now freshly -have been re-established between this one who is bent on friendship -and him who is intent on equity, demanded that when the good news of -the accession of him who sits on the Gurgani throne and is the heir of -the crown of Timur reached this country, one of the confidants of the -royal palace should be quickly nominated to convey congratulations, -but inasmuch as the business of Azarbijan and the conquest of the -province of Shirwan just then occurred, and until my loving mind was -satisfied as to the affairs of that province, I could not return to my -capital, some delay took place in the accomplishment of this important -duty. Although outward ceremonial observances and politenesses have -not much weight with people of knowledge and discernment, yet the -observance of them is the observance of the dues of friendship. Of -necessity, therefore, at this auspicious time when the attention of -the servants of holy angels (?) has been withdrawn from the affairs -of that province, which have been arranged in accordance with the -desires of my well-wishers, and I am at ease in that quarter, I -have returned and settled down in my capital of Isfahan, which is -the permanent seat of rule. Therefore I have despatched Kamalu-d-din -Yadgar `Ali, who possesses the attributes of nobility, is perfect in -sincerity and fully reliable, who is moreover of the number of devoted -servants and Sufis of pure design of our family, to the most exalted -Court, that after he has obtained the good fortune to salute you, -to condole with you, and kissed the carpet of honour, and performed -the dues of inquiry (after health, etc.) and congratulations, he may -obtain leave to return, and may convey to the sincere mind of your -well-wisher the good tidings of the safety of your angelic person -and the health of your temperament that is of the brightness of -the sun and increases joy. It is hoped that the tree of hereditary -friendship and assiduousness, and the garden of intimacy and regard, -both apparent and spiritual, which by the irrigation of the rivers of -affection and the brooks of sincere regard acquire great splendour -and greenness, not casting their leaves, may set in motion the cord -of intimacy and drive away the misfortune of estrangement by the -arrival of correspondence, which is the communication of the soul, -and may connect by spiritual chains our visible friendship, and may -favour the course and accomplishment of business. - -"May God Almighty give the assistance of the secret powers to that -living family of dignity and glory and that household of grandeur -and good fortune." - - - -Up to this is the copy of the letter of my brother Shah `Abbas. - -My brothers Sultan Murad and Daniyal, who had died in the lifetime of -my revered father, people had called by several names. I ordered that -one of them should be called Shahzada maghfur (the pardoned prince), -and the other Shahzada marhum (the prince admitted to mercy). I -promoted I`timadu-d-daulah and `Abdu-r-Razzaq Ma`muri, who each held -the rank of 1,500, to that of 1,800, and increased the horse-rank of -Qasim Khan, brother of Islam Khankhanan, by 250. I dignified Iraj, -eldest son of the Khankhanan, with the title of Shah-nawaz Khan, and -Sa`du-llah, son of Sa`id Khan, with the appellation of Nawazish Khan. - -At the time of my accession I had increased weights and measures -(lit. gaz), viz. to the extent of three ratis (small weight equal to -eight barleycorns), in the weight of muhrs and rupees. At this time -it was represented to me that in mercantile transactions it would be -for the convenience of the people that muhrs and rupees should be of -the same weight as previously. As in all affairs the contentment and -ease of the people are to be looked to, I gave an order that from the -present day, that is, the 11th Urdibihisht in the 6th year of my reign, -they should strike muhrs and rupees of the former weight in all the -mints of my dominions. As before this, on Saturday, the 2nd of the -month of Safar, in the year 1020, the evil-dispositioned Ahdad had -heard that Kabul was deprived of an eminent leader, that Khan Dauran -[332] was in the interior, and only Mu`izzu-l-mulk with a few servants -of the aforesaid was in Kabul, thinking it a good opportunity he -(Ahdad) betook himself unexpectedly to Kabul with a large number of -horsemen and foot-soldiers. Mu`izzu-l-mulk, according to the measure of -his ability, displayed activity, and the Kabulis and other inhabitants, -especially the Farmuli [333] tribe, barricaded up the streets and -fortified their houses. The Afghans with some guns came in to the -streets and bazars from different directions. The people from the -shelter of their terraces and houses killed many of these wretches with -arrows and guns, and Bargi, [334] one of the confidential leaders of -Ahdad, was killed. From the occurrence of this affair, for fear that -the people from all sides and quarters should assemble and block the -road for them to get out, giving up their hearts and feet (in a state -of distraction), in fear and confusion they turned back. About 800 of -those dogs went to jahannam (hell), and 200, having caught horses, -hastily escaped with their lives from that deadly place. Nad `Ali -Maidani, who was in Lahugar, at last on the same day arrived there, -and pursued them for a short distance. As the distance (between them) -was too great and his band small, he turned back. For the energy -he had shown in coming quickly, and for the activity displayed by -Mu`izzu-l-mulk, they were both promoted in rank; Nad `Ali, who held -that of 1,000 personal to that of 1,500, and Mu`izzu-l-mulk, who held -the rank of 1,500, to 1,800. As it transpired that Khan Dauran and -the Kabulis were in the habit of passing their days in carelessness, -and the repelling of the evil disposition of Ahdad had taken a long -time it occurred to me that as the Khankhanan was without employment -I might appoint him and his sons to this duty. Soon after this idea -occurred, Qilij Khan, to summon whom a firman had already been issued, -came from the Panjab and obtained the honour of an audience. It became -evident from the forehead of his circumstances (his manner) that he -was annoyed at the duty of driving back the ill-dispositioned Ahdad -being assigned to Khankhanan. As he faithfully promised to take up -this duty, it was settled that the governorship of the Subah of the -Panjab should belong to Murtaza Khan, and that the Khankhanan should -remain at home, and that Qilij Khan should be promoted to the rank of -6,000 personal and 5,000 horse, and be appointed to Kabul to drive back -Ahdad and the up-country robbers. I ordered the Khankhanan to have a -jagir in the Subah of Agra in the Sarkars of Qanauj and Kalpi, that -he might inflict condign punishment on the rebels of that region and -exterminate them (pull them out by the roots). When I dismissed them -I gave each of them special robes of honour and horses and elephants, -and having received the robes of exaltation they started off. At the -same time, on account of the sincerity of his friendship and his old -services, I bestowed on I`timadu-d-daulah the rank of 2,000 personal -and 500 horse, and presented him with a sum of 5,000 rupees by way of -gift. Mahabat Khan, whom I had sent to make the necessary preparations -for war for the victorious army of the Deccan and point out to the -Amirs the desirability of concord and unanimity, paid his respects to -me at the capital of Agra on the 12th of the month of Tir, the 21st -of Rabi`u-s-sani. It was brought to notice in a letter from Islam -Khan that `Inayat Khan had performed approved service in the Subah of -Bengal; on this account I increased by 500 personal the rank he already -held of 2,000. I also increased by 500 personal and 300 horse, so as -to make it up altogether to 1,500 personal and 800 horse, the rank of -Raja Kalyan, who was one of the officials of that Subah. I appointed -Hashim Khan, [335] who was in Orissa, to the government of Kashmir, -and sent his uncle, Khwaja Muhammad Husain, there to look after the -affairs of that country until his arrival. In the time of my revered -father his father, Muhammad Qasim, had conquered Kashmir. Chin Qilij, -who was the eldest son of Qilij Khan, came from the Subah of Kabul -and waited on me. As in addition to his natural excellence he was -a khanazad (houseborn one), he was honoured with the title of Khan, -and according to the prayer of his father, and on condition of his -undertaking service in Tirah, I increased his rank by 500 personal -and 300 horse. On the 14th Amardad on account of the previous service -and great sincerity and ability of I`timadu-daulah, I bestowed on him -the high rank of the viziership of the kingdom, and on the same day -presented a belt with a jewelled dagger to Yadgar `Ali, ambassador -of the ruler of Iran. As `Abdu-llah Khan, who had been appointed -to command the army against the rebel Rana, promised to enter the -province of the Deccan from the direction of Gujarat, I promoted him -to be Subahdar of that province, and at his request appointed Raja -Baso to the command of the army against the Rana, increasing his rank -by 500 horse. In place of Gujarat I conferred the Subah of Malwa -on Khan A`zam and sent 400,000 rupees to provide for the army and -warlike materials for the force that had been appointed to accompany -`Abdu-llah Khan by way of Nasik, which is near the province of the -Deccan. Safdar Khan, with his brothers, came from the Subah of Behar, -and had the honour of kissing the threshold. - -One of the royal slaves who was serving in the seal-cutting departments -prepared and laid before me a design such as I had never seen or heard -of before. As it is exceedingly strange, a detailed [336] description -of it is given. In the shell of a filbert four compartments had been -carved out of ivory. The first compartment was one of wrestlers, in -which two men were engaged in wrestling, a third was standing with -a spear in his hand, a fourth with a hard stone. [337] Another was -sitting with his hands placed on the ground, while in front of him -were laid a piece of wood, a bow and a pot. In the second a throne had -been made above which a shamiyana (a tent-fly or canopy) was depicted, -and a man of wealth (a prince) was seated on the throne with one leg -placed over the other and a pillow at his back. Five servants were -standing around and before him, and tree-boughs threw a shade over -the throne. In the third compartment is a company of rope-dancers, -who have raised upright a pole with three ropes fastened to it. A -rope-dancer upon it (qu. on the ropes? [338]) has taken hold of his -own right foot with his left hand behind his head, and standing on -one foot has placed a goat on the top of the pole. Another person has -thrown a drum on his neck and is beating it, whilst another man is -standing with his hands lifted up and looking at the rope-dancer. Five -other men are also standing, of whom one has a stick in his hand. In -the fourth compartment there is a tree, below which the figure of -the revered (hazrat) Jesus is shown. One person has placed his head -at Jesus' feet, and an old man is conversing with Jesus and four -others are standing by. [339] As he had made such a masterpiece, -I honoured him with a present and with increased salary. - -On the 30th Shahriwar, Mirza Sultan, who had been sent for from the -Deccan, came and waited on me. Safdar Khan had an increase of rank -conferred on him, and was appointed to go to the assistance of the -army against the rebel Rana. As `Abdu-llah Khan Bahadur Firuz-jang -had proposed to enter the neighbouring province of the Deccan by way -of Nasik, it occurred to me to appoint Ram Das Kachhwaha, who was -one of the sincere servants of my revered father, to accompany him -in order that he might in every place look after him, and not allow -him to be too rash and hasty. For this purpose I bestowed on him great -favours, as well as the title of Raja, which he had not thought of for -himself. I also gave him drums and the fort of Ranthanbur, which is -one of the noted castles in Hindustan, and honouring him with a superb -robe of honour and an elephant and horse I dismissed him. I appointed -Khwaja Abu-l-hasan, who had been transferred from the chief Diwanship, -to the duty of the Subahdarship of the Deccan, as he had been for -a long time in those regions in the service of my deceased brother -(Daniyal). I honoured Abu-l-hasan, son of I`timadu-d-daulah, with the -title of I`tiqad Khan, and having promoted the sons of Mu`azzam Khan -to fitting ranks sent them to Bengal to Islam Khan. At the request -of Islam Khan, Raja Kalyan was appointed to the government of the -Sarkar of Orissa and had an increase in rank of 200 personal and -horse. I presented Shaja`at Khan Dakhani with 4,000 rupees. On the -7th Aban Badi`u-z-zaman, son of Mirza Shahrukh, came from the Deccan -and waited on me. - -About this time, in consequence of the disturbances that had occurred -in the country of Mawara'a-n-nahr, many of the Amirs and Uzbeg -soldiers, such as Husain Bi, Pahluwan Baba, and Nauras Bi Darman, -and Baram Bi and others came to Court and waited on me. They were all -honoured with robes of honour, horses, cash, mansabs, and jagirs. On -the 2nd Azar Hashim Khan came from Bengal and had the honour of -kissing my threshold. I sent 500,000 rupees for the expenses of the -victorious army of the Deccan, of which the leader was `Abdu-llah -Khan, to Ahmadabad in Gujarat by the hands of Rup Khawass and Shaikh -Anbiya. On the 1st day I went to the village of Samonagar, which is one -of my fixed hunting-places, to hunt. Twenty-two antelope were killed, -of which I myself killed sixteen and Khurram the other six. Remaining -there two days and two nights, on the night of Sunday I returned to -the city in health and safety, and one night this couplet threw its -brilliance on my mind:-- - - - "As long as there's in heaven light for the sun, - Be not the reflection far from the Shah's umbrella." - - -I ordered the lamplighters and the relators of stories that at the -time of their salutations and telling stories they should commence -with this couplet, and it is still in use. On Saturday, the 3rd day, -a letter came from Khan A`zam that `Adil Khan Bijapuri had given -up his evil ways and become penitent, and in the rank of servants -was now more loyal than ever. On the 14th day, corresponding with -the last day of Shawwal, leave was given to Hashim Khan to go to -Kashmir. I gave a special wrapper [340] (fargal) to Yadgar `Ali, -ambassador of Persia. I presented I`tiqad Khan with one of my special -swords called Sar-andaz (thrower of heads). Having honoured Shadman, -son of Khan A`zam, with the title of Shadman Khan, I increased his -rank to 1,700 personal and 500 horse. He was also honoured with a -standard. Sardar Khan, brother of `Abdu-llah Khan Firuz-jang, and -Arslan Bi Uzbeg, who had been appointed to the charge of Sivistan, -[341] were also presented with standards. I ordered that ja'i-namaz -(prayer carpets) should be made of the skins of the antelopes I had -myself killed, and be kept in the public audience hall for people to -use in saying their prayers. By way of special respect to the Law I -ordered that the Mir-i-`Adl and Qazi, who are the pivot of affairs -of the divine law, should not kiss the ground (before me), which is a -kind of sijda. On Thursday, the 22nd day, I went again to Samonagar to -hunt. As many antelope had collected together in that neighbourhood I -had this time sent off Khwaja Jahan to prepare a qamargah and drive in -the antelope into a broad place from all sides, to place canvas-walls -(sara-parda) and a gulal-bar [342] round it. They enclosed a kos and -half of ground with sarapardas. When news came that the hunting-place -had been prepared and a great deal of game had been confined, I went -there and began to hunt on the Friday. Until the next Thursday I -went every day to the qamargah with the ladies and hunted as much -as I liked. Some of the deer were taken alive and some killed with -arrows and guns. On the Sunday and Thursday, on which I do not fire -guns at animals, they took them alive in nets. In these seven days -917 head, male and female, were caught, and of these 641 deer were -caught alive. Four hundred and four head were sent to Fathpur to -be let loose on the plain there, and with regard to 84 I ordered -them to put silver rings in their noses and set them free in the -same place. The 276 other antelope that had been killed with guns -and arrows and by cheetahs were divided from day to day among the -Begams and the slaves of the palace, and Amirs and servants of the -palace. As I became very tired (dilgir) of hunting, I gave orders to -the Amirs to go to the shikargah (hunting-place) and hunt all that -were left over, and myself returned in safety to the city. On the -1st Bahman, corresponding with the 17th Zi-l-qa`da, I ordered that in -the large cities of my dominions, like Ahmadabad, Allahabad, Lahore, -Delhi, Agra, etc., they should arrange bulghur-khanas (places for the -distribution of cooked food) for the poor; thirty mahalls (districts) -had been ordered. Six had already been established, and twenty-four -other districts were now ordered. On the 4th Bahman I increased the -rank of Raja Bir Singh Deo by 1,000 personal; it was previously 4,000 -personal and 2,000 horse: I gave him a jewelled sword. Another sword -out of my special ones, that was called Shah-bacha, (king's child), was -presented to Shah-nawaz Khan. On the 16th Isfandarmuz, Badi`u-z-zaman, -son of Mirza Shahrukh, was appointed to the army against the rebel Rana -and a sword sent by his hand for Raja Baso. Having again heard that -the Amirs on the borders interfere with authority in matters that do -not concern them, and do not observe laws and regulations, I ordered -[343] that the Bakhshis should circulate orders, to be obeyed amongst -the Amirs of the borders, that hereafter they should not interfere -in such things, which are the private affair of kings. The first -thing is this, that they should not sit in the jharokha (private -window), and should not trouble their officers and captains of the -auxiliaries with keeping guard or saluting them, and should not have -elephant fights, and should not inflict the punishment of blinding, -and should not cut off ears and noses, and should not force Islam on -anyone, and should not confer titles on their servants, and should not -order the royal servants to do kurnish or prostration, and should not -force singers to remain on duty in the manner customary in (royal) -darbars, and should not beat drums when they go out, and when they -give a horse or elephant to anyone, whether to the king's attendants -or to their own servants, they should not place reins or elephant's -goads on their backs and make them perform obeisance. In going in -procession they should not take with them on foot in their retinue -the royal attendants. If they write anything to them they should not -put a seal on it. [344] The regulations which have been styled the -rules of Jahangir (Ayin-i-Jahangiri) are now in force. [345] - - - - - - - - -THE SEVENTH NEW YEAR'S FESTIVAL AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -On Tuesday, the 1st Farwardin of the seventh year from my accession -on the 16th Muharram u-l-haram (19th March, 1612) in the year 1021, -the New Year's assembly that illuminates the world, and the festival -that brings joy, were held in the capital of Agra. After four gharis -of the night had passed on Thursday, the 3rd of the aforesaid month, -the hour that the astrologers had chosen, I sat on the throne. I -had ordered that, according to annual custom, the bazars should -be decorated and the assembly should be kept up until the day of -culmination (ruz-i-sharaf). Khusrau Bi Uzbeg, who was known among -the Uzbegs as Khusrau Qimchi, [346] came on these days and had the -honour of waiting on me. As he was one of the influential men of -Mawara'a-n-nahr, I bestowed many favours on him, and gave him a fine -robe of honour. I gave 15,000 rupees to Yadgar `Ali, ambassador of -the ruler of Iran, for his expenses. On the same day the offering -of Afzal Khan, which he had sent from the Subah of Behar, was -laid before me. There were 30 elephants and 18 ponies (gunth), and -pieces of Bengal cloth, sandalwood, some pods of musk, aloes-wood -(Agallochum), and all kinds of things. The offering of Khan Dauran -was also produced before me. He had sent 45 head of horse and two -strings of camels, porcelain from China, dressing-gowns (pustinha -[347]) of sable (sammur), and other valuable presents procurable in -Kabul and its neighbourhood. The officers of the palace had taken -trouble about their offerings, and according to the yearly custom from -day to day of the festival the offerings of the servants were laid -before me. Having looked at them in detail, I took what I approved -and gave them the remainder. On the 13th Farwardin, corresponding -with the 29th Muharram, a representation from Islam Khan arrived to -the effect that through the blessing of Allah's favour and through -the benign influence of the royal grace, Bengal had been freed from -the disturbance of `Usman, the Afghan. Before the circumstances of -this war are written down, some particulars with regard to Bengal -will be recorded. [348] Bengal is a country of great extent, and in -the second clime its length, from the port of Chittagong to Gari, is -450 kos; and its breadth, from the Northern hills to the boundary of -Sarkar Madaran, 220 kos. Its revenue is about 60 krores of dams. [349] -The former rulers of this place always had 20,000 horse, a lakh of -foot-soldiers, 1,000 elephants, and 4,000 or 5,000 war-boats. From -the time of Shir Khan and his son Salim Khan, this country was in the -possession of the Afghans. When the throne of sovereignty of Hindustan -in the hands of my revered father acquired beauty and splendour, -he ordered the victorious forces (of the empire) into it, and for -a long time made the conquest of it his object, until the aforesaid -province, through the great efforts of the chiefs of the victorious -State, passed from the possession of Da'ud Karani, who was the last -of its rulers. That wretch was killed in the fight with Khan Jahan, -and his army became scattered and in desperate condition. From that -date until now the province is in the possession of the servants of -the State. In the end a few of the remaining Afghans had remained in -the corners and sides of the country, and kept a few distant places in -their possession, until, by degrees, most of that body became despised -and helpless, and were captured by the chiefs of the State in the -places of which they had still possession. When the arrangement of -the affairs of rule and empire, simply through the grace of God, -became entrusted to this humble servant of the throne of Allah, -in the first year after my accession I sent for Raja Man Singh, -who had been appointed to the rule and government of that place, -to Court, and sent Qutbu-d-din Khan, who, out of all the officials, -was distinguished as my foster-brother, in his place. As he entered -the province he attained to martyrdom at the hand of one of those -mischievous ones who had been appointed to that country, and that -man, who had not thought of the consequences, also obtained the -reward of his deeds, and was slain. I promoted Jahangir Quli Khan, -who was governor and a Jagirdar in the province of Behar, on account -of his nearness to that neighbourhood, to the rank of 5,000 personal -and horse, and ordered him to go to Bengal and take possession of -the province. I sent an order to Islam Khan, who was at the capital -of Agra, to go to Behar and consider that province his jagir. When -a short time had passed under the rule of Jahangir Quli Khan, he -contracted a severe illness, in consequence of the bad water and -air of that place, and by degrees the power of the disease and his -weakness became so great as to end in his destruction. When the news -of his death came to my hearing at Lahore, an order was issued in the -name of Islam Khan to proceed as soon as possible to Bengal. When I -appointed him to this important duty, most of the servants of the State -made remarks on his youth and want of experience. As the excellence -of his disposition and his natural capacity had been noticed by my -judicious eye, I myself chose him for this duty. As it happened, the -affairs of this province were carried on by him in such a manner as -from the time when it first entered into the possession of the Chiefs -of the everlasting State until this day has never been attained to -by any of the servants of the Court. One of his noteworthy deeds -was the driving away of the rebel `Usman, the Afghan. He frequently -in the time of the late king encountered the royal forces, but his -expulsion was not accomplished. When Islam Khan made Dhaka (Dacca) -his place of abode and made the subjection of the Zamindars of that -neighbourhood his chief object, it occurred to him that he should -send an army against the rebel `Usman and his province. If he agreed -to serve loyally, well and good, but if not, they should punish and -annihilate him like other seditious people. At that time Shaja`at -Khan [350] joined Islam Khan, and the lot of leading in this service -[351] fell on his name. Several others of the State servants were -also appointed to go with him, such as Kishwar Khan, Iftikhar Khan, -Sayyid Adam Barha, Shaikh Achhay, [352] nephew of Muqarrab Khan, -Mu`tamad Khan, the sons of Mu`azzam Khan Ihtimam Khan, and others. He -took with him also some of his own men. At the hour when Mushtari -(Jupiter) was propitious, he started off this band, and appointed Mir -Qasim, son of Mirza Murad, its chief paymaster and news-writer. He took -also some of the Zamindars with him to show the road. The victorious -armies started. When they reached the neighbourhood of `Usman's fort -and land, they sent some eloquent men to admonish him and point out to -him the way of loyalty, and bring him back from the road of rebellion -to the right path. As much pride had seated itself in his brain-cup, -and he had in his head a desire to seize the country, beside other -fancies, he turned a deaf ear to their words and prepared himself for -conflict and fight. The battlefield happened to be on the bank of a -nullah in a place which was a complete bog. On Sunday (12th March, -1612), the 9th Muharram, Shaja`at Khan, choosing the hour for the -fight, arrayed the victorious forces, so that everyone should go to -his place and be prepared for the battle. `Usman had not settled the -battle for that day with himself. When he heard that the royal army -had come prepared for battle, having no remedy he himself mounted and -came to the bank of the nullah, and arrayed his own horse and foot -opposite the victorious army. When the affair grew hot, and the two -forces opposed each other, that foolish, obstinate man at the first -onset threw his own fighting raging elephant against the advanced -guard. After much fighting many of the leaders of the advanced guard, -as Sayyid Adam [353] Barha and Shaikh Achhay, attained the dignity -of martyrdom. Iftikhar Khan, the leader of the right wing, was in -no way remiss in attacking, and sacrificed his own life. The band -that was with him fought to such a degree that they were all cut to -pieces. In the same way Kishwar [354] Khan and his band of the left -wing bravely sacrificed themselves in the affair of their master, -but many of the enemy (lit. those of dark fortune) were also wounded -and killed. That evil one (`Usman) took account of the combatants -and ascertained that the leaders of the advanced guard and right and -left wings were killed. The centre alone remained. He took no account -of the killed and wounded on his own side, but attacked the centre -(of the royal army) with the same energy. On this side the son and -brothers and sons-in-law of Shaja`at Khan, as well as other officers, -stopped the advance of those lost ones, and attacked them like tigers -and leopards armed with claws and teeth. Some of them attained the -dignity of martyrdom, and those that remained alive bore away fatal -wounds. At this time (`Usman) drove a raging elephant of the name -of Gajpat, [355] which was his premier elephant, at Shaja`at Khan, -who laid hold of his spear and struck the elephant. What does a -raging elephant care for a javelin. He then seized his sword and -struck him two blows one after another. How did he regard these -either! He then drew his dagger and struck him twice with it, but -for this, too, he did not turn back, but overthrew Shaja`at Khan with -his horse. Immediately he was separated from his horse; calling out -"Jahangir Shah," he leapt up, and his equerry struck the elephant on -both front legs a blow with a two-handed sword. As the elephant fell -on his knees, the equerry pulled the elephant driver down off the -elephant, and Shaja`at with the dagger he had in his hand, and while -on foot, struck such blows on the trunk and forehead of the elephant -that the elephant roared out at the pain and turned round. As he was -severely wounded, he went to his own army and fell down. Shaja`at -Khan's horse got up safely. As he was mounting his horse those vile -ones drove another elephant at his standard-bearer, and overthrew his -horse and standard. Shaja`at Khan gave a manly shout and roused the -standard-bearer, saying: "Be bold: I'm alive and the standard is at -my feet (?)." [356] At this critical moment all the servants of the -State who were present seized their arrows and daggers and swords, -and smote the elephant. Shaja`at himself came up and shouted to the -standard-bearer to rise, and got another horse for the standard-bearer -and mounted him on it. The standard-bearer unfurled the standard and -maintained his ground. At the time of this struggle a (ball from a) -gun struck that rebel on his forehead. However much they enquired -for the man who fired it he could not be found. When this struck -him, he recognized that he was a dead man. Yet for two watches, -notwithstanding this fatal wound, he urged on his men to the fight, -and the battlefield was still deadly and the struggle warm. Afterwards -the enemy turned their faces, and the victorious army pursued them, -and continually striking them drove back those vile ones into the place -where they had encamped. With arrows and guns those wretches would -not allow the royal troops to enter the place where they were. When -Wali, the brother of `Usman, and Mamrez, his (`Usman's) son and other -relations and followers became aware of `Usman's wound, they made -up their minds that he would not recover from it, and that if they, -defeated and put to flight, should go towards their fort none would -reach it alive. They thought it best to remain for the night in the -place where they had encamped, and towards the end of the night seek -an opportunity and get to their fort. Two watches of night had passed -when `Usman went to hell. In the third watch they raised his lifeless -body, and leaving his tent and the things they had with them in the -camp, proceeded to their fortress. The scouts of the victorious army, -having obtained news of this, informed Shaja`at Khan. On the morning -of Monday the loyalists assembled and decided to follow them, and -not allow breathing-time to those of dark fortune. In the end, in -consequence of the tired state of the soldiers, and in order to bury -the martyrs and out of sympathy for the wounded, they were perplexed -in their minds as to going or settling down (where they were). Just -at this time `Abdu-s-Salam, son of Mu`azzam Khan, arrived with a body -of servants of the State, altogether 300 horse and 400 musketeers -(tupchi). When this fresh body of men arrived it was determined to -pursue, and they accordingly went on. When Wali, who after `Usman -was the stock of the disturbance, learned that Shaja`at Khan with the -victorious army had come together with another fresh force, he saw no -resource for himself but to go to Shaja`at Khan on the straight line -of faith and loyalty. In the end he sent a message that he who had -been the cause of the disturbance had gone, and that the body of those -who were left were servants and Musulmans. If he would give his word -they would wait upon him and would agree to serve the State, giving -their elephants as an offering. Shaja`at Khan and Mu`taqid Khan, who -had arrived on the day of the battle and had done approved service, -and all those who were loyal, in accordance with the necessity of -the time and with what was best for the State, gave their word and -encouraged them. On the next day, Wali and the sons, brothers, and -sons-in-law of `Usman all came and waited upon Shaja`at Khan and the -other servants of the State. They brought forty-nine elephants as an -offering. After the completion of this work Shaja`at Khan, leaving -some of the royal servants in Adhar [357] and the neighbourhood which -was in the possession of that one of evil fortune, took with him -Wali and the other Afghans, and on Monday, the 6th of the month of -Safar, came to Jahangirnagar (Dacca) and joined Islam Khan. When the -joyful news reached in Agra this supplicant at the throne of Allah, -he performed the prostrations of gratitude, and recognized that the -driving away of this description of enemy was brought about simply -through the unstinted mercy of the Almighty Giver. As a reward for -this good service I promoted Islam Khan to the rank of 6,000 personal, -and honoured Shaja`at Khan with the title of "Rustam of the age" -(Rustam-zaman), as well as increased his rank by 1,000 personal and -horse. I also increased the rank of other servants according to the -measure of their services, and they were selected for other honours. - -When this news first came of the killing of `Usman it appeared to -be a joke, but by way of ascertaining the truth or falsehood of the -words I took an omen from the divan of the tongue of the unseen world, -Khwaja Hafiz of Shiraz, and this ghazal [358] turned up:-- - - - "I make my eyes red and throw patience to the wilds, - And in such a case throw my heart into the sea. - I'm wounded by the shaft of heaven: - Give wine, so that intoxicated I may cast a knot in the girdle - of the Twins." - - -As this couplet was very appropriate to the occasion, I drew an omen -from it. After some days news came again that the arrow of Fate, -or rather of God, had struck `Usman, for however much they enquired -for him, he who fired the shot was not made manifest. This has been -recorded on account of its strange nature. - -On the 16th Farwardin, Muqarrab Khan, who is one of my chief retainers -and the old confidants of the Jahangiri service, who had attained -the rank of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, came from the fort -of Cambay and had the honour of waiting on me. I had ordered him, -on account of certain business, to go to the port of Goa [359] and -buy for the private use of the government certain rareties procurable -there. According to orders he went with diligence to Goa, and remaining -there for some time, took at the price the Franks asked for them the -rareties he met with at that port, without looking at the face of -the money at all (i.e. regardless of cost). When he returned from -the aforesaid port to the Court, he produced before me one by one -the things and rareties he had brought. Among these were some animals -that were very strange and wonderful, such as I had never seen, and -up to this time no one had known their names. Although King Babar has -described in his Memoirs the appearance and shapes of several animals, -he had never ordered the painters to make pictures of them. As these -animals appeared to me to be very strange, I both described them and -ordered that painters should draw them in the Jahangir-nama, so that -the amazement that arose from hearing of them might be increased. One -of these animals in body is larger than a peahen and smaller than a -peacock. [360] When it is in heat and displays itself, it spreads out -its feathers like the peacock and dances about. Its beak and legs are -like those of a cock. Its head and neck and the part under the throat -are every minute of a different colour. When it is in heat it is quite -red--one might say it had adorned itself with red coral--and after a -while it becomes white in the same places, and looks like cotton. It -sometimes looks of a turquoise colour. Like a chameleon it constantly -changes colour. Two pieces of flesh it has on its head look like the -comb of a cock. A strange thing is this, that when it is in heat the -aforesaid piece of flesh hangs down to the length of a span from the -top of its head like an elephant's trunk, and again when he raises it -up it appears on its head like the horn of a rhinoceros, to the extent -of two finger-breadths. Round its eyes it is always of a turquoise -colour, and does not change. Its feathers appear to be of various -colours, differing from the colours of the peacock's feathers. He -also brought a monkey of a strange and wonderful form. Its hands, -feet, ears, and head are like those of a monkey, and its face like -that of a fox. The colour of its eyes is like that of a hawk's eye, -but the eyes are larger than those of a hawk. From its head to the -end of its tail it is an ordinary cubit in length. It is lower than -a monkey and taller than a fox. Its hair is like the wool of a sheep -and its colour like that of ashes. From the lobe of its ear to its -chin it is red and of the colour of wine. Its tail is two or three -finger-breadths longer than half a cubit, quite different from that -of other monkeys. The tail of this animal hangs down like the tail -of a cat. Sometimes it makes a sound like a young antelope. On the -whole it is a very strange beast. Of the wild birds which they call -tadru (pheasant) till now it has never been heard that they breed in -captivity. In the time of my revered father they made great efforts -to obtain eggs and young ones but it was not managed. I ordered them -to keep some of them, male and female, in one place, and by degrees -they bred. I ordered them to place the eggs under hens, and in a -space of two years sixty or seventy young were produced and fifty or -sixty grew up. Whoever heard of this matter was astonished. It was -said that in the Wilayat (Persia?) the people there had made great -efforts, but no eggs were produced and no young were obtained. - -In these days I increased the mansab of Mahabat Khan by 1,000 personal -and 500 horse, which thus became 4,000 personal and 3,500 horse. The -mansab of I`timadu-d-daulah, original and increased, was fixed at -4,000 personal and 1,000 horse. To the mansab of Maha Singh also an -increase of 500 personal and horse was given: it was originally and -with increase 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. The mansab of I`tiqad -Khan was increased by 500 personal and 200 horse, and made up to 1,000 -personal and 300 horse. Khwaja Abu-l-hasan in these days came from the -Deccan and waited on me. Daulat Khan, who had been appointed to the -faujdarship of Allahabad and of the Sarkar of Jaunpur, came and paid -his respects: an increase of 500 was made to his mansab, which was -1,000. On the day of culmination (ruz-i-sharaf), which was the 19th -Farwardin, I raised the mansab of Sultan Khurram, which was 10,000, -to 12,000, and made that of I`tibar Khan, which was 3,000 personal -and 1,000 horse, up to 4,000. I raised the mansab of Muqarrab Khan -from 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse by 500 personal and horse; and -increased that of Khwaja Jahan, which was 2,000 personal and 1,200 -horse, by 500. As these were the days of the New Year, many of the -servants (of the State) obtained an increase of their mansabs. On -the same day Dulip came from the Deccan and waited on me. As his -father Ray Ray Singh had died, I honoured him with the title of Ray -and clothed him in a dress of honour. Ray Ray Singh had another son, -by name Suraj Singh. Although Dulip was his tika (marked with the -tika) son, he wished Suraj Singh to succeed him, in consequence of -the love that he bore to his mother. When the circumstances of his -death were reported to me, Suraj Singh, in consequence of his want -of intelligence and tender years, represented to me: "My father -has made me his successor and given me the tika." This remark was -not to my liking, and I said: "If thy father has given the tika to -thee, we shall give it to Dulip." Then marking the tika with my own -hand, I presented the latter with his father's jagir and hereditary -possessions. I bestowed on I`timadu-d-daulah an inkstand and jewelled -pen. Rudar, the father of Lakhmi Chand, Raja of Kumaon, who is one -of the considerable Rajas of the hill country, had come in the time -of the late King Akbar, [361] and when he came had petitioned [362] -that the son of Raja Todar Mal might take him by the hand and bring -him to wait on him. In consequence, the Raja's (Todar Mal's) son had -been appointed to bring him. Lakhmi Chand now similarly asked that -the son of I`timadu-d-daulah might bring him to pay his respects. I -sent Shapur [363] to bring him to wait on me. He laid before me rare -things from his own hill country, such as gunth ponies, and birds of -prey, such as hawks, jurra (falcons), royal falcons, qatas (yaks), -navels of musk, and skins of the musk antelope with the musk-bags on -them, swords which in their language they call khanda, and daggers -which they call katar, and all kinds of things. Amongst the Rajas of -this hill country this Raja is well known for the large quantities -of gold he has. They say there is a gold-mine in his territory. [364] - -In order to lay the foundation of a palace at Lahore, I sent there -Khwaja Jahan Khwaja Dust Muhammad, who is well skilled in this kind -of business. - -As the affairs of the Deccan, in consequence of the disagreements -among the Sardars and the carelessness of Khan A`zam, did not look -well, and the defeat of `Abdu-llah Khan had taken place, I had sent -for Khwaja Abu-l-hasan to make enquiries into the real state of these -quarrels. After much enquiry and investigation it became clear that -the defeat of `Abdu-llah Khan had been caused by his pride and his -sharp temper, and not listening to words (of advice) and partly by -the quarrels and want of agreement between the Amirs. Briefly, it had -been determined that `Abdu-llah Khan should start from the direction -of Nasik and Trimbak with the Gujarat army and the Amirs who had been -appointed to accompany him. This army had been brought into proper -order by trustworthy leaders and zealous Amirs, such as Raja Ram Das, -Khan A`lam, Saif Khan, `Ali Mardan Bahadur, Zafar Khan, and other -servants of the State. The number of the army had passed 10,000 and -come up to near 14,000. On the side of Berar it was settled that Raja -Man Singh, Khan Jahan, the Amiru-l-umara, and many other leaders should -proceed. These two armies should be aware of each other's marches and -halts, so that on an appointed day they might catch the enemy between -the two. If this rule had been observed and their hearts had been in -unison, and self-interest had not come between, it is most probable -that Almighty God would have given them the victory of the day. When -`Abdu-llah Khan passed the Ghats and entered the enemy's country, -he did not take care to send runners (qasidan) to bring intelligence -from the other army, nor did he, in accordance with the arrangements, -make his movements harmonise with theirs, so that on an appointed day -they might take the enemy between two armies. Rather he relied on -his own strength, and considered that if he could gain the victory -alone it would be better. This idea fixed itself in his mind, and -however much Ram Das desired him to promise to go forward with due -deliberation, it was of no use. The enemy, who were observing him -closely, had sent a large number of leaders and Bargis (Mahrattas) -against him, and encounters took place with them every day. They did -not fail to throw rockets and different fireworks at night. At last -the enemy drew near, and yet he obtained no intelligence about the -other army, though he had approached Daulatabad, which was the place -of assembly of the Dakhanis. `Ambar, the black-faced, had raised to -sovereignty a child who, in his opinion, bore relationship to the -family of Nizamu-l-mulk. In order that men might fully accept his -(the child's) sovereignty, he raised him up and took him by the hand, -and made himself the Peshwa and leader. He sent men again and again -(against `Abdu-llah), and the number of the enemy was continually -increasing till at last they made an attack, and by throwing rockets -and other fireworks made matters hot for him. [365] At length the -loyalists thought it best, as no assistance had come to them from the -other army and all the Dakhanis had turned against them, to retreat at -once and try some other arrangement. All agreed, and with one consent -started off before dawn. The Dakhanis followed them to the boundaries -of their own country, and the two armies, meeting every day, did not -fail in fighting. In these days several of the ambitious and zealous -young men were killed. `Ali Mardan Khan Bahadur, behaving like a brave -man, carried away terrible wounds and fell into the hands of the enemy, -and showed his companions an example of fidelity to his salt and of -life-sacrifice. Zu-l-faqar Beg also displayed manly actions, and a -rocket struck him on the leg, and two days afterwards he died. When -they entered the country of Raja Bharju, [366] who was one of those -loyal to the throne, that body (the enemy) turned back, and `Abdu-llah -Khan proceeded towards Gujarat. The real truth is this, that if in -going he had drawn his rein (gone slowly) and allowed the other army -to have come up to him, the matter would have turned out according to -the wish of the chief men of the victorious State. [367] As soon as the -news of the retreat of `Abdu-llah Khan reached the leaders of the army -that was advancing from Berar, not seeing any advantage from further -stay, they also retired, and joined the camp of Parwiz at `Adilabad -in the neighbourhood of Burhanpur. When this intelligence reached me -at Agra I was greatly agitated, and proposed to go there myself and -destroy root and branch those servants who had become masters. The -Amirs and other devoted ones would in no way consent to this. Khwaja -Abu-l-hasan represented that as no one understood the business of that -region as the Khankhanan did I ought to send him, and that he should -again arrange matters that had fallen into disorder, and according -to the exigencies of the time should compose differences so that -affairs might return to their original condition. Other well-wishers -being consulted, all their opinions were at one in this, that the -Khankhanan must be sent and that Khwaja Abu-l-hasan should accompany -him. Agreeing with this determination, those who had charge of the -affairs of the Khankhanan and his companions obtained leave to go on -Sunday, the 17th Urdibihisht, in the 7th year. Shah-nawaz Khan, Khwaja -Abu-l-hasan, Razzaq-birdi Uzbeg, and several others of his associates -paid their parting salutations on the same day. The Khankhanan was -promoted to the rank of 6,000 personal, Shah-nawaz Khan to that of -3,000 and horse, that of Darab Khan increased by 500 personal and 300 -horse (altogether 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse), and to Rahman-dad, -his (the Khankhanan's) younger son, I also gave a fitting mansab. I -presented the Khankhanan with a grand dress of honour, a jewelled -dagger, a special elephant with talayir (accoutrements), and an Iraq -horse. In the same way I bestowed on his sons and companions dresses -of honour and horses. In the same month Mu`izzu-l-mulk came from Kabul -with his sons, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Shyam -Singh and Ray Mangat Bhadauriya, who belonged to the army of Bangash, -according to the request of Qilij Khan, were promoted to higher -mansabs. Shyam Singh had 1,500 personal and was increased by 500, -and Ray Mangat was also raised to a higher rank. - -For a long time past news had come of the illness of Asaf Khan; -sometimes the disease was got under and sometimes recurred, until -he died at Burhanpur in the 63rd year of his age. His understanding -and capacity were very good. He was very quick-witted. He also wrote -poetry. He composed "Khusrau and Shirin," dedicating it to me, and -called it the "Nur-nama" (the writing of light). [368] He had been -ennobled in the time of my revered father and made Vizier. In the -days when I was a prince he had several times done foolish things, -and most men, and indeed Khusrau himself, were of opinion that after -my accession I would do unpleasant things (with regard to him). In a -manner contrary to what had entered the minds of himself and others, -I favoured him and promoted him to the rank of 5,000 personal and -horse, and after he had for some time been Vizier with full authority, -neglected no point in increasing favour towards him. After his death -I gave mansabs to his sons and bestowed kindnesses on them. At last -it was clear that his disposition and sincerity were not as they -should be, and, considering his own evil deeds, he had always been -suspicious with regard to me. They say he was aware of the conspiracy -and disturbance that took place on the Kabul expedition, and had -given support to the wretches. Indeed, I had no confidence that -notwithstanding my favour and kindness to him he was not disloyal -and of perverse fortune. - -After a short space of time, on the 25th of the same month of -Urdibihisht, the news of Mirza Ghazi's death arrived. The said -Mirza was of the ruling family of Thatta (Tatta), of the tribe of -Tarkhani. His father, Mirza Jani, in the time of my revered father -became loyal, and with the Khankhanan, who had been appointed to his -province, he had the good fortune to have the honour of waiting on -Akbar near Lahore. By the royal favour he was given his own province, -and, choosing himself to serve at Court, he sent his men to the charge -and administration of Thatta, and remained in the service while -he lived. At last he died at Burhanpur. Mirza Ghazi Khan, his son, -who was at Thatta, in accordance with the firman of the late king -obtained the government of that country. Sa`id Khan, who was at Bhakar -(Bukkur), received an order to console him and bring him to Court. The -aforesaid Khan sent men to him to recommend loyalty to him. At last, -having brought him to Agra, he procured him the honour of kissing -the feet of my revered father. He was at Agra when my father died -and I ascended the throne. After I arrived at Lahore for the pursuit -of Khusrau news came that the Amirs on the borders of Khurasan had -assembled together and proceeded against Qandahar, and that Shah Beg, -the governor of that place, was shut up in the fort and looking out -for assistance. Of necessity an army was appointed for the relief -of Qandahar under the leadership of Mirza Ghazi and other Amirs -and generals. When this army reached the neighbourhood of Qandahar, -the army of Khurasan, not seeing in themselves the power to await it, -returned. Mirza Ghazi, having entered Qandahar, handed over the country -and the fort to Sardar Khan, who had been appointed to the government -of the place, and Shah Beg went to his own jagir. Mirza Ghazi started -for Lahore by way of Bhakar. Sardar Khan was only a short time at -Qandahar before he died, and that province was again in need of a -leader and master. This time I added Qandahar to Thatta and handed -it over to Mirza Ghazi. From that time till his death he remained -there continuously in performance of the duties of its protection -and government. His conduct towards the disaffected was excellent. As -it was necessary to send a leader to Qandahar in the place of Mirza -Ghazi, I appointed Abu-l-bi Uzbeg, [369] who was at Multan and in -that neighbourhood, to that post. I promoted him in rank from 1,500 -personal and 1,000 horse to 3,000 personal and horse, and honoured him -with the title of Bahad Khan and a standard. The governorship of Delhi -and the protection and administration of that province was conferred -on Muqarrab Khan. I dignified Rup Khawass, who was one of the personal -servants of my revered father, with the title of Khawass Khan, and, -giving him the rank of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, bestowed on him -the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Qanuj. As I had sought the daughter -[370] of I`tiqad Khan, son of I`timadu-d-daulah, in marriage for -Khurram, and the marriage festival had been arranged for, I went on -Thursday, 18th Khurdad, to his house, and stayed there one day and -one night. He (Khurram) presented offerings (to me) and he gave jewels -[371] to the Begams, and to his mothers (including stepmothers) and to -the female servants of the harem, and dresses of honour to the Amirs. - -I sent `Abdu-r-Razzaq, the bakhshi of the palace (darkhana), to settle -the country of Thatta (Sind) until a Sardar should be appointed who -could conciliate the soldiery and the cultivators, and so bring -the province into order. I increased his rank and presented him -with an elephant and a shawl (parmnarm), and sent him off. I made -Mu`izzu-l-mulk bakhshi in his room. Khwaja Jahan, who had been sent -to inspect the buildings in Lahore and to arrange about them, came -in the end of this month and waited on me. Mirza `Isa Tarkhan, one -of the relations of Mirza Ghazi, had been appointed to the army of -the Deccan. I sent for him to arrange about the business of Thatta, -and on the same day he had the good fortune to pay his respects. As he -was deserving of favour, he was given the rank of 1,000 personal and -500 horse. The disease of khun-para [372] had affected my health. By -the advice of the physicians on Wednesday, the (date not given) of -the said month, I drew about a sir (asar) [373] of blood from my left -arm. As great lightness resulted, it occurred to me that if they were -to call blood-letting 'lightening' it would be well. Nowadays this -expression is made use of. To Muqarrab Khan, who had bled me, I gave -a jewelled khapwa (dagger). Kishan Das, accountant of the elephant -department and stable, who from the time of the late king until now -has been the clerk in charge of two departments, and for ages had -been hopeful of the title of Raja and the rank of 1,000 personal, -and before this had been gratified with a title, now had the rank -of 1,000 conferred on him. Mirza Rustam, son of Sultan Husain Mirza -Safawi, who had been appointed to the army of the Deccan, I sent for -at his request. On Saturday, the 9th of the month of Tir, he came with -his sons and waited on me. He made an offering of a ruby and forty-six -royal pearls. I increased the rank of Taj Khan, the governor of Bhakar, -who was one of the old Amirs of this State, by 500 personal and horse. - -The tale of the death of Shaja`at Khan is a very strange affair. After -he had performed such services and Islam Khan had given him leave -to go to the Sarkar of Orissa, one night on the road he was riding -on a female elephant chaukandi-dar [374] (? in a square howdah or -four-pillared canopy), and had given a young eunuch a place behind -him. When he left his camp they had fastened up an elephant that -was in heat on the road. From the noise of the horses' hoofs and -the movement of the horsemen he attempted to break his chain. On this -account a great noise and confusion took place. When this noise reached -the ear of the eunuch, he in a state of bewilderment awoke Shaja`at -Khan, who was asleep or in the insensibility of wine, and said: "An -elephant in heat has got loose and is coming in this direction." As -soon as he heard this he became confused and threw himself down from -the front of the chaukandi. When he threw himself off his toe struck -against a stone and was torn open, and he died in two or three days of -that same wound. In short, from hearing this affair I was completely -bewildered. That a brave man on the mere hearing of a cry or a word -coming from a child should become so confused and throw himself down -without control from the top of an elephant is in truth a matter of -amazement. The news of this event reached me on the 19th of the month -of Tir. I consoled his sons with kindnesses and the conferring of -offices. If this accident had not happened to him, as he had done -notable service, he would have obtained exaltation with greater -favours and kindnesses. - - - "One cannot strive against destiny." - - -Islam Khan had sent 160 male and female elephants from Bengal; they -were brought before me and placed in my private elephant stables. Raja -Tekchand, the Raja of Kumaon, asked for leave to depart. As in the -time of my father there had been given to his father 100 horses, I -gave him the same number as well as an elephant, and while he was at -Court bestowed on him dresses of honour and a jewelled dagger. Also -to his brothers I gave dresses of honour and horses. I presented him -with his territory according to previous arrangements, and he went -back to his home happy and successful. - -It happened incidentally that this verse of the Amiru-l-umara was -quoted:-- - - - "Pass, O Messiah, o'er the heads of us slain by love; - Thy restoring one life is worth a hundred murders." [375] - - -As I have a poetical disposition I sometimes intentionally and -sometimes involuntarily compose couplets and quatrains. So the -following couplet came into my head:-- - - - "Turn not thy cheek, without thee I cannot live a moment; - For thee to break one heart is equal a hundred murders." - - -When I had recited this, everyone who had a poetical vein composed a -couplet in the same mode. Mulla `Ali Ahmad, [376] the seal-engraver, -of whom an account has been given previously, had not said badly-- - - - "O Censor, fear the weeping of the old vintner; - Thy breaking one jar is equal to a hundred murders." - - -Abu-l-fath Dakhani, [377] who was one of the most considerable of `Adil -Khan's Amirs, and had two years previously taken to being loyal and had -entered himself among the leaders of the victorious army, on the 10th -of Amurdad waited on me, and being accepted by my grace and favour -had bestowed on him a special sword and a robe of honour, and after -some days I also gave him a special horse. Khwajagi Muhammad Husain, -[378] who had gone to Kashmir as the deputy for his brother's son, -when he was satisfied in his mind with the state of affairs of that -place, came on the same day and waited on me. As a Sardar was needed -to be sent for the governorship of Patna and the rule of that place, -it occurred to me to send Mirza Rustam. Having raised his rank from -5,000 personal and 1,500 horse to 5,000 personal and horse, on the -26th Jumada-s-sani, corresponding to the 2nd Shahriwar, I gave him the -government of Patna, and bestowing on him a special elephant, a horse -with a jewelled saddle, a jewelled sword, and a superb dress of honour, -I dismissed him. His sons and the sons of his brother Muzaffar Husain -Khan Mirza'i were exalted with increased rank, elephants, horses, -and dresses of honour, and sent off with him. I appointed Ray Dulip -to support Mirza Rustam. As his residence was near that place, he -collected a good body of men for that service. I increased his rank -by 500 personal and horse, so that it became 2,000 with 1,000 horse, -and also gave him an elephant. Abu-l-fath Dakhani had obtained a jagir -in the Sarkar of Nagpur and that neighbourhood. He was dismissed in -order that he might administer his jagir and look to the guarding and -government of that country as well. Khusrau Bi Uzbeg was appointed -to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Mewar. His rank of 800 personal -and 300 horse was now increased to 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and I -also presented him with a horse. As I had my eye on the old service of -Muqarrab Khan, it occurred to me that I must not pass by the desire of -his heart. I had increased his rank and he had obtained good jagirs, -but he longed for a standard and drums, and he was now honoured with -these as well. Salih, the adopted son of Khwaja Beg-Mirza Safawi, -was a youth of great bravery and zeal. I gave him the title of Khanjar -Khan, and made him eager in the service. - -On Thursday, the 22nd Shahriwar, corresponding with 17th Rajab, -1021, the feast of my solar weighing took place in the house of -Maryam-zamani. It is an approved custom with me to weigh myself in -this manner. The late king Akbar, who was the place of manifestation -of kindness and grace, also approved of the custom, and twice in every -year weighed himself against several sorts of metals, gold, silver, -and many precious articles, once according to the solar and once -according to the lunar year, and divided their total value, which -was worth about a lakh of rupees, among faqirs and needy people. I -also observe this annual custom and weigh myself in the same manner, -and give those valuables to faqirs. Mu`taqid Khan, Diwan of Bengal, -who had been relieved from that service, produced before me the sons -and brothers and some of the servants of `Usman, whom Islam Khan had -sent with him to the Court. The charge of each one of the Afghans was -entrusted to a responsible servant. Then he (Mu`taqid) produced his -own offering, which consisted of twenty-five elephants, two rubies, -a jewelled phul katara [379] (a kind of dagger), trustworthy eunuchs, -Bengal stuffs, etc. Mir Miran, son of Sultan Khwaja, who was in the -Deccan army, obtained the honour of kissing the threshold and gave -a ruby as an offering. As between Qilij Khan, leader of the army -of Bangash on the borders of Kabul, and the Amirs of that Subah who -had been sent as companions to him under his leadership, there were -quarrels, especially with Khan Dauran, I sent Khwaja Jahan to make -enquiry as to which side was in fault. On the 11th of the month of -Mihr, Mu`taqid Khan was appointed to the high dignity of bakhshi, -and his mansab was raised to 1,000 personal and 300 horse. Raising for -the second time the mansabs of Muqarrab Khan a little, I made it 2,500 -personal and 1,500 horse by an increase of 500. On the representation -of the Khankhanan, Faridun Khan Barlas was raised to the mansab, -original and increase, of 2,500 personal and 2,000 horse. Ray Manohar -received that of 1,000 personal and 800 horse, and Raja Bir Singh Deo -that of 4,000 personal and 2,200 horse. Bharat, grandson of Ramchand -Bandilah, I, after the latter's death, honoured with the title of -Raja. On the 28th Aban, Zafar Khan, having come according to summons -from the Subah of Gujarat, waited on me. He brought as offerings a ruby -and three pearls. On the 6th Azar, corresponding with the 3rd Shawwal, -news came from Burhanpur that the Amiru-l-umara had died on Sunday, -the 27th Aban, in the parganah of Nihalpur. After the illness he had -at Lahore his intelligence appeared to be less, and a great loss of -memory happened to him. He was very sincere. It is sad that he left -no son capable of patronage and favour. Chin Qilij Khan came from -his father, who was at Peshawar, on the 20th Azar, and offered (on -his father's behalf) 100 muhrs and 100 rupees, and also presented the -offerings he had of his own in the shape of a horse and cloth stuffs -and other things. To the government of Behar I promoted Zafar Khan, -who is one of the trustworthy house-born ones and foster-children, -and increasing his mansab by 500 personal and horse, I made it up to -3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, and also honouring his brothers with -robes of honour and horses, allowed them to go off to that province. He -had always hoped that he might obtain some separate service in order -that he might show his natural ability. I also desired to prove him -and make this service the touchstone by which to try him. As it was -the season for travelling and hunting, on Tuesday, the 2nd Zi-l-qa`da -(25th December, 1612), corresponding with the 4th Day, I left Agra -with the intention of hunting and encamped in the Dahrah garden, -remaining there four days. [380] On the 10th of the same month the -news came of the death of Salima Sultan Begam, who had been ill in -the city. Her mother was Gul-rukh Begam, daughter of King Babar, and -her father Mirza Nuru-d-din Muhammad, of the Naqshbandi Khwajas. She -was adorned with all good qualities. In women this degree of skill -and capacity is seldom found. H.M. Humayun, by way of kindness (to -Bairam), had betrothed her who was his sister's daughter to Bairam -Khan. After his death, in the beginning of the reign of the late king -Akbar, the marriage took place. After the said Khan had been killed, -my revered father married her himself. She received mercy (died) -in the 60th year of her age. [381] On the same day I marched from -the Dahrah garden and sent I`timadu-d-daulah to bury her (lit. lift -her up), and ordered him to place her in the building in the Mandakar -garden which she herself had made. On the 17th of the month of Day, -Mirza `Ali Beg Akbarshahi came from the army of the Deccan and waited -on me. Khwaja Jahan, whom I had despatched to the Subah of Kabul, -returned on the 21st of the same month and waited on me. The time for -his going and coming had extended to three months and eleven days. He -brought twelve muhrs and twelve rupees as an offering. On the same -day Raja Ram Das also came from the victorious army of the Deccan and -paid his respects, and made an offering of 101 muhrs. As robes of -honour for the winter season had not been sent to the Amirs of the -Deccan, they were forwarded by the hand of Hayat Khan. As the port -of Surat had been assigned in jagir to Qilij Khan, he prayed that -Chin Qilij (his son) might be despatched for its guardianship and -administration. On the 27th Day he had a dress of honour, and being -honoured with a dress of honour and the title of Khan, and a standard, -obtained leave to go. For the purpose of advising the Amirs of Kabul, -and on account of the disagreements that had sprung up between them -and Qilij Khan, I sent Raja Ram Das, and bestowed on him a horse and -robe of honour and 30,000 rupees for expenses. On the 6th Bahman, -when my camp was in the parganah of Bari, there came the news of the -death of Khwajagi Muhammad Husain, who was of the ancient servants -of this State. His elder brother, Muhammad Qasim Khan, in the time of -my revered father, found great favour, and Khwaja Muhammad Husain as -well was one of his confidential servants, and held employments such -as that of superintendent of the kitchen (bakawul) and such like. He -left no son and was beardless, and not a single hair of moustache -or whiskers appeared on him. At the time of speaking he spoke very -shrilly, and was looked upon as an eunuch. Shah-nawaz Khan, whom the -Khankhanan had sent from Burhanpur to make certain representations, -came on the 15th of the same month and waited on me. He presented 100 -muhrs and 100 rupees. As the affairs of the Deccan, in consequence -of the hasty proceedings of `Abdu-llah Khan and the treachery of -the Amirs, did not present a good prospect, the Dakhanis obtained -an opportunity for speaking and began to talk of peace to the Amirs -and well-wishers there. `Adil Khan embraced the robe of loyalty, and -prayed that if the affairs of the Deccan were entrusted to him he would -so arrange that some of the districts which had been taken out of the -possession of the officers of the State should be restored. The loyal -ones, looking to the necessities of the time, represented this, and a -settlement of some kind was arrived at, and the Khankhanan undertook -to settle matters. The Khan A`zam was also desirous of putting down -the rebel Rana, and begged for this service by way of obtaining merit -(as a ghazi). He was ordered to go to Malwa, which was his jagir, -and after arranging matters there to take up this duty. The mansab of -Abu-l-bi Uzbeg [382] was increased by 1,000 personal and 500 horse -to 4,000 personal and 3,500 horse. My hunting went on for 2 months -and 20 days, and during that time I went out every day to hunt. As -not more than 50 or 60 days remained before the world-illumining New -Year, I returned, and on the 24th Isfandiyar encamped in the Dahrah -garden. The courtiers and some of the mansabdars, who by order had -remained in the city, came on that day and waited on me. Muqarrab Khan -presented a decorated jar, Frank hats, and a jewelled sparrow (?). I -remained three days in the garden, and on the 27th Isfandiyar entered -the city. During this time [383] 223 head of deer, etc., 95 nilgaw, -2 boars, 36 cranes (or herons), etc., and 1,457 fish were killed. - - - - - - - - -THE EIGHTH NEW YEAR AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -The eighth year after my accession, corresponding with Muharram, -1022. On the night of Thursday, the 27th Muharram, corresponding -with the 1st Farwardin in the eighth year after my accession, after -3 1/2 gharis of day had elapsed, his honour the sun passed from -the constellation of Pisces to that of Aries, which is his abode of -rejoicing and victory. Early in the morning of the New Year's Day -the feast was prepared and adorned after the custom of every year. At -the end of that day I sat on the throne of State, and the Amirs and -ministers of the State and the courtiers of the palace came to salute -and congratulate me. On these days of happy augury I sat the whole -day in the public audience hall. Those who had anything to ask or -claim presented their petitions, and the offerings of the servants -of the palace were laid before me. Abu-l-bi, governor of Qandahar, -had sent for an offering Iraq horses and hunting dogs, and they were -brought before me. On the 9th of the same month Afzal Khan came -from the Subah of Behar, and in waiting on me presented 100 muhrs -and 100 rupees, as well as an elephant. On the 12th the offering of -I`timadu-d-daulah was laid before me, consisting of jewels, cloths, -and other things. That which pleased me attained to the dignity of -acceptance. Of the elephants of Afzal Khan's offering ten others -were inspected on this day. On the 13th the offerings of Tarbiyat -Khan were laid before me. Mu`taqid Khan bought a house at Agra, and -passed some days in that place. Misfortunes happened to him one after -another. We have heard that prosperity and bad luck depend on four -things: first, upon your wife; second, upon your slave; third upon -your house; fourth, upon your horse. In order to know the prosperity -or ill-luck of a house a rule has been established, indeed they say it -is infallible. One must clear a small piece of the site from earth, -and again strew the earth upon the same ground. If it cover it, one -may call it middling good fortune for that house, neither prosperity -nor misfortune; if it become less (i.e. does not cover it exactly) -it points to ill-luck, and if it does more (than cover it) it is -fortunate and auspicious. On the 14th the mansab of I`tibar Khan was -raised from 1,000 and 300 horse to 2,000 personal and 500 horse. I -increased the mansab of Tarbiyat Khan by 500 personal and 50 horse, -so that it became 2,000 personal and 850 horse. Hushang, son of Islam -Khan, who was in Bengal with his father, came at this time and paid -his respects. He brought with him some Maghs, whose country is near -Pegu and Arracan, and the country is still in their possession. I -made some enquiries as to their customs and religion. Briefly they -are animals in the form of men. They eat everything there is either on -land or in the sea, and nothing is forbidden by their religion. They -eat with anyone. They take into their possession (marry) their sisters -by another mother. In face they are like the Qara Qalmaqs, but their -language is that of Tibet and quite unlike Turki. There is a range -of mountains, one end of which touches the province of Kashghar and -the other the country of Pegu. They have no proper religion or any -customs that can be interpreted as religion. They are far from the -Musulman faith and separated from that of the Hindus. - -Two or three days before the Sharaf (the sun's highest point) my -son Khurram desired me to go to his house that he might present his -New Year's offerings from that place. I agreed to his request, and -remained for one day and one night at his house. He presented his -offerings. I took what I approved of and gave him back the rest. The -next day Murtaza Khan presented his offerings. Every day until the -day of culmination (ruz-i-sharaf) the offerings of one or of two or -three of the Amirs were laid before me. On Monday, the 19th Farwardin, -the assembly of the Sharaf was held. On that auspicious day I sat -on the throne of State, and an order was given that they should -produce all sorts of intoxicating things, such as wine, etc., so -that every one according to his desire might take what he liked. Many -took wine. The offerings of Mahabat Khan were on this day brought to -me. I gave one gold muhr of 1,000 tolas, which is called the star of -destiny (kaukab-i-tali`), to Yadgar `Ali Khan, the ambassador of the -ruler of Iran. The feast went off well. After the assembly broke up I -ordered that they might carry off the furniture and decorations. The -offering of the Muqarrab Khan had not been arranged on New Year's -Day. All sorts of rareties and excellent presents were now produced -which he had collected together. Amongst others, twelve Iraq and Arab -horses that had been brought in a ship, and jewelled saddles of Frank -workmanship [384] were produced before me. To the mansab of Nawazish -Khan 500 horse were added so as to make it one of 2,000 personal and -horse. An elephant called Bansibadan, which Islam Khan had sent from -Bengal, was brought to me and put among my special elephants. On the -3rd Urdibihisht, Khwaja Yadgar, brother of `Abdu-llah Khan, came from -Gujarat and waited on me; he offered 100 Jahangiri muhrs. After he -had been in attendance a few days he was honoured with the title of -Sardar Khan. As a competent bakhshi had to be sent to the army of -Bangash and those regions, I chose Mu`taqid Khan for this duty, and -increased his mansab by 300 personal and 50 horse so that it became -1,500 with 350 horse, and dismissed him. It was settled that he must -go quickly. I sent off Muhammad Husain Chelebi, who understood the -purchase of jewels and collecting curiosities, with money to go by way -of Iraq to Constantinople and buy and bring for the Sarkar curiosities -and rareties. For this purpose it was necessary that he should pay -his respects to the ruler of Iran. I had given him a letter and a -memorandum (of what he was to procure). Briefly, he saw my brother, -Shah `Abbas, in Mashhad, and the king enquired from him what kind of -things should be brought for his master's Sarkar. As he was urgent, -Chelebi showed the list he had brought with him. In that list there -were entered good turquoise and mumiya (bitumen) from the mine of -Ispahan. He told him that these two articles were not to be bought, -but he would send them for me. He authorized Uwaisi Tupchi (gunner), -who was one of his private servants, to hand over to him six bags -(ambancha) of turquoise earth holding about 30 seers, with 14 tolas -of mumiya and four Iraq horses, one of which was a piebald, and he -wrote a letter containing many, many expressions of friendship. With -regard to the inferior quality of the turquoise dust (khaka) and the -small quantity of mumiya he made many apologies. The khaka appeared -very inferior. Although the jewellers and makers of rings made every -endeavour, no stone that was fit to be made into a finger ring could -be produced. Probably in these days turquoise dust is not procurable -from the mines such as it was in the time of the late king Tahmasp. He -mentioned all this in the letter. With regard to the effect of mumiya -I had heard much from scientists, but when I tried it no result -was apparent. I do not know whether physicians have exaggerated -its effect, or whether its efficacy had been lessened by its being -stale. At any rate, I gave it to a fowl with a broken leg to drink -in larger quantity than they said and in the manner laid down by the -physicians, and rubbed some on the place where it was broken, and kept -it there for three days, though it was said to be sufficient to keep -it from morning till evening. But after I had examined it, no effect -was produced, and the broken place remained as it was. [385] In a -separate letter the Shah had written a recommendation of Salamu-llah, -the Arab. I immediately increased his mansab and his jagir. - -I sent one of my private elephants with trappings to `Abdu-llah -Khan and gave another to Qilij Khan. I ordered that assignments -(tankhwah) should be made to 12,000 horse on the establishment [386] -of `Abdu-llah Khan at the rate of three horses and two horses for -each trooper. As previously with a view to service in Junagarh I -had increased the mansab of his brother Sardar Khan by 500 personal -and 300 horse, and had afterwards assigned the duty to Kamil Khan, -I ordered that he should retain his increase and that it should -be counted (permanently) in his mansab. I increased the rank of -Sarfaraz Khan, which was that of 1,500 personal and 500 horse, by -200 horse more. On the 27th Urdibihisht, corresponding with the 26th -Rabi`u-l-awwal, in the eighth year of my reign, in the year 1022 -of the Hijra era, on Thursday, the meeting for my lunar weighing -took place in the house of Maryam-zamani (his mother). Some of the -money that was weighed I ordered to be given to the women and the -deserving ones who had assembled in my mother's house. On the same -day I increased by 1,000 the mansab of Murtaza Khan, so that it came -to 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse. Khusrau Beg, a slave of Mirza Khan, -came from Patna in the company of `Abdu-r-Razzaq Ma`muri and waited on -me, and Sardar Khan, brother of `Abdu-llah Khan, obtained leave to go -to Ahmadabad. An Afghan had brought from the Carnatic two goats that -had pazahar (bezoar stones, an antidote against poison). I had always -heard that an animal that has pazahar is very thin and miserable, -but these goats were very fat and fresh. I ordered them to kill one -of them, which was a female. Four pazahar stones became apparent, -and this caused great astonishment. - -It is an established fact that cheetahs in unaccustomed places do not -pair off with a female, for my revered father once collected together -1,000 cheetahs. He was very desirous that they should pair, but this -in no way came off. He had many times coupled male and female cheetahs -together in gardens, but there, too, it did not come off. At this time -a male cheetah, having slipped its collar, went to a female and paired -with it, and after two and a half months three young ones were born -and grew up. This has been recorded because it appeared strange. As -cheetahs did not pair with cheetahs, (still less) had it ever been -heard in former times(?) that tigers mated in captivity. As in the -time of my reign wild beasts have abandoned their savagery, tigers have -become so tame that troops of them without chains or restraint go about -amongst the people, and they neither harm men nor have any wildness -or alarm. It happened that a tigress became pregnant and after three -months bore three cubs; it had never happened that a wild tiger after -its capture had paired. It had been heard from philosophers that the -milk of a tigress was of great use for brightening eyes. Although -we made every effort that the moisture of milk should appear in -her breasts, we could not accomplish it. It occurs to me that as it -is a raging creature, and milk appears in the breasts of mothers by -reason of the affection they have for their young, as milk [387] comes -into their breasts in connection with their young ones drinking and -sucking at the time of their taking (the milk), their (the mothers') -rage increases and the milk in their breasts is dried up. - -At the end of Urdibihisht, Khwaja Qasim, brother of Khwaja -`Abdu-l-`Aziz, who is of the Naqshbandi Khwajas, came from -Mawara'a-n-nahr and waited on me. After a few days 12,000 rupees were -given to him as a present. As Khwaja Jahan had made a melon-bed in -the neighbourhood of the city, when two watches of day had passed -on Thursday, the 10th Khurdad, I got into a boat and went to inspect -the melon-bed, and took the ladies with me. We reached there when two -or three gharis of day were left, and passed the evening in walking -among the beds. A wonderfully sharp wind and whirlwind sprang up, so -that the tents and screens fell down. I got into the boat and passed -the night in it. I also passed part of the Friday in walking about -the melon-bed, and returned to the city. Afzal Khan, who for a long -time had been afflicted with boils and other sores, died on the 10th -Khurdad. I transferred the jagir and hereditary land of Raja Jagman, -who had failed in his service in the Deccan, to Mahabat Khan. Shaikh -Pir, who is one of the emancipated ones who hold aloof from the -attachments of the age, and who on account of the pure friendship -that he bears towards me has chosen to be my companion and servant, -had before this founded a mosque in the parganah of Mairtha, which -is his native place. At this time he took occasion to mention the -circumstance. As I found his mind bent on the completion of this -building I gave him 4,000 rupees, so that he himself might go and -expend it, and also gave him a valuable shawl and dismissed him. In the -public audience hall there were two railings (mahjar) of wood. Inside -the first, Amirs, ambassadors, and people of honour sat, and no one -entered this circle without an order. Within the second railing, -which is broader than the first, the mansabdars of inferior rank, -[388] ahadis, and those who had work to do are admitted. Outside this -railing stand the servants of the Amirs and all the people who may -enter the Diwankhana. As there was no difference between the first -and second railings, it occurred to me that I should decorate the -first with silver. I ordered this railing and the staircase that led -from this railing to the balcony of the Jharokha, as well as the two -elephants placed on the two sides of the seat of the Jharokha, which -skilful people had made of wood, to be decorated with silver. After -this was completed it was reported to me that 125 maunds of silver in -Hindustani weight, equal to 880 maunds of Persia, had been used up; -indeed, it now assumed a worthy appearance. - -On the 3rd of the month of Tir, Muzaffar Khan came from Thatta [389] -and waited on me. He made an offering of twelve muhrs and a Koran with -a jewelled cover, and two jewelled roses(?) (du gul). On the 14th of -the same month Safdar Khan came from the Subah of Behar and waited -on me, offering 101 muhrs. After Muzaffar Khan had been some days in -attendance, I increased his former mansab by 500 personal, and giving -him a standard and a private shawl dismissed him to Thatta. [390] - -I knew that every animal or living thing bitten by a mad dog died, -but this had not been ascertained in the case of an elephant. In -my time it so happened that one night a mad dog came into the place -where was tied one of my private elephants, Gajpati [391] by name, -and bit the foot of a female elephant that was with mine. She at -once cried out. The elephant-keepers at once ran in, and the dog -fled away into a thorn-brake that is there. After a little while it -came in again and bit my private elephant's fore-foot as well. The -elephant killed it. When a month and five days had passed after this -event, one day when it was cloudy the growling of thunder came to -the ear of the female elephant, that was in the act of eating, and -it of a sudden raised a cry and its limbs began to tremble. It threw -itself on the ground, but rose again. For seven days water ran out -of its mouth, then suddenly it uttered a cry and showed distress. The -remedies the drivers gave it had no effect, and on the eighth day it -fell and died. A month after the death of the female elephant they -took the large elephant to the edge of the river in the plain. It -was cloudy and thundery in the same way. The said elephant in the -height of excitement all at once began to tremble and sat down on the -ground. With a thousand difficulties the drivers took it to its own -place. After the same interval and in the same way that had happened -to the female elephant this elephant also died. Great amazement was -caused by this affair, and in truth it is a matter to be wondered at -that an animal of such size and bulk should be so much affected by -a little wound inflicted on it by such a weak creature. - -As Khankhanan had repeatedly begged for leave to be given to his son -Shah-nawaz Khan, on the 4th Amurdad I gave him a horse and a robe of -honour and dismissed him to the Deccan. I promoted Ya`qub Badakhshi, -whose mansab was 150, to 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse, on account -of the bravery he had displayed, and gave him the title of Khan as -well as a standard. - -The Hindus are in four divisions, and each of these acts according -to its own rules and ways. In every year they keep a fixed day. The -first is the caste of the Brahmans, [392] that is those who know -the Incomparable God. Their duties are of six kinds--(1) to acquire -religious knowledge, (2) to give instructions to others, (3) to -worship fire, (4) to lead men to the worship of fire, (5) giving -something to the needy, (6) taking gifts. There is for this caste -an appointed day, and that is the last day of the month of Sawan, -the second month of the rainy season. [393] They consider this an -auspicious day, and the worshippers go on that day to the banks of -rivers and tanks, and recite enchantments, breathe upon cords and -coloured threads; on another day, which is the first of the New Year, -they fasten them on the hands of the Rajas and great men of the time, -and look on them as (good) omens. They call this thread rakhi, [394] -that is, preservation (nigah-dasht). This day occurs in the month of -Tir, when the world-heating sun is in the constellation of Cancer. The -second caste is that of the Chhatri, which is known as Khatri. Their -duty is to protect the oppressed from the evil of the oppressors. The -customs of this caste are three things--(1) that they study religious -science themselves but do not teach others; (2) that they worship fire, -but do not teach others to do so; (3) that they give to the needy, but -although they are needy take nothing themselves. The day of this caste -is the Bijay dasamin, 'the victorious tenth.' [395] On this day with -them it is lucky to mount and go against one's enemy with an army. Ram -Chand, whom they worship as their god, leading his army on that day -against his enemy won a victory, and they consider this a great day, -and, decorating their elephants and horses, perform worship. This day -falls in the month of Shahriwar, [396] when the Sun is in the mansion -of Virgo, and on it they give presents to those who look after their -horses and elephants. The third caste is that of Baish (Vaishya). Its -custom is this, that they serve the other two castes of which mention -has been made. They practise agriculture and buying and selling, and -are employed in the business of profit and interest. This caste has -also a fixed day which they call the Dewali; this day occurs in the -month of Mihr when the sun is in the constellation of Libra, the 28th -day of the lunar month. On the night of that day they light lamps, -and friends and those who are dear assemble in each other's houses -and pass their time busily in gambling. As the eyes of this caste -are on profit and interest, they consider carrying over and opening -new accounts on that day auspicious. The fourth caste is the Sudras, -who are the lowest caste of the Hindus. They are the servants of all, -and derive no profit from those things which are the specialities of -every (other) caste. Thursday is the Holi, which in their belief is the -last day of the year. This day occurs in the month of Isfandarmuz, -when the sun is in the constellation of Pisces. On the night of -this day they light fires at the head of the streets and ways, and -when it becomes day they for one watch scatter the ashes on each -other's heads and faces, and make a wonderful noise and disturbance, -and after this wash themselves, put on their apparel, and walk about -in the gardens and on the plains. As it is an established custom of -the Hindus to burn the dead, to light fires on this night, which is -the last night of the year that has passed, signifies that they burn -the last year, which has gone to the abode of the dead. In the time -of my revered father the Hindu Amirs and others in imitation of them -performed the ceremony of rakhi in adorning him, making strings of -rubies and royal pearls and flowers jewelled with gems of great value -and binding them on his auspicious arms. This custom was carried on -for some years. As they carried this extravagance to excess, and he -disliked it, he forbade it. The brahmans by way of auguries used to -tie these strings and (pieces of) silk according to their custom. I -also in this year carried out this laudable religious practice, -and ordered that the Hindu Amirs and the heads of the caste [397] -should fasten rakhis on my arms. On the day of the rakhi, which was -the 9th Amurdad, they performed the same rites, and other castes by -way of imitation did not give up this bigotry; this year I agreed to -it, and ordered that the brahmans should bind strings (of cotton) -and silk after the ancient manner. On this day by chance fell the -anniversary of the death of the late king. [398] The commemoration -of such an anniversary is one of the standing rules and customs in -Hindustan. Every year on the day of the death of their fathers and -those who are dear to them, each according to his circumstances and -ability prepares food and all kinds of perfumes, and the learned men, -the respectable and other men assemble, and these assemblies sometimes -last a week. On this day I sent Baba Khurram to the venerated tomb to -arrange the assemblage, and 10,000 rupees were given to ten trustworthy -servants to divide among fakirs and those who were in want. - -On the 15th of the month of Amurdad the offering of Islam Khan was -laid before me. He had sent 28 elephants, 40 horses of that part of -the country which are known as tanghan, 50 eunuchs, 500 pargala nafis -sitarkani. [399] - -It had been made a rule that the events of the Subahs should be -reported according to the boundaries of each, and news-writers from -the Court had been appointed for this duty. This being the rule that -my revered father had laid down, I also observe it, and much gain -and great advantage are to be brought about by it and information is -acquired about the world and its inhabitants. If the advantages of -this were to be written down it would become a long affair. At this -time the news-writer of Lahore reported that at the end of the month -of Tir ten men had gone from the city to Amanabad, which lies at a -distance of 12 kos. As the air was very hot, they took shelter under -a tree. Soon afterwards wind and a dust-storm (chakri) sprang up, -and when it blew on that band of men they trembled, and nine of them -died under the tree, and only one remained alive; he was ill for a long -time, and recovered with great difficulty. In that neighbourhood such -bad air was created that numerous birds who had their nests in that -tree all fell down and died, and that the wild beasts (beasts of the -plain, perhaps cattle) came and threw themselves on to the cultivated -fields, and, rolling about on the grass, gave up their lives. In short, -many animals perished. On Thursday, the 13th Amurdad, having said my -prayers (lit. counted my rosary), I embarked on board a boat for the -purpose of hunting in the village of Samonagar, which is one of my -fixed hunting-places. On the 3rd Shahriwar, Khan `Alam, whom I had -sent for from the Deccan in order to despatch him to Iraq in company -with the ambassador of the ruler of Iran, came and waited on me at -this place. He offered 100 muhrs. As Samonagar was in Mahabat Khan's -jagir, he had prepared a delightful halting-place there on the bank -of the river, and it pleased me greatly. He presented offerings of -an elephant and an emerald ring. The former was put into my private -stud. Up to the 6th Shahriwar I was employed in hunting. In these -few days 47 head of antelope, male and female, and other animals were -killed. At this time Dilawar Khan sent as an offering a ruby, which -was accepted. I sent a special sword for Islam Khan. I increased -the mansab of Hasan `Ali Turkuman, which was 1,000 personal and -700 horse, by 500 personal and 100 horse. At the end of Thursday, -the 20th of the same month, in the house of Maryam-zamani, my solar -weighing took place. I weighed myself according to the usual custom -against metals and other things. I had this year attained to the age -of 44 solar years. On the same day Yadgar `Ali, ambassador of the -ruler of Iran, and Khan `Alam, who had been nominated to accompany -him from this side, received their leave to go. On Yadgar `Ali there -were bestowed a horse with a jewelled saddle, a jewelled sword, a -vest without sleeves with gold embroidery, an aigrette with feathers -and a jigha (turban ornament), and 30,000 rupees in cash, altogether -40,000 rupees, and on Khan `Alam a jewelled khapwa or phul katara -(a sort of dagger) with a pendant of royal pearls. On the 22nd of the -same month I visited the venerated mausoleum of my revered father at -Bihishtabad, riding on an elephant. On the way 5,000 rupees in small -coin were scattered round, and I gave other 5,000 rupees to Khwaja -Jahan to divide among the dervishes. Having said my evening prayers, -I went back to the city in a boat. As the house of I`timadu-d-daulah -was on the bank of the river Jumna, I alighted there until the end -of the next day. Having accepted what pleased me of his offerings, -I went towards the palace; I`tiqad Khan's house was also on the bank -of the river Jumna; at his request I disembarked there with the ladies, -and walked round the houses he had lately built there. This delightful -place pleased me greatly. He had produced suitable offerings of cloth -stuffs and jewels and other things; these were all laid before me and -most of them were approved. When it was near evening I entered the -auspicious palace. As the astrologers had fixed an hour in this night -for starting for Ajmir, when seven gharis of the night of Monday, -the 2nd Sha`ban, corresponding with the 24th Shahriwar, had passed, -I started in happiness and prosperity with intent to go there from -the capital of Agra. In this undertaking two things were agreeable to -me, one a pilgrimage to the splendid mausoleum of Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din -Chishti, from the blessing of whose illustrious soul great advantages -had been derived by this dignified family, and whose venerable shrine -I had not visited after my accession to the throne. The second was -the defeat and beating back of the rebel Rana Amar Singh, who is one -of the most considerable of the Zamindars and Rajas of Hindustan, -and whose headship and leadership and those of his ancestors all the -Rajas and Rays of this province agree to. The administration has for -long been in the hands of this family, and they have long borne rule -towards the East, that is the Purab. They became in that time well -known under the title of Rajas. After this they fell on the Deccan -[400] and took possession of many of the countries of that region. In -the place of Raja they have taken the title of Rawal. After this they -came into the hill country of Mewat, and by degrees got into their -possession the fort of Chitor. From that date until this day, which is -in the eighth year after my accession, 1,471 years have passed. [401] - -There are twenty-six others of this caste who have ruled for 1,010 -years. They have the title of Rawal, and from the Rawal who was -first known as Rawal down to Rana Amar Singh, the present Rana, -there are twenty-six individuals who have ruled for the space of -461 years. During this long time they have never bent their necks -in obedience to any of the kings of the country of Hindustan, and -have for most of the time been rebellious and troublesome, so much -so that in the reign of the late king Babar, Rana Sanga collected -together all the Rajas, Rays, and Zamindars of this province, and -fought a battle in the neighbourhood of Biyana with 180,000 horse and -several lakhs of foot-soldiers. By the aid of Almighty God and the -assistance of fortune the victorious army of Islam prevailed against -the infidel forces, and a great defeat happened to them. The details -of this battle have been given in the Memoirs of King Babar. My -revered father (may his bright tomb be the abode of unending Grace) -exerted himself greatly to put down these rebels, and several times -sent armies against them. In the twelfth year after his accession -he set himself to capture the fort of Chitor, which is one of the -strongest forts of the inhabited world, and to overthrow the kingdom -of the Rana, and after four months and ten days of siege took it by -force from the men of Amar Singh's father, after much fighting, and -returned after destroying the fort. Every time the victorious forces -pressed him hard in order to capture him or make him a fugitive, but -it so happened that this was not effected. In the end of his reign, -on the same day and hour that he proceeded to the conquest of the -Deccan, he sent me with a large army and reliable Sardars against the -Rana. By chance these two affairs, for reasons which it would take -too long to recount, did not succeed. At last I came to the throne, -and as this matter was only half done, the first army I sent to the -borders was this one. Making my son Parwiz its leader, the leading -nobles who were at the capital were appointed to this duty. I sent -abundant treasure and artillery with him. As every matter depends -on its own season, at this juncture the unhappy affair of Khusrau -occurred, and I had to pursue him to the Panjab. The province and the -capital of Agra remained void. I had necessarily to write that Parwiz -should return with some of the Amirs and take charge of Agra and the -neighbourhood. In short, this time again the matter of the Rana did -not go off as it should. When by the favour of Allah my mind was at -rest from Khusrau's disturbance, and Agra became again the alighting -place of the royal standards, a victorious army was appointed under -the leadership of Mahabat Khan, `Abdu-llah Khan, and other leaders, -and from that date up to the time when the royal standards started for -Ajmir his country was trodden under foot by the victorious forces. As -finally the affair did not assume an approved form, it occurred to -me that, as I had nothing to do at Agra, and I was convinced that -until I myself went there the affair would not be set to rights, I -left the fort of Agra and alighted at the Dahrah garden. On the next -day the festival of the Dasahra took place. According to the usual -custom they decorated the elephants and horses, and I had them before -me. As the mothers and sisters of Khusrau repeatedly represented to -me that he was very repentant of his deeds, the feelings (lit. sweat) -of fatherly affection having come into movement, I sent for him and -determined that he should come every day to pay his respects to me. I -remained for eight days in that garden. On the 28th news arrived that -Raja Ram Das, who was doing service in Bangash and the neighbourhood -of Kabul with Qilij Khan, had died. On the 1st of the month of Mihr I -marched from the garden, and dismissed Khwaja Jahan to look after the -capital of Agra and guard the treasure and the palace, and gave him -an elephant and a special robe (fargul). On the 2nd Mihr news arrived -that Raja Baso had died in the thanah of Shahabad, [402] which is on -the border of the territory of Amar. On the 10th of the same month -I halted at Rup Bas, which has now been named Amanabad. Formerly -this district had been given as jagir to Rup Khawass. Afterwards, -bestowing it on Amanu-llah, son of Mahabat Khan, I ordered it to be -called by his name. Eleven days were passed at this halting-place. As -it is a fixed hunting-place, I every day mounted to go hunting, and -in these few days 158 antelopes, male and female, and other animals -were killed. On the 25th of the month I marched from Amanabad. On the -31st, corresponding with the 8th Ramazan, Khwaja Abu-l-hasan, whom -I had sent for from Burhanpur, came and waited on me, and presented -as offerings 50 muhrs, 15 jewelled vessels, and an elephant, which -I placed in my private stud. On the 2nd Aban, corresponding with -the 10th Ramazan, news came of the death of Qilij Khan. He was one -of the ancient servants of the State, and obtained the mercy of God -in the 80th year of his age. He was employed at Peshawar in the duty -of keeping in order the Afghans full of darkness. [403] His rank was -6,000 personal and 5,000 horse. Murtaza Khan Dakhani was unrivalled -in the art of pulta-bazi, which in the language of the Dakhanis -they call yaganagi, and the Moguls shamshir-bazi, 'sword-play' -(fencing). For some time I studied it with him. At this time I exalted -him with the title of Warzish Khan (Exercise-Khan). I had established -a custom that deserving people and dervishes should be brought before -me every night, so that I might bestow on them, after personal enquiry -into their condition, land, or gold, or clothes. Amongst these was a -man who represented to me that the name Jahangir, according to the -science of abjad (numerals reckoned by letters), corresponded to -the great name "Allah Akbar." [404] Considering this a good omen, -I gave him who discovered (this coincidence) land, a horse, cash, -and clothing. On Monday, the 5th Shawwal, corresponding to the 26th -Aban, the hour for entering Ajmir was fixed. On the morning of the -said day I went towards it. When the fort and the buildings of the -shrine of the revered Khwaja appeared in sight, I traversed on foot -the remainder of the road, about a kos. I placed trustworthy men on -both sides of the road, who went along giving money to fakirs and the -necessitous. When four gharis of day had passed, I entered the city -and its inhabited portion, and in the fifth ghari had the honour of -visiting the venerated mausoleum. After visiting it I proceeded to the -auspicious palace, and the next day ordered all those present in this -honoured resting-place, both small and great, belonging to the city, -and travellers, to be brought before me, that they might be made -happy with numerous gifts according to their real circumstances. On -the 7th Azar I went to see and shoot on the tank of Pushkar, which is -one of the established praying-places of the Hindus, with regard to the -perfection of which they give (excellent) accounts that are incredible -to any intelligence, and which is situated at a distance of three kos -from Ajmir. For two or three days I shot water-fowl on that tank, -and returned to Ajmir. Old and new temples which, in the language -of the infidels, they call Deohara [405] are to be seen around this -tank. Among them Rana Shankar, who is the uncle of the rebel Amar, -and in my kingdom is among the high nobles, had built a Deohara of -great magnificence, on which 100,000 rupees had been spent. I went -to see that temple. I found a form cut out of black stone, which -from the neck above was in the shape of a pig's head, and the rest -of the body was like that of a man. The worthless religion of the -Hindus is this, that once on a time for some particular object the -Supreme Ruler thought it necessary to show himself in this shape; on -this account they hold it dear and worship it. [406] I ordered them -to break that hideous form and throw it into the tank. After looking -at this building there appeared a white dome on the top of a hill, -to which men were coming from all quarters. When I asked about this -they said that a Jogi lived there, and when the simpletons come to see -him he places in their hands a handful [407] of flour, which they put -into their mouths and imitate the cry of an animal which these fools -have at some time injured, in order that by this act their sins may -be blotted out. I ordered them to break down that place and turn the -Jogi out of it, as well as to destroy the form of an idol there was -in the dome. Another belief they have is that there is no bottom to -this tank. After enquiry it appeared that it is nowhere deeper than -12 cubits. I also measured it round and it was about 1 1/2 kos. - -On the 16th Azar news came that the watchmen had marked down a -tigress. I immediately went there and killed it with a gun and -returned. After a few days a nilgaw (blue bull) was killed, of which I -ordered them to take off the skin in my presence and cook it as food -for the poor. Over 200 people assembled and ate it, and I gave money -with my own hand to each of them. In the same month news came that the -Franks of Goa had, contrary to treaty, plundered four cargo vessels -[408] that frequented the port of Surat in the neighbourhood of that -port: and, making prisoners a large number of Musulmans, had taken -possession of the goods and chattels that were in those ships. This -being very disagreeable to my mind, I despatched Muqarrab Khan, -who is in charge of the port, on the 18th Azar, giving him a horse -and elephant and a dress of honour, to obtain compensation for this -affair. On account of the great activity and good services of Yusuf -Khan and Bahaduru-l-mulk in the Subah of the Deccan, I sent standards -for them. - -It has been written that my chief object, after my visit to the Khwaja, -was to put a stop to the affair of the rebel Rana. On this account -I determined to remain myself at Ajmir and send on Baba Khurram, my -fortunate son. This idea was a very good one, and on this account, -on the 6th of Day, at the hour fixed upon, I despatched him in -happiness and triumph. I presented him with a qaba (outer coat) of -gold brocade with jewelled flowers and pearls round the flowers, -a brocaded turban with strings of pearls, a gold woven sash with -chains of pearls, one of my private elephants called Fath Gaj, with -trappings, a special horse, a jewelled sword, and a jewelled khapwa, -with a phul katara. In addition to the men first appointed to this -duty under the leadership of Khan A`zam, I sent 12,000 more horse with -my son, and honoured their leaders, each according to his condition, -with special horses and elephants and robes of honour, and dismissed -them. Fida'i Khan was nominated to the paymastership of this army. At -the same time Safdar Khan was despatched to the government of Kashmir -in place of Hashim Khan. He received a horse and robe of honour. On -Wednesday, the 11th, Khwaja Abu-l-hasan was made general paymaster -(bakhshi-kul), and received a dress of honour. I had ordered them to -make a large caldron [409] at Agra for the revered mausoleum of the -Khwaja. On this day it was brought, and I ordered them to cook food -for the poor in that pot, and collect together the poor of Ajmir -to feed them whilst I was there. Five thousand people assembled, -and all ate of this food to their fill. After the food I gave money -to each of the dervishes with my own hand. At this time Islam Khan, -governor of Bengal, was promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and -horse, and a flag was given to Mukarram Khan, son of Mu`azzam Khan. - -On the 1st of Isfandarmuz, corresponding with the 10th Muharram, 1023 -(20th February, 1614), I left Ajmir to hunt nilgaw, and returned on -the 9th. I halted at the fountain of Hafiz Jamal, [410] two kos from -the city, and passed the night of Friday [411] there. At the end of -the day I entered the city. In these twenty days ten nilgaw had been -killed. As the good service of Khwaja Jahan and the smallness of his -force for the defence and government of Agra and that neighbourhood -were brought to my notice, I increased his mansab by 500 personal and -100 horse. On the same day Abu-l-fath Dakhani came from his jagir and -waited on me. On the 3rd of the same month news came of the death of -Islam Khan; he had died on Thursday, the 5th Rajab, in the year 1022 -(21st August, 1613). In one day, without any previous illness, this -inevitable event occurred. He was one of those born and brought up in -the house (house-born). The naturally good disposition and knowledge -of affairs that showed themselves in him were seen in no one else. He -ruled Bengal with entire authority, and brought within the civil -jurisdiction of the province countries that had never previously come -under the sway of any of the jagirdars or into the possession of any -of the Chiefs of the State. If death had not overtaken him he would -have done perfect service. - -The Khan A`zam had himself prayed that the illustrious prince should -be appointed to the campaign against the Rana, yet, notwithstanding -all kinds of encouragement and gratification on the part of my son -(Shah Jahan), he would not apply himself to the task, but proceeded -to act in his own unworthy manner. When this was heard by me, I sent -Ibrahim Husain, who was one of my most trusty attendants, to him, -and sent affectionate messages to him to say that when he was at -Burhanpur he had daily begged this duty of me, as he considered it -equivalent to the happiness of both worlds, and had said in meetings -and assemblies that if he should be killed in this enterprise he would -be a martyr, and if he prevailed, a ghazi. I had given him whatever -support and assistance of artillery he had asked for. After this he -had written that without the movement of the royal standards to those -regions the completion of the affair was not free of difficulty. By -his counsel I had come to Ajmir, and this neighbourhood had been -thus honoured and dignified. Now that he had himself prayed for the -prince, and everything had been carried out according to his counsel, -why did he withdraw his foot from the field of battle and enter the -place of disagreement? To Baba Khurram, from whom up till now I had -never parted, and whom I sent in pure reliance on his (Khan A`zam's) -knowledge of affairs, he should show loyalty and approved good-will, -and never be neglectful day or night of his duty to my son. If, -contrariwise, he should draw back his foot from what he had agreed -to, he must know that there would be mischief. Ibrahim Husain -went, and impressed these words on his mind in the same detailed -way. It was of no avail, as he would not go back from his folly and -determination. When Baba Khurram saw that his being in the affair was -a cause of disturbance, he kept him under observation and represented -that his being there was in no way fitting, and he was acting thus -and spoiling matters simply on account of the connection he had with -Khusrau. [412] I then ordered Mahabat Khan to go and bring him from -Udaipur, and told Muhammad Taqi, the diwan of buildings, to go to -Mandesur and bring his children and dependants to Ajmir. - -On the 11th of the month news came that Dulip, son of Ray Singh, -who was of a seditious and rebellious disposition, had been heavily -defeated by his younger brother, Rao Suraj Singh, who had been -sent against him, and that he was making disturbance in one of the -districts of the Sarkar of Hissar. About this time Hashim of Khost, -the faujdar, and the jagirdars of that neighbourhood seized him, and -sent him as a prisoner to Court. As he had misbehaved repeatedly, -he was capitally punished, and this was a warning to many of the -seditious. In reward for this service an increase of 500 personal -and 200 horse was made to the mansab of Rao Suraj Singh. On the 14th -of the month a representation came from my son Baba Khurram that the -elephant `Alam-guman, of which the Rana was very fond, together with -seventeen other elephants, had fallen into the hands of the warriors of -the victorious army, and that his master would also soon be captured. - - - - - - - - -THE NINTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER MY AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -The commencement of the ninth year after my auspicious accession, -corresponding with the Hijra year 1023 (1614). - -Two watches and one ghari had passed on the night of Friday, the 9th -Safar (21st March, 1614), when the world-warming sun shed his rays on -the constellation of Aries, which is his house of dignity and honour; -it was the first morning of the month of Farwardin. The assembly for -the New Year's festival took place in the pleasant regions of Ajmir, -and at the time of entry (of the sun into Aries), which was the -propitious hour, I seated myself on the throne of good fortune. They -had in the usual manner decorated the palace with rare cloth-stuffs and -jewels and gem-decked things. At this auspicious moment the elephant -`Alam-guman, [413] which was fit to be entered in the private stud, -with the seventeen other male and female elephants which my son Baba -Khurram had sent of the Rana's elephants, were presented before me, -and the hearts of the loyal rejoiced. On the 2nd day of the New Year, -knowing it to be propitious for a ride, I mounted it and scattered -about much money. On the 3rd I conferred on I`tiqad Khan a mansab -of 3,000 personal and 1,000 horse, increasing thus that which -he had already, which was of 2,000 personal and 500 horse, and I -distinguished him with the title of Asaf Khan, with which title two -of his family had been previously honoured. I also increased the -mansab of Dayanat Khan by 500 personal and 200 horse. At the same -time I promoted I`timadu-d-daulah to the mansab of 5,000 personal -and 2,000 horse. At the request of Baba Khurram I increased the -mansab of Saif Khan Barha by 500 personal and 200 horse, that of -Dilawar Khan by the same number, that of Kishan Singh by 500 horse, -and that of Sarfaraz Khan by 500 personal and 300 horse. On Sunday, -the 10th, the offering of Asaf Khan was produced before me, and on -the 14th I`timadu-d-daulah produced his own offering. From these two -offerings I took what pleased me and gave back the rest. Chin Qilij -Khan, with his brothers, relations, and the army and retinue of his -father, came from Kabul [414] and waited on me. Ibrahim Khan, who had -a mansab of 700 personal and 300 horse, having been promoted to that -of 1,500 personal and 600 horse, was appointed jointly with Khwaja -Abu-l-hasan to the exalted dignity of paymaster of the household. On -the 15th of this month Mahabat Khan, who had been appointed to bring -Khan A`zam and his son `Abdu-llah, came and waited on me. On the 19th -the assembly of honour was held. On that day the offering of Mahabat -Khan was laid before me, and I sent a private elephant called Rup -Sundar for my son Parwiz. When that day had passed I ordered them to -deliver Khan A`zam into the charge of Asaf Khan, that he might keep him -in the fort of Gwalior. As my object in sending him to the fort was -in case some disagreement and disturbance should occur in the matter -of the Rana in consequence of the attachment that he had to Khusrau, -I ordered him not to be kept in the fort like a prisoner, but that they -should provide everything necessary for his comfort and convenience in -the way of eating and clothing. On the same day I promoted Chin Qilij -Khan to a mansab of 2,500 personal and 700 horse. To the rank of Taj -Khan, who had been appointed to the charge of the province of Bhakar, -I added 500 personal and horse. On the 18th Urdibihisht I forbade -Khusrau to pay his respects. The reason was this, that through the -affection and fatherly love (I bore him) and the prayers of his mother -and sisters, I had ordered again that he should come every day to pay -his respects (kurnish). As his appearance showed no signs of openness -and happiness, and he was always mournful and dejected in mind, I -accordingly ordered that he should not come to pay his respects. In -the time of my revered father, Muzaffar Husain Mirza and Rustam Mirza, -sons of Sultan Husain Mirza, nephews of Shah Tahmasp Safawi, who had -in their possession Qandahar and Zamindawar and that neighbourhood, -sent petitions to the effect that in consequence of the nearness to -Khurasan and the coming of `Abdu-llah Khan Uzbeg to that country, -they could not leave the charge of looking after the country and come -(to pay their respects), but that if he (Akbar) would send one of -the servants of the palace they would hand over the country to him, -and themselves come to pay their respects. As they repeatedly made -this request, he sent Shah Beg Khan, who is now honoured with the -title of Khan Dauran, to the governorship of Qandahar and Zamindawar -and that neighbourhood, and wrote firmans full of favour to the Mirzas -summoning them to the Court. After their arrival favours appropriate to -the case of each were bestowed on them, and he gave them a territory -equal to two or three times the collections of Qandahar. In the end, -the management expected from them was not achieved, and by degrees the -territory deteriorated. Muzaffar Husain Mirza died during the lifetime -of my revered father, and he sent Mirza Rustam with the Khankhanan to -the Subah of the Deccan, where he had a small jagir. When the throne -was honoured by my succession, I sent for him from the Deccan with the -intention of showing him favour and sending him to one of the border -territories. About the time he came Mirza Ghazi Tarkhan, who held the -governorship of Thatta and Qandahar and that neighbourhood, died. It -occurred to me to send him to Thatta, so that he might show there -his natural good qualities and administer that country in an approved -manner. I promoted him to a mansab of 5,000 personal and horse, 200,000 -rupees were given to him for expenses, and I despatched him to the -Subah of Thatta. My belief was that he would do good service [415] -on those borders. In opposition to my expectation he did no service, -and committed so much oppression that many people complained of his -wickedness. Such news of him was heard that it was considered necessary -to recall him. One of the servants of the Court was appointed to summon -him, and I sent for him to Court. On the 26th Urdibihisht they brought -him. As he had committed great oppression on the people of God, and -inquiry into this was due according to the requirements of justice, -I handed him over to Anira'i Singh-dalan that he might enquire into -the facts, and that if guilty he might receive prompt punishment and -be a warning to others. In those days the news also came of the defeat -of Ahdad, the Afghan. The facts are that Mu`taqid Khan came to Pulam -[416] Guzar (ferry?), in the district of Peshawar, with an army, -and Khan Dauran with another force in Afghanistan and blocked the -path of that rascal (lit. black-faced one). Meanwhile a letter came -to Mu`taqid Khan from Pish Bulagh that Ahdad had gone to Kot Tirah, -which is 8 kos from Jalalabad, with a large number of horse and foot, -and had killed a few of those who had chosen to be loyal and obey, -and made prisoners of others, and was about to send them to Tirah, -and intended to make a raid on Jalalabad and Pish Bulagh. Immediately -on hearing this news Mu`taqid Khan started in great haste with the -troops he had with him. When he arrived at Pish Bulagh he sent out -spies to ascertain about the enemy. On the morning of Wednesday, the -6th, news reached him that Ahdad was in the same place. Placing his -trust on the favour of God, which is on the side of this suppliant -at the throne of Allah, he divided the royal army into two, and -went towards the enemy, who, with 4,000 or 5,000 experienced men, -had seated themselves haughtily in complete carelessness, and did -not suspect that besides Khan Dauran's there was an army in the -neighbourhood that could oppose itself to them. When news came that -the royal forces were coming against that ill-fortuned man, and the -signs of an army were becoming manifest, in a state of bewilderment -he distributed his men into four bodies, and seating himself on an -eminence a gunshot away, to get to which was a difficult matter, he -sent his men to fight. The musketeers of the victorious army assailed -the rebel with bullets, and sent a large number to hell. Mu`taqid Khan -took the centre of his army to his advanced guard, and, not giving -the enemy more than time to shoot off their arrows two or three times, -swept them clean away, and pursuing them for 3 or 4 kos, killed nearly -1,500 of them, horse and foot. Those left of the sword took to flight, -most of them wounded and with their arms thrown away. The victorious -army remained for the night in the same place on the battlefield, -and in the morning proceeded with 600 decapitated heads [417] -towards Peshawar and made pillars of the heads there. Five hundred -horses and innumerable cattle and property and many weapons fell into -their hands. The prisoners of Tirah were released, and on this side -no well-known men were killed. On the night of Thursday, the 1st of -Khurdad, I proceeded towards Pushkar to shoot tigers, and on Friday -killed two of them with a gun. On the same day it was represented to -me that Naqib Khan had died. The aforesaid Khan was one of the Saifi -Sayyids, and was originally from Qazwin. The tomb of his father, Mir -`Abdu-l-Latif, is at Ajmir. Two months before his death his wife, -[418] between whom and her husband there was a great affection, and -who for twelve days was ill with fever, drank the unpleasant draught -of death. I ordered them to bury him by the side of his wife, whom -they had placed in the Khwaja's venerated mausoleum. As Mu`taqid Khan -had done approved service in the fight with Ahdad, in reward he was -exalted with the title of Lashkar Khan. Dayanat Khan, who had been -sent to Udaipur in the service of Baba Khurram and to convey certain -orders, came on the 7th Khurdad and gave good account of the rules -and regulations made by Baba Khurram. Fida'i Khan, who in the days -of my princehood was my servant, and whom after my accession I had -made bakhshi in this army, and who had obtained favour, gave up the -deposit of his life on the 12th of the same month. Mirza Rustam, -as he showed signs of repentance and regret for his misdeeds, and -generosity demanded that his faults should be pardoned, was, in the -end of the month, summoned to my presence, and I satisfied his mind, -and having given him a dress of honour, ordered him to pay his respects -to me. On the night of Sunday, the 11th of the month of Tir, a female -elephant in the private elephant stud gave birth to a young one in my -presence. I had repeatedly ordered them to ascertain the period of -their gestation; at last it became evident that for a female young -one it was 18 months and for a male 19 months. In opposition to the -birth of a human being, which is in most cases by a head delivery, -young elephants are born with their feet first. When the young one was -born, the mother scattered dust upon it with her foot, and began to -be kind and to pet it. The young one for an instant remained fallen, -and then rising, made towards its mother's breasts. On the 14th the -assembly of Gulab-pashi (sprinkling of rose-water) took place; from -former times this has been known as ab-pashi (water-sprinkling), -and has become established from amongst customs of former days. On -the 5th Amurdad (middle July, 1614) came news of the death of Raja -Man Singh. [419] The aforesaid Raja was one of the chief officers of -my revered father. As I had sent many servants of the State to serve -in the Deccan, I also appointed him. After his death in that service, -I sent for Mirza Bhao Singh, who was his legitimate heir. As from the -time when I was prince he had done much service with me, although the -chiefship and headship of their family, according to the Hindu custom, -should go to Maha Singh, son [420] of Jagat Singh, the Raja's eldest -son, who had died in the latter's lifetime, I did not accept him, -but I dignified Bhao Singh with the title of Mirza Raja, and raised -him to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse. I also gave -him Amber, the native place of his ancestors, and, soothing and -consoling the mind of Maha Singh, increased his former mansab by -500, and gave him as an in`am the territory of Garha. [421] I also -sent him a jewelled dagger belt, a horse, and dress of honour. On -the 8th of this month of Amurdad I found a change in my health, -and by degrees was seized with fever and headache. For fear that -some injury might occur to the country and the servants of God, -I kept this secret from most of those familiar with and near to me, -and did not inform the physicians and hakims. A few days passed in -this manner, and I only imparted this to Nur-Jahan Begam than whom I -did not think anyone was fonder of me; I abstained from eating heavy -foods, and, contenting myself with a little light food, went every day, -according to my rule, to the public Diwan-khana (hall of audience), -and entered the Jharokha and ghusal-khana (parlour) in my usual manner, -until signs of weakness showed themselves in my skin. [422] Some of -the nobles [423] became aware of this, and informed one or two of my -physicians who were trustworthy, such as Hakim Masihu-z-zaman, Hakim -Abu-l-qasim, and Hakim `Abdu-sh-Shakur. As the fever did not change, -and for three nights I took my usual wine, it brought on greater -weakness. In the time of disquietude, and when weakness prevailed -over me, I went to the mausoleum of the revered Khwaja, and in that -blessed abode prayed to God Almighty for recovery, and agreed to give -alms and charity. God Almighty, in His pure grace and mercy, bestowed -on me the robe of honour of health, and by degrees I recovered. The -headache, which had been very severe, subsided under the remedies -of Hakim `Abdu-sh-Shakur, and in the space of twenty-two days my -state returned to what it was before. The servants of the palace, -and indeed the whole of the people, made offerings for this great -bounty. I accepted the alms of no one, and ordered that everyone in -his own house should distribute what he wished among the poor. On the -10th Shahriwar news came that Taj Khan, the Afghan, governor of Thatta, -[424] had died; he was one of the old nobles of the State. - -During my illness it had occurred to me that when I completely -recovered, inasmuch as I was inwardly an ear-bored slave of the -Khwaja (Mu`inu-d-din) and was indebted to him for my existence, -I should openly make holes in my ears and be enrolled among his -ear-marked slaves. On Thursday, 12th Shahriwar, [425] corresponding -to the month of Rajab, I made holes in my ears and drew into each a -shining pearl. When the servants of the palace and my loyal friends -saw this, both those who were in the presence and some who were in -the distant borders diligently and eagerly made holes in their ears, -and adorned the beauty of sincerity with pearls and rubies which were -in the private treasury, and were bestowed on them, until by degrees -the infection caught the Ahadis and others. At the end of the day -of Thursday, the 22nd of the said month, corresponding with the 10th -Sha`ban, the meeting for my solar weighing was arranged in my private -audience hall, and the usual observances were carried out. On the -same day Mirza Raja Bhao Singh, gratified and prosperous, returned to -his native country with the promise that he would not delay (there) -more than two or three months. On the 27th of the month of Mihr news -came that Faridun Khan Barlas had died at Udaipur. In the clan of -Barlas no leader remained but he. As his tribe had many claims on -this State and endless connection with it, I patronised his son Mihr -`Ali, and raised him to the mansab of 1,000 personal and horse. On -account of the approved services of Khan Dauran, I increased by 1,000 -his mansab, which became 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse, original and -increase. On the 6th Aban the qarawuls (shikaris) reported that three -tigers had been met at a distance of 6 kos. Starting after midday, -I killed all three of them with a gun. On the 8th of the month the -festival of the Dewali came on. I ordered the attendants of the -palace to have games with each other for two or three nights in my -presence; winnings and losings took place. On the 8th of this month -they brought to Ajmir the body of Sikandar Mu`in Qarawul (Shikari), -who was one of my old attendants and had done much service for me when -I was prince, from Udaipur, which was the place where my son Sultan -Khurram was staying. I ordered the qarawuls and his fellow-tribesmen -to take his body and bury it on the bank of Rana Shankar's tank. He -was a good servant to me. On the 12th Azar two daughters whom Islam -Khan in his lifetime had taken from the Zamindar of Kuch (Behar), -whose country is on the boundary of the eastern provinces, together -with his son and 94 elephants, were brought before me. Some of the -elephants were placed in my private stud. On the same day, Hushang, -Islam Khan's son, came from Bengal, and had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold, and presented as offerings two elephants, 100 muhrs, -and 100 rupees. On one particular night in Day I dreamt that the late -king (Akbar) said to me: "Baba, forgive for my sake the fault of -`Aziz Khan, who is the Khan A`zam." After this dream, I decided to -summon him from the fort (of Gwalior). - -There is a ravine in the neighbourhood of Ajmir that is very -beautiful. At the end of this ravine a spring appears which -is collected in a long and broad tank, and is the best water in -Ajmir. This valley and spring are well known as Hafiz Jamal. When I -crossed over to this place I ordered a suitable building to be made -there, as the place was good and fit for developing. In the course of -a year a house and grounds were made there, the like of which those -[426] who travel round the world cannot point out. They made a basin -40 gaz by 40, and made the water of the spring rise up in the basin -by a fountain. The fountain leaps up 10 or 12 gaz. Buildings are laid -on the edge of this basin, and in the same way above, where the tank -and fountain are, they have made agreeable places and enchanting -halls and resting-rooms pleasant to the senses. These have been -constructed and finished off in a masterly style by skilled painters -and clever artists. As I desired that it should be called by a name -connected with my august name, I gave it the name of Chashma-i-Nur, -or 'the fountain of light.' In short, the one fault it has is this, -that it ought to have been in a large city, or at a place by which -men frequently pass. From the day on which it was completed I have -often passed Thursdays and Fridays there. I ordered that they should -think out a chronogram for its completion. Sa`ida Gilani, the head -of the goldsmiths, discovered it in this clever hemistich:-- - - - "The palace [427] of Shah Nuru-d-din Jahangir" (1024). - - -I ordered them to put a stone with this carved upon it on the top of -the portico of the building. - -In the beginning of the month of Day, merchants came from Persia -and brought pomegranates of Yazd and melons from Kariz, which are -the best of Khurasan melons, so many that all the servants of the -Court and the Amirs of the frontiers obtained a portion of them and -were very grateful to the True Giver (God) for them. I had never -had such melons and pomegranates. It seemed as if I had never had -a pomegranate or a melon before. Every year I had had melons from -Badakhshan and pomegranates from Kabul, but they bore no comparison -with the Yazd pomegranates and the Kariz melons. As my revered father -(may God's light be his witness!) had a great liking for fruit, I was -very grieved that such fruits had not come to Hindustan from Persia in -his victorious time, that he might have enjoyed and profited by them. I -have the same regret for the Jahangiri `itr (so-called otto of roses), -that his nostrils were not gratified with such essences. This `itr -is a discovery which was made during my reign through the efforts of -the mother of Nur-Jahan Begam. When she was making rose-water a scum -formed on the surface of the dishes into which the hot rose-water -was poured from the jugs. She collected this scum little by little; -when much rose-water was obtained a sensible portion of the scum -was collected. It is of such strength in perfume that if one drop -be rubbed on the palm of the hand it scents a whole assembly, and -it appears as if many red rosebuds had bloomed at once. There is no -other scent of equal excellence to it. It restores hearts that have -gone and brings back withered souls. In reward for that invention I -presented a string of pearls to the inventress. Salima [428] Sultan -Begam (may the lights of God be on her tomb) was present, and she -gave this oil the name of '`itr-i-Jahangiri.' - -Great difference appeared in the climates of India. In this -month of Day, in Lahore, which is between Persia and Hindustan, -the mulberry-tree bore fruit of as much sweetness and fine flavour -as in its ordinary season. For some days people were delighted by -eating it. The news-writers of that place wrote this. In the same -days Bakhtar Khan Kalawant, who was closely connected with `Adil -Khan, inasmuch as he (`Adil) married his own brother's daughter to -him, and made him his preceptor in singing and durpat [429] guftan, -appeared in the habit of a dervish. Summoning him and enquiring into -his circumstances, I endeavoured to honour him. In the first assembly I -gave him 10,000 rupees in cash and 50 pieces of cloth of all sorts and -a string of pearls, and having made him a guest of Asaf Khan, ordered -him to enquire into his circumstances. It did not appear whether he -had come without `Adil Khan's permission, or the latter had sent him -in this guise in order that he might find out the designs of this -Court and bring him news about them. Considering his relationship to -`Adil Khan, it is most probable that he has not come without `Adil -Khan's knowledge. A report by Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain, who at this -time was (our) ambassador at Bijapur, corroborates this idea, for -he writes that `Adil Khan has, on account of the kindness which has -been shown by H.M. (Jahangir) to Bakhtar Khan, been very gracious -to him (Jamalu-d-din). Every day he has shown him more and more -favour, keeps him beside him at nights, and recites to him durpats, -which he (`Adil Khan) has composed, and which he calls nauras [430] -(Juvenilia). "The remainder of the facts will be written on the day -when I get my dismissal." - -In these days they brought a bird from the country of Zirbad (Sumatra, -etc., Blochmann, p. 616) which was coloured like a parrot, but had -a smaller body. One of its peculiarities is that it lays hold with -its feet of the branch or perch on which they may have placed it and -then makes a somersault, and remains in this position all night and -whispers to itself. When day comes it seats itself on the top of the -branch. Though they say that animals also have worship, yet it is most -likely that this practice is instinctive. It never drinks water, and -water acts like poison upon it, though other birds subsist on water. - -In the month [431] of Bahman there came pieces of good news one -after the other. The first was that the Rana Amar Singh had elected -for obedience and service to the Court. The circumstances of this -affair are these. My son of lofty fortune, Sultan Khurram, by dint -of placing a great many posts, especially in some places where -most people said it was impossible to place them on account of the -badness of the air and water and the wild nature of the localities, -and by dint of moving the royal forces one after another in pursuit, -without regard to the heat or excessive rain, and making prisoners -of the families of the inhabitants of that region, brought matters -with the Rana to such a pass that it became clear to him that if this -should happen to him again he must either fly the country or be made -prisoner. Being without remedy, he chose obedience and loyalty, and -sent to my fortunate son his maternal uncle, Subh Karan, with Haridas -Jhala, who was one of the men in his confidence, and petitioned that -if that fortunate son would ask forgiveness for his offences and -tranquillise his mind, and obtain for him the auspicious sign-manual, -[432] he would himself come and wait on my son, and would send his son -and successor Karan to Court, or he, after the manner of other Rajas, -would be enrolled amongst the servants of the Court and do service. He -also begged that he himself might be excused from coming to Court on -account of his old age. Accordingly my son sent them in company with -his own Diwan Mulla Shukru-llah, whom after the conclusion of this -business I dignified with the title of Afzal Khan, and Sundar Das, -his major-domo, who, after this matter was settled, was honoured with -the title of Ray Rayan, to the exalted Court, and represented the -circumstances. My lofty mind was always desirous, as far as possible, -not to destroy the old families. The real point was that as Rana Amar -Singh and his fathers, proud in the strength of their hilly country and -their abodes, had never seen or obeyed any of the kings of Hindustan, -this should be brought about in my reign. At the request of my son I -forgave the Rana's offences, and gave a gracious farman that should -satisfy him, and impressed on it the mark of my auspicious palm. [433] -I also wrote a farman of kindness to my son that if he could arrange -to settle the matter I should be much pleased. My son also sent them -[434] with Mulla Shukru-llah and Sundar Das to the Rana to console -him and make him hopeful of the royal favour. They gave him the -gracious farman with the sign-manual of the auspicious hand, and it -was settled that on Sunday, the 26th of the month of Bahman, he and -his sons should come and pay their respects to my son. The second -piece of good news was the death of Bahadur, who was descended from -the rulers of Gujarat, and was the leaven of disturbance and mischief -(there). Almighty God had annihilated him in His mercy: he died of a -natural illness. The third piece of news was the defeat of the Warza -(Portuguese Viceroy), who had done his best to take the castle and -port of Surat. In the roadstead [435] of the port of Surat a fight -took place between the English, who had taken shelter there, and -the Viceroy. Most of his ships were burnt by the English fire. Being -helpless he had not the power to fight any more, and took to flight. He -sent some one to Muqarrab Khan, who was the governor of the ports of -Gujarat, and knocked at the door of peace, and said that he had come -to make peace and not to make war. It was the English who had stirred -up the war. Another piece of news was that some of the Rajputs, who -had determined to attack and kill `Ambar (misprinted Ghir), had made -an ambush, and finding a good opportunity had gained access to him, -when a slight wound had been inflicted on him by one of them. The men -who were round `Ambar (again misprinted Ghir) had killed the Rajputs -and taken `Ambar to his quarters. A very little [436] more would have -made an end of him. In the end of this month, when I was employed in -hunting in the environs of Ajmir, Muhammad Beg, [437] an attendant -on my fortunate son Sultan Khurram, came and brought a report from -that son, and stated that the Rana had come with his sons and paid -his respects to the prince; "the details would be made known by the -report." I immediately turned the face of supplication to the Divine -Court, and prostrated myself in thanksgiving. I presented a horse, -an elephant, and a jewelled dagger to the aforesaid Muhammad Beg, and -honoured him with the title of Zu-l-faqar Khan.2 From the report it -appeared that on Sunday, the 26th Bahman, the Rana paid his respects -to my fortunate son with the politeness and ritual that servants pay -their respects, and produced as offerings a famous large ruby that -was in his house, with some decorated articles and seven elephants, -some of them fit for the private stud, and which had not fallen into -our hands and were the only ones left him, and nine horses. - -My son also behaved to him with perfect kindness. When the Rana -clasped his feet and asked forgiveness for his faults, he took his -head and placed it on his breast, and consoled him in such a manner -as to comfort him. He presented him with a superb dress of honour, -a jewelled sword, a horse with a jewelled saddle, and a private -elephant with silver housings, and, as there were not more than 100 -men with him who were worthy of complete robes of honour (sar u pa), -he gave 100 sarupa and 50 horses and 12 jewelled khapwa (daggers). As -it is the custom of the Zamindars that the son who is the heir-apparent -should not go with his father to pay his respects to a king or prince, -the Rana observed this custom, and did not bring with him Karan, -the son who had received the tika. As the hour (fixed by astrology) -of the departure of that son of lofty fortune from that place was -the end of that same day, he gave him leave, so that, having himself -gone, he might send Karan to pay his respects. After he had gone, -Karan also came and did so. To him also he gave a superb dress of -honour, a jewelled sword and dagger, a horse with a gold saddle, and -a special elephant, and on the same day, taking Karan in attendance, -he proceeded towards the illustrious Court. On the 3rd Isfandarmuz my -return to Ajmir from hunting took place. From the 17th Bahman up to -that date, during which I was hunting, one tigress with three cubs -and thirteen nilgaw had been killed. The fortunate prince encamped -on Saturday, the 10th of the same month, at the village of Devrani, -which is near the city of Ajmir, and an order was given that all the -Amirs should go to meet him, and that each should present an offering -according to his standing and condition, and on the next day, Sunday, -the 11th he should have the good fortune to wait upon me. The next -day the prince, with great magnificence, with all the victorious -forces that had been appointed to accompany him on that service, -entered the public palace. The hour for him to wait on me was when -two watches and two gharis of the day had passed, and he had the -good fortune to pay his respects, and performed his prostrations and -salutations. He presented 1,000 ashrafis and 1,000 rupees by way of -offering, 1,000 muhrs and 1,000 rupees by way of charity. I called -that son forward and embraced him, and having kissed his head and -face, favoured him with special kindnesses and greetings. When he -had finished the dues of service and had presented his offerings and -charities, he petitioned that Karan might be exalted with the good -fortune of prostrating himself and paying his respects. I ordered them -to bring him, and the Bakhshis with the usual ceremonies of respect -produced him. After prostration and salutation were completed, at -the request of my son Khurram, I ordered them to place him in front -on the right hand of the circle. After this I ordered Khurram to -go and wait on his mothers, and gave him a special dress of honour, -consisting of a jewelled charqab (sleeveless vest), a coat of gold -brocade, and a rosary of pearls. After he had made his salutation, -there were presented to him a special dress of honour, a special horse -with a jewelled saddle, and a special elephant. I also honoured Karan -with a superb robe of honour and a jewelled sword, and the Amirs and -mansabdars had the honour of prostrating themselves and paying their -respects, and presented their offerings. Each of these, according to -his service and rank, was honoured with favours. As it was necessary -to win the heart of Karan, who was of a wild nature and had never seen -assemblies and had lived among the hills, I every day showed him some -fresh favour, so that on the second day of his attendance a jewelled -dagger, and on the next day a special Iraqi horse with jewelled saddle, -were given to him. On the day when he went to the darbar in the -female apartments, there were given to him on the part of Nur-Jahan -Begam a rich dress of honour, a jewelled sword, a horse and saddle, -and an elephant. After this I presented him with a rosary of pearls -of great value. On the next day a special elephant with trappings -(talayir) were given. As it was in my mind to give him something -of every kind, I presented him with three hawks and three falcons, -a special sword, a coat of mail, a special cuirass, and two rings, -one with a ruby and one with an emerald. At the end of the month I -ordered that all sorts of cloth stuffs, with carpets and cushions -(named takiya) and all kinds of perfumes, with vessels of gold, two -Gujrati carts, and cloths, should be placed in a hundred trays. The -Ahadis carried them in their arms and on their shoulders to the public -audience hall, where they were bestowed on him. - -Sabit Khan [438] at the paradise-resembling assemblies was always -addressing unbecoming speeches and making palpable allusions to -I`timadu-d-daulah and his son Asaf Khan. Once or twice, showing -my dislike of this, I had forbidden him to do so, but this was not -enough for him. As I held very dear I`timadu-d-daulah's good-will -towards me, and was very closely connected with his family, this -matter became very irksome to me. As one night without reason and -without motive he began to speak unpleasant words to him, and said -them to such an extent that signs of vexation and annoyance became -evident in I`timadu-d-daulah's face, I sent him next morning, in the -custody of a servant of the Court, to Asaf Khan to say that as on the -previous evening he had spoken unpleasant words to his father I handed -him over to him, and he might shut him up either there or in the fort -of Gwalior, as he pleased; until he made amends to his father I would -never forgive his fault. According to the order Asaf Khan sent him to -Gwalior fort. In the same month Jahangir Quli Khan was promoted to -an increased mansab, and was given that of 2,500 personal and 2,000 -horse. Ahmad Beg Khan, who is one of the old retainers of the State, -committed some faults on the journey to the Subah of Kabul, and Qilij -Khan, who was the commander of the army, had repeatedly complained of -his making himself disagreeable. Necessarily I summoned him to Court, -and in order to punish him handed him over to Mahabat Khan to confine -him in the fort of Rantambhor. Qasim Khan, governor of Bengal, had -sent two rubies as an offering, and they were laid before me. As I -had made a rule that they should bring before me after two watches -of the night had passed the dervishes and necessitous people who had -collected in the illustrious palace, this year also after the same -manner I bestowed on the dervishes with my own hand and in my own -presence 55,000 rupees and 190,000 bighas of land, with fourteen -entire villages, and twenty-six ploughs, [439] and 11,000 kharwar -[440] (ass-loads) of rice; I presented as well 732 pearls, of the -value of 36,000 rupees, to the servants who by way of loyalty had -bored their ears. - -At the end of the aforesaid month news came that when four and a -half gharis of night had passed on Sunday the 11th of the month, in -the city of Burhanpur, God Almighty had bestowed on Sultan Parwiz a -son by the daughter of Prince Murad. I gave him the name of Sultan -Dur-andish [441] (long-thoughted). - - - - - - - - -THE TENTH NEW YEAR'S FESTIVAL AFTER MY AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -When 55 seconds had passed on Saturday, 1st Farwardin, in my 10th -year, corresponding with the 8th [442] of the month of Safar (March, -1615), 1024 Hijra, the sun from the constellation of Pisces entered the -house of honour of Aries. When three gharis had passed on the night of -Sunday I seated myself on the throne of State. The New Year's feast -and ceremonials were prepared in the usual manner. The illustrious -princes, the great Khans, the chief officers and Ministers of State -made their salutations of congratulation. On the 1st of the month -the mansab of I`timadu-d-daulah was increased from 5,000 personal and -2,000 horse by 1,000 personal and horse. Special horses were given to -the Kunwar Karan, Jahangir Quli Khan, and Raja Bir Singh Deo. On the -2nd the offering of Asaf Khan was laid before me; it was an approved -offering of jewels and jewelled ornaments and things of gold, of -cloth stuffs of all kinds and descriptions and was looked over in -detail. That which I approved was worth 85,000 rupees. On this day a -jewelled sword with a belt and band(?) (band u bar) was given to Karan, -and an elephant to Jahangir Quli Khan. As I had made up my mind to -proceed to the Deccan, I gave an order to `Abdu-l-Karim Ma`muri, to -go to Mandu and prepare a new building for my private residence and -repair the buildings of the old kings. On the 3rd day the offerings -of Raja Bir Singh Deo were laid before me and one ruby, some pearls, -and one elephant had the honour of being accepted. On the 4th day the -mansab of Mustafa Khan was increased by 500 personal and 200 horse -to 2,000 personal and 250 horse. On the 5th I gave a standard and -drums to I`timadu-d-daulah, and an order was given him to beat his -drums. The mansab of Asaf Khan was increased by 1,000 personal and -horse to 4,000 personal and 2,000 horse, and having increased the -mansab of Raja Bir Singh Deo by 700 horse, I dismissed him to his -own country, directing that he should present himself at Court at -stated periods. On the same day the offering of Ibrahim Khan was laid -before me. Some of all the kinds of things pleased me. Kishan Chand, -of the sons of the Rajas of Nagarkot, was honoured with the title of -Raja. On Thursday, the 6th, the offerings of I`timadu-d-daulah were -laid before me at Chashma-i-Nur; a large meeting had been arranged, -and by way of favour the whole of his offerings were inspected. Of -the jewels and jewelled things and choice cloth stuffs the value of -100,000 rupees was accepted, and the remainder given back. On the 7th -day I increased by 1,000 personal the mansab of Kishan Singh, which had -been 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. On this day a tiger was killed in -the neighbourhood of Chashma-i-Nur. On the 8th I gave Karan the mansab -of 5,000 personal and horse, and gave him a small rosary of pearls and -emeralds with a ruby in the centre which in the language of the Hindus -is called smaran (Sanskrit for 'remembrance'). I increased the mansab -of Ibrahim Khan by 1,000 personal and 400 horse, so as to make it 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse, original and increase. The mansab of Haji Bi -Uzbeg was increased by 300 horse, and that of Raja Shyam Singh by 500 -personal so as to make it 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. On Sunday, -the 9th, there was an eclipse of the sun when twelve gharis of the day -had passed. It began from the west, and four out of five parts of the -sun were eclipsed in the knot of the dragon. From the commencement of -the seizure until it became light eight gharis elapsed. Alms of all -kinds, and things in the shape of metals, animals, and vegetables, -were given to fakirs and the poor and people in need. On this day -the offering of Raja Suraj Singh was laid before me; what was taken -was of the value of 43,000 rupees. The offering of Bahadur Khan, the -governor of Qandahar, was also laid before me on this day; its total -value came to 14,000 rupees. Two watches of the night had passed on the -night of Monday, the 29th Safar (30th March, 1615), in the ascension -of Sagittarius, when a boy was born to Baba Khurram by the daughter -of Asaf Khan; I gave him the name of Dara Shukuh. I hope that his -coming will be propitious to this State conjoined with eternity, -and to his fortunate father. The mansab of Sayyid `Ali Barha was -increased by 500 personal and 300 horse, so as to bring it to 1,500 -personal and 1,000 horse. On the 10th the offering of I`tibar Khan -was laid before me, and what was of the value of 40,000 rupees was -accepted. On this day the mansab of Khusrau Bi Uzbeg was raised by -300 horse, and that of Mangli Khan by 500 personal and 200 horse. On -the 11th the offering of Murtaza Khan was laid before me. Of it seven -rubies, one rosary of pearls, and 270 other pearls were accepted, and -their value was 145,000 rupees. On the 12th the offerings of Mirza -Raja Bhao Singh and Rawat Shankar were laid before me. On the 13th, -out of the offering of Khwaja Abu-l-hasan, one qutbi (Egyptian?) ruby, -one diamond, one string of pearls, five rings, four pearls, and some -cloths, altogether the value of 32,000 rupees, were accepted. On the -14th the mansab of Khwaja Abu-l-hasan, which was 3,000 personal and -700 horse, was increased by 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and that -of Wafadar Khan, of 750 personal and 200 horse, by 2,000 personal -and 1,200 horse. On the same day Mustafa Beg, the ambassador of the -ruler of Iran, had the good fortune to wait upon me. After completing -the matter of Gurjistan (Georgia), my exalted brother sent him with -a letter consisting of expressions of friendship and assurances of -sincerity, with several horses, camels, and some stuffs from Aleppo, -which had come for that fortunate brother from the direction of -Rum. Nine large European hunting dogs, for which a request had gone, -were also sent by him. - -Murtaza Khan, on this day, obtained leave to go for the capture -of the fort of Kangra, the equal of which for strength they cannot -point to in the hill country of the Panjab or even all the habitable -world. From the time when the sound of Islam reached the country -of Hindustan up to this auspicious time when the throne of rule -has been adorned by this suppliant at the throne of Allah, none of -the rulers or kings has obtained possession of it. Once in the time -of my revered father, the army of the Panjab was sent against this -fort, and besieged it for a long time. At length they came to the -conclusion that the fort was not to be taken, and the army was sent -off to some more necessary business. When he was dismissed, I gave -Murtaza Khan a private elephant with trappings. Raja Suraj Mal, son -of Raja Baso, as his country was near that fort, was also appointed, -and his previous mansab was increased by 500 personal and horse. Raja -Suraj Singh also came from his place and jagir and waited on me, and -presented an offering of 100 ashrafis. On the 17th the offering of -Mirza Rustam was laid before me. Two jewelled daggers, one rosary of -pearls, some pieces of cloth, an elephant, and four Iraq horses were -accepted, and the rest returned; their value was 15,000 rupees. On -the same date the offering of I`tiqad Khan, of the value of 18,000 -rupees, was laid before me. On the 18th the offering of Jahangir -Quli Khan was inspected. Of jewels and cloth stuffs the value of -15,000 rupees was accepted. The mansab of I`tiqad Khan, which was 700 -personal and 200 horse, I increased by 800 personal and 300 horse, -so that with original and increase it came to 1,500 personal and 500 -horse. Khusrau Bi Uzbeg, who was one of the distinguished soldiers, -died of the disease of dysentery. On the 8th day, which was Thursday, -after two watches and four and a half gharis had passed, the sharaf -(highest point of the sun's ascension) began. On this auspicious day I -ascended the throne in happiness and prosperity, and the people saluted -and congratulated me. When one watch of the day remained I went to the -Chashma-i-Nur. According to agreement the offering of Mahabat Khan -was laid before me at that place. He had arranged beautiful jewels -and jewellery, with cloth stuff and articles of all kinds that were -pleasing to me. Among these, a jewelled khapwa (dagger), which at -his request the royal artificers had made, and the like of which in -value there did not exist in my private treasury, was worth 100,000 -rupees. In addition to this, jewels and other things of the value -of 138,000 rupees were taken. Indeed, it was a splendid offering. To -Mustafa Beg, the ambassador of the ruler of Iran, I gave 20,000 darab, -or 10,000 rupees. On the 21st I sent robes of honour by the hand of -`Abdu-l-Ghafur to fifteen of the Amirs of the Deccan. Raja Bikramajit -obtained leave to go to his jagir, and a special shawl (parm narm -[443]) was given to him. On the same day I gave a jewelled waist-dagger -to Mustafa Beg, the ambassador. I increased the mansab of Hushang, -the son of Islam Khan, which was 1,000 personal and 500 horse, by 500 -personal and 200 horse. On the 23rd, Ibrahim Khan was promoted to the -Subah of Behar. Zafar Khan was ordered to present himself at Court. To -the mansab of Ibrahim Khan, which was 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -I added 500 personal and 1,000 horse. Saif Khan on the same day was -dismissed to his jagir, as well as Haji Bi Uzbeg, who was honoured -with the title of Uzbeg Khan. Bahaduru-l-mulk, who belonged to the -army of the Deccan and held the mansab of 2,500 personal and 2,100 -horse received an increase of 500 personal and 200 horse. An increase -of 200 was made in the mansab of Khwaja Taqi, which was 800 personal -and 180 horse. On the 25th an increase of 200 horse was made in the -rank of Salamu-llah, the Arab, so that it became 1,500 personal and -1,000 horse. I presented Mahabat Khan with the black piebald horse -out of my special horses which the ruler of Iran had sent me. At -the end of the day of Thursday I went to the house of Baba Khurram -and remained there till a watch of the night had passed. His second -offering was laid before me on that day. On the first day he paid his -respects he laid before me a celebrated ruby of the Rana, which, on the -day of his paying his respects, he had made an offering of to my son, -and which the jewellers valued at 60,000 rupees. It was not worthy of -the praise they had given it. The weight of this ruby was eight tank, -[444] and it was formerly in the possession of Ray Maldeo, who was the -chief of the tribe of the Rathors and one of the chief rulers (or Rays) -of Hindustan. From him it was transferred to his son Chandar Sen, who, -in the days of his wretchedness and hopelessness, sold it to Rana -Uday Singh. From him it went to Rana Partap, and afterwards to this -Rana Amar Singh. As they had no more valuable gift in their family, -he presented it on the day that he paid his respects to my fortunate -son Baba Khurram, together with the whole of his stud of elephants, -which, according to the Indian idiom, they call gheta char. [445] -I ordered them to engrave on the ruby that at the time of paying his -respects Rana Amar Singh had presented it as an offering to Sultan -Khurram. On that day certain other things from among the offerings of -Baba Khurram were accepted. Among them was a little crystal box of -Frank work, made with great taste, with some emeralds, three rings, -four Iraq horses, and various other things, the value of which was -80,000 rupees. On the day on which I went to his house he had prepared -a great offering, in fact there were laid before me things and rarities -worth about four or five lakhs of rupees. Of these the equivalent of -100,000 rupees was taken away and the balance given to him. - -On the 28th the mansab of Khwaja Jahan, which was 3,000 personal and -1,800 horse, was increased by 500 personal and 400 horse. In the end -of the month I presented Ibrahim Khan with a horse, a robe of honour, -a jewelled dagger, a standard and drums, and dismissed him to the -province of Behar. The office of `arz-mukarrir (reviser of petitions), -that belonged to Khwajagi Haji Muhammad, as he had died, I gave to -Mukhlis Khan, who was in my confidence. Three hundred horse were -increased in the mansab of Dilawar Khan, who now had 1,000 personal -and horse. As the hour of the leave-taking of Kunwar Karan was at hand, -I was desirous of showing him my skill in shooting with a gun. Just at -this time the qarawulan (shikaris) brought in news of a tigress. Though -it is an established custom of mine only to hunt male tigers, yet, -in consideration that no other tiger might be obtained before his -departure, I went for the tigress. I took with me Karan, and said -to him that I would hit it wherever he wished me to do so. After -this arrangement I went to the place where they had marked down the -tiger. By chance there was a wind and disturbance in the air, and the -female elephant on which I was mounted was terrified of the tigress -and would not stand still. Notwithstanding these two great obstacles -to shooting, I shot straight towards her eye. God Almighty did not -allow me to be ashamed before that prince, and, as I had agreed, -I shot her in the eye. On the same day Karan petitioned me for a -special gun, and I gave him a special Turkish one. - -As on the day for his departure I had not given Ibrahim Khan an -elephant, I now gave him a special elephant, and I also sent an -elephant to Bahaduru-l-mulk and one to Wafadar Khan. On the 8th -Urdibihisht the assemblage for my lunar weighing was held, and I -weighed myself against silver and other things, distributing them -amongst the deserving and needy. Nawazish Khan took leave to go to -his jagir, which was in Malwa. On the same day I gave an elephant to -Khwaja Abu-l-hasan. On the 9th they brought Khan A`zam, who had come -to Agra from the fort of Gwalior, and who had been sent for. Though -he had been guilty of many offences, and in all that I had done -to him I was right, yet when they brought him into my presence -and my eye fell on him, I perceived more shame in myself than in -him. Having pardoned all his offences, I gave him the shawl I had -round my waist. I gave Kunwar Karan 100,000 darab. On the same day -Raja Suraj Singh brought a large elephant of the name of Ran-rawat, -which was a celebrated elephant of his, as an offering. In fact, -it was such a rare elephant that I put it into my private stud. On -the 10th the offering of Khwaja Jahan, which he sent me from Agra -by the hand of his son, was laid before me. It was of all kinds of -things, of the value of 40,000 rupees. On the 12th the offering of -Khan Dauran, which consisted of forty-five [446] horse two strings -of camels, Arabian dogs (greyhounds), and hunting animals (hawks?), -was brought before me. On the same day seven other elephants from Raja -Suraj Singh were also brought to me as an offering, and were placed -in my private stud. Tahayyur Khan, after he had been in attendance -on me for four months, to-day got leave to go. A message was sent to -`Adil Khan. I impressed on him the profit and loss of friendship and -enmity, and made an agreement (with Tahayyur Khan) that all these -words should be repeated to `Adil Khan, and he should bring him back -to the path of loyalty and obedience. At the time of his taking leave I -also bestowed on him certain things. On the whole, in this short time, -what with the gifts bestowed on him by me privately, by the princes, -and those given him by the Amirs according to order, the account -mounted up to about 100,000 rupees that he had received. On the 14th -the rank and reward of my son Khurram were fixed. His mansab had -been one of 12,000 personal and 6,000 horse, and that of his brother -(Parwiz) 15,000 personal and 8,000 horse. I ordered his mansab to be -made equal with that of Parwiz, besides other rewards. I gave him a -private elephant of the name of Panchi Gaj, [447] with accoutrements -of the value of 12,000 rupees. On the 16th an elephant was given to -Mahabat Khan. On the 17th the mansab of Raja Suraj Singh, which was -4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, was increased by 1,000, and it was -raised to 5,000. At the request of `Abdu-llah Khan the mansab of Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Latif, which was 500 personal and 200 horse, was raised by 200, -and it was ordered to be 1,000 personal and 400 horse. `Abdu-llah, -the son of Khan A`zam, who was imprisoned in the fort of Rantambhor, -was sent for at the request of his father. He came to the Court, and -I took the chains off his legs and sent him to his father's house. On -the 24th, Raja Suraj Singh presented me with another elephant, called -Fauj-sangar ('ornament of the army'), by way of offering. Although -this is also a good elephant, and has been placed in my private stud, -it is not to be compared with the first elephant (he sent), which -is one of the wonders of the age, and is worth 20,000 rupees. On -the 26th, 200 personal were added to the mansab of Badi`u-z-zaman, -son of Mirza Shahrukh; it was 700 personal and 500 horse. On the -same day Khwaja Zainu-d-din, who is of the Naqshbandi Khwajas, -came from Mawara'a-n-nahr and waited on me, bringing as an offering -eighteen horses. Qizilbash Khan, who was one of the auxiliaries of -the province of Gujarat, had come to Court without the leave of the -governor. I ordered that an ahadi should put him into confinement, -and that he be sent back to the governor of Gujarat, so that others -might not desire to do the same. The mansab of Mubarak Khan Sazawal -I raised 500 personal, so that it should be 1,500 personal and 700 -horse. On the 29th I gave Khan A`zam 100,000 rupees, and ordered that -the parganahs of Dasna [448] and Kasna,1 which are equivalent to 5,000 -personal, should be made his jagir. At the end of the same month I gave -leave to Jahangir Quli Khan, with his brothers and other relatives, -to go to Allahabad, which had been appropriated to them as jagir. At -this meeting twenty horse, a qaba (parm narm) of Cashmere cloth, -twelve deer, and ten Arabian dogs were given to Karan. The next day, -which was the 1st Khurdad, forty horse, the next day forty-one horse, -and the third day twenty, amounting in the space of three days to -101 head, were given as a present to Kunwar Karan. In return for the -elephant Fauj-sangar, an elephant worth 10,000 rupees out of my private -stud was presented to Raja Suraj Singh. On the 5th of the month ten -turbans (chira), ten coats (qaba), and ten waist-bands were given to -Karan. On the 20th I gave him another elephant. - -In these days the news-writer of Kashmir had written that a Mulla of -the name of Gada'i, a disciplined dervish, who for forty years had -lived in one of the monasteries of the city, had prayed the inheritors -of that monastery two years [449] before he was to deliver over the -pledge of his life that he might select a corner in that monastery -as a place for his burial. They said, "Let it be so." In short, he -selected a place. When the time for his delivery came he informed his -friends and relations and those who were dear to him that an order -had reached him that, delivering over the pledge (of life) he had, he -should turn towards the last world. Those who were present wondered -at his words, and said that the prophets had no such information, -and how could they believe such words? He said, "Such an order has -been given to me." He then turned to one of his confidants, who was -of the sons of the Qazis of the country, and said: "You will expend -the price [450] of my Koran, which is worth 700 tankas, in carrying -me (to the grave). When you hear the call to Friday's prayer you -will enquire for me." This conversation took place on the Thursday, -and he divided all the goods in his room among his acquaintance and -disciples, and went, and at end of the day bathed at the baths. The -Qazi-zada aforesaid came before the call for prayer, and enquired -as to the health of the Mulla. When he came to the door of the -cell he found the door closed and a servant sitting there. He asked -the slave what had happened, and the servant said, "The Mulla has -enjoined me that until the door of the cell open of its own accord I -must not go in." Shortly after these words were said the door of the -cell opened. The Qazi-zada entered the cell with that servant and saw -that the Mulla was on his knees with his face turned toward the qibla, -and had given up his soul to God. Happy the state of the freed who can -fly away from this place of the snares of dependence with such ease! - -By the increase of 200 personal and 50 horse in the mansab of Karam -Sen Rathor, I raised it to 1,000 personal and 300 horse. On the -11th of this month the offering of Lashkar Khan, which consisted of -three strings of Persian camels and twenty cups and plates from Khita -(China) and twenty Arabian dogs, was brought before me. On the 12th -a jewelled dagger was bestowed on I`tibar Khan, and to Karan I gave -a plume (kalgi) worth 2,000 rupees. On the 14th I gave a dress of -honour to Sar- [451]buland Ray, and gave him leave to go to the Deccan. - -On the night of Friday, the 15th, a strange affair occurred. By chance -on that night I was at Pushkar. To be brief, Kishan, own brother to -Raja Suraj Singh, was in great perturbation through Gobind Das, the -Vakil of the said Raja having some time ago killed his nephew, a youth -of the name of Gopal Das. The cause of the quarrel it would take too -long to tell. Kishan Singh expected that, as Gopal Das was also the -nephew of the Raja (Suraj Singh), the latter would kill Gobind Das. But -the Raja, on account of the experience and ability of Gobind Das, -relinquished the idea of seeking revenge for his nephew's death. When -Kishan saw this neglect on the part of the Raja, he resolved himself -to take revenge for his nephew, and not allow his blood to pass away -unnoticed. For a long time he kept this matter in his mind, until on -that night he assembled his brothers, friends, and servants, and told -them that he would go that night to take Gobind Das's life, whatever -might happen, and that he did not care what injury might happen to -the Raja. The Raja was in ignorance of what was happening, and when -it was near dawn Kishan came with Karan, his brother's son, and other -companions. When he arrived at the gate of the Raja's dwelling he -sent some of the experienced men on foot to the house of Gobind Das, -which was near the Raja's. He himself (Kishan) was on horseback, and -stationed himself near the gate. The men on foot entered Gobind Das's -house, and killed some of those who were there on guard. Whilst this -fight was going on Gobind Das awoke, and seizing his sword in a state -of bewilderment was coming out from one side of the house to join the -outside watchmen. When the men on foot had finished killing some of -the people, they came out of the tent to endeavour to find out Gobind -Das, and, meeting him, they finished his affair (killed him). Before -the news of the killing of Gobind Das reached Kishan, he, unable to -bear it any more, dismounted and came inside the dwelling. Although -his men protested in a disturbed state that it was not right to be on -foot, he would in no way listen to them. If he had remained a little -longer and the news of his enemy having been killed had reached him, -it is possible that he would have escaped safe and sound, mounted as -he was. As the pen of destiny had gone forth after another fashion, -as soon as he alighted and went in, the Raja, who was in his mahall -(female apartment), awoke at the uproar among the people, and stood -at the gate of his house with his sword drawn. People from all sides -were aroused and came in against the men who were on foot. They saw -what the number of men on foot was, and came out in great numbers -and faced Kishan Singh's men, who were about ten in number. In short, -Kishan Singh and his nephew Karan, when they reached the Raja's house, -were attacked by these men and both of them killed. Kishan Singh had -seven and Karan nine wounds. Altogether in this fight 66 men on the -two sides were killed, on the Raja's side 30 and on Kishan Singh's -36. When the sun rose and illumined the world with its light, this -business was revealed, and the Raja saw that his brother, his nephew, -and some of his servants, whom he considered dearer than himself, -were killed, and the whole of the rest had dispersed to their own -places. The news reached me in Pushkar, and I ordered them to burn -those who were killed, according to their rites, and inform me of the -true circumstances of the affair. In the end it became clear that the -affair had happened in the manner in which it has been written here, -and that no further enquiry was necessary. - -On the 8th Miran Sadr Jahan came from his native place and waited on -me with an offering of 100 muhrs. Ray Suraj Singh was dismissed to -his duty in the Deccan. I presented him with a couple of pearls for -his ears and a special Kashmir shawl (parm narm). A pair of pearls -were also sent to Khan Jahan. On the 25th I increased the mansab -of I`tibar Khan by 600 horse, so as to bring it to 5,000 personal -and 2,000 horse. On the same day Karan obtained leave to go to his -jagir. He received a present of a horse, a special elephant, a dress -of honour, a string of pearls of the value of 50,000 rupees, and a -jewelled dagger which had been completed for 2,000 rupees. From the -time of his waiting on me till he obtained leave, what he had had -in the shape of cash, jewellery, jewels, and jewelled things was -of the value of 200,000 rupees, with 110 horses, five elephants, in -addition to what my son Khurram bestowed on him at various times. I -gave Mubarak Khan Sazawal a horse and an elephant, and appointed him -to accompany him. I sent several verbal messages to the Rana. Raja -Suraj Singh also obtained leave to go to his native country, with a -promise to return in two months. On the 27th, Payanda Khan Moghul, -[452] who was one of the old Amirs of the State, gave up the deposit -of his life. - -At the end of this month news came that the ruler of Iran had executed -his eldest son Safi Mirza. This was a cause of great bewilderment. When -I enquired into it they said that at Darash, [453] which is one of -the noted cities of Gilan, he ordered a slave of the name of Bihbud -to kill Safi Mirza. The slave found an opportunity, early in the -morning on the 5th of Muharram, in the year 1024 (25th January, -1615), when the Mirza was returning from the baths towards his -house, and finished his affair for him with two wounds from a sword -(sikhaki). [454] After a great part of the day had passed, while his -body lay between the water and the mud, Shaikh Baha'u-d-din Muhammad, -who was the best known man in the country for learning and holiness, -and on whom the Shah had full reliance, reported the affair, and, -obtaining leave to lift him up, took his corpse and sent it to Ardabil, -where was the burial-ground of his ancestors. Although much enquiry was -made of travellers from Iran, no one would say a word of this affair -that satisfied my mind with regard to it. The killing of a son must -have some powerful motive in order to do away with the disgrace of it. - -On the 1st of the month of Tir I gave an elephant of the name of -Ranjit with its trappings to Mirza Rustam and another to Sayyid -Ali Barha. Mirak Husain, a relation of Khwaja Shamsu-d-din, was -appointed bakhshi and news-writer of the Subah of Behar, and took -leave to go. I gave Khwaja `Abdu-l-Latif Qush-begi (the falconer) an -elephant and a dress of honour, and dismissed him to his jagir. On -the 9th of the same month I gave a jewelled sword to Khan Dauran, -and a jewelled dagger was sent for Allahdad, the son of Jalala the -Afghan, who had become loyal. On the 13th took place the meeting for -the festival of the Ab-pashan [455] (rose-water scattering), and the -servants of the Court amused themselves with sprinkling rose-water -over each other. On the 17th, Amanat Khan was appointed to the port -of Cambay. As Muqarrab Khan proposed to come to Court, the (charge -of the) aforesaid port was changed. On the same day I sent a jewelled -waist-dagger to my son Parwiz. On the 18th the offering of Khankhanan -was laid before me. He had prepared all kinds of jewellery and other -things, jewels with jewelled things, such as three rubies and 103 -pearls, 100 rubies (yaqut), two jewelled daggers and an aigrette -adorned with rubies and pearls, a jewelled water-jar, a jewelled -sword, a quiver bound with velvet, and a diamond ring, altogether -of the value of about 100,000 rupees, in addition to jewels and -jewelled things, cloth from the Deccan and Carnatic, and all kinds -of gilt and plain things, with fifteen elephants and a horse whose -mane reached the ground. The offering of Shah-nawaz Khan (his son) -also, consisting of five elephants, 300 pieces of all kinds of cloth, -was brought before me. On the 8th I honoured Hushang with the title -of Ikram Khan. Ruz-afzun, who was one of the princes of the Subah of -Behar and who had been from his youth one of the permanent servants -of the Court, having been honoured by admission into Islam, was made -Raja of the province of his father, Raja Sangram. [456] Though the -latter had been killed in opposing the leaders of the State, I gave -him an elephant and leave to go to his native place. An elephant was -presented to Jahangir Quli Khan. On the 24th, Jagat Singh, son of -Kunwar Karan, who was in his 12th year, came and waited on me, and -presented petitions from his grandfather, the Rana Amar Singh, and -from his father. The signs of nobility and high birth were evident on -his face. I pleased him with a dress of honour and kindness. To the -mansab of Mirza `Isa Tarkhan an addition of 200 personal was made, -so that it attained to 1,200 personal and 300 horse. In the end -of the month, having honoured Shaikh Husain Rohila with the title -of Mubariz Khan, I dismissed him to his jagir. Ten thousand darabs -(5,000 rupees) were given to the relations of Mirza Sharafu-d-din -Husain Kashghari, who at this time had come and had the honour of -kissing the threshold. On the 5th Amurdad, to the mansab of Raja -Nathmal, which was 1,500 personal and 1,100 horse, an addition of -500 personal and 100 horse was made. On the 7th, Kesho (Das) Maru, -who had a jagir in the Sarkar of Orissa, and who had been sent for to -Court on account of a complaint [457] against the governor of the Subah -of that place, came and paid his respects. He produced as an offering -four elephants. As I had a great desire to see my farzand (son) Khan -Jahan (Lodi), and for the purpose of enquiring into important matters -connected with the Deccan, it was necessary for him to come at once, -I sent for him. On Tuesday, the 8th of the same month, he waited on me, -and presented as an offering 1,000 muhrs, 1,000 rupees, 4 rubies, 20 -pearls, 1 emerald, and a jewelled phul katara, the total value being -50,000 rupees. On the night of Sunday, as it was the anniversary of -the great Khwaja (Mu`inu-d-din), I went to his revered mausoleum, -and remained there till midnight. The attendants and Sufis exhibited -ecstatic states, and I gave the fakirs and attendants money with -my own hand; altogether there were expended 6,000 rupees in cash, -100 saub-kurta (a robe down to the ankles), 70 rosaries of pearls, -[458] coral and amber, etc. Maha Singh, grandson of Raja Man Singh, -was honoured with the title of Raja, and a standard and drums given -him. On the 16th an Iraq horse out of my private stable and another -horse were presented to Mahabat Khan. On the 19th an elephant was -given to Khan A`zam. On the 20th, 200 horse were added to the mansab -of Kesho (Das) Maru, which was 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and -he was dignified with a dress of honour. An increase of 200 personal -and horse was made to the mansab of Khwaja `Aqil, which was 1,200 -personal and 600 horse. On the 22nd, Mirza Raja Bhao Singh took leave -to go to Amber, which was his ancient native place, and had given him -a special Kashmir phup (?) robe. [459] On the 25th, Ahmad Beg Khan, -who was imprisoned at Rantambhor, paid his respects to me, and his -offences were pardoned on account of his former services. On the 28th, -Muqarrab Khan came from the Subah of Gujarat and waited on me, and -offered an aigrette and a jewelled throne. [460] An increase of 500 -personal and horse was made to the mansab of Salaamu-llah, the Arab, -and it was brought to 2,000 personal and 1,100 horse. On the 1st of the -month of Shahriwar the following increases were made in the rank of -a number of men who were going on service to the Deccan:--To Mubariz -Khan 300 horse, making 1,000 personal and horse. Nahir Khan was also -raised to 1,000 personal and horse. Dilawar Khan was raised by 300 -horse to 2,500 personal and horse. Mangli Khan's rank was increased -by 200 horse to 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Girdhar, the son of -Ray Sal, had the rank of 800 personal and horse bestowed on him, and -Ilf Khan Qiyam Khan the same mansab, original and increase. Yadgar -Husain was raised to 700 personal and 500 horse, and Kamalu-d-din, -son of Shir Khan, to the same mansab. One hundred and fifty horse were -added to the rank of Sayyid `Abdu-llah Barha, which then came to 700 -personal and 300 horse, original and increase. On the 8th of the said -month I bestowed one Nur-jahani muhr, which is equal to 6,400 rupees, -on Mustafa Beg, the ambassador of the ruler of Iran, and presented -five cheetahs to Qasim Khan, governor of Bengal. Mirza Murad, eldest -son of Mirza Rustam, on the 12th of the same month was honoured with -the title of Iltifat Khan. On the night of the 16th, corresponding with -the Shab-i-barat (consecrated to the memory of forefathers), I ordered -them to light lamps on the hills round the Ana Sagar tank and on its -banks, and went myself to look at them. The reflection of the lamps -fell on the water and had a wonderful appearance. I passed the most -of that night with the ladies of the mahall on the bank of that tank. - -On the 17th, Mirza Jamalu-d-din Husain, [461] who had gone as an -ambassador to Bijapur, came and waited on me, and presented three -rings, the stone of one of which was a cornelian from Yemen, of -great beauty and pureness of water, the like of which is seldom -seen among the cornelians of Yemen. `Adil Khan sent a person of -the name of Sayyid Kabir Khan on his own part with the said Mir, -and forwarded as offerings elephants with gold and silver fittings, -Arab horses, jewels and jewelled things, and all kinds of cloth made -in that country. On the 24th of this month they were brought before -me with a letter he had brought. On the same day the assembly for my -solar weighing was held. On the 26th, Mustafa Beg, the ambassador, -took his leave. In addition to what had been bestowed on him during -the time of his attendance, I gave him 20,000 rupees more in cash -and a dress of honour, and in answer to the letter he had brought -sent a friendly letter written in the perfection of friendship. On -the 4th of the month of Mihr the mansab of Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain, -which was 2,000 personal and 500 horse, was fixed at 4,000 personal -and 2,000 horse. On the 5th, Mahabat Khan, in company with Khan -Jahan, who had been appointed to serve in the Deccan, at the hour -that had been appointed for him, took his leave; he was honoured -with a dress of honour, a jewelled dagger, a phul katara, a special -sword, and an elephant. On the 8th, Khan Jahan took his leave, and I -presented him with a dress of honour, and a special nadiri (a dress), -and an ambling horse with a saddle, a special elephant, and a special -sword. On the same date 1,700 horse of those under the command of -Mahabat Khan were ordered to have assignments (tankhwah) for two or -three horses given them. The whole of the men who were at this time -appointed for service in the Deccan were 330 mansabdars, 3,000 ahadis, -700 horse from the Uymaqs, and 3,000 Dalazak Afghans. Altogether -there were 30,000 [462] cavalry, and 3,000,000 rupees of treasure, -and an efficient artillery, and war elephants. They proceeded on this -duty. The mansab of Sarbuland Ray was increased by 500 personal and -260 horse, and came to 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. Balju, nephew of -Qilij Khan, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 700 horse, -original and increase. I also increased Raja Kishan Das's mansab by -500. At the request of Khan Jahan, the mansab of Shahbaz Khan Lodi, -who belonged to the Deccan force, was fixed, original and increase, -at 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse; and 200 horse were added to the -mansab of Wazir Khan. The mansab of Suhrab Khan, son of Mirza Rustam, -was fixed at 1,000 personal and 400 horse, original and increase. On -the 14th of the same month 1,000 was added to the mansab of Mir -Jamalu-d-din Husain, and by increasing it also by 500 horse he was -raised to the exalted rank of 5,000 personal and 2,500 horse. On the -19th, Raja Suraj Singh, with his son Gaj Singh, who had gone home, -came and paid their respects, and presented as offerings 100 muhrs and -1,000 rupees. I gave Sayyid Kabir, who had been sent by `Adil Khan, -one Nurjahani muhr, which weighed 500 tulcha. On the 23rd, ninety -elephants of those which Qasim Khan had acquired from the conquest -of the country of Kuch (Behar), and the conquest of the Maghs and the -zamindars of Orissa, were brought before me and placed in the special -elephant houses. On the 26th, Iradat Khan was raised to the rank of -Mir-samani (head butler), Mu`tamad Khan to that of Bakhshi of the -Ahadis, Muhammad Riza Jabiri to that of Bakhshi of the Subah of the -Panjab and news writer of that place. Sayyid Kabir, who had come on -the part of `Adil Khan to beg pardon for the offences of the rulers -(dunya-daran) of the Deccan, and to promise the restoration of the -fort of Ahmadnagar and the royal territory which had been taken out -of the possession of the chiefs of the victorious State through the -rebellion of certain rebels, came and waited on me, and obtained -leave to go on this date; and, having received a dress of honour, -an elephant, and a horse, started off. As Raja Raj Singh Kachhwaha -had died in the Deccan, I promoted his son Ram Das to the mansab of -1,000 personal and 400 horse. On the 4th of Aban, drums were given -to Saif Khan Barha and his mansab increased by 300 horse, so as to -bring it up to 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the same date I -released Raja Man, who was in confinement in the fort of Gwalior, -on the security of Murtaza Khan, and, confirming his mansab, sent -him to the said Khan for duty at the fort of Kangra. At the request -of Khan Dauran, an increase of 300 horse was ordered to the mansab -of Sadiq Khan, raising it to 1,000 personal and horse. Mirza `Isa -Tarkhan came from the province of Sambhal, which was his jagir, and -waited on me, and offered 100 muhrs. On the 16th, Raja Suraj Singh -obtained leave to go to his duty in the Deccan, and I increased his -mansab by 300 horse, so as to make it 5,000 personal and 3,300 horse; -he received a dress of honour and a horse, and started. On the 18th -I confirmed the mansab of Mirza `Isa, original and increase, at 1,500 -personal and 800 horse, and gave him an elephant and a dress of honour, -and he took leave to go to the Deccan. - -On the same day the news of the death of the wretch Chin Qilij was -received by a letter from Jahangir Quli Khan. After the death of Qilij -Khan, who was one of the old servants of this State, I had made this -inauspicious man an Amir, and shown him great favour, and given him -in jagir such a place as Jaunpur. I also sent his other brothers and -relations with him and made them his deputies. He had one brother of -the name of Lahori, [463] of a very wicked disposition. It was reported -to me that the servants of God (people) were greatly oppressed by his -conduct. I sent an ahadi to bring him (Lahori) from Jaunpur. At the -coming of the ahadi, suspicion without any cause prevailed over Chin -Qilij, and it came into his mind to run away, taking his misguided -brother with him. Leaving his mansab, his government, place, and jagir, -money, property, children, and people, he took a little money and gold -and a few jewels and went with a small body among the zamindars. This -news arrived a few days ago and caused great astonishment. In short, -to whatever zamindar he went he took money [464] from him(?) and then -let him go(?), until news came that he had entered the country of -Johat. [465] When this news reached Jahangir Quli Khan, he sent some -of his men to take and bring that thoughtless one. They took him as -soon as they arrived, and were intending to take him to Jahangir Quli -Khan, when he at that very moment went to hell. Some of those who had -accompanied him said that for some days previously he had contracted -an illness and it had killed him. But this was heard of him as well, -that he committed suicide, in order that they might not take him to -Jahangir Quli Khan in this state. In any case, they brought his body -with his children and servants who were with him to Allahabad. They -made away with most of the money that he had, and the zamindars took -it from him. Alas, that salt (i.e. loyalty) should not have brought -such black-faced wretches to condign punishment! - - - "Behind the duty that lies on all people is the duty to the - sovereign and benefactor"(?). [466] - - -On the 22nd, at the request of Khan Dauran, 200 horse were added to the -mansab of Nad `Ali Maidani, one of the officers appointed to Bangash, -which brought it to 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse; 100 horse were -also added to the mansab of Lashkar Khan, which was 2,000 personal -and 900 horse. On the 24th I confirmed the mansab of Muqarrab Khan, -which was 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, and increased it to 5,000 -personal and 2,500 horse. On the same day I bestowed the title of Khan -on Qiyam, son of Shah Muhammad Qandahari, who was an Amir-zada, and was -in service as a huntsman. On the 5th of the month of Azar a jewelled -dagger was given to Darab Khan, and by the hand of Raja Sarang Deo -dresses of honour were bestowed on the Amirs of the Deccan. As some -(evil) things had been heard about Safdar Khan, governor of Kashmir, -I dismissed him from the government, and favouring Ahmad Beg Khan -on account of his previous services, I promoted him to be Subadar of -Kashmir, and confirmed his mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,500 horse, -honoured him with a jewelled waist-dagger and a dress of honour, and -gave him leave. By the hand of Ihtimam Khan I sent winter dresses of -honour to Qasim Khan, governor of Bengal, and the Amirs that were -attached to that province. On the 15th of the month there was laid -before me the offering of Maka'i, son of Iftikhar Khan, consisting of -an elephant, got [467] horses, and pieces of cloth. He was honoured -with the title of Muruwwat Khan. At the request of I`timadu-d-daula, -I had sent for Dayanat Khan, who was in the fort of Gwalior, and he -had the good fortune to pay his respects; his property, which had -been confiscated, was restored to him. - -At this time Khwaja Hashim, of Dahbid, who at this day vigorously -maintains in Transoxiana the profession of a dervish, and in whom -the people of that country have great belief, sent a letter by the -hand of one of his disciples pointing out his old devotion (to the -royal family) and connection and friendship of his ancestors with -this illustrious family, together with a farji [468] and a bow and a -couplet which the late king Babar had made for a saint of the name -of Khwajagi, who also belonged to that sect of dervishes. The last -hemistich is as follows:-- - - - "We are bound to the Khwajagi and are servants to the Khwajagi." - - -I also with my own pen wrote some lines in the style of that writing, -and sent impromptu quatrains with 1,000 Jahangiri muhrs to the said -Khwaja-- - - - "O thou whose kindness to me is ever more and more, - The State has remembrance of thee, O Dervish, - As from good tidings our heart is rejoiced, - We are glad that thy kindness passes all bounds." - - -As I ordered that whoever had the poetic temperament should recite -(compose?) this quatrain, [469] Hakim Masihu-z-zaman said, and said -very well-- - - - "Although we have the business of kingship before us, - Every moment more and more we think on the dervishes. - If the heart of our Dervish be gladdened by us - We count that to be the profit of our kingship." - - -I gave the Hakim 1,000 muhrs for the composition of this quatrain. On -the 7th of the month of Day, when I was coming back from Pushkar and -returning to Ajmir, on the way forty-two wild pigs were taken. - -On the 20th, Mir Miran came and waited on me. A summary of his -circumstances and of his family is now written. On the side of his -father [470] he is the grandson of Mir Ghiyasu-d-din Muhammad Mir -Miran, son of Shah Ni`matu-llah Wali. During the reigns of the Safawi -kings the family had attained to great respect, so that Shah Tahmasp -gave his own sister Janish [471] Khanim to Shah Ni`matu-llah, and so -on account of his being a great Shaikh and of his being an instructor -he was made a relative and a son-in-law (of kings). On the side of his -mother he was the daughter's son of Shah Isma`il Khuni (Isma`il II, the -Bloody). After the death of Shah Ni`matu-llah, his son Ghiyasu-d-din -Muhammad Mir Miran received great consideration, and the late Shah -(Tahmasp) gave to his eldest son in marriage a daughter from the royal -family. He gave the daughter of the above-mentioned Shah Isma`il to -another son of his, Khalilu-llah, to whom Mir Miran was born. The -aforesaid Mir Khalilu-llah, seven or eight years before this, had come -from Persia and waited on me at Lahore. As he belonged to a high and -saintly family, I was much interested in his affairs, and gave him a -mansab and a jagir, and honoured and cherished him. After the seat of -government was at Agra, in a short time he was attacked by bilious -[472] diarrhoea from eating too many mangoes, and in ten or twelve -days gave up his soul to the Creator. I was grieved at his going, -and ordered what he had left in cash and jewels to be sent to his -children in Persia. Meanwhile Mir Miran, who was 22 years old, became -a qalandar and dervish, and came to me at Ajmir in a way that nobody -on the road could recognize him. I soothed all the troubles of his -mind and the miseries of his inward and outward condition, and gave -him a mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse, and presented him with -30,000 darabs in cash. He is now in waiting and attendance on me. - -On the 12th, Zafar Khan, who had been removed from the Subah of Behar, -came and waited on me, and made an offering of 100 muhrs, as well as -three elephants. On the 15th of Day I increased the mansab of Qasim -Khan, the Subahdar of Bengal, by 1,000 personal and horse, so as to -make it 4,000 personal and horse. As the diwan and bakhshi of Bengal, -Husain Beg and Tahir, had not done approved service, Mukhlis Khan, -who was one of the confidential servants of the Court, was nominated -to these duties. I conferred on him a mansab of 2,000 personal and -700 horse, and also gave him a standard. The duty of `arz-mukarrir -(reviser of petitions) I ordered to be given to Dayanat Khan. On the -25th, Friday, the weighing of my son Khurram took place. Up to the -present year, when he is 24 years old, and is married and has children, -he has never defiled himself with drinking wine. On this day, when the -assembly for his weighing was held, I said to him: "Baba, thou hast -become the father of children, and kings and kings' sons have drunk -wine. To-day, which is the day of thy being weighed, I will give thee -wine to drink, and give thee leave to drink it on feast days and at -the time of the New Year, and at all great festivals. But thou must -observe the path of moderation, for wise men do not consider it right -to drink to such an extent as to destroy the understanding, and it is -necessary that from drinking only profit should be derived." Bu `Ali -(Avicenna), who is one of the most learned of hakims and physicians, -has written this quatrain-- - - - "Wine is a raging enemy, a prudent friend; - A little is an antidote, but much a snake's poison. - In much there is no little injury, - In a little there is much profit." - - -With much trouble wine was given to him. I had not drunk it till I -was 15 [473] years old, except when in the time of my infancy two -or three times my mother and wet-nurses gave it by way of infantile -remedy. They asked for a little spirit from my revered father, and -gave it me to the extent of a tola mixed with water and rosewater to -take away a cough, designating it as medicine. At the time when the -camp of my revered father had been pitched in order to put down the -disturbance of Yusufza'e Afghans at the fort of Attock, which is on -the bank of the Nilab (Indus) River, one day I had mounted to go out -to hunt. When I had moved about a good deal and the signs of weariness -had set in, a gunner of the name of Ustad Shah-quli, a wonderful gunner -out of those under my revered uncle Mirza Muhammad Hakim, said to me -that if I would take a cup of wine it would drive away the feeling of -being tired and heavy. It was in the time of my youth, and as I felt -disposed towards it I ordered Mahmud, the Ab-dar (person in charge of -drinking water, etc.), to go to the house of Hakim `Ali and bring me -an intoxicating draught. He sent me [474] the amount of one and a half -cups of yellow wine of a sweet taste in a little bottle. I drank it, -and found its quality agreeable. After that I took to drinking wine, -and increased it from day to day until wine made from grapes ceased to -intoxicate me, and I took to drinking arrack (`araq, spirits), and by -degrees during nine years my potions rose to twenty cups of doubly -distilled spirits, fourteen during the daytime and the remainder -at night. The weight of this was six Hindustani sirs or one and a -half maunds of Iran. The extent of my eating in those days was a fowl -[475] with bread and vegetables (lit. radish). [476] In that state of -matters no one had the power to forbid me, and matters went to such a -length that in the crapulous state from the excessive trembling of my -hand I could not drink from my own cup, but others had to give it me -to drink, until I sent for Hakim Humam, brother of Hakim Abu-l-fath, -who was of the most intimate with my revered father, and informed him -of my state. He, with excessive sincerity and unfeigned burning of -heart, said to me without hesitation, "Lord of the world, by the way -in which you drink spirits, God forbid it, but in six months matters -will come to such a pass that there will be no remedy for it." As his -words were said out of pure good-will, and sweet life was dear to me, -they made an impression on me, and from that day I began to lessen -my allowance and set myself to take filuniya. [477] In proportion as -I diminished my liquor, I increased the amount of filuniya. - -I also ordered that the arrack should be diluted with wine of the grape -so that there should be two parts wine and one part arrack. Every -day I diminished the quantity I took, and in the course of seven -years I brought it down to six cups. The weight of each cupful was 18 -1/4 misqals. It is now fifteen years that I have drunk at this rate, -neither more nor less. And my drinking time is the night except on the -day of Thursdays, as it is the day of the blessed accession. Also on -the eve [478] of Friday, which is the most blessed eve of the week, -and is the prelude to a blessed day (I do not drink). I drink at -the end of each day with these two [479] exceptions, for it does not -appear right that this eve (Thursday night) should be spent in neglect, -and that there should be an omission (on Friday) of returning thanks -to the True Benefactor. On the day of Thursday and on the day of -Sunday I do not eat meat. Not on Thursday, because it is the day -of my auspicious accession, and not on Sunday, because it is the -birthday of my revered father, and he greatly honoured and held dear -the day. After some time I substituted opium for filuniya. Now that -my age has arrived at 46 solar years and 4 months, I eat eight surkhs -(a red berry used as a weight) of opium when five gharis of day have -passed, and six surkhs after one watch of night. - -I gave a jewelled dagger to `Abdu-llah Khan by the hand of Maqsud -`Ali. Shaikh Musa, a relation of Qasim Khan, was dignified with the -title of Khan, and promoted to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 -horse, and was allowed to go to Bengal. The mansab of Zafar Khan was -increased to 500 personal and horse, and he was appointed to duty in -Bangash. On the same day Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja Jahan, -was given the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Hissar and dismissed, his -mansab being increased by 200 horse to raise it to 500 personal and -400 horse, with the gift of an elephant. On the 5th Bahman an elephant -was conferred on Mir Miran. When the merchant `Abdu-l-Karim left Iran -for Hindustan, my exalted brother Shah `Abbas sent me by his hand -a rosary of cornelian from Yemen and a cup of Venetian workmanship, -which was very fine and rare. On the 9th of the same month they were -laid before me. On the 18th some offerings of many kinds of jewelled -ornaments, etc., which Sultan Parwiz had sent to me, were laid before -me. On the 7th Isfandarmuz, Sadiq, nephew of I`timadu-d-daulah, who was -permanently employed as Bakhshi, was honoured with the title of Khan. I -had also conferred this title on Khwaja `Abdu-l-`Aziz. According to -what was right, I called him by the title of `Abdu-l-`Aziz Khan and -Sadiq by that of Sadiq Khan. On the 10th, Jagat Singh, son of Kunwar -Karan, who had obtained leave to go to his native country, when he -took leave was presented with 20,000 rupees, a horse, an elephant, a -dress of honour, and a special shawl. Five thousand rupees, a horse, -and a dress of honour were also given to Haridas Jhala, who was one -of the confidants of the Rana and tutor to Karan's son. By his hand -I also sent a mace of gold (shashpari) for the Rana. - -On the 20th of the same month, Raja Suraj Singh, son of Raja Baso, -who on account of the nearness of his dwelling-place to it had been -sent with Murtaza Khan to capture the fort of Kangra, came on my -summons and waited on me. The aforesaid Khan had entertained certain -suspicions with regard to him, and on this account, considering him -an undesirable companion, had repeatedly sent petitions to the Court, -and wrote things about him until an order was received to summon him. - -On the 26th, Nizamu-d-din Khan came from Multan and waited on me. In -the end of this year news of victory and prosperity came in from all -sides of my dominions. In the first place, this was with regard to -the disturbance of Ahdad, the Afghan, who for a long time past had -been in rebellion in the hill country of Kabul, and round whom many -of the Afghans of that neighbourhood had assembled, and against whom -from the time of my revered father until now, which is the 10th year -after my accession, armies have always been employed. He by degrees was -defeated, and, falling into a wretched state, a part of his band was -dispersed and a part killed. He took refuge for some time in Charkh, -which was a place on which he relied, but Khan Dauran surrounded -it and closed the road for entry and exit. When there remained no -grass for his beasts or means of living for men in the fortress, -he at night brought down his animals from the hills and grazed them -on the skirts, and accompanied them himself, in order that he might -set an example to his men. At last this intelligence reached Khan -Dauran. He then appointed a body of his leaders and experienced -men to go into ambush on an appointed night in the neighbourhood of -Charkh. That band went and hid itself at night in places of refuge, -and Khan Dauran rode on the same day in that direction. When those -ill-fated ones brought out their cattle and let them loose to graze, -and the ill-conditioned Ahdad himself passed by the places of ambush -with his own band, suddenly a dust rose in front of him. When they -enquired it became known that it was Khan Dauran. In a state of -bewilderment he endeavoured to turn back, and the scouts announced -to the aforesaid Khan that it was Ahdad. The Khan gave his horse the -reins and went at Ahdad; the men who were in ambush also blocked the -road and attacked him. The fight lasted till midday in consequence of -the broken nature of the ground and the thickness of the jungle; at -last defeat fell on the Afghans and they betook themselves to the hill: -about 300 fighting men went to hell and 100 were taken prisoners. Ahdad -could not regain the stronghold and hold on there. Necessarily he -turned his face towards Qandahar. The victorious troops entering -Charkh, burnt all the places and houses of those ill-fortuned ones, -and destroyed and rooted them up from their foundations. - -Another [480] piece of news was the defeat of the ill-starred `Ambar -and the destruction of his unfortunate army. Briefly, a band of the -influential leaders and a body of Bargis (Mahrattas), who are a hardy -lot and who are the centre of resistance in that country, becoming -angry with `Ambar, showed an intention to be loyal, and begging for -quarter from Shah-nawaz Khan, who was in Balapur with an army of royal -troops, agreed to interview the said Khan, and being satisfied, Adam -Khan, Yaqut Khan, and other leaders, and the Bargis Jado [481] Ray -and Bapu Katiya, came and interviewed him. Shah-nawaz Khan gave each -of them a horse, an elephant, money, and dress of honour, according -to their quality and condition, made them hot in duty and loyalty, -and marching from Balapur started against the rebel `Ambar in their -company. On the road they fell in with an army of the Dakhanis, whose -leaders were Mahalldar, [482] Danish (Atash?), Dilawar, Bijli, Firuz, -and others, and routed it. - - - "With broken arms and loosened loins, - No strength in their feet, no sense in their heads." [483] - - -They reached the camp of that ill-starred one, and he from excessive -pride determined to fight with the victorious troops. Having collected -those rebels who were with him and `Adil Khan's army and that of -Qutbu-l-mulk together, and preparing their artillery, he started -to meet the royal troops until a space of not more than 5 or 6 kos -remained between. On Sunday, the 25th Bahman, the armies of light and -darkness approached each other and the scouts became visible. Three -watches of day had passed when cannon and rocket firing began. In -the end Darab Khan, who was in command of the vanguard, with other -leaders and zealous men such as Raja Bir Singh Deo, Ray Chand, -`Ali Khan the Tatar, Jahangir Quli Beg Turkman, and other lions of -the forest of bravery, drew their swords and charged the vanguard -of the enemy. Performing the dues of manliness and bravery, they -scattered this army like the Banatu-n-na`sh ('Daughters of the Bier,' -i.e. the Great Bear); and not stopping there they attacked the enemy's -centre. Turning on the army opposed to them, such a hand-to-hand -struggle took place that the onlookers remained bewildered. For nearly -two gharis this combat went on. Heaps of the dead lay there, and the -ill-starred `Ambar, unable to offer further opposition, turned his -face to flight. If darkness [484] and gloom had not come on at the -cry of those black-fortuned ones, not one of them would have found -the road to the valley of safety. The crocodiles of the river of -conflict followed the fugitives for 2 or 3 kos. When horses and men -could move no more and the defeated were scattered, they drew rein -and returned to their places. The whole of the enemy's artillery, -with 300 laden camels that carried rockets, war elephants, Arab and -Persian horses, weapons and armour beyond reckoning, fell into the -hands of the servants of the State, and there was no counting the -slain and the fallen. A great many of the leaders fell alive into their -hands. The next day the victorious troops, marching from the place of -victory, proceeded to Karki, which was the nest of those owlish ones, -and seeing no trace of them they encamped there, and obtained news -that they during that night and day had fallen miserably in different -places. For some days the victorious army, delayed at Karki, levelled -with the dark earth the buildings and houses of the enemy, and burnt -that populous place. In consequence of the occurrence of certain -events, to describe which in detail would take too long here, they -returned from that place and descended by the Rohan Khanda Pass. In -reward for this service I ordered increases to be made in the mansabs -of a number who had shown zeal and bravery. - -The third piece of news was the conquest of the province of Khokhara -[485] and the acquisition of the diamond mines, which were taken by -the excellent exertions of Ibrahim Khan. This province is one of the -dependencies of the Subah of Behar and Patna. There is a river there -from which they procure diamonds. At the season when there is little -water, there are pools and water-holes, and it has become known by -experience to those who are employed in this work that above every -water-hole in which there are diamonds, there are crowds of flying -animals of the nature of gnats, and which in the language of India -they call jhinga(?). [486] Keeping the bed of the stream in sight as -far as it is accessible, they make a collection of stones (sangchin) -round the water-holes. After this they empty the water-holes with -spades and shovels to the extent of a yard or 1 1/2 yards and dig -up the area. They find among the stones and sand large and small -diamonds [487] and bring them out. It occasionally happens that they -find a piece of diamond worth 100,000 rupees. Briefly, this province -and this river were in possession of a Hindu Zamindar of the name -of Durjan Sal, and although the governors of the Subah frequently -sent armies against him and went there themselves, in consequence -of the difficult roads and thickness of the jungles they contented -themselves with taking two or three diamonds and left him in his former -condition. When the aforesaid Subah was transferred from Zafar Khan, -and Ibrahim Khan was appointed in his place, at the time of his taking -leave I ordered him to go and take the province out of the possession -of that unknown and insignificant individual. As soon as he arrived -in the province of Behar he assembled a force and went against that -Zamindar. According to former custom he sent some of his men with a -promise to give some diamonds and some elephants, but the Khan did -not agree to this and entered impetuously into the province. Before -the fellow could collect his men he found guides and invaded it. Just -when the zamindar received this news, the hills and vales that are his -abode were beleaguered. Ibrahim sent men about to find him and they got -hold of him in a cave with several women, one of whom was his mother, -while others were also his father's wives. They arrested him, and also -one of his brothers. They searched and took from them the diamonds -they had with them. Twenty-three male and female elephants also fell -into Ibrahim's hands. In reward for this service the mansab of Ibrahim -Khan original and increase, was made up to 4,000 personal and horse, -and he was exalted with the title of Fath-jang. Orders were also given -for an increase in the mansabs of those who accompanied him on this -service and had shown bravery. That province is now in possession of -the imperial servants of the State. They carry on work in the bed of -the stream, and bring to Court whatever diamonds are found. A large -diamond, the value of which has been estimated at 50,000 rupees, -has lately been brought from there. If a little pains are taken, -it is probable that good diamonds will be found and be placed in -the jewel-room. - - - - - - - - -THE ELEVENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -Fifteen gharis of day had passed on Sunday, the last day of -Isfandarmuz, corresponding with the 1st Rabi`u-l-awwal (19th -March, 1616), when from the mansion of Pisces the sun cast the -ray of prosperity on the palace of Aries. At this auspicious -hour, having performed the dues of service and supplication at -the throne of Almighty God, I ascended the throne of State in the -public audience hall, the area of which was laid out with tents and -canopies (shamiyanaha), and its sides adorned with European screens, -painted gold brocades, and rare cloths. The princes, Amirs, the -chief courtiers, the ministers of State, and all the servants of the -Court performed their congratulatory salutations. As Hafiz Nad `Ali, -guyanda (singer), was one of the ancient servants, I ordered that -whatever offerings were made on the Monday by anyone in the shape of -cash or goods should be given to him by way of reward. On the 2nd -day (of Farwardin) the offerings of some of the employés were laid -before me. On the 4th day the offering of Khwaja Jahan, who had sent -them from Agra, and which consisted of several diamonds and pearls, -of jewelled things, cloth stuffs of all kinds, and an elephant, -worth altogether 50,000 rupees, was brought before me. On the 5th -day, Kunwar Karan, who had been given leave to go to his home, -returned and waited on me. He presented as offering 100 muhrs, -1,000 rupees, an elephant with fittings, and four horses. To the -mansab of Asaf Khan, which was 4,000 personal and 2,000 horse, -I on the 7th made an addition of 1,000 personal and 2,000 horse, -and honoured him with drums and a standard. On this day the offering -of Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain was laid before me; what he offered was -approved and accepted. Among the things was a jewelled dagger which -had been made under his superintendence. [488] On its hilt was a -yellow ruby [489] (yaqut-i-zard), exceeding clear and bright, in -size equal to half a hen's egg. I had never before seen so large and -beautiful a yellow ruby. Along with it were other rubies of approved -colour and old emeralds. Brokers (muqiman) valued it (the dagger) -at 50,000 rupees. I increased the mansab of the said Mir by 1,000 -horse, which brought it to 5,000 personal and 3,500 horse. On the -8th I increased the mansab of Sadiq Haziq by 300 personal and horse, -and that of Iradat Khan by 300 personal and 200 horse, so as to -raise each to 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On the 9th the offering -of Khwaja Abu-l-hasan was laid before me; of jewelled ornaments and -cloth stuffs, what was of the value of 40,000 rupees was accepted, -and the remainder I made a present to him. The offering of Tatar Khan -Bakawul-begi, consisting of one ruby (la`l), one yaqut, a jewelled -takhti (signet?), two rings, and some cloths, was accepted. On the -10th three elephants which Raja Maha Singh sent from the Deccan, -and 100 and odd pieces of gold brocade, etc., which Murtaza Khan sent -from Lahore, were laid before me. On this date Dayanat Khan presented -his offering of two pearl rosaries, two rubies, six large pearls, and -one gold tray, to the value of 28,000 rupees. At the end of Thursday, -the 11th, I went to the house of I`timadu-d-daulah in order to add to -his dignity. He then presented me with his offering, and I examined it -in detail. Much of it was exceedingly rare. Of jewels there were two -pearls worth 30,000 rupees, one qutbi ruby which had been purchased for -22,000 rupees, with other pearls and rubies. Altogether the value was -110,000 rupees. These had the honour of acceptance, and of cloth, etc., -the value of 15,000 rupees was taken. When I had finished inspecting -the offering I passed nearly one watch of the night in conviviality -and enjoyment. I ordered that cups (of wine) should be given to the -Amirs and servants. The ladies of the mahall (harem) were also with -me, and a pleasant assembly was held. After the festive assembly -was over I begged I`timadu-d-daulah to excuse me, and went to the -hall of audience. On the same day I ordered Nur-mahall Begam to be -called Nur-Jahan Begam. On the 12th the offering of I`tibar Khan was -laid before me. They had made a vessel (zarf) in the form of a fish, -jewelled with beautiful gems, exceedingly well shaped and calculated -to hold my allowance. [490] This, with other jewels and jewelled -things and cloth stuffs, the value of which was worth 56,000 rupees, -I accepted and gave back the rest. Bahadur Khan, governor of Qandahar, -had sent seven Iraq horses and nine tuquz (81?) of cloth stuffs. The -offerings of Iradat Khan and Raja Suraj Mal, son of Raja Baso, -were laid before me on the 13th. `Abdu-s-Subhan, who held a mansab -of 1,200 personal and 600 horse, was promoted to 1,500 personal and -700 horse. On the 15th the Subahdarship of the province of Thatha -was transferred from Shamshir Khan Uzbeg to Muzaffar Khan. On the -16th the offering of I`tiqad Khan, son of I`timadu-d-daulah, was -laid before me. Of this the equivalent of 32,000 rupees was taken, -and I gave back the rest to him. On the 17th the offering of Tarbiyat -Khan was inspected. Of jewels and cloth what was valued at 17,000 -rupees was approved. On the 18th I went to the house of Asaf Khan, -and his offering was presented to me there. From the palace to his -house was a distance of about a kos. For half the distance he had -laid down under foot velvet woven with gold and gold brocade and plain -velvet, such that its value was represented to me as 10,000 rupees. I -passed that day until midnight at his house with the ladies. The -offerings he had prepared were laid before me in detail. Jewels, -jewelled ornaments, and things of gold and beautiful cloth stuffs, -things of the value of 114,000 rupees, four horses, and one camel -were approved of. On the 19th (Farwardin), which was the day of honour -(ruz-i-sharaf) of the sun, a grand assembly was held in the palace. In -order to observe the auspicious hour, when 2 1/2 gharis of day were -left of the aforesaid day, I seated myself on the throne. My son Baba -Khurram at this blessed hour laid before me a ruby of the purest water -and brilliancy, which they pronounced to be of the value of 80,000 -rupees. I fixed his mansab, which was 15,000 personal and 8,000 horse, -at 20,000 personal and 10,000 horse. On the same day my lunar weighing -took place. I increased the mansab of I`timadu-d-daulah, which was -6,000 personal and 3,000 horse, to 7,000 personal and 5,000 horse, -and bestowed on him a tuman tugh (horse-tail standard), and ordered -his drums to be beaten after those of my son Khurram. I increased the -mansab of Tarbiyat Khan by 500 personal and horse, so as to bring -it to 3,500 personal and 1,500 horse. The mansab of I`tiqad Khan -was increased by 1,000 personal and 400 horse. Nizamu-d-din Khan was -promoted to 700 personal and 300 horse, and appointed to the Subah of -Behar. Salamu-llah, the Arab, was honoured with the title of Shaja`at -Khan, and, being dignified with a necklace of pearls, became one of the -royal [491] servants. I promoted Mir Jamalu-d-din Inju to the title -of `Azudu-d-daulah (Arm of the State). On the 21st Almighty God gave -Khusrau a son by the daughter of Muqim, son of Mihtar Fazil Rikab-dar -(stirrup-holder). To Allah-dad, the Afghan, who, accepting my service, -had separated himself from the evil-minded Ahdad and come to Court, -I gave 20,000 darabs (10,000 rupees). On the 25th came the news -of the death of Ray Manohar, who had been attached to the army of -the Deccan. Giving his son a mansab of 500 personal and 300 horse, -I bestowed upon him his father's place and property. On the 26th the -offering of Nad `Ali Maidani, consisting of nine horses, several bits -(? dahana kish [492]), and four Persian camels (wilayati), was brought -before me. On the 28th I presented Bahadur Khan, governor of Qandahar, -Mir Miran, son of Khalilu-llah, and Sayyid Bayazid, governor of Bhakar, -each with an elephant. On the 1st Urdibihisht, at the request of -`Abdu-llah Khan, I presented drums to his brother Sardar Khan. On the -3rd I gave Allah-dad Khan, the Afghan, a jewelled khapwa (dagger). On -the same day news came that Qadam, [493] one of the Afridi Afghans -who had been loyal and obedient, and to whom the rah-dari (transit -dues) of the Khaibar Pass belonged, from some slight suspicion had -withdrawn his feet from the circle of obedience and raised his head -in sedition. He had sent a force against each of the posts (thana), -and wherever he and his men went, through the carelessness of those men -(in the posts), had plundered and killed many of the people. Briefly, -in consequence of the shameful action of this senseless Afghan, -a new disturbance broke out in the hill country of Kabul. When this -news arrived I ordered Harun, brother of Qadam, and Jalal, his son, -who were at Court, to be apprehended and handed over to Asaf Khan to -be imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior. By the manifestation of the -Divine mercy and kindness and the signs of God's favour, an affair -took place at this time which is not devoid of strangeness. After the -victory over the Rana my son presented me in Ajmir with an exceedingly -beautiful and clear ruby, valued at 60,000 rupees. It occurred to me -that I ought to bind this ruby on my own arm. I much wanted two rare -pearls of good water of one form to be a fit match for this kind -of ruby. Muqarrab Khan had procured one grand pearl of the value -of 20,000 rupees, and given it to me as a New Year's offering. It -occurred to me that if I could procure a pair to it they would make a -perfect bracelet. Khurram, who from his childhood had had the honour -of waiting on my revered father, and remained in attendance on him day -and night, represented to me that he had seen a pearl in an old turban -(sar-band) of a weight and shape equal to this pearl. They produced -an old sar-pich (worn on the turban), containing a royal pearl of -the same quality, weight, and shape, not differing in weight even -by a trifle, so much so that the jewellers were astonished at the -matter. It agreed in value, shape, lustre, and brilliance; one might -say they had been shed from the same mould. Placing the two pearls -alongside of the ruby, I bound them on my arm, and placing my head -on the ground of supplication and humility, I returned thanks to the -Lord that cherished His slave, and made my tongue utter His praise-- - - - "Who succeeds with hand and tongue? - He who performs the dues of thanks." - - -On the 5th (Urdibihisht) 30 Iraq and Turki horses that Murtaza Khan had -sent from Lahore were brought before me, as also 63 horses, 15 camels, -male and female, a bundle of crane's (kulang) plumes, 9 `aqiri(?), -[494] 9 veined [495] fish-teeth, 9 pieces of china from Tartary, -3 guns, etc., from Khan Dauran, which he had sent from Kabul, were -accepted. Muqarrab Khan presented an offering of a small elephant -from Abyssinia which they had brought by sea in a ship. In comparison -with the elephants of Hindustan it presents some peculiarities. Its -ears are larger than the ears of the elephants of this place, and -its trunk and tail are longer. In the time of my revered father -I`timad Khan of Cujarat sent a young elephant [496] as an offering; -by degrees it grew up and was very fiery and bad-tempered. On the 7th -a jewelled dagger was given to Muzaffar Khan, governor of Thatha. On -the same day news came that a band of Afghans [497] had attacked -`Abdu-s-Subhan, brother of Khan `Alam, who was stationed at one of the -posts, and had laid siege to his post. `Abdu-s-Subhan, with certain -other mansabdars and servants who had been appointed to go with him -had behaved valiantly. But at last, in accordance with the saying-- - - - "When gnats get wings they smite the elephant," - - -those dogs overcame them, and elevated `Abdu-s-Subhan with several of -the men of the post to the dignity of martyrdom. [498] As a condolence -for this affair a gracious farman and a special dress of honour were -sent to Khan `Alam, who had been appointed ambassador to Iran (and was -still in that country). On the 14th the offering of Mukarram Khan, -son of Mu`azzam Khan, came from Bengal. It consisted of jewels and -articles procurable in that province, and was brought before me. I -increased the mansab of some of the jagirdars of Gujarat. Of these, -Sardar Khan, whose mansab was that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, was -raised to 1,500 personal and 300 [499] horse, and had a standard given -to him as well. Sayyid Qasim, son of Sayyid Dilawar Barha, was raised -to an original and increased mansab of 800 personal and 450 horse, and -Yar Beg, nephew of Ahmad Qasim Koka, to one of 600 personal with 250 -horse. On the 17th there came the news of the death of Razzaq of Merv, -the Uzbeg who belonged to the army of the Deccan. He was well skilled -in war, and one of the distinguished Amirs of Mawara'a-n-nahr. On the -21st, Allah-dad, the Afghan, was honoured with the title of Khan, and -his mansab, which was 1,000 personal and 600 horse, was raised to 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse. Three hundred thousand rupees out of the -treasury of Lahore were ordered as a reward and for expenses to Khan -Dauran, who had greatly exerted himself in the Afghan disturbance. On -the 28th, Kunwar Karan obtained leave to go home for his marriage. I -conferred on him a dress of honour, a special Iraq horse with a saddle, -an elephant, and a jewelled waist-dagger. On the 3rd of this month -(Khurdad) the news of the death of Murtaza Khan came. He was one of -the ancients of this State. My revered father had brought him up and -raised him to a position of consequence and trust. In my reign also -he obtained the grace of noteworthy service, namely the overthrow -of Khusrau. His mansab had been raised to 6,000 personal and 5,000 -horse. As he was at this time Subahdar of the Panjab, he had undertaken -the capture of Kangra, to which in strength no other fort in the hill -country of that province or even in the whole inhabited world can -be compared. He had obtained leave to go on this duty. I was much -grieved in mind at this news; in truth, grief at the death of such -a loyal follower is only reasonable. As he had died after spending -his days in loyalty, I prayed to God for pardon for him. On the 4th -Khurdad the mansab of Sayyid Nizam was fixed, original and increase, -at 900 personal and 650 horse. I gave Nuru-d-din Quli the post of -entertainer to the ambassadors from all parts. On the 7th news came -of the death of Saif Khan Barha; he was a brave and ambitious young -man. He had exerted himself in an exemplary way in the battle with -Khusrau. He bade farewell to this perishable world in the Deccan -through cholera (haiza). I conferred favours on his sons. `Ali -Muhammad, who was the eldest and most upright of his children, -was given the mansab of 300 [500] personal and 400 horse, and his -(`Ali Muhammad's) brother, by name Bahadur, that of 400 personal and -200 horse. Sayyid `Ali, who was his nephew, received an increase in -rank of 500 personal and horse. On the same day Khub-Allah, son of -Shah-baz Khan Kambu, received the title of Ran-baz Khan. On the 8th -[501] the mansab of Hashim Khan, original and increase, was fixed -at 2,500 personal and 1,800 horse. On this date I bestowed 20,000 -darabs (10,000 rupees) on Allah-dad Khan, the Afghan. Bikramajit, -Raja of the province of Bandhu, whose ancestors were considerable -zamindars in Hindustan, through the patronage of my fortunate son -Baba Khurram, obtained the blessing of paying his respects to me, -and his offences were pardoned. On the 9th, [502] Kalyan of Jesalmir, -to summon whom Raja Kishan Das had gone, came and waited on me. He -presented 100 muhrs and 1,000 rupees. His elder brother Rawal Bhim -was a person of distinction. When he died he left a son 2 months old, -and he too did not live long. In the time when I was prince I had taken -his daughter in marriage, and called her by the title of Malika-Jahan -[503] (queen of the world). As the ancestors of this tribe had come -of ancient loyal people, this alliance took place. Having summoned -the aforesaid Kalyan, who was the brother of Rawal Bhim, I exalted -[504] him with the tika of Raja and the title of Rawal. News came -that after the death of Murtaza Khan loyalty was shown by Raja Man, -and that, after giving encouragement to the men of the fort of Kangra -an arrangement had been made that he should bring to Court the son -of the Raja of that country, who was 29 years old. In consequence of -his great zeal in this service, I fixed his mansab, which was 1,000 -personal and 800 horse, at 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Khwaja -Jahan was promoted from his original and increased mansab to that of -4,000 personal and 2,500 horse. On this date [505] an event occurred -such that, although I was greatly desirous of writing it down, my -hand and heart have failed me. Whenever I took my pen my state became -bewildered, and I helplessly ordered I`timadu-d-daulah to write it. - -"An ancient sincere slave, I`timadu-d-daulah, by order writes in this -auspicious volume [506] that on the 11th [507] Khurdad the traces of -fever were seen in the pure daughter [508] of Shah Khurram of lofty -fortune, for whom His Majesty showed much affection as the early -fruit of the garden of auspiciousness. After three days pustules -(abila) appeared, and on the 26th of the same month, corresponding with -Wednesday, the 29th Jumada-l-awwal (15th June, 1616), in the year 1025, -the bird of her soul flew from her elemental cage and passed into the -gardens of Paradise. From this date an order was given that Char-shamba -(Wednesday) should be called Kam-shamba (or Gum-shamba). What shall -I write as to what happened to the pure personality of the shadow of -God in consequence of this heartburning event and grief-increasing -calamity? Inasmuch as it happened after this manner to that soul of -the world, what must be the condition of those other [509] servants -whose life was bound up with that pure personality? For two days -the servants were not received in audience, and an order was given -that a wall should be built in front of the house which had been -the abode of that bird of paradise, so that it might not be seen. In -addition to this he did not adorn the gate of the hall of audience -(did not come there). On the third day he went in an agitated state -to the house of the illustrious prince, and the servants had the good -fortune to pay their salutations and found fresh life. On the road, -however much the Hazrat (the Emperor) desired to control himself, -the tears flowed from the auspicious eyes, and for a long time it -was so that at the mere hearing of a word from which came a whiff -of pain, the state of the Hazrat became bewildered. He remained for -some days in the house of the prince of the inhabitants of the world, -and on Monday [510] of Tir, Divine month, he went to the house of -Asaf Khan, and turned back thence to the Chashma-i-Nur, and for -two or three days employed himself there. But as long as he was in -Ajmir he could not control himself. Whenever the word 'friendship' -reached his ear, the tears would drop from his eyes unrestrained, -and the hearts of his faithful followers were torn in pieces. When -the departure of the cortège of fortune to the Subah of the Deccan -took place, he gained a little composure." - -On this date Prithi Chand, son of Ray Manohar, obtained the title of -Ray and the mansab of 500 personal and 400 horse, and a jagir in his -native place. On Saturday, the 11th, I went from the Chashma-i-Nur to -the palace at Ajmir. On the eve of Sunday, the 12th, after 37 seconds -had passed, at the time of the ascension of Sagittarius to the 27th -degree, by the calculations of the Hindu astronomers, and the 15th -degree of Capricorn, by the calculations of the Greeks, there came from -the womb of the daughter of Asaf Khan (wife of Khurram) a precious -pearl into the world of being. With joy and gladness at this great -boon the drums beat loudly, and the door of pleasure and enjoyment -was opened in the face of the people. Without delay or reflection -the name of Shah Shaja`at came to my tongue. I hope that his coming -will be auspicious and blessed to me and to his father. On the 12th -a jewelled dagger [511] and an elephant were bestowed on Rawal Kalyan -of Jesalmir. On the same day arrived the news of the death of Khawass -Khan, whose jagir was in the Sarkar of Qanauj. I gave an elephant -to Ray Kunwar, Diwan of Gujarat. On the 22nd of the same month (Tir) -I added 500 personal and horse to the mansab of Raja Maha Singh, so -as to make it one of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse. The mansab of -`Ali Khan Tatari, who before this had been exalted with the title of -Nusrat Khan, was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse, and a standard -was also conferred on him. With a view to the accomplishment of certain -purposes, I had made a vow that they should place a gold railing with -lattice-work at [512] the enlightened tomb of the revered Khwaja. On -the 27th of this month it was completed, and I ordered them to take -and affix it. It had been made at a cost of 110,000 rupees. As the -command and leading of the victorious army of the Deccan had not been -carried out to my satisfaction by my son Sultan Parwiz, it occurred -to me to recall him, and send Baba Khurram as the advanced guard of -the victorious army, inasmuch as the signs of rectitude and knowledge -of affairs were evident in him, and that I myself would follow him, -so that this important matter would be carried through in one and the -same campaign. With this object a farman had already been sent in the -name of Parwiz ordering him to start for the Subah of Allahabad, which -is in the centre of my dominions. Whilst I was engaged in the campaign, -he would be entrusted with the guarding and administration of that -region. On the 29th of the same month a letter came from Bihari Das, -the news-writer of Burhanpur, that the prince on the 20th had left -the city safely and well and gone towards the aforesaid Subah. On the -1st Amurdad I bestowed a jewelled turban on Mirza Raja Bhao Singh. An -elephant was conferred on the shrine of Kushtigir. On the 18th, Lashkar -Khan had sent four ambling (rahwar) horses, and they were brought -before me. Mir Mughal was appointed to the faujdarship of the Sarkar -of Sambal in the place of Sayyid `Abdu-l-Waris, who had obtained the -governorship of the Subah of Qanauj in the place of Khawass Khan. His -mansab, in view of that duty, was fixed at 500 personal and horse. On -the 21st the offering of Rawal Kalyan of Jesalmir was laid before me; -it was 3,000 muhrs, 9 horses, 25 camels, and 1 elephant. The mansab -of Qizil-bash Khan was fixed original and increase, at 1,200 personal -and 1,000 horse. On the 23rd, Shaja`at Khan obtained leave to go to -his jagir that he might arrange the affairs of his servants and his -territory, and present himself at the time agreed upon. In this year, -[513] or rather in the 10th year after my accession, a great pestilence -appeared in some places in Hindustan. The commencement of this calamity -was in the parganahs of the Panjab, and by degrees the contagion spread -to the city of Lahore. Many of the people, Musulmans and Hindus, -died through this. After this it spread to Sirhind and the Du'ab, -until it reached Delhi and the surrounding parganahs and villages, -and desolated them. At this day it had greatly diminished. It became -known from men of great age and from old histories that this disease -had never shown itself in this country [514] (before). Physicians -and learned men were questioned as to its cause. Some said that it -came because there had been drought for two years in succession and -little rain fell: others said it was on account of the corruption -of the air which occurred through the drought and scarcity. Some -attributed it to other causes. Wisdom is of Allah, and we must submit -to Allah's decrees! - - - "What does a slave who bows not his neck to the order?" - - -On 5th Shahriwar 5,000 rupees towards her expenses were sent to the -mother of Mir Miran, the daughter of Shah Isma`il II, by merchants -who were proceeding to the province of Iraq. On the 6th a letter came -from `Abid Khan, [515] bakhshi and news-writer of Ahmadabad, to the -purport that `Abdu-llah Khan Bahadur Firuz-jang had quarrelled with him -because he had recorded among (current) events certain affairs that -had been unpleasing to him, and had sent a body of men against him, -and had insulted him by carrying him away to his house, and had done -this and that to him. This matter appeared serious to me, and I was -desirous at once to cast him out of favour and ruin him. At last it -occurred to me to send Dayanat Khan to Ahmadabad to enquire into this -matter on the spot from disinterested people to see if it had actually -occurred and if so, to bring `Abdu-llah Khan with him to the Court, -leaving the charge and administration of Ahmadabad to Sardar Khan, -his brother. Before Dayanat Khan started, the news reached Firuz-jang, -and he in a state of great perturbation confessed himself an offender -and started for the Court on foot. Dayanat Khan met him on the road, -and seeing him in a strange condition, as he had wounded his feet -with walking, he put him on horseback, and taking him with him came -to wait on me. Muqarrab Khan, who is one of the old servants of the -Court, from the time when I was a prince had continually wanted the -Subah of Gujarat. It thus occurred to me that, as this kind of action -on the part of `Abdu-llah Khan had come about, I might fulfil the -hope of an ancient servant and send him to Ahmadabad in the place -of the aforesaid Khan. A fortunate hour was chosen in these days, -and I appointed him to be ruler of the Subah. On the 10th the mansab -of Bahadur Khan, governor of Qandahar, which was 4,000 personal and -3,000 horse, was increased by 500 personal. - -Shauqi, the mandolin player, is the wonder of the age. He also sings -Hindi and Persian songs in a manner that clears the rust from all -hearts. I delighted him with the title of Anand Khan: Anand in the -Hindi language means pleasure and ease. - -Mangoes [516] used not to be in season in the country of Hindustan -after the month of Tir (June-July), (but) Muqarrab Khan had established -gardens in the parganah of Kairana, [517] which is the native place of -his ancestors, and looked after the mangoes there in such a manner as -to prolong the season for more than two months, and sent them every -day fresh into the special fruit store-house. As this was altogether -an unusual thing to be accomplished, it has been recorded here. On -the 8th a beautiful Iraq horse of the name of La`l Bi-baha (priceless -ruby) was sent for Parwiz by the hand of Sharif, one of his attendants. - -I had ordered quick-handed stone-cutters to carve full-sized -figures of the Rana and his son Karan out of marble. On this day -they were completed and submitted to me. I ordered them to be -taken to Agra and placed in the garden [518] below the jharoka -(exhibition-window). On the 26th the meeting for my solar weighing -was held in the usual manner. The first weight came to 6,514 tulcha -of gold. I was weighed twelve times against different things; the -second weighing was against quicksilver, the third against silk, -the fourth against various perfumes, such as ambergris and musk, -down to sandalwood, `ud, ban, and so on, until twelve weighings were -completed. Of animals, according to the number of years that I had -passed, a sheep, a goat, [519] and a fowl (for each year) were given -to fakirs and dervishes. This rule has been observed from the time of -my revered father up to the present day in this enduring State. They -divide after the weighing all these things among the fakirs and those -in need to the value of about 100,000 rupees. - -This day a ruby which Mahabat Khan had purchased at Burhanpur for -65,000 rupees from `Abdu-llah Khan Firuz-jang was laid before me, and -was approved of. It is a ruby of beautiful form. The special mansab -of Khan A`zam was fixed at 7,000 personal, and an order was passed -that the diwani establishment should pay an equivalent to that in a -tankhwah jagir. At the request of I`timadu-d-daulah, what had been -deducted from the mansab of Dayanat on account of former proceedings -was allowed to remain as before. `Azudu-d-daulah, who had obtained -the Subah of Malwa in jagir, took his leave, and was dignified with -the gift of a horse and a dress of honour. The mansab of Rawal -Kalyan of Jesalmir was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and it was ordered that that province (Jesalmir) should be given -him as tankhwah. As the (auspicious) hour of his departure was on -that same day, he took leave to depart for his province well pleased -and exalted with the gift of a horse, an elephant, a jewelled sword, -a jewelled khapwa (dagger), a robe of honour, and a special Kashmir -shawl. On the 31st Muqarrab Khan took leave to go to Ahmadabad, and -his mansab, which was 5,000 personal and 2,500 horse, was fixed at -5,000 personal and horse, and he was honoured with a dress of honour, -a nadiri (a kind of dress), a takma [520] of pearls, whilst two horses -from my private stable, a special elephant, and a jewelled sword -were also bestowed on him. He went off to the aforesaid Subah with -delight and in a state of happiness. On the 11th of Mihr, Jagat Singh, -son of Kunwar Karan, came from his native place and waited on me. On -the 16th, Mirza `Ali Beg Akbarshahi came from the province of Oudh, -which had been given him in jagir, and waited on me. He presented as -offerings 1,000 rupees, and he produced before me an elephant which -one of the zamindars of that province possessed, and which he had been -ordered to take from him. On the 21st the offering of Qutbu-l-mulk, -the ruler of Golcondah, consisting of some jewelled ornaments, was -inspected by me. The mansab of Sayyid Qasim Barha was fixed, original -and increase, at 1,000 personal and 600 horse. On the eve of Friday, -the 22nd, Mirza `Ali Beg, whose age had passed 75 years, gave up the -deposit of his life. Great [521] services had been performed by him -for this State. His mansab rose by degrees to 4,000. He was one of the -distinguished heroes of this family (jawanan-i in ulus) [522] and of a -noble disposition. He left neither son nor other descendants. He had -the poetic temperament. As his inevitable destiny had been fulfilled -[523] on the day on which he went to pay his devotions at the venerated -mausoleum of Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din, I ordered them to bury him in the -same blessed place. - -At the time when I gave leave to the ambassadors of `Adil Khan -of Bijapur, I had requested that if in that province there were a -wrestler, or a celebrated swordsman, they should tell `Adil Khan -to send him to me. After some time, when the ambassadors returned, -they brought a Mughal, by name Shir `Ali, who was born at Bijapur, -and was a wrestler by profession and had great experience in the art, -together with certain sword-players. The performances of the latter -were indifferent, but I put Shir `Ali to wrestle with the wrestlers -and athletes who were in attendance on me, and they could none of -them compete with him. One thousand rupees, a dress of honour, and -an elephant were conferred on him; he was exceedingly well made, -well shaped, and powerful. I retained him in my own service, and -entitled him "the athlete of the capital." A jagir and mansab were -given him and great favours bestowed on him. On the 24th, Dayanat Khan, -who had been appointed to bring `Abdu-llah Khan Bahadur Firuz-jang, -brought him and waited on me, and presented as an offering 100 -muhrs. On the same date Ram Das, the son of Raja Raj Singh, one of -the Rajput Amirs who had died on duty in the Deccan, was promoted -to a mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. As `Abdu-llah Khan had -been guilty of faults, he made Baba Khurram his intercessor, and on -the 26th, in order to please him, I ordered the former to pay his -respects to me. He waited upon me with a face of complete shame, -and presented as offerings 100 muhrs and 1,000 rupees. Before the -coming of `Adil Khan's ambassadors I had made up my mind that, having -sent Baba Khurram with the vanguard, I should myself proceed to the -Deccan and carry out this important affair, which for some reasons -had been put off. For this reason I had given an order that except -the prince no one should represent to me the affairs of the rulers of -the Deccan. On this day the prince brought the ambassadors and laid -their representation before me. After the death of Murtaza Khan, -Raja Man and many of the auxiliary Sardars had come to Court. On -this day, at the request of I`timadu-d-daulah, I appointed Raja Man -as the leader in the attack on the fort of Kangra. I appointed all -the men to accompany him, and according to the condition and rank of -each made him happy with a present--a horse, an elephant, a robe of -honour, or money--and gave them leave. After some days I conferred on -`Abdu-llah Khan, at the request of Baba Khurram, a jewelled dagger, -as he was exceedingly broken-hearted and grieved in mind, and an order -was passed that his mansab should continue as it was before, and that -he should remain in attendance on my son among those appointed for duty -in the Deccan. On the 3rd Aban I ordered the mansab of Wazir Khan, who -was in attendance on Baba Parwiz, to be, original and increase, 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse. On the 4th, Khusrau, who was in the charge, -for safe keeping, of Anira'i Singh-dalan, for certain considerations -was handed over to Asaf Khan. I presented him with a special shawl. On -the 7th (Aban), corresponding with the 17th Shawwal (28th October, -1616), a person of the name of Muhammad Riza Beg, whom the ruler -of Persia had sent as his representative, paid his respects. After -performing the dues of prostration and salutation (kurnish, sijda, -taslim), he laid before me the letter he had brought. It was decided -that he should produce before me the horses and other presents he -had brought with him. The written and verbal messages sent were full -of friendship, brotherhood, and sincerity. I gave the ambassador on -that same day a jewelled tiara (taj) and a dress of honour. As in the -letter much friendliness and affection were displayed, an exact copy -is recorded in the Jahangir-nama. [524] - -On Sunday, the 18th Shawwal, corresponding to the 8th Aban, [525] the -camp equipage of my son Baba Khurram left Ajmir for the purpose of the -conquest of the provinces of the Deccan, and it was decided that my -son aforesaid should start by way of advanced guard, followed by the -glorious standards (of Jahangir). On Monday, the 19th, corresponding -with the 9th Aban, when three gharis of day had passed, the auspicious -palace moved in the same direction in the like manner. On the 10th -the mansab of Raja Suraj Mal, who had been appointed to accompany -the prince, was made up, original and increase, to 2,000 personal -and horse. On the night of the 19th Aban, after my usual custom, -I was in the ghusul-khana. Some of the Amirs and attendants, and by -chance Muhammad Riza Beg, the ambassador of the ruler of Persia, were -present. When six gharis had passed, an owl came and sat on top of -a high terrace roof belonging to the palace, and was hardly visible, -so that many men failed to distinguish it. I sent for a gun and took -aim and fired in the direction that they pointed out to me. The gun, -like the decree of heaven, fell on that ill-omened bird and blew it to -pieces. A shout arose from those who were present, and involuntarily -they opened their lips in applause and praise. On the same night I -talked with the ambassador of my brother Shah `Abbas, and at last the -conversation turned on the slaying of Safi Mirza, his (the Shah's) -eldest son. I asked him because this was a difficulty in my mind. He -represented that if his slaughter had not been carried out at that time -he would certainly have attempted the Shah's life. As this intention -became manifest from his behaviour, the Shah was beforehand with him -and ordered him to be killed. On the same day the mansab of Mirza -Hasan, son of Mirza Rustam, was fixed, original and increase, at 1,000 -personal and 300 horse. The mansab of Mu`tamad Khan, [526] who had been -appointed to the post of paymaster of the army with Baba Khurram, was -settled at 1,000 personal and 250 horse. The time for the leave-taking -of Baba Khurram had been fixed as Friday, the 20th (Aban). At the end -of this day he paraded before me the pick of his men armed and ready -in the public hall of audience. Of the distinguished favours bestowed -on the aforesaid son one was the title of Shah, which was made a part -of his name. I ordered that thereafter he should be styled Shah Sultan -Khurram. I presented him with a robe of honour, a jewelled charqab, -the fringe and collar of which were decorated with pearls, an Iraq -horse with a jewelled saddle, a Turki horse, a special elephant called -Bansi-badan, [527] a carriage, according to the English fashion, [528] -for him to sit and travel about in, a jewelled sword with a special -pardala (sword-belt) that had been taken at the conquest of the fort of -Ahmadnagar and was very celebrated, and a jewelled dagger. He started -with great keenness. My trust in Almighty God is that in this service -he may gain renown (lit. become red-faced). On each of the Amirs -and mansabdars, according to his quality and degree, a horse and an -elephant were conferred. Loosening a private sword from my own waist, -I gave it to `Abdu-llah Khan Firuz-jang. As Dayanat Khan had been -appointed to accompany the prince, I gave the duty of `arz-mukarrir -(reviser of petitions) to Khwaja Qasim Qilij Khan. Previously [529] -to this a band of thieves had carried off a certain sum of money from -the royal treasury in the kotwali chabutara (Police Office). After -some days seven men of that band, with their leader, of the name of -Nawal, were caught, and a portion of that money was recovered. It -occurred to me that as they had been guilty of such boldness I ought -to punish them severely. Each was punished in exemplary fashion, -and I ordered Nawal, the leader of them all, to be thrown under the -feet of an elephant. He petitioned that if I would give the order he -would fight the elephant. I ordered it to be so. They produced a very -furious elephant. I bade them put a dagger into his hand and bring him -in front of the elephant. The elephant several times threw him down, -and each time that violent and fearless man, although he witnessed the -punishments of his comrades, got up again and bravely and with a stout -heart struck the elephant's trunk with the dagger, so that the animal -refrained from attacking him. When I had witnessed this pluck and -manliness, I ordered them to inquire into his history. After a short -time, according to his evil nature and low disposition, he ran away -in his longing for his own place and abode. This annoyed me greatly, -and I ordered the jagirdars of that neighbourhood to hunt him up and -apprehend him. By chance he was caught a second time, and this time -I ordered that ungrateful and unappreciative one to be hanged. The -saying of Shaikh Muslihu-d-din Sa`di accords with his case-- - - - "In the end a wolf's cub becomes a wolf, - Although he be brought up with man." - - -On Tuesday, [530] the 1st Zi-l-qa`da (10th November, 1616), -corresponding with the 21st Aban, after two watches and five gharis -of the day had passed, in good condition and with a right purpose -I mounted the Frank carriage, which had four horses attached -to it, and left the city of Ajmir. I ordered many of the Amirs -to accompany me in carriages, and at about sunset alighted at a -halting-place about 1 3/4 kos distant, in the village of Deo Ray -(Dorai?). [531] It is the custom of the people of India that if -the movement of kings or great men for the conquest of a country -is towards the east they should ride a tusked elephant, and if the -movement is towards the west on a horse of one colour; if towards -the north in a palanquin or a litter (singhasan), and if towards -the south, that is, in the direction of the Deccan (as on this -occasion), on a rath, which is a kind of cart (araba) or bahal -(two-wheeled car). I had stayed at Ajmir for five days less than -three years. [532] They consider the city of Ajmir, which is the -place of the blessed tomb of the revered Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din, to -be in the second clime. Its air is nearly equable. The capital -of Agra is to the east of it; on the north are the townships -(district) of Delhi, and on the south the Subah of Gujarat. On -the west lie Multan and Dealpur. The soil of this province -is all sandy; water is found with difficulty in the land, and -the reliance for cultivation is on moist [533] soil and on the -rainfall. The cold season is very equable, and the hot season -is milder than in Agra. From this subah in time of war 86,000 -[534] horse and 304,000 Rajput foot are provided. There are -two large lakes in this city; they call one of these the Bisal -[535] and the other the Anasagar. The Bisal tank is in ruins -and its embankment is broken. At this time I ordered it to be -repaired. The Anasagar at the time that the royal standards were -there was always full of water and waves. This tal is 1 1/2 -kos and 5 tanab (lit. tent-ropes) (in circumference?). Whilst -at Ajmir I visited nine times the mausoleum of the revered -Khwaja, and fifteen times went to look at the Pushkar lake; -to the Chashma-i-Nur I went thirty-eight times. I went out to -hunt tigers, etc., fifty times. I killed 15 tigers, 1 cheetah, -1 black-ear (lynx), 53 nilgaw, 33 gazelle (gawazn), 90 antelope, -80 boars, and 340 water-fowl. I encamped seven times at Deo Ray -(Deo Rani) (Dorai?). At this halt 5 nilgaw and 12 water-fowl were -killed. Marching on the 29th from Deo Ray, my camp was pitched at -the village of Dasawali, 2 kos and 1 1/2 quarters distant from Deo -Ray. On this day I gave an elephant to Mu`tamad Khan. I stayed -the next day at this village. On this day a nilgaw was killed, -and I sent two of my falcons to my son Khurram. I marched from -this village on the 3rd Azar, and pitched at the village of -Badhal (Mawal?), 2 1/4 kos distant. On the road six water-fowl, -etc., were killed. On the 4th, having gone 1 1/2 kos, Ramsar, -[536] which belongs to Nur-Jahan Begam, became the place for the -alighting of honour and glory. A halt was made at this place for -eight days. In the place of Khidmat-gar Khan I here appointed -Hidayatu-llah mir-tuzak (master of ceremonies). On the 5th day -7 antelope, 1 kulang (crane), and 15 fish were killed. The next -day Jagat Singh, son of Kunwar Karan, received a horse and a -robe of honour and took leave for his native place. A horse was -also given to Kesho Das Lala and an elephant to Allah-dad Khan -Afghan. On the same day I killed a gazelle, 3 antelope, 7 fish, -and 2 water-fowl. On that day was heard the news of the death -of Raja Syam Singh, who belonged to the army of Bangash. On -the 7th day 3 antelope, 5 water-fowl, and a qashqaldagh [537] -(coot) were killed. On Thursday and the eve of Friday, as Ramsar -belongs to the jagir of Nur-Jahan, a feast and entertainment were -prepared. Jewels, jewelled ornaments, fine cloths, sewn tapestry, -and every kind of jewellery were presented as offerings. At night -on all sides and in the middle of the lake, which is very broad, -lamps were displayed. An excellent entertainment was arranged. In -the end of the said Thursday, having also sent for the Amirs, I -ordered cups for most [538] of the servants. On my journeys by land -some boats are always taken along with the victorious camp; the -boatmen convey them on carts. On the day after this entertainment -I went to fish in these boats, and in a short time 208 large fish -came into one net. Half of these were of the species of raku. At -night I divided them among the servants in my own presence. On the -13th Azar I marched from Ramsar, and hunting for 4 kos along the -road, the camp was pitched at the village of Baloda. [539] Here -I stayed for two days. On the 16th, moving 3 1/4 kos, I alighted -at the village of Nihal. [540] On the 18th the march was one of -2 1/4 kos. On this day I gave an elephant to Muhammad Riza Beg, -ambassador of the ruler of Persia. The village of Jonsa became -the halting-place of the tents of greatness and prosperity. On -the 20th I marched to the halting-place of Deogaon; I hunted along -the road for a distance of 3 kos. I stayed at this place for two -days, and at the end of the day went out to hunt. At this stage a -strange affair was witnessed. Before the royal standards arrived -at this halting-place, an eunuch went to the bank of a large tank -there is in the village, and caught two young saras, which are a -kind of crane; at night, when we stopped at this halting-place, -two large saras appeared making loud cries near the ghusul-khana -(parlour), which they had placed on the edge of the tank, as if -somebody were exercising oppression on them. They fearlessly began -their cries and came forward. It occurred to me that certainly -some kind of wrong had been done to them, and probably their -young had been taken. After enquiry was made the eunuch who had -taken the young saras brought them before me. When the saras -heard the cries of these young ones, they without control threw -themselves upon them, and suspecting that they had had no food, -each of the two saras placed food in the mouths of the young ones, -and made much lamentation. Taking the two young ones between them, -and stretching out their wings and fondling them, they went off -to their nest. Marching on the 23rd 3 3/4 kos, I alighted at the -village of Bahasu (Bhalu?). Here there was a halt of two days, -and each day I rode to hunt. On the 26th the royal standards moved -and the halt was outside of the village of Kakal. A halt was made -after traversing 2 kos. On the 27th the mansab of Badi`u-z-zaman, -son of Mirza Shahrukh, original and increased, was fixed at -1,500 personal and 750 horse. Marching on the 29th 2 3/4 kos, -a halt was made at the village of Lasa, near parganah Boda. [541] -This day corresponded with the festival of Qurban (19th December, -1616). I ordered them to observe the ordinances of that day. From -the date on which I left Ajmir up to the end of the aforesaid -month, viz. the 30th Azar, 67 nilgaw, antelope, etc., and 37 -water-fowl etc., had been killed. A march was made from Lasa on -the 2nd Day, and I marched and hunted for 3 kos 10 jarib, and -halted in the neighbourhood of the village of Kanra. On the 4th -a march of 3 1/4 kos was made to the village of Surath. Marching -4 1/2 kos on the 6th, a halt was made near the village of Barora -(Bardara?). On the 7th, when there was a halt, 50 water-fowl -and 14 qashqaldagh (coot) were killed. The next day was a halt -as well. On this day 27 water-fowl became a prey. On the 9th -a march of 4 1/8 kos was made. Hunting and overthrowing prey, -I alighted at the halting-place of Khush Tal. At this stage a -report came from Mu`tamad Khan that when the territory of the Rana -became the halting-place of Shah Khurram, though there had been -no agreement to this effect (i.e. to the Rana's meeting him), -the fame and dignity of the victorious army had introduced a -commotion into the pillars of his patience and firmness, and he -had come and paid his respects to him when he halted at Dudpur, -[542] which was on the border of his jagir, and observing all the -dues and ceremonies of service he had neglected not the smallest -portion of them. Shah Khurram had paid him every attention, -and pleased him with the gift of a dress of honour, a charqab, -a jewelled sword, a jewelled khapwa, Persian and Turki horses, -and an elephant, and dismissed him with every honour. He had also -favoured his sons and relations with dresses of honour, and out -of his offering, which consisted of five elephants, twenty-seven -horses, and a tray full of jewels and jewelled ornaments, had -taken three horses and given back the remainder. It was settled -that his son Karan should attend on the stirrup of Baba Khurram -in this expedition with 1,500 horse. On the 10th the sons of -Raja Maha Singh came from their jagir and native place (Amber) -and waited on me in the neighbourhood of Rantambhor, making an -offering of three elephants and nine horses. Each one of them, -according to his condition, received an increase of mansab. As -the neighbourhood of the said fort became a halting-place for the -royal standards, I released some of the prisoners who were confined -in that fort. At this place I halted for two days and each day -went to hunt. Thirty-eight water-fowl and qashqaldagh (coot) were -taken. On the 12th I marched, and after going 4 kos halted at the -village of Koyala. On the road I killed fourteen water-fowl and -an antelope. On the 14th, having traversed 3 3/4 kos, I halted in -the neighbourhood of the village of Ektora, [543] killing on the -road a blue bull, twelve herons (karwanak), etc. On the same day -Agha Fazil, who had been appointed deputy for I`timadu-d-daulah at -Lahore, was dignified with the title of Fazil Khan. At this stage -they had erected the royal lodging (daulat-khana) on the bank of a -tank, which was exceedingly bright and pleasant. On account of the -pleasantness of the place I halted two days there, and at the end -of each went to hunt water-fowl. To this place the younger son of -Mahabat Khan, by name Bahra-war, came from the fort of Rantambhor, -which is his father's jagir, to pay his respects to me. He had -brought two elephants, both of which were included in my private -stud. I promoted Safi, son of Amanat Khan, to the title of Khan, -and, increasing his mansab, made him bakhshi and news-writer of -the Subah of Gujarat. Having travelled 4 1/2 kos on the 17th, -I halted at the village of Lasaya. [544] During the halt I killed -one water-fowl and twenty-three sand-grouse (durraj). As I had sent -for Lashkar Khan to Court on account of the disagreement that had -occurred between him and Khan Dauran, I at this place appointed -`Abid Khan, [545] bakhshi and news-writer, in his stead. On the -19th, having made a march of 2 1/4 kos, an encampment was made -in the neighbourhood of the village of Kuraka (Koran?), [546] -which is situated on the bank of the Chambal. On account of the -excellence of the place and the pleasantness of its air and water, -a halt took place here for three days. Every day I sat in a boat -and went to hunt water-fowl and to wander over the river. On the -22nd [547] there was a march, and having traversed 4 1/2 kos, -shooting on the road, the victorious camp was pitched at the -villages of Sultanpur and Chila Mala (Chilamila?). On this day -of halt I bestowed on Miran Sadr Jahan 5,000 rupees, and gave him -leave to proceed to the place assigned to him as his jagir. Another -1,000 rupees were given to Shaikh Pir. On the 25th I marched and -hunted for 3 1/2 kos and encamped at the village of Basur. [548] -According to fixed rules one halt and one march took place, and -on the 27th I marched and hunted 4 1/8 kos and encamped at the -village of Charduha (Varadha?). Two days halt took place here. In -this month of Day 416 animals were killed, namely, 97 sand-grouse -(durraj), 192 qashqaldagh, 1 saras, 7 herons, 118 water-fowl, and -1 hare. On the 1st Bahman, corresponding with the 12th Muharram, -1026 (20th January, 1617), seating myself in boats with the ladies, -I went forward one stage. When one ghari of day remained I arrived -at the village of Rupahera, the halting-place, the distance being 4 -kos and 15 jarib. I shot five sand-grouse. On the same day I sent -by the hands of Kaikana winter dresses of honour to twenty-one -Amirs on duty in the Deccan, and ordered him to take 10,000 [549] -rupees from those Amirs as a thanksgiving for the dresses of -honour. This halting-place had much verdure and pleasantness. On -the 3rd a march took place. As on the previous day, I embarked in -a boat, and after traversing 2 1/8 kos the village of Kakha-das -(Kakhavas?) [550] became the encamping place of the victorious -camp. As I came hunting on the way, a sand-grouse fell flying into a -thicket. After much search it was marked, and I ordered one of the -beaters to surround the thicket and catch it, and went towards it -myself. Meanwhile another sand-grouse rose, and this I made a falcon -seize. Soon afterwards the beater came and laid the sand-grouse before -me. I ordered them to satisfy the falcon with this sand-grouse, and to -keep the one we had caught, as it was a young bird. (But) before the -order reached him the head huntsman fed the falcon with the sand-grouse -(the second one, viz. that which the falcon had caught). After a while -the beater represented to me that if he did not kill the sand-grouse -it would die (and then could not be eaten as not properly killed). I -ordered him to kill it if that was the case. As he laid his sword on -its throat, it with a slight movement freed itself from the sword and -flew away. After I had left the boat and mounted my horse, suddenly -a sparrow (kunjishk) by the force of the wind struck the head of an -arrow that one of the beaters who was in my retinue had in his hand, -and immediately fell down and died. I was amazed and bewildered at -the tricks of destiny; on one side it preserved the sand-grouse, -whose time had not arrived, in a short time from three such dangers, -and on the other hand made captive in the hand of destruction on the -arrow of fate the sparrow whose hour of death had come-- - - - "The world-sword may move from its place, - But it will cut no vein till God wills." - - -Dresses of honour for the winter had also been sent by the hand of -Qara, the yasawul (usher), to the Amirs at Kabul. I halted at this -place on account of the pleasantness of the spot and the excellence -of the air. On this day there came the news of the death of Nad `Ali -Khan Maidani at Kabul. I honoured his sons with mansabs, and at the -request of Ibrahim Khan Firuz-jang [551] increased the mansab of Rawat -Shankar by 500 personal and 1,000 horse. On the 6th there was a march, -and going for 4 1/8 kos by the pass known as Ghate Chanda, the royal -camp was pitched at the village of Amhar (Amjar?). This valley is very -green and pleasant and good trees are seen in it. Up to this stage, -which is the limit of the country of the Subah of Ajmir, 84 kos had -been traversed. It was also a pleasant stage. Nur-Jahan Begam here -shot with a gun a qarisha(?), the like of which for size and beauty of -colour had never been seen. I ordered them to weigh it, and it came to -19 tolas and 5 mashas. The aforesaid village is the commencement of the -Subah of Malwa, which is in the second clime. The length [552] of this -Subah from the extremity of the province of Garha to the province of -Banswala (Banswara?) is 245 kos, and its breadth from the parganah of -Chanderi to the parganah of Nandarbar is 230 kos. On the east is the -province of Bandho, and on the north the fort of Narwar, on the south -the province of Baglana, and on the west the Subahs of Gujarat and -Ajmir. Malwa is a large province abounding in water and of a pleasant -climate. There are five rivers in it in addition to streams, canals, -and springs, namely, the Godavari, [553] Bhima, Kalisindh, Nira, and -Narbada. Its climate is nearly equable. The land of this province is -low, but part of it is high. In the district of Dhar, which is one of -the noted places of Malwa, the vine gives grapes twice in the year, -in the beginning of Pisces and the beginning of Leo, but the grapes -of Pisces are the sweeter. Its husbandmen and artificers are not -without arms. The revenue of the province is 24,700,000 dams. When -needful there are obtained from it about 9,300 [554] horse and four -lakhs, 70,300 foot-soldiers, with 100 elephants. On the 8th, moving -on 3 1/2 kos, an encampment was made near Khairabad. On the road -14 sand-grouse and 3 herons were killed, and having traversed and -shot over 3 kos the camp was pitched at the village of Sidhara. On -the 11th, while there was a halt, I mounted at the end of the day to -hunt, and killed a blue bull. On the 12th, after traversing 4 1/4 kos, -a halt was made at the village of Bachhayari. On that day Rana Amar -Singh had sent some baskets of figs. In truth it is a fine fruit, and -I had never seen such delicious figs in India. But one must eat only a -few of them; it does harm to eat many. On the 14th there was a march; -having traversed 4 1/8 kos, I encamped at the village of Balbali. Raja -Janba who is an influential zamindar in these regions, had sent two -elephants as an offering, and they were brought before me. At the -same stage they brought many melons grown in Kariz near Herat. Khan -`Alam had also sent 50 camels. In former years they had never brought -melons in such abundance. On one tray they brought many kinds of -fruit--Kariz melons, melons from Badakhshan and Kabul, grapes from -Samarkand [555] and Badakhshan, apples from Samarkand, Kashmir, Kabul, -and from Jalalabad, which is a dependency of Kabul, and pineapples, -a fruit that comes from the European ports, plants of which have been -set in Agra. Every year some thousands are gathered in the gardens -there which appertain to the private domains (khalisa-i-sharifa) [556]; -kaula, [557] which are similar in form to an orange, but smaller and -better in flavour. They grow very well in the Subah of Bengal. In what -language can one give thanks for such favours? My revered father had -a great liking for fruit, especially for melons, pomegranates, and -grapes. During his time the Kariz melons, which are the finest kind, -and pomegranates from Yezd, which are celebrated throughout the world -and Samarkand grapes had not been brought to Hindustan. Whenever I -see these fruits they cause me great regret. Would that such fruit -had come in those days, so that he might have enjoyed them! - -On the 15th, which was a halting day, news came of the death of Mir -`Ali, son of Faridun Khan Barlas, who was one of the trusted amir-zadas -(descended from amirs) of this family (the Timurides). On the 16th -a march took place. Having traversed 4 1/8 kos, the camp of heavenly -dignity was pitched near the village of Giri. On the road the scouts -brought news that there was a lion in this neighbourhood. I went -to hunt him and finished him with one shot. As the braveness of -the lion (shir babar) has been established, I wished to look at his -intestines. After they were extracted, it appeared that in a manner -contrary to other animals, whose gall-bladder is outside their livers, -the gall-bladder of the lion is within his liver(?). It occurred to me -that the courage of the lion may be from this cause. On the 18th, after -traversing 2 3/4 kos, the village of Amriya was our halting-place. On -the 19th, which was a halt, I went out to hunt. After going 2 kos, -a village came to view exceedingly sweet and pleasant. Nearly 100 -mango-trees were seen in one garden; I had seldom seen mango-trees -so large and green and pleasant. In the same garden I saw a bar-tree -(a banyan), exceedingly large. I ordered them to measure its length, -breadth, and height in yards (gaz). Its height from the surface to the -highest branch (sar-shakh) was 74 cubits (zira`). The circumference -of its trunk was 44 1/2 cubits and its breadth [558] 175 1/2 measured -by the gaz. This has been recorded as it is very unusual. On the 20th -was a march, and on the road a blue bull was shot with a gun. On the -21st, which was a halt, I went out to hunt at the end of the day. After -returning, I came to the house of I`timadu-d-daulah for the festival -of Khwaja Khizr, whom they call Khizri; I remained there till a watch -of the night had passed, and then feeling inclined for food I went -back to the royal quarters. On this day I honoured I`timadu-d-daulah -as an intimate friend by directing the ladies of the harem not to -veil their faces from him. By this favour I bestowed everlasting -honour on him. On the 22nd an order was given to march, and after -3 1/8 kos were traversed the camp was pitched at the village of -Bulghari (Nawalkheri?). On the road two blue bulls were killed. On -the 23rd day of Tir, which was a halt, I killed a blue bull with a -gun. On the 24th, traversing 5 kos, the village of Qasim-khera was -the halting-place. On the road a white animal [559] was killed, which -resembled the kutah paya (hog-deer); it had four horns, two of which -were opposite the extremities of its eyes, and two finger-breadths in -height, and the two other horns four finger-breadths towards the nape -of the neck. These were four finger-breadths in height. The people of -India call this animal dudhadharit (dudhariya?). The male has four -horns and the female none. It was said that this kind of antelope -has no gall-bladder, but when they looked at its intestines the -gall-bladder was apparent, and it became clear that this report has -no foundation. On the 25th, which was a halt, at the end of the day I -rode out to hunt and killed a female nilgaw with my gun. Balju, nephew -of Qilij Khan, who held the mansab of 1,000 personal and 850 horse, -and had a jagir in Oudh, I promoted to 2,000 personal and 1,200 horse, -dignified him with the title of Qilij Khan, and appointed him to the -Subah of Bengal. On the 26th a march took place, and after traversing -4 3/4 kos a halt was made at the village of Dih Qaziyan, which is in -the neighbourhood of Ujjain. A number of mango-trees in this place -had blossomed. They had pitched the tents on the bank of a lake, and -had prepared an enchanting place. Pahar, son of Ghaznin [560] Khan, -was capitally punished at this stage. Cherishing this unlucky one -after the death of his father, I had given him the fort and province -of Jalaur, which was the place of his ancestors. As he was of tender -years, his mother used to forbid him certain evil practices. That -eternally black-faced one with some of his companions one night came -into the house and killed his own full mother with his own hand. This -news reached me and I ordered them to bring him. After his crime was -proved against him, I ordered them to put him to death (kih ba biyasa -rasanidand). At this halting-place a tamarind [561]-tree came to view, -the form and habit of which were somewhat strange. The original tree -had one trunk; when it had grown to 6 gaz, it turned into two branches, -one of which was 10 and the other 9 1/2 gaz. The distance between -the two branches was 4 1/2 gaz. From the ground to the place where -the branches and leaves came to an end(?), there were on the side of -the large branch 16 gaz, and on the other branch 15 1/2 gaz. From -the place whence the branches and green leaves began(?) to the top -(trunk?) of the tree was 2 1/2 gaz, and the circumference was 2 3/4 -gaz. I ordered them to make a chabutara (platform) round it of the -height of 3 gaz. As the trunk was very straight and well-shaped, I told -my artists to depict it in the illustrations to the Jahangir-nama. A -march was made on the 27th. After traversing 2 1/8 kos, a halt was -made at the village of Hinduwal [562]; on the road a blue bull was -killed. On the 28th, after traversing 2 kos, the village of Kaliyadaha -became the halting-place. Kaliyadaha is a building which was made -by Nasiru-d-din, son of Ghiyasu-d-din, son of Sultan Mahmud Khalji, -who was ruler of Malwa. In the time of his rule he had made it in the -neighbourhood of Ujjain, which is one of the most celebrated cities -in the Subah of Malwa. They say that the heat overcame him so much -that he passed his time in the water. He made this building in the -middle of the river, and divided its waters into canals, and brought -the water on all sides, as well as inside and outside, of the house, -and made large and small reservoirs suited to the place. It is a -very pleasant and enjoyable place, and one of the noted habitations -of Hindustan. Before it was decided to halt at this place I sent -architects and ordered them to clean up the place again. On account of -its pleasantness I remained in this place for three days. At the same -place Shaja`at Khan came from his jagir and waited on me. Ujjain is -one of the old cities, and is one of the seven established places of -worship of the Hindus. Raja Bikramajit, who introduced the observation -of the heavens and stars into Hindustan, lived in this city and -province. From the time of his observations until now, which is the -1026th Hijra year (1617 A.D.) and the 11th year from my accession, -1,675 [563] years have passed. The deductions of the astronomers of -India are all based on his observations. This city is on the bank of -the River Sipra. The belief [564] of the Hindus is that once in some -year at an uncertain time the water of this river turns into milk. In -the reign of my revered father, at the time when he had sent Abu-l-fazl -to set in order the affairs of my brother Shah Murad, he sent a report -from that city that a large body of Hindus and Musulmans had borne -testimony that some days previously at night this river had become -milk, so that people who took water from it that night found in the -morning their pots full of milk. [565] As this obtained currency it -has been recorded, but my intelligence will in no way agree to it. The -real truth of this affair is known to Allah. On the 2nd Isfandarmuz -I embarked in a boat from Kaliyadaha, and went to the next stage. I -had frequently heard that an austere Sanyasi [566] of the name of -Jadrup many years ago retired from the city of Ujjain to a corner of -the desert and employed himself in the worship of the true God. I had -a great desire for his acquaintance, and when I was at the capital -of Agra I was desirous of sending for and seeing him. In the end, -thinking of the trouble it would give him, I did not send for him. When -I arrived in the neighbourhood of the city I alighted from the boat -and went 1/8 kos on foot to see him. The place he had chosen to live -in was a hole on the side of a hill which had been dug out and a door -made. At the entrance there is an opening in the shape of a mihrab, -[567] which is in length (? height) 1 gaz and in breadth 10 gira, -(knots, each 1/16 of a gaz), and the distance from this door to a hole -which is his real abode is 2 gaz and 5 knots in length and in breadth -11 1/4 knots. The height from the ground to the roof is 1 gaz and 3 -knots. The hole whence is the entrance to the abode is in length 5 1/2 -knots and its breadth 3 1/2 knots. A person of weak body (thin?) can -only enter it with a hundred difficulties. The length and breadth -of the hole are such. It has no mat and no straw. In this narrow and -dark hole he passes his time in solitude. In the cold days of winter, -though he is quite naked, with the exception of a piece of rag that -he has in front and behind, he never lights a fire. The Mulla of Rum -(Jalalu-d-din) has put into rhyme the language of a dervish-- - - - "By day our clothes are the sun, - By night our mattress and blanket the moon's rays." - - -He bathes twice a day in a piece of water near his abode, and once -a day goes into the city of Ujjain, and nowhere but to the houses -of three brahmins whom he has selected out of seven, who have wives -and children and whom he believes to have religious feelings and -contentment. He takes by way of alms five mouthfuls of food out -of what they have prepared for their own eating, which he swallows -without chewing, in order that he may not enjoy their flavour; always -provided that no misfortune has happened to their three houses, that -there has been no birth, and there be no menstruous woman in the -house. This is his method of living, just as it is now written. He -does not desire to associate with men, but as he has obtained great -notoriety people go to see him. He is not devoid of knowledge, for -he has thoroughly mastered the science of the Vedanta, which is the -science of Sufism. I conversed with him for six gharis; he spoke well, -so much so as to make a great impression on me. My society also suited -him. At the time when my revered father conquered the fort of Asir, -in the province of Khandesh, and was returning to Agra, he saw him -in the very same place, and always remembered him well. - -The learned of India have established four modes of life for the caste -of brahmins, which is the most honoured of the castes of Hindus, -and have divided their lives into four periods. These four periods -they call the four asram. [568] The boy who is born in a brahmin's -house they do not call brahmin till he is 7 years old, and take no -trouble on the subject. After he has arrived at the age of 8 years, -they have a meeting and collect the brahmins together. They make -a cord of munj grass, which they call munji, in length 2 1/4 gaz, -and having caused prayers and incantations to be repeated over it, -and having had it made into three strands, which they call sih tan, by -one in whom they have confidence, they fasten it on his waist. Having -woven a zunnar (girdle or thread) out of the loose threads, they hang -it over his right [569] shoulder. Having given into his hand a stick of -the length of a little over 1 gaz to defend himself with from hurtful -things and a copper vessel for drinking-water, they hand him over to -a learned brahmin that he may remain in his house for twelve years, -and employ himself in reading the Vedas, which they believe in as -God's book. From this day forward they call him a brahmin. During this -time it is necessary that he should altogether abstain from bodily -pleasures. When midday is passed he goes as a beggar to the houses -of other brahmins, and bringing what is given him to his preceptor, -eats it with his permission. For clothing, with the exception of a -loin cloth (lungi) of cotton to cover his private parts, and 2 or -3 more gaz of cotton which he throws over his back, he has nothing -else. This state is called brahmacharya, that is, being busied with -the Divine books. After this period has passed, with the leave of -his preceptor and his father, he marries, and is allowed to enjoy -all the pleasures of his five senses until the time when he has a -son who shall have attained the age of 16 years. If he does not have -a son, he passes his days till he is 48 in the social life. During -this time they call him a grihast, that is, householder. After that -time, separating himself from relatives, connections, strangers, -and friends, and giving up all things of enjoyment and pleasure, -he retires to a place of solitude from the place of attachment to -sociality (ta`alluq-i-abad-i-kasrat), and passes his days in the -jungle. They call this condition banprasta, [570] that is, abode in -the jungle. As it is a maxim of the Hindus that no good deed can be -thoroughly performed by men in the social state without the partnership -of the presence of a wife, whom they have styled the half of a man, -and as a portion of the ceremonies and worshippings is yet before -him (has to be accomplished), he takes his wife with him into the -jungle. If she should be pregnant, he puts off his going until she -bear a child and it arrive at the age of 5 years. Then he entrusts -the child to his eldest son or other relation, and carries out his -intention. In the same way, if his wife be menstruous, he puts off -going until she is purified. After this he has no connection with -her, and does not defile himself with communication with her, and at -night he sleeps apart. [571] He passes twelve years in this place, -and lives on vegetables which may have sprung up of themselves -in the desert and jungle. He keeps his zunnar by him and worships -fire. He does not waste his time in looking after his nails or the -hair of his head, or in trimming his beard and moustaches. When he -completes this period in the manner related, he returns to his own -house, and having commended his wife to his children and brothers -and sons-in-law, goes to pay his respects to his spiritual guide, -and burns by throwing into the fire in his presence whatever he has -in the way of a zunnar, the hair of his head, etc., and says to him: -"Whatever attachment (ta`alluq) I may have had, even to abstinence -and worshipping and will, I have rooted up out of my heart." Then he -closes the road to his heart and to his desires and is always employed -in contemplation of God, and knows no one except the True Cause of -Being (God). If he speak of science it is the science of Vedanta, -the purport of which Baba Fighani has versified in this couplet-- - - - "There's one lamp in this house, by whose rays - Wherever I look there is an assembly." - - -They call this state sarvabiyas, [572] that is, giving up all. They -call him who possesses it sarvabiyasi. - -After interviewing Jadrup I mounted an elephant and passed through the -town of Ujjain, and as I went scattered to the right and left small -coins to the value of 3,500 rupees, and proceeding 1 3/4 kos alighted -at Da'ud-khera, the place where the royal camp was pitched. On the -3rd day, which was a halting day, I went, from desire for association -with him, after midday, to see Jadrup, and for six gharis enjoyed -myself in his company. On this day also he uttered good words, -and it was near evening when I entered my palace. On the 4th day -I journeyed 3 1/4 kos and halted at the village of Jarao [573] in -the Paraniya garden. This is also a very pleasant halting-place, -full of trees. On the 6th there was a march; after proceeding for -4 3/4 kos I halted on the bank of the lake of Debalpur Bheriya. On -account of the pleasantness of the place and the delights of the lake, -I halted at this stage for four days, and at the end of each day, -embarking in a boat, employed myself in shooting ducks (murghabi) -and other aquatic animals. At this halting-place they brought fakhri -grapes from Ahmadnagar. Although they are not as large as the Kabul -fakhri grapes, they do not yield to them in sweetness. - -At the request of my son Baba Khurram the mansab of Badi`u-z-zaman, -son of Mirza Shahrukh, was fixed at 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. On -the 11th I marched, and after proceeding for 3 1/4 kos halted in -the parganah Daulatabad. On the 12th, which was a halt, I rode out -to hunt. In the village of Shaikhupur, which belonged to the said -parganah, I saw a very large and bulky banyan-tree, measuring round -its trunk 18 1/2 gaz, and in height from the root to the top of the -branches 128 1/4 cubits. The branches spread a shade for 203 1/2 -cubits. The length of a branch, on which they have represented the -tusks of an elephant, was 40 gaz. At the time when my revered father -passed by this, he had made an impression of his hand by way of a -mark at the height of 3 3/4 gaz from the ground. I ordered them also -to make the mark of my hand 8 gaz above another root. In order that -these two hand-marks might not be effaced in the course of time, they -were carved on a piece of marble and fastened on to the trunk of the -tree. I ordered them to place a chabutara and platform round the tree. - -As at the time when I was prince I had promised Mir Ziya'u-din -Qazwini, who was one of the Saifi Sayyids, and whom during my reign -I have honoured with the title of Mustafa Khan, to give the parganah -of Maldah, which is a famous parganah in Bengal, to him and his -descendants [574] in al tamgha (perpetual royal grant), this great -gift was bestowed in his honour at this halting-place. On the 13th a -march took place. Going separately from this camp to look round the -country and hunt with some of the ladies and intimates and servants, I -proceeded to the village of Hasilpur, and whilst the camp was pitched -in the neighbourhood of Nalcha (Balchha?) I halted at the village -of Sangor. What shall be written of the beauty and sweetness of this -village? There were many mango-trees, and its lands were altogether -green and delightful. On account of its greenness and pleasantness -I halted here for three days. I gave this village to Kamal Khan, -the huntsman, in place of Kesho Das Maru. An order was passed that -they should hereafter call it Kamalpur. At this same halting-place -occurred the night of Shivrat (Shivratri). Many Jogis collected. The -ceremonies of this night were duly observed, and I met the learned -of this body in social intercourse. In these days I shot three blue -bulls. The news of the killing of Raja Man reached me at this place. I -had appointed him to head the army that had been sent against the fort -of Kangra. When he arrived at Lahore he heard that Sangram, one of the -zamindars of the hill-country of the Panjab, had attacked his place -and taken possession of part of his province. Considering it of the -first importance to drive him out, he went against him. As Sangram -had not the power to oppose him, he left the country of which he had -taken possession and took refuge in difficult hills and places. Raja -Man pursued him there, and in his great pride, not looking to the -means by which he himself could advance and retreat, came up to him -with a small force. When Sangram saw that he had no way to flee by, -in accordance with this couplet-- - - - "In time of need when no (way of) flight is left, - The hand seizes the edge of the sharp sword." [575] - - -A fight took place, and according to what was decreed, a bullet -struck Raja Man and he delivered his soul to the Creator thereof. His -men were defeated and a great number of them killed. The remainder, -wounded, abandoned their horses and arms, and with a hundred alarms -escaped half-dead. - -On the 17th I marched from Sangor, and after proceeding 3 kos came -again to the village of Hasilpur. On the road a blue bull was -killed. This village is one of the noted places in the Subah of -Malwa. It has many vines and mango-trees without number. It has -streams flowing on all sides of it. At the time I arrived there -were grapes contrary to the season in which they are in the Wilayat -(Persia or Afghanistan). They were so cheap and plentiful that the -lowest and meanest could get as much as they desired. The poppy had -flowered and showed varied colours. In brief, there are few villages -so pleasant. For three days more I halted in this village. Three -blue bulls were killed with my gun. From Hasilpur on the 21st in two -marches I rejoined the big camp. On the road a blue bull was killed. On -Sunday, the 22nd, marching from the neighbourhood of Nalcha (Balchha?), -I pitched at a lake that is at the foot of the fort of Mandu. On that -day the huntsmen brought news that they had marked down a tiger within -3 kos. Although it was Sunday, and on these two days, viz. Sunday and -Thursday, I do not shoot, it occurred to me that as it is a noxious -animal it ought to be done away with. I proceeded towards him, and when -I arrived at the place it was sitting under the shade of a tree. Seeing -its mouth, which was half open, from the back of the elephant, I fired -my gun. By chance it entered its mouth and found a place in its throat -and brain, and its affair was finished with that one shot. After this -the people who were with me, although they looked for the place where -the tiger was wounded, could not find it, for on none of its limbs was -there any sign of a gunshot wound. At last I ordered them to look in -its mouth. From this it was evident that the bullet had entered its -mouth and that it had been killed thereby. Mirza Rustam had killed -a male wolf and brought it. I wished to see whether its gall-bladder -was in its liver like that of the tiger, or like other animals outside -its liver. After examination it was clear that the gall-bladder was -also inside the liver. On Monday, the 23rd, when one watch had passed -in a fortunate ascension and a benign hour, I mounted an elephant -and approached the fort of Mandu. When a watch and three gharis of -day had passed, I entered the houses which they had prepared for -the royal accommodation. I scattered 1,500 rupees on the way. From -Ajmir to Mandu, 159 kos, in the space of four months and two days, -in forty-six marches and seventy-eight halts, had been traversed. In -these forty-six marches our halts were made on the banks of tanks or -streams or large rivers in pleasant places which were full of trees -and poppy-fields in flower, and no day passed that I did not hunt -while halting or travelling. Riding on horseback or on an elephant I -came along the whole way looking about and hunting, and none of the -difficulties of travelling were experienced; one might say that there -was a change from one garden to another. In these huntings there were -always present with me Asaf Khan, Mirza Rustam, Mir Miran, Anira'i, -Hidayatu-llah, Raja Sarang Deo, Sayyid Kasu, and Khawass Khan. As -before the arrival of the royal standards in these regions I had sent -`Abdu-l-Karim, the architect, to look to the repair of the buildings of -the old rulers in Mandu, he during the time the camp halted at Ajmir -had repaired some of the old buildings that were capable of repair, -and had altogether rebuilt some places. In short, he had made ready -a house the like of which for pleasantness and sweetness has probably -not been made anywhere else. Nearly 300,000 rupees, or 2,000 Persian -tumans, were expended on this. There should be such grand buildings -in all great cities as might be fit for royal accommodation. This -fort is on the top of a hill 10 kos in circumference; in the rainy -season there is no place with the fine air and pleasantness of this -fort. At nights, in the season of the qalbu-l-asad (Cor leonis of -Regulus, the star a of Leo), it is so cold that one cannot do without -a coverlet, and by day there is no need for a fan (bad-zan). They say -[576] that before the time of Raja Bikramajit there was a Raja of the -name of Jai Singh Deo. In his time a man had gone into the fields to -bring grass. While he was cutting it, the sickle he had in his hand -appeared to be of the colour of gold. When he saw that his sickle had -been transmuted, he took it to a blacksmith of the name of Madan [577] -to be repaired. The blacksmith knew the sickle had been turned into -gold. It had before this been heard that there was in this country -the alchemist's stone (sang-i-paras), by contact with which iron and -copper became gold. He immediately took the grass-cutter with him to -that place and procured the stone. After this he brought to the Raja -of the time this priceless jewel. The Raja by means of this stone made -gold, and spent part of it on the buildings of this fort and completed -them in the space of twelve years. At the desire of that blacksmith he -caused them to cut into the shape of an anvil most of the stones that -were to be built into the wall of the fort. At the end of his life, -when his heart had given up the world, he held an assembly on the bank -of the Narbada, which is an object of worship among the Hindus, and, -assembling brahmins, made presents to each of cash and jewels. When -the turn of a brahmin came who had long been associated with him, -he gave this stone into his hand. He from ignorance became angry and -threw the priceless jewel into the river. After he came to know the -true state of the affair he was a captive to perpetual sorrow. However -much he searched, no trace of it was found. These things are not -written in a book; they have been heard, but my intelligence in no -way accepts this story. It appears to me to be all delusion. Mandu -[578] is one of the famous Sarkars of the Subah of Malwa. Its revenue -is 1,390,000 dams. It was for a long time the capital of the kings -of this country. There are many buildings and traces of former kings -in it, and up till now it has not fallen into ruin. - -On the 24th I rode to go round and see the buildings of the old kings, -and went first to the Jami` mosque, which is one built by Sultan -Hushang Ghuri. A very lofty building came to view, all of cut stone, -and although 180 years have passed since the time of its building, -it is as if the builder had just withdrawn his hand from it. After -this I went to the building containing the tombs of the Khalji -rulers. The grave of Nasiru-d-din, son of Sultan Ghiyasu-d-din, -whose face is blackened for ever, was also there. It is well known -that that wretch advanced himself by the murder of his own father, -Ghiyasu-d-din, who was in his 80th year. Twice he gave him poison, -and he twice expelled it by means of a zahr-muhra (poison antidote, -bezoar) he had on his arm. The third time he mixed poison in a cup -of sherbet and gave it to his father with his own hand, saying he -must drink it. As his father understood what efforts he was making -in this matter, he loosened the zahr-muhra from his arm and threw it -before him, and then turning his face in humility and supplication -towards the throne of the Creator, who requires no supplication, -said: "O Lord, my age has arrived at 80 years, and I have passed this -time in prosperity and happiness such as has been attained to by no -king. Now as this is my last time, I hope that Thou wilt not seize -Nasir for my murder, and that reckoning my death as a thing decreed -Thou wilt not avenge it." After he had spoken these words, he drank -off that poisoned cup of sherbet at a gulp and delivered his soul -to the Creator. The meaning of his preamble was that he had passed -the time of his reign in enjoyment such as has not been attained to -by any of the kings. When in his 48th year he came to the throne, -he said to his intimates and those near him, "In the service of my -revered father I have passed thirty years in warfare and have committed -no fault in my activity as a soldier; now that my turn to reign has -arrived, I have no intention to conquer countries, but desire to pass -the remainder of my life in ease and enjoyment." They say that he -had collected 15,000 women in his harem. He had a whole city of them, -and had made it up of all castes, kinds, and descriptions--artificers, -magistrates, qazis, kotwals, and whatever else is necessary for the -administration of a town. Wherever he heard of a virgin possessed of -beauty, he would not desist (lit. did not sit down from his feet) -until he possessed her. He taught the girls all kinds of arts and -crafts, and was much inclined to hunt. He had made a deer park and -collected all kinds of animals in it. He often used to hunt in it with -his women. In brief, in the period of thirty-two years of his reign, -as he had determined, he went against no enemy, and passed this time -in ease and enjoyment. In the same way no one invaded his country. It -is reported that when Shir Khan, the Afghan, in the time of his rule, -came to the tomb of Nasiru-d-din, he, in spite of his brutish nature, -on account of Nasiru-d-din's shameful conduct, ordered the head of the -tomb to be beaten with sticks. Also when I went to his tomb I gave it -several kicks, and ordered the servants in attendance on me to kick the -tomb. Not satisfied with this, I ordered the tomb to be broken open and -his impure remains to be thrown into the fire. Then it occurred to me -that since fire is Light, it was a pity for the Light of Allah to be -polluted with burning his filthy body; also, lest there should be any -diminution of torture for him in another state from being thus burnt, -I ordered them to throw his crumbled bones, together with his decayed -limbs, into the Narbada. During his lifetime he always passed his days -in the water in consequence of the heat that had acquired a mastery -over his temperament. It is well known that in a state of drunkenness -he once threw himself into one of the basins at Kaliyadaha, which was -very deep. Some of the attendants in the harem exerted themselves and -caught his hair in their hands and drew him out of the water. After he -had come to his senses they told him that this thing had happened. When -he had heard that they had pulled him out by the hair of his head, -he became exceedingly angry, and ordered the hands of the attendants -to be cut off. Another time, when an affair of this kind took place, -no one had the boldness to pull him out and he was drowned. By chance, -after 110 years had passed since his death, it came to pass that his -decayed limbs also became mingled with the water. - -On the 28th, as a reward for the buildings of Mandu having been -completed through his excellent exertions, I promoted `Abdu-l-Karim -to the rank of 800 personal and 400 horse, and dignified him with -the title of Ma`mur Khan (the architect-Khan). On the same day -that the royal standards entered the fort of Mandu, my son of lofty -fortune, Sultan Khurram, with the victorious army, entered the city -of Burhanpur, which is the seat of the governor of the province -of Khandesh. - -After some days, representations came from Afzal Khan and the Ray -Rayan, to whom at the time of leaving Ajmir my son had given leave -to accompany the ambassador to `Adil Khan, reporting that when the -news of our coming reached `Adil Khan he came out for 7 kos to meet -the order and the litter of the prince, and performed the duties of -salutation and respect which are customary at Court. He did not omit -a hair's point of such ceremonies. At the same interview he professed -the greatest loyalty, and promised that he would restore all those -provinces that `Ambar of dark fate had taken from the victorious State, -and agreed to send to the Court with all reverence a fitting offering -with his ambassadors. After saying this he brought the ambassadors -in all dignity to the place that had been prepared for them. On the -same day he sent some one to `Ambar with a message of the matters -it was necessary to acquaint him with. I heard this news from the -reports of Afzal Khan and the Ray Rayan. - -From Ajmir up to Monday, the 23rd of the aforesaid [579] month, -during four months, 2 tigers, 27 blue bulls, 6 chital (spotted deer), -60 deer, 23 hares and foxes, and 1,200 water-fowl and other animals -had been killed. On these nights I told the story of my former hunting -expeditions and the liking I had for this occupation to those standing -at the foot of the throne of the Caliphate. It occurred to me that I -might make up the account of my game from the commencement of my years -of discretion up to the present time. I accordingly gave orders to the -news-writers, the hunt-accountants and huntsmen, and others employed -in this service to make enquiries and tell me of all the animals that -had been killed in hunting. It was shown that from the commencement -of my 12th year, which was in 988 (1580), up to the end of this year, -which is the 11th year after my accession and my 50th lunar year, -28,532 head of game had been taken in my presence. Of these, 17,167 -animals I killed myself with my gun or otherwise, viz.: Quadrupeds, -3,203; viz., tigers, 86; bears, cheetahs, foxes, otters (udbilao), -and hyænas, 9; blue bulls, 889; mhaka, a species of antelope, in -size equal to a blue bull, 35 head; of antelope, male and female, -chikara, chital, mountain goats, etc., 1,670 [580]; rams (quj) and -red deer, 215; wolves, 64; wild buffaloes, 36; pigs, 90; rang, 26; -mountain sheep, 22; arghali, 32; wild asses, 6; hares, 23. Birds, -13,964; viz., pigeons, 10,348; lagarjhagar (a species of hawk), 3; -eagles, 2; qaliwaj (ghaliwaj, kite), 23; owls (chughd), 39; qautan -(goldfinch?), 12; kites (mush-khwur, mice-eaters), 5; sparrows, 41; -doves, 25; owls (bum), 30; ducks, geese, cranes, etc., 150; crows, -3,276. Aquatic animals, 10 magar machha, that is, crocodiles [581] -(nahang). - - - - - - - - -THE TWELFTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER MY AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION. - - -One ghari of day remained of Monday, the 30th of the aforesaid -(Isfandiyar) month, corresponding to the 12th Rabi`u-l-awwal, 1026 -(20th March, 1617), when the sun changed from the constellation of -Pisces into the pleasure-house of Aries, which is his abode of honour -and good fortune. At the very time of transit, which was a fortunate -hour, I sat upon the throne. I had ordered that according to the usual -custom they should decorate the public audience hall with fine cloths, -etc. Notwithstanding that many of the Amirs and chief men of the State -were in attendance on my son Khurram, a meeting was arranged which was -not inferior to those of previous years. I presented the offerings -of Tuesday [582] to Anand Khan. On the same day, which was the 1st -Farwardin of the 12th year (21st or 22nd March, 1617) a representation -arrived from Shah Khurram to the effect that the New Year's festival -had been arranged for in the same manner as in previous years, but as -the days of travelling and service had occurred the annual offerings -of the servants would be remitted. This proceeding of my son was much -approved. Remembering my dear son in my prayers, I besought for him -from the throne of Allah his welfare in both worlds, and ordered that -on this New Year's Day no one should present offerings. - -In consequence of the disturbance that tobacco brings about in most -temperaments and constitutions, I had ordered that no one should -smoke it (lit. draw). My brother Shah `Abbas had also become aware -of the mischief arising from it, and had ordered that in Iran no -one should venture to smoke. As Khan `Alam (ambassador to Persia) -was without control in continual smoking of tobacco, he frequently -practised it. Yadgar `Ali Sultan, ambassador of the ruler of Iran, -represented to Shah `Abbas that Khan `Alam could never be a moment -without tobacco, and he (Shah `Abbas) wrote this couplet in answer-- - - - "The friend's envoy wishes to exhibit tobacco; - With fidelity's lamp I light up the tobacco-market." - - -Khan `Alam in answer wrote and sent this verse-- - - - "I, poor wretch, was miserable at the tobacco notice; - By the just Shah's favour the tobacco-market became brisk." - - -On the 3rd of the same month, Husain Beg, the diwan of Bengal, -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and made an offering -of twelve elephants, male and female. Tahir, bakhshi of Bengal, who -had been accused of several offences, obtained the favour of paying -his respects to me, and presented before me an offering of twenty-one -elephants. Twelve of these were approved and the remainder I conferred -on him. On this day a wine-feast was arranged, and I gave wine to most -of the servants who were engaged in waiting on me, and made them all -heated with the wine of loyalty. On the 4th the huntsmen sent news that -they had marked down a lion in the neighbourhood of the Shakkar [583] -tank, which is inside the fort and one of the famous constructions of -the rulers of Malwa. I at once mounted and went towards that game. When -the lion appeared he charged the ahadis and the retinue and wounded ten -[584] or twelve of them. At last I finished his business with three -shots [585] (lit. arrows) from my gun, and removed his evil from the -servants of God. On the 8th the mansab of Mir Miran, which was 1,000 -personal and 400 horse, was fixed at 1,500 personal and 500 horse. On -the 9th, at the request of my son Khurram, I increased the mansab of -Khan Jahan by 1,000 personal and horse, making it thus 6,000 personal -and horse; that of Ya`qub Khan, which was 1,500 personal with 1,000 -horse, was made 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse; that of Bahlul Khan -Miyana [586] was increased by 500 personal and 300 horse to 1,500 -personal and 1,000 horse; and that of Mirza Sharafu-d-din Kashghari, -by whom and his son great bravery had been shown in the Deccan, was -increased to 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. On the 10th Farwardin, -corresponding with the 22nd Rabi`u-l-awwal, 1026, my lunar weighing -took place. On this day two `Iraq horses from my private stable -and a dress of honour were conferred on my son Khurram and sent to -him by Bahram Beg. I increased the mansab of I`tibar Khan to 5,000 -personal and 3,000 horse. On the 11th, Husain Beg, of Tabriz, whom the -ruler of Iran had sent to the ruler of Golconda by way of embassy, -as, in consequence of the quarrel of the Franks with the Persians, -the road of the Mir had been closed, [587] waited upon me with the -ambassador of the ruler of Golconda. Offerings came from him of two -horses and some tuquz [588] (nine-pieces?) of cloth from the Deccan -and Gujarat. On the same day an `Iraq horse from my private stable -was bestowed on Khan Jahan. On the 15th, 1,000 personal were added to -the mansab of Mirza Raja Bhao Singh, raising it to 5,000 personal and -3,000 horse. On the 17th, 500 horse were added to the mansab of Mirza -Rustam, and I made it up to 5,000 personal and 1,000 horse; that of -Sadiq Khan was fixed at 1,500 personal and 700 horse, original and -increase; Iradat Khan in the same manner was raised to the mansab -of 1,500 and 600 horse. To the mansab of Anira'i 500 personal and -100 horse were added, and it was made one of 1,500 personal and 500 -horse. Three gharis of Saturday, the 19th, remained when the beginning -of the sharaf (day of sun's culmination) occurred, and at the same time -I again took my seat on the throne. Of the thirty-two prisoners from -the army of the rebel `Ambar who had been captured by the servants -of the victorious State in the battle won by Shah-nawaz Khan and the -defeat of that disastrous man (`Ambar), I had handed one man over to -I`tiqad Khan. The guards who had been appointed to keep him showed -carelessness and let him escape. I was much annoyed at this, and I -forbade I`tiqad Khan to come to wait on me for three months. As the -said prisoner's name and condition were unknown, he was not caught -again, although they showed activity in the matter. At last I ordered -the captain of the guards who had been careless in keeping him to -be capitally punished. I`tiqad Khan on this day, at the request of -I`timadu-d-daulah, had the good fortune to pay his respects to me. - -As for a long time no good had been heard of the affairs of Bengal and -of the conduct of Qasim Khan, it entered my mind to send to the Subah -of Bengal Ibrahim Khan Fath-jang, who had carried on successfully the -affairs of the Subah of Behar and had brought a diamond mine into -the possession of the State, and to despatch Jahangir Quli Khan, -who had a jagir in the Subah of Allahabad, in his place to Behar. I -sent for Qasim Khan to Court. At the same hour on the auspicious day -(the day of culmination) an order was given that they should write -royal farmans to the effect that sazawalan (revenue collectors) should -be appointed to take Jahangir Quli Khan to Behar and to send Ibrahim -Khan Fath-jang to Bengal. Patronizing Sikandar, [589] the jeweller, -I promoted him to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 horse. - -On the 21st I gave leave to Muhammad Riza, ambassador of the ruler -of Iran, and bestowed on him 60,000 darbs, equal to 30,000 rupees, -with a dress of honour. As an equivalent to the souvenir (yad-budi) -that my brother Shah `Abbas had sent to me, I forwarded with the -aforesaid ambassador certain presents of jewelled things which the -rulers of the Deccan had sent, with cloths and rare things of every -kind fit for presentation, of the value of 100,000 rupees. Among -these was a crystal cup that Chelebi [590] had sent from `Iraq. The -Shah had seen this cup and said to the ambassador that if his brother -(Jahangir) would drink wine out of it and send it to him it would -be a great mark of affection. When the ambassador represented this, -having drunk wine several times out of the cup in his presence, -I ordered them to make a lid and a saucer for it and sent it along -with the presents. The lid was of enamel (mina-kari). I ordered the -Munshis of mercurial writing (`Utarid-raqm) to write in due form an -answer to the letter he had brought. - -On the 22nd the scouts brought in news of a tiger. Mounting -immediately, I went against the tiger and with three shots I delivered -the people from his wickedness, and himself from the wickedness of his -vile nature. Masihu-z-zaman produced before me a cat, and represented -that it was a hermaphrodite, and that in his house it had young ones, -and that when it had connection with another cat, young were born to -the latter. - -On the 25th the contingent of I`timadu-d-daulah passed before me in -review on the plain under the jharoka. There were 2,000 cavalry well -horsed, most of whom were Moghuls, 500 foot armed with bows and guns, -and fourteen elephants. The bakhshis reckoned them up and reported -that this force was fully equipped and according to rule. On the 26th -a tigress was killed. On Thursday, the 1st Urdibihisht, a diamond that -Muqarrab Khan had sent by runners was laid before me; it weighed 23 -surkh, and the jewellers valued it at 30,000 rupees. It was a diamond -of the first water, and was much approved. I ordered them to make a -ring of it. On the 3rd the mansab of Yusuf Khan was, at the request of -Baba Khurram, fixed at 1,000 with 1,500 horse and in the same way the -mansabs of several of the Amirs and mansabdars were increased at his -suggestion. On the 7th, as the huntsmen had marked down four tigers, -when two watches and three gharis had passed I went out to hunt them -with my ladies. When the tigers came in sight Nur-Jahan Begam submitted -that if I would order her she herself would kill the tigers with her -gun. I said, "Let it be so." She shot two tigers with one shot each -and knocked over the two others with four shots. In the twinkling of -an eye she deprived of life the bodies of these four tigers. Until -now such shooting was never seen, that from the top of an elephant and -inside of a howdah (`amari) six shots should be made and not one miss, -so that the four beasts found no opportunity to spring or move. [591] -As a reward for this good shooting I gave her a pair of bracelets -[592] (pahunchi) of diamonds worth 100,000 rupees and scattered 1,000 -ashrafis (over her). On the same day Ma`mur Khan (the architect-Khan) -obtained leave to go to Lahore to complete the buildings of the -palace there. On the 10th the death of Sayyid Waris, who was faujdar -of the Subah of Oudh, was reported. On the 12th, as Mir Mahmud asked -for a faujdarship, I dignified him with the title of Tahawwur Khan, -and, increasing his mansab, appointed him to the faujdarship of -some of the parganahs of the Subah of Multan. On the 22nd, Tahir, -the bakhshi of Bengal, who had been forbidden to pay his respects, -waited upon me and presented his offerings. Eight elephants were also -presented as the offering of Qasim Khan, governor of Bengal, and two -as that of Shaikh Modhu. On the 28th, at the request of Khan Dauran, -an order was given for the increase of the mansab of `Abdu-l-`Aziz -Khan by 500. On the 5th Khurdad the duty of the Diwanship of Gujarat -was given to Mirza Husain in supercession of Kesho. I dignified him -with the title of Kifayat Khan. On the 8th, Lashkar Khan, who had -been appointed bakhshi of Bangash, came and waited on me; he offered -100 muhrs and 500 rupees. Some days before this Ustad Muhammad Nayi -(flute-player), who was unequalled in his craft, was sent by my son -Khurram at my summons. I had heard some of his musical pieces [593] -(majlis-saz), and he played a tune which he had composed for an ode -(ghazal) in my name. On the 12th I ordered him to be weighed against -rupees; this came to 6,300 rupees. I also gave him an elephant with -a howdah, [594] and I ordered him to ride on it and, having packed -[595] his rupees about him, to proceed to his lodging. Mulla Asad, -the story-teller, one of the servants of Mirza Ghazi, came on the same -day from Tattah and waited on me. As he was a reciter and story-teller -full of sweetness and smartness, I liked his society, and I made -him happy with the title of Mahzuz Khan, and gave him 1,000 rupees, -a dress of honour, a horse, an elephant, and a palanquin. After some -days I ordered him to be weighed against rupees, and his weight came up -to 4,400. He was raised to the mansab of 200 personal and 20 horse. I -ordered him always to be present at the meetings for talk (gap). On -the same day Lashkar Khan brought his men to the darshan jharoka before -me. There were 500 horse, 14 elephants, and 100 musketeers. On the 24th -news came that Maha Singh, grandson of Raja Man Singh, who was entered -among the great officers, had died from excessive wine-drinking at -Balapur in the province of Berar. His father also had died at the age -of 32 [596] from the drinking of wine beyond measure. On the same day -they had brought to my private fruit-house many mangoes from all parts -of the province of the Deccan, Burhanpur, Gujarat, and the parganahs -of Malwa. Although this province is well known and celebrated for -the sweetness, freedom from stringiness, and size of its mangoes, and -there are few mangoes that equal its mangoes--so much so that I often -ordered them to be weighed in my presence, when they were shown to -come to a seer or 1 1/4 seer or even more--yet in sweetness of water -and delicious flavour and digestibility the mangoes of Chapramau, -[597] in the province of Agra, are superior to all the mangoes of -this province and of all other places in India. - -On the 28th I sent for my son Baba Khurram a special gold-embroidered -nadiri of a fineness such as had never been produced before in my -establishment; I ordered the bearer to tell him that as this rarity -had the speciality that I had worn it on the day I quitted Ajmir for -the conquest of the Deccan, I had sent it to him. On the same day I -placed the turban from my own head, just as it was, on the head of -I`timadu-d-daulah, and honoured him with this favour. Three emeralds, -a piece of jewelled urbasi, [598] and a ruby signet ring that Mahabat -Khan had sent by way of offering were laid before me. They came to -7,000 rupees in value. On this day, by the mercy and favour of Allah, -continued rain fell. Water in Mandu had become very scarce and the -people were agitated about the matter so that most of the servants had -been ordered to go to the bank of the Narbada. There was no expectation -of rain at that season. In consequence of the agitation of the people -I turned by way of supplication to the throne of God, and He in His -mercy and grace gave such rain that in the course of a day and a night -tanks, ponds (birkaha), and rivers became full, and the agitation of -the people was changed to complete ease. With what tongue can I render -thanks for this favour? On the 1st of Tir a standard was presented -to Wazir Khan. The offering of the Rana, consisting of two horses, -a piece of Gujarati cloth, and some jars of pickles and preserves, -was laid before me. On the 3rd, Mu`azza [599](?) brought news of the -capture of `Abdu-l-Latif, a descendant of the rulers of Gujarat, -who had always been the originator of mischief and disturbance in -that Subah. As his capture was a reason for the contentment of the -people, praise was given to God, and I ordered Muqarrab Khan to send -him to Court by one of his mansabdars. Many of the zamindars in the -neighbourhood of Mandu, came and waited on me, and laid offerings -before me. On the 8th, Ram Das, son of Raja Raj Singh Kachhwaha, was -given the tika of a Raja, and I honoured him with that title. Yadgar -Beg, who was known in Mawara'a-n-nahr (Transoxiana) as Yadgar Qurchi, -and had not been without connection and influence with the ruler of -that country, came and waited on me. Of all his offerings a white -china cup on a stand was the most approved. The offering of Bahadur -Khan, governor of Qandahar, consisting of nine horses, nine tuquz of -fine cloth (81 pieces?), two black foxes' skins, and other things, -was brought before me. Also on this day the Raja of Gadeha, Pem [600] -Narayan, had the good fortune to wait on me, and made an offering -of seven elephants, male and female. On the 10th a horse and dress -of honour were given to Yadgar Qurchi. On the 13th was the feast of -rose-water scattering (gulab-pashan). The rites due to that day were -performed. Shaikh Maudud Chishti, one of the officers of Bengal, -was honoured with the title of Chishti Khan, and I presented him -with a horse. On the 14th, Rawal Samarsi (Samarsimha), son of Rawal -Uday Singh, zamindar of Banswala, waited on me; he gave as offering -30,000 rupees, three elephants, a jewelled pan-dan (box for betel), -and a jewelled belt. On the 15th nine diamonds which Ibrahim Khan -Fath-jang, the governor of Behar, had sent along with Muhammad Beg -from the mine, and from the collections of the zamindars of that place, -were laid before me. Of these, one weighed 14 1/2 tanks, and was of the -value of 100,000 rupees. On the same day Yadgar Qurchi was presented -with 14,000 darbs, and I promoted him to the mansab of 500 personal -and 300 horse. I fixed the mansab of Tatar Khan, bakawul-begi (chief -steward), original and increase, at 2,000 personal and 300 horse, and -each of his sons was separately promoted to an increased mansab. At -the request of Prince Sultan Parwiz, I increased the personal mansab -of Wazir Khan by 500. - -On the 29th, which was the auspicious day of Thursday, Sayyid -`Abdu-llah Barha, the envoy of my son of good fortune, Baba Khurram, -waited on me, and presented a letter from that son containing news -of a victory over the provinces of the Deccan. All the chiefs, laying -the head of duty in the noose of obedience, had consented to service -and humility, and laid before him the keys of forts and strongholds, -especially the fort of Ahmadnagar. In gratitude for this great favour -and beneficence, placing the head of supplication on the throne of that -God who requires no return, I opened my lips in thankfulness, and, -humbling myself, ordered them to beat the drums of rejoicing. Thanks -be to Allah that a territory that had passed out of hand has come back -into the possession of the servants of the victorious State, and that -the seditious, who had been breathing the breath of rebellion and -boasting, have turned towards supplication and weakness, and become -deliverers of properties and payers of tribute. As this news reached -me through Nur-Jahan Begam, I gave her the parganah of Boda (Toda?), -[601] the revenue of which is 200,000 rupees. Please God, when the -victorious forces enter the province of the Deccan and its forts, and -the mind of my excellent son Khurram is satisfied with regard to their -possession, he will bring with the ambassadors such an offering from -the Deccan as no other king of this age has received. It was ordered -that he should bring with him the Amirs who were to receive jagirs -in this Subah, in order that they might have the honour of waiting on -me. They will thereafter get leave to depart, and the glorious royal -standards will return with victory and rejoicing to the capital of -Agra. Some days before the news of this victory reached me, I took -one night an augury from the diwan of Khwaja Hafiz as to what would -be the end of this affair, and this ode turned up-- - - - "The day of absence and night of parting from the friend are o'er. - I took this augury; the star passed and fulfilment came." [602] - - -When the secret tongue (lisanu-l-ghaib) of Hafiz showed such an ending -it gave me a strong hope, and accordingly, after twenty-five days, -the news of victory arrived. In many of my desires I have resorted -to the Khwaja's diwan, and (generally) the result has coincided with -what I found there. It is seldom that the opposite has happened. - -On the same day I added 1,000 horse to the mansab of Asaf Khan, and -raised it to that of 5,000 personal and horse. At the end of the day -I went with the ladies to look round the building of the Haft Manzar -[603] (seven storeys), and at the beginning of the evening returned -to the palace. This building was founded by a former ruler of Malwa, -Sultan Mahmud Khalji. It has seven storeys, and in each storey there -are four chambers (suffa) containing four windows. The height of -this tower (minar) is 54 1/2 cubits, and its circumference 50 yards -(gaz). There are 171 steps from the ground to the seventh storey. In -going and returning I scattered 1,400 rupees. [604] - -On the 31st I honoured Sayyid `Abdu-llah with the title of Saif Khan, -and having exalted him with a dress of honour, a horse, an elephant, -and a jewelled dagger, gave him leave and sent him to do duty with -my son of lofty fortune. I also sent by him a ruby of the value of -more than 30,000 rupees for my son. I did not regard its value, but -as for a long time I used to bind it on my own head, I sent it him by -way of good augury, considering it lucky for him. I appointed Sultan -Mahmud, a son-in-law of Khwaja Abu-l-hasan bakhshi, to be bakhshi -and news-writer of the Subah of Behar, and when he took leave I gave -him an elephant. At the end of the day of Thursday, 5th Amurdad, -I went with the ladies to see the Nil-kund, which is one of the most -[605] pleasant places in the fort of Mandu (Mandogarh). Shah-budagh -Khan, who was one of my revered father's most considerable Amirs, at -the time when he held this province in jagir, built in this place an -exceedingly pleasing and enjoyable building. Delaying there till two or -three gharis of night had passed I returned to the auspicious palace. - -As several indiscretions on the part of Mukhlis Khan diwan and bakhshi -of the Subah of Bengal, had come to my ears, I reduced his mansab -by 1,000 personal and 200 horse. On the 7th a war (masti) elephant -from among those sent as offerings by `Adil Khan, by name Gaj-raj, -was sent to Rana Amr Singh. On the 11th, I went out to hunt and came -one stage from the fort. There was excessive rain, and the mud was -such that there was hardly any moving. For the convenience of the -people and the comfort of the animals I gave up this undertaking, and -passing the day of Thursday outside, returned on Friday eve. On the -same day Hidayatu-llah, who is very well suited to carry out the rules -and movements (in travelling) of the headquarters (lit. presence), -was honoured with the title of Fida'i Khan. In this rainy season rain -fell in such quantities that old men said that they did not remember -such rain in any age. For nearly forty days there was nothing but -cloud and rain, so that the sun only appeared occasionally. There was -so much wind that many buildings, both old and new, fell down. On the -first night there was [606] such rain and thunder and lightning as -has seldom been heard of. Nearly twenty women and men were killed, -and the foundations even of some of the stone buildings were broken -up. No noise is more terrifying than this. Till the middle of the -month was passed, wind and rain increased. After this they gradually -became less. What can be written of the verdure and self-grown fragrant -plants? They covered valley and plain and hill and desert. It is not -known if in the inhabited world there exists another such place as -Mandu for sweetness of air and for the pleasantness of the locality -and the neighbourhood, especially in the rainy season. In this season, -which lasts for months and extends up to the hot weather, one cannot -sleep inside houses without coverlets, and in the day the temperature -is such that there is no need for a fan or for change of place. All -that could be written would still fall short of the many beauties of -the place. I saw two things that I had not seen in any other place -in Hindustan. One was the tree of the wild plantain that grows in -most of the uncultivated places in the fort, and the other the nest -of the wagtail (mamula), which they call in Persian the dum-sicha -(tail-wagger). Up till now none of the hunters had pointed out its -nest. By chance in the building I occupied there was its nest, and -it brought out two young ones. - -Three watches of day had passed on Thursday, the 19th, when I -mounted with the ladies in order to go round and see the courts and -buildings on the Shakkar tank, founded by former rulers of Malwa. As -an elephant had not been conferred on I`timadu-d-daulah on account of -his government of the Panjab, I gave him on the road one of my private -elephants of the name of Jagjot. I remained in this enchanting place -until the evening, and was much delighted with the pleasantness and -greenness of the surrounding open spaces. After performing my evening -prayer and counting my rosary, we returned to our fixed residence. On -Friday an elephant named Ran-badal (cloud of war?), which Jahangir -Quli Khan had sent as an offering, was brought before me. Having -adopted for myself certain special cloths and cloth-stuffs, I gave an -order that no one should wear the same but he on whom I might bestow -them. One was a nadiri coat that they wear over the qaba (a kind of -outer vest). Its length is from the waist down to below the thighs, -and it has no sleeves. It is fastened in front with buttons, and the -people of Persia call it kurdi (from the country of the Kurds). I -gave it the name of nadiri. Another garment is a Tus shawl, which my -revered father had adopted as a dress. The next was a coat (qaba) -with a folded collar (batu giriban). The ends of the sleeves were -embroidered. He had also appropriated this to himself. Another was a -qaba with a border, from which the fringes of cloth were cut off and -sewn round the skirt and collar and the ends of the sleeve. Another -was a qaba of Gujarati satin, and another a chira and waistbelt woven -with silk, in which were interwoven gold and silver threads. - -As the monthly pay of some of Mahabat Khan's horsemen, according -to the regulation of three and two horsed men, for the performance -of duty in the Deccan, had become increased and the service [607] -had not been performed, I gave an order that the civil officers -(diwaniyan) should levy the difference from his jagir. In the end -of Thursday, the 26th, corresponding with the 14th Sha`ban, which is -the Shab-i-barat, I held a meeting in one of the houses of the palace -of Nur-Jahan Begam, which was situated in the midst of large tanks, -and summoning the Amirs and courtiers to the feast which had been -prepared by the Begam, I ordered them to give the people cups and all -kinds of intoxicating drinks according to the desire of each. Many -asked for cups, and I ordered that whoever drank a cup should sit -according to his mansab and condition. All sorts of roast meats, and -fruits by way of relish, were ordered to be placed before everyone. It -was a wonderful assembly. In the beginning of the evening they lighted -lanterns and lamps all round the tanks and buildings, and a lighting up -was carried out the like of which has perhaps never been arranged in -any place. The lanterns and lamps cast their reflection on the water, -and it appeared as if the whole surface of the tank was a plain of -fire. A grand entertainment took place, and the drinkers of cups took -more cups than they could carry. - - - "A feast was arranged that lighted up the heart, - It was of such beauty as the heart desired. - They flung over this verdant mead - A carpet broad as the field of genius. - From abundance of perfume the feast spread far, - The heavens were a musk-bag by reason of incense, - The delicate ones of the garden (the flowers) became glorious, - The face of each was lighted up like a lamp." [608] - - -After three of four gharis of night had passed, I dismissed the men -and summoned the ladies, and till a watch of night (remained?) passed -the time in this delightful place, and enjoyed myself. On this day of -Thursday several special things had happened. One was that it was the -day of my ascension of the throne; secondly, it was the Shab-i-barat, -thirdly, it was the day of the rakhi, which has already been described, -and with the Hindus is a special day. On account of these three pieces -of good fortune I called the day Mubarak-shamba. - -On the 27th, Sayyid Kasu was dignified with the title of Parwarish -Khan. Wednesday in the same way that Mubarak-shamba had been a -fortunate one for me had fallen out exactly the opposite. On this -account I gave this evil day the name of Kam-shamba, in order that -this day might always fail from the world (lessen). On the next day -a jewelled dagger was conferred on Yadgar Qurchi, and I ordered that -after this he should be styled Yadgar Beg. I had sent for Jay Singh, -son of Raja Maha Singh. On this day he waited on me and presented an -elephant as an offering. A watch and three gharis of Mubarak-shamba, -the 2nd of Shahriyar, had passed, when I rode to look round the -Nil-kund and its neighbourhood; thence I passed on to the plain of the -`Id-gah on the top of a mound that was very green and pleasant. Champa -flowers and other sweet wild herbs of that plain had bloomed to such -a degree that on all sides on which the eye fell the world looked -like a world of greenery and flowers. I entered the palace when a -watch of night had passed. - -As it had been several times mentioned to me that a kind of sweetmeat -was obtained from the wild plantain such that dervishes and other poor -people made it their food, I wished to enquire into the matter. What -I found was that the fruit of the wild plantain was an exceedingly -hard and tasteless thing. The real fact is that in the lower part -(of the trunk) there is a thing shaped like a fir-cone from which -the real fruit of the plantain comes out. On this a kind of sweetmeat -forms which has exactly the juiciness and taste of paluda. It appears -that men eat this and enjoy it. [609] - -With regard to carrier pigeons (kabutar-i-nama-bar), it had been -stated to me in the course of conversation that in the time of the -Abbaside Caliphs they taught [610] the Baghdad pigeons who were styled -'letter-carriers' (nama-bar), and were one-half larger [611] than -the wild pigeon. I bade the pigeon-fanciers to teach their pigeons, -and they taught some of them in such a manner that we let them fly -from Mandu in the early morning, and if there was much rain they -reached Burhanpur by 2 1/2 pahars (watches) of the day, or even in -1 1/2 pahars. If the air was very clear most of them arrived by one -pahar of the day and some by four gharis (hours) of the day. - -On the 3rd a letter came from Baba Khurram, announcing the coming -of Afzal Khan and Ray Rayan and the arrival of the ambassadors of -`Adil Khan, and their bringing suitable offerings of jewels, jewelled -things, elephants, and horses, offerings such as had never come in -any reign or time, and expressing much gratitude for the services -and loyalty of the aforesaid Khan, and his faithfulness to his word -and duty. He asked for a gracious royal firman bestowing on him the -title of farzand (son) and for other favours, which had never yet been -vouchsafed in his honour. Since it was very gratifying to me to please -my son, and his request was reasonable, I ordered that the Munshis of -the mercurial pen should write a farman in the name of `Adil Khan, -conveying every kind of affection and favour, and exceeding in his -praise ten or twelve times what had been previously written. They -were ordered in these farmans to address him as farzand. In the body -of the farman I wrote this couplet with my own hand-- - - - "Thou'st become, at Shah Khurram's request, - Renowned in the world as my son" (farzandi). - - -On the 4th day this farman was sent off with its copy, so that my son -Shah Khurram might see the copy and send off the original. On -Mubarak-shamba, the 9th, I went with the ladies to the house -of Asaf Khan. His house was situated in the valley, and was -exceedingly pleasant and bright. It had several valleys round -it; in some places there were flowing waterfalls, and mango and -other trees exceedingly green and pleasant and shady. Nearly 200 -or 300 keora shrubs (gul-i-keora, Pandanus odoratissimus) grew -in one valley. In fine that day passed in great enjoyment. A -wine party was held and cups were presented to the Amirs and -intimates, and an offering from Asaf Khan was laid before -me. There were many rare things. I took whatever I approved, -and the remainder was given to him. On the same day Khwaja Mir, -son of Sultan Khwaja, who had come on a summons from Bangash, -waited on me, and presented as an offering a ruby, two pearls, -and an elephant. Raja Bhim Narayan, a zamindar of the province -of Gadeha, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 -horse. An order was given that a jagir should be provided him -out of his native country. On the 12th a letter came from my son -Khurram that Raja Suraj Mal, son of Raja Baso, whose territory is -near the fort of Kangra, had promised that in the course of a year -he would bring that fort into the possession of the servants of -the victorious State. He also sent his letter which covenanted for -this. I ordered that after comprehending his desires and wishes, -and satisfying himself with regard to them, he should send off the -Raja to wait on me, so that he might set about the said duty. On -the same day, which was Monday, the 11th, corresponding with the -1st Ramazan (2nd September, 1617), after four gharis and seven -pals had passed, a daughter was born to my son by the mother of -his other children, who was the daughter of Asaf Khan. This child -was named Rushanara Begam. As the Zamindar of Jaitpur, which is -in the jurisdiction [612] of Mandu, in consequence of wickedness -had not had the felicity of kissing the threshold I ordered Fida'i -Khan to proceed against him with some mansabdars and 400 or 500 -musketeers and plunder his country. On the 13th one elephant was -given to Fida'i Khan and one to Mir Qasim, son of Sayyid Murad. On -the 16th Jay Singh, son of Raja Maha Singh, who was 12 years old, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and horse. To Mir -Miran, son of Mir Khalilu-llah, I gave an elephant which I had -myself approved, and another to Mulla `Abdu-s-Sattar. [613] Bhoj, -son of Raja Bikramajit Bhadauriya, after his father's death, -came from the Deccan and waited on me, and presented 100 muhrs -as an offering. On the 17th it was represented that Raja Kalyan -had come from the province of Orissa, and proposed to kiss my -threshold. As some unpleasant stories had been told with regard to -him, an order was given that they should hand him over with his -son to Asaf Khan to enquire into the truth of what had been said -about him. On the 19th an elephant was given to Jay Singh. On the -20th 200 horses were added to the mansab of Kesho Das Maru, so -that it came, original and increase, to 2,000 personal and 1,200 -horse. On the 23rd, having distinguished Allah-dad, the Afghan, -with the title of Rashid Khan, I gave him a parm-narm (shawl). The -offering of Raja Kalyan Singh, consisting of eighteen elephants, -was brought before me; sixteen elephants were included in my -private elephant stud, and I presented him with two. As the news -had arrived from Iraq of the death of the mother of Mir Miran, -daughter of Shah Isma`il II, of the race of the Safawi kings, -I sent him a dress of honour and brought him out of the robes -of mourning. On the 25th Fida'i Khan received a dress of honour, -and, in company with his brother Ruhu-llah and other mansabdars, -obtained leave to go to punish the Zamindar of Jaitpur. On the -28th, having come down from the fort with the intention of seeing -the Narbada and to hunt in its neighbourhood, I took the ladies -with me and halted two stages down on the bank of the river. As -there were many mosquitoes and fleas, I did not stay more than one -night. Having come the next day to Tarapur I returned on Friday, -the 31st. On the 1st of the month of Mihr, Muhsin Khwaja, who at -this time had come from Transoxiana, received a dress of honour -and 5,000 rupees. On the 2nd, after enquiry into the matters of -Raja Kalyan, with regard to which a report had been received, and -which Asaf Khan had been appointed to investigate, as he appeared -innocent, he enjoyed the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and presented as an offering 100 muhrs and 1,000 rupees. His -offering of a string of pearls, consisting of eighty pearls and -two rubies with a bracelet with a ruby and two pearls, and the -golden figure of a horse studded with jewels, was laid before -me. A petition from Fida'i Khan arrived stating that when the -victorious army entered the province of Jaitpur the zamindar had -elected to run away. He could not oppose Fida'i, and his country -was ravaged. He now repented of what he had done, and intended -to come to the Court, which was the asylum of the world, and -proffer service and obedience. A force with Ruhu-llah was sent -in pursuit of him to capture and bring him to Court, or to lay -waste and ruin his domain and imprison his women and dependants, -who had gone into the country of the neighbouring zamindars. On the -8th Khwaja Nizam came and laid before me fourteen pomegranates from the -port of Mukha (Mocha), which they had brought to Surat in the space of -fourteen days, and in eight days more to Mandu. The size of these was -the same as that of the Thatta pomegranates. Though the pomegranates of -Thatta are seedless and these have seeds, [614] yet they are delicate, -and in freshness excel those of Thatta. On the 9th news came that -while Ruhu-llah was passing through the villages, he came to know that -the women and dependants of the Jaitpuri zamindar were in a certain -village. He remained outside, and sent men into the village to make -enquiries and to bring out the persons who were there. Whilst he was -making enquiries, one of the devoted servants of the zamindar came -along with the villagers. Whilst his men were scattered here and there, -and Ruhu-llah with some servants had brought out his furniture and was -sitting on a carpet, that devoted servant came behind him and struck -him with a spear; the blow was fatal and the spearhead came out at -his breast. The pulling out of the spear and the reverting [615] to -his original (dying) of Ruhu-llah took place together. Those who were -present sent that wretch to hell. All the men who had been scattered -about put on their armour and attacked the village. Those doomed men -(khun-giriftaha) had the disgrace of harbouring [616] rebels and -sedition-mongers, and were killed in the course of an astronomical -hour. They brought into captivity their wives and daughters, and, -setting fire to the village, made it so that nothing was seen -but heaps of ashes. They then lifted up the body of Ruhu-llah and -went and joined Fida'i Khan. With regard to the bravery and zeal -of Ruhu-llah, there was no dispute; at the most, his carelessness -brought about this turn of fortune. No traces of habitation remained -in that region; the zamindar of that place went into the hills and -jungles and concealed and obliterated himself. He then sent someone -to Fida'i Khan and begged for pardon for his offences. An order was -given that he should be allowed quarter and brought to Court. - -The mansab of Muruwwat Khan was fixed, original and increase, at -2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, on condition that he should destroy -Harbhan, [617] Zamindar of Chandra-kota, from whom travellers endured -great annoyance. On the 13th Raja Suraj Mal, together with Taqi, the -bakhshi who was in attendance on Baba Khurram, came and waited on -me. He represented all his requirements. His engagement to perform -the work was approved, and at the request of my son he was honoured -with a standard and drums. To Taqi, who had been appointed with him, a -jewelled khapwa (dagger) was given, and it was arranged that he should -finish his own affairs and start off quickly. The mansab of Khwaja `Ali -Beg Mirza, who had been appointed to the defence and administration of -Ahmadnagar, was fixed at 5,000 personal and horse. An elephant apiece -was given to Nuru-d-din Quli, Khwajagi Tahir, Sayyid Khan Muhammad, -Murtaza Khan, and Wali Beg. On the 17th the mansab of Hakim Beg was -fixed, original and increase, at 1,000 personal and 200 horse. On -the same day, after presenting Raja Suraj Mal with a dress of honour, -an elephant, and a jewelled khapwa, and Taqi with a dress of honour, -I gave them leave to proceed on duty to Kangra. When those who had been -sent by my son of lofty fortune, Shah Khurram, with the ambassadors of -`Adil Khan and his offerings, arrived at Burhanpur, and my son's mind -was completely satisfied with regard to the affairs of the Deccan, -he prayed for the Subahdarship of Berar, Khandesh, and Ahmadnagar for -the Commander-in-Chief, the Khankhanan, and sent his son Shah-nawaz -Khan, who is really Khankhanan junior, with 12,000 cavalry to hold -possession of the conquered provinces. Every place and estate were put -as jagirs into the hands of reliable men, and fitting arrangements -were made for the government of the province. He left, out of the -troops that were with him, 30,000 horse and 7,000 musketeer infantry, -and took with him the remainder, amounting to 25,000 horse and 2,000 -gunners, and set off to wait on me. On Thursday (Mubarak-shamba), the -20th [618] of the month of Mihr (Divine month), in the twelfth year -from my accession, corresponding with the 11th Shawwal, 1026 Hijra -(12th October, 1617), after three watches and one ghari had passed, -he entered the fort of Mandu auspiciously and joyfully, and had the -honour of waiting on me. The duration of our separation was 11 [619] -months and 11 days. After he had performed the dues of salutation -and kissing the ground, I called him up into the jharokha, and with -exceeding kindness and uncontrolled delight rose from my place and -held him in the embrace of affection. In proportion as he strove to be -humble and polite, I increased my favours and kindness to him and made -him sit near me. He presented 1,000 ashrafis and 1,000 rupees as nazar -and the same amount by way of alms. As the time did not allow of his -presenting all his offerings, he now brought before me the elephant -Sarnak (?) (snake-head?), that was the chief of the elephants of -`Adil Khan's offering, with a casket of precious stones. After this -the bakhshis were ordered to arrange according to their mansabs the -Amirs who had come with my son to pay their respects. The first who -had the honour of audience was Khan Jahan. Sending for him above, -I selected him for the honour of kissing my feet. He presented 1,000 -muhrs and 1,000 rupees as nazr, and a casket filled with jewels and -jewelled things as an offering (pish-kash). What was accepted of his -offering was worth 45,000 rupees. After this `Abdu-llah Khan kissed -the threshold, and presented 100 muhrs as nazr. Then Mahabat Khan -had the honour of kissing the ground, and presented an offering of -100 muhrs and 1,000 rupees, with a parcel (gathri) [620] of precious -stones and jewelled vessels, the value of which was 124,000 rupees. Of -these one ruby weighed 11 miskals; an European brought it last year -to sell at Ajmir, and priced it at 200,000 rupees, but the jewellers -valued it at 80,000 rupees. Consequently the bargain did not come -off, and it was returned to him and he took it away. When he came to -Burhanpur, Mahabat Khan bought it from him for 100,000 rupees. After -this Raja Bhao Singh waited on me, presenting 1,000 rupees as nazr -and some jewels and jewelled things as a pish-kash. In the same -manner Darab Khan, son of the Khankhanan, Sardar Khan, brother of -`Abdu-llah Khan, Shaja`at Khan the Arab, Dayanat Khan, Shah-baz Khan, -Mu`tamad Khan bakhshi, Uda Ram, [621] who was one of the chief Amirs -of Nizamu-l-mulk, and who came on the promise of my son Shah Khurram -and joined the ranks of the loyal, waited on me in the order of -their mansabs. After this the Wakils of `Adil Khan had the honour -of kissing the ground, and presented a letter from him. Before this, -as a reward for the conquest of the Rana, a mansab of 20,000 personal -and 10,000 horse was conferred on my son of lofty fortune. When he -had hastened to the capture of the Deccan he had obtained the title -of Shah, and now, in reward for this distinguished service, I gave -him a mansab of 30,000 personal and 20,000 horse and bestowed on -him the title of Shah Jahan. An order was given that henceforth they -should place a chair in the paradise-resembling assemblies near my -throne for my son to sit upon. This was a special favour for my son, -as it had never been the custom heretofore. A special dress of honour -with a gold-embroidered charqab, with collar, the end of the sleeves -and the skirt decorated with pearls, worth 50,000 rupees, a jewelled -sword with a jewelled pardala (belt), and a jewelled dagger were -bestowed upon him. In his honour I myself came down from the jharokha -and poured over his head a small tray of jewels and a tray of gold -(coins). [622] Having called Sarnak elephant to me, I saw without -doubt that what had been heard in its praise and of its beauty was -real. It stood all the tests in size, form, and beauty. Few elephants -are to be seen of such beauty. As it appeared acceptable to me, I -myself mounted (i.e. drove it) and took it into my private palace, -and scattered a quantity of gold coins on its head, and ordered them -to tie it up inside the royal palace. With regard to this I gave it -the name of Nur-bakht [623] (light of fortune). On Friday, the 24th, -Raja Bharjiv, Zamindar of Baglana, came and waited on me. His name is -Partap; every Raja there has been of that place they call Bharjiv. He -has about 1,500 horse in his pay (mawajib-khwar), and in time of need -he can bring into the field 3,000 horse. The province of Baglana lies -between Gujarat, Khandesh, and the Deccan. It has two strong forts, -Saler and Maler (Muler), and as Maler is in the midst of a populous -country he lives there himself. The country of Baglana has pleasant -springs and running waters. The mangoes of that region are very sweet -and large, and are gathered for nine months from the beginning of -immaturity [624] until the end. It has many grapes, but not of the -best kinds. The aforesaid Raja does not drop the thread of caution -and prudence in dealing with the rulers of Gujarat, the Deccan, and -Khandesh. He has never gone himself to see any of them, and if any -of them has wished to stretch out his hand to possess his kingdom, -he has remained undisturbed through the support of the others. After -the provinces of Gujarat, the Deccan, and Khandesh came into the -possession of the late king (Akbar), Bharjiv came to Burhanpur -and had the honour of kissing his feet, and after being enrolled -among his servants was raised to the mansab of 3,000. At this time, -when Shah Jahan went to Burhanpur, he brought eleven elephants as an -offering. He came to Court in attendance on my son, and in accordance -with his friendship and service was dignified with royal favours, -and had presented to him a jewelled sword, an elephant, a horse, -and dress of honour. After some days I conferred on him three rings -of jacinth (yaqut), diamond, and ruby. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), -the 27th, Nur-Jahan Begam prepared a feast of victory for my son -Shah Jahan, and conferred on him dresses of honour of great price, -with a nadiri with embroidered flowers, adorned with rare pearls, -a sarpich (turban ornament) decorated with rare gems, a turban with -a fringe of pearls, a waistbelt studded with pearls, a sword with -jewelled pardala (belt), a phul katara (dagger), a sada (?) of pearls, -with two horses, one of which had a jewelled saddle, and a special -elephant with two females. In the same way she gave his children -and his ladies dresses of honour, tuquz (nine pieces) of cloth with -all sorts of gold ornaments, and to his chief servants as presents -a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled dagger. The cost of this -entertainment was about 300,000 rupees. Presenting on the same day -a horse and dress of honour to `Abdu-llah Khan and Sardar Khan, his -brother, I gave them leave to go to the Sarkar of Kalpi, which had -been given them in jagir, and also dismissed Shaja`at Khan to his -jagir, which was in the Subah of Gujarat, with a dress of honour and -an elephant. I dismissed Sayyid Haji, who was a jagirdar of Behar, -with a gift of a horse. - -It was frequently reported to me that Khan Dauran had become old and -weak, so as to be unfit for active duty, and the Subahs of Kabul and -Bangash is a land of disturbance, and to subdue the Afghans required -riding and active movement. Inasmuch as caution is the condition of -rule, I appointed Mahabat Khan, Subahdar of Kabul and Bangash, giving -him a dress of honour, and promoted Khan Dauran to the governorship of -the province of Thatta. Ibrahim Khan Fath-jang had sent as an offering -from Behar forty-nine elephants; these were submitted to me. On this -day they brought some sona-kela (golden plantains, bananas) for me. I -had never eaten such plantains before. In size they are one finger, -and are very sweet and of good flavour; they have no resemblance to -plantains of other descriptions, but are somewhat indigestible, so -that from the two that I ate I experienced heaviness, whilst others -say they can eat as many as seven or eight. Though plantains are -really unfit to eat, yet of all the kinds this is the one fit to -eat. This year, up to the 23rd of the month of Mihr, Muqarrab Khan -sent Gujarat mangoes by post (dak-chauki). - -On this date I heard that Muhammad Riza, ambassador of my brother Shah -`Abbas, gave up the deposit of his life at Agra through the disease -of ishal (diarrhoea). I made the merchant Muhammad Qasim, who had come -from my brother, his executor, and ordered that according to the will -he should convey his goods and chattels to the Shah, so that he might -grant them in his own presence to the heirs of the deceased. Elephants -and dresses of honour were conferred on Sayyid Kabir and Bakhtar Khan, -Wakils of `Adil Khan. On Mubarak-shamba, the 13th Aban, Jahangir Quli -Beg, Turkman, who is dignified with the title of Jan-sipar Khan, came -from the Deccan and waited on me. His father was included among the -Amirs of Iran. He had come from Persia in the time of the late king -Akbar, and having a mansab conferred on him was sent to the Deccan. He -was brought up in that Subah. Although he had been appointed to a -duty, yet as my son Shah Jahan came at this time to pay his respects -and represented his sincerity and devotion, I ordered that he should -come post to Court and have the good fortune to wait upon me and then -return. On this day I promoted Uda Ram [625] to the rank of 3,000 -personal and 1,500 horse. He is a brahmin by caste, and was much relied -on by `Ambar. At the time when Shah-nawaz Khan went against `Ambar, -Adam Khan Habshi, Jadu Ray, Babu Ray Kayath, Uda Ram, and some other -Sardars of Nizamu-l-mulk left him and came to Shah-nawaz Khan. After -`Ambar's defeat they, by the persuasions of `Adil Khan and the deceit -of `Ambar, left the right road again and gave up their loyalty and -service. `Ambar took an oath on the Koran to Adam Khan and put him -off his guard, and, capturing him deceitfully, imprisoned him in the -fort of Daulatabad, and at last killed him. Babu Ray Kayath and Uda -Ram came away and went to the borders of `Adil Khan's dominions, but -he would not admit them into his territory. About that time Babu Ray -Kayath lost his life (lit. played away the coin of existence) by the -deceit of his intimates, and `Ambar sent a force against Uda Ram. He -fought well and defeated `Ambar's army. But afterwards, as he could -not remain in that country, he threw himself on to the borders of -the royal dominions, and, having got a promise, came with his family -and dependants and entered the service of my son Shah Jahan. That son -distinguished him with favours and kindnesses of all sorts, and made -him hopeful by giving him a mansab of 3,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and brought him to Court. As he was a useful servant, I increased -this by 500 horse. I also increased the mansab of Shah-baz Khan, -who had one of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, by 500 more horse, -and gave him the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Sarangpur and a part of -the Subah of Malwa. A special horse and elephant were given to Khan -Jahan. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 10th of the month, my son Shah -Jahan produced his own offerings--jewels and jewelled things and fine -cloths and other rare things. These were all laid out in the courtyard -of the jharokha, and arranged together with the horses and elephants -adorned with gold and silver trappings. In order to please him I came -down from the jharokha and looked through them in detail. Among all -these there was a fine ruby they had bought for my son at the port of -Goa for 200,000 rupees; its weight was 19 1/2 tanks, or 17 miskals, -and 5 1/2 surkhs. There was no ruby in my establishment over 12 tanks, -and the jewellers agreed to this valuation. Another was a sapphire, -among the offerings of `Adil Khan; it weighed 6 tanks and 7 surkhs -and was valued at 100,000 rupees. I never before saw a sapphire -of such a size and good colour. Another was the Chamkora diamond, -also of `Adil Khan's; its weight was 1 tank and 6 surkhs, which they -valued at 40,000 rupees. The name of Chamkora is derived from this, -that there is in the Deccan a plant called sag-i-chamkora. [626] -At the time when Murtaza Nizamu-l-mulk conquered Berar he had gone -one day with his ladies round to look at the garden, when one of -the women found the diamond in a chamkora vegetable, and took it to -Nizamu-l-mulk. From that day it became known as the Chamkora diamond, -and came into the possession of the present Ibrahim `Adil Khan during -the interregnum (fatarat) of Ahmadnagar. Another was an emerald, -also among `Adil Khan's offerings. Although it is from a new mine, -it is of such a beautiful colour and delicacy as I have never before -seen. Again, there were two pearls, one of the weight of 64 surkhs, or -2 miskals and 11 surkhs, and it was valued at 25,000 rupees. The other -weighed 16 surkhs, and was of exceeding roundness and fineness. It was -valued at 12,000 rupees. Another was a diamond from the offerings of -Qutbu-l-mull, in weight 1 tank, and valued at 30,000 rupees. There were -150 elephants, out of which three had gold trappings, chains, etc., -and nine had silver trappings. Though twenty [627] elephants were put -into my private stud, five were very large and celebrated. The first, -Nur-bakht, which my son presented on the day of meeting, was worth -125,000 rupees. The second, Mahipati, [628] from the offerings of -`Adil Khan, was valued at 100,000 rupees; I gave it the name of -Durjansal. Another, also from his offerings, was Bakht-buland, and -valued at 100,000 rupees; I called it Giran-bar. Another was Qaddus -Khan, and the fifth was Imam Riza. They were from the offerings of -Qutbu-l-mulk. Each of the two was valued at 100,000 rupees. Again, -there were 100 Arab and Iraq horses, most of which were good horses. Of -these, three had jewelled saddles. If the private offerings of my -son and those of the rulers of the Deccan were to be written down -in detail, it would be too long a business. What I accepted of his -presents was worth 2,000,000 rupees. In addition to this he gave his -(step-)mother, [629] Nur-Jahan Begam, offerings worth 200,000 rupees, -and 60,000 rupees to his other mothers and the Begams. Altogether my -son's offerings came to 2,260,000 rupees, or 75,000 tumans of the -currency of Iran or 6,780,000 current Turan-khanis. Such offerings -had never been made during this dynasty. I showed him much attention -and favour; in fact, he is a son who is worth grace and kindness. I -am very pleased and satisfied with him. May God Almighty allow him -to enjoy long life and prosperity! - -As I had never in my life had any elephant-hunting, and had a great -desire to see the province of Gujarat and to look on the salt sea, -and my huntsmen had often gone and seen wild elephants and fixed on -hunting-places, it occurred to me to travel through Ahmadabad and -look on the sea, and having hunted elephants on my return, when it -was hot and the season for hunting them to go back to Agra. With this -intention I despatched to Agra Hazrat Maryamu-z-zaman (his mother) -and the other Begams and people of the harem with the baggage and -extra establishments, and betook myself to a tour in the Subah of -Gujarat to hunt, with such as were indispensable with me. On the eve -of Friday in the month of Aban (precise date not given, but apparently -the 10th), I marched auspiciously and happily from Mandu, and pitched -on the bank of the tank of Nalchha. In the morning I went out to -hunt and killed a blue bull with my gun. On the eve of Saturday, -Mahabat Khan was presented with a special horse and an elephant, -and obtained leave to go to his Subah of Kabul and Bangash. At his -request I conferred on Rashid Khan a robe of honour, a horse, an -elephant, and a jewelled dagger, and appointed him to assist him. I -promoted Ibrahim Husain to the post of bakhshi in the Deccan, and -Mirak Husain to that of news-writer in the same Subah. Raja Kalyan, -[630] son of Raja Todar Mal, had come from the Subah of Orissa; on -account of some faults which had been attributed to him he had for some -days been forbidden the honour of paying his respects. After enquiry -his innocence appeared clear, and having given him a dress of honour -and a horse, I appointed him to do duty together with Mahabat Khan in -Bangash. On Monday I gave the Wakils of `Adil Khan jewelled turban -fringes after the fashion of the Deccan, one of the value of 5,000 -rupees and the other worth 4,000 rupees. As Afzal Khan and Ray Rayan -had performed the duties of Wakils to my son Shah Jahan in a becoming -manner, I raised them both in mansab and honoured Ray Rayan with the -title of Bikramajit, which among Hindus is the highest title. In -truth he is a servant worthy of patronage. On Saturday, the 12th, -I went to hunt and shot two female nilgaw. As the hunting-ground was -a long way from this halting-place, I on Monday marched 4 1/2 kos -[631] and pitched at the village of Kaid Hasan. On Tuesday, the -15th, I killed three blue bulls, the larger one of which weighed -12 maunds. On this day Mirza Rustam escaped a great danger. [632] -It seems that he had taken aim at a mark and fired his gun. Then he -reloaded, and as his bullet was very flexible, he rested the gun on -his chest and put the bullet between his teeth in order that he might -contract it and put it right. By chance the match reached the pan, -and his chest at the place where the gun was resting was burnt to the -extent of the palm of the hand, and the grains of powder got into his -skin and flesh and a wound was made, and he suffered much pain. [633] - -On Sunday (?), the 16th, [634] four nilgaw were killed, three females -and one bukra [635] nilgaw. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) I went to look -round a hill valley in which there was a waterfall near the camp. At -this season it had but little water, but as for two or three days -they had dammed the watercourse and, about the time of my reaching -the place, let it loose, it flowed over very well. Its height might -be 20 gaz. It separates at the top of the hill and flows down. In -this way it is a great boon (ghanimat) on the road. Having enjoyed -the usual cups on the edge of the stream and the shade of the hill, -I came back to the camp at night. On this day the Zamindar of Jaitpur, -whose offences I had forgiven at the request of my son Shah Jahan, -had the good fortune of kissing the threshold. On Friday, the 18th, -a large blue bull and a bukra, and on Saturday, the 19th, two females, -were killed. As my huntsmen represented that there was much game in -the parganah of Hasilpur, I left my large camp at this halting-place, -and on Sunday, the 20th, and with some of my close attendants, -hastened to Hasilpur, a distance of 3 kos. Mir Husamu-d-din, son of -Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain Inju, who has the title of `Azudu-d-daulah, -was promoted to the mansab, original and increase, of 1,000 personal -and 400 horse. I presented Yadgar Husain Qush-begi and Yadgar Qurchi, -who had been appointed to do duty in Bangash, with an elephant each. On -this day some Husaini grapes without seeds arrived from Kabul; they -were very fresh. The tongue of this suppliant at the throne of God -fails in gratitude for the favours by which, notwithstanding a distance -of three months, grapes from Kabul arrive quite fresh in the Deccan. On -Monday, the 21st, three small blue bulls, on Tuesday, the 22nd, one -blue bull and three cows, and on Kam-shamba (Wednesday), the 23rd, -one cow, were killed. On Mubarak-shamba, the 24th, a feast of cups was -held on the bank of the tank of Hasilpur. Cups were presented to my -son Shah Jahan and some of the great Amirs and private servants. On -Yusuf Khan, son of Husain Khan (Tukriyah), who was of the houseborn -ones worthy of patronage, was bestowed the mansab of 3,000 personal -and 1,500 horse, original and increase, and he was dismissed to the -faujdarship of Gondwana, dignifying him with a gift of a dress of -honour and an elephant. Ray Bihari Das, the diwan of the Subah of the -Deccan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On Friday Jan-sipar -Khan was exalted with a standard, presented with a horse and a dress -of honour, and despatched to the Deccan. This day I made a remarkable -shot with a gun. By chance there was inside the palace a khirni tree -(Mimusops Kauki). A qurisha [636] (?) came and sat on a high branch, -and I saw its breast in the midst of it. I fired at it and struck it in -the middle of its breast; from where I stood to the top of the branch -was 22 gaz. On Saturday, the 26th, marching about 2 kos, I pitched -at the village of Kamalpur. On this day I shot a blue bull. [637] -Rustam Khan, who was one of the principal attendants of my son Shah -Jahan, and who had been appointed from Burhanpur with a body of the -royal servants against the zamindars of Gondwana, having taken a -tribute of 110 elephants and 120,000 rupees, came this day to wait -upon me. Zahid, son of Shaja`at Khan, was given the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 400 horse, original and increase. On Sunday, the 27th, -I hunted with hawks and falcons. On Monday I killed a large blue bull -and a bukra; the bull weighed 12 1/2 maunds. On Tuesday, the 29th, -a blue bull was killed. Bahlul Miyana and Allah-yar came from service -in Gondwana, and had the good fortune to wait upon me. Bahlul Khan -is the son of Hasan Miyana, and Miyana is an Afghan tribe. In the -commencement of his career Hasan was a servant of Sadiq Khan, but a -servant who recognized the king (worthy of a king's service), and was -at last included among the royal servants and died on service in the -Deccan. After his death his sons were granted mansabs. He had eight -sons, and two of them became famous as swordsmen. The elder brother -in his youth gave up the deposit of his life. Bahlul by degrees was -promoted to the mansab of 1,000. At this time my son Shah Jahan arrived -at Burhanpur, and, finding him worthy of patronage, made him hopeful -with a mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. As he had not yet -waited on me and was very desirous to kiss the threshold, I summoned -him to Court. He is in truth a good Khana-zada (household-born one), -inasmuch as his heart is adorned with the perfection of bravery -and his exterior is not wanting in good appearance. The mansab my -son Shah Jahan had bespoken for him was granted at his request, and -he was honoured with the title of Sar-buland Khan. Allah-yar Koka -was also a brave youth and a servant worthy of patronage. Finding -him fit and suitable for service in my presence, I sent for him to -Court. On Kam-shamba (Wednesday), the 1st of the month of Azar, I -went out to hunt and shot a blue bull. On this day the Kashmir [638] -reports were laid before me. One was that in the house of a certain -silk-seller two girls were born with teeth, and with their backs as -far as the waist joined together, but the heads, arms, and legs were -separate; they lived a short time and died. On Mubarak-shamba, the -2nd, on the bank of a tank where my tents were, a feast of cups was -held. Presenting Lashkar Khan with a dress of honour and an elephant, -I promoted him to the duty of diwan of the Subah of the Deccan, and -gave him the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,500 horse, original and -increase. To each of the Wakils of `Adil Khan two [639] kaukab-i-tali` -(horoscope star) muhrs, the weight of each of which was 500 ordinary -muhrs, were given. I gave a horse and robe of honour to Sar-buland -Khan. As fitting service and approved activity were manifest in -Allah-yar Koka, I honoured him with the title of Himmat Khan and -gave him a dress of honour. On Friday, the 3rd, I marched 4 1/4 kos -and halted the royal standards in the parganah of Dikhtan. [640] On -Saturday also I marched 4 1/4 kos and halted at the township of Dhar. - -Dhar is one of the old cities, and Raja Bhoj, who was one of the -great Rajas of Hindustan, lived in it. From his time 1,000 [641] -years have passed, and in the time of the Sultans of Malwa it was -for a long time the capital. At the time when Sultan Muhammad Tughluq -was proceeding to the conquest of the Deccan, he built a fort of cut -stone on the top of a ridge. Outside it is very showy and handsome, -but inside the fort is devoid of buildings. I ordered them to measure -its length, breadth, and height. The length inside the fort was 12 -tanab, 7 gaz; the breadth, 17 tanab, 13 gaz, and the breadth of the -fort wall 19 1/2 gaz. Its height up to the battlements appeared to -be 17 1/2 gaz. The length of the outer circuit (?) of the fort was -55 tanabs. `Amid Shah Ghori, who was called Dilawar Khan, and who -in the time of Sultan Muhammad, son of Sultan Firuz, king of Delhi, -had complete authority over the province of Malwa, built the Jami` -mosque in the inhabitable part outside the fort, and opposite the gate -of the mosque fixed a quadrangular iron column. When Sultan Bahadur -of Gujarat took the province of Malwa into his own possession, he -wished to transfer this column to Gujarat. The artificers did not -take proper precautions when they lowered it, and it fell and broke -into two pieces, one of them of 7 1/2 gaz and the other of 4 1/4 -gaz. The column was 1 1/4 gaz round. As it was lying there useless, -I ordered them to take the larger piece to Agra and put [642] it up in -the courtyard of the mausoleum of H.M. Akbar, and to burn a lamp on -the top of it at night. The aforesaid mosque has two gates. In front -of the arch of one gate some sentences in prose have been carved on -a stone tablet; their purport is that Amid Shah Ghori founded this -mosque in the year 870, [643] and on the arch of the other gate a -qasida has been written, and these few couplets are from it-- - - - "The lord of the age the star of the sphere of glory, - Centre of the people of the earth, sun of the zenith of perfection, - Asylum and support of religious law, `Amid Shah Da'ud, [644] - In whose excellent qualities Ghor glories, - Helper and protector of the Faith of the Prophet, Dilawar Khan, - Who has been chosen by the most mighty Lord (God), - Founded the Jami` mosque in the city of Dhar, - At a fortunate, auspicious time, on a day of happy omen. - The date of eight hundred and seven [645] had passed - When the Court of hopes was completed by Fortune." - - -When Dilawar Khan gave up the deposit of his life there was -no king with full dominion over Hindustan, and it was a time of -confusion. Hushang, son of Dilawar Khan, who was just and possessed -of courage, seeing his opportunity, sat on the throne of sovereignty -in Malwa. After his death through destiny the rule was transferred -[646] to Mahmud Khalji, son of Khan Jahan, who had been Vizier to -Hushang and passed from him to his son Ghiyasu-d-din, and after him to -Nasiru-d-din, son of Ghiyasu-d-din, who gave his father poison and sat -on the throne of infamy. From him it passed to his son Mahmud. Sultan -Bahadur of Gujarat took from Mahmud the province of Malwa. The -succession of kings of Malwa ended with the aforesaid Mahmud. - -On Monday, the 6th, I went to hunt and shot a female nilgaw. Presenting -an elephant to Mirza Sharafu-d-din Husain Kashghari, I dismissed him -to duty in the Subah of Bangash. A present of a jewelled dagger, a -muhr of 100 tolas, and 20,000 darbs was made to Uda Ram. On Tuesday, -the 7th, I shot an alligator in the tank at Dhar. Though only the -top of his snout was visible and the rest of his body was hidden in -the water, I fired at a guess and hit him in his lungs and killed -him with a single shot. An alligator is of the crocodile species and -exists in most of the rivers of Hindustan, and grows very large. This -one was not so very big. An alligator has been seen (by me) 8 gaz -long and 1 gaz in breadth. On Sunday, marching 4 1/2 kos, I halted at -Sa`dalpur. In this village there is a stream over which Nasiru-d-din -Khalji built a bridge and erected buildings. It is a place like -Kaliyada, and both are his works. Although his building is not worthy -of praise, yet as it has been built in the river-bed and they have -made rivulets and reservoirs, it is somewhat remarkable. At night -I ordered them to place lamps all round the canals and streams. On -Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 9th, a feast of cups was held. On this -day I made a present to my son Shah Jahan of a ruby of one colour, -weighing 9 tanks and 5 surkh, of the value of 125,000 rupees, with -two pearls. This is the ruby which had been given to my father at -the time of my birth by Hazrat Maryam-makani, mother of H.M. Akbar, -by way of present when my face was shown, and was for many years in -his sarpich (turban ornament). After him I also happily wore it in -my sarpich. Apart from its value and delicacy, as it had come down -as of auspicious augury to the everlasting State, it was bestowed -on my son. Having raised Mubariz Khan to a mansab of 1,500 personal -and horse, I appointed him to the faujdarship of the province of -Mewat, distinguishing him with the present of a dress of honour, -a sword, and an elephant. A sword was given to Himmat Khan, son of -Rustam Khan. I gave Kamal Khan, the huntsman, who is one of the old -servants and is always present with me on hunting expeditions, the -title of Shikar Khan (hunting-Khan). Appointing Uda Ram to service -in the Subah of the Deccan, I conferred on him a dress of honour, -an elephant, and Iraq horses (lit. wind-footed ones), and sent with -him for the Commander-in-Chief, Khankhanan, the Ataliq, a special gilt -dagger (zar-nishan). On Friday, the 10th, I halted. On Saturday, the -11th, I marched 3 3/4 kos and halted at the village of Halwat. [647] -On Sunday, the 12th, marching 5 kos, I halted in the parganah [648] -of Badnor. This parganah from the time of my father had been in the -jagir of Kesho Das Maru, [649] and in fact had become a kind of watan -(native country) to him. He had constructed gardens and buildings. Out -of these one was a well (baoli) (step-well probably) on the road, -which appeared exceedingly pleasant and well made. It occurred to -me that if a well had to be made anywhere on a roadside it should be -built like this one. At least two such ought to be made. - -On Monday, the 13th, I went to hunt and shot a blue bull. From the -day on which the elephant Nur-bakht was put into the special elephant -stables, there was an order that he should be tied up in the public -palace (court). Among animals elephants have the greatest liking -for water; they delight to go into the water, notwithstanding the -winter and the coldness of the air, and if there should be no water -into which they can go, they will take it from a water-bag (mashk) -with their trunks and pour it over their bodies. It occurred to me -that however much an elephant delights in water, and it is suited to -their temperament, yet in the winter the cold water must affect them. I -accordingly ordered the water to be made lukewarm (as warm as milk) -before they (the elephants) poured it into their trunks. On other days -when they poured cold water over themselves they evidently shivered, -but with warm water, on the contrary they were delighted. This usage -is entirely my own. - -On Tuesday, the 14th, marching 6 kos, I halted at Silgarh (Sabalgarh -?). On Wednesday, the 15th, crossing the Mahi River, a halt was made -near Ramgarh. A march of 6 kos was made on Thursday, the 16th, and -a halt was made and a feast of cups held at a waterfall near the -camp. Distinguishing Sar-buland Khan with a standard and giving -him an elephant, I dismissed him to do duty in the Deccan. His -mansab, original and increase, was fixed at 1,500 personal and 1,200 -horse. Raja Bhim Narayan, Zamindar of Gadeha, who had been promoted to -the mansab of 1,000 horse, obtained leave to go to his jagir. Having -raised Raja Bharjiv, Zamindar of Baglana, to the mansab of 4,000, -I gave him leave to go to his native country, and an order was given -that when he arrived there he should send to Court his eldest son, who -was his successor, that he might do duty in my presence. I honoured -Haji Baluch, who was the chief of the huntsmen and was an active -and old servant, with the title of Baluch Khan. On Friday, the 17th, -marching 5 kos, I alighted at the village of Dhavala. On Saturday, -the 18th, which was the feast of Qurban, after the Qurban rites had -been performed, marching 3 1/4 kos, I halted on the bank of the tank -of the village of Nagor. [650] On Sunday, the 19th, marching about -5 kos, the royal standards were erected on the bank of the tank of -the village of Samriya. On Monday, the 20th, marching 4 1/4 kos, we -alighted at the chief place of the Dohad [651] parganah. This parganah -is on the boundary between Malwa and Gujarat. Until I passed Badnor -the whole country was a jungle, with an abundance of trees and stony -land. On Tuesday, the 21st, I halted. On Kam-shamba (Wednesday), the -22nd, marching 5 1/4 kos, I halted at the village of Ranyad (Renav -?). On Thursday, the 23rd, I halted and held a feast of cups on the -bank of the village tank. On Friday, the 24th, marching 2 1/2 kos, -the royal standards were hoisted at the village of Jalot. At this halt -some jugglers from the Carnatic came and showed their tricks. One of -them placed one end of an iron chain, 5 1/2 gaz in length and weighing -1 seer and 2 dams, [652] in his throat and slowly swallowed it with -the aid of water. It was for a while in his stomach; after this he -brought it up. On Saturday, the 25th, there was a halt. On Sunday, -the 26th, marching 5 kos, I alighted at the village of Nimdah. On -Monday, the 27th, also marching 5 kos, I pitched on the bank of a -tank. On Tuesday, the 28th, marching 3 3/4 kos, the royal standards -alighted near the township of Sahra [653] on the edge of a tank. The -flower of the lotus, which in the Hindi language they call kumudini, -is of three colours--white, blue, and red. I had already seen the blue -and white, but had never seen the red. In this tank red flowers were -seen blooming. Without doubt it is an exquisite and delightful flower, -as they have said-- - - - "From redness and moistness it will melt away." [654] - - -The flower of the kanwal [655] is larger than the kumudini. Its flower -is red. I have seen in Kashmir many kanwal with a hundred leaves -(petals). It is certain that it opens during the day and becomes a -bud at night. The kumudini, on the contrary, is a bud during the day -and opens at night. The black bee, which the people of India call -bhaunra, always sits on these flowers, and goes inside them to drink -the juice that is in both of them. It often happens that the kanwal -flower closes and the bee remains in it the whole night. In the same -manner it remains in the kumudini flower. When the flower opens it -comes out and flies away. As the black bee is a constant attendant on -these flowers, the poets of India look on it as a lover of the flower, -like the nightingale, and have put into verse sublime descriptions of -it. Of these poets the chief was Tan Sen Kalawant, who was without a -rival in my father's service (in fact, there has been no singer like -him in any time or age). In one of his compositions he has likened -the face of a young man to the sun and the opening of his eyes to the -expanding of the kanwal and the exit of the bee. In another place he -has compared the side-glance of the beloved one to the motion of the -kanwal when the bee alights on it. - -At this place figs arrived from Ahmadabad. Although the figs of -Burhanpur are sweet and well-grown, these figs are sweeter and with -fewer seeds, and one may call them 5 per cent. better. On Kam-shamba, -the 29th, and Mubarak-shamba, the 30th, we halted. At this stage -Sar-faraz Khan came from Ahmadabad and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. Out of his offerings a rosary of pearls, bought for 11,000 -rupees, two elephants, two horses, two bullocks and a riding cart, -and some pieces of Gujarati cloth, were accepted, and the remainder -presented to him. Sar-faraz Khan is a grandson of Musahib Beg, by which -name he was called by Akbar after his grandfather, who was one of the -Amirs of Humayun. In the beginning of my reign I increased his mansab -and appointed him to the Subah of Gujarat. As he had an hereditary -connection with the Court as a Khana-zada (one born in the house), -he proved himself efficient in the Subah of Gujarat. Considering -him worthy of patronage, I gave him the title of Sar-faraz Khan and -raised him in the world, and his mansab has risen to 2,000 personal -and 1,000 horse. On Friday, the 1st of Day, I marched 3 3/4 kos and -halted on the bank of the tank of Jhasod. [656] At this stage Ray Man, -captain of the Khidmatiya, [657] caught a rohu fish and brought it. As -I am particularly partial to the flesh of fish, especially that of the -rohu, which is the best kind of fish in Hindustan, and I had never, -notwithstanding much enquiry, had one for eleven months from the time -of crossing the pass of Ghati Chand [658] until the present time, and -now obtained it, I was greatly delighted. I presented a horse to Ray -Man. Although the parganah of Dohad is reckoned as within the boundary -of Gujarat, yet, in fact, it was from this stage that all things -appeared different. The open plains and soil are of a different kind; -the people are different and the language of another description. The -jungle that appeared on the road, has fruit-bearing trees, such as -the mango and khirni and tamarind, and the method of guarding the -cultivated fields is with hedges of zaqqum. The cultivators separate -their fields with cactus, and leave a narrow road between them for -coming and going. Since all this country has a sandy soil, when any -movement takes place, so much dust rises that the faces of people are -seen with difficulty, so that one should call Ahmadabad 'Gardabad' -[659] (abode of dust). On Saturday, the 2nd, having marched 3 3/4 kos, -I encamped on the bank of the Mahi. On Sunday, the 3rd, again after a -march of 3 3/4 kos, I halted at the village of Bardala. At this stage -a number of mansabdars who had been appointed to serve in Gujarat -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Marching 5 kos on Monday, -the 4th, the royal standards halted at Chitrasima, and the next day, -Tuesday, after a march of 5 kos, in parganah Monda. [660] On this -day three blue bulls were killed; one was larger than the others and -weighed 13 maunds and 10 seers. On Wednesday, the 6th, I marched 6 -kos and halted in parganah Naryad. [661] In passing through the town -I scattered 1,500 rupees. On Thursday, the 7th, marching 6 1/2 kos, -I halted in the parganah of Pitlad. [662] In the country of Gujarat -there is no larger parganah than this; it has a revenue of 700,000 -rupees, equal to 23,000 current tumans of Iraq. The population of the -town (qasba), too, is dense. Whilst I passed through it I scattered -1,000 rupees. All my mind is bent upon this, that under any pretext -the people of God may be benefited. As the chief way of riding among -the people of this country is in carts, I also wished to travel in a -cart. I sat for 2 kos in a cart, but was much troubled with the dust, -and after this till the end of the stage rode on horseback. On the -road Muqarrab Khan came from Ahmadabad, and had the good fortune to -wait on me, and presented an offering of a pearl he had bought for -30,000 rupees. On Friday, the 8th, marching 6 1/2 kos, the place of -the descent of prosperity was on the shore of the salt sea. - -Cambay [663] is one of the old ports. According to the brahmins, -several thousand years have passed since its foundation. In the -beginning its name was Trimbawati, and Raja Tryambak Kunwar had the -government of the country. It would take too long to write in detail -the circumstances of the aforesaid Raja as the brahmins relate it. In -brief, when the turn to the government came round to Raja Abhay Kumar, -[664] who was one of his grandsons, by the decree of heaven a great -calamity happened to this city. So much dust and earth were poured -on it that all the houses and buildings were hidden, and the means -of livelihood of many people was destroyed. Before the arrival of -this calamity, an idol (but), which the Raja worshipped, came in a -dream and announced this event. The Raja with his family embarked -in a ship, and carried away the idol with them with a pillar it had -behind it for a support. By chance the ship also was wrecked by a -storm of misfortune. As there was left still a term of life for the -Raja, that pillar bore the boat of his existence in safety to the -shore, and he proposed to rebuild the city. He put up the pillar as -a mark of repopulation and the coming together of the people. As in -the Hindi language they call a pillar istambh and khambh, they called -the city Istambhnagari and Khambawati, and sometimes also Trimbawati, -in connection with the Raja's name; Khambawati has by degrees and much -use become Khambayat (Cambay). This port is one of the largest ports -[665] in Hindustan and is near a firth, which is one of the firths -of the Sea of Oman. It has been estimated to be 7 kos in width, and -nearly 40 kos in length. Ships cannot come inside the firth, but -must cast anchor in the port of Goga, which is a dependency [666] -of Cambay and situated near the sea. Thence, putting their cargoes -into ghurabs [667] (commonly called 'grabs') they bring them to the -port of Cambay. In the same way, at the time of loading a ship they -carry the cargo in ghurabs and put it in the ships. Before the arrival -of the victorious host some ghurabs from European ports had come to -Cambay to buy and sell, and were about to return. On Sunday, the 10th, -they decorated them and showed them to me. Taking leave they went -about their business. On Monday, the 11th, I myself went on board a -ghurab for about a kos on the face of the water. On Tuesday, the 12th, -I went out with cheetahs (yuz), and captured two [668] antelope. On -Wednesday, the 13th, I went to see the tank of Tarangsar (Narangsar?), -[669] and passed through the streets and bazaar on the way, scattering -nearly 5,000 rupees. In the time of H.M. Akbar (may Allah's lights -be his testimony), Kalyan Ray, the superintendent of the port, by -His Majesty's order built a wall of brick and cement round the city, -and many merchants came from various quarters and settled there, and -built fine houses and employed themselves in gaining their livelihood -under easy circumstances. Although its market is small, it is clean -and full of people. In the time of the Sultans of Gujarat the customs -of this port came to a large sum. Now in my reign it is ordered that -they should not take more than one in forty. In other ports, calling -it a tithe, they take one in ten or one in eight, and give all kinds -of trouble to merchants and travellers. In Jeddah, which is the port -of Mecca, they take one in four or even more. One may imagine from -this what the customs of the ports of Gujarat must have come to in -the time of the former rulers. God be praised that this suppliant -at the throne of God obtained the grace to remit the whole of the -customs dues of his dominions, which came to a countless sum, and -the very name of customs (tamgha) has passed away from my empire. At -this time an order was given that tankas [670] of gold and silver -should be coined twice the weight of ordinary muhrs and rupees. The -legend on the gold coin was on one side the words "Jahangir-shahi, -1027" (1618), and on the reverse "Struck in Cambay in the 12th year -of the reign." The legend for silver coins was on one side "Sikka, -Jahangir-shahi, 1027"; round it this hemistich, "King Jahangir of the -conquering ray struck this"; and on the reverse, "Coined at Cambay -in the 12th year of the reign," with this second hemistich round it-- - - - "When after the conquest of the Deccan he came to Gujarat from - Mandu." - - -In no reign except mine have tankas been coined except of copper [671]; -the gold and silver tankas are my invention. I ordered it to be -called the Jahangiri coinage. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the -14th the offering of Amanat Khan, the superintendent (mutasaddi) -of Cambay, was laid before me in the women's apartments. His -mansab was fixed, original and increase, at 1,500 personal and 400 -horse. Nuru-d-din Quli was honoured with the mansab, original and -increase, of 3,000 personal and 600 horse. On Friday, the 15th, -mounted on the elephant Nur-bakht, I made it run after a horse. It -ran exceedingly well, and when it was stopped stood well. This -is the third time that I myself have ridden it. On Saturday, -the 16th, Ram Das, son of Jay Singh [672], was promoted to the -mansab, original and increase, of 1,500 personal and 700 horse. On -Sunday, the 17th, an elephant each was given to Darab Khan. Amanat -Khan, and Sayyid Bayazid Barha. In these few days during which -I was encamped on the shore of the salt sea, merchants, traders, -indigent people, and other inhabitants of the port of Cambay having -been summoned before me, I gave each according to his condition -a dress of honour or a horse or travelling money or assistance -in living. On this day, Sayyid Muhammad, Sahib Sajjada (Lord of -the prayer carpet) of Shah `Alam (a mosque near Ahmadabad), the -sons of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus, Shaikh Haidar, grandson of Miyan -Wajihu-d-din, and other Shaikhs living at Ahmadabad came to meet -me and pay their respects. As my desire was to see the sea and the -flow and ebb of the water, I halted for ten days, and on Tuesday, -the 19th (Day, about 30th December, 1618), the royal standards -started for Ahmadabad. The best description of fish procurable -in this place, the name of which is `arbiyat, [673] was caught -and frequently brought for me by the fishermen. Without doubt -these fish, are, as compared with other fish of this country, -more delicious and better, but they are not of the flavour of -the rohu. One might say as nine to ten or even eight to ten. Of -the food which is peculiar to the people of Gujarat there is -the khichri of bajra (a mixture of split peas and millet boiled -together); this they also call laziza. It is a kind of split -grain, which does not grow in any other country but Hindustan, -and which in comparison with many other regions of India is more -abundant in Gujarat; it is cheaper than most vegetables. As I had -never eaten it, I ordered them to make some and bring it to me. It -is not devoid of good flavour, and it suited me well. I ordered -that on the days of abstinence, when I partake of dishes not made -with flesh, they should frequently bring me this khichri On the -said Tuesday having marched 6 1/4 kos, I halted at the village of -Kosala. On Wednesday, the 20th, I passed through the parganah of -Babra [674] and halted on the bank of the river. This was a march -of 6 kos. On Mubarak-shamba, the 21st, I halted and held a feast -of cups. In this river I caught many fish, and divided them among -the servants who were present at the feast. On Friday, the 22nd, -having moved on 4 kos, I pitched at the village of Baricha. On -this road, walls came in sight from 2 1/2 to 3 gaz in length, -and on enquiry it appeared that people had made them from the -desire of spiritual reward. When a porter is tired on the road he -places his burden on the wall and gains his breath a little, and -lifting it up again with ease and without assistance from anyone -proceeds towards his destination. This is one of the peculiar -ideas of the people of Gujarat. The building of these walls -pleased me greatly, and I ordered that in all large towns [675] -they should make walls of this kind at the imperial expense. On -Saturday, the 23rd marching 4 3/4 kos, the camp was pitched -at the Kankriya tank. Qutbu-d-din Muhammad, grandson of Sultan -Ahmad, the founder of the city of Ahmadabad, made this tank, and -placed round it steps of stone and cement. In the middle of the -tank he constructed a little garden and some buildings. Between -the bank of the tank and these buildings he had made a causeway, -which was the way for entering and leaving, Since this occurred -a long time ago, most of the buildings had become dilapidated, -and there was no place left fit to sit in. At the time when the host -of prosperity was about to proceed towards Ahmadabad, Safi Khan, -bakhshi of Gujarat, repaired at the expense of government what was -broken down and in ruins, and clearing out the little garden erected -a new building in it. Certainly it is a place exceedingly enjoyable -and pleasant. Its style pleased me. On the side where the causeway -is, Nizamu-d-din Ahmad, [676] who was for a while bakhshi of Gujarat -in my father's time, had made a garden on the bank of the tank. At -this time a representation was made to me that `Abdu-llah Khan, in -consequence of a dispute that he had with `Abid, son of Nizamu-d-din -Ahmad, cut down the trees of this garden. I also heard that during -his government he, at a wine party, signed to a slave, and cut off -the head of an unfortunate man who was not wanting in fun and jesting, -merely because in a state of drunkenness he had uttered some improper -expressions by way of a joke. On hearing these two reports, my sense of -justice was shocked, and I ordered the Diwans to change one thousand of -his two-horsed and three-horsed cavalry into one-horsed, and to deduct -from his jagir the difference (of pay), which came to 7,000,000 dams. - -As at this stage the tomb of Shah `Alam was by the roadside, I recited -the fatiha in passing by it. About 100,000 rupees had been spent in -building this mausoleum. Shah `Alam was the son of Qutb `Alam, and -their family goes back to Makhdum-i-Jahaniyan [677] (a saint). The -people of this country, high and low, have a wonderful belief in him, -and they say that Shah `Alam used to raise the dead. After he had -raised several dead men, his father became aware of this and sent him -a prohibition, saying it was presumption in him to meddle with the -workshop of God, and was contrary to true obedience. It happened that -Shah `Alam had an attendant (female) who had no children, but at Shah -`Alam's prayer God Almighty bestowed a son on her. When he reached -his 27th [678] year he died, and that slave came weeping and wailing -into his presence, saying, "My son has died, and he was my only son; -since God Almighty gave him to me by your favour, I am hopeful that -through your prayer he may become alive." Shah `Alam fell into thought -for a time and went into his cell, and the attendant went to his son, -who greatly loved her, and besought him to ask the Shah to make his son -alive. The son, who was of tender years, went into his cell, and used -much entreaty. Shah `Alam said, "If you are content to give up your -life for him, perhaps my petition may be accepted." He represented -"I am perfectly contented with what may be your wish and the desire -of God." Shah `Alam took his son's hands, and lifting him up from the -ground turned his face towards heaven and said, "O God, take this kid -in place of that one." Instantaneously the boy surrendered his soul to -God, and Shah `Alam laid him down on his own bed and covered his face -with a sheet, and coming out of the house said to that attendant, -"Go home, and get news of thy son; perhaps he may have been in a -trance and not have died." When she arrived at her house she saw -her son alive. In short, in the country of Gujarat they say many -things of this sort of Shah `Alam. I myself asked Sayyid Muhammad, -who is lord of his prayer carpet (in charge of the mausoleum), and -who is not wanting in excellence and reasonableness, what was the -real state of the case. He said, "I have also heard the same from -my father and grandfather, and it has come down in succession, and -wisdom is from Allah." Although this affair is beyond the laws of -understanding, yet, as it has attained great notoriety among men, -it has been recorded as a strange occurrence. His departure from -this perishable mansion to the eternal world took place in 880 -(1475), in the time of the reign of Sultan Mahmud Bigara, and the -buildings of this mausoleum are the memorial of Taj Khan Tariyani, -[679] who was one of the Amirs of Sultan Muzaffar, the son of Mahmud. - -As an hour on Monday had been chosen for my entry into the city, -on Sunday, the 24th, I halted. At this place some melons came from -Kariz, which is a town dependent on Herat, and it is certain that -in Khurasan there are no melons better than those of Kariz. Although -this is at a distance of 1,400 kos, and kafilahs (caravans) take five -months to come, they arrived very ripe and fresh. They brought so many -that they sufficed for all the servants. Together with these there -came oranges (kaunla) from Bengal, and though that place is 1,000 kos -distant most of them arrived quite fresh. As this is a very delicate -and pleasant fruit, runners bring by post as much as is necessary for -private consumption, and pass it from hand to hand. My tongue fails -me in giving thanks to Allah for this. - - - "Thankfulness for Thy favours is one of Thy favours." - - -On this day Amanat Khan presented two elephants' tusks; they were -very large, one of them being 3 cubits 8 tassu (finger-breadths) -in length and 16 tassu in circumference; it weighed 3 maunds and 2 -seers, or 24 1/2 Iraq maunds. On Monday, the 25th, after six gharis, -I turned towards the city in pleasure and prosperity at the propitious -hour, and mounted the elephant Surat-gaj, a favourite elephant of -mine, which is perfect in appearance and disposition. Although -he was fractious (mast), I had confidence in my own riding and -his pleasant paces (?). [680] Crowds of people, men and women, -had assembled, and were waiting in the streets and bazars and at -the gates and the walls. The city of Ahmadabad did not seem to me -so worthy of praise as I had heard. Although they had made the main -road of the bazar wide and spacious, they had not suited the shops -to this breadth. Its buildings are all of wood and the pillars of -the shops slender and mean (zabun). The streets of the bazar were -full of dust, and there was dust from the Kankriya tank up to the -citadel, which in the dialect of the country they call Bhadar. I -hastened along scattering money. The meaning of Bhadar is 'blessed' -(bhadra). The houses of the Sultans of Gujarat, which were inside the -Bhadar, have fallen into ruin within the last fifty or sixty years, -and no trace of them is left. However, our servants who have been sent -to the government of this country have erected buildings. When I was -proceeding from Mandu to Ahmadabad, Muqarrab Khan had done up the old -buildings and prepared other places for sitting that were necessary, -such as a jharokha, a public audience hall, etc. As to-day was the -auspicious day for the weighing of my son Shah Jahan, I weighed him -in the usual manner against gold and other things, and the 27th year -from his blessed birth began in pleasure and enjoyment. I hope that -the Giver of gifts will bestow him on this suppliant at His throne -and let him enjoy life and prosperity. On the same day I gave the -province of Gujarat in jagir to that son. From the fort of Mandu to -the fort of Cambay, by the road we came, it is 124 kos, which were -traversed in twenty-eight marches and thirty halts. I remained at -Cambay for ten days; from that place to the city of Ahmadabad is 21 -kos; which we traversed in five marches with two halts. Altogether, -from Mandu to Cambay and from Cambay to Ahmadabad by the road we came -is 145 kos, which we accomplished in two months and fifteen days; -this was in thirty-three marches and forty-two halts. - -On Tuesday, the 26th, I went to see the Jami` mosque, and gave -with my own hand in alms to the fakirs who were present there about -500 rupees. This mosque was one of the memorials of Sultan Ahmad, -the founder of the city of Ahmadabad. It has three gates, [681] -and on each side a bazar. Opposite the gate that looks towards the -east is the mausoleum of the said Sultan Ahmad. In that dome Sultan -Ahmad, his son Muhammad, and his grandson Qutbu-d-din are laid to -rest. The length of the court of the mosque, excluding maqsura -(the holy of holies), is 103 [682] cubits, and its breadth 89 -cubits. Round this they have made an aywan (portico), in breadth 4 -3/4 cubits. The flooring of the court is of trimmed bricks, and the -pillars of the portico of red stone. The maqsura contains 354 [683] -pillars, above which there is a dome. The length of the maqsura is -75 cubits, and its breadth 37 cubits. The flooring of the maqsura, -the mihrab (arch towards which the face is turned in prayer), and the -pulpit are made of marble. On both sides of the main arch (pish-taq) -are two polished minarets of cut stone, containing three ashyana -(stories) beautifully shaped and decorated. On the right-hand side of -the pulpit near the recess of the maqsura they have made a separate -seat for the king. The space between the pillars has been covered in -with a stone platform, and round this up to the roof of the maqsura -they have put stone cages [684] (in which women sit so as not to be -seen). The object of this was that when the king came to the Friday -service or the `Id he went up there with his intimates and courtiers, -and performed his devotions. This in the dialect of the country they -call the Muluk-khana (King's chamber). This practice and caution were -on account of the crowding of the people. Truly this mosque is a very -noble building. [685] - -On Wednesday, [686] the 27th, I went to the monastery of Shaikh -Wajihu-d-din, which was near the palace, and the fatiha was read at the -head of his shrine, which is in the court of the monastery. Sadiq Khan, -who was one of the chief Amirs of my father, built this monastery. The -Shaikh was a successor of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus, [687] but a successor -against whom the teacher disputed. Wajihu-d-din's loyalty to him is a -clear proof [688] of the greatness of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus. Shaikh -Wajihu-d-din was adorned with visible excellencies and spiritual -perfection. He died thirty years ago in this city (Ahmadabad), -and after him Shaikh `Abdu-llah, according to his father's will, -took his place. He was a very ascetic dervish. When he died his son -Shaikh Asadu-llah sat in his place, and also quickly went to the -eternal world. After him his brother Shaikh Haidar became lord of -the prayer carpet, and is now alive, and is employed at the grave -of his father and grandfather in the service of dervishes and in -looking after their welfare. The traces of piety are evident on the -forehead of his life. As it was the anniversary festival of Shaikh -Wajihu-d-din, 1,500 rupees were given to Shaikh Haidar for the -expenses of the anniversary, and I bestowed 1,500 rupees more on the -band of fakirs who were present in the monastery, with my own hand -in charity, and made a present of 500 rupees to the grandson (?) of -Shaikh Wajihu-d-din. In the same way I gave something for expenses, and -land to each of his relatives and adherents according to his merit. I -ordered Shaikh Haidar to bring before me the body of dervishes and -deserving people who were associated with him, in order that they -might ask for money for expenses and for land. On Thursday, the 28th, -I went to look round the Rustam-Khan-bari, and scattered 1,500 rupees -on the road. They call a garden a bari in the language of India. This -is a garden that my brother Shah Murad made in the name of his son -Rustam. I made a Thursday entertainment in this garden, and gave cups -to some of my private servants. At the end of the day I went to the -little garden of the hawali (mansion) of Shaikh Sikandar, which is -situated in the neighbourhood of this garden, and which has exceedingly -good figs. As picking the fruit with one's own hand gives it quite -a different relish, and I had never before plucked figs with my own -hand, their excellence in this respect was approved. Shaikh Sikandar -[689] is by origin a Gujarati, and is not wanting in reasonableness, -and has complete information about the Sultans of Gujarat. It is now -eight or nine years since he has been employed among the servants -(of the State). As my son Shah Jahan had appointed to the government -of Ahmadabad Rustam Khan, who is one of his chief officers, at his -request I, in accordance with the association of his name, presented -him with (the garden) Rustam-bari. On this day Raja Kalyan, zamindar -of the province of Idar, had the good fortune to kiss my threshold, -and presented an elephant and nine horses as an offering; I gave him -back the elephant. He is one of the most considerable zamindars on the -frontier of Gujarat, and his country is close to the hill-country of -the Rana. The Sultans of Gujarat constantly sent armies against the -Raja of that place. Although some of them have professed obedience -and presented offerings, for the most part none of them have come to -see anyone personally. After the late king Akbar conquered Gujarat, -the victorious army was sent to attack him. As he understood that -his deliverance lay in obedience and submission, he agreed to serve -and be loyal, and hastened to enjoy the good fortune of kissing the -threshold. From that date he has been enrolled among the servants (of -the State). He comes to see whoever is appointed to the government -of Ahmadabad, and when work and service are necessary appears with -a body of his men. On Saturday, the 1st of the month of Bahman, -in the 12th year of my reign, Chandar Sen, who is one of the chief -zamindars of this country, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and presented an offering of nine horses. On Sunday, the 2nd, I -gave elephants to Raja Kalyan, zamindar of Idar, to Sayyid Mustafa, -and Mir Fazil. On Monday I went out hawking, and scattered nearly -500 rupees on the road. On this day pears came from Badakhshan. On -Mubarak-shamba, the 6th, I went to see the "garden of victory" at -the village of Sair-khaiz (Sarkhej), and scattered 1,500 rupees on -the way. As the tomb of Shaikh Ahmad Khattu [690] is on the road, I -first went there and the fatiha was read. Khattu is the name of a town -in the Sarkar of Nagor, and was the birthplace of the Shaikh. [691] -The Shaikh lived in the time of Sultan Ahmad, who founded the city of -Ahmadabad, and the latter had a great respect for him. The people of -this country have a strange belief in him, and consider him one of the -great saints. Every Friday night a great crowd of people, high and low, -go to visit his shrine. Sultan Muhammad, son of the aforesaid Sultan -Ahmad, built lofty buildings in the shape of mausoleums, mosques, and -monasteries at the head of his tomb, and near his mausoleum on the -south side made a large tank, and surrounded it with stone and lime -(masonry). This building was completed in the time of Qutbu-d-din, -son of the aforesaid Muhammad. The shrines of several of the Sultans -of Gujarat are on the bank of the tank by the feet of the Shaikh. In -that dome there have been laid at rest Sultan Mahmud Bigara, Sultan -Muzaffar, his son, and Mahmud, the martyr, grandson of Sultan Muzaffar, -and who was the last of the Sultans of Gujarat. Bigara, in the -language of the people of Gujarat, signifies 'turned-up moustache,' -and Sultan Mahmud had a large turned-up moustache; on this account -they call him Bigara. Near his (Shaikh Khattu's) tomb is the dome of -his ladies. [692] Without doubt the mausoleum of the Shaikh is a very -grand building and a beautiful place. It is estimated that 500,000 -rupees were spent on it. God only knows what is true. - -After performing this visitation I went to Fath-bagh (garden -of victory). This garden is situated on the ground on which the -Commander-in-Chief, Khankhanan Ataliq fought with and defeated Nabu -(Nannu? Nanhu?), who gave himself the title of Muzaffar Khan. On -this account he called it Bagh-i-fath; the people of Gujarat call -it Fath-bari. The details of this are that when, by means of the -good fortune of the late king Akbar, the country of Gujarat was -conquered, and Nabu fell into his hands, I`timad Khan represented -that he was the son of a carter. As no son was left by Sultan Mahmud, -and moreover there was no one of the descendants of the Sultans of -Gujarat whom he could raise to the throne, he (I`timad) had accepted -the most available course, and had made out that this was the son of -Mahmud. He gave him the name of Sultan Muzaffar, and raised him to -the sovereignty. Men from necessity consented to this. As His Majesty -considered the word of I`timad Khan of weight, he ignored Nabu, and -for some time he did duty among the servants, and the king paid no -attention to his case. In consequence of this he ran away from Fathpur, -and coming to Gujarat lived for some years under the protection of -the zamindars. When Shihabu-d-din Ahmad Khan was turned out from the -government of Gujarat and I`timad Khan installed in his place, a body -of the servants of Shihabu-d-din Khan, who were attached to Gujarat, -separated from him, and remained at Ahmadabad in the hope of service -with I`timad. After I`timad entered the city they had recourse to -him, but had no good luck with him. They had not the face to go to -Shihabu-d-din, and had no prospects in Ahmadabad. As they were without -hope they thought their remedy lay in betaking themselves to Nabu, -and in making him an excuse for disturbance. With this intent 600 or -700 horsemen from among them went to Nabu and carried him off along -with Lona Kathi, under whose protection he was living, and proceeded -to Ahmadabad. When he arrived near the city many wretched men on -the look out for an occasion joined him, and nearly 1,000 horsemen, -Mughals and Gujaratis, collected together. When I`timad Khan became -aware of this he left his son Shir Khan in the city, and hastened -off in search of Shihab Khan, who was proceeding towards the Court, -in order that with his help he might quiet the disturbance. Many of -the men had separated themselves from him, and he read on the faces -of those who were left the signs of unfaithfulness, but Shihabu-d-din, -in company with I`timad Khan, turned his rein. It happened that before -their arrival Nabu had entered the fort of Ahmadabad. Those who were -loyal drew up their troops near the city, and the rebels came out of -the fort and hastened to the battlefield. When the army of the rebels -showed itself, those of the servants of Shihab Khan who were left -took the wrong road and joined the enemy. Shihab Khan was defeated -and hastened towards Patan (Patan?), which was in the possession of -the royal servants. His retinue and camp were plundered, and Nabu, -bestowing mansabs and titles on the rebels, went against Qutbu-d-din -Muhammad Khan, who was in Baroda. The servants of the latter, -like the servants of Shihab Khan, took the road of faithlessness -and chose separation, as is related in detail in the Akbar-nama. In -the end, after giving his word to Qutbu-d-din Muhammad, he sent him -to martyrdom, and his goods and property, which were equal to the -treasure of his courtesy and grandeur, were plundered. Nearly 45,000 -horsemen collected round Nabu. - -When this state of affairs was represented to H.M. Akbar he sent -against him Mirza Khan, son of Bairam Khan, with a force of brave -warriors. On the day when Mirza Khan arrived near the city, he drew -up the ranks of good fortune. He had about 8,000 or 9,000 horse, and -Nabu met him with 30,000, and drew up his host tainted with ruin. After -prolonged fighting and slaughter the breeze of victory blew on the flag -of the loyal, and Nabu, being defeated, fled in wretched plight. My -father, in reward for this victory, gave Mirza Khan a mansab of 5,000 -with the title of Khankhanan and the government of the country of -Gujarat. The garden that Khankhanan made on the field of battle is -situated on the bank of the River Sabarmati. He founded lofty buildings -along that eminence on the river, and made a strong wall of stone and -cement round the garden. The garden contains 120 jarib of land, and -is a charming resort. It may have cost 200,000 rupees. It pleased me -greatly. One may say that in the whole of Gujarat there is no garden -like this. Arranging a Thursday feast, I bestowed cups on my private -servants, and remained there for the night. At the end of the day, -on Friday, I entered the city, scattering about 1,000 rupees on the -road. At this time the gardener represented that a servant of Muqarrab -Khan had cut down some champa trees above the bench alongside the -river. On hearing this I became angry, and went myself to enquire into -the matter and to exact satisfaction. When it was established that this -improper act had been committed by him, I ordered both his thumbs to -be cut off as a warning to others. It was evident that Muqarrab Khan -knew nothing of this affair, or otherwise he would have punished him -there and then. On Tuesday, the 11th, the Kotwal of the city caught -a thief and brought him. He had committed several thefts before, and -each time they had cut off one of his members; once his right hand, -the second time the thumb of his left hand, the third time his left -ear, and fourth time they hamstringed him, and the last time his nose; -with all this he did not give up his business, and yesterday entered -the house of a grass-seller in order to steal. By chance the owner -of the house was on the look out and seized him. The thief wounded -the grass-seller several times with a knife and killed him. In the -uproar and confusion his relatives attacked the thief and caught him. I -ordered them to hand over the thief to the relatives of the deceased, -that they might retaliate on him. - - - "The lines of the face show the thought of your head (?)." - - -On Wednesday, the 12th, 3,000 rupees were handed over to `Azamat -Khan and Mu`taqad Khan, that they might go the next day to the tomb -of Shaikh Ahmad Khattu, and divide it among the fakirs and indigent -people who had taken up their abode there. On Thursday, the 13th, -I went to the lodging of my son Shah Jahan, and held a Mubarak-shamba -entertainment there, and distributed cups among my private servants. I -gave my son the elephant Sundar Mathan, [693] which was superior -to all my private elephants in speed and beauty and pleasant paces, -and competed with horses, and was the first among the elephants, and -one much liked by King Akbar. My son Shah Jahan had a great liking -for him, and frequently asked him of me, and seeing no way out of it -I gave it to him with its gold belongings of chains, etc., together -with a female elephant. A present of 100,000 of darbs was given to -the wakils of `Adil Khan. At this time it was represented [694] to -me that Mukarram Khan, son of Mu`azzam Khan, who was the governor of -Orissa, had conquered the country of Khurda, and that the Raja of that -place had fled and gone into the Rajmahendra. As he was a khana-zad -(houseborn one) and worthy of patronage, I ordered his mansab, original -and increase, to be 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, and honoured him -with drums, a horse, and a dress of honour. Between the province of -Orissa and Golconda there were two zamindars, one the Raja of Khurda -and the second the Raja of Rajmahendra. The province of Khurda has -come into the possession of the servants of the Court. After this it -is the turn of the country of Rajmahendra. My hope in the grace of -Allah is that the feet of my energy may advance farther. At this time -a petition from Qutbu-l-mulk reached my son Shah Jahan to the effect -that as the boundary of his territory had approached that of the King, -and he owed service to this Court, he hoped an order would be issued to -Mukarram Khan not to stretch out his hand, and to acquire possession -of his country. It was a proof of Mukarram's valour and energy that -such a one as Qutbu-l-mulk should be apprehensive about his (Mukarram) -becoming his neighbour. - -On this day Ikram Khan, son of Islam Khan, was appointed faujdar of -Fathpur and its neighbourhood, and presented with a dress of honour -and an elephant; Chandar Sen, the zamindar of Haloz (Halwad?), [695] -was given a dress of honour, a horse, and an elephant. An elephant -was also given to Lachin Qaqshal. At the same time Muzaffar, [696] -son of Mirza Baqi Tarkhan, had the honour of kissing the threshold. His -mother was the daughter of Barha (Bhara), the zamindar of Kachh. When -Mirza Baqi died and the government of Thatta went to Mirza Jani, -Muzaffar was apprehensive of Mirza Jani, and he took refuge with the -aforesaid zamindar. He had remained from his childhood until now in -that country. Now that the fortunate retinue had reached Ahmadabad, he -came and did homage. Though he had been reared among men of the wilds, -and was unfamiliar with civilized ways and ceremonies, yet as his -family had had the relations of service with our exalted dynasty from -the times of Timur [697]--may God make his proof clear!--I considered -it right to patronize him. For the present I gave him 2,000 rupees -for expenses, and a dress of honour. A suitable rank will be given -to him, and perhaps he will show himself efficient as a soldier. - -On Thursday, the 20th, I went to the "Garden of Victory," and -contemplated the red roses. One plot had bloomed well. There are not -many red roses (gul-i-surkh) in this country, so it was pleasant -to see so many here. The anemone [698] bed, too, was not bad, and -the figs had ripened. I gathered some figs with my own hands, and -weighed the largest one. It came to 7 1/2 tolas. On this day there -arrived 1,500 melons from Kariz. The Khan `Alam had sent them as a -present. I gave a thousand of them to the servants in attendance, -and five hundred to the women of the harem. I spent four days in -this garden in enjoyment, and on Monday eve, the 24th, I came to the -city. Some of the melons were given to the Shaikhs of Ahmadabad, and -they were astonished to see how inferior were the Gujarat melons. They -marvelled at the goodness of the Deity. - -On Thursday, the 27th, I held a wine-feast in the Nagina [699] -garden, which is inside the palace grounds, and which one of the -Gujarat Sultans had planted. I made my servants happy with flowing -bowls. A pergola (takhta) of grapes had ripened in this garden, and -I bade those who had been drinking to gather the bunches with their -own hands and partake of them. - -On Monday, the 1st of Isfandarmuz, I left Ahmadabad and marched towards -Malwa. I scattered money on the road till we reached the bank of the -Kankriya tank, where I halted for three days. On Thursday, the 4th, -the presents of Muqarrab Khan were laid before me. There was nothing -rare among them, nor anything that I took a fancy to, and so I felt -ashamed. I gave them to my children to take into the harem. I accepted -jewellery and decorated vessels and cloths to the value of a lakh, -and gave him back the rest. Also about one hundred Kachhi horses were -taken, but there was none of great excellence. - -On Friday, the 5th, I marched 6 kos, and encamped on the bank of -the Ahmadabad River. As my son Shah Jahan was leaving Rustam Khan, -one of his chief servants, in charge of the government of Gujarat, I, -at my son's request, gave him a standard, drums, a dress of honour, -and a decorated dagger. Up till now it had not been the custom in -this dynasty to give to the prince's servants standards or drums. For -instance, H.M. Akbar with all his affection and graciousness to me, -did not decide upon giving to my officers a title or a standard. But -my consideration for this son is so unbounded that I would do anything -to please him, and, in fact, he is an excellent son, and one adorned -with every grace, and in his early youth has accomplished to my -satisfaction, everything that he has set his hand to. - -On this day Muqarrab Khan took leave to go to his home. - -As the shrine of Qutb `Alam, the father of Shah `Alam Bukhari, was in -the village of Batoh, [700] and on my way, I went there and gave 500 -rupees to the guardians. On Saturday, the 6th, I entered a boat on -the Mahmudabad River and went a-fishing. On the bank is the tomb of -Sayyid Mubarak Bukhari. He was one of the leading officers of Gujarat, -and his son Sayyid Miran erected this monument to him. It is a very -lofty cupola, and there is a very strong wall of stone and lime round -it. It must have cost more than two lakhs of rupees. None of the tombs -of the Gujarat Sultans that I saw came up to one-tenth of it. Yet -they were sovereigns, and Sayyid Miran was only a servant. Genius -and the help of God have produced this result. A thousand blessings -on a son who has made such a tomb for his father: [701] - - - "That there may remain a memorial of him upon earth." - - -On Sunday I halted and fished, and caught 400 fish. One of them had -no scales, and is called the sang-mahi, 'the stone-fish.' Its belly -was very large and swollen, so I ordered them to cut it open in my -presence. Inside was a fish with scales which it had recently swallowed -and which had as yet undergone no change. I told them to weigh both -fish. The stone-fish came to 6 1/2 seers and the other to nearly 2. - -On Monday, the 8th, I marched 4 1/4 kos, and encamped in the village -of Moda (Mahaondat). The inhabitants praised the rainy season of -Gujarat. It happened that on the previous night and on this day before -breakfast some rain fell, and the dust was laid. As this is a sandy -country, it is certain that there would not be any dust in the rainy -season, nor would there be any mud. The fields would be green and -cheerful. At any rate, a specimen of the rainy season has been seen -by me. On Tuesday I marched 5 1/2 kos, and halted at the village of -Jarsima (Jarisama). [702] - -At this stage news came that Man Singh Sewra had surrendered his -soul to the lords of hell. The account of this in brief is that -the Sewras [703] are a tribe of infidel Hindus who always go with -their head and feet bare. One set of them root out their hair, their -beards, and moustaches, while another set shave them. They do not -wear sewn garments, and their central principle is that no living -creature should be injured. The Banyans regard them as their pirs -and teachers, and even worship them. There are two sects of Sewras, -one called Pata (Tapa) and the other Kanthal (Kartal). Man Singh was -the head of the latter, and Bal Chand the head of the Patas. [704] -Both of them used to attend upon H.M. Akbar. When he died and Khusrau -fled and I pursued him, Ray Singh Bhurtiya, zamindar of Bikanir, -who had been made an Amir by Akbar's kindness, asked Man Singh what -would be the duration of my reign and the chances of my success. That -black-tongued fellow, who pretended to be skilled in astrology and -the extraction of judgments, said to him that my reign would, at most, -last for two years. The doting old idiot (Ray Singh) relied upon this, -and went off without leave to his home. Afterwards, when the glorious -God chose out this suppliant and I returned victorious to the capital, -he came, ashamed and downcast, to Court. What happened to him in the -end has been told in its proper place. [705] In fine, Man Singh, in -the course of three or four months, was struck with leprosy (juzam), -and his limbs fell off him till he was in such a state that death -was by many degrees preferable to life. He was living at Bikanir, -and now I remembered him and sent for him. On the road he, out of -excessive fear, took poison, and surrendered his soul to the lords -of hell. So long as the intentions of this suppliant at God's courts -are just and right, it is sure that whoever devises evil against me -will receive retribution according to his merits. - -The sect of the Sewras exists in most of the cities of India, but is -especially numerous in Gujarat. As the Banyans are the chief traders -there, consequently the Sewras also are plentiful. Besides making -idol-temples for them, they have built houses for them to dwell in -and to worship in. In fact, these houses are the headquarters of -sedition. The Banyans send their wives and daughters to the Sewras, -who have no shame or modesty. All kinds of strife and audacity are -perpetrated by them. I therefore ordered that the Sewras should be -expelled, and I circulated farmans to the effect that wherever there -were Sewras in my empire they should be turned out. - -On Wednesday, the 10th, I went out to hunt, and shot two nilgaw, -one male and one female. On this day the son of Dilawar Khan came -from Pattan, which was his father's fief, and paid his respects. He -presented a Kachhi horse. It was a very handsome animal, and pleasant -to ride. Till I came to Gujarat no one had presented me with so fine -a horse. Its value was 1,000 rupees. - -On Thursday, the 11th, I had a wine party on the bank of the tank, -and bestowed many favours on those servants who had been appointed to -the province, and then dismissed them. Among the promotions was that -of Shaja`at Khan, the Arab, to the rank of 2,500 personal and 2,000 -horse. I also gave him drums, a horse, and a robe of honour. Himmat -Khan was raised to the rank of 1,500 with 800 horse, and had a -robe of honour and an elephant. Kifayat Khan, who was made Diwan of -the province, received the rank of 1,200 with 300 horse. Safi Khan -bakhshi received a horse and a robe of honour. Khwaja `Aqil had the -rank of 1,500 with 650 horse, and was made bakhshi of the Ahadis, -and had the title of `Aqil Khan. Thirty thousand darbs were given to -the wakil of Qutbu-l-Mulk, who had brought the tribute. - -On this day my son Shah Jahan presented pomegranates and quinces -that had been sent to him from Farah. I had never seen such large -ones, and I ordered them to be weighed. The quince weighed 29 tolas -9 mashas and the pomegranate 40 1/2 tolas. On Friday, the 12th, I -went a-hunting and shot two nilgaw, a male and a female. On Saturday, -the 13th, I shot three nilgaw, two males and one female. On Sunday, -the 14th, I gave Shaikh Isma`il, the son of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus, a -robe of honour and 500 rupees. On Monday, the 15th, I went a-hunting -and shot two female nilgaw. On Tuesday, the 16th, I again presented -the Shaikhs of Gujarat, who were in attendance, with robes of honour -and maintenance-lands. To each of them I gave a book from my special -library, such as the Tafsir-i-kashshaf, [706] the Tafsir-i-Husaini, -[707] and the Rauzatu-l-ahbab. [708] I wrote on the back of the -books the day of my arrival in Gujarat and the day of presentation -of the books. - -At the time that Ahmadabad was adorned by the setting up of the -royal standards my employment by day and by night was the seeing of -necessitous persons and the bestowing on them of money and land. I -directed Shaikh Ahmad the Sadr and some other tactful servants to -bring before me dervishes and other needy persons. I also directed the -sons of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus, the grandson of Shaikh Wajihu-d-din, -and other leading Shaikhs to produce whatever persons they believed -to be in want. Similarly I appointed some women to do the same thing -in the harem. My sole endeavour was that as I a king had come to this -country after many years, no single person should be excluded. God is -my witness that I did not fall short in this task, and that I never -took any rest from this duty. Although I have not been delighted with -my visit to Ahmadabad, yet I have this satisfaction--that my coming -has been the cause of benefit to a large number of poor people. - -On Tuesday, the 16th, they caught Kaukab, the son of Qamar Khan. He had -in Burhanpur put on a faqir's dress and gone off into the wilds. The -brief account of his case is this:--He was the grandson of Mir -`Abdu-l-Latif, who was one of the Saifi Sayyids and was attached to -this Court. Kaukab had been appointed to the Deccan army, and had -spent some days with it in poverty and wretchedness. When for a long -time he did not get promotion he suspected that I was unfavourable -to him, and foolishly took the dress of asceticism and went off to -the wilderness. In the course of six months he traversed the whole -of the Deccan, including Daulatabad, Bidar, Bijapur, the Carnatic, -and Golconda, and came to the port of Dabul. [709] From there he came -by ship to the port of Goga, and after visiting the ports of Surat, -Broach, etc., he reached Ahmadabad. At this time Zahid, a servant -of Shah Jahan, arrested him and brought him to Court. I ordered them -to bring him before me heavily bound. When I saw him I said to him, -"Considering the obligations of service of your father and grandfather, -and your position as a houseborn one, why have you behaved in such an -inauspicious manner?" He replied that he could not tell a lie in the -presence of his qibla and real teacher, and that the truth was that -he had hoped for favours, but as he was unlucky he had left outward -ties and gone into the wilderness of exile. As his words bore the -marks of truth they made an impression on me, and I abandoned my -harsh tone and asked him if in his misfortunes he had waited upon -`Adil Khan, or Qutbu-l-Mulk, or `Ambar. He replied that though he -had been unsuccessful at this Court and had remained thirsty in -this boundless ocean of beneficence, he had never--God forbid that -he should--approached with his lips other fountains. Might his head -be cut off if it had bowed at this Court and then lowered itself at -another! From the time that he went into exile he had kept a diary -showing what he had done, and by examining it it would be seen how he -had conducted himself. These words of his increased my compassion for -him, and I sent for his papers and read them. It appeared from them -that he had encountered great hardship, and that he had spent much -time on foot, and that he had suffered from want of food. On this -account I felt kindly disposed towards him. Next day I sent for him -and ordered them to remove the bonds from his arms and legs, and gave -him a robe of honour, a horse, and 1,000 rupees for his expenses. I -also increased his rank by one half, and showed him such kindness as -he never had imagined. He repeated this verse-- - - - "What I see, is it, O God, waking or in a trance? - Do I behold myself in such comfort after such torture?" - - -On Wednesday, the 17th, I marched 6 kos and halted at the village of -Barasinor (Balasinor). It has already been mentioned that the plague -had appeared in Kashmir. On this day a report of the chronicler of -events arrived, stating that the plague had taken firm hold of the -country and that many had died. The symptoms were that the first day -there was headache and fever and much bleeding at the nose. On the -second day the patient died. In the house where one person died all -the inmates were carried off. Whoever went near the sick person or a -dead body was affected in the same way. In one instance the dead body -was thrown on the grass, and it chanced that a cow came and ate some -of the grass. It died, and some dogs that had eaten its flesh also all -died. Things had come to such a pass that from fear of death fathers -would not approach their children, and children would not go near their -fathers. A strange thing was that in the ward in which the disease -began, a fire broke out and nearly 3,000 houses were burnt. During -the height of the plague, one morning when the people of the city and -environs got up, they saw circles on their doors. There were three -large circles, and on the face of these (i.e. inside them) there were -two circles of middle size and one small one. There were also other -circles which did not contain any whiteness [710] (i.e. there were no -inner circles). These figures were found on all the houses and even on -the mosques. From the day when the fire took place and these circles -appeared, they say there was a diminution of the plague. This has been -recorded as it seems a strange affair. It certainly does not agree -with the canons of reason, and my intellect cannot accept it. Wisdom -is with God! I trust that the Almighty will have mercy on his sinful -slaves, and that they will be altogether freed from such calamity. - -On Thursday, the 18th, I marched 2 1/2 kos and halted on the bank of -the Mahi. On this day the Jam zamindar [711] had the good fortune to -kiss the ground. He presented 50 horses, 100 muhrs, and 100 rupees. His -name is Jassa, and Jam is his title. Whoever succeeds is called Jam. He -is one of the chief zamindars of Gujarat, and, indeed, he is one of -the noted rajas of India. His country is close to the sea. He always -maintains 5,000 or 6,000 horse, and in time of war can supply as many -as 10,000 or 12,000. There are many horses in his country; Kachhi -horses fetch as much as 2,000 rupees. I gave him a dress of honour. - -On the same day Lachmi Narayan, Raja of Kuch (Bihar), which adjoins -Bengal, did homage and presented 500 muhrs. He received a dress of -honour and an ornamented dagger. - -Nawazish Khan, son of Sa`id Khan, who had been appointed to Junagarh, -had the good fortune to pay his respects. On Friday, the 19th, I -halted, and on Saturday, the 20th, I marched 3 3/4 kos and halted -at the tank of Jhanud. On Sunday I marched 4 1/2 kos and halted at -the tank of Badarwala. On this day there came the news of the death -of `Azamat Khan Gujarati. On account of illness he had remained in -Ahmadabad. He was a servant who knew one's disposition, and did good -work. As he had thorough knowledge of the Deccan and Gujarat, I was -grieved at his death. In the tank above mentioned I noticed a plant -which at the approach of the finger or the end of a stick contracts -its leaves. After a while it opens them out again. Its leaves resemble -those of the tamarind, and it is called in Arabic Shajaru-l-haya, -'the plant of modesty.' In Hindi it is called Lajvanti. Laj means -modesty. It is certainly not void of strangeness. They also call it -naghzak, and say that it also grows on dry land. - -On Monday, the 22nd, I halted. My scouts reported that there was a -tiger in the neighbourhood which vexed wayfarers, and in the forest -where it was they had seen a skull and some bones lying. After midday -I went out to shoot it, and killed it with one discharge. Though it -was a large tiger, I had killed several that were larger. Among them -was a tiger which I killed in the fort of Mandu, and which was 8 1/2 -maunds. This one weighed 7 1/2 maunds, or 1 maund less. - -On Tuesday, the 23rd, I marched over 3 1/2 kos and alighted on -the bank of the River Bayab. [712] On Wednesday I marched nearly 6 -kos and halted at the tank of Hamda. [713] On Thursday I ordered a -halt and had a wine party, and gave cups to my special servants. I -promoted Nawazish Khan to the rank of 3,000 with 2,000 horse, which -was an increase of 500 personal, and gave him a robe of honour and an -elephant, and allowed him to go to his fief. Muhammad Husain Sabzak, -[714] who had been sent to Balkh to buy horses, came to Court to-day -and paid his respects. Of the horses he brought, one was piebald -and was of fine shape and colour. I had never seen a piebald horse -of this colour before. He had also brought other good roadsters. I -therefore gave him the title of Tijarati Khan. - -On Friday, the 26th, I marched 5 1/4 kos and halted at the village of -Jalod. [715] Raja Lachmi Narayan, the paternal uncle of the Raja of -Kuch, to whom I had now given the territory of Kuch, was presented -with a horse. On Saturday I marched 3 kos and halted at Boda. [716] -On Sunday I marched 5 kos and set up the royal standards at Dohad. It -is on the borders of Malwa and Gujarat. - -Pahluwan Baha'u-d-din, the musketeer, brought a young monkey (langur) -with a goat, and represented that on the road one of his marksmen had -seen the female langur with a young one in its arms on a tree. The -cruel man had shot the mother, which on being struck had left the -young one on a branch, and had herself dropped on the ground and -died. Pahluwan Baha'u-d-din had then come up and taken down the young -one, and had put it beside the goat to be suckled. God had inspired -the goat with affection for it, and it began to lick the monkey and to -fondle it. In spite of difference of species she showed such love as -if it had come out of her own womb. I told them to separate them, but -the goat immediately began to lament, and the young langur also became -much distressed. The affection of the monkey is not so remarkable, -as it wanted to get milk, but the affection of the goat for it is -remarkable. The langur is an animal belonging to the monkey tribe. But -the hair of the monkey (maimun) is yellowish and its face is red, -while the hair of the langur is white and its face is black. Its tail, -too, is twice as long as the maimun's. I have written these things on -account of their strangeness. On Monday, the 29th, I halted and went -to hunt nilgaw. I shot two, one male and one female. On Tuesday also, -the 30th, I halted. - - - - End of the twelfth year of the Emperor's reign, - in the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri. - - - - - - - - -ERRATA AND ADDENDA. - - -Page 15, line 7 from foot. The figure 1 should be placed at -Sultanu-n-nisa Begam. - -p. 24, l. 5. For my read his. With reference to n. 2, p. 120, l. 13, -shows that the father meant is Shahrukh. - -p. 34, l. 2 of verse. Solomon's greatness depended on the possession -of a ring. When that was lost his power departed. See the story -of its loss and recovery in Mir Khwand (Rehatsek's translation, -pt. i, 100). Probably then the line should be rendered 'Call him the -ring-wearing Solomon.' - -p. 38, near foot. The words 'the news,' etc., are not a verse, and -Nazar-jivi should be Nazar Chuli, i.e. the Nazar who accompanied -Humayun through the desert (chul). See Akbar-nama translation, i, -657, n. 3. - -p. 39, l. 2. For near Lahore read a dependency of Lahore. Kalanur is -the Kalanaur of the maps, and is 15 miles west of Gurdaspur (I.G., -new ed., xiv, 297). - -p. 43, note. For lithograph read text. - -p. 46, l. 8. For Mirza read Miran. - -p. 50, l. 1, and note 1. I.O. MSS. seem to have Tanam Bahadur. The -reference to Ma'asiru-l-umara is ii, 140. The name of Muzaffar -Gujarati's son was Bahadur. - -p. 54, n. 1. For Price, p. 6 read Price, p. 68. The Iqbal-nama and -Khulasatu-t-tawarikh say he was put in charge of Ihtimam Kotwal. - -p. 58, n. 2. It is Nilera in I.O. MS. No. 181. - -p. 60, l. 6. The meaning is that `Abidin was the son of `Abdu-llah -Khan's spiritual adviser. `Abidin is called `Abidi in Akbar-nama, -iii, 832. He came to India in 1013 (1604-5), and Akbar gave him the -rank of 1,000 and 500 horse (iii, 834). - -p. 65, l. 11. For know read knew. - -p. 66, l. 7. The MSS. seem to have Jaihal. - -p. 66, last line. Kilin means 'daughter-in-law' in Turki. Perhaps -Kilan here is a synonym for 'son-in-law.' - -p. 67, l. 8. The words 'which in Hindustani is called balli' are not in -the I.O. MSS. I do not know the word balli as meaning a pole. Perhaps -it is a mistake for laggi. - -p. 76, l. 3 from foot. Omit the words 'who is one of the khanazadas -of the State.' - -p. 79, l. 6. For and cash read in cash. - -p. 81, n. 1. Delete question mark and the words 'near -Multan.' Nandanpur, i.e. Nandana (I.G., xviii, 349), and Girjhak -are in the Jhelam district. The Ram Das garden was some place near -Lahore, where Jahangir took up his residence on the way to the -hunting-ground. He spent 3 1/2 months in hunting. - -p. 84, l. 19. For `Abdu-r-Rahim, read `Abdu-r-Rahman. - -p. 87, l. 21. Firishta in his account of Babar says the Daulat Khan of -that time was descended from the Daulat Khan who in 816 A.H. (1413-14) -was Sultan of Delhi. See Elliot, iv, 45. - -p. 90, l. 4 from foot. Jahangirpur is mentioned in account of 15th -year, p. 317, last line (text). It is the Shekhopura of the maps, -and is 22 miles from Hafizabad and 18 miles west of Lahore. It was -called Shaikhupura in allusion to Jahangir's pet name of Shaikhu Baba, -and also in honour of Shaikh Salim. See Khulasa T. in account of -Jahangir's reign. The I.G., xxii, 270, wrongly ascribes its origin to -Dara Shukuh. Mulla Husain Kashmiri, mentioned on p. 91, died in 1037 -(1627-8), Rieu, ii, 7756. The minaret is still standing. See Eastwick's -"Panjab Handbook," 200. Instead of 'the gravestone in the shape of an -antelope' we should render, I think, 'a stone tomb with the figure -of an antelope (engraved upon it).' The I. O. MSS. have Marraj as -the name of the antelope. Perhaps we should read Manoraj 'mind's lord.' - -p. 99, l. 3 from foot. I. O. MSS, have bahur b-hUr as the name of -the net. - -p. 109, n. 1. Delete note. The rang is the ibex. - -p. 110, n. 1. See J.A.S.B. for February, 1908, p. 39. - -p. 117. The Iqbal-nama mentions in connection with the story of the -mummified saint that many Sabzawar saints lived in Bamiyan. See also -Kamgar Husaini. - -p. 120, l. 1. Delete word 'Georgians.' I. O. MS. No. 181 has ghurja. - -p. 122, l. 10. Insert 'and' after 'sheep.' - -p. 125, l. 13. For garden read gardens. - -p. 133, l. 4. For £ read rupees. - -p. 134, l. 15. For he died on the 29th read he died in his ninth decade -(i.e. between 80 and 90). The Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 143, says he was -82 when he died. - -p. 134, l. 13 from foot. Instead of 'he went off alone' the MSS. have -'carrying off his life' (i.e. escaping) with difficulty. - -p. 136, n. 1. The opinion expressed in this note is proved to be wrong -by General Cunningham's Report, Arch. S., xiv, p. 58. The tombs are -those of a musician and his pupil. - -p. 140, l. 8. Delete Sylvia olivacea. - -p. 143, l. 7. Apparently there were twelve balls, or at least objects, -ten being as large as an orange, another being a citron, and the -twelfth a surkh. So instead of 'one to a citron' we should read, -perhaps, 'a citron and a surkh.' - -p. 143, l. 3 from foot. For Ilf read Alf. - -p. 147, l. 4 from foot. Delete the word 'Egyptian' and also n. 1. It -appears from the Ghiyasu-l-loghat that a Qutbi ruby is a broad ruby -suitable for a ring (signet?). - -p. 153, l. 13 from foot. For Hamazani read Hamadani. - -p. 156. According to Terry, Jahandar was called Sultan Takht because -born when Jahangir first sat on his throne. - -p. 158, l. 9. Perhaps Yuzi = Yuz-bashi, i.e. centurion. But I. O. 181 -has not the word, only saying 'Shah Beg Khan,' and No. 305 has Shah -Beg Khan Buri(?). - -p. 158, l. 10. The passage is wrongly translated. No elephant -was presented to Salamu-llah. The sentence should end on -l. 9 after the word 'panther-keeper,' which word is probably a -mistranslation. Then this new sentence should come, i.e. 'Salamu-llah -`Arab, who is a young man of a distinguished Arabian family (kih az -jawanan-i-qarar-dada-i-`Arab ast) and related to Mubarak, the governor -of Dizful, came to wait upon me on account of his being suspicious -of the designs of Shah `Abbas (against himself).' 'I patronized him,' -etc. (as on p. 158). - -p. 158, n. 3, and p. 162, n. 1. Both notes are wrong. The place meant -by Jahangir is Dizful, a town in the Khuzistan province of Persia, -and Juyza is evidently a copyist's error for Khuz or Khuza, another -name for Khuzistan. Dizful is an ancient name, and according to Yaqut, -Barbier de Meynard's translation, p. 231, the proper spelling is -Dizpul, i.e. 'the Bridge of the Citadel,' the town being named after -a famous bridge built over the river. For Khuz see B. de Meynard, 216. - -p. 160, l. 12 from foot. Qabulah was a town in the Bet Jalandhar Du'ab. - -p. 163, l. 9. It is 2,000 rupees in I. O. MSS. - -p. 163, l. 12. It is not Qacha Dakhani in I. O. MSS., but I am not -sure what the clause, as given by them, means. No. 181 seems to have -bafatahaigi for 'assistance' (?). Two B. M. MSS. have apparently -bafatahai kapi, but Add. 26,215 has the Arabic ha, while Or. 3276 -has the ordinary h, so that the words possibly mean 'the young of -the monkey' (kapi). - -p. 166, l. 2. Husamu-d-din was married to Abu-l-fazl's sister, -Blochmann, 441. - -p. 167, l. 16. The word rojh in brackets is wrong. The MSS. have -qara-quyragh and qara-quyragh. P. de Courteille gives quyrugh as -meaning a tail, so perhaps qara-quyrugh means a black-tailed sheep -or deer. See p. 129, l. 17, where the qara-quyrugh is said to be -the chikara. - -p. 168, last line. The MSS. has habs-i-mazid, which does not -necessarily mean imprisonment for life. - -p. 170, n. 2. For Akbar's wives read Jahangir's wives. - -p. 172, l. 21 seq. Is this the story referred to by Hawkins (Purchas), -about Muqarrab having taken a Banian's daughter? - -p. 177, note. For one-third of an inch read one and a third inches. - -p. 183, l. 8. This is the annular eclipse entered in Dr. R. Schramm's -Tables, Sewell's Indian Calendar, as having occurred on 5th December, -1610, which corresponds to 28th Ramazan, 1019. - -p. 185, n. 3. Persian text, p. 309, l. 11, has the phrase majra -girifta atash dadand, 'took aim and fired' (a cannon). - -p. 188, l. 7 from foot. For Naziri, see Rieu, ii, 807b, and Blochmann, -579. He died in 1622 (1613). - -p. 191, l. 10. For dhik (?) read dhik, i.e. adjutant bird. - -p. 191, l. 8. Patal means 'red' or 'rose-coloured' in Sanskrit. Query -'red deer.' - -p. 192, l. 2. Add year 1020. - -p. 195, last line. The passage is rather obscure, but the meaning -seems to be that though formalities are not regarded by the wise, -yet weak persons (qawasir, which apparently is a plural of qasir), -regard externals as the means of paying the dues of friendship (and -so we must attend to them). Hence when at this auspicious time a -province which had gone out of my (`Abbas's) possession has been -settled by the exertions of angelic servants in accordance with -the hopes of well-wishers, I (`Abbas) have returned to the capital, -and have despatched Kamalu-d-din, etc. - -p. 197, l. 7. For Khankhanan read Khan. - -p. 197, l. 12. The I.O. MSS. have a different reading here. They say -nothing about three ratis. What they say is, "At this time I had made -some increase in the amounts of weights and measures. For instance, -I added one-fourth (siwa'i) to the weight of the muhrs and rupees." The -sih rati of text is a mistake for siwa'i. - -p. 197, l. 12 from foot. I.O. MSS. have 'Sunday in Safar,' but they -wrongly have 1022. - -p. 197, l. 9 from foot. Both I.O. MSS. have 'Neknahar' instead of -'in the interior.' - -p. 198, l. 11. Or Lohgar. - -p. 205, l. 14. I do not think that the translation 'should not force -Islam on anyone,' or the version in Elliot, vi, 325, 'Not to forcibly -impose Musulman burdens on anyone,' gives the full force of the -words taklif-i-Musalmani bar kasi nakunand. I think the reference -clearly is to circumcision, and that the words taklif-i-Musalmani -should be rendered 'the Muhammadan ceremonial.' This explains why the -injunction comes in immediately after the prohibitions against blinding -and mutilation. It has been said, and I believe with truth, that the -members of the Delhi royal family never were circumcised. Probably one -reason for this was that in many instances they had Hindu mothers. As -pointed out in Elliot, the passage is omitted in the Iqbal-nama. It -also does not occur in the version given in `Ali Muhammad's "History -of Gujarat," vol. i, p. 200 of lithograph. - -p. 214, verse. For red read a river. - -p. 216. See picture of a turkey in Havell's "Indian Sculpture," -pp. 214-15. - -p. 218, l. 10 from foot. About Shapur see Ma'asiru-l-umara, i, 180. - -p. 224, n. 1. For infra read supra, pp. 27 and 30, note. - -p. 229, ll. 9 and 14. For Patna read Tatta. - -p. 229, note. For brother read brother's son. - -p. 231, l. 14 from foot. For Nihalpur substitute Thalner as in the -MSS. The news of the death seems to have reached Agra very quickly. - -p. 232, l. 1. Insert the word 'and' before 'allowed.' - -p. 234, l. 2 from foot. The word translated 'cranes' is karwanak, -and probably means 'a little crane.' In Blochmann, 63, karwanak is -rendered by 'stone-curlew.' - -p. 234, l. 5 from foot. The word seems to be kunjishk, 'sparrow,' -in the MSS., but probably it should be kunjak, 'a curiosity, a rarity.' - -p. 235, l. 2. It is Thursday, the 28th, in the MSS., and instead of -'night' we should read 'eve.' The English date corresponding to 28th -Muharram is 10th March, 1613. - -p. 237, l. 8. It is 1,000 in the MSS., and this is probably correct, -though B.M. MS. 1645 has changed the word for 1,000 into one for -100. The ordinary kaukab-i-tali` was 100 tolas in weight, see -p. 11. At p. 406 two kaukab-i-tali's are mentioned of 500 tolas -each. It is a mistake, I think, to regard the word muhr as always -implying gold. The ordinary kaukab-i-tali` was of silver, and these -large muhrs were no doubt also of silver. The note 1 to Elliott, vi, -355, is probably incorrect. - -p. 237, l. 10. 'The feast went off well,' etc. The passage is obscure, -but probably the translation should be 'There was a splendid assemblage -(majis shigufta gasht), and after it was over I ordered that they -should arrange an illumination.' The words in text, p. 116, l. 3, are -hukm kardam kih asbab u ayin bar kunand. The MSS. have asbab-i-ayin -ra. No. 181 seems to have baz kunand, and so has B.M. MS. 1645, but -No. 305 has bar kunand, as in text. It may be that the meaning is that -Jahangir told the servants they might appropriate the decorations, -but I rather think the order was to make an illumination. It may also -simply mean that he ordered the decorations to be taken down. Baz -kunand ordinarily means 'to open out,' bar kunand 'to load.' - -p. 237, l. 12. Delete 'the' before Muqarrab. - -p. 237, note. I.O. MSS. seem to have zarin, 'golden'(?). - -p. 241, l. 5 from foot. I.G., new ed., xvii, 309, speaks of a handsome -mosque in Mairtha having been founded by Akbar, but probably it is -this one of Shaikh Pir. Perhaps Shaikh Pir is the old beggar referred -to in Roe's Journal. - -p. 247, l. 5 from foot. For chakri read jhakkar. It was not necessarily -a dust-storm. - -p. 250, l. 6. The MSS. have Rup instead of Rawal, and so has Elliot, -vi, 335. They have 'hill country of Mewat,' as in text. They have -Chitor, and not Jaipur, as in Elliot, and they make (by error) -Jahangir speak of the year as the 10th, instead of the 8th. Instead -of 'have' at l. 12 we should read 'had,' and instead of 'from the -Rawal who was first known as Rawal,' they have, as also has Elliot, -'Rahab, who was the first to take the title of Rana.' Rahab is the -Rahup of Tod, who says he came to the throne in 1201 A.D. - -p. 253, ll. 10 and 11. I cannot find the word pulta-bazi. My friend, -Mr. Irvine, suggests that we should read patta bazi. Patta means a -'foil,' or 'wooden sword,' and patta baz is given in Forbes as meaning -a 'fencer.' Paltha marna occurs in Forbes as meaning a 'peculiar -posture.' The yaganagi of l. 11 should be yakangagi, meaning 'one -body,' or 'one limb,' and corresponds to the yakhath of Blochmann, -252, both phrases meaning apparently 'that the fencer fights with -one hand,' that is, 'without using a shield.' - -p. 260, l. 8. This I`tiqad is the father of Mumtaz-mahall, the wife -of Shah Jahan. He now became Asaf Khan, and apparently the title of -I`tiqad was transferred to his younger brother (or cousin?) Shahpur, -who was afterwards governor of Kashmir. See Ma'asir, i, 180. The -two previous Asaf Khans of the family are Ghiyasu-d-din of Qazwin -(Blochmann, 433), and Mirza Ja`far Beg, who was Ghiyasu-d-din's -nephew. The father of Nur-Jahan was Ghiyas Beg of Tihran (Blochmann, -508). Blochmann, in his Table, 512, has not mentioned Shahpur, -i.e. the I`tiqad who became governor of Kashmir. - -p. 261, l. 17 from foot. For mother read mothers (i.e. stepmothers). - -p. 261, l. 10 from foot. For nephews read nephew. - -p. 278, l. 13. For named read namad, and it should be in italics. - -p. 281, l. 2. The permission to beat his drums is explained by the -Iqbal-nama, p. 79, where it is said that he was permitted to beat -his drums in the capital, dar pay-i-takht. - -p. 281, l. 6 from foot. This eclipse is noted in Dr. Schram's Tables -as occurring on 19th March, 1615. - -p. 282, l. 10 from foot. Delete word 'Egyptian.' - -p. 286, l. 6. For Frank read Venetian. Kar-i-Wanadik, as in MSS. - -p. 288, l. 5. Chatur, instead of Tahayyur, in No. 305, and Bakhtar -(?) in No. 181. - -p. 293. According to the Iqbal-nama, 80, Kunwar Karan, son of Rana -Amar Singh, became an officer of Jahangir, receiving the rank of 5,000 -personal and horse. He was the first of the direct royal line of his -family to accept office. - -p. 293, l. 2 from foot. No. 181 has 102 horses. - -p. 294, n. 2. No. 181 has Rasht. - -p. 300, l. 18. According to Vullers' Dict., i, 482, a tulcha is 96 -grains or about half a tola. The Ghiyasu-l-loghat, however, says that -tulcha is merely the Persian form of the Hindustani tula. According to -the Burhan-i-qati' a tola is only 2 1/2 masha in Upper India. Generally -it is reckoned as 12 masha. According to Sir Thomas Roe 2 1/2 tolas -were equal to 1 ounce. - -p. 317, MS. No. 181 has A.H. date 1025. - -p. 321, l. 11. For several bits read some marten skins. See Tuzuk text, -p. 308, l. 3 from foot, and Vullers' Dict, ii, 6. The MS. No. 181 -has sad dana-i-kish, 'one hundred marten skins.' - -p. 321, l. 13 from foot. For transit dues read for keeping open the -Pass (rah-dari). - -p. 321, n. 2. The words in I.O. MSS. seem to be igana begana, which -is perhaps a mere jingle on the word afghana, but may mean 'known, -unknown.' Jahangir puns on the name Qadam, which means 'a foot, -a pace.' The words occur again at p. 323. - -p. 322, last line. Probably `aqiri is, or is derived from, `aqar, which -means a bird whose feathers were used for ornamentation. According -to P. de Courteille, Turki Dict., 384, `aqar is a heron. - -p. 328, l. 13 from foot. For Shah Shaja`at read Shah Shuja`. He was -Shah Jahan's second son, and was born at Ajmir on the eve of Sunday, -and on 11th Tir. Apparently this corresponds to 24th June, 1616, -which is the date of birth mentioned by Sir Thomas Roe. Beale's date -of 12th May is wrong. - -p. 332, l. 6 from foot. Here the word tulcha is used again, and -apparently as meaning the same thing as tola; 6,514 tulchas or tolas -would be about 82 sirs, or over 2 maunds and about 12 stone. Next year -Sir Thomas Roe saw Jahangir weighed, and he understood that his weight -was 9,000 rupees. If so, his weight would appear to have considerably -increased during the twelve months. Perhaps we should read 8,514, -instead of 6,514 tulchas. Hasht (8) and shash (6) are often confounded. - -p. 341, l. 8 from foot. For times read days, the word ruz (days) -having been omitted from the text. - -p. 344, n. 1. Apparently we should read Toda. The difference between -it and Nauda is, in Persian writing, only one dot. Toda is mentioned -by Roe as the place where he overtook Jahangir, and the stages given -by him come to 21 kos, counting from Ramsar, and this agrees very -nearly with Jahangir's stages from the same place. - -p. 351, l. 15 from foot. The MS. No. 181 has the word gaz twice, -and makes the pahna'i, or width, 175 1/2 gaz (yards). - -p. 351, last line. For Bulghari read Pulkhari. - -p. 352, l. 1. Delete the words 'of Tir.' The month was Bahman, -corresponding to January-February, 1617, and 23rd Bahman would be -about 1st February. In Sayyid Ahmad's edition the word Tir is a -mistake for niz, 'also,' the meaning being that the 23rd was a halt -as well as the 22nd. - -p. 353, l. 2. Ghaznin Khan is mentioned by Finch under the name of -Gidney Khan, and he is said to have been originally a Hindu. But this -seems doubtful, as his father's name is given in the Mir'at-i-Ahmadi -as Malik Khanji Afghan. See also Bayley's "Gujarat," p. 15. Jalor is -now in Jodhpur. It is described by Finch. - -p. 353, l. 2. This seems to be the case of matricide mentioned in -Terry's "Voyage," p. 362, of ed. of 1777. His statement that it -occurred at Ahmadabad is presumably an oversight. Terry says the -matricide was put to death by being bitten by two snakes. See also -Irvine's "Manucci," iv, 422. Apparently the punishment recorded by -Jahangir took place on the 4th February, for Sir Thomas Roe mentions -that they reached Kaliyadaha, the next stage, on 6th February. The bi -in biyasa should be deleted. Jalaur, or Jalor, is in Jodhpur (I.G., -xiv, 29). It used to be in Ajmir. It is not quite clear if Terry was -with Roe at Kaliyadaha, but if not he was with him at Ujjain. The -execution may have taken place there. - -p. 355, l. 16. For 'from the city of Ujjain,' etc., read 'to a rural -spot near the city of Ujjain.' - -p. 360, l. 22. For 128 1/4 cubits read 28 1/4 cubits. I.O. MS. 181 -has 28 1/4 yards. The printed text of Sayyid Ahmad has 128 1/4 cubits. - -p. 362, l. 8 from foot. Delete (Balchha?). - -p. 373, l. 11 seq. This I`tiqad was the younger brother or perhaps -cousin of Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur-Jahan. He was also known as -Shahpur. See Ma'asiru-l-umara, i, 180. - -p. 375, n. 2. Read two diamonds. - -p. 406, n. 3. Dikhtan or Daikhtan seems right. It is so in both the -I.O. MSS. - -p. 406, l. 11 from foot. These muhrs were probably of silver, and were -called muhrs because they were medals rather than coins. Dr. Kehr -has given an account of a large muhr which is now apparently in -Dresden. See also Richardson's Dict., article Sikka. - -p. 407, l. 4. This is Juna Khan, son of Ghiyasu-d-din Tughluq. He -ascended the throne in 1325 under the title of Muhammad bin Tughluq. - -p. 407, l. 15. This is the prince known as Nasiru-d-din. He ascended -the throne as Muhammad bin Firuz in 1387, and again in 1390. - -p. 413, ll. 11 and 3 from foot. I.O. MSS. show that Sar-faraz should -be Sarafraz; apparently his present was 'seven bullock-carts' (haft -ras gaw bahal) and not two bullocks. - -p. 417, n. 2. Cancel note. Narangsar seems right. - -p. 417, l. 2 from foot. The words are dah bist wazn muhr u rupiya -ma`mul. Elliot, p. 354, renders this 'ten and twenty times heavier -than the current gold muhr and rupee.' - -p. 418, l. 10. See n. 2 in Elliot, vi, 355. Apparently Jahangir -means that he was the first person to coin double muhrs and double -rupees. There is an account of tankas in the Bahar-i-`Ajam, 261, -col 2, p. 421, n. 2. But it is 27 in I.O. MSS. 113, p. 423, l. 14. A -tassu is more than a finger-breadth, it is the 1/24 of a gaz or yard, -and should be about 1 1/3 inches. - -p. 437. I am indebted to my friend Dr. Hoernle for the explanation -of the names of the two sects of Sewras. They should be Tapa and -Kharatara. Man Singh's name in religion was Jin-simha. See Epigraphia -Indica, i, 37, and Ind. Antiquary, xi, 250. Man Singh died at Mairtha -(in Jodhpur) according to the Jain books, in the beginning of 1618. The -head of the Tapa sect in Jahangir's time was Vijayasena. There is an -elaborate paper on the Jains of Gujarat and Marwar by Colonel Miles -in the Transactions R.A.S., iii, pp. 335-71. - -p. 442, l. 8. There is no previous reference to the outbreak of plague -in Kashmir, though there is one to its occurrence in the Panjab. There -is an interesting account of the plague in Khafi Khan, i, 286-8, -in which the description is carried down to the time of Aurangzib. - - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] It is owing to the crabbed writing of Price's MS. that at p. 21 -Jahangir is made to say that the Prince of Kashmir belonged to the -society of Jogis. The real statement is that the prince belonged to -the Chak family. - -[2] A translation was begun by the Rev. Mr. Lowe for the Asiatic -Society of Bengal, but only one fasciculus was published. This was -in 1889. - -[3] That is, he was 37 years 3 months by the lunar calendar, and -36 years 1 month by solar reckoning (Padshahnama, i, 69). Elliot -and all the MSS. have 8th Jumada-s-sani as the date of the -accession, but this is clearly wrong, as Akbar did not die till 13th -Jumada-s-sani. Evidently the copyists have, as is so often the case, -misread bistam as hashtam. See Blochmann's remark, p. 454, note 3. That -Jahangir was not at this time 38 is shown by his stating at p. 37 that -he celebrated his 38th birthday at Lahore after the capture of Khusrau. - -[4] The Sanskrit Kalinda. - -[5] The couplet appears in Mas`ud's divan, B.M. MS. Egerton, 701, -p. 142a, line 4. The preceding lines show that the dust (gard) referred -to in the first line means the dust caused by the invading army. I -take the words baru barhai to mean the battlements or pinnacles of -the fortress, the i at the end of barha being intensive. - -[6] Erskine's manuscript translation of the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, -B.M. MS. Add. 26,611, and the B.M. MS. have chini, not habshi. But -I.O. MS. No. 181 and the R.A.S. MS. have husaini, and this seems -right. See Memoirs, Leyden & Erskine, p. 326, and the Haidarabad -Turki text, p. 284. The kishmishi is a small grape like that of which -currants are made. - -[7] Cf. infra the account of the 11th year, p. 173. - -[8] See Memoirs. L. & E., p. 330. - -[9] The name rae bel is not given in Clarke's Roxburgh, but perhaps it -is one of the jessamines, and may be the bela of Clarke (p. 30). The -rae bel is described by Abu-l-fazl (Blochmann, pp. 76 and 82). The -statement about its flowers being double and treble is obscure. Erskine -renders the passage "The leaves are generally two and three fold." The -Persian word is tabaqa, which apparently is equivalent to the tui or -fold of the Ayin-i-Akbari, Persian text, i, 96. The reference may be -to the flowers growing in umbels. - -[10] This is the bokul of Indian gardens (Clarke, p. 313), and well -deserves Jahangir's praise. It is probably the bholsari mentioned in -the Ayin (Blochmann, No. 10, p. 83). Blochmann gives bholsiri (p. 70) -as the name of a fruit-tree, and the bholsari of p. 83 maybe a mistake -for mulsari. - -[11] The text has sewti, but the sewti seems to be the Rosa -glandulifera of Roxburgh (Clarke, p. 407) and has no resemblance -to the Pandanus. See also the description of the sewti, Blochmann, -p. 82. (Perhaps there are two sewtis, one famous for fragrance, the -other for beauty. See l.c., pp. 76 and 82.) What is meant in the -text is evidently a Pandanus and the ketki of Blochmann, p. 83. I -have followed, therefore, I.O. MS. 181, and have substituted ketki -for sewti. The ketki may be Pandanus inermis, which has no thorns -(Clarke, p. 708). Erskine also has ketki. - -[12] L.c. p. 33 et seq. - -[13] Du Jarric, who got his information from missionary reports, -seems to imply that the chain was of silver, and says that Jahangir -was following the idea of an old Persian king. It is mentioned in -the Siyar al-muta'akhkhirin (reprint, i, 230) that Muhammad Shah in -1721 revived this, and hung a long chain with a bell attached to it -from the octagon tower which looked towards the river. - -[14] In text this is wrongly made part of regulation 2. - -[15] Gladwin and the MSS. have dilbahra (exhilarating drink), and -this is probably correct. Jahangir would know little about rice-spirit. - -[16] This regulation is more fully expounded in Price, p. 7. - -[17] It is curious that Jahangir should give the 18th Rabi`u-l-awwal -as his birthday, while the authorities give it as the 17th. Probably -the mistake has arisen from Jahangir's writing Rabi`u-l-awwal instead -of Shahriwar. His birthday was Rashn the 18th day of Shahriwar (see -Akbarnama, ii, 344), but it was the 17th Rabi`u-l-awwal. See Muhammad -Hadi's preface, p. 2, and Beale, and Jahangir's own statement a few -lines above. Possibly Jahangir wished to make out that he was born on -the 18th Rabi`u-l-awwal and a Thursday, because he regarded Thursday -as a blessed day (mubarak shamba), whilst he regarded Wednesday as -peculiarly unlucky, and called it kam, or gam, shamba. - -[18] Cf. Elliot's translation, vi, 513, and note 2. - -[19] The MSS. have "the subsistence lands of people in general (ahali) -and the aimas." - -[20] In the text and in Elliot, vi, 515, this is made a separate order, -but it is not so in the MSS. If it were, we should have thirteen -instead of twelve regulations. This is avoided in text and in Elliot -by putting the 8th and 7th regulations into one ordinance. With regard -to the regulation about releasing the prisoners, Sir Henry Elliot is -somewhat unjust to Jahangir in his commentary at p. 515. It was only -those who had been long imprisoned whom Jahangir released, and his -proceedings at Ranthambhor in the 13th year (Tuzuk, p. 256) show that -he exercised discrimination in releasing prisoners. The account in -Price, p. 10, may also be consulted. There Jahangir says he released -7,000 men from Gwalior alone. It may be remembered that most of these -were political offenders. Private criminals were for the most part -put to death, or mutilated, or fined. There were no regular jails. - -[21] The above translation of the Institutes should be compared with -Sir Henry Elliot's translation and his commentary: History of India, -E. & D., vol. vi, Appendix, p. 493. - -[22] Erskine's MS. has isari for nisari, and akhtar-i-qabul instead -of khair-i-qabul. - -[23] This is Blochmann's Asaf Khan No. iii, viz. Mirza Ja`far Beg. See -pp. 368 and 411. - -[24] The words Aftab-i-Mamlakat yield, according to the numeration -by abjad, the date 1014 A.H. (1605). - -[25] Page 4 of the text is followed by engravings of the coins of -Jahangir and the inscriptions thereon, for which the editor, Saiyid -Ahmad, says he is indebted to Mr. Thornhill, the Judge of Meerut. They -do not show the lines of poetry. There is an interesting article on -the couplets on Jahangir's coins by Mr. C. J. Rodgers, J.A.S.B. for -1888, p. 18. - -[26] The chronogram is ingenious. The words Sahib-Qiran-i-Sani yield -only 1013 according to abjad, and this is a year too little. But the -verse states that Prosperity (or Fortune), Iqbal, laid his head at the -second lord of conjunction's feet, and the head of Iqbal, according to -the parlance of chronogram-composers, is the first letter of the word, -that is, alif, which stands for one (A) in abjad, and so the date 1014 -is made up. Sahib-Qiran-i-Sani means 'the second lord of conjunction,' -and is a title generally applied to Shah Jahan; the first lord of -conjunction (i.e the conjunction of Jupiter and Venus) was Timur. - -[27] A great officer under Humayun and Akbar. See Ayin, Blochmann, -p. 317. - -[28] Blochmann, p. 331. He had 1,200 eunuchs. He is generally -styled Sa`id Chaghatai. The exact nature of his relationship does -not appear. It is not mentioned in his biography in the Ma'asir, ii, -403. Perhaps the word (nisbat) does not here mean affinity by marriage. - -[29] According to the account in Price, p. 16, and in the Ma'asir, -ii, 405, Sa`id Khan gave a bond that if his people were oppressive -he would forfeit his head. - -[30] He does not seem to have had any real power, and he was soon -superseded. See Ma'asir, iii, 932. - -[31] It appears from Erskine and from I.O. MS. that this is a -mistake for Yatish-begi, 'Captain of the Watch,' and that the name -is Aminu-d-din, and not Aminu-d-daula. See Akbarnama, iii, 474, etc. - -[32] Sharif Khan had been sent by Akbar to recall Jahangir to his -duty, but instead of coming back he stayed on. He did not accompany -Jahangir when the latter went off the second time to wait upon his -father. Probably he was afraid to do so. Jahangir appointed him to -Bihar before he left Allahabad to visit his father for the second -time. Jahangir says Sharif waited upon him fifteen days after his -accession, and on 4th Rajab. This is another proof, if proof were -needed, that the copyists have misread the opening sentence of the -Tuzuk and have written hashtam instead of bistam, for 4th Rajab is -fifteen days after 20th Jumada-l-akhir. The Padshahnama and Khafi -Khan have 20th, and Price and Price's original say that Sharif arrived -sixteen days after the accession. - -[33] I.O. MS. 181 and Muhammad Hadi have Sultan Nisar Begam. Khafi -Khan, i, 245, has Sultan Begam, and says she was born in 994. Price's -Jahangir, p. 20, says she was born a year before Khusrau. She built a -tomb for herself in the Khusrau Bagh, Allahabad, but she is not buried -there (see J.R.A.S. for July, 1907, p. 607). She died on 4th Sha`ban, -1056 (5th September, 1646), and was at her own request buried in her -grandfather's tomb at Sikandra (Padshahnama, ii, 603-4). - -[34] Should be Shaikhawat. - -[35] The R.A.S. and I.O. MSS. have here Umra instead of Uzbegs. Umra -here stands, I think, for Umr Singh, the Rana of Udaipur, and the -meaning is that Shir Khan lost his arm in service against the Rana. - -[36] The point of the verse seems to be that light is regarded as -something spread like a carpet on the ground, and that to place -the foot upon it is to insult the sun. Compare Price, p. 33; but -Manohar's verse is wrongly translated there owing to a badly written -MS. For Manohar see Akbarnama, iii, 221, and Badayuni, iii, 201, -also Blochmann, p. 494, and his article in Calcutta Review for April, -1871, also the Dabistan, translation, ii, 53. - -[37] Probably here ab means both water and the water of the -sword. These lines are not in the R.A.S. or I.O. MSS. - -[38] Text, ihtiyat (caution); the MSS. have i`tiqad (confidence), -and I adopt this reading. - -[39] Blochmann, p. 52. It was a small round seal. Uzuk or uzuk is a -Tartar word meaning a ring, i.e. a signet-ring. - -[40] Text, sabiyya (daughter), and this led Blochmann (p. 477, note -2) to say that if Sayyid Ahmad's text was correct Jahangir must have -forgotten, in the number of his wives, which of them was the mother -of Parwiz. As a fact, Sayyid Ahmad's text is not correct, though -the R.A.S. MS. agrees with it. The two excellent I.O. MSS. have -khwish (relative), which is here equivalent to cousin. So also has -the B.M. MS. used by Erskine. According to Muhammad Hadi's preface -Parwiz's mother was the daughter of Khwaja Hasan, the paternal uncle -of Zain Khan Koka. His birth was in Muharram, 998, or 19th Aban -(November, 1589). See also Akbarnama, iii, 568. - -[41] I.e., both were Akbar's foster-brothers. - -[42] Price, p. 20, has Karmitty, and says the daughter only lived two -months. Karamsi appears twice in the Akbarnama as the name of a man; -see Akbarnama, ii, 261, and iii, 201. The name may mean 'composed of -kindness.' The statement in Price is wrong. Bihar Banu was married -to Tahmuras s. Prince Daniyal in his 20th year (see Tuzuk, M. Hadi's -continuation, p. 400). According to M. Hadi's preface, Karamsi was -the daughter of Raja Kesho Das Rathor, and her daughter Bihar Banu -was born on 23rd Shahriwar, 998 (September, 1590). Kesho Das Rathor -is probably the Kesho Das Maru of the Tuzuk. - -[43] Best known as Jodh Bai (Blochmann, p. 619). - -[44] It is extraordinary that Jahangir should have put Shah-Jahan's -birth into A.H. 999. The I.O. MSS. support the text, but the -R.A.S. MS. has A.H. 1000, which is without doubt right. Cf. Akbarnama, -Bib. Ind., iii, 603. Later on, a great point was made of his having -been born in a millennium. The date is 5th January, 1592. - -[45] Muhammad Hadi says in his preface, p. 6, that Shah-Jahan's -grandfather Akbar gave him the name of Sultan Khurram, 'Prince Joy,' -because his birth made the world glad. It was noted that the child -was born in the first millennium, and also that, like his father, -he was born in the same month as the Prophet. - -[46] Gladwin says they were twins, but this seems a mistake. They -were both born about the time of Akbar's death. - -[47] In MS. No. 310 of Ethé's Cat. of I.O. MSS. Sa`id Khan is described -as giving as his reason for asking for M. Ghazi that he had adopted -him as his son. Price's Jahangir, p. 21, says the same thing. - -[48] This should be Jan, and is so in I.O. MS. 181. - -[49] See Ma'asiru-l-umara, iii, 932. The meaning of the half and half -is that the two men were made coadjutors. - -[50] In R.A.S. and I.O. MSS. the following passage is a verse. See -also Mr. Lowe's translation, p. 16. - -[51] Wird means 'daily practice,' and may be the word intended here. - -[52] Cf. this with the fuller details in Price, p. 22. Following -Blochmann, I take Shab-i-jum`a to mean Thursday and not Friday night. - -[53] The text has `Abdu-l-Ghani, but this, as the MSS. show and -Blochmann has pointed out, is a mistake for `Abdu-n-Nabi. `Abdu-n-Nabi -was strangled, and the common report is that this was done by -Abu-l-fazl. If this be true it is rather surprising that Jahangir does -not mention it as an excuse for killing Abu-l-fazl. Cf. the account -of Miran Sadr Jahan in Price, p. 24. The "Forty Sayings" is a book -by Jami. See Rieu, Cat. i, 17, and also Dr. Herbelot s.v. Arbain. - -[54] This should be Ghiyas Beg. He was father of Nurjahan. According to -the Ma'asiru-l-umara (i, 129), he was commander of 1,000 under Akbar. - -[55] Topkhana-i-rikab, lit. stirrup-arsenal. It means light artillery -that could accompany royal progresses. See Bernier, and Irvine, -A. of M., 134. - -[56] Text, topchi, which seems properly to mean a gunner, but -the number is preposterous. Cf. Blochmann, p. 470, and Price, -p. 28. Price's original has 6,000 topchi mounted on camels, and has -paytakht, i.e. the capital. Erskine has "To have always in readiness -in the arsenal arms, and accoutrements for 50,000 matchlock men." This -seems reasonable, for even if Jahangir ordered 50,000 musketeers, he -would not have required them to be kept in the arsenal. It seems to -me that though chi in Turki is the sign of the agent (nomen agentis) -it is occasionally used by Indian writers as a diminutive. Thus topchi -here probably means a small gun or a musket, and in Hindustani we are -familiar with the word chilamchi, which means a small basin. At p. 301 -of the Tuzuk, four lines from foot, we have the word ilchi, which -commonly means an ambassador--an agent of a people--used certainly -not in this sense, and apparently to mean a number of horses. It is, -however, doubtful if ilchi here be the true reading. - -[57] Text, aknun (now), which is a mistake for altun (gold). See Elliot -and Dowson, vi, 288. Al is vermilion in Turki and altun gold. Jahangir -means that he changed the name from al tamgha to altun tamgha. - -[58] Mirza Sultan was great-grandson of Sulaiman. - -[59] Perhaps the reference is to the boy's own father. He was alive -at this time, and Akbar was not. - -[60] This is the man who afterwards rebelled and made Jahangir his -prisoner. - -[61] Text, ulus-i-Dihli. Blochmann (p. 482 n.) points out that this -is a very doubtful term, as Mirza `Ali came from Badakhshan. On -examining three MSS. of the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri I find no word Dihli, -but the words in ulus, 'this tribe or family,' and I think this must -be the correct reading, and refers to the Timurides. The same phrase -occurs at text, p. 173. Blochmann suggests to read Dulday for Dihli, -but I think it more probable that the word Dihli should be `ali. Mirza -`Ali was styled Akbarshahi, and no doubt this is why Jahangir writes -in ulus or ulus-i-`ali. Mirza `Ali is often mentioned in the Akbarnama -in connection with the wars in the Deccan, and is generally called -Akbarshahi, e.g. at p. 702. For an account of his pathetic death see -Blochmann, l.c., the Ma'asiru-l-umara, iii, 357, and the text, p. 163. - -[62] The MSS. have a different reading, "If a king seize country and -climes," etc. - -[63] Shahrukh was married to Jahangir's half-sister, Shakaru-n-nisa. He -was a Timurid. - -[64] The MSS. have Abu-l-wali, and this seems more likely. - -[65] The MSS. have Bhina, and Price's original seems also to have -Bhina. Muqarrab did not return for about seven months, as this entry -could not have been made till then. See p. 35 of Persian text of Tuzuk. - -[66] Text, Sukhunan-i-past u buland. Cf. Steingass, s.v. past. Words -gentle and severe seem meant. - -[67] See Blochmann, p. 447. He is mentioned by Du Jarric as disputing -with the Catholic priests before Jahangir (see J.A.S.B. for -1896, p. 77). According to Badayuni, iii, 98, it was Naqib's -father, `Abdu-l-Latif, with whom Akbar read (see Akbarnama, ii, -19). `Abdu-l-Latif and his family arrived in 963 (1556). Erskine -understands Jahangir's remark to mean that Naqib was his (Jahangir's) -teacher, but probably Jahangir means that it was Naqib's father who -taught Akbar, or he has confounded the father and son. As Naqib lived -till 1023 (1614), he would probably be too young in 1556 to have been -Akbar's teacher. - -[68] Man Singh was the adopted son of Bhagwan Das, and it would appear -from this passage that he was his nephew also. - -[69] The MSS. have Hatim s. Babui Mangli, and this is right. See -Blochmann, p. 370, n. i, and p. 473. - -[70] The MSS. have Shahwar. - -[71] I.O. MSS. have Abu-l-wali. He was an Uzbeg, and received the -title of Bahadur Khan. See Ma asiru-l-umara, i, 400, and Akbarnama, -iii, 820 and 839, where he is called Abu-l-Baqa. The real name seems -to be Abul Be or Bey, and this is how Erskine writes the name. - -[72] The text seems corrupt. The I.O. MSS. say nothing about Shiraz, -but merely that Husain Jami was a disciple who had a dervish character -(sirat); nor does the R.A.S. MS. mention Shiraz. - -[73] That is, descended from the famous Central Asian saint Khwaja -Ahrar. - -[74] Something seems to have fallen out of the text and MSS., -for this passage is obscure and not connected with the context. It -is clearer in Price's version, where it is brought in as part of -Jahangir's statements about promotions, and where (p. 40) we read -as follows:--"I shall now return to the more grateful subject of -recording rewards and advancements.... On Khwaja Zakariyya, the -son of Khwaja Muhammad Yahya, although in disgrace, I conferred the -rank of 500. This I was induced to do on the recommendation of the -venerated Shaikh Husain Jami. Six months previous to my accession," -etc. Evidently the statement about Zakariyya's promotion has been -omitted accidentally from the Tuzuk. There is a reference to the -Shaikh's dream in Muhammad Hadi's preface to the Tuzuk (p. 15). He -says there that it was the saint Baha'u-l-haqq who appeared in a -dream to Husain Jami and told him that Sultan Salim would soon be king. - -[75] I.e. of Furj or Furg in Persia. But Furji is a mistake for Qurchi -(belonging to the body-guard). He was a Mogul. See Blochmann, p. 457. - -[76] Text has wrongly Pakhta. See Blochmann, p. 469. He received the -title of Sardar Khan. - -[77] Should be Namakin. See Blochmann, p. 199. - -[78] This passage has been translated by Elliot (vi, 289). See also -Price (p. 44), where the discussion is fuller. - -[79] Jahangir's idea is somewhat vaguely expressed, but his meaning -seems to be that the ten incarnations do not illustrate any attribute -of God, for there have been men who performed similar wonders. The -corresponding passage in the text used by Major Price is differently -rendered by him, but his version is avowedly a paraphrase, and it -appears incorrect in this passage. - -[80] Literally, "of the How and the Why." - -[81] Text, shir-andam, 'tiger-shaped,' which I think means thin in -the flank (see Steingass, s.v.). I have taken the translation of -the words malahat and sabahat from Elliot. See his note vi, 376, -where the two words seem wrongly spelt. - -[82] Erskine has "Let Sulaiman place his ring on his finger." - -[83] Price translates-- - - "In pleasure of the chase with thee, my soul breathes fresh - and clear; - But who receives thy fatal dart, sinks lifeless on his bier." - - -[84] Perhaps referring to the name which Daniyal gave to his gun, -and which recoiled on himself, but the MSS. and text have nagirad, -and not bagirad. - -[85] The MSS. have Shakar-nisar, 'sugar-sprinkling.' She lived into -Shah-Jahan's reign. - -[86] She died unmarried in Jahangir's reign. - -[87] This must, I think, be the meaning, though according to the -wording the statement would seem to be that there is no room for Shias -except in Persia. Erskine has "None but Shias are tolerated in Persia, -Sunnis in Rum and Turan, and Hindus in Hindustan." - -[88] Kings are regarded as shadows of God. - -[89] The chronogram is one year short, yielding 962 instead of 963. - -[90] According to the Tabaqat, Elliot, v, 366, what the Mirza said was -"Where are the elephants?" - -[91] The word for 'face-guard' is pish-ruy (front-face), and Jahangir -makes his father pun upon the word, saying, "It has loosed (opened) -my front-face." Cf. Price, p. 54. - -[92] 'The helper.' This is an allusion to Akbar's patron saint, -Mu`inu-d-din Chishti, whose name he adopted as his battle-cry. - -[93] The reading in the lithograph seems wrong; the MSS. have az -bazicha, 'in jest.' - -[94] Abu-l-fazl is more moderate; he says (Blochmann, p. 116) that -Akbar killed 1,019 animals with Sangram. - -[95] Blochmann says, of Mashhad, p. 381. - -[96] The furriery. See Blochmann, pp. 87 n. and 616. Kurk means 'fur' -in Turki. - -[97] The word yatish is omitted in text, but occurs in the MSS. - -[98] Haji Koka was sister of Sa`adat Yar Koka (Akbar-nama, iii, -656). According to Price this passage refers to a widows' fund. - -[99] This was one of Akbar's regulations (Blochmann p. 142). The -amount was ten dams on each muhr of the horse's value, calculated on -an increase of 50 per cent. See also Price, p. 61. - -[100] This passage is not clear, but the peculiarity to which -attention is drawn seems rather the prominent forehead than the oozing -fluid. Price (p. 62) has a fuller account of this elephant. - -[101] See Blochmann, pp. 176, 452, and the very full account of him -in the Ma'asir, iii, 285. Amul is an old city south of the Caspian -and west of Astrabad. - -[102] She was Akbar's first and principal wife, but bore him no -children. She long survived him. - -[103] These are the opening lines of an ode of Hafiz. - -[104] Ma'asiru-l-umara. Yatim instead of Pim or Bim. See Blochmann, -p. 470. Erskine has Sain Bahadur. - -[105] MS. 181 has 34. - -[106] I think Jahangir means that though the Khan was an excellent -servant in his own line, he was hardly fit for the command of 2,000 -or for the title of Khan. Cf. his praise of him at p. 71 (Blochmann, -p. 498). He was called Pishrau probably from his going on ahead with -the advance camp, as being in charge of the carpets, etc., as well -as because of his personal activity. - -[107] In Price's Jahangir, p. 15, Jahangir states that he had -imprisoned Khusrau in the upper part of the royal tower in the castle -of Agra. It from this confinement that Khusrau escaped. - -[108] Du Jarric says it was in this way that he was allowed to pass -the sentinels. Du Jarric gives the date of Khusrau's flight as 15th -April, 1606 (this would be New Style). By Sunday night is meant -Saturday evening. Sunday was Akbar's birthday. - -[109] Elliot (vii, 292) makes the Amiru-l-umara envious of his -peers, and Jahangir apprehensive lest he should destroy Khusrau, -but he had just told him that nothing he did against Khusrau would -be wrong. Clearly Jahangir's fear was that his favourite should be -destroyed by Khusrau, or perhaps by the Amir's treacherous associates. - -[110] The text has a curious mistake here: instead of ba Kabul it has -bakawal ('superintendent of the kitchen') as part of Dust Muhammad's -name. Dust was not bakawal, but held higher office, and was later -put in charge of the fort of Agra and given the title of Khwaja Jahan. - -[111] Price, p. 6, note. - -[112] According to Khafi Khan (i, 250) he was put to death, unless -the expression "claws of death" is merely rhetorical. The Ma'asir -(iii, 334) says he was imprisoned. - -[113] The above obscure passage is explained in Price, p. 69. - -[114] Elliot (vi, 293) observes that this is a very involved and -obscure passage. - -[115] Blochmann, p. 418. - -[116] The word tiryaq means both opium and antidote. - -[117] Blochmann, relying on Khafi Khan, puts her death in 1011, -and the Akbar-nama (iii, 826) puts it in 1012. The chronogram in the -Khusrau Bagh yields 1012. See J.R.A.S. for July, 1907, p. 604. - -[118] Where Lord Bellomont died in 1656. See Manucci (Irvine), i, 71. - -[119] Probably this means the grandsons. At p. 329 it is mentioned -that the grandsons had been confined in Gwalior up to the 16th year. - -[120] Para, qu. 'a heap'? - -[121] Narela is said to be 15 1/2 miles north-west of Delhi. William -Finch, in his itinerary, mentions the stage as Nalera, a name that -corresponds with Jahangir's. - -[122] 53 miles north of Delhi. - -[123] Instead of taza the MSS. have para, and the meaning seems to -be that he accompanied Khusrau for some distance. In Price's Jahangir -(p. 81) it is said that Nizam received 6,000 rupees. - -[124] This is an interesting passage, because it is Jahangir's account -of his father's 'Divine Faith.' But it is obscure, and copyists seem -to have made mistakes. It is explained somewhat by the MS. used by -Price (trans., pp. 82, 83), where more details are given than in the -text. It is there stated that Ahmad was Mir-i-`Adl of Jahangir before -the latter's accession. - -[125] The text has dast u sina (hand and bosom), but the correct -words, as is shown in the I.O. MS., No. 181, are shast u shabiha or -shabah, and these refer to the ring or token and the portrait given -by Akbar to the followers of the 'Divine Faith.' See Blochmann, -pp. 166 n. and 203; and Badayuni, ii, 338. Ahmad appears to be the -Ahmad Sufi of Blochmann, pp. 208, 209, and of Badayuni, ii, 404, -and Lowe, p. 418. He was a member of the 'Divine Faith.' - -[126] Text, puj or puch, but the manuscript reading luk is -preferable. Erskine's MS. has luj, naked. - -[127] Price (p. 83) has Anand or Anwand. Apparently Aluwa is right; it -is a place 18 miles north-west of Umballa. Cf. "India under Aurangzib," -by J. N. Sarkar. - -[128] Abu-l-Bey, the Abu-l-Baqa of Akbar-nama, iii, 820. - -[129] A member of the 'Divine Faith' (Blochmann, p. 452, etc.). - -[130] The text has qatl by mistake for qabl. - -[131] Biryani. See Blochmann, p. 60. - -[132] The Gundval of Tiefenthaler, i, 113. Cunningham, in his history -of the Sikhs, spells it Goindwal. It is on the Beas. - -[133] The text has singhasan instead of sukhasan. Kamgaar Husaini -has sukhpal. - -[134] Instead of the basuzanad of the text, the MSS. have bashuranad, -he defiles. In the last line they have jay instead of takht. - -[135] I.e. the place to which to turn in prayer. - -[136] Elliot (vi, 299) has Jahan, and the word in the MSS. does not -look like Jaipal. - -[137] This word appears to be a mistake; it is not in the MSS. - -[138] When the boat stuck, the boatmen swam ashore, and it was probably -then that Husain shot at them. See Blochmann, p. 414, n. 2. - -[139] "With a chain fastened from his left hand to his left foot, -according to the law of Chingiz Khan" (Gladwin's Jahangir, quoted by -Elliot, vi, 507). But apparently what is meant is that Khusrau was -led up from the left side of the emperor. - -[140] Du Jarric, in his history of the Jesuit Missions, gives some -details about the punishment. The bullock and ass were slaughtered -on the spot and their skins were sewed on the bodies of the unhappy -men. Horns and ears were left on the skins. - -[141] Perhaps the meaning is that the weather was bad. - -[142] The proper form seems to be Bhaironwal, the Bhyrowal of the -maps. It is on the right bank of the Biah (Beas) on the road from -Jalandhar to Amritsar. See Blochmann, p. 414, note. - -[143] The words are omitted in the text. Erskine read in his MS. gau -jizwan, which I do not understand. The I.O. MSS. and B.M. MS. Or 3276 -have gawan u kharan. Husain Beg, whose proper name was Hasan, was a -brave soldier, and did good service under Akbar. See his biography -in Blochmann, p. 454. - -[144] The fifth Guru of the Sikhs and the compiler of the Granth. He -was the father of Har Govind. See Sayyid Muhammad Latif's history of -the Punjab, p. 253. Arjun's tomb is in Lahore. - -[145] But qashqa is a Turkish word. The Hindi phrase seems to be tika. - -[146] The cousin of Moses, famous for his wealth; the Korah of -the Bible. - -[147] Gladwin has Nagh. - -[148] Blochmann, p. 50. - -[149] Akbar-nama, iii, 748, and Blochmann, p. 546. He was a man -of piety and learning, and Jahangir means that he restored him to -his former quiet life. The arbab-i-sa`adat, or auspicious persons, -were those who offered up prayers for the king's prosperity and -other blessings. - -[150] Amba was killed later by Nur-Jahan's husband, Shir-Afgan (Tuzuk, -pp. 54, 55). - -[151] Blochmann, p. 310. - -[152] These words are not in the MSS., and they seem to have crept -into the text by mistake and to be a premature entry of words relating -to Hashim, etc. The brother of the former ruler (or king) of Khandesh -could hardly be a khanazad. - -[153] This should be, according to the MSS., "army against the Rana," -not army of the Deccan. - -[154] The MSS. have "in the neighbourhood of Lahore." Parwiz had then -charge of Bihar. - -[155] Text, wrongly, Bahman. Jahangir was born on the 21st of -Shahriwar. - -[156] Apparently, had long looked forward to the happy day when -Jahangir should be weighed as a king. - -[157] Perhaps the meaning is that he was introduced along with -Daniyal's children. - -[158] Blochmann, p. 492. - -[159] This refers to his parentage. - -[160] In the MSS. this name seems to be Bhim Mal. Manjholi is written -Manjholah in Blochmann, p. 175. - -[161] ? Nandanpur. These places are in Sindsagar, near Multan. - -[162] MS. 181 has Bahar, and it has 600 instead of 800 horse. - -[163] Text, Uymaq puri (?). MS. 181 has buri, and 305 seems to have -the same. Can it mean 'red cavalry'? As Blochmann has pointed out, -371, n. 2, the word Uymaq does not always mean the tribe, but was -used to denote a superior kind of cavalry. - -[164] The qamargah or ring-hunt produced 265 head of game; the rest -were shot at other times; the total of the list should be apparently -576. - -[165] The MSS. have the 6th stage instead of "last." - -[166] This is the famous Khan Jahan Lodi of Shah Jahan's reign. - -[167] Text, ba dastur. - -[168] I.e. built him up in it. - -[169] Jahangir did not like the Khankhanan, and so here belittles -his services. - -[170] During Shah Jahan's reign, Khan Jahan Lodi fled from Court, -was pursued, and killed. - -[171] Perhaps the antelope's name was Raj, and the syllable man the -pronoun 'my,' when the translation would be 'my antelope Raj.' See -Elliot, vi, 302, and R.A.S. MS., No. 124. - -[172] Perhaps the Jandiala of the Indian Gazetteer, vii, 137. - -[173] Indian Gazetteer, v, 239. - -[174] Text omits the negative. - -[175] Text, susani; apparently a blue iris. - -[176] The text has shumar wrongly for shiyar, and it seems that -the negative of the text is wrong, since it does not occur in the -MSS. Abu-l-fazl gives the number of petals and stamens more correctly -than Jahangir. - -[177] Az tikka andazi; perhaps 'the cast of a javelin.' - -[178] Lit. 'have joined hands.' - -[179] Sih-barga; but this reading seems doubtful; perhaps it is -sir-i-barga, full of leaves. Jahangir says that to lay a carpet on the -grass would be bi-dardi, unfeeling, unsympathetic, and kam saliqagi. - -[180] The text has naqsh bar jay, but the true reading seems to -be nafiztar. - -[181] `Ilm-i-khala`-i-badan, 'withdrawal of the soul from the body' -(Erskine). - -[182] So in text, but the MSS. and Elliot, vi, 307, have "on one of -the gates." - -[183] The figures seem wrong, and the MSS. differ. See Elliot, vi, -307. Apparently the correct sum in rupees is 34 lakhs 25,000. At -p. 61 the khani of Turan is reckoned at one-third of a rupee. If -the dam be taken at its ordinary value of one-fortieth of a rupee, -the number of rupees should be 40 lakhs 25,000, and if the khani -of Turan be one-third of a rupee we should read one kror instead of -one arb. Probably Jahangir has used arb as meaning kror, and not 100 -krors. There is a valuable note on his expedition through the Ghakkar -country in Blochmann, p. 486. Blochmann takes the figures for the -rupees to be four krors, but probably this is due to wrong pointing. - -[184] The MSS. and text have Pila or Pila. I adopt Tila from Blochmann, -p. 487, note. Elliot has Tillah, vi, 307, and note. - -[185] In Tolbort's account of Ludhiyana, J.A.S.B. for 1869, p. 86, -bhakhra is given as the name of a creeping plant (Pedalium murex). - -[186] Rud-khana; this, according to Blochmann, should be the river -Kahan, khana being a mistake for Kahan. See p. 487 note. But all the -MSS. have khana. - -[187] See Elliot, vi, 309 note. - -[188] Bugyals; Elliot, vi, 309. They are descendants of Sultan Buga. - -[189] Paka is mentioned in Tiefenthaler, i, 114. - -[190] Khor; Elliot, vi, 309 note. Near the Manikyala tope. - -[191] Kharbuza Saray is marked on Elphinstone's map. - -[192] Mr. Rogers has "The soul of the fool thou canst purchase for -little." Perhaps the sense is "God grants life to the fool on hard -terms." Erskine has "To serve a fool is hard indeed." Possibly the -literal meaning is "You buy the soul of the fool at a high price," -that is, it costs a great deal to win him over. Elliot had what is -probably the best rendering, "Barbarous characters should be treated -with severity"; though in Elliot, vi, 310, the translation is, -"The life of fools is held very cheap in troublous times." - -[193] Apparently this remark must have been written after Jahangir's -visit to Kashmir by the Baramula route in the fourteenth year. - -[194] Bhanwar, as Mr. Lowe has pointed out, means in Hindi an eddy -or whirlpool. - -[195] William Finch says that at Hasan Abdal there were many fish with -gold rings in their noses hung by Akbar, and that the water is so clear -that you may see a penny in the bottom. Jahangir's informants were -apparently not versed in hagiography. Baba Hasan Abdal is apparently -the saint who was an ancestor of Ma`sum Bhakari, and is buried at -Qandahar. See Beale, and Jarrett's translation of the Ayin, ii, 324 -note. The Sikhs identify the place with their Baba Nanak. It is not -a wife of Akbar who is buried at Hasan Abdal, but Hakim Abu-l-fath -and his brother. - -[196] Elliot has Amardi, but the MSS. have Amrohi. The Ma'asir, ii, -755, has Ahru'i. See Blochmann, p. 522. - -[197] Az taghyan farud amada. Perhaps the meaning is exactly the -opposite, viz. 'had come down in violence.' But if so, could a bridge -have been made, and with eighteen boats? The time was the 4th or 5th -May. Elliot has "the Nilab was very full." - -[198] According to the Ma'asiru-l-umara, iii, 376, Ma`mur is a village -in Arabia. - -[199] The MSS. have sad instead of chand, i.e. 100. - -[200] This Asaf Khan is Qawamu-d-din Ja`far Beg and the No. iii of -Blochmann, p. 411. Apparently his appointment as Mir Bakhshi was made -in 989 (1581), in which year Akbar went to Kabul. Blochmann says Asaf -Khan was made Mir Bakhshi in the room of Qazi `Ali, and we find at -p. 372 of A. N., iii, that Qazi `Ali Bakhshi was appointed in that -year to the Panjab. Twenty-eight years before 1016 (to the beginning -of which Jahangir is referring) yields 988. Basawal is on right bank -of Kabul River below Jalalabad. - -[201] Text bauli, but the MSS. have luli, i.e. dancing-girl. - -[202] Generally spelt ballut, either the oak or the -chestnut. Cf. Erskine's Baber, p. 145. Sir Alexander Burnes calls -the ballut the holly. - -[203] See below, p. 52, where the Ra'is or headman of Chikri is -mentioned. - -[204] Cf. Erskine's Baber, p. 145. - -[205] The fort of Pesh Bulaq is mentioned in the third volume of the -Akbar-nama, p. 512. It is marked on the map of Afghanistan between -Daka and Jalalabad. - -[206] Sic in text, but should be Jaunpur as in the MSS. - -[207] There was also a Shahr-banu who was Babar's sister. Bika Begam -was Babar's widow and the lady who carried his bones to Kabul. - -[208] Bakafsh-pay, which Erskine renders 'with slippers on' and Elliot -'with his shoes on.' - -[209] Bayazid Biyat describes Humayun as holding a cooking festival -in Badakhshan. See A.N., i, translation, p. 496, n. 2. They cooked -bughra, which appears to be macaroni. The text wrongly has raqz az -`ishq (love-dances). The real word, as the MSS. show, is arghushtaq, -which is a kind of dance (not a child's game as in Johnson). It -is described in Vullers, s.v., in accordance with the account in -the Burhan-i-qati`. It is a dance by girls or young men, and is -accompanied with singing and with clapping of hands, etc. Probably -it is the dance described by Elphinstone in his account of Kabul, -i, 311, where he says: "The great delight of all the western Afghans -is to dance the Attun or Ghoomboor. From ten to twenty men or women -stand up in a circle (in summer before their houses and tents, -and in winter round a fire); a person stands within the circle to -sing and play on some instrument. The dancers go through a number of -attitudes and figures; shouting, clapping their hands, and snapping -their fingers. Every now and then they join hands, and move slow or -fast according to the music, all joining in chorus. When I was showed -this, a love-song was sung to an extremely pretty tune, very simple, -and not unlike a Scottish air." Erskine's translation is: "Custards -and confections were presented, and the amusements of dancing girls -and arghustak were introduced." - -[210] The words seem to me to yield 1066, but if we read pajshanba -instead of panjshanba we get 1016, which is the Hijra date of -Jahangir's entry into Kabul and corresponds to 4th June, 1607. A -marginal note on I.O.M. 305 makes the chronogram clear by writing -ruz-i-panchanba hizhdah-i-Safar, thereby getting rid of the mim and -the ya of hizhdaham and bringing out the figures 1016. - -[211] Evidently a kind of sheep. - -[212] This is a reference to Babar's Memoirs. - -[213] A juz' is said to consist of eight leaves or sixteen pages. Does -Jahangir mean that he wrote sixty-four pages? - -[214] Probably the sections which Jahangir wrote were those printed -in the Ilminsky edition and which bring the narrative down to -Babar's death. They seem to have been in great measure copied from -the Akbar-nama. Jahangir does not say if he wrote them when he was -in Kabul or previously. According to Blochmann, J.A.S.B. for 1869, -p. 134, one juz' = two sheets of paper. The passage is translated in -Elliot, vi, 315. Though Jahangir does not say when he wrote the four -sections, I think that his language implies that these additions were -in the manuscript when he was looking at it in Kabul. Perhaps he made -them when he was a student in India, and for the sake of practice in -Turki. He may have translated the sections from the Akbar-nama. All, -I think, he did in Kabul was to put the Turki note, stating that the -sections were his. But possibly even this was done before. Elliot, -vi, 315, has the words "to complete the work," but these words do not -occur in the MSS. that I have seen. The translation in Elliot, seems to -represent Jahangir's words as meaning that the work was complete, but -that the four sections were not, like the rest, in Babar's handwriting, -and so Jahangir re-copied them. But it does not appear that there -could be any object in his doing this. There is a valuable article -in the Zeitschrift d. Deutschen Morgenl. Gesellsch. for 1883, p. 141, -by Dr. Teufel, entitled "Bâbur und Abû'l-fazl," in which the fragments -in Ilminsky are discussed. But the passage in the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri -is not referred to. - -[215] The text mentions a horse, but the MSS. have not this, and it -seems to be a mistake. - -[216] Apparently the Shorkot of I.G., xii, 424. In the Rechnau Duab -(Jarrett, ii, 321). It is north of Multan and in the Jhang district. - -[217] I.G., v, 188. - -[218] Perhaps the `Ali Dust Khan of Blochmann, p. 533. - -[219] The MSS. have Herat, and this is probably correct. - -[220] That is, apparently, Mirza Shadman, but perhaps the meaning -is that Qaracha had sought a wife for his son among the Hazaras, -and not that he had himself married an Hazara woman. - -[221] The MSS. have "less than 1 1/2 gaz by 1/8 (nim-pao)." - -[222] Should, I think, be Tattah, i.e. Sind. - -[223] Ghaibana, 'secretly.' But the phrase merely means that the -appointment was not made in the Emperor's presence. - -[224] Text bargasht, 'he turned round.' But the MSS. have chi -rawish-i-tuzukast, "What kind of arrangement is this?" - -[225] Shamshir-i-sikhaki, 'pointed sword, poniard'? - -[226] The meaning of two words being used probably is that both -Hindu and Persian astrologers are referred to. Blochmann, p. 311, -says that Shah-Jahan's birthday was 30th Rabi`u-l-awwal. - -[227] Lit., "His disposition had changed from equability." - -[228] Gilas is a cherry in Kashmiri. See Blochmann's Ayin, -p. 616. Abu-l-fazl mentions in the Ayin (Blochmann, p. 66) that Akbar -called gilas shah-alu. - -[229] Paywandi means 'to graft,' and possibly this is the meaning here, -but Steingass gives paywandi as part of the name of a plum. The text -seems to be corrupt, and perhaps what Jahangir wrote was "the zard-alu -resembles the khubani." - -[230] Text has Yaqut, but it is clear from the Iqbal-nama, p. 25, -and from I.O. MS. 181 that the name is Khwaja Tabut, 'the coffin -Khwaja.' The author of the Iqbal-nama was the person sent to make the -inquiry, and he gives a long account of what he saw. A surgeon was -sent with him, as the Khwaja was said to have been martyred, and it -was necessary to report on the wounds. The coffin story is mentioned -in the Ayin, i, 194. See Jarrett, ii, 409-10, but the translation is -not quite accurate, I think. The punctuation of the text seems to me -to be correct. It is characteristic of Jahangir and the author of -the Iqbal-nama that they take no notice of the colossal figures at -Bamiyan, though Abu-l-fazl does. See Jarrett's note. It is stated in -the Iqbal-nama that Khwaja Tabut was said to have been killed in the -time of Chingiz Khan. If so, the Sultan Mahmud mentioned by Jahangir -must be Sultan Mahmud Ghori. - -[231] He was appointed governor of Sehwan (Iqbal-nama, p. 27). - -[232] The MSS merely have "of a size that I had never seen -before." Probably the text is corrupt, and the meaning may be "as -big as a head." Bih is a quince, and perhaps this is what is meant -here. Or the meaning may be "equal to the biggest for size." Or sar -may be a mistake for sih and the meaning be "equal in size to three -(ordinary peaches)." - -[233] I.O. MS. 181 has Qarqara mountains. There is also the reading -Kharaq. - -[234] Blochmann, p. 31. - -[235] Du'aba is mentioned as a stage by W. Finch. - -[236] The text omits the word zinda, 'alive.' - -[237] The urdu or camp was probably not with Jahangir then, and he -thought that if he sent to it for the capture of 500 there would be -confusion. He therefore contented himself at the time with arresting -the ringleaders. There is a full account of the conspiracy in the -Iqbal-nama, p. 27, etc. - -[238] Possibly the meaning is "his experience was greater than -his skill." - -[239] Lit., when he was smooth-faced, i.e. beardless. - -[240] The I.O. MSS. do not call him governor, and the names of the -animals captured differ in the MSS. from those given in the text. The -latter are obviously wrong, and I have discarded them. The Iqbal-nama, -p. 30, has Arzana as the name of the hunting-ground. Erskine has -Arzina. - -[241] Erskine has "many of the hounds were destroyed." Sagan-i-tazi -probably means greyhounds, whether bred in Arabia or elsewhere. - -[242] Blochmann, p. 377, and Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 642. He was -an Arghun. - -[243] The passage is obscure and the text is corrupt. Erskine's -translation is: "His manners towards the soldiers is frank and gallant, -but not according to the rules of discipline, especially towards those -who have been or are in the wars with him. He is much flattered by his -servants, which gives him a light appearance." Evidently Erskine read -udzi or naz instead of baz as in the text, and the MSS. support his -reading. I think, however, that naz kashidan means 'to jest.' Instead -of the ta bamandand of text the MSS. have ya namayand, the meaning -being those soldiers who have served him well, or are doing so. We -learn from Blochmann, p. 378, that Shah Beg was "a frank Turk." - -[244] The peculiarity of this year was that the lunar month and -the solar month of Akbar's birth, viz. Rajab and Aban, coincided, -so that there was a double celebration. - -[245] Wajihu-d-din was a famous Gujarat saint. He died in 998. - -[246] The word used by Jahangir, and which has been translated 'repeat -continually,' is mudawamat, and Erskine understood it to mean that -Jahangir hoped to prolong his life by this exercise. - -[247] Har ahu'i kih zad bar sar-i-tir raft. The literal rendering -apparently is: "whenever an antelope was struck by him the arrow -entered up to its (the arrow's) head." Perhaps the meaning simply is -every arrow (or bullet) that he shot went home. - -[248] Jalal Khan was a grandson of Sultan Adam (Blochmann, pp. 455 -and 486). - -[249] See infra for another notice of him in the chapter on Gujrat. - -[250] One of Jahangir's wives was a daughter of Ray Ray Singh (of -Bikanir). See Blochmann, p. 310. - -[251] See Rieu, Cat. ii, p. 634. - -[252] There is evidently something wrong in the text, for a ruby -weighing 6 surkhs could not weigh 2 tanks and 15 surkhs. I.O. MS. 181 -has barja instead of surkh, but I do not know what this means. Perhaps -shash-gusha, 'hexagonal,' was intended. This view is confirmed by -the Iqbal-nama, p. 31, which has shash pahlu, 'six-sided.' Erskine's -MS. also had 'six-sided,' and he translates "a six-sided ruby which -weighed two tangs fifteen surkhs." I.O. MS. 305 has shash parcha, -and it is evident that this word, as also the barja of No. 181, -is the parche of Steingass, which means a segment or facet. - -[253] This remark about Mirza Ghazi, and also the quotation, do not -occur in the two I.O. MSS. - -[254] Blochmann, p. 417. - -[255] Bayakta, but the I.O. MSS have batagpay, 'rapidly.' - -[256] Properly Zainu-d-din Mahmud. See the story in Badayuni, Ranking, -p. 589; also Akbar-nama translation, i, 611, and Blochmann, p. 539 -and note. - -[257] I do not know if this is the author. There appears to be no -mention of the construction in the Akbar-nama. Nakodar is in the -Jalandhar district (I.G., x, 180, and Jarrett, ii. 317). Perhaps -the two tombs at Nakodar mentioned in I.G. as of Jahangir's time are -those of Muqim the Waziru-l-mulk and his wife. See Tuzuk, pp. 6 and 64. - -[258] Khwurd, lit. 'devoured.' Apparently he refers to the fact of -the birth as a misfortune. I.O. MS. 181 has sar-i-madar u pidar ra -khwurd, and the A.S. 124 has shir-i-madar u pidar-i-khud, 'the milk -of his own mother and father'! - -[259] This is given as a quotation in No. 181. - -[260] This should be the 17th if Monday was the 14th. - -[261] The MSS. seem to have mutassil-i-mab-i-chaukandi, 'in shape -like a chaukandi(?).' It was from the roof of this building that -Humayun fell. - -[262] Turghai or turghei is a thrush according to Vambéry, and was -the name of Timur's father. Perhaps the bird was the large maina, -the Bhimraj or Bhringraj(?) of the Ayin, Jarrett, ii, p. 125 and -note. In Scully's Glossary, turghai is said to be the lark. The text -arranges the words differently from the MSS. They have mushakhkhas -Miyan Tuti gufta, and Erskine translates 'which said clearly Miyan -Tuti.' But possibly Jahangir meant that it spoke clearly like a parrot. - -[263] Blochmann, p. 332. Sikandra, Akbar's tomb, lies half-way between -Rankattah and Agra. Tiefenthaler, i, 206, gives the name as Runcta, -and says it is a famous place, as Ram there took the figure of Paras -Ram. Jarrett, ii, 180, has Rangtah, and it is there described as a -village on the Jumna, near the city, and a much frequented place of -worship. The Agra volume of the N.W.P. Gazetteer, p. 764, spells -it Runkutta, and says it is 9 miles north-west of Agra. See also -Ma'asir, ii, 407, art. Sa`id Khan, where mention is made of Rankatta -and Hilalabad, and Blochmann, p. 332. - -[264] If Thursday was the 2nd, Saturday would be the 4th. He went -first to Agra from Rangta, apparently. - -[265] Tuyghun or tuyghun is given in Zenker as Turki for the white -falcon. See Elliot, vi, 317. - -[266] Bighu, which is given in Zenker, is Turki. The text has lifu. The -I.O. MSS. have bigu. - -[267] Should be budana, 'quail.' - -[268] Apparently this is a translation from the Hindi. - -[269] Text wrongly has 1014. - -[270] Jahangir calls Islam farzand because he was the son of his -foster-brother. Jahangir Quli means 'slave of Jahangir.' - -[271] The seed of Abrus precatorius. - -[272] Or devtaq. Qu. devanayak? The MSS. have yunk and wabunk. The -text is corrupt and has converted the word for 'bat' into a 'lamb.' - -[273] The text is corrupt. - -[274] Blochmann, p. 387. - -[275] Sister of Mirza Hakim, also known as Fakhru-n-nisa (Blochmann, -p. 322). The MSS. have Bakhtu-n-nisa, and it would seem that the -Najibu-n-nisa of the text is a wrong reading. See Gulbadan Begam's -Memoirs, p. 214. - -[276] Text wrongly has Shamshiri. The MSS. have Shustari, and this -is right. See Blochmann, pp. 208, 209, and 518. - -[277] Riqa` is a kind of writing (Blochmann, pp. 99, 100). - -[278] Blochmann, p. 417. His name was Anisu-d-din. - -[279] This must be Raja Sangram of Kharakpur, who had been a rebel. See -Blochmann, p. 446 and note. - -[280] Text Qutbi, but I think the word is Qibti, 'Egyptian.' - -[281] Fighani was a famous poet and also a drunkard. See Rieu, -ii, p. 651, and Sprenger, Oude Cat., p. 403. Fighani also means -lamentation, and there is a play in the couplet on the double meaning. - -[282] In the Elliot MSS., B.M., the second line is translated -"Alas! if the angels made his shroud of another kind of odour!" The -angels meant are Nakir and Munkar. - -[283] Blochmann, p. 612. - -[284] Cf. Jarrett, ii, p. 122. - -[285] Blochmann, p. 469. - -[286] "What money and articles he could produce at the time" (Elliot, -vi, 320). - -[287] Apparently the person spoken of as a Nazarene (Christian) was -the Emperor of Constantinople. Can this picture be the original of -that prefixed to White & Davey's translation of Timur's Institutes? - -[288] Perhaps the meaning is enough milk to fill a coffee-cup. - -[289] According to the contemporary, but anonymous, author quoted in -Elliot, vi, 448, this was in reward for restoring the sight of Khusrau. - -[290] Majzub-i-madar-zad. Probably the meaning is that he was a -born idiot. - -[291] The story is also told in the Iqbal-nama, p. 37, where it is -said that the tiger was one brought by a calendar as a present. It -had the name of La`l Khan and was very tame. It is added that the -tiger did no injury to the jogi with his claws or teeth. - -[292] The MSS. have `Inayat. - -[293] I.O. MS. No. 181, Shah Beg Khan. - -[294] Salamu-llah is mentioned later on (p. 78), and is described -as brother's son of Mubarak, who held the country of Jotra (?) and -Darful. He is also mentioned in the Iqbal-nama, p. 38, where Mubarak -is described as ruler (hakim) of Juyza and Saful (?). But a MS. of the -Iqbal-nama in my possession only mentions Juyza or Juyna. I think Juyza -must be Juina or Juanny, which, according to Sir William Jones, is one -of the names of the island of Johanna or Hinzuan (one of the Comorro -Islands), and that Saful must be Sofala, a town on the east coast of -Africa. Sir W. Jones was landed on Johanna, and has a long account -of the island (see his works). The Iqbal-nama says that Salamu-llah -killed himself with drink. There is a short notice of him in the -Ma'asir, ii, 641, where he is called by his title of Shaja`at Khan. - -[295] The I.O. MSS. have a different reading here. Instead of 'every -morning' they have 'renew (humility).' The word nur, 'light,' in the -last line probably refers to Jahangir's name of Nuru-d-din. - -[296] See note above. Jutra or Jotra is probably a mistake for the -island of Johanna, i.e. Hinzuan. Darful is Dazful in I.O. MS. No. 181. - -[297] Possibly Qur Yasawul is right, but most probably it was a -yasawul attached to the Qur, for which see Blochmann, p. 50. - -[298] Jahangir's conduct was sufficiently brutal, but the text has -made it worse than it was by omitting the word pay before pay. The -back tendons of the bearers' feet were cut. Their feet were not cut -off. Erskine translates the passage rightly, and the I.O. MSS. agree -with him. - -[299] This was the same `Abdu-r-Rahim who was a companion of Khusrau, -and after his capture was sweated in a skin. As he had life left in -him he escaped from that destruction, and, on being released, became -one of the personal servants, and served His Majesty till by degrees -the latter became gracious to him. (Note of Sayyid Ahmad.) - -[300] Ghazi Khan was one of the famous officers of Akbar. Husam his -son was married to Abu-l-fazl's sister. See Blochmann, p. 440. - -[301] Brahmini ducks. - -[302] A son of Akbar's officer, Muhammad Quli Barlas (Blochmann, -pp. 342 and 478). - -[303] Mir `Ali was a famous calligrapher. See Rieu, Cat., ii, 531. Can -the copy mentioned by Jahangir be that in the Bodleian Library, which -Sir W. Jones praised so highly? A writer in the Journal of the Moslem -Institute for January-March, 1907, p. 186, suggests that the copy is -in the Bankipur Library. - -[304] The Iqbal-nama, p. 41, has Shayyadi, 'a dervish, a hypocrite,' -and the R.A.S. MS. has Sayyidi Shayyad. Shayyad is used at p. 60 to -mean an impostor. Here, perhaps, it would mean a buffoon. - -[305] `Ali Ahmad's father was Shaikh Husain. See Blochmann, p. 53. - -[306] It was the bathing of the Hindus that the saint was watching. - -[307] The point of Amir Khusrau's hemistich is that kaj-kulah literally -means 'the awry cap,' and so refers to the saint, who had his cap -on his ear or on the side of his head. But it also means one who is -presumptuous, and has left the true path of religion. It also means, -according to Steingass, a beloved person. - -[308] I.O. MS. 181 has Takht-i-bakht (Throne of fortune). - -[309] Kesho Das was perhaps the father of Karamsi, one of Akbar's -wives. See Blochmann, p. 310. - -[310] Blochmann, p. 465. - -[311] Takhti, qu. a signet? - -[312] Kaukab is mentioned again at the end of the twelfth year. For -notice of his father see Blochmann, p. 485. - -[313] Elliot, vi, 321. - -[314] Ujjainiyya here means Bhojpur. - -[315] Apparently we may infer from this that Jahangir did blind -or attempt to blind his son Khusrau, though he says nothing about -it. Else why should this impostor pretend that he had marks of -the blinding? Tavernier says Khusrau was blinded. Du Jarric also -tells us that Jahangir blinded Khusrau on his way back from Kabul, -when he came to the place where Khusrau had fought the battle. He was -blinded by some juice of a plant being poured into his eyes. The juice -resembled milk (qu. Euphorbia). One of his captains, who was also a -judge, was likewise blinded there along with his son. W. Finch, too, -speaks of this outbreak. He also says that Khusrau was reported to -have been blinded on the battlefield with a glass. Another story was -that Jahangir merely caused a handkerchief to be tied over his eyes -and had it sealed with his own seal. It is mentioned in Whiteway's -"Rise of the Portuguese Power in India," p. 165, note, that fifteen -relatives of the King of Ormuz had been blinded by red-hot bowls -having been passed close to their eyes. - -[316] Kharakpur. The word is written Gorakhpur in some MSS., but I -think it is clear that Kharakpur is the place meant, for `Abdu-r-Rahman -had lately got Sangram's estate of Kharakpur in jagir. The fact, too, -that he fought with the impostor at the Pun Pun to the east of Patna -shows that he was coming back from down the Ganges. - -[317] Text wrongly has Mandhu. - -[318] A tasu, or tasu, is said in Wilson's Glossary to be the 24th -part of a gaz or about a third of an inch. I.O. MS. makes the breadth -3 1/2 cubits 1 tasu. The slab is described in Keene's Guide and in -the N.W.P. Gazetteer, Agra volume. One inscription has the date 1011, -or 1602. Archæological Report, lv, pp. 132-5, says it is 10 ft. 7 1/2 -ins. long, 9 ft. 10 ins. broad, and 6 inches thick. It is supported -on octagonal pedestals. See also Beale's Miftahu-t-tawarikh, pp. 300, -301, where a representation of the stone and copies of the inscriptions -are given. - -[319] A fort in the Deccan "sixty miles north of Bidar" (Elliot, -vi, 70). - -[320] So in MSS. Apparently Khan Jahan's meaning was that if this -Deccani man were sent to Agra (as if to be punished) the other Deccani -leaders would be discouraged. - -[321] The text seems corrupt. Apparently I.O. MS. has Sargala, and -this may have been Kesho Das's title. - -[322] Para durtar, but it would seem from the Ma'asir, ii, 231, -five lines from foot, that para, or bara, is a word meaning a body -of men. Perhaps it is barah, 'twelve.' - -[323] At p. 256 we have the phrase majra girand applied to the -directing of cannon against the buildings of Fort Ranthambhor. I -confess that I do not know whether Jahangir fired the gun that was -on the stand or the one that Kamal loaded. - -[324] Majra giriftam seems rather to mean here 'adjusted the tripod,' -for from what follows it appears that the gun was not then loaded. The -Iqbal-nama, p. 47, has masha ra zir kard, 'applied the match'(?). - -[325] Apparently the meaning is that he rolled the tiger over to the -side furthest from Jahangir. - -[326] Kuragi. The Iqbal-nama, p. 48, says the night was dark, and -so the lamplighter blindly (az kuragi) fell upon the tiger and was -killed. This tiger hunt and Jahangir's danger, etc., are described -by William Finch (Purchas, i, 430). - -[327] Anikini means an army in Sanskrit and Rai is a title meaning -leadership. - -[328] Text, Zangchiyan (?). I.O. 181 has Ibachkiyan, i.e. people of the -Ibachki-khana or closet. See Ayin, Persian text, i, 42, and Blochmann, -i, 46. - -[329] This is said ironically. - -[330] The text has 14th night, but I follow the I.O. MS. 181. - -[331] Jahangir does not mention that it was in this year that he -married Nur-Jahan. He saw her on New Year's Day (Iqbal-nama, p. 56), -and it appears from a note of Jahangir on p. 132 of B.M. MS. Or. 3276 -that he married her on 14th Khurdad (end of May, 1611). It was in the -11th year that she got the title of Nur-Jahan. Before that she was -known as Nur-Mahall. It would seem that Jahangir married Nur-Jahan -four years and a few days after her first husband's death. - -[332] Khan Dauran was away in the district of Ningnahar (Iqbal-nama, -p. 53). - -[333] Text wrongly has Qizilbashes. - -[334] Or Barki. - -[335] The text has here the word ghayatan, which does not seem to -have much meaning. Erskine has 'without his knowledge,' so he probably -had gha'ibana in his MS. - -[336] Compare Elliot, vi, 324. - -[337] Sang-i-durushti. Elliot had the name reading and translates 'a -heavy stone.' But both MSS. have sang u rasani, 'a stone and a cord,' -query a sling, and this is certainly the right reading. See Iqbal-nama, -p. 57. - -[338] Text bar pay, but the I.O. MS. and Iqbal-nama, p. 58, have bar -bazi ('on the rope'? or perhaps 'is doing gymnastics') - -[339] Note of Sayyid Ahmad (to the fourth compartment).--"Evidently -this masterpiece was not the work of a slave in the seal department, -for no reason appears why the portrait of Jesus should be introduced -into the fourth compartment. Probably this masterpiece was the work -of Frank artists and had fallen into the hands of the slave, and he -had ascribed it to his own workmanship. (Perhaps the scene depicted -was the Transfiguration.)" - -[340] See Blochmann, p. 89, note. It came from Europe. - -[341] In Scinde; it is the same as Sahwan, and is on the Indus. - -[342] Blochmann, p. 45. - -[343] Elliot, vi, 325. - -[344] Both MSS. have bar ru instead of bar u, 'in front' or 'in the -face' of the letter, and this is no doubt the correct reading. See -Iqbal-nama, p. 59. See Blochmann, p. 263, for the different places -where seals are to be put. Jahangir's order apparently was that the -provincial governors were not to impress their seals on the face of -their letters or other documents. - -[345] The reference seems to be, not to these subsidiary regulations, -but to the code of twelve rules promulgated by him at the commencement -of his reign. - -[346] Quruqchi in I.O. MS. and in Iqbal-nama, p. 60. Steingass gives -it as meaning one who looks after the king's game, and as a sentinel. - -[347] Text has pustha, skins, but I.O. MS. has pustinha. - -[348] Copied from Ayin. See Jarrett, ii, 115. See also Elliot, vi, 326. - -[349] This is equal to one krore, fifty lakhs of rupees. The Sarkar -of Orissa was included in Bengal, and its revenue is included in -this. (Note of Sayyid Ahmad.) - -[350] Also called Shaikh Kabir Chishti (Blochmann, p. 519; -Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 630). - -[351] Perhaps this is only rhetoric, but Abu-l-fazl describes how -lots were cast between him and Raja Birbal as to who should go on -the Yusufzai expedition. - -[352] Ichi means a hawk, but the meaning may be a Shaikh of Uch. Acha -is given in Zenker as meaning a father in Turki. The Iqbal-nama -has Ajha. - -[353] Text wrongly has A`zam. See Blochmann, p. 521, note. - -[354] Kishwar was the son of Jahangir's foster-brother Qutbu-d-din, -who was killed by Shir-afgan. - -[355] The Iqbal-nama and the B.M. MSS. call it Bakhla. - -[356] These last words seem to be part of Shaja`at's speech, but see -Iqbal-nama, p. 63. See also Elliot, vi, 329, and the translation of -the Iqbal-nama account in Appendix L, Stewart's Cat. of Tippo Sultan's -MSS., p. 275. The Iqbal-nama says that `Usman's corpulence compelled -him to ride on an elephant. - -[357] The text has dar adhar u tarf kih dar tasarruf-i-an tira-ruzgar -bud. I do not know if adhar is the name of a place or what its -meaning is. The I.O. MSS., Nos. 181 and 305, have arhad. Blochmann, -p. 520, on the authority of the Makhzan-i-Afghani, says the fight -took place 100 kos from Dacca and in a place called Nek Ujyal, -and he points out in a note that there are several Ujyals in Eastern -Bengal. Possibly Adhar is Udhar or Uzar, and a corruption of Ujyal. The -'hills of Dacca,' referred to by Blochmann, might be Ran Bhawal or -the Madhupur jungle. The Riyazu-s-salatin does not mention the site -of the battle, and the translator, Maulawi `Abdu-s-Salam, has in his -note at p. 175 confounded two `Isa Khans, and so drawn groundless -inferences. Blochmann points out, p. 520, that the Ma'asiru-l-umara -says the prisoners were afterwards put to death. The passage is at -vol. ii, p. 632. It says they were put to death by Jahangir's orders by -`Abdu-llah (who certainly was brute enough for anything). Jahangir, -Tuzuk, p. 112, mentions the arrival of `Usman's sons and brothers -at Court, so that Blochmann's statement at p. 520 about their being -executed on the road is not correct. It appears, too, they came to -Court after Shaja`at's death. Jahangir says (Tuzuk, p. 112) he made -over the prisoners to responsible servants of government. `Abdu-llah -may have been one of these, and have got rid of his prisoners by -killing them. It would appear that the battle with `Usman took place -to the east or south-east of Dacca, and not near Orissa, as Stewart -supposed. - -[358] The lines occur in Hafiz' divan, under the letter M, -Brockhaus' ed., No. 396, but Jahangir has missed out two lines in his -quotation. An Indian lithograph has rakht in the first line instead -of sabr, but the latter reading occurs in Brockhaus. In the fourth -line nargis is a mistake for tirkash. Tir-i-falak, 'the arrow of -the spheres,' is also a name for the planet Mercury. Tirkash-i-Jauza -means both a particular constellation in the sign Gemini, which is -supposed to resemble a quiver in appearance, and also the strings -of a musical instrument. The meaning of the lines seems to be, -"I have been wounded by the shaft of heaven: give me wine that I may -become intoxicated and be able to tie a knot in the quiver-girdle of -the Gemini." The appositeness of the fal is not very apparent, but -the mention of an arrow was taken to be an allusion to the death of -`Usman by a shot from an unknown hand. - -[359] Elliot, vi, 331. - -[360] They call this in the English language a turkey, and the people -of India call it piru; Persian-knowing Indians call it in Persian -filmurgh. They are now plentiful in India. (Note of Sayyid Ahmad.) - -[361] Akbar-nama, iii, 533. It was in the 33rd year. - -[362] He asked Todar Mal's protection, but the son was sent -(Akbar-nama, iii, 533). - -[363] This name is not in all the MSS. It is another name for I`tiqad, -son of I`timadu-d-daulah. - -[364] Blochmann, p. 508. - -[365] Elliot, vi, 333. - -[366] Raja of Baglana. - -[367] A periphrasis for Jahangir himself. - -[368] The history of Nur, i.e. the history of Nuru-d-din Jahangir. - -[369] Should be Abu-n-nabi. See infra. - -[370] This was Arjumand Banu or Mumtaz-mahall, the favourite wife of -Shah Jahan and the mother of fourteen of his children. She was the -niece of Nur-Jahan, her father being Nur-Jahan's brother, the Asaf -Khan IV and Abu-l-hasan of Beale, who also had the names of I`tiqad -Khan and Yaminu-d-daulah. There is an account of the betrothal and -wedding in the Padshah-nama, i, 388. It seems that the betrothal took -place five years and three months before the marriage, and when Shah -Jahan was 15 years old. At the time of the marriage Shah Jahan was 20 -years and 3 months old and Arjumand Banu was 19 years and 1 month. 18th -Khurdad, 1021, would correspond to about the end of May, 1612, but -the Padshah-nama gives the eve of Friday, 9th Rabi`u-l-awwal of 1021, -corresponding to 22nd Urdibihisht, as the day of the marriage. This -would correspond to 30th April, 1612, so that apparently Jahangir's -visit to the house (apparently I`timadu-d-daulah's, but possibly Shah -Jahan's) took place about a month after the marriage. Arjumand Banu -died in childbed at Burhanpur in 1040, or July, 1631, the chronogram -being one word, viz. gham, 'grief.' She must have been born in 1591, -and was in her 40th year when she died. She was not Shah Jahan's first -wife, for he was married to the daughter of Muzaffar Husain Safawi, -a descendant of Shah Isma`il of Persia, in September, 1610 (Rajab, -1019), but the betrothal to Arjumand was earlier than this. It was -in Arjumand's honour that the Taj was built. - -[371] Turha. The corresponding passage in the Iqbal-nama, p. 67, last -line, shows that jewels are meant. The text omits the preposition ba -before Begaman. - -[372] Khun-para, 'congestion of blood'; para or bara is used to mean -a collection or gathering. See Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 221, where we -have bara ya`ni jam`i. Erskine, in spite of his MS., reads chun para -and translates 'as quicksilver.' - -[373] Asar, which, according to Forbes, is a sir weight. - -[374] Perhaps it was only what is called a char-jama and not an -enclosed howdah. - -[375] The reference is to the Messiah as the restorer to life by -His breath. For baguzar, 'pass by,' Erskine had in his MS. maguzar, -'pass not.' Apparently the verse means that it is more meritorious -for the Messiah to restore one man to life than it is for another to -slay a hundred infidels. - -[376] `Ali Ahmad died suddenly two years before this, unless indeed the -passage at p. 169 refers to the mimic and not to `Ali Ahmad. Probably -the meaning is that `Ali Ahmad had made this couplet on some previous -occasion, and that one of the courtiers now quoted it. His verse about -the hundred murders may contain a play on the word khun, 'blood,' -and refer to the spilling of the blood-like wine. It is difficult to -understand how Jahangir came to introduce the verse into his Memoirs -here. It does not seem to have any connection with the account of -the Raja of Kumaon. Jahangir says it was quoted 'incidentally,' ba -taqarrubi. Perhaps the word here means 'by way of parody,' or 'by -way of paraphrase.' In the MS. used by Erskine the words of the first -line seem to be Maguzar Masih bar sar-i-ma, and so Erskine translates -"Pass not, O Messiah, over the heads of us victims of love." Perhaps -maguzar means 'do not pass by.' - -[377] This is the Dakhani chief mentioned previously at p. 192. - -[378] Blochmann, p. 485. He acted in Kashmir for his brother Hashim. - -[379] The katara was a long, narrow dagger. See Blochmann's Ayin, -pl. xli, fig. 9. But the word phul (flower) is obscure. Perhaps -it means the knot or crochet of jewels called by Chardin, iv, 164, -ed. Rouen, "une enseigne ronde de pierreries," and which, he says, -the Persians called 'rose de Poignard.' - -[380] He must have remained more than four days, for he got the news -of Salima's death while in the garden. See infra. Perhaps the date -10th refers to Day and not to Zi-l-qa`da. The Dahrah garden was in -the environs of Agra. - -[381] This statement is wrong. Salima was 76 when she died, she -having been born on 4th Shawwal, 945, or 23rd February, 1539. She -died on or about 10th Zi-l-qa`da, 1021 (2nd January, 1613), so that -she was 73 solar years old. See note in B.M. MS. Or. 171, Rieu, 257a, -and an article in J.A.S.B. for 1906. The note is by the author of -the Tarikh-i-Muhammadi and is at 72a of the B.M. MS. Or. 171, and -the corresponding passage appears in MS. Or. 182, on p. 140. The -chronogram of Salima's birth was Khush-hal, which yields 945. She -was about 3 1/2 years older than Akbar. - -[382] The real name appears to be Abu-n-nabi. He had the title of -Bahadur Khan. See Ma'asiru-l-umara, i, 400. In the Akbar-nama, iii, -820 and 839, he is called Abu-l-Baqa. - -[383] This must refer to the 2 months and 20 days of hunting. - -[384] Zin-i-murassa` kari-i-Farangi. The MSS. in the B.M. seem to -have zaram instead of zin. - -[385] Jahangir's words seem to imply that he caused the fowl's leg -to be broken in order to try the experiment. Manucci, i, 55, has -a good deal to say about mumiya, though he admits that he had not -himself witnessed its effects. I do not find that Haji Baba descants -on its virtues, though at the end of the first chapter he says that his -mother gave him an unguent which she said would cure all fractures. The -Persian translator, no doubt rightly, has rendered the word 'unguent' -by mumiya. With regard to the derivation of the word, may it not be -connected with mom, 'wax'? Vullers has a long article on the word. - -[386] The text has biradari, 'brotherhood,' but the true reading, as -shown by the B.M. MSS., is bar awardi, br 'AUrdI, and this means either -the establishment of `Abdu-llah or a list submitted by him. Perhaps -'list' is a better translation, the word awardi being connected with -the awarda-nawis of Wilson's Glossary. - -[387] The sentence is very obscure. MS. No. 181 I.O. has khun, -'blood,' instead of chun, 'as,' and perhaps the meaning is blood -in the breasts turns to milk on account of love for their cubs, -and then the sucking by the latter increases the mother's natural -ferocity and the milk dries up. - -[388] In the B.M. MSS. the words are mansabdaran-i-riza-mansab. These -last two words are wanting in the text. - -[389] Text Patna, but B.M. MSS. have Thatta. - -[390] Text has Patna. - -[391] Text Kachhi, but it is Gajpati in B.M. MSS. - -[392] This seems taken from Abu-l-fazl. See Jarrett, iii, 115. The -third duty, which Jahangir calls "worshipping fire," is by Abu-l-fazl -termed Yag, i.e. sacrifice. - -[393] It is the day of the full moon in Sawan that is holy. - -[394] Blochmann, p. 184, and Wilson's Glossary. Badayuni (Lowe, p. 269) -speaks of Akbar's wearing the rakhi on the 8th day of Virgo. I do not -know why Jahangir calls the day after the last day of Sawan the first -day of the New Year. Perhaps ruz-i-duyam here means 'another day,' and -not 'the next day'; but then, if so, why is it the rakhi day, for that -is in Sawan? The Hindu New Year begins in Baisakh (April). It will be -observed from Jarrett, ii, 17, that Sawan is also the name of a month -of a particular length. Perhaps Jahangir has confused the two things. - -[395] It is the 10th of Aswin (September). - -[396] The text wrongly has dar har mah instead of only dar mah. - -[397] The negative in text is wrong apparently. It does not occur in -MS. No. 181 I.O. nor in the B.M. MSS., which have ba instead of na. - -[398] That is, 9th Amurdad corresponded with the Hijra date of Akbar's -death, viz. 13th Jumada-s-sani, which this year, 1022, occurred in -July. According to the solar calendar Akbar's death was in October. - -[399] Pargalas seem to be clothes of some sort. Perhaps the word -is another form of the fargul of Blochmann, p. 89. The text has -sitarkani. Sitar means a veil, but probably we should read Sonargaoni, -'of Sonargaon.' Both the MSS. give the number of elephants as 68 -instead of 28 as in text. - -[400] See Jarrett, ii, 268, where it is said that an ancestor of -Bappa came to Berar. - -[401] According to Tod, Bappa, the ancestor of the Rana, acquired -Chitor in A.D. 728. Jahangir makes twenty-six princes rule for 1,010 -years and twenty-six others only reign for 461 years! Tod says the -legendary ancestor Kenek Sen, the sixty-third from Loh, the son of -Ram, emigrated from the Panjab to Gujarat in 145 A.D. Perhaps the -Mewat of the Tuzuk is a mistake for Mewar. - -[402] Probably the town of that name in the Rajputana State of -Jhalawar. See "Rajputana Gazetteer," ii, 211. - -[403] The Raushanis, called by their enemies the Tarikis. - -[404] Both Jahangir and Allah Akbar yield 288. - -[405] Sanskrit Devahara, 'an idol temple.' - -[406] "Rajputana Gazetteer," ii, 69. - -[407] Instead of kaff ardi, 'a handful of flour,' the R.A.S. MS. has -kaf az way, 'his spittle,' and this seems more likely. - -[408] Text ajnabi, 'foreign' or 'strange,' and Dowson had the same -reading, for at vi, 337, we have the translation 'ships engaged in -the foreign trade of Surat.' But I adopt the reading of I.O. MS. 181, -which is ajnasi, as it does not seem likely that Jahangir would -interest himself about 'foreign' ships. - -[409] "Rajputana Gazetteer," ii, 63. There are now two large caldrons -(dig) inside the darguh enclosure. - -[410] Hafiz Jamal was the name of the saint Mu`inu-d-din's daughter -("Rajputana Gazetteer," ii, 62). It lies at the back of the Taragarh -hill, and is now commonly called Nur-chashma. The fountains, etc., -are in a ruined state. Sir Thomas Roe visited this place (id., p. 123). - -[411] Shab-i-jum`a, which is Friday eve according to Blochmann. - -[412] Khusrau was married to his daughter. - -[413] The "Arrogant of the Earth" (Tod). - -[414] Perhaps this means Peshawar, for apparently Qilij was there -when he died. - -[415] According to the Ma'asir, iii, 486, in the biography of `Isa -Khan, Rustam was sent to put down the Tarkhans, and succeeded in doing -so. See also ibid., p. 438, in the biography of Rustam, where it is -said that Jahangir told him to send away the Arghuns. Perhaps the -passage in Ma'asir, p. 438, which according to Blochmann, p. 314, -means that Rustam ill-treated the Arghuns, rather means that he -intrigued with them but oppressed the peasantry. - -[416] Though the text has Pulam, the real word seems to be Ilam or -Ailam. Ailam Guzar appears to be a pass in a range of hills. It may, -however, be a ferry on the Kabul River. That river seems to be also -known as the Shah `Alam, and there is a ferry on it of that name. The -text speaks of Kot Tirah as 8 kos from Jalalabad, but Tirah is much -further away. The B.M. MSS. have Kotal-i-Tirah, 'the Tirah defile.' - -[417] Compare Price's Jahangir, p. 94. It appears from that -account that Mu`taqid alias Lashkar Khan was originally called -Abu-l-husain. According to the account there, the prisoners were -brought to Jahangir with the decapitated heads of 17,000 (!) suspended -from their necks! - -[418] She was a daughter of Mir Mahmud, Akbar's secretary (Blochmann, -p. 449). - -[419] Man Singh died in the Deccan in 1614, and apparently in the -month of June. - -[420] Text pidar by mistake for pisar. - -[421] Garha, described as Bandhu in Ma'asir, ii, 175. It is -Garha-Katanga, i.e. Jabalpur. - -[422] Perhaps the meaning is that there was an eruption. - -[423] Buzurgan, which perhaps here means elder ladies of the harem. - -[424] This is Tash Beg (Blochmann, p. 457). The text wrongly has Patna. - -[425] Jahangir was born in this month, which then corresponded -to Rajab. - -[426] Is this an allusion to some complimentary remark of Sir Thomas -Roe? Sir Thomas did not come to Ajmir till December, 1615, but Jahangir -is here apparently writing of what happened a year after his visit -to Hafiz Jamal. The chronogram was 1024 (1615). - -[427] Mahall-i-Shah Nuru-d-din Jahangir, 1024 (1615). See Proceedings -A.S.B. for August, 1873, pp. 159-60. - -[428] Salima died in the 7th year, so that the discovery must have -occurred some time before this mention of it. - -[429] Hindustani, dhurpad, "petit poëme ordinairement composé de -cinq hémistiches sur une même rime." "It was invented by Raja Man of -Gwalior" (Garçin de Tassy, Hist. Litt. Hindouie, i, 12). - -[430] See Rieu, 741b, who calls the nauras a treatise on music -composed by Ibrahim `Adil Shah II. This `Adil Shah was Firishta's -patron, and reigned till 1626. Jamalu-d-din is the dictionary-maker -and friend of Sir T. Roe. The sentence about reporting the remainder -of the facts seems to be an extract from his report. Muhammad Waris, -in his continuation of the Padshah-nama, B.M. MS. Add. 6556, p. 438, -mentions, with reprobation, that `Adil Shah had given his niece in -marriage to a singer. - -[431] Translated Elliot, vi, 339. - -[432] Lit. procure for him the sign of the blessed panja (five -fingers). The sign-manual was that of Jahangir. See below. See also -Tod's Rajasthan, reprint, i, 411, for a representation of the panja; -also p. 383, note id. - -[433] Panja mubarak (Tod's Rajasthan, i, 383 and 411). - -[434] Perhaps the uncle and Haridas, or the inha, 'them' may mean -the farman. See Elliot, vi, 340, which has 'my letters.' Tod has -translated this part of the Tuzuk, i, 382. - -[435] The text has khaurmiyan, and I. O. 181 has khaur-i-bandar. Khaur -means a bay or gulf in Arabic. The battle is that between Captain -Downton and the Portuguese, which took place in January, 1615, and is -described in Orme's Hist., Fragments, p. 351, etc. See also Danvers' -"Portuguese in India," ii. 170. The engagement was in the Swally -channel. - -[436] Elliot, vi, 340. As Mr. Rogers remarks, the sentence is not -easily intelligible. Probably the translation should be, "No one -remained (all the Rajputs having been killed) who could finish off -Malik `Ambar." - -[437] Probably the father or grandfather of the Muhammad Beg Zu-l-faqar -who was a servant of Aurangzib (Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 89). - -[438] R.A.S. MS. has Dayanat Khan, and so has I.O. MS. 181. - -[439] Qulba. It does not appear that this is a land-measure. - -[440] Kharwar. It is a weight. See Jarrett, ii, 394, where a kharwar -is said to be equal to ten Hindustani maunds. - -[441] Probably this was the son who died in the 14th year (Tuzuk, -p. 282). - -[442] Should be 18th. See Elliot, vi, 341. I.O. 181 has 20th, and -this is probably correct, bistam and hashtam being often mistaken -for one another by the copyists. B.M. MS. Add. 26215 has dushamba, -Monday, instead of shamba, Saturday. - -[443] Akbar used the word parm narm, 'very soft,' as a substitute for -'shawl' (Blochmann, p. 90). - -[444] According to Gladwin, 96 tanks = one sir. Four mashas make a -tank, and a masha is about 18 grains troy. - -[445] Text k-hyt'h chAr, kheta char. But the two B.M. MSS. which I have -consulted have no ya, and have khatta or ghatta char. I think that -the word must be ghata, which in Sanskrit means a troop of elephants -assembled for war. I am not sure what the word char means, but perhaps -it is only an affix. According to Abu-l-fazl a herd of (wild) elephants -is called sahn (Blochmann, p. 122). - -[446] Panj tuquz, i.e. 9 by 5. The text has tAqUr, taqur. - -[447] The B.M. MSS. seem to have panch kunjar, 'five elephants,' -i.e. equal to five elephants(?). - -[448] In Sarkar Delhi (Jarrett, ii, 287). - -[449] The text does not expressly say that the dervish foretold -two years before his death the period of his death, but apparently -Jahangir means this, for he goes on to speak of the time mentioned -for his delivery. See also Iqbal-nama, p. 81, where the dervish is -called Hafiz, and where it is added that the whole population of -Srinagar followed the bier. - -[450] Lit. give it, for the Koran cannot be directly sold. - -[451] Text pisar, 'son of Buland Ray.' but from the B.M. MSS. it -appears that pisar is a mistake for Sar. - -[452] Blochmann, p. 387. Possibly he was the part author of a -translation of Babar's Commentaries. - -[453] The name is wrong. The Iqbal-nama, p. 84, has Rasht (Rashd), -which is a well-known town on the Caspian. - -[454] According to the Iqbal-nama the true reading is sanjaki (see -p. 84). But Olearius, who gives a full account of the murder (p. 352 -of English translation, ed. 1662), says Bihbud gave him two stabs -with a chentze, which is a kind of poniard. - -[455] A Persian festival in memory of a rain which fell on the 13th -Tir and put an end to a famine (Bahar-i-`ajam). - -[456] Sangram was Raja of Khurkpur in Behar, and was killed in battle -with Jahangir Quli Khan (Blochmann, p. 446, note). - -[457] Shakwa'i-sahib-i-Suba. I presume it means a complaint against -the governor, and perhaps one made by Kesho. - -[458] The pearls are omitted in the MSS. - -[459] It is phul in MS. No. 181. - -[460] Takhti, qu. a signet? No. 181 has a lal takhti. - -[461] Sir Thomas Roe's friend. - -[462] Text wrongly has 3 instead of 30. - -[463] Apparently because born in Lahore (see Blochmann, p. 500). - -[464] According to I.O. MS. 181 every zamindar took some money from -Chin Qilij and sent him out of his estate, and this seems to be -the probable meaning, for we are told later on that the zamindars -plundered Chin Qilij. - -[465] Tirhut. R.A.S. MS. has "It chanced that the zamindar of this -place was with Jahangir Quli, and the latter sent him with some -people to seize Chin Qilij." I.O. MS. has the same, and this seems -correct. The text has "It chanced that the zamindar of that place was -spending some days in that neighbourhood(?)." Perhaps a negative has -been omitted before 'spending.' I.O. MS. seems to have Johirhat as -the name of the zamindar's estate. - -[466] Apparently the verse is quoted with reference to Jahangir Quli's -failure to exact retribution from the zamindars, There is an account -of Chin Qilij in the Ma'asir, iii, 351. - -[467] Gunth, a breed of small horses or ponies. - -[468] A farji is a coat (see Blochmann, p. 89). - -[469] Text in ruba`i, 'this quatrain,' which does not seem to make -sense. Perhaps in here should be ayin-i-ruba`i, 'the rules or the -custom of a quatrain.' Similarly, in kitabat five lines down may be -ayin-i-kitabat, 'the rules of writing.' - -[470] His father was Khalilu-llah, previously mentioned in the Tuzuk, -and who had lately died (Iqbal-nama, p, 84, and Tuzuk, pp. 62 and -69). Tahmasp gave Ni`matu-llah's daughter in marriage to his own -son Isma`il. - -[471] Khanish Khanim in Ma'asir, iii, 339. - -[472] Ishal-i-kabd. - -[473] Two I.O. MSS. and the R.A.S. MS. have 18 instead of 15. Elliot -has "up to my fourteenth" year. Jahangir was born in Rabi`, 977, -or 31st August, 1569, and the beginning of wine-drinking to which he -refers must have taken place at earliest in January, 1586. He tells us -that it was after the death of Muhammad Hakim, and at the time when -his father was at Attock. Now Akbar arrived there on 15th Muharram, -994, according to Nizamu-d-din, and on 12th Day, 994, according to -Abu-l-fazl, iii, 976, i.e. about the end of December, 1585, and at -that time Jahangir was 17 years and 4 months of age, or in his 18th -year. He continued to drink heavily for nine years, i.e. till he was -26 (17 + 9), then he moderated for seven years, i.e. till he was 33, -and he kept to that for fifteen years more, i.e. till he was 48. These -years were lunar years, and he tells that at the time of writing he -was 47 years and 9 months old, according to the lunar calendar. It -seems to follow that the MSS. are right, and that we should read 18. - -[474] Elliot, vi, 341. - -[475] The two good I.O. MSS. have, not murgh or murghi, but tughdari -or tughdari, a 'bustard,' unless indeed the word be taghaddi, -'breakfast.' But probably the word is tughdari, a bustard, and the -reference is to the particular memorable day when he first drank -wine. His food that day, he says, was a bustard with bread and a radish -(turb). - -[476] Blochmann. Calcutta Review, 1869, has 'turnips.' - -[477] Filuniya. The word is not given in ordinary dictionaries, but -it is explained in Dozy's Supplement. It is stated there that it is -a sedative electuary, and that the word is derived from the Greek, -being philônia, which is the name of an antidote or drug invented -by Philon of Tarsus. There is an account of Philon and a reference -to his drug in Smith's Classical Dictionary. Philon lived in or -before the first century after Christ, and is referred to by Galen -and others. The word as given there is philôneion. We are not told -what it was made of. In Price's Jahangir, filuniya, misread there -as Kelourica, is described by Jahangir as brother's son to tiryaq, -i.e. theriaca (see Price, p. 6). Tiryak or tiryaq is supposed to be a -Greek word (see Lane), and means an antidote against poison, etc. It -is so used in the verse from Avicenna quoted by Jahangir to his son -Shah Jahan. See D'Herbelot, s.v. Teriak. But it is also often used -apparently as a synonym for opium. The mixing of wine with spirits -was intended to dilute the potation, for hitherto Jahangir had been -taking raw spirit. A misqal is said to be 63 1/2 grains troy, and so -18 misqals would be about 3 ounces, and the six cups would be about -1 1/2 lb. troy. In Elliot, Jahangir is made to say that he does not -drink on Thursdays and Fridays. But the shab-i-jum`a, as Blochmann -has pointed out elsewhere, Ayin translation, p. 171, n. 3, means -Thursday night or Friday eve, and this is clearly the case here, -for Jahangir speaks of the eve's being followed by a blessed day. It -should be noted that there is no connection in Jahangir's mind between -abstaining from wine and abstaining from meat. He did not eat meat -on Thursdays or Sundays because he did not approve of taking life on -these days, but he drank on both of them. - -[478] Cf. Blochmann's translation and Calcutta Review for 1869. - -[479] I understand the two exceptions (du chiz) to be that on Thursdays -he drank in the daytime, contrary to the general rule of only drinking -at night, and that on Thursday evenings he did not drink. - -[480] Elliot, vi, 343. - -[481] The MSS. have Jadun Ray and Baba Chokanth (Jiu Kanth?). The -Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 646, has Maluji Kantiya. The text has Babu -Kantiya. - -[482] The text is corrupt. The Ma'asir, id., has Atash instead -of Danish. - -[483] The text is corrupt. In the second line of the verse the -text has guft, which seems meaningless, and two I.O. MSS. and -B.M. MS. Add. 26,215 have jang, 'battle.' The R.A.S. MS. has pay, -'feet,' which seems to me the best reading. Possibly guft should be -read kift, 'shoulder.' - -[484] It will be remembered that Jahangir has called `Ambar's army -the army of darkness, alluding perhaps to `Ambar's being an Abyssinian. - -[485] Elliot, vi, and Blochmann, p. 479, n. 3. - -[486] Perhaps it should be phanga or feringha, a grasshopper, or it may -be jhingur, a cockroach. Presumably the country was covered with thick -jungle, and the cloud of insects indicated where water was. Erskine's -MS. has chika. B.M. Or. 3276 has chika or jika. Possibly the word is -jhingur, a cockroach (see Blochmann in J.A.S.B. for 1871, vol. xl). He -quotes a Hindustani Dict., which says that the jhinga is what in Arabic -is called the jaradu-l-bahr or water-locust. The river referred to -by Jahangir is the Sankh of I.G., xii, 222. V. Ball, Proc. A.S.B. for -1881, p. 42, suggests that the jhinga may be thunder-stones! - -[487] Compare Tavernier's account of the searching for diamonds in -Sambhalpur (vol. ii, p. 311, of ed. of 1676). - -[488] Text, khud-hunarkari, 'his own workmanship,' but the MSS. have -khud-sarkari. See also Iqbal-nama, p. 87, which says that Jamalu-d-din -had had it made in Bijapur. - -[489] Really a topaz. Tavernier points out that the natives call -various precious stones rubies, distinguishing them by their colour. - -[490] Text, ba-andaza-i-mu`tad-i-man, 'of capacity corresponding to -my custom.' Presumably it was a drinking-cup, and held Jahangir's -customary potation. - -[491] Halqa ba-gushan. Apparently referring to his being one of those -who bored their ears in imitation of Jahangir. - -[492] The text is corrupt. The true reading seems to be sad -dana-i-kish, 'one hundred pieces of muslin' (?). I.O. 181 seems to -have kabsh, 'rams'. - -[493] Here follow two unintelligible words, Pagana Bankana. - -[494] Perhaps this should be faghfuri, 'porcelain.' - -[495] Jauhar-dar, defined by Vullers as bone or wood bearing veins, -i.e. striated. - -[496] See Akbar-nama, ii, 315. It was sent before Jahangir was -born. It, too, was an African elephant. - -[497] Here the two words referred to at note 2 on p. 321 are repeated. - -[498] Ma'asiru-l-umara. i, 736. Khan `Alam's name was Mirza Barkhurdar. - -[499] This seems wrong; the number of horse would probably not -be reduced. - -[500] So in text, but No. 181 has 600, and this is more likely, -for the number of horse is never, I think, larger than the zat rank. - -[501] I.O. MSS. have 18th. - -[502] I.O. MSS. have 20th. - -[503] The two I.O. MSS. have the following sentence here: "On this -day it happened that however much I tried to write, my heart and hand -would not act. Whenever I seized the pen my condition altered. At -last I had to tell I`timadu-d-daulah to write." - -[504] This sentence is not in the I.O. MSS. - -[505] Here comes the passage which the two I.O. MSS. enter higher up. - -[506] I.O. MS. 181 has "writes that on the 11th," etc. - -[507] The I.O. MSS. add here "of the 11th year." - -[508] Probably this is the Chimni Begam, a daughter of Shah Jahan, -whose grave is near that of the saint Khwaja Mu`inu-d-din Chishti -("Rajputana Gazetteer," ii, 62). Probably Chimni should be Chamani, -which means 'verdant' and comes from chaman, a garden. Perhaps she -died of smallpox. It was in the summer. - -[509] Apparently the reference is to the parents of the child and to -the grandfather, that is, the writer of this notice. - -[510] I.O. MSS. have Monday, the 6th Tir, and say that Jahangir went -to Chashma-i-Nur on the 9th, which they say was a Thursday. And we -see later that Jahangir speaks of Saturday as the 11th. - -[511] The word 'dagger' is omitted in the text. - -[512] I.O. MSS. have bar daur, 'round.' - -[513] Elliot, vi, 346. There is a better account of the plague in -the Iqbal-nama, pp. 88, 89. - -[514] The words are dar wilayat, and may mean 'any country' or 'any -foreign country.' - -[515] The son of the historian Nizamu-d-din. Sir T. Roe refers to -this affair. - -[516] Text Anand, but this makes no sense. The I.O. MSS. have amba, -mangoes, and though the remark seems abrupt this is no doubt the -correct reading. Jahangir was particularly fond of mangoes, and perhaps -he is here playing on the similarity between the words amba and anand. - -[517] In Sarkar Saharanpur (Jarrett, ii, 292). It is now in the -Muzaffarnagar district (I.G., vii, 308). - -[518] "It is a pity that no trace of these is left at Agra. Had -there been, they would have been the wonder of the age" (note of -Sayyid Ahmad). Perhaps they are the two figures which have generally -been supposed to have been put up by Akbar and to represent Chitor -heroes. The word tarkib in the text may mean that they were mounted -statues. But then the description of them as marble statues would -be wrong. - -[519] Text has gusfand-i-nar, 'a ram,' but the MSS. have gusfand u -bar, or buz, and it is evident that the true reading is 'a sheep, -a goat.' See Blochmann, p. 266, where goats are mentioned among -the animals distributed by Akbar. The number of animals distributed -corresponded with the years of Jahangir's age (48) multiplied by 3, and -so would be 48 × 3 = 144 (see Blochmann, l.c.). The weight of Jahangir -was 6,514 tulchas, and Blochmann (p. 267, n.) takes this to be the -same as tolas, and estimates Jahangir's weight at 210 1/2 lb. troy or -15 stone. Probably this is excessive, and his weight might be 82 sir -or about 2 maunds, i.e. 164 lb. or 11 1/2 stone. The perfumes against -which he was weighed were ambergris, not amber (which has no scent), -`ud, i.e. lignum aloes, and ban (not pan as in text), which apparently -is the same as luban, 'frankincense' (see the chapter on perfumes in -Blochmann, p. 77). I am not sure of the meaning of the phrase ba-dast -nihada. The MSS. have not the preposition ba. Perhaps the meaning is -'put them into the hands of the fakirs.' Jahangir was born on the -18th Shahriwar, 977 = 31st August, 1569. The weighings described in -the text took place on the 26th Shahriwar. Perhaps this was because -his birthday was on the 24th Shahriwar according to the Jalali year. - -[520] Generally written taghma, 'a badge of honour,' 'a medal,' etc. - -[521] See Tuzuk, p. 11, Blochmann, p. 482, and Ma'asiru-l-umara, iii, -355. The statement at Tuzuk, p. 11, about Delhi seems a mistake, and -is not in the MSS. Mirza `Ali came from Badakhshan. He is frequently -mentioned in vol. iii of the Akbar-nama. - -[522] This is the same phrase as, according to the MSS., occurs at -p. 11. Apparently the ulus referred to is the Timuride family to -which Jahangir belonged. It is connected with Mirza `Ali's title -of Akbarshahi. - -[523] See in Blochmann, l.c., the affecting story of his death. - -[524] This letter being of the usual Persian style, and having nothing -to do with Jahangir's history, is omitted. It relates to the sending -of Muhammad Husain Chelebi with presents to the emperor, and to the -offering his services for the purchase of jewels, etc. - -[525] Text 20th Aban, but the MSS. have 8th, and this is clearly -right. By the latter part of the sentence Jahangir means that -Shah Jahan was to start first, and that he himself was to leave -afterwards. The "auspicious palace" referred to in the next sentence -is apparently Shah Jahan's establishment. Jahangir did not leave -for about a fortnight. Though Shah Jahan and the establishment -(daulat-khana-i-humayun) made a start on the 8th or 9th Aban, he did -not finally leave till the 20th Aban. See infra. - -[526] Author of Iqbal-nama. - -[527] 'Of body like Krishna, or like a flute'? - -[528] According to Roe, it was not the English carriage, but a -copy. Perhaps Jahangir had the original carriage and Shah Jahan -the copy. - -[529] Elliot, vi, 346. - -[530] The day was Saturday, not Tuesday, and it is Saturday in the MSS. - -[531] Elliot has Deo Rani, and it is Deo Rani in I.O. MS. 305. - -[532] Jahangir arrived in Ajmir on the 26th Aban, 1022, and left it on -the 21st Aban, 1025. The Muhammadan dates are 5th Shawwal, 1022, and -1st Zi-l-qa`da, 1025 = 18th November, 1613, and 10th November, 1616. - -[533] Text tar, but MSS. have abtar, i.e. inferior and perhaps low -land. The text seems corrupt. - -[534] MSS. have 86,500 horse and 347,000 foot, and this agrees with -the Ayin (Jarrett, ii, 272). - -[535] Text wrongly has Nil. The tank in question is the Bisalya tank -of the Rajputana Gazetteer, ii, 4, which was made by Bisal Deo Chohan -about 1050 A.D. It is described in Tod's "Personal Narrative," i, 824, -of Calcutta reprint. It is, or was, about 8 miles in circumference -and is about a mile west of the Anasagar, which was made by Bisal -Deo's grandson. - -[536] About 20 miles south-east of Ajmir. - -[537] This is the name of a water-bird in Turki. It is also called -magh and water-crow (zagh-i-ab), and in Hindi jalkawa (note of -Sayyid Ahmad). - -[538] Probably the meaning is that he allowed those who wished to -drink to do so. Many, or at least some, would be abstainers. - -[539] Namuda in MSS. - -[540] Sahal in MSS. - -[541] In Sarkar Marosor (Jarrett, ii, 208). It was in Malwa. But the -I.O. MSS. have Nauda. - -[542] Text Udaipur, but this was not on the border of the Rana's -territory, and the MSS. have Dudpur. - -[543] Perhaps the Toda of Sir T. Roe. - -[544] Lyasa in MSS. - -[545] Son of Nizamu-d-din the historian. - -[546] Gorana in MSS. and the distance 2 1/4 kos and 1 jarib. - -[547] 23rd in MSS. - -[548] Manpur in text. - -[549] MSS. 2,000 rupees. - -[550] Perhaps Kanha Das. - -[551] Should be Fath-jang as in MSS. - -[552] Jarrett, ii, 195. - -[553] The name seems to be wrong. Jahangir is evidently copying from -the Ayin, and the rivers mentioned there (Jarrett, ii, 195) are the -Narbada, Sipra, Kalisindh, Betwa, and the Kodi (or Godi). - -[554] 29,668 (Jarrett, ii. 198). - -[555] The MSS. also have sweet pomegranates from Yezd, and sub-acid -(may-khwush) ones from Farah, and pears from Badakhshan (see Elliot, -vi, 348). - -[556] The MSS. have khassa-i-sharifa. - -[557] Qu. komla? Instead of qabiltar the MSS. have ma'iltar. - -[558] Pahna'i. Its area or shade. Perhaps the 175 1/2 are yards, -not cubits. - -[559] Evidently the four-horned antelope, the Tetracerus -quadricornis of Blanford, p. 520, and which has the Hindustani name -of doda. Blanford describes its colour as dull pale brown. "The -posterior horns are much larger than the anterior ones, which are -situated between the orbits and are often mere knobs. It is the only -Indian representative of the duikarbok of Africa. Another Indian name -is chausingha. In jungle this species and the hog-deer may easily be -mistaken the one for the other. It is not gregarious, and moves with -a peculiar jerky action." The resemblance between the four-horned -antelope and the hog-deer--the kutah paycha or short-legged deer of -Babar and Jahangir--may account for Blanford's giving doda as a native -name for the hog-deer (Cervus porcinus). For Babar's description of -the kutah paya or paycha see Erskine, p. 317. Gladwin in his history -of Jahangir writes the native name as Dirdhayan. - -[560] Blochmann, p. 493. - -[561] Text, khurma, a date, but evidently the khurma-i-Hind or -the tamarind, i.e. 'the palm of India,' is meant (see Babar's Mem., -Erskine, p. 324). I do not understand the measurements. The word yak, -'one,' before the word shakh is not in the MSS. and is, I think, -wrong. I think the 16 gaz and 15 1/2 gaz are the lengths of the two -branches, and that the measurements 2 1/2 and 2 3/4 gaz refer to the -length and circumference of the two branches at the place when they -started from the trunk and before they put out leaves. - -[562] Hindwas or Hindawas in MSS. - -[563] This is in accordance with and probably derived from Babar's -Commentaries, Erskine, p. 51, where he says that 1,584 years have -elapsed from the time when Bikramajit made his observatory. Erskine -takes this to show that Babar was writing in 934, and if we add 92 -years, or the difference between 934 and 1026, we get 1,676 years -(or 1,675 if we take the year to be 1025). - -[564] See Jarrett, ii, 196. Abu-l-fazl says there that the flow -occurred a week before his arrival at Ujjain. - -[565] Cf. Jarrett, ii, 196. - -[566] Sanyasi-i-murtaz. - -[567] Text, mihrabi-shakl uftada, 'a place like a -prayer-niche.' Possibly the true reading is majra bi-shakl uftada, -'a passage without form.' However, the MSS. have mihrab. The account -in the text may be compared with the Ma'asiru-l-umara, i, 574, and with -the Iqbal-nama, p. 94. The measurements of the mouth of the hole in the -Ma'asir are taken from the Iqbal-nama, and differ from the account in -the Tuzuk. The Ma'asir, following the Iqbal-nama, calls the ascetic -Achhad or Ajhad. It also gives his subsequent history. He went to -Mathura and was there cruelly beaten by Hakim Beg. Jahangir's visit -to Jadrup is referred to by Sir Thomas Roe, who mentions a report -that the saint was said to be 300 years old. Jahangir does not say -any such nonsense. - -[568] See Jarrett, iii, 271, etc. The Sanskrit word is Asrama, -or Ashrama. - -[569] Left shoulder in Ayin. - -[570] Sanskrit, Vanaprastha. - -[571] Text qat`i dar miyan alat nihada, but apparently this should -be alat qat` ba miyan nihada: that is, "membrum virile in involucris -reponens." - -[572] Text, sarb biyasi, which may mean 'distributing everything.' The -Iqbal-nama, p. 96, has sarb nasi, 'destroying everything.' - -[573] I.O. MS. No. 306 says nothing about a garden, but speaks of a -village Khirwar and of halting under a mango-tree. Nor does No. 305 -mention a garden. - -[574] Cf. Elliot, vi, 348. The MSS. say nothing about two sons. - -[575] From the "Gulistan." - -[576] Cf. Jarrett, ii, 197. The story is also told with many more -details in Price's Jahangir, p. 108 etc. - -[577] Text, Madan. But the name is Mandan, as MS. No. 181 and the -Ayin-i-Akbari (Jarrett, ii, 197) show. The legend is intended to show -how Mandu got its name (see also Tiefenthaler, i, 353). - -[578] Elliot, vi. 348. - -[579] Monday, the 23rd Isfandarmuz, the day on which he reached -Mandu. It was about the 6th March, 1617. - -[580] The MSS. have 1,672. - -[581] See Elliot, vi, 351 and 362, note. Jahangir only gives details of -the 17,167 animals killed by himself. The mhaka is possibly a clerical -error for mar-khwur. The text says it is allied to the gawazn, but the -MSS. have gur, a wild ass. The details of the quadrupeds come to 3,203, -the total stated by Jahangir. The details of the birds come to 13,954, -but the 10 crocodiles bring up the figures to 13,964, and the total -3,203 + 13,964 comes to the 17,167 mentioned. It has been suggested to -me that the mhaka of the text is the maha or swamp-deer of the Terai, -Rucervus Duvaucelli. - -[582] The MSS. have Saturday instead of Tuesday, and this seems -reasonable, for there were no offerings on Tuesday (see infra). - -[583] Text, Sakar. Now locally called the Sagan, 'sea,' tank. - -[584] The MSS. only speak of twelve. - -[585] The MSS. seem to have merely ba tir-i-banduq, 'with bullets.' - -[586] Biyana in text. - -[587] That is, apparently, the journey back by sea from the Deccan. The -MSS. have Hasan instead of Husain, and say the route by Ormuz was -closed. Perhaps the ba Mir of text is a mistake for bar bahr, 'by sea.' - -[588] Tuquz means nine in Turki. - -[589] The I.O. MSS. seem to have Sakakdar or Sakakandar. - -[590] It appears from Shah `Abbas's letter to Jahangir (Tuzuk, p. 165) -that Muhammad Husain Chelebi had been employed by Jahangir to collect -curios in Persia. - -[591] Note by Sayyid Ahmad. They say that a poet recited this -impromptu couplet-- - - -"Though Nur-Jahan be in form a woman, -In the ranks of men she's a tiger-slayer." - - -The point of this couplet is that before Nur-Jahan entered Jahangir's -harem she was the wife of Shir-afgan, the tiger-slayer. The line may -also read "In battle she is a man-smiter and a tiger-slayer." - -[592] The two I.O. MSS. have "a pair of pearls and a diamond." - -[593] There is a fuller account of this flute-player in Price's -Jahangir, p. 114. The melody which he composed in Jahangir's name -is there called by Price Saut Jahangiri. (The text does not give -the name Jahangiri.) It is there stated that Shah Jahan brought the -flute-player with him from Burhanpur and introduced him. - -[594] Hauza-dari, 'with a basin-shaped litter on it.' - -[595] The word pashida, 'scattered,' does not occur in the -I.O. MSS. But perhaps the word has two opposite meanings. - -[596] Father and son both died apparently at the same age. - -[597] It was in Sarkar Qanauj (Jarrett, ii, 185). It is Chibramau of -I.G., iii, 97, and is in Farrukhabad district. - -[598] Urvasi is the name of an Apsara or celestial nymph. Probably it -is here the name of a dress. (In Forbes's Hindustani Dictionary urbasi -is said to denote a particular kind of ornament worn on the breast.) - -[599] The MSS. have maghra, which may be connected with the Arabic -maghr, 'travelling quickly.' It may be the name of a courier, or -merely mean 'quickly.' - -[600] Apparently it should be Bhim; see infra. Gadeha is probably Gadhi -in Khandesh; see Lethbridge's "Golden Book of India," p. 138. It is the -Garvi of I.G., v, 33, and is one of the Bhil States in the Dang Tract. - -[601] There was a Bodah in Sarkar Marosor in Malwa, but its revenue -was only 2 1/2 lakhs of dams (Jarrett, ii, 208). The two I.O. MSS. and -Debi Prasad's Hindi version have Toda. Toda was in Ajmir, Rantambhor -Sarkar, and its revenue in Akbar's time was 1 1/2 lakhs of rupees -(Jarrett, ii, 275). - -[602] Ode 192 of Brockhaus' edition, p. 112, first couplet. - -[603] This is the building described by William Finch. See the Journal -of John Jourdain, ed. by Foster for the Hakluyt Society, App. D. Finch -speaks of a high turret 170 steps high. The tower was the Tower of -Victory erected by Sultan Mahmud I in 1443 to commemorate a victory -over the Raja of Chitor. "The stump of it has been found." Jourdain -speaks of six storeys. It was built of green stone like marble. - -[604] Two hundred rupees per storey(?). - -[605] Blochmann, p. 371, and Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 537. Now locally -called the Nil-kanth, 'blue neck.' - -[606] The text misses out a conjunction before sada. - -[607] Apparently the meaning is that the standard of two and three -horses had not been kept up. - -[608] Some lines of this agree with the verses in the Akbar-nama, -ii, 190. The last two lines are quoted again in the account of the -15th year (p. 299 of Persian text). - -[609] The account is obscure. Elliot's translation is "In the root -of the tree is found a lump of sweet substance which is exactly like -that of Faluda. It is eaten by the poor." The text and some MSS. have -yak parcha-i-shirini, but B. M. Or. 3276 has yak para. Roxburgh says -nothing about any such growth on the wild plantain. Faluda or paluda -is the name of a sweetmeat. - -[610] It is curious that the word amukhta, 'taught,' in the text, -and which appears to be almost necessary for the sense, does not -occur either in the two I. O. MSS. or in the R. A. S. one. Burhanpur -is about 100 miles as the crow flies south-south-east of Mandu. - -[611] The text has par, 'feathers,' instead of the sign of the -comparative tar, but the MSS. have kalantar. - -[612] The word is hawali, which is sometimes translated -'neighbourhood,' and has been so translated here by Mr. Rogers. But -either Jahangir has made a mistake or the word hawali is capable -of a wide interpretation, for Jaitpur appears to be Jaitpur in -Kathiawar. See Jarrett, ii, 258. and I. G., vii, 192. Possibly Mandu -is a mistake for Bandhu. But there is a Jetgarh in Malwa (Jarrett, -ii, 200). - -[613] Probably this was the author who collaborated with Jerome -Xavier. See Rieu's Catalogue, iii, 1077. - -[614] I. O. MS. 305 has dana-i-naziki, 'soft (or small) seeds.' - -[615] Note 181 has wasil gashtan. 'becoming united' (to the Deity). - -[616] Ja dadan, 'to give way,' the meaning apparently being that -they had protected Ruhu-llah's murderers. But I. O. MS. 305 seems to -have jawidan, 'eternal,' which would mean that they were killed and -also eternally disgraced as rebels. The Ma'asiru-l-umara, iii, 13, -has a different account of the manner of Ruhu-llah's death. He was -Fida'i's elder brother. - -[617] The I. O. MSS. have Pir Bahar and Chandra Kona, which latter -may be the place in Midnapur. - -[618] Text 8th, but should be 20th. See p. 196, where the next Thursday -is mentioned as the 27th. See Elliot, vi, 351. - -[619] Text 15 months and 11 days, but it should be 11 months. Shah -Jahan left his father at Ajmir on the last day of Shawwal, 1025, -and he rejoined him on 11th Shawwal of the following year. - -[620] So in text, but I.O. MSS. have kursi, 'a chair or stool' (l. 37). - -[621] Text budand, but Uda Ram is the only Dakhani officer mentioned. - -[622] The MSS. have zar-baft, 'gold brocade.' - -[623] In reference to his own name of Nuru-d-din. - -[624] Gharagi, 'unripeness.' - -[625] The Udaji Ram of Ma'asiru-l-umara, i, 142. - -[626] Jamkura is given in Forbes as the Dakhani word for a covering -made of reeds or palm-leaves and used in rainy weather. - -[627] The MS. has eight. - -[628] In the MSS. the name seems to be Hansomat (swan-like?). - -[629] Text has walida-i-khud, 'his own mother.' - -[630] A repetition. - -[631] The MSS. have 3 3/4 kos. - -[632] Text khata', 'fault,' but the MSS. show that the word is khatar, -'danger.' - -[633] The passage is obscure, and the MSS. do not throw much light on -it. Fortunately for the Mirza, there was no bullet in his gun. The word -which I have translated by 'flexible' is rawan. Perhaps the meaning -is quite different. Possibly it is "he would fire a shot and then -reload. As many of his bullets had been shot away, he put a pellet -(ghalula) into his mouth and was shaping it," etc. - -[634] He has just spoken of Tuesday as the 15th! And as Jahangir did -not shoot on Sundays, Sunday must be a mistake for Wednesday. It is -Wednesday in I.O. MS. 305. - -[635] Perhaps bukra here means a male nilgaw; bukra means also -a he-goat. - -[636] This is the same kind of bird that Nur-Jahan is mentioned as -having shot. Perhaps a green pigeon is meant. - -[637] Text nila, without the addition of gaw. The MSS. have gor or -chor, a pheasant (?). - -[638] Elliot, vi, 352. - -[639] The 'two' is omitted in text. - -[640] In Sarkar Mandu (Jarrett, ii, 207) Debi Prasad's Hindi version -has Dakna. - -[641] The MSS. have "more than 1,000." Raja Bhoj's date, according -to Tod, is 567 A.D. (Jarrett, ii, 211). - -[642] This iron pillar is not now in existence at the mausoleum of -Akbar (Note of Sayyid Ahmad). The pieces of the pillar are still -lying at Dhar, outside the Lat Musjid (I.G., new ed., xi, 295). - -[643] The MSS. have 807, and this is correct, for Dilawar conquered -Malwa in 803 = 1400. - -[644] Probably this means that `Amid was the son of Da'ud. - -[645] Text 70, but should be 7. 807 = 1405. - -[646] A son of Hushang. Muhammad Shah, intervened. - -[647] The MSS. have Jalot (as in the Hindi version). - -[648] Text, "the parganah aforesaid." But the MSS. have Badnor. See -infra, p. 204 of text. (In this passage the Hindi version has Madlor.) - -[649] Blochmann, p. 502. - -[650] MSS. Bakor. - -[651] Dahut in MSS. But Dohad seems right, as it means two boundaries. - -[652] The dam was also used as a weight, and was equal to 5 tank or -1 tola, 8 masha, 7 surkh (Blochmann, p. 31). - -[653] Apparently Sahra is the name of a town, and does not mean an -open space here. - -[654] Perhaps the line refers to the bee, and means that the bee -wishes to suck the moisture of the flower. - -[655] The MSS. have gul-i-kul, 'the flower of the tank.' It seems to -be a water-lily. - -[656] Query "the tank of Yasoda," the foster-mother of Krishna? - -[657] Blochmann, p. 252. - -[658] Jahangir crossed the Ghati Chand or Chand, between Ajmere -and Malwa, in the 11th year (see p. 172), but he does not speak of -having had any rohu fish there. Perhaps the reference is to his halt -at Ramsar shortly before coming to Ghati Chand. He got 104 rohu at -Ramsar. See p. 169. - -[659] Elliot, vi, 353. - -[660] Mondah of Jarrett, ii, 253. - -[661] Text Nilao. No such parganah is mentioned in the Ayin; the two -I.O. MSS. have Naryad. - -[662] Pitlad is mentioned in Bayley's Gujarat, p. 9, as having a very -large revenue. It is the Patlad of Jarrett, ii, 253. Text wrongly -has Nilab. Possibly Bhil is the parganah meant. - -[663] Elliot, vi, 353. - -[664] The I.O. MSS. have Abhay or Abhi Kar. - -[665] Tiefenthaler, i, p. 380, etc., has an interesting notice of -Cambay. He also gives a sketch of its bay (plate xxxii). - -[666] Now so silted up that no tolerably large vessel can approach it. - -[667] Abu-l-fazl calls them tawari (Jarrett, ii, 241). - -[668] I.O. MSS. have 'ten.' - -[669] Tal tarang. Possibly tarang should read tarang (waves), and -the meaning be that Jahangir went to see the famous bore in the Gulf -of Cambay. - -[670] See Elliot, vi, 355, and note. - -[671] In the text ahdi occurs by mistake instead of `ahdi, and man -instead of mas. - -[672] Wrongly so in text, but Jay Singh should be corrected to Raj -Singh. The son of Jay Singh, Raja of Ajmir, was Ram Singh, who was -born in Sambat, 1692. - -[673] Or `Arabi (Arabian?). - -[674] Matar or Natar in I. O. MSS. - -[675] I. O. MS. 181 has "in all the cities of Upper India." - -[676] The historian. - -[677] A saint of Multan who died in 1384. See Beale, s.v. Shaikh Jalal, -and Jarrett, iii, 369. - -[678] So in text, but surely it should be "8th or 7th"? It appears -from the Khazinatu-l-asfiya, ii, 71, that the attendant who lost the -child was a female disciple, and that the child was young. - -[679] According to Bayley's Gujarat, p. 238, and Index, p. 515, -the name is either Taj Khan Turpali or Narpali. - -[680] Suwari-i-khud u khwush-jalu-i-u, "my own riding and his pleasant -paces (?)." It does not seem likely that Jahangir would himself drive -the elephant. The meaning here probably is that Jahangir trusted to -his being on the elephant. Khwush-jalu is used lower down about another -elephant, and seems to refer to the elephant's paces. See p. 214. - -[681] Or doors. The Iqbal-nama, 108, has "in front of each gate there -is a bazar." - -[682] 123 in Iqbal-nama. - -[683] 350 in I.O. MSS. - -[684] Panjara-i-sang, presumably lattice-work in stone. - -[685] See for dimensions of the mosque Bayley's Gujarat, p. 92 and -note, and the authorities there quoted. - -[686] Text wrongly has Sunday. - -[687] Muhammad Ghaus was accused of heresy by some of the Gujarati -mullas. He was much respected by Humayun, and is buried at Gwalior. - -[688] Jahangir means that Wajihu-d-din was a very learned man, and -that his devotion to Muhammad Ghaus, who was an ignorant man (ummi), -shows what a great personality the latter was. Cf. Iqbal-nama, 169, -and Ma'asiru-l-umara, ii, 583, where we are told that Wajihu-d-din -thanked God that both his Prophet and his Pir were ignorant. - -[689] He wrote a history of Gujarat--the Mirat-i-Sikandari. Rieu, -Cat., i, 287. - -[690] Blochmann, 507, note. - -[691] "Shaikh Ahmad Khattu, who had the title of Jamalu-d-din, -was born at Delhi of a noble family in 737 A.H. (1336-7). He was -the disciple and successor of Baba Ishaq (Isaac) Maghribi. His name -was Nasiru-d-din. By the jugglery of the heavens he was separated -from his home in a storm, and after a while entered the service of -Baba Ishaq. Maghribi. He acquired from him spiritual and secular -learning, and came to Gujarat in the time of Sultan Ahmad. High and -low accepted him, and paid him homage. Afterwards he travelled to -Arabia and Persia, and made the acquaintance of many saints. He is -buried at Sarkhech, near Ahmadabad."--Ayin-i-Akbari (vol. ii, p. 220, -of Bib. Ind., ed. Jarrett, iii, 371). See Bayley's Gujarat, p. 90, -note, and Khazinatu-l-asfiya, ii, 314, and Blochmann, 507, note, where -the reference to the Khazina, 957, seems wrong. The story told in the -Khazina is that Shaikh Ahmad belonged to the royal family of Delhi, -and was, as a baby, blown out of his nurse's arms into the street -during a storm. - -[692] Text khawanin, 'khans,' but evidently this is a mistake for -khawatin, the plural of khatun, 'a lady.' - -[693] I.O. MSS. have Sundar Sen. - -[694] See Elliot, vi, 355. - -[695] This name is doubtful, for the MSS. have a different reading, -apparently Namud. There is a Halod in Gujarat (Jarrett, ii, 242). See -also Bayley's Gujarat, 439. Perhaps it is the Halol of the Indian -Gazetteer. - -[696] The existence of this son of Baqi Tarkhan does not seem to -have been known to Abu-l-fazl or to Blochmann. Nor is he mentioned -in the Ma'asiru-l-umara. See Jarrett, ii, 347, where only Payanda is -spoken of as the son of Baqi Khan, and Blochmann, p. 362. See also -Ma'asiru-l-umara, iii, 485, the biography of Mirza `Isa Tarkhan. His -name appears, however, in the pedigree of his house in the Tarkhan-nama -of Jamal Shirazi. - -[697] The word sani in Sahib-qiran-i-sani in text is a mistake. - -[698] Shaqa'iq, which perhaps means tulips. In Price's Jahangir, -p. 115, there is much more said about the "Garden of Victory," -and Jahangir's entertainment there by his wife Khairu-n-nisa, the -daughter of the Khankhanan. - -[699] Bagina in text. Debi Prasad has Bakina. - -[700] Banoh in text. See Bayley's Gujarat, p. 237; also Tiefenthaler, -i, 377, who speaks of it as being 3 leagues south of Ahmadabad. See -also Jarrett, ii, 240, n. 7. - -[701] For Sayyid Mubarak and his son see Bayley's Gujarat. Sayyid -Mubarak was the patron of the author of the Mirat-i-Sikandari. See -loc. cit., p. 454. - -[702] It is the Chandsuma of Bayley's map. - -[703] Jarrett, iii, 210; and Akbar-nama, translation, i, 147, n. 2. - -[704] This should be Tapa. See Addenda. - -[705] I.O. MS., instead of khatimat-i-ahwal-u, has chunanchih ahwal, -"as has been stated in its place." This is probably correct, as -Jahangir has already referred to his death. See also the account of -the 2nd year, where he speaks of Ray Singh's going home without leave. - -[706] Perhaps an explanation of Zamakhshari's Commentary. - -[707] A Persian commentary on the Koran (Rieu, p. 96). - -[708] A life of Muhammad (Rieu, i, 147). - -[709] Dabhol (I.G., new ed., xi, 100). - -[710] Biyaz. The meaning is not clear. Perhaps what is meant is that -there was no writing, only the circles. - -[711] Elliot, vi, 356. - -[712] MSS. seem to have Manib. - -[713] MSS. seem to have Nimda. - -[714] The MSS. have Muhammad Husain Saudagar (trader). - -[715] The Jhallod of Bayley's map. - -[716] MSS. have Ranud. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of -Jahangir, by Nuru-d-din Jahangir Padshah - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI: OR *** - -***** This file should be named 53674-8.txt or 53674-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/6/7/53674/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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